German composition

INDEX TO THE GRAMMATICAL RULES AND IDIOMATIC RENDERINGS.

Reading edition

a or an preceded by ‘not’, how to render, S. 126, N. 12.

The numeral ‘a’ not translated before hundred or thousand, S. 132, N. 10.

a great deal, how to render, S. 65, N. 3 and S. 77, N. 3.

an hour, how to render, S. 235, N. 10.

a month, how to render, S. 167, N. 24.

about, to be, rendered by im Begriff sein or wollen, S. 6, N. 4.

Abstract nouns, their formation from Infinitives of verbs, S. 11, N. 7.

Adjectives. Used as nouns, S. 34, N. 1.

National adjectives require a small initial, S. 101, N. 1.

Adjectives and all parts qualifying nouns must be placed before them, S. 128, N. 11.

The formation of their superlative used predicatively, S. 120, N. 14.

Adverbs. Their position in Imperative clauses, S. 68, N. 2.

Must not precede the verb or copula when the subject stands before them, S. 102, N. 30.

Formation of the relative superlative of Adverbs, S. 183, N. 24.

all in connection with a possess. adj. pron. and a noun in the sing. number, how to render, S. 157, N. 20.

All of us (them, you), S. 74, N. 3, how to render.

Apposition, the, its agreement, S. 53, N. 9.

Articles, the, and other determinative words repeated, S. 10, N. 9.

Their position in connection with adjectives and adverbs, S. 28, N. 9.

The Definite Article. Before nouns representing a whole class, and before abstract nouns, S. 3, N. 2.

Before nouns of persons preceded by an adjective or a common name, S. 10, N. 2.

Used to mark the Gen., Dat., and Acc. of proper names, S. 25, N. 5.

Used in stating the price of goods, S. 33, N. 7.

Used before objects individualised or singled out, S. 40, N. 9.

Used instead of Possess. Adj. Pronouns, S. 43, N. 9, A and B.

The Indefinite Article. Not expressed before nouns denoting professions, etc., S. 14, N. 2.

How to render when preceded by ‘not’, S. 126, N. 12.

as, conj., = since, how to render, S. 41, N. 6.

= according to, how to render, S. 74, N. 6.

ask (to), how to render, S. 132, N. 23.

at = at the house of, how to render, S. 153, N. 15.

at home, how to render, S. 63, N. 8.

at the rate of, how to render, S. 235, N. 9.

Attributive construction, S. 7, N. 3; S. 48, N. 6.

auf, prep., = in, before names of Islands, S. 46, N. 6.

Auxiliary verbs of tense, often omitted in subordinate clauses, S. 52, N. 8.

be, to, rendered by müssen, S. 62, N. 4.

beginning with, rendered by von ... an, S. 102, N. 4.

bleiben, conjugated with sein, S. 98, N. 5.

but, rendered by sondern after a negative, S. 6, N. 10.

by, prep., = through, durch, S. 59, N. 13.

In connection with the Passive Voice, rendered by von, S. 106, N. 23.

both ... and, sowohl ... als auch, S. 59, N. 11.

Capital Initial, when required for pronouns, S. 69, N. 2.

care, to take care of, S. 91, N. 7.

cause (to) how to render, S. 73, N. 1.

Collective nouns in the Singular require the verb to agree with them in the Singular, S. 107, N. 13.

Colon, the, its use, S. 36, N. 3.

Comma, the, not used to enclose adverbial clauses, etc., S. 15, N. 3.

command, to, how to render, S. 73, N. 1.

Compound expressions, their importance, S. 33, N. 4.

Compound forms with auxiliary and Present Participle or ‘to do’ and Infinitive, how to render into German, S. 32, N. 11.

Compound Nouns. Their importance, S. 33, N. 4;

their formation, S. 36, N. 7, A and B, and S. 76, N. 22, A, B, C and D;

their Gender, S. 36, N. 7, C;

compound nouns which have the last component in common are connected with hyphens, S. 71, N. 2.

Conditional Mood, the, its use, App. §§ 36 and 37.

Conjunctive Mood, the, its use, App. §§ 26-35.

Construction. Principal and Coordinate Clauses, App. §§ 1-12.

Inverted Construction, App. §§ 13-15.

Subordinate Clauses, App. §§ 16-24.

Construction. Inverted after quotations, S. 32, N. 5.

Attributive construction, S. 7, N. 3, A; S. 48, N. 6.

Position of adverbs in Imperative Clauses, S. 68, N. 2.

Copula, the, not to be omitted, S. 27, N. 7.

The Copula must follow the subject when the latter begins the principal clause, S. 5, N. 2.

copy, noun, how to render, S. 132, N. 17.

da, adv. in combination with a prep. governing the Dat. or Acc., S. 4, N. 5, B.

Da, conj., denotes logical cause, used for rendering ‘as’ and ‘since’, S. 30, N. 4.

Da, adv., in connection with a prep., required in the principal clause when verbs and adjectives governing a prep. are followed by a subordinate clause, S. 87, N. 6.

Definite Article, the. When to be repeated, S. 10, N. 9.

Its position in connection with adjectives and adverbs, S. 28, N. 9.

Before nouns representing a whole class, and before abstract nouns, S. 3, N. 2.

Before names of persons preceded by an adj. or a common name, S. 10, N. 2.

Used to mark the Gen., Dat., and Acc. of proper names, S. 25, N. 5.

Used in stating the price of goods, S. 33, N. 7.

Used before objects individualised or singled out, S. 40, N. 9.

Used instead of Posses. Adj. Pronouns, S. 43, N. 9, A and B.

Demonstrative Pronoun, followed by a relat. pron., how to render, S. 8, N. 1.

der and die must be used as relat. pronouns in reference to a personal pron. of the 1st and 2nd pers. sing. and pl., and also in reference to the pers. pron. of the 3rd person pl. (Sie), S. 78, N. 7.

do, used in sentences of entreaty, rendered by doch, S. 92, N. 9.

doch, adv., = ‘do’ in sentences of entreaty, S. 92, N. 9.

er, suffix, used to form names of male persons from names of countries and places, S. 157, N. 4.

ernennen, requires the prep. zu, S. 27, N. 4.

erwählen, requires the prep. zu, S. 27, N. 4.

es. Used as grammatical Object in principal clauses, S. 51, N. 13.

Used as grammatical Subject, S. 104, N. 19.

fact, the, how to render, S. 115, N. 2.

fond (to be — of), how to render, S. 20, N. 2.

for, rendered by seit in sentences expressing the duration of an action up to the time of speaking, S. 145, N. 17.

for years, S. 166, N. 10.

from, referring to time and place, how to render, S. 102, N. 4.

full of, how to render, S. 74, N. 14.

gehen, always construed with sein, S. 29, N. 3.

Gemahlin, wife, consort, S. 101, N. 5.

Genitive, the, of a proper noun stands generally before the governing noun, S. 14, N. 3.

gentleman, how to render, S. 88, N. 2.

gern(e), adv., denotes liking, S. 20, N. 2.

Gerund, the. How to render, S. 1, N. 3; S. 34, N. 10.

Preceded by a possess. adj. and a prep., how to render, S. 161, N. 21.

giebt (es) = the matter is, S. 63, N. 9;

= there is, there are, S. 82, N. 7.

go, to, how to render when = to travel, etc., S. 233, N. 4.

going (to be — to), how to render, S. 67, N. 2.

Hafer, not used in the pl., S. 22, N. 1.

have, to, rendered by müssen, S. 62, N. 4.

head = Haupt in elevated diction, S. 127, N. 8.

home and at home, how to render, S. 63, N. 8.

Hyphens required to show the connection between compound nouns that have the last part in common, S. 71, N. 2.

I, should, if possible, not begin the sentence, S. 115, N. 1.

If, rendered by wenn, S. 64, N. 12.

Ihr, formerly used in addressing persons of the lower ranks of society, S. 137, N. 2.

in, prep., how to render before names of islands, S. 46, N. 6.

Indefinite Article, the. When to be repeated, S. 10, N. 9.

Its position in connection with adjectives and adverbs, S. 28, N. 9.

Not expressed before nouns denoting professions, etc., S. 14, N. 2.

How to render when preceded by ‘not’, S. 126, N. 12.

indem, conj., used for rendering the Participle in -ing in adverbial clauses of manner, S. 111, N. 6.

Indicative Mood, the, its use, App. §§ 25 and 35.

Infinitive, the. With an Accusative, how to render, S. 57, N. 14.

When used without the preposition zu, S. 78, N. 14.

Forms abstract nouns, S. 11, N. 7.

Inverted Construction. When to be used, App. §§ 13-15.

Used after quotations, S. 32, N. 5.

Imperfect, the, its use, S. 101, N. 22.

it, dependent on a prep., how to render, S. 4, N. 5, B.

Jesus Christus, its declension, S. 141, N. 9.

kein, the general translation for ‘not a’, S. 126, N. 12.

lassen, to order, to command, to cause, S. 73, N. 1.

lehren, to teach, requires two accusatives, S. 42, N. 4, and S. 43, N. 10.

like, to, how to render, S. 20, N. 2.

live, to, how to render, S. 116, N. 17.

machen, requires the prep. zu, S. 27, N. 4, and S. 102, N. 13.

man = human being, how to render, S. 134, N. 9.

man, pron. With the Active Voice instead of Eng. Passive Voice, S. 4, N. 4.

Man, indef. pron., used to render the Eng. ‘you’ used in a general sense, S. 92, N. 5, also S. 134, N. 4.

Mark, die, its inflection, S. 58, N. 3.

matter, the — is, es giebt, S. 63, N. 9.

mögen, auxil. v. of mood, S. 20, N. 2.

müssen = to be and to have, followed by the infinitive of another verb, S. 62, N. 4.

nach, prep. = to, S. 72, N. 4.

Names of male persons and inhabitants of countries and places made by the suffix er, S. 157, N. 4.

Proper Names, their declension, S. 65, N. 1.

National adjectives, require a small initial, S. 101, N. 1.

not a = no, S. 126, N. 12.

Nouns. Compound Nouns, their importance, S. 33, N. 5.

Formation of Compound Nouns, S. 36, N. 7, and S. 76, N. 22.

Nouns must be preceded by the parts qualifying them, S. 128, N. 11.

Abstract Nouns made from the Infinitives of verbs, S. 11, N. 7.

Collective Nouns in the Sing. require the verb to agree with them in the Sing., S. 107, N. 13.

Number. Use the Sing. number in connection with a Collective Noun in the Sing., S. 107, N. 13.

Object, the grammatical, in a principal clause, followed by a subordinate clause, or a supine, S. 51, N. 13.

on. On the contrary, how to render, S. 66, N. 16.

To be on the point of, rendered by wollen, S. 67, N. 2.

one, not translated after an adj. or a pron., S. 67, N. 2.

one, numeral, not translated before hundred and thousand, S. 132, N. 10.

one day, how to render, S. 19, N. 2.

only, adv., how to render, S. 109, N. 5.

order, to, how to render, S. 73, N. 1.

ought, how to render, S. 64, N. 5.

Participles, the. Participles used attributively must be inflected, S. 7, N. 3, B.

The Past (or Perfect) Participle. As a rule precedes the qualified noun, S. 7, N. 3, A.

Rendered by a relat. clause, S. 7, N. 3, B.

Rendered by the attributive construction, S. 7, N. 3, and S. 48, N. 6.

Used elliptically to denote state or condition, S. 102, N. 3.

The Present Participle. The English—qualifying a preceding noun, turned into a relat. clause, S. 16, N. 4.

How to render when it denotes a logical cause, S. 30, N. 4.

Rendered by the attributive construction, S. 48, N. 6.

Used adverbially to denote manner or state, S. 53, N. 12.

How to render when used in adverbial clauses of time, S. 55, N. 1.

The — in -ing in adverbial clauses of manner, rendered by the conj. indem and a finite verb, S. 111, N. 6.

Passive Voice, the. Its formation in German, S. 2, N. 1.

How to recognise, S. 2, N. 1.

Rendered into German by a reflective verb, or the pron. man with the active voice, S. 4, N. 4.

people, how to render, S. 134, N. 4.

Perfect, the. Its use, S. 48, N. 2.

The Eng. Perfect rendered by the Present in German, S. 145, N. 17.

Person, the, for whose benefit an action is done, must, as a rule, be indicated in German, S. 130, N. 12.

Personal Pronoun, the. In the Dat. case, used to indicate the Possessor, S. 43, N. 9, B.

Used to indicate the person for whose benefit an action is performed, S. 58, N. 8.

Personal and possessive pronouns require a capital initial in letters, S. 69, N. 2.

Pfund, das, one £, Engl., never takes the mark of the plural, S. 58, N. 3.

Possessive Adjective Pronoun, the. When repeated in German, S. 10, N. 9.

How to render into German, S. 43, N. 9, A and B.

pound, how to render, S. 58, N. 3.

Predicate, the, Copula or Verb, must follow the Subject when it begins the clause, S. 5, N. 2.

The formation of the Superlatives of adjectives used predicatively, S. 120, N. 14.

Present Tense, the German, used to express duration up to the time of speaking, where the Engl. use the Perfect, S. 145, N. 17.

Principal clauses. Their construction, App. §§ 1-12.

progress, noun, how to render, S. 132, N. 1.

Proper names, when not inflected, S. 65, N. 1.

rate. At the rate of, how to render, S. 235, N. 9.

Relative Clauses, rendered by the attributive construction, S. 48, N. 6.

Relative Pronoun, the. Follows, as a rule, its antecedent, S. 13, N. 5.

Must not be omitted in German, S. 16, N. 10.

Der and die must be used in reference to a preceding personal pronoun, S. 78, N. 7.

Scholar, how to render, S. 128, N. 1.

sein, auxiliary, its use, S. 29, N. 3.

seit, as a transl. of the Eng. prep. for in sentences which express a duration of an action up to the time of speaking, S. 145, N. 17.

so, conj. When required in the beginning of principal clauses, S. 27, N. 8.

so, in connection with a transitive verb, rendered by es, das, dies, S. 132, N. 13.

sollen, expresses assertion, S. 54, N. 13;

= ought, S. 64, N. 5.

St., abbreviation of Sanct., its derivation, S. 103, N. 33.

Subject, the. Must be followed by the Copula or the Verb when it begins the principal clause, S. 5, N. 2.

Its position in subordinate clauses, S. 66, N. 15.

Not to be omitted, S. 27, N. 7.

The grammatical subject in the form of the pron. es, S. 104, N. 19.

Subjunctive Mood, the. Its use, App. §§ 26-35.

Subordinate Clauses. Their construction, App. §§ 16-24.

Superlative, the, of an adjective used predicatively is generally preceded by am, S. 120, N. 14.

How to form the relat. Superlative of adverbs, S. 183, N. 24.

Supine, the. Explanation and use, S. 1, N. 2.

Formation of the Supine Present, S. 1, N. 2.

Used for rendering the Eng. Gerund preceded by a preposition, S. 1, N. 3.

Expresses purpose, S. 19, N. 7.

Used for rendering the Eng. Gerund governed by a noun or a verb, S. 34, N. 10.

Used in connection with the verb lehren, S. 43, N. 10.

Suppose, I, in interrogative sentences, rendered by wohl, S. 92, N. 3.

Take, to. How to render, S. 3, N. 8.

To take care of, how to render, S. 91, N. 7.

teach, to, how to render, S. 42, N. 4, and S. 43, N. 10.

that, them, those, dependent on a prep., how to render, S. 4, N. 5, B.

that and those, followed by a relat. pron., cannot be rendered by the adv. da in connection with a preceding preposition, S. 8, N. 1.

that = in order that, how to render, S. 183, N. 6.

there is and There are, rendered by es giebt, S. 82, N. 7.

they, used in an indefinite sense, rendered by man, S. 134, N. 4.

think, to, how to render, S. 64, N. 11.

to = in order to, how to render, S. 19, N. 7.

to, prep., how to render, S. 72, N. 4.

trust, to, anything to a person, S. 91, N. 6.

Use, to, v. tr. and intr., how to render, S. 129, N. 6.

Verb, the. Agreement of verbs with collective nouns, S. 69, N. 17.

Auxiliary of tense often omitted in subordinate clauses, S. 52, N. 8.

The verb or copula must follow the subject, when the latter begins the Principal Clause, S. 5, N. 2.

Verbal, the, in -ing, how to render, S. 1, N. 3; S. 34, N. 10.

very, rendered by the Superl. of the adv. hoch, S. 161, N. 2.

want, to, rendered by wollen, S. 63, N. 10.

was. When required as a relat. pron., S. 3, N. 7.

Used in reference to a preceding whole clause, as a transl. of ‘which’, S. 33, N. 8.

we, in an indefinite sense, rendered by man, S. 134, N. 4.

werden, conjugated with sein, S. 98, N. 5.

what sort of, how to render, S. 63, N. 2.

when. Rendered by als, S. 4, N. 2.

Rendered by wenn, S. 18, N. 6.

Rendered by wo, S. 131, N. 4.

where, rendered by wo, S. 131, N. 4.

which, rendered by was, S. 33, N. 8.

wife, how to render, S. 101, N. 5.

wish, to, rendered by wollen, S. 63, N. 10.

wo, relat. conj., its use, S. 131, N. 4.

wohl = I suppose, S. 92, N. 3.

wollen. Expresses wish and want, S. 63, N. 10.

— = to be going, to be on the point, S. 67, N. 2.

— = to be about, S. 6, N. 4.

wonder, to, how to render, S. 90, N. 11.

Wort, das, double pl., S. 7, N. 2.

worth remembering, how to render, S. 157, N. 22.

you. Used in a general sense, rendered by man, S. 92, N. 5.

When rendered by Ihr, S. 137, N. 2.

zu, prep. Required with verbs denoting choosing, appointing, etc., S. 27, N. 4, and S. 102, N. 13.

The End.

Notes in this chapter

Note 2 · to begin, an´fangen. When the Infinitive is used either subjectively or objectively, it is generally preceded by the preposition zu, and is Note 3 · to finish, beendigen. The Supine is generally used for rendering the English Gerund (i.e. the verbal in -ing) when the latter is governed by Note 1 · [14] When the following verbs are used in connection with another verb governed by them, that verb stands in the Infinitive without the prep Note 1 · Here the verb is in the Passive Voice. Remember that the German Passive Voice is formed by the auxiliary werden. The verb is in the Passive Note 2 · Use the gen. of the def. art. The definite article is always required before nouns representing the whole of a given class, and before abstr Note 7 · ‘that’, here was. The indefinite relative pronoun was is the pronoun generally required after the indefinite numerals alles, etwas, manches,Note 8 · ‘To take’, when used of food, may be rendered by essen, trinken, or genießen, which latter verb should be used here.Note 2 · ‘When’, referring to definite time of the Past, must always be rendered by ‘als’.Note 4 · When the agent from which the action proceeds is not mentioned, the English Passive Voice is often rendered by a reflective verb, or by the Note 5 · A. To sneer at something, über etwas spotten; B. ‘at it’ = there at, darüber. The English pronouns ‘it’, ‘them’, ‘that’, and ‘those’, depend Note 2 · after all ... but, doch immer nur; a — thing, etwas Relatives.Note 4 · ‘to be about’, im Begriff sein. ‘To be about’ may also be rendered by the auxiliary verb of mood wollen and the infinitive of another verb; Note 10 · The co-ordinative conjunction ‘but’ must be rendered by ‘sondern’, when, after a negative statement, the subsequent clause expresses an idea Note 2 · is — saying = signifies only in (mit) other words. ‘Das Wort’ has two plural forms with a different meaning to each: die Wörter, single, unc Note 3 · A. Whilst the English Perfect Participle (commonly called Past Participle) is placed both before and after the noun it qualifies, the German Note 1 · ‘Is — has?’ say ‘Does it consist in that which (see S. 3, N. 7) we possess?’ The prep. ‘in’ here governs the dat. Read again S. 4, N. 5, B, Note 2 · Use the gen. of the def. art. The definite article is used in German before names of persons when preceded by an adjective or a common name;Note 9 · Freiheit des Handelns. Repeat the article before the two following nouns. In German the articles, possessive adjective pronouns, and other d Note 7 · To render ‘falling’, form a noun of the verb ‘fallen’. The German language makes frequent use of the Infinitive Present of verbs to form abs Note 5 · zwingen. Place the verb after the relative clause, since the relative pronoun should follow its antecedent as closely as possible.Note 2 · Contrary to English construction, the indefinite article is not used in German in stating the business or profession of a person; as—Note 3 · When a Proper Name is used in the Genitive Case, it is generally placed before the governing noun, as in English: Schiller’s poems, Schiller Note 3 · Contrary to English practice, the comma is, as a rule, not used in German to enclose adverbs or adverbial clauses of time, manner, and place Note 4 · ‘leaning — musket’. This passage must be changed into a relative clause, thus: ‘who leant (sich stützen) pensively (gedankenvoll) upon the b Note 10 · Supply the relative pronoun ‘which’, for: The relative pronoun can never be omitted in German; to spill, vergießen.Note 6 · The conjunction ‘when’, used in the sense of ‘whenever’, and referring to indefinite time, must be rendered by ‘wenn’ (compare S. 4, N. 2); Note 2 · one day, eines Tages; one morning, eines Morgens; one evening, eines Abends, etc.Note 7 · The Supine is used to express purpose, and must be employed whenever the English ‘to’ is used in the meaning of ‘in order to’, or ‘for the p Note 2 · A. The verbs ‘to be fond of’ and ‘to like’ are often rendered by the auxiliary verb of mood ‘mögen’, either with or without the adverb ‘gern Note 1 · Der Hafer, which noun is never used in the plural.Note 5 · Use here the def. art. contracted with the prep. zu into zum, for: The def. art. is often used to mark the Gen. Dat. and Acc. of proper name Note 4 · When he was appointed (see N. 7). The verbs machen (to make), ernennen (to appoint), and erwählen (to choose, to elect), and other verbs den Note 7 · Though he was. Grammatical distinctness, as a rule, requires that the subject and copula, which after certain conjunctions are so frequently Note 8 · When a subordinate clause, beginning with one of the conjunctions da, obgleich, weil, and wenn, precedes a principal clause, which is often Note 9 · but — aversion = but (jedoch) showed such an aversion against one another. The Article, when used in connection with adjectives and adverbs,Note 3 · Say ‘and was gone to America’. The verb gehen is always construed with sein, which auxiliary is especially used with Intransitive Verbs deno Note 4 · When the Present Participle is used to denote a logical cause from which we may draw an inference, it must, by the help of the conjunction ‘Note 5 · The words indicating the speaker, after a quotation, must be rendered in an inverted form (see App. § 13).Note 11 · I was observing = I observed (beobachten). Which are coming = which come. The English compound forms of the verb with the auxiliary and the Note 4 · ‘The — them’, may be briefly rendered by the compound noun ‘Die Transportkosten’. It may here be pointed out that the German language lends Note 5 · were extraordinary high (groß).Note 7 · The def. art. is used in stating the price of goods, when the English use the indef. art.; as—Note 8 · The pron. ‘which’ referring to a whole clause, and not to a particular word in that clause, should be rendered by the indef. rel. pron. was;Note 1 · Adjectives used as nouns are declined as they would be if the noun, which is understood, were to follow them. They are always written with a Note 10 · to stick fast, stecken bleiben. Use the Supine, for: When the English Gerund (i.e. the verbal in -ing) is governed by a noun, a verb, or an Note 3 · the one partial (teilweise) and the other universal (ganz). The subsequent sentence is best introduced by a colon (:), which we use to direc Note 7 · To render ‘of the earth’s surface’, form a compound noun by combining the corresponding German terms of the nouns ‘earth’ and ‘surface’.Note 9 · Use the gen. of the def. art. The definite article should be used in all cases where an object is individualised or singled out from other o Note 6 · When the conjunction ‘as’ stands for ‘since’, it must be rendered by ‘da’.Note 4 · The verb lehren, to teach (old German lêran, Gothic laisjan), etymologically signifies ‘to cause a person to know a thing’. This is the reas Note 9 · A. The definite article is often used instead of the possessive adjective pronoun in cases where the possessor is clearly seen from the cont Note 10 · ‘I have taught thee to conduct a canoe.’ Read once more S. 42, N. 4, and mark further that: that which is taught is often expressed in the f Note 6 · Supply here the prep. auf, which should always be used to render the English ‘in’ before names of islands.Note 2 · Use the Perfect, which is used in German to express an action or occurrence both perfect and past, without reference to any other action or Note 6 · To place the qualifying parts before the word qualified is one of the most striking peculiarities of German Grammar. This construction, call Note 13 · When there is in a principal clause a transitive verb, the object of which is contained in a following objective clause, which often assumes Note 8 · had gone down, den Tod erlitten. The auxiliary verb (had) may here be omitted, for: In subordinate clauses, the auxiliary verbs (haben, sein Note 9 · nehmen; the appositional clause ‘the sole relater (Überbringer) of the dismal (traurig) tale (Kunde)’ must be placed immediately after the p Note 12 · The Present Participle may be used adverbially, as in English, to denote manner or state. Say ‘who told him kneeling and weeping bitterly, t Note 13 · It is said to be, sie soll ... sein. The verb sollen is frequently used to express an assertion of another person, when it answers to the En Note 1 · When the Present Participle is used in adverbial clauses of time, it must generally, by the help of one of the conjunctions als (when), nach Note 14 · The construction of the Infinitive with an Accusative, so frequently employed in English as an imitation of the Latin and Greek, is unknown Note 3 · Das Pfund, one pound English money, never takes the sign of the Plural in German, and the same refers to ‘die Mark’, a German coin correspon Note 8 · The German language, as a rule, requires that the person for whose benefit an action is performed, is clearly indicated. When this is not do Note 11 · both ... and, sowohl ... als auch.Note 13 · When ‘by’ is equivalent to ‘through’, it must be rendered by durch.Note 4 · The auxiliaries ‘to have’ and ‘to be’ followed by the infinitive of another verb, must generally be rendered by the auxiliary verb of mood ‘Note 2 · what sort of, was für ein.Note 8 · The English ‘home’, after a verb denoting motion, must be rendered by nach Hause, and ‘at home’, after a verb denoting rest, by zu Hause.Note 9 · the matter is, es giebt, verb impers. Use the Present of the Subj., according to App. § 32.Note 10 · The auxiliary verb of mood ‘wollen’ expresses wish and want; as—Note 5 · To render ‘ought’, use the Imperf. of ‘sollen’.Note 11 · When the verb ‘to think’ is used in the meaning of ‘to be of opinion’, it must be rendered by ‘glauben’, and when it is used in the meaning Note 12 · The conj. ‘if’ must always be rendered by ‘wenn’.Note 1 · Lebensbeschreibung, f. The Genitive relation must be expressed by the Gen. of the def. art. See S. 10, N. 2. Proper names are not inflected Note 3 · a great deal = much.Note 15 · In subordinate clauses, the subject stands in most cases immediately after the conjunction or relative pronoun.Note 16 · im Gegenteil. See S. 15, N. 3.Note 2 · The auxiliary verb of mood ‘wollen’ corresponds to the English ‘to be going’ or ‘to be on the point’, followed by the infinitive of another Note 2 · The adverb cannot precede the Imperative in German. ‘To fight’, here sich schlagen.Note 2 · Use the 2nd pers. sing. Personal and Possessive Pronouns used in letters, and referring to the person addressed, require a capital initial i Note 17 · The verb must be in the singular after a collective noun in the singular.Note 2 · as olive or linseed-oil, wie das Oliven- oder Leinsamenöl. When two compound nouns which have the last component in common follow each other Note 4 · When the preposition ‘to’, in connection with a verb denoting motion, stands before the names of countries, towns, islands, etc., it must be Note 1 · Use the auxiliary verb of mood ‘lassen’ as a translation of ‘to order’, ‘to command’, and ‘to cause’, when these verbs are connected with th Note 3 · All of us, wir alle; all of them, sie alle; all of you, ihr (or Sie) alle. Render the words ‘must have’ by ‘have certainly’. The p. p. shoul Note 6 · as = according as, je nachdem.Note 22 · To render ‘antelope’s horn’ form a compound noun of the pl. of the noun ‘antelope’ and the singl. of the noun ‘horn’. Comp. S. 36, N. 7, A, Note 3 · ein´nehmen; a great deal of, eine Masse. Construe accord. to App. § 5.Note 8 · Der (m. sing.), die (f. sing.), and die (pl.) must be used as relative pronouns in reference to a personal pronoun of the first or second pe Note 7 · ‘There is’ and ‘there are’, used in a general sense, are generally rendered by the impers. v. ‘es giebt’.Note 6 · When verbs and adjectives, governing a preposition, are used in a principal clause and are followed by a subordinate clause, either in the f Note 2 · The noun ‘gentleman’ may be used in its unaltered form in German.Note 11 · I wonder, es wundert mich; we wonder, es wundert uns; you wonder, es wundert Sie.Note 6 · to trust anything to a person, einem etwas an´vertrauen.Note 7 · to take great care of a thing, etwas sehr inacht nehmen.Note 3 · ‘I suppose’, in interrogative sentences, may be elegantly rendered by the adverb wohl:Note 5 · The pron. ‘you’, used in a general sense, is mostly rendered by the indef. pron. man.Note 9 · The English ‘do’, in sentences of entreaty, may colloquially be rendered by the adverb doch; as—Note 5 · The — evening = Till 9 o’clock in the evening (abends) their endeavours had remained without success (erfolglos). Remember that the verbs se Note 1 · National adjectives require a small initial in German.Note 5 · wife, consort, Gemahlin, which term generally applies to the wife of a king, or to that of persons of the upper ranks of society.—The posses Note 22 · ‘to look sad’, here trübe einher´blicken, which use likewise in the Imperfect.—The German Imperfect is chiefly used as a historical tense an Note 3 · The Past (Perfect) Participle is often used elliptically to denote an existing state or condition; as—Note 4 · Construe this period by beginning with the adverbial clause ‘from the palace window’, von den Fenstern des Palastes aus. The verb must then Note 13 · ‘whom — Minister’, construe ‘whom he only (erst) yesterday appointed Prime Minister, to satisfy (genügen, with the dat.) the impetuous (unge Note 30 · In German, when the subject stands before the verb, the adverb must never precede the latter or, in compound forms, the copula (auxiliary ve Note 33 · Sanct Cloud bei Versailles war zu jener Zeit eine beliebte Residenz der königlichen Familie. ‘Sanct’ (abbreviated St.) comes from the Latin Note 19 · were — King = ‘were just as faithless towards themselves as they were towards the King’, and insert the grammatical subject es after the pro Note 14 · [23] hin und her schwenken.Note 14 · [13] the — way = how the mob forces its way (sich einen Weg bahnen). In German the verb agrees in the Singular with a collective substantive Note 5 · The adverb ‘only’, when used in reference to time, is turned by ‘erst’, but in references to number by ‘nur’; as—Note 6 · The conjunction indem with a finite verb is frequently employed for rendering the English Participle in -ing used in adverbial clauses of ma Note 1 · To avoid beginning with the pronoun ‘I’, which seldom looks well in German, and is considered bad style in letters, place the object first, Note 2 · fact = deed or action = That, f.; fact = event (as in this instance) = Thatsache, f.; the Latin Factum, pl. Facta or Facten is, however, use Note 7 · I — more = I drew another (noch ein) bill of twenty pounds. To draw a bill, einen Wechsel ziehen.Note 14 · is most so = is most important.—When the superlative is used as a predicate, it is generally preceded by am (the preposition an contracted w Note 12 · As a rule the English ‘not a’ or ‘not an’ is best rendered by the indef. numeral kein. Say ‘Has a Jew no eyes’?Note 7 · Say ‘have crowned his head with glory (Ruhm, m.)’. In elevated diction ‘head’ is rendered by ‘Haupt’, n.Note 1 · Scholar = ‘pupil or schoolboy’ is rendered by Schüler; = ‘student’ by Student, and = ‘learned man’ by Gelehrter. The last sense is applicabl Note 11 · All parts qualifying a noun must be placed before it.Note 6 · used to place, zu legen pflegte. ‘To use’, when employed transitively, is generally rendered by brauchen, gebrauchen, benutzen, an´wenden, a Note 12 · Place the adv. ‘then’ at the head of the sentence, and supply ‘for him’ (ihm) after the auxiliary. As a rule the person or persons for whose Note 4 · ‘when’, here wo. Notice that: The relative conjunction ‘wo’ is often used in reference to time as a translation of ‘when’ in the sense of ‘a Note 1 · Die Fortschritte in der Buchdruckerkunst. The noun ‘progress’ is generally rendered by the corresponding plural form in German.Note 10 · ’One’ or ‘a’ before ‘hundred’ and ‘thousand’ is, as a rule, not translated in German.Note 13 · The English ‘so’ in connection with a transitive verb is generally to be rendered by ‘es’. If we want to emphasize the object, however, we u Note 17 · ‘Copy’ in the signification of ‘specimen’ is rendered by Exemplar, n.; pl. e (= e); Kopie, f., is the written copy of any book, document or Note 23 · ‘To ask’ in the signification of ‘asking a question’ is rendered by fragen or eine Frage stellen, but in that of ‘to request’ by bitten.Note 4 · men = people, Leute. When ‘people’ signifies ‘persons’ in the general sense of the word, it is mostly rendered by Leute. In the significatio Note 9 · ‘Man’ is here used in the signification of ‘human being’, when it is generally rendered by ‘der Mensch’.Note 2 · Translate ‘you’ by Ihr in this address, and use the verb in the 2nd pers. pl., which at that time was the common address for people of the l Note 9 · Jesus Christ has retained its Latin declension, thus: N. Jesus Christus; G. Jesu Christi; D. Jesu Christo; Acc. Jesum Christum. Use the dat.Note 17 · has been located, ist ansässig. The Present is often used in German where the English use the Perfect to express the duration of an action u Note 15 · The preposition ‘at,’ in the signification of ‘at the house of’ is generally rendered by the preposition ‘bei’, which governs the dative; as Note 4 · was = stood; to Paris = to the Parisians. The suffix er is used to form names of male persons and of the inhabitants of countries and places Note 20 · Handlungsweise. All his happiness, sein ganzes Glück; all our family, unsere ganze Familie.Note 22 · This is not worth remembering, dies ist nicht der Beachtung wert.Note 2 · ‘Very’ is often rendered by the superlative of the adv. hoch.Note 21 · The English Gerund preceded by a possessive adjective and a preposition, must be translated by a regular subordinate clause with a conjuncti Note 10 · for years, jahrelang.Note 24 · 1 sh. = 1 Mark; a month, monatlich, jeden Monat, or alle Monate.Note 14 · = became more and more violent (immer with the comparative form of the adj.).Note 6 · that — archers = that (= in order that, damit) the archers may not notice thee.Note 24 · highest = strongest. The relative superlative of adverbs is formed by placing am before the superlative of the adjective, and giving it the Note 4 · fahren; ‘to go’, when used in the sense of ‘travelling, riding (in a carriage), driving, sailing, etc.’, is mostly rendered by reisen (gener Note 9 · ‘at the rate of’, referring to the rapidity of motion, is rendered by ‘mit einer Schnelligkeit von’, but when referring to price, is general Note 10 · an hour, in der Stunde, per Stunde, or die Stunde. He receives 20 marks a week, er erhält 20 Mark die Woche (or wöchentlich).