S (continued 10)

Syn. — See Put.

SET Set, v. i.

1. To pass below the horizon; to go down; to decline; to sink out of sight; to come to an end. Ere the weary sun set in the west. Shak. Thus this century sets with little mirth, and the next is likely to arise with more mourning. Fuller.

2. To fit music to words. [Obs.] Shak.

3. To place plants or shoots in the ground; to plant. "To sow dry, and set wet." Old Proverb.

4. To be fixed for growth; to strike root; to begin to germinate or form; as, cuttings set well; the fruit has set well (i. e., not blasted in the blossom).

5. To become fixed or rigid; to be fastened. A gathering and serring of the spirits together to resist, maketh the teeth to set hard one against another. Bacon.

6. To congeal; to concrete; to solidify. That fluid substance in a few minutes begins to set. Boyle.

7. To have a certain direction in motion; to flow; to move on; to tend; as, the current sets to the north; the tide sets to the windward.

8. To begin to move; to go out or forth; to start; — now followed by out. The king is set from London. Shak.

9. To indicate the position of game; — said of a dog; as, the dog sets well; also, to hunt game by the aid of a setter.

10. To apply one's self; to undertake earnestly; — now followed by out. If he sets industriously and sincerely to perform the commands of Christ, he can have no ground of doubting but it shall prove successful to him. Hammond.

11. To fit or suit one; to sit; as, the coat sets well.

Note: [Colloquially used, but improperly, for sit.]

Note: The use of the verb set for sit in such expressions as, the hen is setting on thirteen eggs; a setting hen, etc., although colloquially common, and sometimes tolerated in serious writing, is not to be approved. To set about, to commence; to begin. — To set forward, to move or march; to begin to march; to advance. — To set forth, to begin a journey. — To set in. (a) To begin; to enter upon a particular state; as, winter set in early. (b) To settle one's self; to become established. "When the weather was set in to be very bad." Addyson. (c) To flow toward the shore; — said of the tide. — To set off. (a) To enter upon a journey; to start. (b) (Typog.) To deface or soil the next sheet; — said of the ink on a freshly printed sheet, when another sheet comes in contract with it before it has had time to dry. — To set on or upon. (a) To begin, as a journey or enterprise; to set about. He that would seriously set upon the search of truth. Locke. (b) To assault; to make an attack. Bacon. Cassio hath here been set on in the dark. Shak. — To set out, to begin a journey or course; as, to set out for London, or from London; to set out in business;to set out in life or the world. — To set to, to apply one's self to. — To set up. (a) To begin business or a scheme of life; as, to set up in trade; to set up for one's self. (b) To profess openly; to make pretensions. Those men who set up for mortality without regard to religion, are generally but virtuous in part. Swift.

SET Set, a.

1. Fixed in position; immovable; rigid; as, a set line; a set countenance.

2. Firm; unchanging; obstinate; as, set opinions or prejudices.

3. Regular; uniform; formal; as, a set discourse; a set battle. "The set phrase of peace." Shak.

4. Established; prescribed; as, set forms of prayer.

5. Adjusted; arranged; formed; adapted. Set hammer. (a) A hammer the head of which is not tightly fastened upon the handle, but may be reversed. Knight. (b) A hammer with a concave face which forms a die for shaping anything, as the end of a bolt, rivet, etc. — Set line, a line to which a number of baited hooks are attached, and which, supported by floats and properly secured, may be left unguarded during the absence of the fisherman. — Set nut, a jam nut or lock nut. See under Nut. — Set screw (Mach.), a screw, sometimes cupped or printed at one end, and screwed through one part, as of a machine, tightly upon another part, to prevent the one from slipping upon the other. — Set speech, a speech carefully prepared before it is delivered in public; a formal or methodical speech.

SET Set, n.

1. The act of setting, as of the sun or other heavenly body; descent; hence, the close; termination. "Locking at the set of day." Tennyson. The weary sun hath made a golden set. Shak.

2. That which is set, placed, or fixed. Specifically: — (a) A young plant for growth; as, a set of white thorn. (b) That which is staked; a wager; a venture; a stake; hence, a game at venture. [Obs. or R.] We will in France, by God's grace, play a set Shall strike his father's crown into the hazard. Shak. That was but civil war, an equal set. Dryden. (c) (Mech.)

Defn: Permanent change of figure in consequence of excessive strain, as from compression, tension, bending, twisting, etc.; as, the set of a spring. (d) A kind of punch used for bending, indenting, or giving shape to, metal; as, a saw set. (e) (Pile Driving)

Defn: A piece placed temporarily upon the head of a pile when the latter cannot be reached by the weight, or hammer, except by means of such an intervening piece. [Often incorrectly written sett.] (f) (Carp.)

Defn: A short steel spike used for driving the head of a nail below the surface.

3. Etym: [Perhaps due to confusion with sect, sept.]

Defn: A number of things of the same kind, ordinarily used or classed together; a collection of articles which naturally complement each other, and usually go together; an assortment; a suit; as, a set of chairs, of china, of surgical or mathematical instruments, of books, etc. [In this sense, sometimes incorrectly written sett.]

4. A number of persons associated by custom, office, common opinion, quality, or the like; a division; a group; a clique. "Others of our set." Tennyson. This falls into different divisions, or sets, of nations connected under particular religions. R. P. Ward.

5. Direction or course; as, the set of the wind, or of a current.

6. In dancing, the number of persons necessary to execute a quadrille; also, the series of figures or movements executed.

7. The deflection of a tooth, or of the teeth, of a saw, which causes the the saw to cut a kerf, or make an opening, wider than the blade.

8. (a) A young oyster when first attached. (b) Collectively, the crop of young oysters in any locality.

9. (Tennis)

Defn: A series of as many games as may be necessary to enable one side to win six. If at the end of the tenth game the score is a tie, the set is usually called a deuce set, and decided by an application of the rules for playing off deuce in a game. See Deuce.

10. (Type Founding)

Defn: That dimension of the body of a type called by printers the width. Dead set. (a) The act of a setter dog when it discovers the game, and remains intently fixed in pointing it out. (b) A fixed or stationary condition arising from obstacle or hindrance; a deadlock; as, to be at a dead set. (c) A concerted scheme to defraud by gaming; a determined onset. — To make a dead set, to make a determined onset, literally or figuratively.

Syn. — Collection; series; group. See Pair.

SETA Se"ta, n.; pl. Setæ. Etym: [L. seta, saeta, a bristle.]

1. (Biol.)

Defn: Any slender, more or less rigid, bristlelike organ or part; as the hairs of a caterpillar, the slender spines of a crustacean, the hairlike processes of a protozoan, the bristles or stiff hairs on the leaves of some plants, or the pedicel of the capsule of a moss.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) One of the movable chitinous spines or hooks of an annelid. They usually arise in clusters from muscular capsules, and are used in locomotion and for defense. They are very diverse in form. (b) One of the spinelike feathers at the base of the bill of certain birds.

SETACEOUS Se*ta"ceous, a. Etym: [L. seta a bristle: cf. F. sétacé.]

1. Set with, or consisting of, bristles; bristly; as, a stiff, setaceous tail.

2. Bristelike in form or texture; as, a setaceous feather; a setaceous leaf.

SETBACK Set"back`, n.

1. (Arch.)

Defn: Offset, n., 4.

2. A backset; a countercurrent; an eddy. [U. S.]

3. A backset; a check; a repulse; a reverse; a relapse. [Colloq. U.S.]

SETBOLT Set"bolt`, n. (Shipbuilding)

1. An iron pin, or bolt, for fitting planks closely together. Craig.

2. A bolt used for forcing another bolt out of its hole.

SET CHISEL Set chisel. (Mech.)

Defn: A kind of chisel or punch, variously shaped, with a broad flat end, used for stripping off rivet heads, etc.

SETDOWN Set"down`, n.

Defn: The humbling of a person by act or words, especially by a retort or a reproof; the retort or the reproof which has such effect.

SETEE Set*ee", n. (Naut.)

Defn: See 2d Settee.

SETEN Set"en,

Defn: obs. imp. pl. of Sit. Sat. Chaucer.

SETEWALE Set"e*wale, n.

Defn: See Cetewale. [Obs.]

SET-FAIR Set"-fair`, n.

Defn: In plastering, a particularly good troweled surface. Knight.

SETFOIL Set"foil`, n.

Defn: See Septfoil.

SETHEN Seth"en, adv. & conj.

Defn: See Since. [Obs.]

SETHIC Seth"ic, a.

Defn: See Sothic.

SETIFEROUS Se*tif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. seta a bristle + -ferous.]

Defn: Producing, or having one or more, bristles.

SETIFORM Se"ti*form, a. Etym: [Seta + -form: cf. F. sétiforme.]

Defn: Having the form or structure of setæ.

SETIGER Se"ti*ger, n. Etym: [NL. See Setigerous.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: An annelid having setæ; a chætopod.

SETIGEROUS Se*tig"er*ous, a. Etym: [Seta + -gerous.]

Defn: Covered with bristles; having or bearing a seta or setæ; setiferous; as, setigerous glands; a setigerous segment of an annelid; specifically (Bot.), tipped with a bristle.

SETIM Se"tim, n.

Defn: See Shittim.

SETIPAROUS Se*tip"a*rous, a. Etym: [Seta + L. papere to produce.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Producing setæ; — said of the organs from which the setæ of annelids arise.

SETIREME Se"ti*reme, n. Etym: [Seta + L. remus an oar.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A swimming leg (of an insect) having a fringe of hairs on the margin.

SETNESS Set"ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being set; formality; obstinacy. "The starched setness of a sententious writer." R. Masters.

SET-OFF Set"-off`, n. Etym: [Set + off.]

1. That which is set off against another thing; an offset. I do not contemplate such a heroine as a set-off to the many sins imputed to me as committed against woman. D. Jerrold.

2. That which is used to improve the appearance of anything; a decoration; an ornament.

3. (Law)

Defn: A counterclaim; a cross debt or demand; a distinct claim filed or set up by the defendant against the plaintiff's demand.

Note: Set-off differs from recoupment, as the latter generally grows out of the same matter or contract with the plaintiff's claim, while the former grows out of distinct matter, and does not of itself deny the justice of the plaintiff's demand. Offset is sometimes improperly used for the legal term set-off. See Recoupment.

4. (Arch.)

Defn: Same as Offset, n., 4.

5. (Print.)

Defn: See Offset, 7.

Syn. — Set-off, Offset. — Offset originally denoted that which branches off or projects, as a shoot from a tree, but the term has long been used in America in the sense of set-off. This use is beginning to obtain in England; though Macaulay uses set-off, and so, perhaps, do a majority of English writers.

SETON Se"ton, n. Etym: [F. séton (cf. It. setone), from L. seta a thick, stiff hair, a bristle.] (Med. & Far.)

Defn: A few silk threads or horsehairs, or a strip of linen or the like, introduced beneath the skin by a knife or needle, so as to form an issue; also, the issue so formed.

SETOSE; SETOUS Se*tose", Se"tous, a. Etym: [L. setosus, saetosus, from seta, saeta, bristle: cf. F. séteux.]

Defn: Thickly set with bristles or bristly hairs.

SETOUT Set"out`, n.

Defn: A display, as of plate, equipage, etc.; that which is displayed. [Coloq.] Dickens.

SET-STITCHED Set"-stitched`, a.

Defn: Stitched according to a formal pattern. "An old set-stiched chair, valanced, and fringed with party-colored worsted bobs." Sterne.

SETT Sett, n.

Defn: See Set, n., 2 (e) and 3.

SETTEE Set*tee", n. Etym: [From Set; cf. Settle a seat.]

Defn: A long seat with a back, — made to accommodate several persons at once.

SETTEE Set*tee", n. Etym: [F. scétie, scitie.] (Naut.)

Defn: A vessel with a very long, sharp prow, carrying two or three masts with lateen sails, — used in the Mediterranean. [Written also setee.]

SETTER Set"ter, n.

1. One who, or that which, sets; — used mostly in composition with a noun, as typesetter; or in combination with an adverb, as a setter on (or inciter), a setter up, a setter forth.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A hunting dog of a special breed originally derived from a cross between the spaniel and the pointer. Modern setters are usually trained to indicate the position of game birds by standing in a fixed position, but originally they indicated it by sitting or crouching.

Note: There are several distinct varieties of setters; as, the Irish, or red, setter; the Gordon setter, which is usually red or tan varied with black; and the English setter, which is variously colored, but usually white and tawny red, with or without black.

3. One who hunts victims for sharpers. Shak.

4. One who adapts words to music in composition.

5. An adornment; a decoration; — with off. [Obs.] They come as . . . setters off of thy graces. Whitlock.

6. (Pottery)

Defn: A shallow seggar for porcelain. Ure.

SETTER Set"ter, v. t.

Defn: To cut the dewlap (of a cow or an ox), and to insert a seton, so as to cause an issue. [Prov. Eng.]

SETTERWORT Set"ter*wort`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: The bear's-foot (Helleborus foetidus); — so called because the root was used in settering, or inserting setons into the dewlaps of cattle. Called also pegroots. Dr. Prior.

SETTING Set"ting, n.

1. The act of one who, or that which, sets; as, the setting of type, or of gems; the setting of the sun; the setting (hardening) of moist plaster of Paris; the setting (set) of a current.

2. The act of marking the position of game, as a setter does; also, hunting with a setter. Boyle.

3. Something set in, or inserted. Thou shalt set in it settings of stones. Ex. xxviii. 17.

4. That in which something, as a gem, is set; as, the gold setting of a jeweled pin. Setting coat (Arch.), the finishing or last coat of plastering on walls or ceilings. — Setting dog, a setter. See Setter, n., 2. — Setting pole, a pole, often iron-pointed, used for pushing boats along in shallow water. — Setting rule. (Print.) A composing rule.

SETTING-UP EXERCISE Set`ting-up" ex"er*cise.

Defn: Any one of a series of gymnastic exercises used, as in drilling recruits, for the purpose of giving an erect carriage, supple muscles, and an easy control of the limbs.

SETTLE Set"tle, n. Etym: [OE. setel, setil, a seat, AS. setl: akin to OHG. sezzal, G. sessel, Goth. sitls, and E. sit. sq. root154. See Sit.]

1. A seat of any kind. [Obs.] "Upon the settle of his majesty" Hampole.

2. A bench; especially, a bench with a high back.

3. A place made lower than the rest; a wide step or platform lower than some other part. And from the bottom upon the ground, even to the lower settle, shall be two cubits, and the breadth one cubit. Ezek. xliii. 14. Settle bed, a bed convertible into a seat. [Eng.]

SETTLE Set"tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Settled; p. pr. & vb. n. Settling.] Etym: [OE. setlen, AS. setlan. sq. root154. See Settle, n. In senses 7, 8, and 9 perhaps confused with OE. sahtlen to reconcile, AS. sahtlian, fr. saht reconciliation, sacon to contend, dispute. Cf. Sake.]

1. To place in a fixed or permanent condition; to make firm, steady, or stable; to establish; to fix; esp., to establish in life; to fix in business, in a home, or the like. And he settled his countenance steadfastly upon him, until he was ashamed. 2 Kings viii. 11. (Rev. Ver.) The father thought the time drew on Of setting in the world his only son. Dryden.

2. To establish in the pastoral office; to ordain or install as pastor or rector of a church, society, or parish; as, to settle a minister. [U. S.]

3. To cause to be no longer in a disturbed condition; to render quiet; to still; to calm; to compose. God settled then the huge whale-bearing lake. Chapman. Hoping that sleep might settle his brains. Bunyan.

4. To clear of dregs and impurities by causing them to sink; to render pure or clear; — said of a liquid; as, to settle coffee, or the grounds of coffee.

5. To restore or bring to a smooth, dry, or passable condition; — said of the ground, of roads, and the like; as, clear weather settles the roads.

6. To cause to sink; to lower; to depress; hence, also, to render close or compact; as, to settle the contents of a barrel or bag by shaking it.

7. To determine, as something which is exposed to doubt or question; to free from unscertainty or wavering; to make sure, firm, or constant; to establish; to compose; to quiet; as, to settle the mind when agitated; to settle questions of law; to settle the succession to a throne; to settle an allowance. It will settle the wavering, and confirm the doubtful. Swift.

8. To adjust, as something in discussion; to make up; to compose; to pacify; as, to settle a quarrel.

9. To adjust, as accounts; to liquidate; to balance; as, to settle an account.

10. Hence, to pay; as, to settle a bill. [Colloq.] Abbott.

11. To plant with inhabitants; to colonize; to people; as, the French first settled Canada; the Puritans settled New England; Plymouth was settled in 1620. To settle on or upon, to confer upon by permanent grant; to assure to. "I . . . have settled upon him a good annuity." Addison. — To settle the land (Naut.), to cause it to sink, or appear lower, by receding from it.

Syn. — To fix; establish; regulate; arrange; compose; adjust; determine; decide.

SETTLE Set"tle, v. i.

1. To become fixed or permanent; to become stationary; to establish one's self or itself; to assume a lasting form, condition, direction, or the like, in place of a temporary or changing state. The wind came about and settled in the west. Bacon. Chyle . . . runs through all the intermediate colors until it settles in an intense red. Arbuthnot.

2. To fix one's residence; to establish a dwelling place or home; as, the Saxons who settled in Britain.

3. To enter into the married state, or the state of a householder. As people marry now and settle. Prior.

4. To be established in an employment or profession; as, to settle in the practice of law.

5. To become firm, dry, and hard, as the ground after the effects of rain or frost have disappeared; as, the roads settled late in the spring.

6. To become clear after being turbid or obscure; to clarify by depositing matter held in suspension; as, the weather settled; wine settles by standing. A government, on such occasions, is always thick before it settles. Addison.

7. To sink to the bottom; to fall to the bottom, as dregs of a liquid, or the sediment of a reserveir.

8. To sink gradually to a lower level; to subside, as the foundation of a house, etc.

9. To become calm; to cease from agitation. Till the fury of his highness settle, Come not before him. Shak.

10. To adjust differences or accounts; to come to an agreement; as, he has settled with his creditors.

11. To make a jointure for a wife. He sighs with most success that settles well. Garth.

SETTLEDNESS Set"tled*ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being settled; confirmed state. [R.] Bp. Hall.

SETTLEMENT Set"tle*ment, n.

1. The act of setting, or the state of being settled. Specifically: - - (a) Establishment in life, in business, condition, etc.; ordination or installation as pastor. Every man living has a design in his head upon wealth power, or settlement in the world. L'Estrange.

(b) The act of peopling, or state of being peopled; act of planting, as a colony; colonization; occupation by settlers; as, the settlement of a new country.

(c) The act or process of adjusting or determining; composure of doubts or differences; pacification; liquidation of accounts; arrangement; adjustment; as, settlement of a controversy, of accounts, etc. (d) Bestowal, or giving possession, under legal sanction; the act of giving or conferring anything in a formal and permanent manner. My flocks, my fields, my woods, my pastures take, With settlement as good as law can make. Dryden. (e) (Law)

Defn: A disposition of property for the benefit of some person or persons, usually through the medium of trustees, and for the benefit of a wife, children, or other relatives; jointure granted to a wife, or the act of granting it.

2. That which settles, or is settled, established, or fixed. Specifically: — (a) Matter that subsides; settlings; sediment; lees; dregs. [Obs.] Fuller's earth left a thick settlement. Mortimer.

(b) A colony newly established; a place or region newly settled; as, settlement in the West. (c) That which is bestowed formally and permanently; the sum secured to a person; especially, a jointure made to a woman at her marriage; also, in the United States, a sum of money or other property formerly granted to a pastor in additional to his salary.

3. (Arch.) (a) The gradual sinking of a building, whether by the yielding of the ground under the foundation, or by the compression of the joints or the material. (b) pl.

Defn: Fractures or dislocations caused by settlement.

4. (Law)

Defn: A settled place of abode; residence; a right growing out of residence; legal residence or establishment of a person in a particular parish or town, which entitles him to maintenance if a pauper, and subjects the parish or town to his support. Blackstone. Bouvier. Act of settlement (Eng. Hist.), the statute of 12 and 13 William III, by which the crown was limited to the present reigning house (the house of Hanover). Blackstone.

SETTLER Set"tler, n.

1. One who settles, becomes fixed, established, etc.

2. Especially, one who establishes himself in a new region or a colony; a colonist; a planter; as, the first settlers of New England.

3. That which settles or finishes; hence, a blow, etc., which settles or decides a contest. [Colloq.]

4. A vessel, as a tub, in which something, as pulverized ore suspended in a liquid, is allowed to settle.

SETTLING Set"tling, n.

1. The act of one who, or that which, settles; the act of establishing one's self, of colonizing, subsiding, adjusting, etc.

2. pl.

Defn: That which settles at the bottom of a liquid; lees; dregs; sediment. Milton. Settling day, a day for settling accounts, as in the stock market.

SET-TO Set"-to`, n.

Defn: A contest in boxing, in an argument, or the like. [Colloq.] Halliwell.

SETULA Set"u*la, n.; pl. Setulæ. Etym: [L. setula, saetula, dim. of seta, saeta, bristle.]

Defn: A small, short hair or bristle; a small seta.

SETULE Set"ule, n. Etym: [See Setula.]

Defn: A setula.

SETULOSE Set"u*lose`, a.

Defn: Having small bristles or setæ.

SETWALL Set"wall`, n. Etym: [CF. Cetewale.] (Bot.)

Defn: A plant formerly valued for its restorative qualities (Valeriana officinalis, or V. Pyrenaica). [Obs.] [Written also setwal.] Chaucer.

SEVEN Sev"en, a. Etym: [OE. seven, seoven, seofen, AS. seofon, seofan, seofen; akin to D. zeven, OS., Goth., & OHG. sibun, G. sieben, Icel. sjau, sjö, Sw. sju, Dan. syv, Lith. septyni, Russ. seme, W. saith, Gael. seachd, Ir. seacht, L. septem, Gr. saptan. sq. root305. Cf. Hebdomad, Heptagon, September.]

Defn: One more than six; six and one added; as, seven days make one week. Seven sciences. See the Note under Science, n., 4. — Seven stars (Astron.), the Pleiades. — Seven wonders of the world. See under Wonders. — Seven-year apple (Bot.), a rubiaceous shrub (Genipa clusiifolia) growing in the West Indies; also, its edible fruit. — Seven-year vine (Bot.), a tropical climbing plant (Ipomoea tuberosa) related to the morning-glory.

SEVEN Sev"en, n.

1. The number greater by one than six; seven units or objects. Of every beast, and bird, and insect small, Game sevens and pairs. Milton.

2. A symbol representing seven units, as 7, or vii.

SEVENFOLD Sev"en*fold`, a.

Defn: Repeated seven times; having seven thicknesses; increased to seven times the size or amount. "Sevenfold rage." Milton.

SEVENFOLD Sev"en*fold`, adv.

Defn: Seven times as much or as often. Whosoever slayeth Cain, vengeance shall be taken on him sevenfold. Gen. iv. 15.

SEVENNIGHT Seven"night, n.

Defn: A week; any period of seven consecutive days and nights. See Sennight.

SEVENSCORE Sev"en*score`, n. & a.

Defn: Seven times twenty, that is, a hundred and forty. The old Countess of Desmond . . . lived sevenscore years. Bacon.

SEVEN-SHOOTER Sev"en-shoot`er, n.

Defn: A firearm, esp. a pistol, with seven barrels or chambers for cartridges, or one capable of firing seven shots without reloading. [Colloq.]

SEVENTEEN Sev"en*teen`, a. Etym: [OE. seventene, AS. seofontyne, i. e., seven- ten. Cf. Seventy.]

Defn: One more than sixteen; ten and seven added; as, seventeen years.

SEVENTEEN Sev"en*teen`, n.

1. The number greater by one than sixteen; the sum of ten and seven; seventeen units or objects.

2. A symbol denoting seventeen units, as 17, or xvii.

SEVENTEENTH Sev"en*teenth`, a. Etym: [From Seventeen: cf. AS. seofonteóedha, seofonteogeedha.]

1. Next in order after the sixteenth; coming after sixteen others. In . . . the seventeenth day of the month . . . were all the fountains of the great deep broken up. Gen. vii. 11.

2. Constituting or being one of seventeen equal parts into which anything is divided.

SEVENTEENTH Sev"en*teenth`, n.

1. The next in order after the sixteenth; one coming after sixteen others.

2. The quotient of a unit divided by seventeen; one of seventeen equal parts or divisions of one whole.

3. (Mus.)

Defn: An interval of two octaves and a third.

SEVENTH Sev"enth, a. Etym: [From Seven: cf. AS. seofoedha.]

1. Next in order after the sixth;; coming after six others. On the seventh day, God ended his work which he had made; and he rested on the seventh day from all his work which he had made. Gen. ii. 2.

2. Constituting or being one of seven equal parts into which anything is divided; as, the seventh part. Seventh day, the seventh day of the week; Saturday. — Seventh-day Baptists. See under Baptist.

SEVENTH Sev"enth, n.

1. One next in order after the sixth; one coming after six others.

2. The quotient of a unit divided by seven; one of seven equal parts into which anything is divided.

3. (Mus.) (a) An interval embracing seven diatonic degrees of the scale. (b) A chord which includes the interval of a seventh whether major, minor, or diminished.

SEVEN-THIRTIES Sev`en-thir"ties, n. pl.

Defn: A name given to three several issues of United States Treasury notes, made during the Civil War, in denominations of $50 and over, bearing interest at the rate of seven and three tenths (thirty hundredths) per cent annually. Within a few years they were all redeemed or funded.

SEVENTHLY Sev"enth*ly, adv.

Defn: In the seventh place.

SEVENTIETH Sev"en*ti*eth, a. Etym: [AS. hund-seofontigoedha.]

1. Next in order after the sixty-ninth; as, a man in the seventieth year of his age.

2. Constituting or being one of seventy equal parts.

SEVENTIETH Sev"en*ti*eth, n.

1. One next in order after the sixty-ninth.

2. The quotient of a unit divided by seventy; one of seventy equal parts or fractions.

SEVENTY Sev"en*ty, a. Etym: [AS. hund-seofontig. See Seven, and Ten, and cf. Seventeen, Sixty.]

Defn: Seven times ten; one more than sixty-nine.

SEVENTY Sev"en*ty, n.; pl. Seventies (.

1. The sum of seven times ten; seventy units or objects.

2. A symbol representing seventy units, as 70, or lxx. The Seventy, the translators of the Greek version of the Old Testament called the Septuagint. See Septuagint.

SEVENTY-FOUR Sev`en*ty-four", n. (Naut.)

Defn: A naval vessel carrying seventy-four guns.

SEVEN-UP Sev"en-up`, n.

Defn: The game of cards called also all fours, and old sledge. [U. S.]

SEVER Sev"er, v. t. [imp. &. p. p. Severed; p. pr. & vb. n. Severing.] Etym: [OF. sevrer, severer, to separate, F. sevrer to wean, fr. L. separare. See Separate, and cf. Several.]

1. To separate, as one from another; to cut off from something; to divide; to part in any way, especially by violence, as by cutting, rending, etc.; as, to sever the head from the body. The angels shall come forth, and sever the wicked from among the just. Matt. xiii. 49.

2. To cut or break open or apart; to divide into parts; to cut through; to disjoin; as, to sever the arm or leg. Our state can not be severed; we are one. Milton.

3. To keep distinct or apart; to except; to exempt. I will sever in that day the land of Goshen, in which my people dwell, that no swarms of flies shall be there. Ex. viii. 22.

4. (Law)

Defn: To disunite; to disconnect; to terminate; as, to sever an estate in joint tenancy. Blackstone.

SEVER Sev"er, v. i.

1. To suffer disjunction; to be parted, or rent asunder; to be separated; to part; to separate. Shak.

2. To make a separation or distinction; to distinguish. The Lord shall sever between the cattle of Israel and the cattle of Egypt. Ex. ix. 4. They claimed the right of severing in their challenge. Macaulay.

SEVERABLE Sev"er*a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being severed. Encyc. Dict.

SEVERAL Sev"er*al, a. Etym: [OF., fr. LL. separalis, fr. L. separ separate, different. See Sever, Separate.]

1. Separate; distinct; particular; single. Each several ship a victory did gain. Dryden. Each might his several province well command, Would all but stoop to what they understand. Pope.

2. Diverse; different; various. Spenser. Habits and faculties, several, and to be distinguished. Bacon. Four several armies to the field are led. Dryden.

3. Consisting of a number more than two, but not very many; divers; sundry; as, several persons were present when the event took place.

SEVERAL Sev"er*al, adv.

Defn: By itself; severally. [Obs.] Every kind of thing is laid up several in barns or storehoudses. Robynson (More's Utopia).

SEVERAL Sev"er*al, n.

1. Each particular taken singly; an item; a detail; an individual. [Obs.] There was not time enough to hear . . . The severals. Shak.

2. Persons oe objects, more than two, but not very many. Several of them neither rose from any conspicuous family, nor left any behind them. Addison.

3. An inclosed or separate place; inclosure. [Obs.] They had their several for heathen nations, their several for the people of their own nation. Hooker. In several, in a state of separation. [R.] "Where pastures in several be." Tusser.

SEVERALITY Sev`er*al"i*ty, n.; pl. Severalities (.

Defn: Each particular taken singly; distinction. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

SEVERALIZE Sev"er*al*ize, v. t.

Defn: To distinguish. [Obs.]

SEVERALLY Sev"er*al*ly, adv.

Defn: Separately; distinctly; apart from others; individually. There must be an auditor to check and revise each severally by itself. De Quincey.

SEVERALTY Sev"er*al*ty, n.

Defn: A state of separation from the rest, or from all others; a holding by individual right. Forests which had never been owned in severalty. Bancroft. Estate in severalty (Law), an estate which the tenant holds in his own right, without being joined in interest with any other person; — distinguished from joint tenancy, coparcenary, and common. Blackstone.

SEVERANCE Sev"er*ance, n.

1. The act of severing, or the state of being severed; partition; separation. Milman.

2. (Law)

Defn: The act of dividing; the singling or severing of two or more that join, or are joined, in one writ; the putting in several or separate pleas or answers by two or more disjointly; the destruction of the unity of interest in a joint estate. Bouvier.

SEVERE Se*vere", a. [Compar. Severer; superl. Severest.] Etym: [L. severus; perhaps akin to Gr. swikns innocent, chaste: cf. F. sévère. Cf. Asseverate, Persevere.]

1. Serious in feeeling or manner; sedate; grave; austere; not light, lively, or cheerful. Your looks alter, as your subject does, From kind to fierce, from wanton to severe. Waller.

2. Very strict in judgment, discipline, or government; harsh; not mild or indulgent; rigorous; as, severe criticism; severe punishment. "Custody severe." Milton. Come! you are too severe a moraler. Shak. Let your zeal, if it must be expressed in anger, be always more severe against thyself than against others. Jer. Taylor.

3. Rigidly methodical, or adherent to rule or principle; exactly conformed to a standard; not allowing or employing unneccessary ornament, amplification, etc.; strict; — said of style, argument, etc. "Restrained by reason and severe principles." Jer. Taylor. The Latin, a most severe and compendious language. Dryden.

4. Sharp; afflictive; distressing; violent; extreme; as, severe pain, anguish, fortune; severe cold.

5. Difficult to be endured; exact; critical; rigorous; as, a severe test.

Syn. — Strict; grave; austere; stern; morose; rigid; exact; rigorous; hard; rough; harsh; censorious; tart; acrimonious; sarcastic; satirical; cutting; biting; keen; bitter; cruel. See Strict. — Se*vere"ly, adv. — Se*vere"ness, n.

SEVERITY Se*ver"i*ty, n.; pl. Severities. Etym: [L. severitas: cf. F. sévérité.]

Defn: The quality or state of being severe. Specifically: — (a) Gravity or austerity; extreme strictness; rigor; harshness; as, the severity of a reprimand or a reproof; severity of discipline or government; severity of penalties. "Strict age, and sour severity." Milton. (b) The quality or power of distressing or paining; extreme degree; extremity; intensity; inclemency; as, the severity of pain or anguish; the severity of cold or heat; the severity of the winter. (c) Harshness; cruel treatment; sharpness of punishment; as, severity practiced on prisoners of war. (d) Exactness; rigorousness; strictness; as, the severity of a test. Confining myself to the severity of truth. Dryden.

SEVERY Sev"er*y, n. Etym: [Prob. corrupted fr. ciborium. Oxf. Gloss.] (Arch.)

Defn: A bay or compartment of a vaulted ceiling. [Written also civery.]

SEVOCATION Sev`o*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. sevocare, sevocatum, to call aside.]

Defn: A calling aside. [Obs.]

SEVRES BLUE Sè"vres blue`.

Defn: A very light blue.

SEVRES WARE Sè"vres ware`.

Defn: Porcelain manufactured at Sèvres, France, ecpecially in the national factory situated there.

SEW Sew, n.Etym: [OE. See Sewer household officer.]

Defn: Juice; gravy; a seasoned dish; a delicacy. [Obs.] Gower. I will not tell of their strange sewes. Chaucer.

SEW Sew, v. t. Etym: [See Sue to follow.]

Defn: To follow; to pursue; to sue. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

SEW Sew, v. t. [imp. Sewed; p. p. Sewed, rarely Sewn (; p. pr. & vb. n. Sewing.] Etym: [OE. sewen, sowen, AS. siówian, siwian; akin to OHG. siuwan, Icel. s, Sw. sy, Dan. sye, Goth. siujan, Lith. siuti, Russ, shite, L. ssuere, Gr. siv. sq. root156. Cf. Seam a suture, Suture.]

1. To unite or fasten together by stitches, as with a needle and thread. No man also seweth a piece of new cloth on an old garment. Mark ii. 21.

2. To close or stop by ssewing; — often with up; as, to sew up a rip.

3. To inclose by sewing; — sometimes with up; as, to sew money in a bag.

SEW Sew, v. i.

Defn: To practice sewing; to work with needle and thread.

SEW Sew, v. t. Etym: [sq. root151 b. See Sewer a drain.]

Defn: To drain, as a pond, for taking the fish. [Obs.] Tusser.

SEWAGE Sew"age, n.

1. The contents of a sewer or drain; refuse liquids or matter carried off by sewers

2. Sewerage, 2.

SEWE Sewe, v. i.

Defn: To perform the duties of a sewer. See 3d Sewer. [Obs.]

SEWEL Sew"el, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.]

Defn: A scarecrow, generally made of feathers tied to a string, hung up to prevent deer from breaking into a place. Halliwell.

SEWELLEL Se*wel"lel, n. Etym: [Of American Indian origin.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A peculiar gregarious burrowing rodent (Haplodon rufus), native of the coast region of the Northwestern United States. It somewhat resembles a muskrat or marmot, but has only a rudimentary tail. Its head is broad, its eyes are small and its fur is brownish above, gray beneath. It constitutes the family Haplodontidæ. Called also boomer, showt'l, and mountain beaver.

SEWEN Sew"en, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A British trout usually regarded as a variety (var. Cambricus) of the salmon trout.

SEWER Sew"er, n.

1. One who sews, or stitches.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small tortricid moth whose larva sews together the edges of a leaf by means of silk; as, the apple-leaf sewer (Phoxopteris nubeculana)

SEWER Sew"er, n. Etym: [OF. sewiere, seuwiere, ultimately fr. L. ex out + a derivative of aqua water; cf. OF. essevour a drain, essever, esseuwer, essiaver, to cause to flow, to drain, to flow, LL. exaquatorium a channel through which water runs off. Cf. Ewer, Aquarium.]

Defn: A drain or passage to carry off water and filth under ground; a subterraneous channel, particularly in cities.

SEWER Sew"er, n. Etym: [Cf. OE. assewer, and asseour, OF. asseour, F. asseoir to seat, to set, L. assidere to sit by; ad + sedere to sit (cf. Sit); or cf. OE. sew pottage, sauce, boiled meat, AS. seáw juice, Skr. su to press out.]

Defn: Formerly, an upper servant, or household officer, who set on and removed the dishes at a feast, and who also brought water for the hands of the guests. Then the sewer Poured water from a great and golden ewer, That from their hands to a silver caldron ran. Chapman.

SEWERAGE Sew"er*age, n.

1. The construction of a sewer or sewers.

2. The system of sewers in a city, town, etc.; the general drainage of a city or town by means of sewers.

3. The material collected in, and discharged by, sewers. [In this sense sewage is preferable and common.]

SEWIN Sew"in, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Same as Sewen.

SEWING Sew"ing, n.

1. The act or occupation of one who sews.

2. That which is sewed with the needle. Sewing horse (Harness making), a clamp, operated by the foot, for holding pieces of leather while being sewed. — Sewing machine, a machine for sewing or stitching. — Sewing press, or Sewing table (Bookbinding), a fixture or table having a frame in which are held the cords to which the back edges of folded sheets are sewed to form a book.

SEWSTER Sew"ster, n.

Defn: A seamstress. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

SEX- Sex-. Etym: [L. sex six. See Six.]

Defn: A combining form meaning six; as, sexdigitism; sexennial.

SEX Sex, n. Etym: [L. sexus: cf. F. sexe.]

1. The distinguishing peculiarity of male or female in both animals and plants; the physical difference between male and female; the assemblage of properties or qualities by which male is distinguished from female.

2. One of the two divisions of organic beings formed on the distinction of male and female.

3. (Bot.) (a) The capability in plants of fertilizing or of being fertilized; as, staminate and pistillate flowers are of opposite sexes. (b) One of the groups founded on this distinction. The sex, the female sex; women, in general.

SEXAGENARIAN Sex`a*ge*na"ri*an, n. Etym: [See Sexagenary.]

Defn: A person who is sixty years old.

SEXAGENARY Sex*ag"e*na*ry, a. Etym: [L. sexagenarius, fr. sexageni sixty each, akin to sexaginta sixty, sex six: cf. sexagénaire. See Six.]

Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, the number sixty; poceeding by sixties; sixty years old. Sexagenary arithmetic. See under Sexagesimal. — Sexagenary, or Sexagesimal, scale (Math.), a scale of numbers in which the modulus is sixty. It is used in treating the divisions of the circle.

SEXAGENARY Sex*ag"e*na*ry, n.

1. Something composed of sixty parts or divisions.

2. A sexagenarian. Sir W. Scott.

SEXAGESIMA Sex`a*ges"i*ma, n. Etym: [L., fem. of sexagesimus sixtieth, fr. sexaginta sixty.] (Eccl.)

Defn: The second Sunday before Lent; — so called as being about the sixtieth day before Easter.

SEXAGESIMAL Sex`a*ges"i*mal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. sexagésimal.]

Defn: Pertaining to, or founded on, the number sixty. Sexagesimal fractions or numbers (Arith. & Alg.), those fractions whose denominators are some power of sixty; as, astronomical fractions, because formerly there were no others used in astronomical calculations. — Sexagesimal, or Sexagenary, arithmetic, the method of computing by the sexagenary scale, or by sixties. — Sexagesimal scale (Math.), the sexagenary scale.

SEXAGESIMAL Sex`a*ges"i*mal, n.

Defn: A sexagesimal fraction.

SEXANGLE Sex"an`gle, n. Etym: [L. sexangulus sexangular; sex six + angulus angle: cf. F. sexangle. Cf. Hexangular.] (Geom.)

Defn: A hexagon. [R.] Hutton.

SEXANGLED; SEXANGULAR Sex"an`gled, Sex*an"gu*lar a. Etym: [Cf. F. sexangulaire.]

Defn: Having six angles; hexagonal. [R.] Dryden.

SEXANGULARLY Sex*an"gu*lar*ly, adv.

Defn: Hexagonally. [R.]

SEXAVALENT Sex*av"a*lent, a.

Defn: See Sexivalent. [R.]

SEXDIGITISM Sex*dig"it*ism, n. Etym: [Sex- + digit.]

Defn: The state of having six fingers on a hand, or six toes on a foot.

SEXDIGITIST Sex*dig"it*ist, n.

Defn: One who has six fingers on a hand, or six toes on a foot.

SEXED Sexed, a.

Defn: Belonging to sex; having sex; distinctively male of female; as, the sexed condition.

SEXENARY Sex"e*na*ry, a.

Defn: Proceeding by sixes; sextuple; — applied especially to a system of arithmetical computation in which the base is six.

SEXENNIAL Sex*en"ni*al, a. Etym: [L. sexennium a period of six years, sexennis of six years; sex six + annus a year. See Six, and Annual.]

Defn: Lasting six years, or happening once in six years. — n.

Defn: A sexennial event.

SEXENNIALLY Sex*en"ni*al*ly, adv.

Defn: Once in six years.

SEXFID; SEXIFID Sex"fid, Sex"i*fid, a. Etym: [Sex- + root of L. findere to split: cf. F. sexfide.] (Bot.)

Defn: Six-cleft; as, a sexfid calyx or nectary.

SEXISYLLABIC Sex`i*syl*lab"ic, a. Etym: [Sex- + syllabic.]

Defn: Having six syllables. Emerson.

SEXISYLLABLE Sex"i*syl`la*ble, n. Etym: [Sex- + syllable.]

Defn: A word of six syllables.

SEXIVALENT Sex*iv"a*lent, a. Etym: [Sex- + L. valens, p. pr. See Valence.] (hem.)

Defn: Hexavalent. [R.]

SEXLESS Sex"less, a.

Defn: Having no sex.

SEXLOCULAR Sex`loc"u*lar, a. Etym: [Sex- + locular: cf. F. sexloculaire.] (Bot.)

Defn: Having six cells for seeds; six-celled; as, a sexlocular pericarp.

SEXLY Sex"ly, a.

Defn: Pertaining to sex. [R.] Should I ascribe any of these things unto myself or my sexly weakness, I were not worthy to live. Queen Elizabeth.

SEXRADIATE Sex*ra"di*ate, a. Etym: [Sex- + radiate.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having six rays; — said of certain sponge spicules. See Illust. of Spicule.

SEXT Sext, n. Etym: [L. sexta, fem. of sextus sixtt, fr. sex six: cf. F. sexte.] (R.C.Ch.) (a) The office for the sixth canonical hour, being a part of the Breviary. (b) The sixth book of the decretals, added by Pope Boniface VIII.

SEXTAIN Sex"tain, n. Etym: [L. sextus sixth, fr. sex six: cf. It. sestina.] (Pros.)

Defn: A stanza of six lines; a sestine.

SEXTANS Sex"tans, n. Etym: [L. See Sextant.]

1. (Rom. Antiq.)

Defn: A Roman coin, the sixth part of an as.

2. (Astron.)

Defn: A constellation on the equator south of Leo; the Sextant.

SEXTANT Sex"tant, n. Etym: [L. sextans, -antis, the sixth part of an as, fr. sextus sixth, sex six. See Six.]

1. (Math.)

Defn: The sixth part of a circle.

2. An instrument for measuring angular distances between objects, — used esp. at sea, for ascertaining the latitude and longitude. It is constructed on the same optical principle as Hadley's quadrant, but usually of metal, with a nicer graduation, telescopic sight, and its arc the sixth, and sometimes the third, part of a circle. See Quadrant.

3. (Astron.)

Defn: The constellation Sextans. Box sextant, a small sextant inclosed in a cylindrical case to make it more portable.

SEXTARY Sex"ta*ry, n.; pl. Sextaries. Etym: [L. sextarius the sixth part of a measure, weight, etc., fr. sextus sixth, sex six.] (Rom. Antiq.)

Defn: An ancient Roman liquid and dry measure, about equal to an English pint.

SEXTARY Sex"ta*ry, n. Etym: [For sextonry.]

Defn: A sacristy. [Obs.]

SEXTET; SEXTETTO Sex*tet", Sex*tet"to, n. (Mus.)

Defn: See Sestet.

SEXTEYN Sex"teyn, n.

Defn: A sacristan. [Obs.] Chaucer.

SEXTIC Sex"tic, a. Etym: [L. sextus sixth.] (Math.)

Defn: Of the sixth degree or order. — n. (Alg.)

Defn: A quantic of the sixth degree.

SEXTILE Sex"tile, a. Etym: [F. sextil, fr. L. sextus the sixth, from sex six. See Six.] (Astrol.)

Defn: Measured by sixty degrees; fixed or indicated by a distance of sixty degrees. Glanvill.

SEXTILE Sex"tile, n. Etym: [Cf. F. aspect sextil.] (Astrol.)

Defn: The aspect or position of two planets when distant from each other sixty degrees, or two signs. This position is marked thus: Hutton.

SEXTILLION Sex*til"lion, n. Etym: [Formed (in imitation of million) fr. L. sextus sixth, sex six: cf. F. sextilion.]

Defn: According to the method of numeration (which is followed also in the United States), the number expressed by a unit with twenty-one ciphers annexed. According to the English method, a million raised to the sixth power, or the number expressed by a unit with thirty-six ciphers annexed. See Numeration.

SEXTO Sex"to, n.; pl. Sextos. Etym: [L. sextus sixth.]

Defn: A book consisting of sheets each of which is folded into six leaves.

SEXTODECIMO Sex`to*dec"i*mo, a. Etym: [L. sextus-decimus the sixteenth; sextus the sixth (fr. sex six) + decimus the tenth, from decem ten. See - mo.]

Defn: Having sixteen leaves to a sheet; of, or equal to, the size of one fold of a sheet of printing paper when folded so as to make sixteen leaves, or thirty-two pages; as, a sextodecimo volume.

SEXTODECIMO Sex`to*dec"imo, n.; pl. Sextodecimos (.

Defn: A book composed of sheets each of which is folded into sixteen leaves; hence, indicating, more or less definitely, a size of a book; — usually written 16mo, or 16º.

SEXTOLET Sex"to*let, n. (Mus.)

Defn: A double triplet; a group of six equal notes played in the time of four.

SEXTON Sex"ton, n. Etym: [OE. sextein, contr. fr. sacristan.]

Defn: An under officer of a church, whose business is to take care of the church building and the vessels, vestments, etc., belonging to the church, to attend on the officiating clergyman, and to perform other duties pertaining to the church, such as to dig graves, ring the bell, etc. Sexton beetle (Zoöl.), a burying beetle.

SEXTONESS Sex"ton*ess, n.

Defn: A female sexton; a sexton's wife.

SEXTONRY Sex"ton*ry, n.

Defn: Sextonship. [Obs.] Ld. Bernes.

SEXTONSHIP Sex"ton*ship, n.

Defn: The office of a sexton. Swift.

SEXTRY Sex"try, n.

Defn: See Sacristy. [Obs.]

SEXTUPLE Sex"tu*ple, a. Etym: [Formed (in imitation of quadruple) fr. L. sextus sixth: cf. F. sextuple.]

1. Six times as much; sixfold.

2. (Mus.)

Defn: Divisible by six; having six beats; as, sixtuple measure.

SEXUAL Sex"u*al, a. Etym: [L. sexualis, fr. sexus sex: cf. F. sexuel.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to sex, or the sexes; distinguishing sex; peculiar to the distinction and office of male or female; relating to the distinctive genital organs of the sexes; proceeding from, or based upon, sex; as, sexual characteristics; sexual intercourse, connection, or commerce; sexual desire; sexual diseases; sexual generation. Sexual dimorphism (Biol.), the condition of having one of the sexes existing in two forms, or varieties, differing in color, size, etc., as in many species of butterflies which have two kinds of females. — Sexual method (Bot.), a method of classification proposed by Linnæus, founded mainly on difference in number and position of the stamens and pistils of plants. — Sexual selection (Biol.), the selective preference of one sex for certain characteristics in the other, such as bright colors, musical notes, etc.; also, the selection which results from certain individuals of one sex having more opportunities of pairing with the other sex, on account of greater activity, strength, courage, etc.; applied likewise to that kind of evolution which results from such sexual preferences. Darwin. In these cases, therefore, natural selection seems to have acted independently of sexual selection. A. R. Wallace.

SEXUALIST Sex"u*al*ist, n. (Bot.)

Defn: One who classifies plants by the sexual method of Linnæus.

SEXUALITY Sex`u*al"i*ty, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being distinguished by sex. Lindley.

SEXUALIZE Sex"u*al*ize, v. t.

Defn: To attribute sex to.

SEXUALLY Sex"u*al*ly, adv.

Defn: In a sexual manner or relation.

SEY; SEYH Sey, Seyh, obs. imp. sing. & 2d pers. pl.

Defn: of See. Chaucer.

SEYE; SEYEN Seye, Seyen, obs. imp. pl. & p. p.

Defn: of See.

SEYND Seynd, obs. p. p.

Defn: of Senge, to singe. Chaucer.

SEYNT Seynt, n.

Defn: A gridle. See 1st Seint. [Obs.]

SFORZANDO; SFORZATO Sfor*zan"do, Sfor*za"to, a. Etym: [It. sforzando, p. pr., and sforzato, p. p. of sforzare to force.] (Mus.)

Defn: Forcing or forced; — a direction placed over a note, to signify that it must be executed with peculiar emphasis and force; — marked fz (an abbreviation of forzando), sf, sfz, or

SFUMATO Sfu*ma"to, a. Etym: [It.] (Paint.)

Defn: Having vague outlines, and colors and shades so mingled as to give a misty appearance; — said of a painting.

SGRAFFITO Sgraf*fi"to, a. Etym: [It.] (Paint.)

Defn: Scratched; — said of decorative painting of a certain style, in which a white overland surface is cut or scratched through, so as to form the design from a dark ground underneath.

SHAB Shab, n. Etym: [OE. shabbe, AS. sc. See Scab.]

Defn: The itch in animals; also, a scab. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

SHAB Shab, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shabbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Shabbing.] Etym: [See Scab, 3.]

Defn: To play mean tricks; to act shabbily. [Obs. or Prov.Eng.]

SHAB Shab, v. t.

Defn: To scratch; to rub. [Obs.] Farquhar.

SHABBED Shab"bed, a.

Defn: Shabby. [Obs.] Wood.

SHABBILY Shab"bi*ly, adv.

Defn: In a shabby manner.

SHABBINESS Shab"bi*ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being sghabby.

SHABBLE; SHABBLE Shab"ble, Shab"ble, n.Etym: [Cf. D. sabel, and G. säbel.]

Defn: A kind of crooked sword or hanger. [Scot.]

SHABBY Shab"by, a. [Compar. Shabbier; superl. Shabbiest.] Etym: [See Shab, n., Scabby, and Scab.]

1. Torn or worn to rage; poor; mean; ragged. Wearing shabby coats and dirty shirts. Macaulay.

2. Clothed with ragged, much worn, or soiled garments. "The dean was so shabby." Swift.

3. Mean; paltry; despicable; as, shabby treatment. "Very shabby fellows." Clarendon.

SHABRACK Shab"rack, n. Etym: [Turk. tshaprak, whence F. chabraque, G. shabracke.] (Mil.)

Defn: The saddlecloth or housing of a cavalry horse.

SHACK Shack, v. t. Etym: [Prov. E., to shake, to shed. See Shake.]

1. To shed or fall, as corn or grain at harvest. [Prov. Eng.] Grose.

2. To feed in stubble, or upon waste corn. [Prov. Eng.]

3. To wander as a vagabond or a tramp. [Prev.Eng.]

SHACK Shack, n. Etym: [Cf. Scot. shag refuse of barley or oats.]

1. The grain left after harvest or gleaning; also, nuts which have fallen to the ground. [Prov. Eng.]

2. Liberty of winter pasturage. [Prov. Eng.]

3. A shiftless fellow; a low, itinerant beggar; a vagabond; a tramp. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.] Forby. All the poor old shacks about the town found a friend in Deacon Marble. H. W. Beecher. Common of shack (Eng.Law), the right of persons occupying lands lying together in the same common field to turn out their cattle to range in it after harvest. Cowell.

SHACKATORY Shack"a*to*ry, n.

Defn: A hound. [Obs.]

SHACKLE Shac"kle, n.

Defn: Stubble. [Prov. Eng.] Pegge.

SHACKLE Shac"kle, n. Etym: [Generally used in the plural.] Etym: [OE. schakkyll, schakle, AS. scacul, sceacul, a shackle, fr. scacan to shake; cf. D. schakel a link of a chain, a mesh, Icel. skökull the pole of a cart. See Shake.]

1. Something which confines the legs or arms so as to prevent their free motion; specifically, a ring or band inclosing the ankle or wrist, and fastened to a similar shackle on the other leg or arm, or to something else, by a chain or a strap; a gyve; a fetter. His shackles empty left; himself escaped clean. Spenser.

2. Hence, that which checks or prevents free action. His very will seems to be in bonds and shackles. South.

3. A fetterlike band worn as an ornament. Most of the men and women . . . had all earrings made of gold, and gold shackles about their legs and arms. Dampier.

4. A link or loop, as in a chain, fitted with a movable bolt, so that the parts can be separated, or the loop removed; a clevis.

5. A link for connecting railroad cars; — called also drawlink, draglink, etc.

6. The hinged and curved bar of a padlock, by which it is hung to the staple. Knight. Shackle joint (Anat.), a joint formed by a bony ring passing through a hole in a bone, as at the bases of spines in some fishes.

SHACKLE Shac"kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shackled; p. pr. & vb. n. Shackling.]

1. To tie or confine the limbs of, so as to prevent free motion; to bind with shackles; to fetter; to chain. To lead him shackled, and exposed to scorn Of gathering crowds, the Britons' boasted chief. J. Philips.

2. Figuratively: To bind or confine so as to prevent or embarrass action; to impede; to cumber. Shackled by her devotion to the king, she seldom could pursue that object. Walpole.

3. To join by a link or chain, as railroad cars. [U. S.] Shackle bar, the coupling between a locomotive and its tender. [U.S.] — Shackle bolt, a shackle. Sir W. Scott.

SHACKLOCK Shack"lock`, n.

Defn: A sort of shackle. [Obs.]

SHACKLY Shack"ly, a.

Defn: Shaky; rickety. [Colloq. U. S.]

SHAD Shad, n. sing. & pl. Etym: [AS. sceadda a kind of fish, akin to Prov. G. schade; cf. Ir. & Gael. sgadan a herring, W. ysgadan herrings; all perhaps akin to E. skate a fish.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any one of several species of food fishes of the Herring family. The American species (Clupea sapidissima), which is abundant on the Atlantic coast and ascends the larger rivers in spring to spawn, is an important market fish. The European allice shad, or alose (C. alosa), and the twaite shad. (C. finta), are less important species. [Written also chad.]

Note: The name is loosely applied, also, to several other fishes, as the gizzard shad (see under Gizzard), called also mud shad, white- eyed shad, and winter shad. Hardboaded, or Yellow-tailed, shad, the menhaden. — Hickory, or Tailor, shad, the mattowacca. — Long-boned shad, one of several species of important food fishes of the Bermudas and the West Indies, of the genus Gerres. — Shad bush (Bot.), a name given to the North American shrubs or small trees of the rosaceous genus Amelanchier (A. Canadensis, and A. alnifolia) Their white racemose blossoms open in April or May, when the shad appear, and the edible berries (pomes) ripen in June or July, whence they are called Juneberries. The plant is also called service tree, and Juneberry. — Shad frog, an American spotted frog (Rana halecina); — so called because it usually appears at the time when the shad begin to run in the rivers. — Trout shad, the squeteague. — White shad,the common shad.

SHADBIRD Shad"bird`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The American, or Wilson's, snipe. See under Snipe. So called because it appears at the same time as the shad. (b) The common European sandpiper. [Prov. Eng.]

SHADD Shadd, n. (Mining.)

Defn: Rounded stones containing tin ore, lying at the surface of the ground, and indicating a vein. Raymond.

SHADDE Shad"de,

Defn: obs. imp. of Shed. Chaucer.

SHADDOCK Shad"dock, n. Etym: [Said to be so called from a Captain Shaddock, who first brought this fruit from the East Indies.] (Bot.)

Defn: A tree (Citrus decumana) and its fruit, which is a large species of orange; — called also forbidden fruit, and pompelmous.

SHADE Shade, n. Etym: [OE. shade, shadewe, schadewe, AS. sceadu, scead; akin to OS. skado, D. schaduw, OHG. scato, (gen. scatewes), G. schatten, Goth. skadus, Ir. & Gael. sgath, and probably to Gr. Shadow, Shed a hat.]

1. Comparative obscurity owing to interception or interruption of the rays of light; partial darkness caused by the intervention of something between the space contemplated and the source of light.

Note: Shade differs from shadow as it implies no particular form or definite limit; whereas a shadow represents in form the object which intercepts the light. When we speak of the shade of a tree, we have no reference to its form; but when we speak of measuring a pyramid or other object by its shadow, we have reference to its form and extent.

2. Darkness; obscurity; — often in the plural. The shades of night were falling fast. Longfellow.

3. An obscure place; a spot not exposed to light; hence, a secluded retreat. Let us seek out some desolate shade, and there Weep our sad bosoms empty. Shak.

4. That which intercepts, or shelters from, light or the direct rays of the sun; hence, also, that which protects from heat or currents of air; a screen; protection; shelter; cover; as, a lamp shade. The Lord is thy shade upon thy right hand. Ps. cxxi. 5. Sleep under a fresh tree's shade. Shak. Let the arched knife well sharpened now assail the spreading shades of vegetables. J. Philips.

5. Shadow. [Poetic.] Envy will merit, as its shade, pursue. Pope.

6. The soul after its separation from the body; — so called because the ancients it to be perceptible to the sight, though not to the touch; a spirit; a ghost; as, the shades of departed heroes. Swift as thought the flitting shade Thro' air his momentary journey made. Dryden.

7. (Painting, Drawing, etc.)

Defn: The darker portion of a picture; a less illuminated part. See Def. 1, above.

8. Degree or variation of color, as darker or lighter, stronger or paler; as, a delicate shade of pink. White, red, yellow, blue, with their several degrees, or shades and mixtures, as green only in by the eyes. Locke.

9. A minute difference or variation, as of thought, belief, expression, etc.; also, the quality or degree of anything which is distinguished from others similar by slight differences; as, the shades of meaning in synonyms. New shades and combinations of thought. De Quincey. Every shade of religious and political opinion has its own headquarters. Macaulay. The Shades, the Nether World; the supposed abode of souls after leaving the body.

SHADE Shade, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Shading.]

1. To shelter or screen by intercepting the rays of light; to keep off illumination from. Milton. I went to crop the sylvan scenes, And shade our altars with their leafy greens. Dryden.

2. To shelter; to cover from injury; to protect; to screen; to hide; as, to shade one's eyes. Ere in our own house I do shade my head. Shak.

3. To obscure; to dim the brightness of. Thou shad'st The full blaze of thy beams. Milton.

4. To pain in obscure colors; to darken.

5. To mark with gradations of light or color.

6. To present a shadow or image of; to shadow forth; to represent. [Obs.] [The goddess] in her person cunningly did shade That part of Justice which is Equity. Spenser.

SHADEFUL Shade"ful, a.

Defn: Full of shade; shady.

SHADELESS Shade"less, a.

Defn: Being without shade; not shaded.

SHADER Shad"er, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, shades.

SHADILY Shad"i*ly, adv.

Defn: In a shady manner.

SHADINESS Shad"i*ness

Defn: , n. Quality or state of being shady.

SHADING Shad"ing, n.

1. Act or process of making a shade.

2. That filling up which represents the effect of more or less darkness, expressing rotundity, projection, etc., in a picture or a drawing.

SHADOOF Sha*doof", n. Etym: [Ar. shad.]

Defn: A machine, resembling a well sweep, used in Egypt for raising water from the Nile for irrigation.

SHADOW Shad"ow, n. Etym: [Originally the same word as shade. sq. root162. See Shade.]

1. Shade within defined limits; obscurity or deprivation of light, apparent on a surface, and representing the form of the body which intercepts the rays of light; as, the shadow of a man, of a tree, or of a tower. See the Note under Shade, n., 1.

2. Darkness; shade; obscurity. Night's sable shadows from the ocean rise. Denham.

3. A shaded place; shelter; protection; security. In secret shadow from the sunny ray, On a sweet bed of lilies softly laid. Spenser.

4. A reflected image, as in a mirror or in water. Shak.

5. That which follows or attends a person or thing like a shadow; an inseparable companion; hence, an obsequious follower. Sin and her shadow Death. Milton.

6. A spirit; a ghost; a shade; a phantom. "Hence, horrible shadow!" Shak.

7. An imperfect and faint representation; adumbration; indistinct image; dim bodying forth; hence, mystical reprresentation; type. The law having a shadow of good things to come. Heb. x. 1. [Types] and shadows of that destined seed. Milton.

8. A small degree; a shade. "No variableness, neither shadow of turning." James i. 17.

9. An uninvited guest coming with one who is invited. [A Latinism] Nares. I must not have my board pastered with shadows That under other men's protection break in Without invitement. Massinger. Shadow of death, darkness or gloom like that caused by the presence or the impending of death. Ps. xxiii. 4.

SHADOW Shad"ow, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shadowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Shadowing.] Etym: [OE. shadowen, AS. sceadwian. See adow, n.]

1. To cut off light from; to put in shade; to shade; to throw a shadow upon; to overspead with obscurity. The warlike elf much wondered at this tree, So fair and great, that shadowed all the ground. Spenser.

2. To conceal; to hide; to screen. [R.] Let every soldier hew him down a bough. And bear't before him; thereby shall we shadow The numbers of our host. Shak.

3. To protect; to shelter from danger; to shroud. Shadoving their right under your wings of war. Shak.

4. To mark with gradations of light or color; to shade.

5. To represent faintly or imperfectly; to adumbrate; hence, to represent typically. Augustus is shadowed in the person of Dryden.

6. To cloud; to darken; to cast a gloom over. The shadowed livery of the burnished sun. Shak. Why sad I must not see the face O love thus shadowed. Beau & Fl.

7. To attend as closely as a shadow; to follow and watch closely, especially in a secret or unobserved manner; as, a detective shadows a criminal.

SHADOWINESS Shad"ow*i*ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being shadowy.

SHADOWING Shad"ow*ing, n.

1. Shade, or gradation of light and color; shading. Feltham.

2. A faint representation; an adumbration. There are . . . in savage theology shadowings, quaint or majestic, of the conception of a Supreme Deity. Tylor.

SHADOWISH Shad"ow*ish, a.

Defn: Shadowy; vague. [Obs.] Hooker.

SHADOWLESS Shad"ow*less, a.

Defn: Having no shadow.

SHADOWY Shad"ow*y, a.

1. Full of shade or shadows; causing shade or shadow. "Shadowy verdure." Fenton. This shadowy desert, unfrequented woods. Shak.

2. Hence, dark; obscure; gloomy; dim. "The shadowy past." Longfellow.

3. Not brightly luminous; faintly light. The moon . . . with more pleasing light, Shadowy sets off the face things. Milton.

4. Faintly representative; hence, typical. From sshadowy types to truth, from flesh to spirit. Milton.

5. Unsubstantial; unreal; as, shadowy honor. Milton has brought into his poems two actors of a shadowy and fictitious nature, in the persons of Sin and Death. Addison.

SHADRACH Sha"drach, n. (Metal.)

Defn: A mass of iron on which the operation of smelting has failed of its intended effect; — so called from Shadrach, one of the three Hebrews who came forth unharmed from the fiery furnace of Nebuchadnezzar. (See Dan. iii. 26, 27.)

SHAD-SPIRIT Shad"-spir`it, n.

Defn: See Shadbird (a)

SHAD-WAITER Shad"-wait`er, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A lake whitefish; the roundfish. See Roundfish.

SHADY Shad"y, a. [Compar. Shadier; superl. Shadiest.]

1. Abounding in shade or shades; overspread with shade; causing shade. The shady trees cover him with their shadow. Job. xl. 22. And Amaryllis fills the shady groves. Dryden.

2. Sheltered from the glare of light or sultry heat. Cast it also that you may have rooms shady for summer and warm for winter. Bacon.

3. Of or pertaining to shade or darkness; hence, unfit to be seen or known; equivocal; dubious or corrupt. [Colloq.] "A shady business." London Sat. Rev. Shady characters, disreputable, criminal. London Spectator. On the shady side of, on the thither side of; as, on the shady side of fifty; that is, more than fifty. [Colloq.] — To keep shady, to stay in concealment; also, to be reticent. [Slang]

SHAFFLE Shaf"fle, v. i. Etym: [See Shuffle.]

Defn: To hobble or limp; to shuffle. [Obs. or Prov.Eng.]

SHAFFLER Shaf"fler, n.

Defn: A hobbler; one who limps; a shuffer. [Obs. or Prov.Eng.]

SHAFIITE Sha"fi*ite, n.

Defn: A member of one of the four sects of the Sunnites, or Orthodox Mohammedans; — so called from its founder, Mohammed al-Shafeï.

SHAFT Shaft, n. Etym: [OE. shaft, schaft, AS. sceaft; akin to D. schacht, OHG. scaft, G. schaft, Dan. & Sw. skaft handle, haft, Icel. skapt, and probably to L. scapus, Gr. Scape, Scepter, Shave.]

1. The slender, smooth stem of an arrow; hence, an arrow. His sleep, his meat, his drink, is him bereft, That lean he wax, and dry as is a shaft. Chaucer. A shaft hath three principal parts, the stele [stale], the feathers, and the head. Ascham.

2. The long handle of a spear or similar weapon; hence, the weapon itself; (Fig.) anything regarded as a shaft to be thrown or darted; as, shafts of light. And the thunder, Winged with red lightning and impetuous rage, Perhaps hath spent his shafts. Milton. Some kinds of literary pursuits . . . have been attacked with all the shafts of ridicule. V. Knox.

3. That which resembles in some degree the stem or handle of an arrow or a spear; a long, slender part, especially when cylindrical. Specifically: (a) (Bot.) The trunk, stem, or stalk of a plant. (b) (Zoöl.) The stem or midrib of a feather. See Illust. of Feather. (c) The pole, or tongue, of a vehicle; also, a thill. (d) The part of a candlestick which supports its branches. Thou shalt make a candlestick of pure gold . . . his shaft, and his branches, his bowls, his knops, and his flowers, shall be of the same. Ex. xxv. 31.

(e) The handle or helve of certain tools, instruments, etc., as a hammer, a whip, etc. (f) A pole, especially a Maypole. [Obs.] Stow. (g) (Arch.) The body of a column; the cylindrical pillar between the capital and base (see Illust. of Column). Also, the part of a chimney above the roof. Also, the spire of a steeple. [Obs. or R.] Gwilt. (h) A column, an obelisk, or other spire-shaped or columnar monument. Bid time and nature gently spare The shaft we raise to thee. Emerson. (i) (Weaving)

Defn: A rod at the end of a heddle. (j) (Mach.) A solid or hollow cylinder or bar, having one or more journals on which it rests and revolves, and intended to carry one or more wheels or other revolving parts and to transmit power or motion; as, the shaft of a steam engine. See Illust. of Countershaft.

4. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A humming bird (Thaumastura cora) having two of the tail feathers next to the middle ones very long in the male; — called also cora humming bird.

5. Etym: [Cf. G. schacht.] (Mining)

Defn: A well-like excavation in the earth, perpendicular or nearly so, made for reaching and raising ore, for raising water, etc.

6. A long passage for the admission or outlet of air; an air shaft.

7. The chamber of a blast furnace. Line shaft (Mach.), a main shaft of considerable length, in a shop or factory, usually bearing a number of pulleys by which machines are driven, commonly by means of countershafts; — called also line, or main line. — Shaft alley (Naut.), a passage extending from the engine room to the stern, and containing the propeller shaft. — Shaft furnace (Metal.), a furnace, in the form of a chimney, which is charged at the top and tapped at the bottom.

SHAFTED Shaft"ed, a.

1. Furnished with a shaft, or with shafts; as, a shafted arch.

2. (Her.)

Defn: Having a shaft; — applied to a spear when the head and the shaft are of different tinctures.

SHAFTING Shaft"ing, n. (Mach.)

Defn: Shafts, collectivelly; a system of connected shafts for communicating motion.

SHAFTMAN; SHAFTMENT Shaft"man, Shaft"ment, n. Etym: [AS. sceaftmund.]

Defn: A measure of about six inches. [Obs.]

SHAG Shag, n. Etym: [AS. sceacga a bush of hair; akin to Icel. skegg the beard, Sw. skägg, Dan. skj. Cf. Schock of hair.]

1. Coarse hair or nap; rough, woolly hair. True Witney broadcloth, with its shag unshorn. Gay.

2. A kind of cloth having a long, coarse nap.

3. (Com.)

Defn: A kind of prepared tobacco cut fine.

4. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any species of cormorant.

SHAG Shag, a.

Defn: Hairy; shaggy. Shak.

SHAG Shag, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shagged; p. pr. & vb. n. Shagging.]

Defn: To make hairy or shaggy; hence, to make rough. Shag the green zone that bounds the boreal skies. J. Barlow.

SHAGBARK Shag"bark`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A rough-barked species of hickory (Carya alba), its nut. Called also shellbark. See Hickory. (b) The West Indian Pithecolobium micradenium, a legiminous tree with a red coiled-up pod.

SHAGEBUSH Shage"bush`, n.

Defn: A sackbut. [Obs.]

SHAGGED Shag"ged, a.

Defn: Shaggy; rough. Milton. — Shag"ged*ness, n. Dr. H. More.

SHAGGINESS Shag"gi*ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being shaggy; roughness; shaggedness.

SHAGGY Shag"gy, a. [Compar. Shaggier; superl. Shaggiest.] Etym: [From Shag, n.]

Defn: Rough with long hair or wool. About his shoulders hangs the shaggy skin. Dryden.

2. Rough; rugged; jaggy. Milton. [A rill] that winds unseen beneath the shaggy fell. Keble.

SHAG-HAIRED Shag"-haired`, a.

Defn: Having shaggy hair. Shak.

SHAG-RAG Shag"-rag`, n.

Defn: The unkempt and ragged part of the community. [Colloq. or Slang.] R. Browning.

SHAGREEN Sha*green", v. t.

Defn: To chagrin. [Obs.]

SHAGREEN Sha*green", n. Etym: [F. chagrin, It. zigrino, fr. Turk. saghri the back of a horse or other beast of burden, shagreen. Cf. Chagrin.]

1. A kind of untanned leather prepared in Russia and the East, from the skins of horses, asses, and camels, and grained so as to be covered with small round granulations. This characteristic surface is produced by pressing small seeds into the grain or hair side when moist, and afterward, when dry, scraping off the roughness left between them, and then, by soaking, causing the portions of the skin which had been compressed or indented by the seeds to swell up into relief. It is used for covering small cases and boxes.

2. The skin of various small sharks and other fishes when having small, rough, bony scales. The dogfishes of the genus Scyllium furnish a large part of that used in the arts.

SHAGREEN; SHAGREENED Sha*green", Sha*greened" a.

1. Made or covered with the leather called shagreen. "A shagreen case of lancets." T. Hook.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Covered with rough scales or points like those on shagreen.

SHAH Shah, n. Etym: [Per. shah a king, sovereign, prince. Cf. Checkmate, Chess, Pasha.]

Defn: The title of the supreme ruler in certain Eastern countries, especially Persia. [Written also schah.] Shah Nameh. Etym: [Per., Book of Kings.] A celebrated historical poem written by Firdousi, being the most ancient in the modern Persian language. Brande & C.

SHAHIN Sha*hin", n. Etym: [Ar. shahin.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large and swift Asiatic falcon (Falco pregrinator) highly valued in falconry.

SHAIK Shaik, n.

Defn: See Sheik.

SHAIL Shail, v. i. Etym: [Cf. AS. sceolh squinting, Icel. skjagr wry, oblique, Dan. skele to squint.]

Defn: To walk sidewise. [Obs.] L'Estrange.

SHAITAN; SHEITAN Shai"tan, Shei"tan, n. [Written also sheytan.] [Hind. shaitan, fr. Ar. shaitsan.]

1. Among Mohammedans: (a) An evil spirit; the evil one; the devil. (b) One of bad disposition; a fiend. [Colloq.]

2. (Meteor.) A dust storm. [India]

SHAKE Shake,

Defn: obs. p. p. of Shake. Chaucer.

SHAKE Shake, v. t. [imp. Shook; p. p. Shaken, (Shook, obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Shaking.] Etym: [OE. shaken, schaken, AS. scacan, sceacan; akin to Icel. & Sw. skaka, OS. skakan, to depart, to flee. sq. root161. Cf. Shock, v.]

1. To cause to move with quick or violent vibrations; to move rapidly one way and the other; to make to tremble or shiver; to agitate. As a fig tree casteth her untimely figs, when she is shaken of a mighty wind. Rev. vi. 13. Ascend my chariot; guide the rapid wheels That shake heaven's basis. Milton.

2. Fig.: To move from firmness; to weaken the stability of; to cause to waver; to impair the resolution of. When his doctrines grew too strong to be shook by his enemies, they persecuted his reputation. Atterbury. Thy equal fear that my firm faith and love Can by his fraud be shaken or seduced. Milton.

3. (Mus.)

Defn: To give a tremulous tone to; to trill; as, to shake a note in music.

4. To move or remove by agitating; to throw off by a jolting or vibrating motion; to rid one's self of; — generally with an adverb, as off, out, etc.; as, to shake fruit down from a tree. Shake off the golden slumber of repose. Shak. 'Tis our fast intent To shake all cares and business from our age. Shak. I could scarcely shake him out of my company. Bunyan. To shake a cask (Naut.), to knock a cask to pieces and pack the staves. — To shake hands, to perform the customary act of civility by clasping and moving hands, as an expression of greeting, farewell, good will, agreement, etc. — To shake out a reef (Naut.), to untile the reef points and spread more canvas. — To shake the bells. See under Bell. — To shake the sails (Naut.), to luff up in the wind, causing the sails to shiver. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

SHAKE Shake, v. i.

Defn: To be agitated with a waving or vibratory motion; to tremble; to shiver; to quake; to totter. Under his burning wheels The steadfast empyrean shook throughout, All but the throne itself of God. Milton. What danger Who 's that that shakes behind there Beau & FL. Shaking piece, a name given by butchers to the piece of beef cut from the under side of the neck. See Illust. of Beef.

SHAKE Shake, n.

1. The act or result of shaking; a vacillating or wavering motion; a rapid motion one way and other; a trembling, quaking, or shivering; agitation. The great soldier's honor was composed Of thicker stuff, which could endure a shake. Herbert. Our salutations were very hearty on both sides, consisting of many kind shakes of the hand. Addison.

2. A fissure or crack in timber, caused by its being dried too suddenly. Gwilt.

3. A fissure in rock or earth.

4. (Mus.)

Defn: A rapid alternation of a principal tone with another represented on the next degree of the staff above or below it; a trill.

5. (Naut.)

Defn: One of the staves of a hogshead or barrel taken apart. Totten.

6. A shook of staves and headings. Knight.

7. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The redshank; — so called from the nodding of its head while on the ground. [Prov. Eng.] No great shakes, of no great importance. [Slang] Byron. — The shakes, the fever and ague. [Colloq. U.S.]

SHAKEDOWN Shake"down`, n.

Defn: A temporary substitute for a bed, as one made on the floor or on chairs; — perhaps originally from the shaking down of straw for this purpose. Sir W. Scott.

SHAKEFORK Shake"fork`, n.

Defn: A fork for shaking hay; a pitchfork. [Obs.]

SHAKEN Shak"en, a.

1. Caused to shake; agitated; as, a shaken bough.

2. Cracked or checked; split. See Shake, n., 2. Nor is the wood shaken or twisted. Barroe.

3. Impaired, as by a shock.

SHAKER Shak"er, n.

1. A person or thing that shakes, or by means of which something is shaken.

2. One of a religious sect who do not marry, popularly so called from the movements of the members in dancing, which forms a part of their worship.

Note: The sect originated in England in 1747, and came to the United States in 1774, under the leadership of Mother Ann Lee. The Shakers are sometimes nicknamed Shaking Quakers, but they differ from the Quakers in doctrine and practice. They style themselves the "United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing." The sect is now confined in the United States.

3. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A variety of pigeon. P. J. Selby.

SHAKERESS Shak"er*ess, n.

Defn: A female Shaker.

SHAKERISM Shak"er*ism, n.

Defn: Doctrines of the Shakers.

SHAKESPEAREAN Shake*spear"e*an, a.

Defn: Of, pertaining to, or in the style of, Shakespeare or his works. [Written also Shakespearian, Shakspearean, Shakspearian, Shaksperean, Shaksperian.etc.]

SHAKINESS Shak"i*ness, n.

Defn: Quality of being shaky.

SHAKINGS Shak"ings, n. pl. (Naut.)

Defn: Deck sweepings, refuse of cordage, canvas, etc. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

SHAKO Shak"o, n. Etym: [Hung. csákó: cf. F. shako, schako.]

Defn: A kind of military cap or headress.

SHAKUDO Shak"u*do", n. [Jap.]

Defn: An alloy of copper, invented by the Japanese, having a very dark blue color approaching black.

SHAKY Shak"y, a. [Compar. Shakier; superl. Shakiest.]

1. Shaking or trembling; as, a shaky spot in a marsh; a shaky hand. Thackeray.

2. Full of shakes or cracks; cracked; as, shaky timber. Gwilt.

3. Easily shaken; tottering; unsound; as, a shaky constitution; shaky business credit. [Colloq.]

SHALE Shale, n. Etym: [AS. scealy, scalu. See Scalme, and cf. Shell.]

1. A shell or husk; a cod or pod. "The green shales of a bean." Chapman.

2. Etym: [G. shale.] (Geol.)

Defn: A fine-grained sedimentary rock of a thin, laminated, and often friable, structure. Bituminous shale. See under Bituminous.

SHALE Shale, v. t.

Defn: To take off the shell or coat of; to shell. Life, in its upper grades, was bursting its shell, or was shaling off its husk. I. Taylor.

SHALL Shall, v. i. & auxiliary. [imp. Should.] Etym: [OE. shal, schal, imp. sholde, scholde, AS. scal, sceal, I am obliged, imp. scolde, sceolde, inf. sculan; akin to OS. skulan, pres. skal, imp. skolda, D. zullen, pres. zal, imp. zoude, zou, OHG. solan, scolan, pres. scal, sol. imp. scolta, solta, G. sollen, pres. soll, imp. sollte, Icel. skulu, pres. skal, imp. skyldi, SW. skola, pres. skall, imp. skulle, Dan. skulle, pres. skal, imp. skulde, Goth. skulan, pres. skal, imp. skulda, and to AS. scyld guilt, G. schuld guilt, fault, debt, and perhaps to L. scelus crime.]

Note: [Shall is defective, having no infinitive, imperative, or participle.]

1. To owe; to be under obligation for. [Obs.] "By the faith I shall to God" Court of Love.

2. To be obliged; must. [Obs.] "Me athinketh [I am sorry] that I shall rehearse it her." Chaucer.

3. As an auxiliary, shall indicates a duty or necessity whose obligation is derived from the person speaking; as, you shall go; he shall go; that is, I order or promise your going. It thus ordinarily expresses, in the second and third persons, a command, a threat, or a promise. If the auxillary be emphasized, the command is made more imperative, the promise or that more positive and sure. It is also employed in the language of prophecy; as, "the day shall come when . . . , " since a promise or threat and an authoritative prophecy nearly coincide in significance. In shall with the first person, the necessity of the action is sometimes implied as residing elsewhere than in the speaker; as, I shall suffer; we shall see; and there is always a less distinct and positive assertion of his volition than is indicated by will. "I shall go" implies nearly a simple futurity; more exactly, a foretelling or an expectation of my going, in which, naturally enough, a certain degree of plan or intention may be included; emphasize the shall, and the event is described as certain to occur, and the expression approximates in meaning to our emphatic "I will go." In a question, the relation of speaker and source of obligation is of course transferred to the person addressed; as, "Shall you go" (answer, "I shall go"); "Shall he go" i. e., "Do you require or promise his going" (answer, "He shall go".) The same relation is transferred to either second or third person in such phrases as "You say, or think, you shall go;" "He says, or thinks, he shall go." After a conditional conjunction (as if, whether) shall is used in all persons to express futurity simply; as, if I, you, or he shall say they are right. Should is everywhere used in the same connection and the same senses as shall, as its imperfect. It also expresses duty or moral obligation; as, he should do it whether he will or not. In the early English, and hence in our English Bible, shall is the auxiliary mainly used, in all the persons, to express simple futurity. (Cf. Will, v. t.) Shall may be used elliptically; thus, with an adverb or other word expressive of motion go may be omitted. "He to England shall along with you." Shak.

Note: Shall and will are often confounded by inaccurate speakers and writers. Say: I shall be glad to see you. Shall I do this Shall I help you (not Will I do this) See Will.

SHALLI Shal"li, n.

Defn: See Challis.

SHALLON Shal"lon, n. (Bot.)

Defn: An evergreen shrub (Gaultheria Shallon) of Northwest America; also, its fruit. See Salal-berry.

SHALLOON Shal*loon", n. Etym: [F. chalon, from Châlons, in France, where it was first made.]

Defn: A thin, loosely woven, twilled worsted stuff. In blue shalloon shall Hannibal be clad. Swift.

SHALLOP Shal"lop, n. Etym: [F. chaloupe, probably from D. sloep. Cf. Sloop.] (Naut.)

Defn: A boat. [She] thrust the shallop from the floating strand. Spenser.

Note: The term shallop is applied to boats of all sizes, from a light canoe up to a large boat with masts and sails.

SHALLOT Shal*lot", n. Etym: [OF. eschalote (for escalone), F. échalote. See Scallion, and cf. Eschalot.] (Bot.)

Defn: A small kind of onion (Allium Ascalonicum) growing in clusters, and ready for gathering in spring; a scallion, or eschalot.

SHALLOW Shal"low, a. [Compar. Shallower; superl. Shallowest.] Etym: [OE. schalowe, probably originally, sloping or shelving; cf. Icel. skjalgr wry, squinting, AS. sceolh, D. & G. scheel, OHG. schelah. Cf. Shelve to slope, Shoal shallow.]

1. Not deep; having little depth; shoal. "Shallow brooks, and rivers wide." Milton.

2. Not deep in tone. [R.] The sound perfecter and not so shallow and jarring. Bacon.

3. Not intellectually deep; not profound; not penetrating deeply; simple; not wise or knowing; ignorant; superficial; as, a shallow mind; shallow learning. The king was neither so shallow, nor so ill advertised, as not to perceive the intention of the French king. Bacon. Deep versed in books, and shallow in himself. Milton.

SHALLOW Shal"low, n.

1. A place in a body of water where the water is not deep; a shoal; a flat; a shelf. A swift stream is not heard in the channel, but upon shallows of gravel. Bacon. Dashed on the shallows of the moving sand. Dryden.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The rudd. [Prov. Eng.]

SHALLOW Shal"low, v. t.

Defn: To make shallow. Sir T. Browne.

SHALLOW Shal"low, v. i.

Defn: To become shallow, as water.

SHALLOW-BODIED Shal"low-bod`ied, a. (Naut.)

Defn: Having a moderate depth of hold; — said of a vessel.

SHALLOW-BRAINED Shal"low-brained`, a.

Defn: Weak in intellect; foolish; empty-headed. South.

SHALLOW-HEARTED Shal"low-heart`ed, a.

Defn: Incapable of deep feeling. Tennyson.

SHALLOWLY Shal"low*ly, adv.

Defn: In a shallow manner.

SHALLOWNESS Shal"low*ness, n.

Defn: Quality or state of being shallow.

SHALLOW-PATED Shal"low-pat`ed, a.

Defn: Shallow-brained.

SHALLOW-WAISTED Shal"low-waist`ed, a. (Naut.)

Defn: Having a flush deck, or with only a moderate depression amidships; — said of a vessel.

SHALM Shalm, n.

Defn: See Shawm. [Obs.] Knolles.

SHALT Shalt,

Defn: 2d per. sing. of Shall.

SHALY Shal"y, a.

Defn: Resembling shale in structure.

SHAM Sham, n. Etym: [Originally the same word as shame, hence, a disgrace, a trick. See Shame, n.]

1. That which deceives expectation; any trick, fraud, or device that deludes and disappoint; a make-believe; delusion; imposture, humbug. "A mere sham." Bp. Stillingfleet. Believe who will the solemn sham, not I. Addison.

2. A false front, or removable ornamental covering. Pillow sham, a covering to be laid on a pillow.

SHAM Sham, a.

Defn: False; counterfeit; pretended; feigned; unreal; as, a sham fight. They scorned the sham independence proffered to them by the Athenians. Jowett (Thucyd)

SHAM Sham, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shammed; p. pr. & vb. n. Shamming.]

1. To trick; to cheat; to deceive or delude with false pretenses. Fooled and shammed into a conviction. L'Estrange.

2. To obtrude by fraud or imposition. [R.] We must have a care that we do not . . . sham fallacies upon the world for current reason. L'Estrange.

3. To assume the manner and character of; to imitate; to ape; to feign. To sham Abram or Abraham, to feign sickness; to malinger. Hence a malingerer is called, in sailors' cant, Sham Abram, or Sham Abraham.

SHAM Sham, v. i.

Defn: To make false pretenses; to deceive; to feign; to impose. Wondering . . . whether those who lectured him were such fools as they professed to be, or were only shamming. Macaulay.

SHAMA Sha"ma, n. Etym: [Hind. shama.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A saxicoline singing bird (Kittacincla macroura) of India, noted for the sweetness and power of its song. In confinement it imitates the notes of other birds and various animals with accuracy. Its head, neck, back, breast, and tail are glossy black, the rump white, the under parts chestnut.

SHAMAN Sha"man, n. Etym: [From the native name.]

Defn: A priest of Shamanism; a wizard among the Shamanists.

SHAMANIC Sha*man"ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Shamanism.

SHAMANISM Sha"man*ism, n.

Defn: The type of religion which once prevalied among all the Ural- Altaic peoples (Tungusic, Mongol, and Turkish), and which still survives in various parts of Northern Asia. The Shaman, or wizard priest, deals with good as well as with evil spirits, especially the good spirits of ancestors. Encyc. Brit.

SHAMANIST Sha"man*ist, n.

Defn: An adherent of Shamanism.

SHAMBLE Sham"ble, n. Etym: [OE. schamel a bench, stool, AS. scamel, sceamol, a bench, form, stool, fr. L. scamellum, dim. of scamnum a bench, stool.]

1. (Mining)

Defn: One of a succession of niches or platforms, one above another, to hold ore which is thrown successively from platform to platform, and thus raised to a higher level.

2. pl.

Defn: A place where butcher's meat is sold. As summer flies are in the shambles. Shak.

3. pl.

Defn: A place for slaughtering animals for meat. To make a shambles of the parliament house. Shak.

SHAMBLE Sham"ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shambled; p. pr. & vb. n. Shambling.] Etym: [Cf. OD. schampelen to slip, schampen to slip away, escape. Cf. Scamble, Scamper.]

Defn: To walk awkwardly and unsteadily, as if the knees were weak; to shuffle along.

SHAMBLING Sham"bling, a.

Defn: Characterized by an awkward, irregular pace; as, a shambling trot; shambling legs.

SHAMBLING Sham"bling, n.

Defn: An awkward, irregular gait.

SHAME Shame, n. Etym: [OE. shame, schame, AS. scamu, sceamu; akin to OS. & OHG. scama, G. scham, Icel. skömm, shkamm, Sw. & Dan. skam, D. & G. schande, Goth. skanda shame, skaman sik to be ashamed; perhaps from a root skam meaning to cover, and akin to the root (kam) of G. hemd shirt, E. chemise. Cf. Sham.]

1. A painful sensation excited by a consciousness of guilt or impropriety, or of having done something which injures reputation, or of the exposure of that which nature or modesty prompts us to conceal. HIde, for shame, Romans, your grandsires' images, That blush at their degenerate progeny. Dryden. Have you no modesty, no maiden shame Shak.

2. Reproach incurred or suffered; dishonor; ignominy; derision; contempt. Ye have borne the shame of the heathen. Ezek. xxxvi. 6. Honor and shame from no condition rise. Pope. And every woe a tear can claim Except an erring sister's shame. Byron.

3. The cause or reason of shame; that which brings reproach, and degrades a person in the estimation of others; disgrace. O Cshame is this! Shak. Guides who are the shame of religion. Shak.

4. The parts which modesty requires to be covered; the private parts. Isa. xlvii. 3. For shame! you should be ashamed; shame on you! — To put to shame, to cause to feel shame; to humiliate; to disgrace. "Let them be driven backward and put to shame that wish me evil." Ps. xl. 14.

SHAME Shame, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shamed; p. pr. & vb. n. Shaming.]

1. To make ashamed; to excite in (a person) a comsciousness of guilt or impropriety, or of conduct derogatory to reputation; to put to shame. Were there but one righteous in the world, he would . . . shame the world, and not the world him. South.

2. To cover with reproach or ignominy; to dishonor; to disgrace. And with foul cowardice his carcass shame. Spenser.

3. To mock at; to deride. [Obs. or R.] Ye have shamed the counsel of the poor. Ps. xiv. 6.

SHAME Shame, v. i. Etym: [AS. scamian, sceamian. See Shame, n.]

Defn: To be ashamed; to feel shame. [R.] I do shame To think of what a noble strain you are. Shak.

SHAMEFACED Shame"faced`, a. Etym: [For shamefast; AS. scamf. See Shame, n., and Fast firm.]

Defn: Easily confused or put out of countenance; diffident; bashful; modest. Your shamefaced virtue shunned the people's prise. Dryden.

Note: Shamefaced was once shamefast, shamefacedness was shamefastness, like steadfast and steadfastness; but the ordinary manifestations of shame being by the face, have brought it to its present orthography. Trench. — Shame"faced, adv. — Shame"faced`ness, n.

SHAMEFAST Shame"fast, a. Etym: [AS. scamfæst.]

Defn: Modest; shamefaced. — Shame"fast*ly, adv. — Shame"fast*ness, n. [Archaic] See Shamefaced. Shamefast she was in maiden shamefastness. Chaucer. [Conscience] is a blushing shamefast spirit. Shak. Modest apparel with shamefastness. 1 Tim. ii. 9 (Rev. Ver.).

SHAMEFUL Shame"ful, a.

1. Bringing shame or disgrace; injurious to reputation; disgraceful. His naval preparations were not more surprising than his quick and shameful retreat. Arbuthnot.

2. Exciting the feeling of shame in others; indecent; as, a shameful picture; a shameful sight. Spenser.

Syn. — Disgraceful; reproachful; indecent; unbecoming; degrading; scandalous; ignominious; infamous. — Shame"ful*ly, adv. — Shame"ful*ness, n.

SHAMELESS Shame"less, a. Etym: [AS. scamleás.]

1. Destitute of shame; wanting modesty; brazen-faced; insensible to disgrace. "Such shameless bards we have." Pope. Shame enough to shame thee, wert thou not shameless. Shak.

2. Indicating want of modesty, or sensibility to disgrace; indecent; as, a shameless picture or poem.

Syn. — Impudent; unblushing; audacious; immodest; indecent; indelicate. — Shame"less*ly, adv. — Shame"less*ness, n.

SHAME-PROOF Shame"-proof`, n.

Defn: Shameless. Shak.

SHAMER Sham"er, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, disgraces, or makes ashamed. Beau & Fl.

SHAMMER Sham"mer, n.

Defn: One who shams; an impostor. Johnson.

SHAMMY Sham"my, n. Etym: [F. chamious a chamois, shammy leather. See Chamois.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The chamois.

2. A soft, pliant leather, prepared originally from the skin of the chamois, but now made also from the skin of the sheep, goat, kid, deer, and calf. See Shamoying. [Written also chamois, shamoy, and shamois.]

SHAMOIS; SHAMOY Sham"ois, Sham"oy, n.

Defn: See Shammy.

SHAMOYING Sha*moy"ing, n. Etym: [See Shammy.]

Defn: A process used in preparing certain kinds of leather, which consists in frizzing the skin, and working oil into it to supply the place of the astringent (tannin, alum, or the like) ordinarily used in tanning.

SHAMPOO Sham*poo", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shampooed; p. pr. & vb. n. Shampooing.] Etym: [Hind. champna to press, to squeeze.] [Writing also champoo.]

1. To press or knead the whole surface of the body of (a person), and at the same time to stretch the limbs and joints, in connection with the hot bath.

2. To wash throughly and rub the head of (a person), with the fingers, using either soap, or a soapy preparation, for the more thorough cleansing.

SHAMPOO Sham*poo", n.

Defn: The act of shampooing.

SHAMPOOER Sham*poo"er, n.

Defn: One who shampoos.

SHAMROCK Sham"rock, n. Etym: [L. seamrog, seamar, trefoil, white clover, white honeysuckle; akin to Gael. seamrag.] (Bot.)

Defn: A trifoliate plant used as a national emblem by the Irish. The legend is that St. Patrick once plucked a leaf of it for use in illustrating the doctrine of the trinity.

Note: The original plant was probably a kind of wood sorrel (Oxalis Acetocella); but now the name is given to the white clover (Trifolium repens), and the black medic (Medicago lupulina).

SHANDRYDAN Shan"dry*dan, n.

Defn: A jocosely depreciative name for a vehicle. [Ireland]

SHANDYGAFF Shan"dy*gaff (, n.

Defn: A mixture of strong beer and ginger beer. [Eng.]

SHANGHAI Shang`hai", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shanghaied; p. pr. & vb. n. Shanghaiing.]

Defn: To intoxicate and ship (a person) as a sailor while in this condition. [Written also shanghae.] [Slang, U.S.]

SHANGHAI Shang`hai", n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large and tall breed of domestic fowl.

SHANK Shank, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Chank.

SHANK Shank, n. Etym: [OE. shanke, schanke, schonke, AS. scanca, sceanca, sconca, sceonca; akin to D. schonk a bone, G. schenkel thigh, shank, schinken ham, OHG. scincha shank, Dan. & Sw. skank. sq. root161. Cf. Skink, v.]

1. The part of the leg from the knee to the foot; the shin; the shin bone; also, the whole leg. His youthful hose, well saved, a world too wide For his shrunk shank. Shak.

2. Hence, that part of an instrument, tool, or other thing, which connects the acting part with a handle or other part, by which it is held or moved. Specifically: (a) That part of a key which is between the bow and the part which enters the wards of the lock. (b) The middle part of an anchor, or that part which is between the ring and the arms. See Illustr. of Anchor. (c) That part of a hoe, rake, knife, or the like, by which it is secured to a handle. (d) A loop forming an eye to a button.

3. (Arch.)

Defn: The space between two channels of the Doric triglyph. Gwilt.

4. (Founding)

Defn: A large ladle for molten metal, fitted with long bars for handling it.

5. (Print.)

Defn: The body of a type.

6. (Shoemaking)

Defn: The part of the sole beneath the instep connecting the broader front part with the heel.

7. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A wading bird with long legs; as, the green-legged shank, or knot; the yellow shank, or tattler; — called also shanks.

8. pl.

Defn: Flat-nosed pliers, used by opticians for nipping off the edges of pieces of glass to make them round. Shank painter (Naut.), a short rope or chain which holds the shank of an anchor against the side of a vessel when it is secured for a voyage. — To ride shank's mare, to go on foot; to walk.