G (continued 7)

GRACELESS Grace"less, a.

1. Wanting in grace or excellence; departed from, or deprived of, divine grace; hence, depraved; corrupt. "In a graceless age." Milton.

2. Unfortunate. Cf. Grace, n., 4. [Obs.] Chaucer. — Grace"less*ly, adv. — Grace"less-ness, n.

GRACILE; GRACILLENT Grac"ile, Grac"il*lent a. Etym: [L. gracilis, gracilentus.]

Defn: Slender; thin. [Obs.] Bailey.

GRACILITY Gra*cil"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. gracilitas; cf. F. gracilité.]

Defn: State of being gracilent; slenderness. Milman. "Youthful gracility." W. D. Howells.

GRACIOUS Gra"cious, a. Etym: [F. gracieux, L. gratiosus. See Grace.]

1. Abounding in grace or mercy; manifesting love, or bestowing mercy; characterized by grace; beneficent; merciful; disposed to show kindness or favor; condescending; as, his most gracious majesty. A god ready to pardon, gracious and merciful. Neh. ix. 17. So hallowed and so gracious in the time. Shak.

2. Abounding in beauty, loveliness, or amiability; graceful; excellent. Since the birth of Cain, the first male child, . . . There was not such a gracious creature born. Shak.

3. Produced by divine grace; influenced or controlled by the divine influence; as, gracious affections.

Syn. — Favorable; kind; benevolent; friendly; beneficent; benignant; merciful.

GRACIOUSLY Gra"cious*ly, adv.

1. In a gracious manner; courteously; benignantly. Dryden.

2. Fortunately; luckily. [Obs.] Chaucer.

GRACIOUSNESS Gra"cious*ness, n.

Defn: Quality of being gracious.

GRACKLE Grac"kle, n. Etym: [Cf. L. graculus jackdaw.] (Zoöl.) (a) One of several American blackbirds, of the family Icteridæ; as, the rusty grackle (Scolecophagus Carolinus); the boat-tailed grackle (see Boat-tail); the purple grackle (Quiscalus quiscula, or Q. versicolor). See Crow blackbird, under Crow. (b) An Asiatic bird of the genus Gracula. See Myna.

GRADATE Gra"date, v. t. Etym: [See Grade.]

1. To grade or arrange (parts in a whole, colors in painting, etc.), so that they shall harmonize.

2. (Chem.)

Defn: To bring to a certain strength or grade of concentration; as, to gradate a saline solution.

GRADATION Gra*da"tion, n., Etym: [L. gradatio: cf. F. gradation. See Grade.]

1. The act of progressing by regular steps or orderly arrangement; the state of being graded or arranged in ranks; as, the gradation of castes.

2. The act or process of bringing to a certain grade.

3. Any degree or relative position in an order or series. The several gradations of the intelligent universe. I. Taylor.

4. (Fine Arts)

Defn: A gradual passing from one tint to another or from a darker to a lighter shade, as in painting or drawing.

6. (Mus.)

Defn: A diatonic ascending or descending succession of chords.

GRADATION Gra*da"tion, v. t.

Defn: To form with gradations. [R.]

GRADATIONAL Gra*da"tion*al, a.

Defn: By regular steps or gradations; of or pertaining to gradation.

GRADATORY Grad"a*to*ry, a. Etym: [See Grade.]

1. Proceeding step by step, or by gradations; gradual. Could we have seen [Macbeth's] crimes darkening on their progress . . . could this gradatory apostasy have been shown us. A. Seward.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Suitable for walking; — said of the limbs of an animal when adapted for walking on land.

GRADATORY Grad"a*to*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. LL. gradatarium.] (Arch.)

Defn: A series of steps from a cloister into a church.

GRADE Grade, n. Etym: [F. grade, L. gradus step, pace, grade, from gradi to step, go. Cf. Congress, Degree, Gradus.]

1. A step or degree in any series, rank, quality, order; relative position or standing; as, grades of military rank; crimes of every grade; grades of flour. They also appointed and removed, at their own pleasure, teachers of every grade. Buckle.

2. In a railroad or highway: (a) The rate of ascent or descent; gradient; deviation from a level surface to an inclined plane; — usually stated as so many feet per mile, or as one foot rise or fall in so many of horizontal distance; as, a heavy grade; a grade of twenty feet per mile, or of 1 in 264. (b) A graded ascending, descending, or level portion of a road; a gradient.

3. (Stock Breeding)

Defn: The result of crossing a native stock with some better breed. If the crossbreed have more than three fourths of the better blood, it is called high grade. At grade, on the same level; — said of the crossing of a railroad with another railroad or a highway, when they are on the same level at the point of crossing. — Down grade, a descent, as on a graded railroad. — Up grade, an ascent, as on a graded railroad. — Equating for grades. See under Equate. — Grade crossing, a crossing at grade.

GRADE Grade, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Graded; p. pr. & vb. n. Grading.]

1. To arrange in order, steps, or degrees, according to size, quality, rank, etc.

2. To reduce to a level, or to an evenly progressive ascent, as the line of a canal or road.

3. (Stock Breeding)

Defn: To cross with some better breed; to improve the blood of.

GRADELY Grade"ly, a. Etym: [Cf. AS. grad grade, step, order, fr. L. gradus. See Grade.]

Defn: Decent; orderly. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. — adv.

Defn: Decently; in order. [Prov. Eng.]

GRADER Grad"er, n.

Defn: 1. One who grades, or that by means of which grading is done or facilitate.

Defn: 2. A vehicle used for levelling earth, esp. one with a plow blade suspended from the center, used specifically for grading roads.

GRADIENT Gra"di*ent, a. Etym: [L. gradiens, p. pr. of gradi to step, to go. See Grade.]

1. Moving by steps; walking; as, gradient automata. Wilkins.

2. Rising or descending by regular degrees of inclination; as, the gradient line of a railroad.

3. Adapted for walking, as the feet of certain birsds.

GRADIENT Gra"di*ent, n.

1. The rate of regular or graded ascent or descent in a road; grade.

2. A part of a road which slopes upward or downward; a portion of a way not level; a grade.

3. The rate of increase or decrease of a variable magnitude, or the curve which represents it; as, a thermometric gradient. Gradient post, a post or stake indicating by its height or by marks on it the grade of a railroad, highway, or embankment, etc., at that spot.

GRADIN; GRADINE Gra"din, Gra*dine", n. Etym: [F. gradin, dim. of grade. See Grade.] (Arch.)

Defn: Any member like a step, as the raised back of an altar or the like; a set raised over another. "The gradines of the amphitheeater." Layard.

GRADINE Gra*dine", n. Etym: [F. gradine.]

Defn: A toothed chised by sculptors.

GRADING Grad"ing, n.

Defn: The act or method of arranging in or by grade, or of bringing, as the surface of land or a road, to the desired level or grade.

GRADINO Gra*di"no, n.; pl. Gradinos. Etym: [It.] (Arch.)

Defn: A step or raised shelf, as above a sideboard or altar. Cf. Superaltar, and Gradin.

GRADUAL Grad"u*al"; a. Etym: [Cf; F. graduel. See Grade, and cf. Gradual, n.]

Defn: Proceeding by steps or degrees; advancing, step by step, as in ascent or descent or from one state to another; regularly progressive; slow; as, a gradual increase of knowledge; a gradual decline. Creatures animate with gradual life Of growth, sense, reason, all summed up in man. Milton.

GRADUAL Grad"u*al, n. Etym: [LL. graduale a gradual (in sense 1), fr. L. gradus step: cf. F. graduel. See Grade, and cf. Grail a gradual.]

1. (R. C. Ch.) (a) An antiphon or responsory after the epistle, in the Mass, which was sung on the steps, or while the deacon ascended the steps. (b) A service book containing the musical portions of the Mass.

2. A series of steps. [Obs.] Dryden.

GRADUALITY Grad"u*al"i*ty, n.

Defn: The state of being gradual; gradualness. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

GRADUALLY Grad"u*al*ly, adv.

1. In a gradual manner.

2. In degree. [Obs.] Human reason doth not only gradually, but specifically, differ from the fantastic reason of brutes. Grew.

GRADUALNESS Grad"u*al*ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being gradual; regular progression or gradation; slowness. The gradualness of this movement. M. Arnold. The gradualness of growth is a characteristic which strikes the simplest observer. H. Drummond.

GRADUATE Grad"u*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Graduated p. pr. & vb. n. Graduating (.] Etym: [Cf. F. graduer. See Graduate, n., Grade.]

1. To mark with degrees; to divide into regular steps, grades, or intervals, as the scale of a thermometer, a scheme of punishment or rewards, etc.

2. To admit or elevate to a certain grade or degree; esp., in a college or university, to admit, at the close of the course, to an honorable standing defined by a diploma; as, he was graduated at Yale College.

3. To prepare gradually; to arrange, temper, or modify by degrees or to a certain degree; to determine the degrees of; as, to graduate the heat of an oven. Dyers advance and graduate their colors with salts. Browne.

4. (Chem.)

Defn: To bring to a certain degree of consistency, by evaporation, as a fluid. Graduating engine, a dividing engine. See Dividing engine, under Dividing.

GRADUATE Grad"u*ate, v. i.

1. To pass by degrees; to change gradually; to shade off; as, sandstone which graduates into gneiss; carnelian sometimes graduates into quartz.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: To taper, as the tail of certain birds.

3. To take a degree in a college or university; to become a graduate; to receive a diploma. He graduated at Oxford. Latham. He was brought to their bar and asked where he had graduated. Macaulay.

GRADUATE Grad"u*ate, n. Etym: [LL. graduatus, p. p. of graduare to admit to a degree, fr. L. gradus grade. See Grade, n.]

1. One who has received an academical or professional degree; one who has completed the prescribed course of study in any school or institution of learning.

2. A graduated cup, tube, or flask; a measuring glass used by apothecaries and chemists. See under Graduated.

GRADUATE Grad"u*ate, a. Etym: [See Graduate, n. & v.]

Defn: Arrangei by successive steps or degrees; graduated. Beginning with the genus, passing through all the graduate and subordinate stages. Tatham.

GRADUATED Grad"u*a"ted, a.

1. Marked with, or divided into, degrees; divided into grades.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Tapered; — said of a bird's tail when the outer feathers are shortest, and the others successively longer. Graduated tube, bottle, cap, or glass, a vessel, usually of glass, having horizontal marks upon its sides, with figures, to indicate the amount of the contents at the several levels. — Graduated spring (Railroads), a combination of metallic and rubber springs.

GRADUATESHIP Grad"u*ate*ship, n.

Defn: State of being a graduate. Milton.

GRADUATION Grad"u*a"tion, n. Etym: [LL. graduatio promotion to a degree: cf. F. graduation division into degrees.]

1. The act of graduating, or the state of being graduated; as, graduation of a scale; graduation at a college; graduation in color; graduation by evaporation; the graduation of a bird's tail, etc.

2. The marks on an instrument or vessel to indicate degrees or quantity; a scale.

3. The exposure of a liquid in large surfaces to the air, so as to hasten its evaporation.

GRADUATOR Grad"u*a"tor, n.

1. One who determines or indicates graduation; as, a graduator of instruments.

2. An instrument for dividing any line, right or curve, into small, regular intervals.

3. An apparatus for diffusing a solution, as brine or vinegar, over a large surface, for exposure to the air.

GRADUS Gra"dus, n. Etym: [From L. gradus ad Parnassum a step to Parnassus.]

Defn: A dictionary of prosody, designed as an aid in writing Greek or Latin poetry. He set to work . . . without gradus or other help. T. Hughes.

GRAF Graf, n. Etym: [G. Cf. -grave.]

Defn: A German title of nobility, equivalent to earl in English, or count in French. See Earl.

GRAFF Graff, n. Etym: [OE. grafe, greife, greive. Cf. Margrave.]

Defn: A steward; an overseer. [A prince] is nothing but a servant, overseer, or graff, and not the head, which is a title belonging only to Christ. John Knox.

GRAFF Graff n. & v.

Defn: See Graft.

GRAFFAGE Graff"age, n. Etym: [Cf. Grave, n.]

Defn: The scarp of a ditch or moat. "To clean the graffages." Miss Mitford.

GRAFFER Graf"fer, n. Etym: [See Greffier.] (Law.)

Defn: a notary or scrivener. Bowvier.

GRAFFITI Graf*fi"ti, n. pl. Etym: [It., pl. of graffito scratched]

Defn: Inscriptions, figure drawings, etc., found on the walls of ancient sepulchers or ruins, as in the Catacombs, or at Pompeii.

GRAFFITO Graf*fi"to, n. [It., fr. graffio a scratching.] (Art)

Defn: Production of decorative designs by scratching them through a surface of layer plaster, glazing, etc., revealing a different- colored ground; also, pottery or ware so decorated; — chiefly used attributively.

GRAFT Graft, n. Etym: [OE. graff, F. greffe, originally the same word as OF. grafe pencil, L. graphium, Gr. carve. So named from the resemblance of a scion or shoot to a pointed pencil. Cf. Graphic, Grammar.] (a) A small shoot or scion of a tree inserted in another tree, the stock of which is to support and nourish it. The two unite and become one tree, but the graft determines the kind of fruit. (b) A branch or portion of a tree growing from such a shoot. (c) (Surg.) A portion of living tissue used in the operation of autoplasty.

GRAFT Graft, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grafted; p. pr. & vb. n. Grafting.] Etym: [F. greffer. See Graft, n.]

1. To insert (a graft) in a branch or stem of another tree; to propagate by insertion in another stock; also, to insert a graft upon. [Formerly written graff.]

2.

(Surg.)

Defn: To implant a portion of (living flesh or akin) in a lesion so as to form an organic union.

3.

Defn: To join (one thing) to another as if by grafting, so as to bring about a close union. And graft my love immortal on thy fame ! Pope.

4.

(Naut.)

Defn: To cover, as a ring bolt, block strap, splicing, etc., with a weaving of small cord or rope-yarns.

GRAFT Graft, v. i.

Defn: To insert scions from one tree, or kind of tree, etc., into another; to practice grafting.

GRAFTAGE Graft"age, n. (Hort.)

Defn: The science of grafting, including the various methods of practice and details of operation.

GRAFTER Graft"er, n.

1. One who inserts scions on other stocks, or propagates fruit by ingrafting.

2.

Defn: An instrument by which grafting is facilitated.

3. The original tree from which a scion has been taken for grafting upon another tree. Shak.

GRAFTING Graft"ing n. 1. (Hort.) The act, art, or process of inserting grafts.

2. (Naut.)

Defn: The act or method of weaving a cover for a ring, rope end, etc.

3. (Surg.)

Defn: The transplanting of a portion of flesh or skin to a denuded surface; autoplasty.

4. (Carp.)

Defn: A scarfing or endwise attachment of one timber to another. Cleft grafting (Hort.) a method of grafting in which the scion is placed in a cleft or slit in the stock or stump made by sawing off a branch, usually in such a manaer that its bark evenly joins that of the stock. — Crown, or Rind, grafting, a method of grafting which the alburnum and inner bark are separated, and between them is inserted the lower end of the scion cut slantwise. — Saddle grafting, a mode of grafting in which a deep cleft is made in the end of the scion by two sloping cuts, and the end of the stock is made wedge-shaped to fit the cleft in the scion, which is placed upon it saddlewise. — Side grafting, a mode of grafting in which the scion, cut quite across very obliquely, so as to give it the form of a slender wedge, is thrust down inside of the bark of the stock or stem into which it is inserted, the cut side of the scion being next the wood of the stock. — Skin grafting. (Surg.) See Autoplasty. — Splice grafting (Hort.), a method of grafting by cutting the ends of the scion and stock completely across and obliquely, in such a manner that the sections are of the same shape, then lapping the ends so that the one cut surface exactly fits the other, and securing them by tying or otherwise. — Whip grafting, tongue grafting, the same as splice grafting, except that a cleft or slit is made in the end of both scion and stock, in the direction of the grain and in the middle of the sloping surface, forming a kind of tongue, so that when put together, the tongue of each is inserted in the slit of the other. — Grafting scissors, a surgeon's scissors, used in rhinoplastic operations, etc. — Grafting tool. (a) Any tool used in grafting. (b) A very strong curved spade used in digging canals. — Grafting wax, a composition of rosin, beeswax tallow, etc., used in binding up the wounds of newly grafted trees.

GRAHAM BREAD Gra"ham bread". Etym: [From Sylvester Graham, a lecturer on dietetics.]

Defn: Bread made of unbolted wheat flour. [U. S.] Bartlett.

GRAHAMITE Gra"ham*ite, n. Etym: [See Graham bread.]

Defn: One who follows the dietetic system of Graham. [U. S.]

GRAIL Grail, n. Etym: [OF. greel, LL. gradale. See Gradual, n.]

Defn: A book of offices in the Roman Catholic Church; a gradual. [Obs.] T. Warton. Such as antiphonals, missals, grails, processionals, etc. Strype.

GRAIL Grail, n. Etym: [OF. graal, greal, greet, F. graal, gral, LL. gradalis, gradale, prob. derived fr. L. crater bowl, mixing vessel, Gr. krath`r. See Crater.]

Defn: A broad, open dish; a chalice; — only used of the Holy Grail.

Note: The Holy Grail, according to some legends of the Middle Ages, was the cup used by our Savior in dispensing the wine at the last supper; and according to others, the platter on which the paschal lamb was served at the last Passover observed by our Lord. This cup, according to the legend, if appoached by any but a perfectly pure and holy person, would be borne away and vanish from the sight. The quest of the Holy Grail was to be undertaken only by a knight who was perfectly chaste in thought, word, and act.

GRAIL Grail, n. Etym: [F. grêle hail, from grÉs grit, OHG. griex, grioz, G. gries, gravel, grit. See Grit.]

Defn: Small particles of earth; gravel. [Obs.] Lying down upon the sandy grail. Spenser.

GRAIL Grail, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. graite slender, F. grête.]

Defn: One of the small feathers of a hawk.

GRAILLE Graille, n. Etym: [Cf. F. grêle a sort of file.]

Defn: A halfround single-cut file or fioat, having one curved face and one straight face, — used by comb makers. Knight.

GRAIN Grain, v. & n.

Defn: See Groan. [Obs.]

GRAIN Grain, n. Etym: [F. grain, L. granum, grain, seed, small kernel, small particle. See Corn, and cf. Garner, n., Garnet, Gram the chick- pea, Granule, Kernel.]

1. A single small hard seed; a kernel, especially of those plants, like wheat, whose seeds are used for food.

2. The fruit of certain grasses which furnish the chief food of man, as corn, wheat, rye, oats, etc., or the plants themselves; — used collectively. Storehouses crammed with grain. Shak.

3. Any small, hard particle, as of sand, sugar, salt, etc.; hence, any minute portion or particle; as, a grain of gunpowder, of pollen, of starch, of sense, of wit, etc. I . . . with a grain of manhood well resolved. Milton.

4. The unit of the English system of weights; — so called because considered equal to the average of grains taken from the middle of the ears of wheat. 7,000 grains constitute the pound avoirdupois, and 5,760 grains the pound troy. A grain is equal to .0648 gram. See Gram.

5. A reddish dye made from the coccus insect, or kermes; hence, a red color of any tint or hue, as crimson, scarlet, etc.; sometimes used by the poets as equivalent to Tyrian purple. All in a robe of darkest grain. Milton. Doing as the dyers do, who, having first dipped their silks in colors of less value, then give' them the last tincture of crimson in grain. Quoted by Coleridge, preface to Aids to Reflection.

6. The composite particles of any substance; that arrangement of the particles of any body which determines its comparative roughness or hardness; texture; as, marble, sugar, sandstone, etc., of fine grain. Hard box, and linden of a softer grain. Dryden.

7. The direction, arrangement, or appearance of the fibers in wood, or of the strata in stone, slate, etc. Knots, by the conflux of meeting sap, Infect the sound pine and divert his grain Tortive and errant from his course of growth. Shak.

8. The fiber which forms the substance of wood or of any fibrous material.

9. The hair side of a piece of leather, or the marking on that side. Knight.

10. pl.

Defn: The remains of grain, etc., after brewing or distillation; hence, any residuum. Also called draff.

11. (Bot.)

Defn: A rounded prominence on the back of a sepal, as in the common dock. See Grained, a., 4.

12. Temper; natural disposition; inclination. [Obs.] Brothers . . . not united in grain. Hayward.

13. A sort of spice, the grain of paradise. [Obs.] He cheweth grain and licorice, To smellen sweet. Chaucer. Against the grain, against or across the direction of the fibers; hence, against one's wishes or tastes; unwillingly; unpleasantly; reluctantly; with difficulty. Swift.Saintsbury.— A grain of allowance, a slight indulgence or latitude a small allowance. — Grain binder, an attachment to a harvester for binding the grain into sheaves. — Grain colors, dyes made from the coccus or kermes in sect. — Grain leather. (a) Dressed horse hides. (b) Goat, seal, and other skins blacked on the grain side for women's shoes, etc. — Grain moth (Zoöl.), one of several small moths, of the family Tineidæ (as Tinea granella and Butalis cereAlella), whose larvæ devour grain in storehouses. — Grain side (Leather), the side of a skin or hide from which the hair has been removed; — opposed to flesh side. — Grains of paradise, the seeds of a species of amomum. — grain tin, crystalline tin ore metallic tin smelted with charcoal. — Grain weevil (Zoöl.), a small red weevil (Sitophilus granarius), which destroys stored wheat and othar grain, by eating out the interior. — Grain worm (Zoöl.), the larva of the grain moth. See grain moth, above. — In grain, of a fast color; deeply seated; fixed; innate; genuine. "Anguish in grain." Herbert.— To dye in grain, to dye of a fast color by means of the coccus or kermes grain [see Grain, n., 5]; hence, to dye firmly; also, to dye in the wool, or in the raw material. See under Dye. The red roses flush up in her cheeks . . . Likce crimson dyed in grain. Spenser. — To go against the grain of (a person), to be repugnant to; to vex, irritate, mortify, or trouble.

GRAIN Grain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grained; p. pr. & vb. n. Graining.]

1. To paint in imitation of the grain of wood, marble, etc.

2. To form (powder, sugar, etc.) into grains.

3. To take the hair off (skins); to soften and raise the grain of (leather, etc.).

GRAIN Grain, v. i. Etym: [F. grainer, grener. See Grain, n.]

1. To yield fruit. [Obs.] Gower.

2. To form grains, or to assume a granular ferm, as the result of crystallization; to granulate.

GRAIN Grain, n. Etym: [See Groin a part of the body.]

1. A branch of a tree; a stalk or stem of a plant. [Obs.] G. Douglas.

2. A tine, prong, or fork. Specifically: (a) One the branches of a valley or of a river. (b) pl.

Defn: An iron first speak or harpoon, having four or more barbed points.

3. A blade of a sword, knife, etc.

4. (Founding)

Defn: A thin piece of metal, used in a mold to steady a core.

GRAINED Grained, a.

1. Having a grain; divided into small particles or grains; showing the grain; hence, rough.

2. Dyed in grain; ingrained. Persons lightly dipped, not grained, in generous honesty, are but pale in goodness. Sir T. Browne.

3. Painted or stained in imitation of the grain of wood, marble, etc.

4. (Bot.)

Defn: Having tubercles or grainlike processes, as the petals or sepals of some flowers.

GRAINER Grain"er, n.

1. An infusion of pigeon's dung used by tanners to neutralize the effects of lime and give flexibility to skins; — called also grains and bate.

2. A knife for taking the hair off skins.

3. One who paints in imitation of the grain of wood, marble, etc.; also, the brush or tool used in graining.

GRAINFIELD Grain"field`, n.

Defn: A field where grain is grown.

GRAINING Grain"ing, n.

1. Indentation; roughening; milling, as on edges of coins. Locke.

2. A process in dressing leather, by which the skin is softened and the grain raised.

3. Painting or staining, in imitation of the grain of wood, atone, etc.

4. (Soap Making)

Defn: The process of separating soap from spent lye, as with salt.

GRAINING Grain"ing, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small European fresh-water fish (Leuciscus vulgaris); - called also dobule, and dace.

GRAINS Grains, n. pl.

1. See 5th Grain, n., 2 (b).

2. Pigeon's dung used in tanning. See Grainer. n., 1.

GRAINY Grain"y, a.

Defn: Resembling grains; granular.

GRAIP Graip, n. Etym: [Perh. akin to grope, gripe.]

Defn: A dungfork. [Scot.] Burns.

GRAITH Graith, v. t. [Obs.]

Defn: See Greith. Chaucer.

GRAITH Graith, n.

Defn: Furniture; apparatus or accouterments for work, traveling, war, etc. [Scot.] Jamieson.

GRAKLE Gra"kle, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Grackle.

GRALLAE Gral"læ, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. grallae stilts, for gradulae, fr. gradus. See Grade.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: An order of birds which formerly included all the waders. By later writers it is usually restricted to the sandpipers, plovers, and allied forms; — called also Grallatores.

GRALLATORES Gral"la*to"res, n. pl. Etym: [NL. from L. grallator one who runs on stilts.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Grallæ.

GRALLATORIAL; GRALLATORY Gral`la*to"ri*al, Gral"la*to*ry, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Grallatores, or waders.

GRALLIC Gral"lic, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Pertaining to the Grallæ.

GRALLINE Gral"line (lin), a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Grallæ.

GRALLOCH Gral"loch, n.

Defn: Offal of a deer. — v. t.

Defn: To remove the offal from (a deer).

-GRAM -gram. Etym: [Gr. a thing drawn or written, a letter, fr. gra`fein to draw, write. See Graphic.]

Defn: A suffix indicating something drawn or written, a drawing, writing; — as, monogram, telegram, chronogram.

GRAM Gram, a. Etym: [AS. gram; akin to E. grim. sq. root35.]

Defn: Angry. [Obs.] Havelok, the Dane.

GRAM Gram, n. Etym: [Pg. gro grain. See Grain.] (Bot.)

Defn: The East Indian name of the chick-pea (Cicer arietinum) and its seeds; also, other similar seeds there used for food.

GRAM; GRAMME Gram, Gramme, n. Etym: [F. gramme, from Gr. that which is written, a letter, a small weight, fr. to write. See Graphic.]

Defn: The unit of weight in the metric system. It was intended to be exactly, and is very nearly, equivalent to the weight in a vacuum of one cubic centimeter of pure water at its maximum density. It is equal to 15.432 grains. See Grain, n., 4. Gram degree, or Gramme degree (Physics), a unit of heat, being the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of pure water one degree centigrade. — Gram equivalent (Electrolysis), that quantity of the metal which will replace one gram of hydrogen.

GRAMA GRASS Gra"ma grass`. Etym: [Sp. grama a sort of grass.] (Bot.)

Defn: The name of several kinds of pasture grasses found in the Western United States, esp. the Bouteloua oligostachya.

GRAMARYE Gram"a*rye, n. Etym: [OE. gramer, grameri, gramori, grammar, magic, OF. gramaire, F. grammaire. See Grammar.]

Defn: Necromancy; magic. Sir W. Scott.

GRAMASHES Gra*mash"es, n. pl. Etym: [See Gamashes.]

Defn: Gaiters reaching to the knee; leggings. Strong gramashes, or leggings of thick gray cloth. Sir W. Scott.

GRAME Grame, n. Etym: [See Gram, a.]

1. Anger; wrath; scorn. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. Sorrow; grief; misery. [Obs.] Chaucer.

GRAMERCY Gra*mer"cy, interj. Etym: [F. grand-merci. See Grand, and Mercy.]

Defn: A word formerly used to express thankfulness, with surprise; many thanks. Gramercy, Mammon, said the gentle knight. Spenser.

GRAMINACEOUS Gram"i*na"ceous, a. Etym: [L. gramen, graminis, grass.]

Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, the grasses; gramineous; as, graminaceous plants.

GRAMINEAL Gra*min"e*al, a.

Defn: Gramineous.

GRAMINEOUS Gra*min"e*ous, a. Etym: [L. gramineus, fr. gramen, graminis, grass.] (Bot.)

Defn: Like, Or pertaining to, grass. See Grass, n., 2.

GRAMINIFOLIOUS Gram"i*ni*fo"li*ous, a. Etym: [L. gramen, graminis, grass + folium leaf.] (Bot.)

Defn: Bearing leaves resembling those of grass.

GRAMINIVOROUS Gram"i*niv"o*rous, a. Etym: [L. gramen, graminis, grass + vorare to eat greedily.]

Defn: Feeding or subsisting on grass, and the like food; — said of horses, cattle, and other animals.

GRAMMALOGUE Gram"ma*logue, n. Etym: [Gr. gra`mma letter + lo`gos word. Cf. Logogram.] (Phonography)

Defn: Literally, a letter word; a word represented by a logogram; as, it, represented by |, that is, t. pitman.

GRAMMAR Gram"mar, n. Etym: [OE. gramere, OF. gramaire, F. grammaire Prob. fr. L. gramatica Gr Gramme, Graphic, and cf. Grammatical, Gramarye.]

1. The science which treats of the principles of language; the study of forms of speech, and their relations to one another; the art concerned with the right use aud application of the rules of a language, in speaking or writing.

Note: The whole fabric of grammar rests upon the classifying of words according to their function in the sentence. Bain.

2. The art of speaking or writing with correctness or according to established usage; speech considered with regard to the rules of a grammar. The original bad grammar and bad spelling. Macaulay.

3. A treatise on the principles of language; a book containing the principles and rules for correctness in speaking or writing.

4. treatise on the elements or principles of any science; as, a grammar of geography. Comparative grammar, the science which determines the relations of kindred languages by examining and comparing their grammatical forms. — Grammar school. (a) A school, usually endowed, in which Latin and Greek grammar are taught, as also other studies preparatory to colleges or universities; as, the famous Rugby Grammar School. This use of the word is more common in England than in the United States. When any town shall increase to the number of a hundred families or householders, they shall set up a grammar school, the master thereof being able to instruct youth so far as they may be fitted for the University. Mass. Records (1647). (b) In the American system of graded common schools an intermediate grade between the primary school and the high school, in which the principles of English grammar are taught.

GRAMMAR Gram"mar, v. i.

Defn: To discourse according to the rules of grammar; to use grammar. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

GRAMMARIAN Gram*ma"ri*an, n. Etym: [Cf. F. grammairien.]

1. One versed in grammar, or the construction of languages; a philologist.

Note: "The term was used by the classic ancients as a term of honorable distinction for all who were considered learned in any art or faculty whatever." Brande & C.

2. One who writes on, or teaches, grammar.

GRAMMARIANISM Gram*ma"ri*an*ism, n.

Defn: The principles, practices, or peculiarities of grammarians. [R.]

GRAMMARLESS Gram"mar*less, a.

Defn: Without grammar.

GRAMMATES Gram"mates, n. pl. Etym: [From Gr.

Defn: Rudiments; first principles, as of grammar. [Obs.] Ford.

GRAMMATIC Gram*mat"ic, a.

Defn: Grammatical.

GRAMMATICAL Gram*mat"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. grammaticus, grammaticalis; Gr. grammatical. See Grammar.]

1. Of or pertaining to grammar; of the nature of grammar; as, a grammatical rule.

2. According to the rules of grammar; grammatically correct; as, the sentence is not grammatical; the construction is not grammatical. — Gram*mat"ic*al*ly, adv. — Gram*mat"ic*al*ness, n.

GRAMMATICASTER Gram*mat"icas"ter, n. Etym: [LL.]

Defn: A petty grammarian; a grammatical pedant or pretender. My noble Neophite, my little grammaticaster. B. Jonson.

GRAMMATICATION Gram*mat"i*ca"tion, n.

Defn: A principle of grammar; a grammatical rule. [Obs.] Dalgarno.

GRAMMATICISM Gram*mat"i*cism, n.

Defn: A point or principle of grammar. Abp. Leighton.

GRAMMATICIZE Gram*mat"i*cize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grammaticized; p. pr. & vb. n. Grammaticizing.]

Defn: To render grammatical. Fuller.

GRAMMATIST Gram"ma*tist, n. Etym: [L. grammatista schoolmaster, Gr. grammatiste. See Grammatical.]

Defn: A petty grammarian. [R] Tooke.

GRAMME Gramme, n.

Defn: Same as Gram the weight.

GRAMME MACHINE Gramme" ma*chine". (Elec.)

Defn: A kind of dynamo-electric machine; — so named from its French inventor, M. Gramme. Knight.

GRAMOPHONE Gram"o*phone, n. [Gr. a thing drawn or written (fr. write) + - phone, as in telephone.]

Defn: An instrument for recording, preserving, and reproducing sounds, the record being a tracing of a phonautograph etched in some solid material. Reproduction is accomplished by means of a system attached to an elastic diaphragm.

GRAMPUS Gram"pus, n.; pl. Grampuses. Etym: [Probably corrupted from It. gran pesce great fish, or Sp. gran pez, or Pg. gran peixe, all fr. L. grandis piscis. See Grand, and Fish. the animal.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A toothed delphinoid cetacean, of the genus Grampus, esp. G. griseus of Europe and America, which is valued for its oil. It grows to be fifteen to twenty feet long; its color is gray with white streaks. Called also cowfish. The California grampus is G. Stearnsii.

2. A kind of tongs used in a bloomery. [U.S.]

GRANADE; GRANADO Gra*nade", Gra*na"do, n.

Defn: See Grenade.

GRANADILLA Grana*dil"la, n. Etym: [Sp., dim. of granada pomegranate. See Grenade, Garnet.] (Bot.)

Defn: The fruit of certain species of passion flower (esp. Passiflora quadrangularis) found in Brazil and the West Indies. It is as large as a child's head, and is a good dessert fruit. The fruit of Passiflora edulis is used for flavoring ices.

GRANARY Gran"a*ry, n.; pl. Granaries. Etym: [L. granarium, fr. granum grain. See Garner.]

Defn: A storehouse or repository for grain, esp. after it is thrashed or husked; a cornbouse; also (Fig.), a region fertile in grain. The exhaustless granary of a world. Thomson.

GRANATE Gran"ate, n.

Defn: See Garnet.

GRANATIN Gra*na"tin, n. Etym: [L. granatum the pomegranate.] (Chem.)

Defn: Mannite; — so called because found in the pomegranate.

GRANATITE Gran"a*tite, n.

Defn: See Staurolite.

GRAND Grand, a. [Compar. Grander; superl. Grandest.] Etym: [OE. grant, grount, OF. grant, F. grand, fr. L. grandis; perh. akin to gravis heavy, E. grave, a. Cf. Grandee.]

1. Of large size or extent; great; extensive; hence, relatively great; greatest; chief; principal; as, a grand mountain; a grand army; a grand mistake. "Our grand foe, Satan." Milton. Making so bold . . . to unseal Their grand commission. Shak.

2. Great in size, and fine or imposing in appearance or impression; illustrious, dignifled, or noble (said of persons); majestic, splendid, magnificent, or sublime (said of things); as, a grand monarch; a grand lord; a grand general; a grand view; a grand conception. They are the highest models of expression, the unapproached masters of the grand style. M. Arnold.

3. Having higher rank or more dignity, size, or importance than other persons or things of the same name; as, a grand lodge; a grand vizier; a grand piano, etc.

4. Standing in the second or some more remote degree of parentage or descent; — generalIy used in composition; as, grandfather, grandson, grandchild, etc. What cause Mov'd our grand parents, in that happy state, Favor'd of Heaven so highly, to fall off From their Creator. Milton. Grand action, a pianoforte action, used in grand pianos, in which special devices are employed to obtain perfect action of the hammer in striking and leaving the string. — Grand Army of the Republic, an organized voluntary association of men who served in the Union army or navy during the civil war in the United States. The order has chapters, called Posts, throughout the country. — Grand cross. (a) The highest rank of knighthood in the Order of the Bath. (b) A knight grand cross. — Grand cordon, the cordon or broad ribbon, identified with the highest grade in certain honorary orders; hence, a person who holds that grade. — Grand days (Eng. Law), certain days in the terms which are observed as holidays in the inns of court and chancery (Candlemas, Ascension, St. John Baptist's, and All Saints' Days); called also Dies non juridici. — Grand duchess. (a) The wife or widow of a grand duke. (b) A lady having the sovereignty of a duchy in her own right. (c) In Russia, a daughter of the Czar. — Grand duke. (a) A sovereign duke, inferior in rank to a king; as, the Grand Duke of Tuscany. (b) In Russia, a son of the Czar. (c) (Zoöl.) The European great horned owl or eagle owl (Bubo maximas). — Grand-guard, or Grandegarde, a piece of plate armor used in tournaments as an extra protection for the left shoulder and breast. — Grand juror, a member of a grand jury. — Grand jury (Law), a jury of not less than twelve men, and not more than twenty-three, whose duty it is, in private session, to examine into accusations against persons charged with crime, and if they see just cause, then to find bills of indictment against them, to be presented to the court; — called also grand inquest. — Grand juryman, a grand juror. — Grand larceny. (Law) See under Larceny. — Grand lodge, the chief lodge, or governing body, among Freemasons and other secret orders. — Grand master. (a) The head of one of the military orders of knighthood, as the Templars, Hospitallers, etc. (b) The head of the order of Freemasons or of Good Templars, etc. — Grand paunch, a glutton or gourmand. [Obs.] Holland. — Grand pensionary. See under Pensionary. — Grand piano (Mus.), a large piano, usually harp-shaped, in which the wires or strings are generally triplicated, increasing the power, and all the mechanism is introduced in the most effective manner, regardless of the size of the instrument. — Grand relief (Sculp.), alto relievo. — Grand Seignior. See under Seignior. — Grand stand, the principal stand, or erection for spectators, at a, race course, etc. — Grand vicar (Eccl.), a principal vicar; an ecclesiastical delegate in France. — Grand vizier. See under Vizier.

Syn. — Magnificent; sublime; majestic; dignified; elevated; stately; august; pompous; lofty; eralted; noble. — Grand, Magnificent, Sublime. Grand, in reference to objects of taste, is applied to that which expands the mind by a sense of vastness and majesty; magnificent is applied to anything which is imposing from its splendor; sublime describes that which is awful and elevating. A cataract is grand; a rich and varied landscape is magnificent; an overhanging precipice is sublime. "Grandeur admits of degrees and modifications; but magnificence is that which has already reached the highest degree of superiority naturally belonging to the object in question." Crabb.

GRANDAM Gran"dam, n. Etym: [F. grande, fem. of grand + dame. See Grand, and Dame.]

Defn: An old woman; specifically, a grandmother. Shak.

GRANDAUNT Grand"aunt", n. Etym: [Cf. F. grand'tante.]

Defn: The aunt of one's father or mother.

GRANDCHILD Grand"child", n.

Defn: A son's or daughter's child; a child in the second degree of descent.

GRANDDAUGHTER Grand"daugh"ter, n.

Defn: The daughter of one's son or daughter.

GRAND-DUCAL Grand"-du"cal, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a grand duke. H. James.

GRANDEE Gran*dee", n. Etym: [Sp. grande. See Grand.]

Defn: A man of elevated rank or station; a nobleman. In Spain, a nobleman of the first rank, who may be covered in the king's presence.

GRANDEESHIP Gran*dee"ship, n.

Defn: The rank or estate of a grandee; lordship. H. Swinburne.

GRANDEUR Gran"deur, n. Etym: [F., fr. grand. See Grand.]

Defn: The state or quality of being grand; vastness; greatness; splendor; magnificence; stateliness; sublimity; dignity; elevation of thought or expression; nobility of action. Nor doth this grandeur and majestic show Of luxury . . . allure mine eye. Milton.

Syn. — Sublimity; majesty; stateliness; augustness; loftiness. See Sublimity.

GRANDEVITY Gran*dev"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. grandaevitas.]

Defn: Great age; long life. [Obs.] Glanvill.

GRANDEVOUS Gran*de"vous, a. Etym: [L. grandaevus; grandig grand+ aevum lifetime, age.]

Defn: Of great age; aged; longlived. [R.] Bailey.

GRANDFATHER Grand"fa"ther, n.

Defn: A father's or mother's father; an ancestor in the next degree above the father or mother in lineal ascent. Grandfather longlegs. (Zoöl.) See Dady longlegs.

GRANDFATHERLY Grand"fa"ther*ly, a.

Defn: Like a grandfather in age or manner; kind; benignant; indulgent. He was a grandfatherly sort of personage. Hawthorne.

GRANDIFIC Gran*dif"ic, a. Etym: [L. grandificus; grandis grand + facere to make.]

Defn: Making great. [R.] Bailey.

GRANDILOQUENCE Gran*dil"o*quence, n.

Defn: The use of lofty words or phrases; bombast; — usually in a bad sense. The sin of grandiloquence or tall talking. Thackeray,

GRANDILOQUENT Gran*dil"o*quent, a. Etym: [L. grandis grand + logui to speak.]

Defn: Speaking in a lofty style; pompous; bombastic.

GRANDILOQUOUS Gran*dil"o*quous, a. Etym: [L. grandiloquus; grandis grand + loqui to apeak.]

Defn: Grandiloquent.

GRANDINOUS Gran"di*nous, a. Etym: [L. grandinosus, fr. qrando, grandinis, hail.]

Defn: Consisting of hail; abounding in hail. [R.] Bailey.

GRANDIOSE Gran"di*ose", a. Etym: [F. grandiose, It. grandioso. See Grand.]

1. Impressive or elevating in effect; vimposing; splendid; striking; — in a good sense. The tone of the parts was to be perpetually kept down in order not to impair the grandiose effect of the whole. M. Arnold. The grandiose red tulips which grow wild. C. Kingsley.

2. Characterized by affectation of grandeur or splendor; flaunting; turgid; bombastic; — in a bad sense; as, a grandiose style.

GRANDIOSITY Gran"di*os"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. grandiosité, It. grandiosità.]

Defn: The state or quality of being grandiose,

GRANDITY Grand"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. granditas: cf. OF. granité. See Grand.]

Defn: Grandness. [Obs.] Camden.

GRANDLY Grand"ly, adv.

Defn: In a grand manner.

GRANDMA; GRANDMAMMA Grand"ma", Grand"mam*ma", n.

Defn: A grand mother.

GRAND MERCY Grand" mer"cy.

Defn: See Gramercy. [Obs.]

GRANDMOTHER Grand"moth"er, n.

Defn: The mother of one's father or mother.

GRANDMOTHERLY Grand"moth"er*ly, a.

Defn: Like a grandmother in age or manner; kind; indulgent.

GRANDNEPHEW Grand"neph"ew, n.

Defn: The grandson of one's brother or sister.

GRANDNESS Grand"ness, n.

Defn: Grandeur. Wollaston.

GRANDNIECE Grand"niece", n.

Defn: The granddaughter of one's brother or sister.

GRANDPA; GRANDPAPA Grand"pa", Grand"pa*pa", n.

Defn: A grandfather.

GRANDSIRE Grand"sire", n. Etym: [OF. grantsire. See Grand, and Sire.]

Defn: Specifically, a grandfather; more generally, any ancestor.

GRANDSON Grand"son", n.

Defn: A son's or daughter's son.

GRANDUNCLE Grand"un"cle, n. Etym: [Cf. F. grand-oncle.]

Defn: father's or mother's uncle.

GRANE Grane, v. & n.

Defn: See Groan. [Obs.]

GRANGE Grange, n. Etym: [F. grange barn, LL. granea, from L. granum grain. See Grain a kernel.]

1. A building for storing grain; a granary. [Obs.] Milton.

2. A farmhouse, with the barns and other buildings for farming purposes. And eke an officer out for to ride, To see her granges and her bernes wide. Chaucer. Nor burnt the grange, nor bussed the milking maid. Tennyson.

3. A farmhouse of a monastery, where the rents and tithes, paid in grain, were deposited. [Obs.]

4. A farm; generally, a farm with a house at a distance from neighbors.

5. An association of farmers, designed to further their interests, aud particularly to bring producers and consumers, farmers and manufacturers, into direct commercial relations, without intervention of middlemen or traders. The first grange was organized in 1867. [U. S.]

GRANGER Gran"ger, n.

1. A farm steward. [Obs.]

2. A member of a grange. [U. S.]

GRANGERISM Gran"ger*ism, n. Etym: [So called from the Rev. James Granger, whose "Biographical History of England" (1769) was a favorite book for illustration in this manner.]

Defn: The practice of illustrating a particular book by engravings collected from other books.

GRANGERITE Gran"ger*ite, n.

Defn: One who collects illustrations from various books for the decoration of one book.

GRANGERIZE Gran"ger*ize, v. t. & i.

Defn: To collect (illustrations from books) for decoration of other books. G. A. Sala.

GRANGER RAILROADS; GRANGER ROADS Gran"ger railroads, or Granger roads. (Finance)

Defn: Certain railroads whose traffic largely consists in carrying the produce of farmers or grangers; — specifically applied to the Chicago & Alton; Chicago, Burlington & Quincey; Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific; Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul; and Chicago & Northwestern, railroads. [U. S.].

GRANGER STOCKS; GRANGER SHARES Granger stocks or shares.

Defn: Stocks or shares of the granger railroads.

GRANIFEROUS Gra*nif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. qranifer; granum grain + ferre to bear: cf. F. granifère.]

Defn: Bearing grain, or seeds like grain. Humble.

GRANIFORM Gran"i*form, a. Etym: [L. granum grain + -form; cf. F. graniforme.]

Defn: Formed like of corn.

GRANILLA Gra*nil"la, n. Etym: [Sp., small seed.]

Defn: Small grains or dust of cochineal or the coccus insect.

GRANITE Gran"ite, n. Etym: [It. granito granite, adj., grainy, p. p. of granire to make grainy, fr. L. granum grain; cf. F. granit. See Grain.] (Geol.)

Defn: A crystalline, granular rock, consisting of quartz, feldspar, and mica, and usually of a whitish, grayish, or flesh-red color. It differs from gneiss in not having the mica in planes, and therefor in being destitute of a schistose structure.

Note: Varieties containing hornblende are common. See also the Note under Mica. Gneissoid granite, granite in which the mica has traces of a regular arrangement. — Graphic granite, granite consisting of quartz and feldspar without mica, and having the quartz crystals so arranged in the transverse section like oriental characters. — Porphyritic granite, granite containing feldspar in distinct crystals. — Hornblende granite, or Syenitic granite, granite containing hornblende as well as mica, or, according to some authorities hornblende replacing the mica. — Granite ware. (a) A kind of stoneware. (b) A Kind of ironware, coated with an enamel resembling granite.

GRANITE STATE Gran"ite State.

Defn: New Hampshire; — a nickname alluding to its mountains, which are chiefly of granite.

GRANITE STATE Gran"ite State.

Defn: New Hampshire; — a nickname alluding to its mountains, which are chiefly of granite. [Webster 1913 Suppl.]

GRANITIC Gra*nit"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. granitique.]

1. Like granite in composition, color, etc.; having the nature of granite; as, granitic texture.

2. Consisting of granite; as, granitic mountains.

GRANITICAL Gra*nit"ic*al, a.

Defn: Granitic.

GRANITIFICATION Gra*nit`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Granite + L. -ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.]

Defn: The act or the process of forming into granite. Humble.

GRANITIFORM Gra*nit"i*form, a. Etym: [Granite + -form.] (Geol.)

Defn: Resembling granite in structure or shape.

GRANITOID Gran"i*toid, a. Etym: [Granite + -oid: cf. F. granitoïde.]

Defn: Resembling granite in granular appearance; as, granitoid gneiss; a granitoid pavement.

GRANIVOROUS Gra*niv"o*rous, a. Etym: [L. granum grain + vorare to devour: cf. F. granivore.]

Defn: Eating grain; feeding or subsisting on seeds; as, granivorous birds. Gay.

GRANNAM Gran"nam, n.

Defn: A grandam. [Colloq.]

GRANNY Gran"ny, n.

Defn: A grandmother; a grandam; familiarly, an old woman. Granny's bend, or Granny's knot (Naut.), a kind of insecure knot or hitch; a reef knot crossed the wrong way.

GRANOLITHIC Gran`o*lith"ic, n. Etym: [L. granum a grain (or E. granite) + -lith + -ic.]

Defn: A kind of hard artificial stone, used for pavements.

GRANT Grant, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Granted; p. pr. & vb. n. Granting.] Etym: [OE. graunten, granten, OF. graanter, craanter, creanter, to promise, yield, LL. creantare to promise, assure, for (assumed LL.) credentare to make believe, fr. L. credens, p. pr. of credere to believe. See Creed, Credit.]

1. To give over; to make conveyance of; to give the possession or title of; to convey; — usually in answer to petition. Grant me the place of this threshing floor. 1 Chrcn. xxi. 22.

2. To bestow or confer, with or without compensation, particularly in answer to prayer or request; to give. Wherefore did God grant me my request. Milton.

3. To admit as true what is not yet satisfactorily proved; to yield belief to; to allow; to yield; to concede. Grant that the Fates have firmed by their decree. Dryden.

Syn.— To give; confer; bestow; convey; transfer; admit; allow; concede. See Give.

GRANT Grant, v. i.

Defn: To assent; to consent. [Obs.] Chaucer.

GRANT Grant, n. Etym: [OE. grant, graunt, OF. graant, creant, promise, assurance. See Grant, v. t.]

1. The act of granting; a bestowing or conferring; concession; allowance; permission.

2. The yielding or admission of something in dispute.

3. The thing or property granted; a gift; a boon.

4. (Law)

Defn: A transfer of property by deed or writing; especially, au appropriation or conveyance made by the government; as, a grant of land or of money; also, the deed or writing by which the transfer is made.

Note: Formerly, in English law, the term was specifically applied to transfrrs of incorporeal hereditaments, expectant estates, and letters patent from government and such is its present application in some of the United States. But now, in England the usual mode of transferring realty is by grant; and so, in some of the United States, the term grant is applied to conveyances of every kind of real property. Bouvier. Burrill.

GRANTABLE Grant"a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being granted.

GRANTEE Gran*tee", n. (Law)

Defn: The person to whom a grant or conveyance is made. His grace will not survive the poor grantee he despises. Burke.

GRANTER Grant"er, n.

Defn: One who grants.

GRANTOR Grant"or, n. (Law)

Defn: The person by whom a grant or conveyance is made.

GRANULAR Gran"u*lar, a. Etym: [Cf. F. granulaire. See Granule.]

Defn: Consisting of, or resembling, grains; as, a granular substance. Granular limestone, crystalline limestone, or marble, having a granular structure.

GRANULARLY Gran"u*lar*ly, adv.

Defn: In a granular form.

GRANULARY Gran"u*la*ry, a.

Defn: Granular.

GRANULATE Gran"u*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Granulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Granulating.] Etym: [See Granule.]

1. To form into grains or small masses; as, to granulate powder, sugar, or metal.

2. To raise in granules or small asperities; to make rough on the surface.

GRANULATE Gran"u*late, v. i.

Defn: To collect or be formed into grains; as, cane juice granulates into sugar.

GRANULATE; GRANULATED Gran"u*late, Gran"u*la`ted, a.

1. Consisting of, or resembling, grains; crystallized in grains; granular; as, granulated sugar.

2. Having numerous small elevations, as shagreen. Granulated steel, a variety of steel made by a particular process beginning with the granulation of pig iron.

GRANULATION Gran`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. granulation.]

1. The act or process of forming or crystallizing into grains; as, the granulation of powder and sugar.

2. The state of being granulated.

3. (Med.) (a) One of the small, red, grainlike prominences which form on a raw surface (that of wounds or ulcers), and are the efficient agents in the process of healing. (b) The act or process of the formation of such prominences.

GRANULE Gran"ule, n. Etym: [L. granulum, dim. of granum grain: cf. F. granule. See Grain a kernel.]

Defn: A little grain a small particle; a pellet.

GRANULIFEROUS Gran`u*lif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Granule + -ferous.]

Defn: Full of granulations.

GRANULIFORM Gra*nu"li*form, a. Etym: [Granule + -form.] (Min.)

Defn: Having a granular structure; granular; as, granuliform limestone.

GRANULITE Gran"u*lite, n. Etym: [From Granule.] (Geol.)

Defn: A whitish, granular rock, consisting of feldspar and quartz intimately mixed; — sometimes called whitestone, and leptynite.

GRANULOSE Gran"u*lose`, n. Etym: [From Granule.] (Physiol. Chem.)

Defn: The main constituent of the starch grain or granule, in distinction from the framework of cellulose. Unlike cellulose, it is colored blue by iodine, and is converted into dextrin and sugar by boiling acids and amylolytic ferments.

GRANULOUS Gran"u*lous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. granuleux.]

Defn: Full of grains; abounding with granular substances; granular.

GRAPE Grape, n. Etym: [OF. grape, crape, bunch or cluster of grapes, F. grappe, akin to F. grappin grapnel, hook; fr. OHG. chrapfo hook, G. krapfen, akin to E. cramp. The sense seems to have come from the idea of clutching. Cf. Agraffe, Cramp, Grapnel, Grapple.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: A well-known edible berry growing in pendent clusters or bunches on the grapevine. The berries are smooth-skinned, have a juicy pulp, and are cultivated in great quantities for table use and for making wine and raisins.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: The plant which bears this fruit; the grapevine.

3. (Man.)

Defn: A mangy tumor on the leg of a horse.

4. (Mil.)

Defn: Grapeshot. Grape borer. (Zoöl.) See Vine borer. — Grape curculio (Zoöl.), a minute black weevil (Craponius inæqualis) which in the larval state eats the interior of grapes. — Grape flower, or Grape hyacinth (Bot.), a liliaceous plant (Muscari racemosum) with small blue globular flowers in a dense raceme. — Grape fungus (Bot.), a fungus (Oidium Tuckeri) on grapevines; vine mildew. — Grape hopper (Zoöl.), a Small yellow and red hemipterous insect, often very injurious to the leaves of the grapevine. — Grape moth (Zoöl.), a small moth (Eudemis botrana), which in the larval state eats the interior of grapes, and often binds them together with silk. — Grape of a cannon, the cascabel or knob at the breech. — Grape sugar. See Glucose. — Grape worm (Zoöl.), the larva of the grape moth. — Soar grapes, things which persons affect to despise because they can not possess them; — in allusion to

GRAPE FRUIT Grape" fruit`.

Defn: The shaddock.

GRAPELESS Grape"less, a.

Defn: Wanting grapes or the flavor of grapes.

GRAPERY Grap"er*y, n.

Defn: A building or inclosure used for the cultivation of grapes.

GRAPESHOT Grape"shot`, n. (Mil.)

Defn: A cluster, usually nine in number, of small iron balls, put together by means of cast-iron circular plates at top and bottom, with two rings, and a central connecting rod, in order to be used as a charge for a cannon. Formerly grapeshot were inclosed in canvas bags.

GRAPESTONE Grape"stone`, n.

Defn: A seed of the grape.

GRAPEVINE Grape"vine`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A vine or climbing shrub, of the genus Vitis, having small green flowers and lobed leaves, and bearing the fruit called grapes.

Note: The common grapevine of the Old World is Vitis vinifera, and is a native of Central Asia. Another variety is that yielding small seedless grapes commonly called Zante currants. The northern Fox grape of the United States is the V. Labrusca, from which, by cultivation, has come the Isabella variety. The southern Fox grape, or Muscadine, is the V. vulpina. The Frost grape is V. cordifolia, which has very fragrant flowers, and ripens after the early frosts.

-GRAPH -graph ( Etym: [From Gr. gra`fein to write. See Graphic.]

Defn: A suffix signifying something written, a writing; also, a writer; as autograph, crystograph, telegraph, photograph.

GRAPHIC; GRAPHICAL Graph"ic, Graph"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. graphicus, Gr. graphique. See Graft.]

1. Of or pertaining to the arts of painting and drawing.

2. Of or pertaining to the art of writing.

3. Written or engraved; formed of letters or lines. The finger of God hath left an inscription upon all his works, not graphical, or composed of letters. Sir T. Browne.

4. Well delineated; clearly and vividly described.

5. Having the faculty of, or characterized by, clear and impressive description; vivid; as, a gruphic writer. Graphic algebra, a branch of algebra in which, the properties of equations are treated by the use of curves and straight lines. — Graphic arts, a name given to those fine arts which pertain to the representation on a fiat surface of natural objects; as distinguished from music, etc., and also from sculpture. — Graphic formula. (Chem.) See under Formula. — Graphic granite. See under Granite. — Graphic method, the method of scientific analysis or investigation, in which the relations or laws involved in tabular numbers are represented to the eye by means of curves or other figures; as the daily changes of weather by means of curves, the abscissas of which represent the hours of the day, and the ordinates the corresponding degrees of temperature. — Graphical statics (Math.), a branch of statics, in which the magnitude, direction, and position of forces are represented by straight lines — Graphic tellurium. See Sylvanite.

GRAPHICALLY Graph"ic*al*ly, adv.

Defn: In a graphic manner; vividly.

GRAPHICNESS; GRAPHICALNESS Graph"ic*ness, Graph"ic*al*ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being graphic.

GRAPHICS Graph"ics, n.

Defn: The art or the science of drawing; esp. of drawing according to mathematical rules, as in perspective, projection, and the like.

GRAPHISCOPE Graph"i*scope, n.

Defn: See Graphoscope.

GRAPHITE Graph"ite, n. Etym: [Gr. graphite. See Graphic.] (Min.)

Defn: Native carbon in hexagonal crystals, also foliated or granular massive, of black color and metallic luster, and so soft as to leave a trace on paper. It is used for pencils (improperly called lead pencils), for crucibles, and as a lubricator, etc. Often called plumbago or black lead. Graphite battery (Elec.), a voltaic battery consisting of zinc and carbon in sulphuric acid, or other exciting liquid.

GRAPHITIC Gra*phit"ic, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, containing, derived from, or resembling, graphite. Graphitic acid (Chem.), an organic acid, so called because obtained by the oxidation of graphite; — usually called mellitic acid. — Graphitic carbon, in iron or steel, that portion of the carbon which is present as graphite. Raymond.

GRAPHITOID; GRAPHITOIDAL Graph"i*toid, Graph"i*toid"al, a.

Defn: Resembling graphite or plumbago.

GRAPHOLITE Graph"o*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite: cf. F. grapholithe.]

Defn: Any species of slate suitable to be written on.

GRAPHOLOGY Gra*phol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy: cf. F. graphologie.]

Defn: The art of judging of a person's character, disposition, and aptitude from his handwriting.

GRAPHOPHONE Graph"o*phone, n. [Gr. to write + -phone, as in telephone.]

Defn: A kind of photograph.

GRAPHOSCOPE Graph"o*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. -scope.]

Defn: An optical instrument for magnifying engravings, photographs, etc., usually having one large lens and two smaller ones.

GRAPHOTYPE Graph"o*type, n. Etym: [Gr. -type.] (Engraving)

Defn: A process for producing a design upon a surface in relief so that it can be printed from. Prepared chalk or oxide of zinc is pressed upon a smooth plate by a hydraulic press, and the design is drawn upon this in a peculiar ink which hardens the surface wherever it is applied. The surface is then carefully rubbed or brushed, leaving the lines in relief.

-GRAPHY -gra*phy. Etym: [Gr. Graphic.]

Defn: A suffix denoting the art of writing or describing; also, the writing or description itself; a treatise; as, calligraphy, biography, geography.

GRAPNEL Grap"nel, n. Etym: [OE. grapenel, dim. fr. F. grappin the grapple of a ship; of German origin. See Grape.] (Naut.)

Defn: A small anchor, with four or five flukes or claws, used to hold boats or small vessels; hence, any instrument designed to grapple or hold; a grappling iron; a grab; — written also grapline, and crapnel.

GRAPPLE Grap"ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grappled; p. pr. & vb. n. Grappling.] Etym: [F. grappiller, OF. graypil the grapple of a ship, fr. graper to pluck, prop., to seize, clutch; of German origin. See Grape.]

1. To seize; to lay fast hold of; to attack at close quarters: as, to grapple an antagonist.

2. To fasten, as with a grapple; to fix; to join indissolubly. The gallies were grappled to the Centurion. Hakluyt. Grapple them to thy soul with hoops of steel. Shak.

GRAPPLE Grap"ple, v. i.

Defn: To use a grapple; to contend in close fight; to attach one's self as if by a grapple, as in wrestling; to close; to seize one another. To grapple with, to enter into contest with, resolutely and courageously. And in my standard bear the arms of York, To grapple with the house of Lancaster. Shak.

GRAPPLE Grap"ple, n. Etym: [See Grapple, v. t., and cf. Crapple.]

1. A seizing or seizure; close hug in contest; the wrestler's hold. Milton.

2. (a) An instrument, usually with hinged claws, for seizing and holding fast to an object; a grab. (b) (Naut.)

Defn: A grappling iron. The iron hooks and grapples keen. Spenser. Grapple plant (Bot.), a South African herb (Herpagophytum leptocarpum) having the woody fruits armed with long hooked or barbed thorns by which they adhere to cattle, causing intense annoyance. — Grapple shot (Life-saving Service), a projectile, to which are attached hinged claws to catch in a ship's rigging or to hold in the ground; — called also anchor shot.

GRAPPLEMENT Grapple*ment, n.

Defn: A grappling; close fight or embrace. [Obs.] Spenser.

GRAPPLING Grap"pling, n.

1. A laying fast ho1d of; also, that by which anything is seized and held, a grapnel.

2. A grapple; a struggle. A match for yards in fight, in grappling for the bear. Dryden. Grappling iron, a hooked iron used for grappling and holding fast a vessel or other object. — Grappling tongs, broad-mouthed tongs for gathering oysters.

GRAPSOID Grap"soid, a. Etym: [NL. Grapsus + -oid.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Pertaining to the genus Grapsus or the family Grapsidæ. — n.

Defn: A grapsoid crab.

GRAPTOLITE Grap"to*lite, n. Etym: [NL, Graptolithus, from Gr. (Paleon.)

Defn: One of numerous species of slender and delicate fossils, of the genus Graptolites and allied genera, found in the Silurian rocks. They belong to an extinct group (Graptolithina) supposed to be hydroids.

GRAPTOLITIC Grap"to*lit`ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to graptolites; containing graptolites; as, a graptolitic slate.

GRAPY Grap"y, a.

Defn: Composed of, or resembling, grapes. The grapy clusters. Addison.

GRASP Grasp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grasper; p. pr. & vb. n. Qraspine.] Etym: [OE. graspen; prob. akin to LG. grupsen, or to E. grope. Cf. Grab, Grope.]

1. To seize and hold by clasping or embracing with the fingers or arms; to catch to take possession of. Thy hand is made to grasp a palmer's staff. Shak.

2. To lay hold of with the mind; to become thoroughly acquainted or conversant with; to comprehend.

GRASP Grasp, v. i.

Defn: To effect a grasp; to make the motion of grasping; to clutch; to struggle; to strive. As one that grasped And tugged for life and was by strength subdued. Shak. To grasp at, to catch at; to try to seize; as, Alexander grasped at universal empire,

GRASP Grasp, n.

1. A gripe or seizure of the hand; a seizure by embrace, or infolding in the arms. "The grasps of love." Shak.

2. Reach of the arms; hence, the power of seizing and holding; as, it was beyond his grasp.

3. Forcible possession; hold. The whole space that's in the tyrant's grasp. Shak.

4. Wide-reaching power of intellect to comprehend subjects and hold them under survey. The foremost minds of the next . . . era were not, in power of grasp, equal to their predecessors. Z. Taylor.

5. The handle of a sword or of an oar.

GRASPABLE Grasp"a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being grasped.

GRASPER Grasp"er, n.

Defn: One who grasps or seizes; one who catches or holds.

GRASPING Grasp"ing, a.

1. Seizing; embracing; catching.

2. Avaricious; greedy of gain; covetous; close; miserly; as, he is a grasping man. — Grasp"ing*ly, adv. — Grasp"ing*ness, n.

GRASPLESS Grasp"less, a.

Defn: Without a grasp; relaxed. From my graspless hand Drop friendship's precious pearls. Coleridge.

GRASS Grass, n. Etym: [OE. gras, gres, gers, AS, qr, g; akin to OFries. gres, gers, OS., D., G., Icel., & Goth. gras, Dan. gr, Sw. gr, and prob. to Z. grcen, grow. Cf. Graze.]

1. Popularly: Herbage; the plants which constitute the food of cattle and other beasts; pasture.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: An endogenous plant having simple leaves, a stem generally jointed and tubular, the husks or glumes in pairs, and the seed single.

Note: This definition includes wheat, rye, oats, barley, etc., and excludes clover and some other plants which are commonly called by the name of grass. The grasses form a numerous family of plants.

3. The season of fresh grass; spring. [Colloq.] Two years old next grass. Lathsm.

4. Metaphorically used for what is transitory. Surely the people is grass. Is. xl. 7.

Note: The following list includes most of the grasses of the United States of special interest, except cereals. Many of these terms will be found with definitions in the Vocabulary. See Illustrations in Appendix. Barnyard grass, for hay. South. Panicum Grus-galli. Bent, pasture and hay. Agrostis, several species. Bermuda grass, pasture. South. Cynodon Dactylon. Black bent. Same as Switch grass (below). Blue bent, hay. North and West. Andropogon provincialis. Blue grass, pasture. Poa compressa. Blue joint, hay. Northwest. Aqropyrum glaucum. Buffalo grass, grazing. Rocky Mts., etc. (a) Buchloë dectyloides. (b) Same as Grama grass (below). Bunch grass, grazing. Far West. Eriocoma, Festuca, Stips, etc. Chess, or Cheat, a weed. Bromus secalinus, etc. Couch grass. Same as Quick grass (below). Crab grass, (a) Hay, in South. A weed, in North. Panicum sanguinale. (b) Pasture and hay. South. Eleusine Indica. Darnel (a) Bearded, a noxious weed. Lolium temulentum. (b) Common. Same as Rye grass (below). Drop seed, fair for forage and hay. Muhlenbergia, several species. English grass. Same as Redtop (below). Fowl meadow grass. (a) Pasture and hay. Poa serotina. (b) Hay, on moist land. Gryceria nervata. Gama grass, cut fodder. South. Tripsacum dactyloides. Grama grass, grazing. West and Pacific slope. Bouteloua oligostachya, etc. Great bunch grass, pasture and hay. Far West. Festuca scabrella. Guinea grass, hay. South. Panicum jumentorum. Herd's grass, in New England Timothy, in Pennsylvania and South Redtop. Indian grass. Same as Wood grass (below). Italian rye grass, forage and hay. Lolium Italicum. Johnson grass, grazing aud hay. South and Southwest. Sorghum Halepense. Kentucky blue grass, pasture. Poa pratensis. Lyme grass, coarse hay. South. Elymus, several species. Manna grass, pasture and hay. Glyceria, several species. Meadow fescue, pasture and hay. Festuca elatior. Meadow foxtail, pasture, hay, lawn. North. Alopecurus pratensis. Meadow grass, pasture, hay, lawn. Poa, several species. Mesquite, or Muskit grass. Same as Grama grass (above). Nimble Will, a kind of drop seed. Muhlenbergia diffsa. Orchard grass, pasture and hay. Dactylis glomerata. Porcupine grass, troublesome to sheep. Northwest. Stipa spartea. Quaking grass, ornamental. Briza media and maxima. Quitch, or Quick, grass, etc., a weed. Agropyrum repens. Ray grass. Same as Rye grass (below). Redtop, pasture and hay. Agrostis vulgaris. Red-topped buffalo grass, forage. Northwest. Poa tenuifolia. Reed canary grass, of slight value. Phalaris arundinacea. Reed meadow grass, hay. North. Glyceria aquatica. Ribbon grass, a striped leaved form of Reed canary grass. Rye grass, pasture, hay. Lolium perenne, var. Seneca grass, fragrant basket work, etc. North. Hierochloa borealis. Sesame grass. Same as Gama grass (above). Sheep's fescue, sheep pasture, native in Northern Europe and Asia. Festuca ovina. Small reed grass, meadow pasture and hay. North. Deyeuxia Canadensis. Spear grass, Same as Meadow grass (above). Squirrel-tail grass, troublesome to animals. Seacoast and Northwest. Hordeum jubatum. Switch grass, hay, cut young. Panicum virgatum. Timothy, cut young, the best of hay. North. Phleum pratense. Velvet grass, hay on poor soil. South. Holcus lanatus. Vernal grass, pasture, hay, lawn. Anthoxanthum odoratum. Wire grass, valuable in pastures. Poa compressa. Wood grass, Indian grass, hay. Chrysopogon nutans.

Note: Many plants are popularly called grasses which are not true grasses botanically considered, such as black grass, goose grass, star grass, etc. Black grass, a kind of small rush (Juncus Gerardi), growing in salt marshes, used for making salt hay. — Grass of the Andes, an oat grass, the Arrhenatherum avenaceum of Europe.— Grass of Parnassus, a plant of the genus Parnassia growing in wet ground. The European species is P. palustris; in the United States there are several species. — Grass bass (Zoöl.), the calico bass. — Grass bird, the dunlin. — Grass cloth, a cloth woven from the tough fibers of the grass- cloth plant. — Grass-cloth plant, a perennial herb of the Nettle family (Boehmeria nivea or Urtica nivea), which grows in Sumatra, China, and Assam, whose inner bark has fine and strong fibers suited for textile purposes. — Grass finch. (Zoöl.) (a) A common American sparrow (Poöcætes gramineus); — called also vesper sparrow and bay-winged bunting. (b) Any Australian finch, of the genus Poëphila, of which several species are known. — Grass lamb, a lamb suckled by a dam running on pasture land and giving rich milk.— Grass land, land kept in grass and not tilled. — Grass moth (Zoöl.), one of many small moths of the genus Crambus, found in grass. — Grass oil, a fragrant essential volatile oil, obtained in India from grasses of the genus Andropogon, etc.; — used in perfumery under the name of citronella, ginger grass oil, lemon grass oil, essence of verbena etc. — Grass owl (Zoöl.), a South African owl (Strix Capensis). — Grass parrakeet (Zoöl.), any of several species of Australian parrots, of the genus Euphemia; — also applied to the zebra parrakeet. — Grass plover (Zoöl.), the upland or field plover. — Grass poly (Bot.), a species of willowwort (Lythrum Hyssopifolia). Johnson. — Crass quit (Zoöl.), one of several tropical American finches of the genus Euetheia. The males have most of the head and chest black and often marked with yellow.— Grass snake. (Zoöl.) (a) The common English, or ringed, snake (Tropidonotus natrix). (b) The common green snake of the Northern United States. See Green snake, under Green. — Grass snipe (Zoöl.), the pectoral sandpiper (Tringa maculata) — called also jacksnipe in America. — Grass spider (Zoöl.), a common spider (Agelena nævia), which spins flat webs on grass, conspicuous when covered with dew. — Grass sponge (Zoöl.), an inferior kind of commercial sponge from Florida and the Bahamas. — Grass table. (Arch.) See Earth table, under Earth. — Grass vetch (Bot.), a vetch (Lathyrus Nissolia), with narrow grasslike leaves. — Grass widow. Etym: [Cf. Prov. R. an unmarried mother, G. strohwittwe a mock widow, Sw. gräsenka a grass widow.] (a) An unmarried woman who is a mother. [Obs.] (b) A woman separated from her husband by abandonment or prolonged absence; a woman living apart from her husband. [Slang.] — Grass wrack (Bot.) eelgrass. — To bring to grass (Mining.), to raise, as ore, to the surface of the ground. — To put to grass, To put out to grass, to put out to graze a season, as cattle.

GRASS Grass, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grassed; p. pr. & vb. n. Grassing.]

1. To cover with grass or with turf.

2. To expose, as flax, on the grass for bleaching, etc.

3. To bring to the grass or ground; to land; as, to grass a fish. [Colloq.]

GRASS Grass, v. i.

Defn: To produce grass. [R.] Tusser.

GRASSATION Gras*sa"tion, n. Etym: [L. grassatio, from grassari to go about.]

Defn: A wandering about with evil intentions; a rioting. [Obs. & R.] Feltham.

GRASS-GREEN Grass"-green`, a.

1. Green with grass.

2. Of the color of grass; clear and vivid green.

GRASS-GROWN Grass"-grown`, a.

Defn: Overgrown with grass; as, a grass-grown road.

GRASSHOPPER Grass"hop`per, n.

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any jumping, orthopterous insect, of the families Acrididæ and Locustidæ. The species and genera are very numerous. The former family includes the Western grasshopper or locust (Caloptenus spretus), noted for the great extent of its ravages in the region beyond the Mississippi. In the Eastern United States the red-legged (Caloptenus femurrubrum and C. atlanis) are closely related species, but their ravages are less important. They are closely related to the migratory locusts of the Old World. See Locust.

Note: The meadow or green grasshoppers belong to the Locustidæ. They have long antennæ, large ovipositors, and stridulating organs at the base of the wings in the male. The European great green grasshopper (Locusta viridissima) belongs to this family. The common American green species mostly belong to Xiphidium, Orchelimum, and Conocephalus.

2. In ordinary square or upright pianos of London make, the escapement lever or jack, so made that it can be taken out and replaced with the key; — called also the hopper. Grove. Grasshopper engine, a steam engine having a working beam with its fulcrum at one end, the steam cylinder at the other end, and the connecting rod at an intermediate point. — Grasshopper lobster (Zoöl.) a young lobster. [Local, U. S.] — Grasshopper warbler (Zoöl.), cricket bird.

GRASSINESS Grass"i*ness, n. Etym: [From Grassy.]

Defn: The state of abounding with grass; a grassy state.

GRASSLESS Grass"less, a.

Defn: Destitute of grass.

GRASSPLOT Grass"plot`, n.

Defn: A plot or space covered with grass; a lawn. "Here on this grassplot." Shak.

GRASS TREE Grass" tree". (Bot.) (a) An Australian plant of the genus Xanthorrhoea, having a thick trunk crowned with a dense tuft of pendulous, grasslike leaves, from the center of which arises a long stem, bearing at its summit a dense flower spike looking somewhat like a large cat-tail. These plants are often called "blackboys" from the large trunks denuded and blackened by fire. They yield two kinds of fragrant resin, called Botany-bay gum, and Gum Acaroides. (b) A similar Australian plant (Kingia australis).

GRASSY Grass"y a.

1. Covered with grass; abounding with grass; as, a grassy lawn. Spenser.

2. Resembling grass; green.

GRATE Grate, a. Etym: [L. gratus agreeable, grateful: cf. It. & Sp. grato. See Grace, and cf. Agree.]

Defn: Serving to gratify; agreeable. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert.

GRATE Grate, n. Etym: [LL.. grata, fr. L. crates hurdle; or It. grata, of the same origin. Sae Crate, Hurdle.]

1. A structure or frame containing parallel or crosed bars, with interstices; a kind of latticework, such as is used ia the windows of prisons and cloisters. "A secret grate of iron bars." Shak.

2. A frame or bed, or kind of basket, of iron bars, for holding fuel while burning. Grate surface (Steam, Boiler) the area of the surface of the grate upon which the fuel lies in the furnace.

GRATE Grate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grated; p. pr. &. vb. n. Grating.]

Defn: To furnish with grates; to protect with a grating or crossbars; as, to grate a window.

GRATE Grate, v. t. Etym: [OF grater to scrape, scratch, F. gratter, LL. gratare, cratare; of German origin; cf. OHG. chrazzon G. kratzen, D. krassen, Sw. Kratta, and perh. E. scratch.]

1. To rub roughly or harshly, as one body against another, causing a harsh sound; as, to grate the teeth; to produce (a harsh sound) by rubbing. On their hinges grate Harsh thunder. Milton.

2. To reduce to small particles by rubbing with anything rough or indented; as, to grate a nutmeg.

3. To fret; to irritate; to offend. News, my good lord Rome . . . grates me. Shak.

GRATE Grate, v. i.

1. To make a harsh sound by friction. I had rather hear a brazen canstick turned, Or a dry wheel grate on the exletree. Shak.

2. To produce the effect of rubbing with a hard rough material; to cause wearing, tearing, or bruising. Hence; To produce exasperation, soreness, or grief; to offend by oppression or importunity. This grated harder upon the hearts of men. South.

GRATED Grat"ed, a. Etym: [From 2d Grate.]

Defn: Furnished with a grate or grating; as, grated windows.

GRATEFUL Grate"ful, a. Etym: [Grate, a. + full; cf. F. gré thanks, good will, fr. L. gratum, neut. of gratus agreeable, grateful. See Grate, a.]

1. Having a due sense of benefits received; kindly disposed toward one from whom a favor has been received; willing to acknowledge and repay, or give thanks for, benefits; as, a grateful heart. A grateful mind By owing, owes not, but still pays. Milton.

2. Affording pleasure; pleasing to the senses; gratifying; delicious; as, a grateful present; food grateful to the palate; grateful sleep. Now golden fruits on loaded branches shine, And grateful clusters swell. Pope.

Syn. — Thankful; pleasing; acceptable; gratifying; agreeable; welcome; delightful; delicious. — Grate"ful*ly, adv. — Grate"ful*ness, n.

GRATER Grat"er, a. Etym: [From Qrate, v.]

Defn: One who, or that which, grates; especially, an instrument or utensil with a rough, indented surface, for rubbing off small particles of any substance; as a grater for nutmegs.

GRATICULATION Gra*tic"u*la"tion, n. Etym: [F. graticulation, craticulation, fr. graticuler, craticuler, to square, fr. graticule, craticule, graticule, L. craticula, dim. of crates wickerwork. See 2d Grate.]

Defn: The division of a design or draught into squares, in order the more easily to reproduce it in larger or smaller dimensions.

GRATICULE Grat"i*cule, n. Etym: [F. See Graticulation.]

Defn: A design or draught which has been divided into squares, in order to reproduce it in other dimensions.

GRATIFICATION Grat"i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. gratificatio: cf. F. gratification.]

1. The act of gratifying, or pleasing, either the mind, the taste, or the appetite; as, the gratification of the palate, of the appetites, of the senses, of the desires, of the heart.

2. That which affords pleasure; satisfaction; enjoyment; fruition: delight.

3. A reward; a recompense; a gratuity. Bp. Morton.

GRATIFIED Grat"i*fied, a.

Defn: Pleased; indulged according to desire.

Syn. — Glad; pleased. See Glad.

GRATIFIER Grat"i*fi"er, n.

Defn: One who gratifies or pleases.

GRATIFY Grat"i*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gratified; p. pr. & vb. n. Gratifying.] Etym: [F. gratifier, L. gratificari; gratus pleasing + - ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.]

1. To please; to give pleasure to; to satisfy; to soothe; to indulge; as, to gratify the taste, the appetite, the senses, the desires, the mind, etc. For who would die to gratify a foe Dryden.

2. To requite; to recompense. [Obs.] It remains . . . To gratify his noble service. Shak.

Syn. — To indulge; humor please; delight; requite; recompense. — To Gratify, Indulge, Humor. Gratify, is the generic term, and has reference simply to the pleasure communicated. To indulge a person implies that we concede something to his wishes or his weaknesses which he could not claim, and which had better, perhaps, be spared. To humor is to adapt ourselves to the varying moods, and, perhaps, caprices, of others. We gratify a child by showing him the sights of a large city; we indulge him in some extra expense on such an occasion; we humor him when he is tired and exacting.

GRATIN Gra`tin", n. [F.] (Cookery)

Defn: The brown crust formed upon a gratinated dish; also, dish itself, as crusts bread, game, or poultry.

GRATINATE Grat"i*nate, v. t. [F. gratiner, v.i., to form a crust.] (Cookery)

Defn: To cook, as macaroni, in a savory juice or sauce until juice is absorbed and a crisp surface forms.

GRATING Grat"ing, n. Etym: [See 2d Grate.]

1. A partition, covering, or frame of parallel or cross bars; a latticework resembling a window grate; as, the grating of a prison or convent.

2. (Optics) A system of close equidistant and parallel lines lines or bars, especially lines ruled on a polished surface, used for producing spectra by diffraction; — called also diffraction grating.

3. pl. (Naut.) The strong wooden lattice used to cover a hatch, admitting light and air; also, a movable Lattice used for the flooring of boats.

GRATING Grat"ing, a. Etym: [See Grate to rub harshy.]

Defn: That grates; making a harsh sound; harsh. — Grat"ing*ly, adv.

GRATING Grat"ing, n.

Defn: A harsh sound caused by attrition.

GRATIOLIN Gra*ti"o*lin, n. (Chem.)

Defn: One of the essential principles of the hedge hyssop (Gratiola officinalis).

GRATIS Gra"tis, adv. Etym: [L., contr. fr. gratiis out of favor or kindness, without recompense, for nothing, fr. gratia favor. See Grace.]

Defn: For nothing; without fee or recompense; freely; gratuitously.

GRATITUDE Grat"i*tude, n. Etym: [F. gratitude, LL. gratitudo, from gratus agreeable, grateful. See Grate, a.]

Defn: The state of being grateful; warm and friendly feeling toward a benefactor; kindness awakened by a favor received; thankfulness. The debt immense of endless gratitude. Milton.

GRATUITOUS Gra*tu"i*tous a. Etym: [L. gratuitus, from gratus pleasing. See Grate, a., Gratis.]

1. Given without an equivalent or recompense; conferred without valuable consideration; granted without pay, or without claim or merit; not required by justice. We mistake the gratuitous blessings of Heaven for the fruits of our own industry. L'Estrange.

2. Not called for by the circumstances; without reason, cause, or proof; adopted or asserted without any good ground; as, a gratuitous assumption. Acts of gratuitous self-humiliation. De Quincye. — Gra*tu"i*tous*ly, adv. — Gra*tu"i*tous*ness, n.

GRATUITY Gra*tu"i*ty, n.; pl. Gtratuities. Etym: [F. gratuité, or LL. gratuitas.]

1. Something given freely or without recompense; a free gift; a present. Swift.

2. Something voluntarily given in return for a favor or service, as a recompense or acknowledgment.

GRATULATE Grat"u*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grqatulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Gratulating.] Etym: [L. gratulatus, p. p. of gratulari to congratulate, fr. gratus pleasing, agreeable. See Grate, a.]

Defn: To salute with declaration of joy; to congratulate. [R.] Shak.

GRATULATE Grat"u*late, a.

Defn: Worthy of gratulation. [Obs.] There's more behind that is more gratulate. Shak.

GRATULATION Grat"u*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. gratulatio.]

Defn: The act of gratulating or felicitating; congratulation. I shall turn my wishes into gratulations. South.

GRATULATORY Grat"u*la*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. gratulatorius.]

Defn: Expressing gratulation or joy; congratulatory. The usual groundwork of such gratulatory odes. Bp. Horsley.

GRAUNT Graunt, v. & n. [Obs.]

Defn: See Grant. Chaucer.

GRAUWACKE Grau"wack*e, n. Etym: [G.]

Defn: Graywacke.

GRAVAMEN Gra*va"men, n.; pl. L. Gravamina , E. Gravamens. Etym: [L., fr. gravare to load, burden, fr. gravis heavy, weighty. See Grave, a.] (Law)

Defn: The grievance complained of; the substantial cause of the action; also, in general, the ground or essence of a complaint. Bouvier.

-GRAVE -grave.

Defn: A final syllable signifying a ruler, as in landgrave, margrave. See Margrave.

GRAVE Grave, v. t.

Defn: (Naut.) To clean, as a vessel's bottom, of barnacles, grass, etc., and pay it over with pitch; — so called because graves or greaves was formerly used for this purpose.

GRAVE Grave, a. [Compar. Graver (grav"er); superl. Gravest.] Etym: [F., fr. L. gravis heavy; cf. It. & Sp. grave heavy, grave. See Grief.]

1. Of great weight; heavy; ponderous. [Obs.] His shield grave and great. Chapman.

2. Of importance; momentous; weighty; influential; sedate; serious; - - said of character, relations, etc.; as, grave deportment, character, influence, etc. Most potent, grave, and reverend seigniors. Shak. A grave and prudent law, full of moral equity. Milton.

3. Not light or gay; solemn; sober; plain; as, a grave color; a grave face.

4. (Mus.) (a) Not acute or sharp; low; deep; — said of sound; as, a grave note or key. The thicker the cord or string, the more grave is the note or tone. Moore (Encyc. of Music).

(b) Slow and solemn in movement. Grave accent. (Pron.) See the Note under Accent, n., 2.

Syn. — Solemn; sober; serious; sage; staid; demure; thoughtful; sedate; weighty; momentous; important. — Grave, Sober, Serious, Solemn. Sober supposes the absence of all exhilaration of spirits, and is opposed to gay or flighty; as, sober thought. Serious implies considerateness or reflection, and is opposed to jocose or sportive; as, serious and important concerns. Grave denotes a state of mind, appearance, etc., which results from the pressure of weighty interests, and is opposed to hilarity of feeling or vivacity of manner; as, a qrave remark; qrave attire. Solemn is applied to a case in which gravity is carried to its highest point; as, a solemn admonition; a solemn promise.

GRAVE Grave, v. t. [imp. Graved (gravd); p. p. Graven (grav"'n) or Graved; p. pr. & vb. n. Graving.] Etym: [AS. grafan to dig, grave, engrave; akin to OFries. greva, D. graven, G. graben, OHG. & Goth. graban, Dan. grabe, Sw. gräfva, Icel. grafa, but prob. not to Gr. gra`fein to write, E. graphic. Cf. Grave, n., Grove, n.]

1. To dig. [Obs.] Chaucer. He hath graven and digged up a pit. Ps. vii. 16 (Book of Common Prayer).

2. To carve or cut, as letters or figures, on some hard substance; to engrave. Thou shalt take two onyx stones, and grave on them the names of the children of Israel. Ex. xxviii. 9.

3. To carve out or give shape to, by cutting with a chisel; to sculpture; as, to grave an image. With gold men may the hearte grave. Chaucer.

4. To impress deeply (on the mind); to fix indelibly. O! may they graven in thy heart remain. Prior.

5. To entomb; to bury. [Obs.] Chaucer. Lie full low, graved in the hollow ground. Shak.

GRAVE Grave, v. i.

Defn: To write or delineate on hard substances, by means of incised lines; to practice engraving.

GRAVE Grave, n. Etym: [AS. grf, fr. grafan to dig; akin to D. & OS. graf, G. grab, Icel. gröf, Russ. grob' grave, coffin. See Grave to carve.]

Defn: An excavation in the earth as a place of burial; also, any place of interment; a tomb; a sepulcher. Hence: Death; destruction. He bad lain in the grave four days. John xi. 17. Grave wax, adipocere.

GRAVECLOTHES Grave"clothes` (, n. pl.

Defn: The clothes or dress in which the dead are interred.

GRAVEDIGGER Grave"dig`ger, n.

1. A digger of graves.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Burying beetle, under Bury, v. t.

GRAVEL Grav"el, n. Etym: [OF. gravele, akin to F. grve a sandy shore, strand; of Celtic origin; cf. Armor. grouan gravel, W. gro coarse gravel, pebbles, and Skr. gravan stone.]

1. Small stones, or fragments of stone; very small pebbles, often intermixed with particles of sand.

2. (Med.)

Defn: A deposit of small calculous concretions in the kidneys and the urinary or gall bladder; also, the disease of which they are a symptom. Gravel powder, a coarse gunpowder; pebble powder.

GRAVEL Grav"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Graveled or Gravelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Graveling or Gravelling.]

1. To cover with gravel; as, to gravel a walk.

2. To run (as a ship) upon the gravel or beach; to run aground; to cause to stick fast in gravel or sand. When we were fallen into a place between two seas, they graveled the ship. Acts xxvii. 41 (Rhemish version). Willam the Conqueror . . . chanced as his arrival to be graveled; and one of his feet stuck so fast in the sand that he fell to the ground. Camden.

3. To check or stop; to embarrass; to perplex. [Colloq.] When you were graveled for lack of matter. Shak. The physician was so graveled and amazed withal, that he had not a word more to say. Sir T. North.

4. To hurt or lame (a horse) by gravel lodged between the shoe and foot.

GRAVELESS Grave"less, a.

Defn: Without a grave; unburied.

GRAVELING; GRAVELLING Grav"el*ing, or Grav"el*ling, n.

1. The act of covering with gravel.

2. A layer or coating of gravel (on a path, etc.).

GRAVELING; GRAVELLING Grav"el*ing, or Grav"el*ling, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A salmon one or two years old, before it has gone to sea.

GRAVELLINESS Grav"el*li*ness, n.

Defn: State of being gravelly.

GRAVELLY Grav"el*ly, a.

Defn: Abounding with gravel; consisting of gravel; as, a gravelly soil.

GRAVEL-STONE Grav"el-stone", n.

Defn: A pebble, or small fragment of stone; a calculus.

GRAVELY Grave"ly, adv.

Defn: In a grave manner.

GRAVEN Grav"en, p. p. of Grave, v. t.

Defn: Carved. Graven image, an idol; an object of worship carved from wood, stone, etc. "Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image." Ex. xx. 4.

GRAVENESS Grave"ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being grave. His sables and his weeds, Importing health and graveness. Shak.

GRAVENSTEIN Gra"ven*stein", n. Etym: [So called because it came from Gravenstein, a place in Schleswig. Downing.]

Defn: A kind of fall apple, marked with streaks of deep red and orange, and of excellent flavor and quality.

GRAVEOLENCE Gra*ve"o*lence, n. Etym: [L. graveolentia: cf. F. gravéolence. See Graveolent.]

Defn: A strong and offensive smell; rancidity. [R.] Bailey.

GRAVEOLENT Gra*ve"o*lent, a. Etym: [L. graveolens; gravis heavy + olere to smell.]

Defn: Having a rank smell. [R.] Boyle.

GRAVER Graver, n.

1. One who graves; an engraver or a sculptor; one whose occupation is te cut letters or figures in stone or other hard material.

2. An ergraving or cutting tool; a burin.

GRAVERY Grav"er*y, n.

Defn: The act, process, or art, of graving or carving; engraving. Either of picture or gravery and embossing. Holland.

GRAVES Graves, n. pl.

Defn: The sediment of melted tallow. Same as Greaves.

GRAVES' DISEASE Graves"' dis*ease". Etym: [So called after Dr. Graves, of Dublin.]

Defn: Same as Basedow's disease.

GRAVESTONE Grave"stone, n.

Defn: A stone laid over, or erected near, a grave, usually with an inscription, to preserve the memory of the dead; a tombstone.

GRAVEYARD Grave"yard", n.

Defn: A yard or inclosure for the interment of the dead; a cemetery.

GRAVIC Grav"ic, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or causing, gravitation; as, gravic forces; gravic attraction. [R.]

GRAVID Grav"id, a. Etym: [L. gravidus, fr. gravis heavy, loaded. See Grave, a.]

Defn: Being with child; heavy with young; pregnant; fruitful; as, a gravid uterus; gravid piety. " His gravid associate." Sir T. Herbert.

GRAVIDATED Grav"i*da"ted, a. Etym: [L. gravidatus, p. p. of gravidare to load, impregnate. See Gravid.]

Defn: Made pregnant; big. [Obs.] Barrow.

GRAVIDATION Grav"i*da"tion, n.

Defn: Gravidity. [Obs.]

GRAVIDITY Gra*vid"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. graviditas.]

Defn: The state of being gravidated; pregnancy. [R.]

GRAVIGRADE Grav"i*grade, a. Etym: [L. gravis heavy + gradus step.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Slow-paced. — n.

Defn: One of the pachyderms.

GRAVIMETER Gra*vim"e*ter, n. Etym: [L. gravis heavy + -meter: cf. F. gravimètre.]

Defn: (Physics) An instrument for ascertaining the specific gravity of bodies.

GRAVIMETRIC Grav"i*met"ric, a. (Chem.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to measurement by weight; measured by weight. — Grav"i*met"ric*al*ly, adv. Gravimetric analysis (Chem.), analysis in which the amounts of the coastituents are determined by weight; — in distinction from volumetric analysis.

GRAVING Grav"ing, n. Etym: [From Grave to clean.]

Defn: The act of cleaning a ship's bottom. Graving dock. (Naut.) See under Dock.

GRAVING Grav"ing, n. Etym: [From Grave to dig.]

l.

Defn: The act or art of carving figures in hard substances, esp. by incision or in intaglio.

2. That which is graved or carved. [R.] Skillful to . . . grave any manner of graving. 2 Chron. ii. 14.

3. Impression, as upon the mind or heart. New gravings upon their souls. Eikon Basilike

GRAVITATE Grav"i*tate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gravitated; p. pr. & vb. n. Gravitating.] Etym: [Cf. F. graviter. See Gravity.]

Defn: To obey the law of gravitation; to exert a force Or pressure, or tend to move, under the influence of gravitation; to tend in any direction or toward any object. Why does this apple fall to the ground Because all bodies gravitate toward each other. Sir W. Hamilton. Politicians who naturally gravitate towards the stronger party. Macaulay.

GRAVITATION Grav"i*ta"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. gravitation. See Gravity.]

1. The act of gravitating.

2. (Pysics) That species of attraction or force by which all bodies or particles of matter in the universe tend toward each other; called also attraction of gravitation, universal gravitation, and universal gravity. See Attraction, and Weight. Law of gravitatian, that law in accordance with which gravitation acts, namely, that every two bodies or portions of matter in the universe attract each other with a force proportional directly to the quantity of matter they contain, and inversely to the squares of their distances.

GRAVITATIONAL Grav`i*tation*al, a. (Physics)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the force of gravity; as, gravitational units.

GRAVITATIVE Gravi*ta*tive, a.

Defn: Causing to gravitate; tending to a center. Coleridge.

GRAVITY Grav"i*ty, n.; pl. Gravities. Etym: [L. gravitas, fr. gravis heavy; cf. F. gravité. See Grave, a., Grief.]

1. The state of having weight; beaviness; as, the gravity of lead.

2. Sobriety of character or demeanor. "Men of gravity and learning."Shak.

3. Importance, significance, dignity, etc; hence, seriousness; enormity; as, the gravity of an offense. They derive an importance from . . . the gravity of the place where they were uttered. Burke.

4. (Physics)

Defn: The tendency of a mass of matter toward a center of attraction; esp., the tendency of a body toward the center of the earth; terrestrial gravitation.

5. (Mus.)

Defn: Lowness of tone; — opposed to acuteness. Center of gravity See under Center. — Gravity battery, See Battery, n., 4. — Specific gravity, the ratio of the weight of a body to the weight of an equal volume of some other body taken as the standard or unit. This standard is usually water for solids and liquids, and air for gases. Thus, 19, the specific gravity of gold, expresses the fact that, bulk for bulk, gold is nineteen times as heavy as water.

GRAVY Gra"vy, n; pl. Gravies. Etym: [OE. greavie; prob. fr. greaves, graves, the sediment of melted tallow. See Greaves.]

1. The juice or other liquid matter that drips from flesh in cooking, made into a dressing for the food when served up.

2. Liquid dressing for meat, fish, vegetables, etc.

GRAY Gray, a. [Compar. Grayer (; superl. Grayest.] Etym: [OE. gray, grey, AS. grg, grg; akin to D. graauw OHG. gro, G. grau, Dan. graa, Dw. gr, Icel. grdr.] [Written also grey.]

1. White mixed with black, as the color of pepper and salt, or of ashes, or of hair whitened by age; sometimes, a dark mixed color; as, the soft gray eye of a dove. These gray and dun colors may be also produced by mixing whites and blacks. Sir I. Newton.

2. Gray-haired; gray-headed; of a gray color; hoary.

3. Old; mature; as, gray experience. Ames. Gray antimony (Min.), stibnite. — Gray buck (Zoöl.), the chickara. — Gray cobalt (Min.), smaltite. — Gray copper (Min.), tetrahedrite. — Gray duck (Zoöl.), the gadwall; also applied to the female mallard. — Gray falcon (Zoöl.) the peregrine falcon. — Gray Friar. See Franciscan, and Friar. — Gray hen (Zoöl.), the female of the blackcock or black grouse. See Heath grouse. — Gray mill or millet (Bot.), a name of several plants of the genus Lithospermum; gromwell. — Gray mullet (Zoöl.) any one of the numerous species of the genus Mugil, or family Mugilidæ, found both in the Old World and America; as the European species (M. capito, and M. auratus), the American striped mullet (M. albula), and the white or silver mullet (M. Braziliensis). See Mullet. — Gray owl (Zoöl.), the European tawny or brown owl (Syrnium aluco). The great gray owl (Ulula cinerea) inhabits arctic America. — Gray parrot (Zoöl.), a parrot (Psittacus erithacus), very commonly domesticated, and noted for its aptness in learning to talk. — Gray pike. (Zoöl.) See Sauger. — Gray snapper (Zoöl.), a Florida fish; the sea lawyer. See Snapper. — Gray snipe (Zoöl.), the dowitcher in winter plumage. — Gray whale (Zoöl.), a rather large and swift California whale (Rhachianectes glaucus), formerly taken in large numbers in the bays; — called also grayback, devilfish, and hardhead.

GRAY Gray, n.

1. A gray color; any mixture of white and black; also, a neutral or whitish tint.

2. An animal or thing of gray color, as a horse, a badger, or a kind of salmon. Woe worth the chase, woe worth the day. That coats thy life, my gallant gray. Sir W. Scott.

GRAYBACK Gray"back`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The California gray whale. (b) The redbreasted sandpiper or knot. (c) The dowitcher. (d) The body louse.

GRAYBEARD Gray"beard`, n.

Defn: An old man. Shak.

GRAYFLY Gray"fly`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The trumpet fly. Milton.

GRAYHOUND Gray"hound` (-hound`), n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Greyhound.

GRAYISH Gray"ish, a.

Defn: Somewhat gray.

GRAYLAG Gray"lag`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The common wild gray goose (Anser anser) of Europe, believed to be the wild form of the domestic goose. See Illust. of Goose.

GRAYLING Gray"ling, n. Etym: [From Gray, a.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A European fish (Thymallus vulgaris), allied to the trout, but having a very broad dorsal fin; — called also umber. It inhabits cold mountain streams, and is valued as a game fish. And here and there a lusty trout, And here and there a grayling. Tennyson.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An American fish of the genus Thymallus, having similar habits to the above; one species (T. Ontariensis), inhabits several streams in Michigan; another (T. montanus), is found in the Yellowstone region.

GRAYNESS Gray"ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being gray.

GRAYSTONE Gray"stone`, n. (Geol.)

Defn: A grayish or greenish compact rock, composed of feldspar and augite, and allied to basalt.

GRAYWACKE Gray"wacke`, n. Etym: [G. grauwacke; grau gray + wacke wacke. See Gray, and Wacke, and cf. Grauwacke.] (Geol.)

Defn: A conglomerate or grit rock, consisting of rounded pebbles sand firmly united together.

Note: This term, derved from the grauwacke of German miners, was formerly applied in geology to different grits and slates of the Silurian series; but it is now seldom used.

GRAZE Graze, v. t. Etym: [imp. & p. p. Grazed (p. pr. & vb. n. Grazing.] Etym: [OE. grasen, AS. grasian, fr. grs grass. See Grass.]