J (continued 3)

JUMBLINGLY Jum"bling*ly, adv.

Defn: In a confused manner.

JUMELLE Ju`melle", a. [F., fem. of jumeau, fr. L. gemellus. Cf. Gemel, a.]

Defn: Twin; paired; — said of various objects made or formed in pairs, as a binocular opera glass, a pair of gimmal rings, etc.

JUMELLE Ju`melle", n.

Defn: A jumelle opera glass, or the like.

JUMENT Ju"ment, n. Etym: [L. jumentum a beast of burden: cf. F. jument a mare, OF., a beast of burden.]

Defn: A beast; especially, a beast of burden. [Obs.] Fitter for juments than men to feed on. Burton.

JUMP Jump, n. Etym: [Cf. F. jupe a long petticoat, a skirt. Cf. Juppon.] (a) A kind of loose jacket for men. (b) pl.

Defn: A bodice worn instead of stays by women in the 18th century.

JUMP Jump, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jumped; p. pr. & vb. n. Jumping.] Etym: [Akin to OD. gumpen, dial. G. gumpen, jumpen.]

1. To spring free from the ground by the muscular action of the feet and legs; to project one's self through the air; to spring; to bound; to leap. Not the worst of the three but jumps twelve foot and a half by the square. Shak.

2. To move as if by jumping; to bounce; to jolt. "The jumping chariots." Nahum iii. 2. A flock of geese jump down together. Dryden.

3. To coincide; to agree; to accord; to tally; — followed by with. "It jumps with my humor." Shak. To jump at, to spring to; hence, fig., to accept suddenly or eagerly; as, a fish jumps at a bait; to jump at a chance.

JUMP Jump, v. t.

1. To pass by a spring or leap; to overleap; as, to jump a stream.

2. To cause to jump; as, he jumped his horse across the ditch.

3. To expose to danger; to risk; to hazard. [Obs.] To jump a body with a dangerous physic. Shak.

4. (Smithwork) (a) To join by a butt weld. (b) To thicken or enlarge by endwise blows; to upset.

5. (Quarrying)

Defn: To bore with a jumper. To jump a claim, to enter upon and take possession of land to which another has acquired a claim by prior entry and occupation. [Western U. S. & Australia] See Claim, n., 3. — To jump one's bail, to abscond while at liberty under bail bonds. [Slang, U. S.]

JUMP Jump, n.

1. The act of jumping; a leap; a spring; a bound. "To advance by jumps." Locke.

2. An effort; an attempt; a venture. [Obs.] Our fortune lies Upon thisjump. Shak.

3. The space traversed by a leap.

4. (Mining)

Defn: A dislocation in a stratum; a fault.

5. (Arch.)

Defn: An abrupt interruption of level in a piece of brickwork or masonry. From the jump, from the start or beginning. [Colloq.] — Jump joint. (a) A butt joint. (b) A flush joint, as of plank in carvel-built vessels. — Jump seat. (a) A movable carriage seat. (b) A carriage constructed with a seat which may be shifted so as to make room for second or extra seat. Also used adjectively; as, a jump-seat wagon.

JUMP Jump, a.

Defn: Nice; exact; matched; fitting; precise. [Obs.] "Jump names." B. Jonson.

JUMP Jump, adv.

Defn: Exactly; pat.[Obs.] Shak.

JUMPER Jump"er, n.

1. One who, or that which, jumps.

2. A long drilling tool used by masons and quarrymen.

3. A rude kind of sleigh; — usually, a simple box on runners which are in one piece with the poles that form the thills. [U.S.] J. F. Cooper.

4. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The larva of the cheese fly. See Cheese fly, under Cheese.

5. (Eccl.)

Defn: A name applied in the 18th century to certain Calvinistic Methodists in Wales whose worship was characterized by violent convulsions.

6. (Horology)

Defn: spring to impel the star wheel, also a pawl to lock fast a wheel, in a repeating timepiece. Baby jumper. See in the Vocabulary. — Bounty jumper. See under Bounty.

JUMPER Jump"er, n. Etym: [See 1st Jump.]

Defn: A loose upper garment; as: (a) A sort of blouse worn by workmen over their ordinary dress to protect it. (b) A fur garment worn in Arctic journeys.

JUMPING Jump"ing, p. a. & vb. n.

Defn: of Jump, to leap. Jumping bean, a seed of a Mexican Euphorbia, containing the larva of a moth (Carpocapsa saltitans). The larva by its sudden movements causes the seed to roll to roll and jump about. — Jumping deer (Zoöl.), a South African rodent (Pedetes Caffer), allied to the jerboa. — Jumping jack, a toy figure of a man, jointed and made to jump or dance by means of strings. — Jumping louse (Zoöl.), any of the numerous species of plant lice belonging to the family Psyllidæ, several of which are injurious to fruit trees. — Jumping mouse (Zoöl.), North American mouse (Zapus Hudsonius), having a long tail and large hind legs. It is noted for its jumping powers. Called also kangaroo mouse. — Jumping mullet (Zoöl.), gray mullet. — Jumping shrew (Zoöl.), any African insectivore of the genus Macroscelides. They are allied to the shrews, but have large hind legs adapted for jumping. — Jumping spider (Zoöl.), spider of the genus Salticus and other related genera; one of the Saltigradæ; — so called because it leaps upon its prey.

JUMPING DISEASE Jump"ing dis*ease".

Defn: A convulsive tic similar to or identical with miryachit, observed among the woodsmen of Maine.

JUMP SPARK Jump spark.

Defn: A spark produced by the jumping of electricity across a permanent gap.

JUMPWELD Jump"weld`, v. t.

Defn: See Buttweld, v. t.

JUMPY Jump"y, a. [Compar. Jumpier; superl. Jumpiest.]

Defn: Jumping, or inducing to jump; characterized by jumps; hence, extremely nervous.

JUNCACEOUS Jun*ca"ceous, a. Etym: [See Juncate.] (Bot.)

Defn: Of. pertaining to, or resembling, a natural order of plants (Juncaceæ), of which the common rush (Juncus) is the type.

JUNCATE Jun"cate, n.

Defn: See Junket.[Obs.] Spenser.

JUNCITE Jun"cite, n. Etym: [L. juncus a rush.] (Paleon.)

Defn: A fossil rush.

JUNCO Jun"co, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any bird of the genus Junco, which includes several species of North American finches; — called also snowbird, or blue snowbird.

JUNCOUS Jun"cous, a. Etym: [L. juncosus, fr. juncus a rush.]

Defn: Full of rushes: resembling rushes; juncaceous. [R.] Johnson.

JUNCTION Junc"tion, n. Etym: [L. junctio, fr. jungere, junctum, to join: cf. F. jonction. See Join.]

1. The act of joining, or the state of being joined; union; combination; coalition; as, the junction of two armies or detachments; the junction of paths.

2. The place or point of union, meeting, or junction; specifically, the place where two or more lines of railway meet or cross. Junction plate (Boilers), a covering or break-join plate riveted to and uniting the edges of sheets which make a butt joint. — Junction rails (Railroads), the switch, or movable, rails, connecting one line of track with another.

JUNCTION BOX Junc"tion box. (Elec.)

Defn: A box through which the main conductors of a system of electric distribution pass, and where connection is made with branch circuits.

JUNCTURE Junc"ture, n. Etym: [L.junctura, fr. jungere to join. See Jointure.]

1. A joining; a union; an alliance. [Obs.] "Devotional compliance and juncture of hearts." Eikon Basilike.

2. The line or point at which two bodies are joined; a joint; an articulation; a seam; as, the junctures of a vessel or of the bones. Boyle.

3. A point of time; esp., one made critical or important by a concurrence of circumstances; hence, a crisis; an exigency. "Extraordinary junctures." Addison. In such a juncture, what can the most plausible and refined philosophy offer Berkeley.

JUNE June, n. Etym: [L. Junius: cf. F. Juin. So called either from Junius, the name of a Roman gens, or from Juno, the goddess.]

Defn: The sixth month of the year, containing thirty days. And what is so rare as a day in June Then, if ever, come perfect days. Lowell. June beetle, June bug (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large brown beetles of the genus Lachnosterna and related genera; — so called because they begin to fly, in the northern United States, about the first of June. The larvæ of the June beetles live under ground, and feed upon the roots of grasses and other plants. Called also May bug or May beetle. — June grass (Bot.), a New England name for Kentucky blue grass. See Blue glass, and Illustration in Appendix.

JUNEATING June"a*ting, n.

Defn: A kind of early apple. [Written also jenneting.]

JUNEBERRY June"ber`ry, n. (Bot.) (a) The small applelike berry of American trees of genus Amelanchier; — also called service berry. (b) The shrub or tree which bears this fruit; — also called shad bush, and had tree.

JUNGERMANNIA Jun`ger*man"ni*a, n.; pl. Jungermanniæ. Etym: [NL. Named after Ludwig Jungermann, a German botanist.] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of hepatic mosses, now much circumscribed, but formerly comprising most plants of the order, which is sometimes therefore called Jungermanniaceæ.

JUNGLE Jun"gle, n. Etym: [Hind. jangal desert, forest, jungle; Skr. ja desert.]

Defn: A dense growth of brushwood, grasses, reeds, vines, etc.; an almost impenetrable thicket of trees, canes, and reedy vegetation, as in India, Africa, Australia, and Brazil. The jungles of India are of bamboos, canes, and other palms, very difficult to penetrate. Balfour (Cyc. of India). Jungle bear (Zoöl.), the aswail or sloth bear. — Jungle cat (Zoöl.), the chaus. — Jungle cock (Zoöl.), the male of a jungle fowl. — Jungle fowl. (Zoöl.) (a) Any wild species of the genus Gallus, of which several species inhabit India and the adjacent islands; as, the fork-tailed jungle fowl (G. varius) of Java, G. Stanleyi of Ceylon, and G. Bankiva of India.

Note: The latter, which resembles the domestic gamecock, is supposed to be one of the original species from which the domestic fowl was derived. (b) An Australian grallatorial bird (Megapodius tumulus) which is allied to the brush turkey, and, like the latter, lays its eggs in mounds of vegetable matter, where they are hatched by the heat produced by decomposition.

JUNGLY Jun"gly, a.

Defn: Consisting of jungles; abounding with jungles; of the nature of a jungle.

JUNIOR Jun"ior, a. Etym: [L. contr. fr. juvenior, compar. of juvenis young. See Juvenile.]

1. Less advanced in age than another; younger.

Note: Junior is applied to distinguish the younger of two persons bearing the same name in the same family, and is opposed to senior or elder. Commonly applied to a son who has the same Christian name as his father.

2. Lower in standing or in rank; later in office; as, a junior partner; junior counsel; junior captain.

3. Composed of juniors, whether younger or a lower standing; as, the junior class; of or pertaining to juniors or to a junior class. See Junior, n., 2.

4. Belonging to a younger person, or an earlier time of life. Our first studies and junior endeavors. Sir T. Browne.

JUNIOR Jun"ior, n.

1. A younger person. His junior she, by thirty years. Byron.

2. Hence: One of a lower or later standing; specifically, in American colleges, one in the third year of his course, one in the fourth or final year being designated a senior; in some seminaries, one in the first year, in others, one in the second year, of a three years' course.

JUNIORITY Jun*ior"i*ty, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being junior.

JUNIPER Ju"ni*per, n. Etym: [L. juniperus, prop., youth-producing, and so called from its evergreen appearance, from the roots of E. juvenile, and parent. Cf. Gin the liquor.] (Bot.)

Defn: Any evergreen shrub or tree, of the genus Juniperus and order Coniferæ.

Note: The common juniper (J. communis) is a shrub of a low, spreading form, having awl-shaped, rigid leaves in whorls of threes, and bearing small purplish blue berries (or galbuli), of a warm, pungent taste, used as diuretic and in flavoring gin. A resin exudes from the bark, which has erroneously been considered identical with sandarach, and is used as pounce. The oil of juniper is acrid, and used for various purposes, as in medicine, for making varnish, etc. The wood of several species is of a reddish color, hard and durable, and is used in cabinetwork under the names of red cedar, Bermuda cedar, etc. Juniper worm (Zoöl.), the larva of a geometrid moth (Drepanodes varus). It feeds upon the leaves of the juniper, and mimics the small twigs both in form and color, in a remarkable manner.

JUNIPERIN Ju"ni*per*in, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A yellow amorphous substance extracted from juniper berries.

JUNIPERITE Ju"ni*per*ite, n. (Paleon.)

Defn: One of the fossil Coniferæ, evidently allied to the juniper.

JUNK Junk, n.

Defn: A fragment of any solid substance; a thick piece. See Chunk. [Colloq.] Lowell.

JUNK Junk, n. Etym: [Pg. junco junk, rush, L. juncus a bulrush, of which ropes were made in early ages. Cf. Junket.]

1. Pieces of old cable or old cordage, used for making gaskets, mats, swabs, etc., and when picked to pieces, forming oakum for filling the seams of ships.

2. Old iron, or other metal, glass, paper, etc., bought and sold by junk dealers.

3. (Naut.)

Defn: Hard salted beef supplied to ships. Junk bottle , a stout bottle made of thick dark-colored glass. — Junk dealer, a dealer in old cordage, old metal, glass, etc. — Junk hook (Whaling), a hook for hauling heavy pieces of blubber on deck. — Junk ring. (a) A packing of soft material round the piston of a steam engine. (b) A metallic ring for retaining a piston packing in place; (c) A follower. — Junk shop, a shop where old cordage, and ship's tackle, old iron, old bottles, old paper, etc., are kept for sale. — Junk vat (Leather Manuf.), a large vat into which spent tan liquor or ooze is pumped. — Junk wad (Mil.), a wad used in proving cannon; also used in firing hot shot.

JUNK Junk, n. Etym: [Pg. junco; cf. Jav. & Malay jong, ajong, Chin. chwan.] (Naut.)

Defn: A large vessel, without keel or prominent stem, and with huge masts in one piece, used by the Chinese, Japanese, Siamese, Malays, etc., in navigating their waters.

JUNKER Jun"ker, n. Etym: [G. Cf. Yonker.]

Defn: A young German noble or squire; esp., a member of the aristocratic party in Prussia.

JUNKERISM Jun"ker*ism, n.

Defn: The principles of the aristocratic party in Prussia.

JUNKET Jun"ket, n. Etym: [Formerly also juncate, fr. It. giuncata cream cheese, made in a wicker or rush basket, fr. L. juncus a rush. See 2d Junk, and cf. Juncate.]

1. A cheese cake; a sweetmeat; any delicate food. How Faery Mab the junkets eat. Milton. Victuals varied well in taste, And other junkets. Chapman.

2. A feast; an entertainment. A new jaunt or junket every night. Thackeray.

JUNKET Jun"ket, v. i.

Defn: To feast; to banquet; to make an entertainment; — sometimes applied opprobriously to feasting by public officers at the public cost. Job's children junketed and feasted together often. South.

JUNKET Jun"ket, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Junketed; p. pr. & vb. n. Junketing.]

Defn: To give entertainment to; to feast. The good woman took my lodgings over my head, and was in such a hurry to junket her neighbors. Walpole.

JUNKETING Jun"ket*ing, n.

Defn: A feast or entertainment; a revel. All those snug junketings and public gormandizings for which the ancient magistrates were equally famous with their modern successors. W. Irving. The apostle would have no reveling or junketing upon the altar. South.

JUNKETRIES Jun"ket*ries, n. pl.

Defn: Sweetmeats. [Obs.]

JUNO Ju"no, n.; pl. Junos. Etym: [L.]

1. (Rom. Myth.)

Defn: The sister and wife of Jupiter, the queen of heaven, and the goddess who presided over marriage. She corresponds to the Greek Hera. Sweeter than the lids of Juno's eyes. Shak.

2. (Astron.)

Defn: One of the early discovered asteroids. Bird of June, the peacock.

JUNO Ju"no (ju"no), n.; pl. Junos (-noz). [L.]

1. (Rom. Myth.) The sister and wife of Jupiter, the queen of heaven, and the goddess who presided over marriage. She corresponds to the Greek Hera.

Sweeter than the lids of Juno's eyes. Shak.

2. (Astron.) One of the early discovered asteroids.

Bird of Juno, the peacock.

JUNOLD Jun"old, a. [Obs.]

Defn: See Gimmal.

JUNTA Jun"ta, n.; pl. Juntas. Etym: [Sp., fr. L. junctus joined, p. p. of jungere to join. See Join, and cf. Junto.]

Defn: A council; a convention; a tribunal; an assembly; esp., the grand council of state in Spain.

JUNTO Jun"to, n.; pl. Juntos. Etym: [Sp. junto united. See Junta.]

Defn: A secret council to deliberate on affairs of government or politics; a number of men combined for party intrigue; a faction; a cabal; as, a junto of ministers; a junto of politicians. The puzzling sons of party next appeared, In dark cabals and mighty juntos met. Thomson.

JUPARTIE Jup"ar*tie, n.

Defn: Jeopardy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

JUPATI PALM Ju`pa*ti" palm`. (Bot.)

Defn: A great Brazilian palm tree (Raphia tædigera), used by the natives for many purposes.

JUPE Jupe, n.

Defn: Same as Jupon.

JUPITER Ju"pi*ter, n. Etym: [L., fr. Jovis pater. See Jove.]

1. (Rom. Myth.)

Defn: The supreme deity, king of gods and men, and reputed to be the son of Saturn and Rhea; Jove. He corresponds to the Greek Zeus.

2. (Astron.)

Defn: One of the planets, being the brightest except Venus, and the largest of them all, its mean diameter being about 85,000 miles. It revolves about the sun in 4,332.6 days, at a mean distance of 5.2028 from the sun, the earth's mean distance being taken as unity. Jupiter's beard. (Bot.) (a) A South European herb, with cymes of small red blossoms (Centranthus ruber). (b) The houseleek (Sempervivum tectorum); — so called from its massive inflorescence, like the sculptured beard of Jove. Prior. (c) the cloverlike Anthyllis Barba-Jovis. — Jupiter's staff (Bot.), the common mullein; — so called from its long, rigid spike of yellow blossoms.

JUPON; JUPPON Ju*pon", Jup*pon", n. Etym: [F. jupon, fr. jupe skirt, Sp. aljuba a Moorish garment, Ar. jubba.] [Written variously jupe, jump, juppo, etc.]

1. A sleeveless jacket worn over the armor in the 14th century. It fitted closely, and descended below the hips. Dryden.

2. A petticoat. Halliwell.

JURA Ju"ra, n. Etym: [F. & L.]

Defn: 1. A range of mountains between France and Switzerland.

2. (Geol.)

Defn: The Jurassic period. See Jurassic.

JURAL Ju"ral, a. Etym: [L.jus, juris, right.]

1. Pertaining to natural or positive right. [R.] By the adjective jural we shall denote that which has reference to the doctrine of rights and obligations; as by the adjective "moral" we denote that which has reference to the doctrine of duties. Whewell.

2. (Law)

Defn: Of or pertaining to jurisprudence.

JURAMENTUM Ju`ra*men"tum, n.; pl. Juramenta (. Etym: [L.] (Roman & Old Eng. Law)

Defn: An oath.

JURASSIC Ju*ras"sic, a. (Geol.)

Defn: Of the age of the middle Mesozoic, including, as divided in England and Europe, the Lias, Oölite, and Wealden; — named from certain rocks of the Jura mountains. — n.

Defn: The Jurassic period or formation; — called also the Jura.

JURAT Ju"rat, n. Etym: [Prov. F. jurat, fr. L. juratus sworn, p. p. of jurare to swear. See Jury, n.]

1. A person under oath; specifically, an officer of the nature of an alderman, in certain municipal corporations in England. Burrill.

2. (Law)

Defn: The memorandum or certificate at the end of an asffidavit, or a bill or answer in chancery, showing when, before whom, and (in English practice), where, it was sworn or affirmed. Wharton. Bouvier.

JURATORY Ju"ra*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. juratorius, fr. jurare to swear: cf. F. juratoire.]

Defn: Relating to or comprising an oath; as, juratory caution. Ayliffe.

JURA-TRIAS Ju`ra-tri"as, n. (Geol.)

Defn: A term applied to many American Mesozoic strata, in which the characteristics of the Jurassic and Triassic periods appear to be blended. — Ju`ra-tri*as"sic, a.

JURDICCION Jur*dic"ci*on, n.

Defn: Jurisdiction. [Obs.]

JURDON Jur"don, n.

Defn: Jordan. [Obs.] Chaucer.

JUREL Ju"rel, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A yellow carangoid fish of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts (Caranx chrysos), most abundant southward, where it is valued as a food fish; — called also hardtail, horse crevallé, jack, buffalo jack, skipjack, yellow mackerel, and sometimes, improperly, horse mackerel. Other species of Caranx (as C. fallax) are also sometimes called jurel.

JURIDIC; JURIDICAL Ju*rid"ic, Ju*rid"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. juridicus relating to the administration of justice; jus, juris, right, law + dicare to pronounce: cf. F. juridique. See Just, a., and Diction.]

Defn: Pertaining to a judge or to jurisprudence; acting in the distribution of justice; used in courts of law; according to law; legal; as, juridical law. "This juridical sword." Milton. The body corporate of the kingdom, in juridical construction, never dies. Burke. Juridical days, days on which courts are open.

JURIDICALLY Ju*rid*ic*al*ly, adv.

Defn: In a juridical manner.

JURISCONSULT Ju`ris*con"sult, n. Etym: [L. jurisconsultus; jus, juris, right + consulere, consultum, to consult: cf. F. jurisconsulte.] (Law)

Defn: A man learned in the civil law; an expert in juridical science; a professor of jurisprudence; a jurist.

JURISDICTION Ju`ris*dic"tion, n. Etym: [L. jurisdictio; jus, juris, right, law + dictio a saying, speaking: cf. OF. jurisdiction, F. juridiction. See Just, a., and Diction.]

1. (Law)

Defn: The legal power, right, or authority of a particular court to hear and determine causes, to try criminals, or to execute justice; judicial authority over a cause or class of causes; as, certain suits or actions, or the cognizance of certain crimes, are within the jurisdiction of a particular court, that is, within the limits of its authority or commission.

2. The authority of a sovereign power to govern or legislate; the right of making or enforcing laws; the power or right of exercising authority. To live exempt From Heaven's high jurisdiction. Milton. You wrought to be a legate; by which power You maim'd the jurisdiction of all bishops. Shak.

3. Sphere of authority; the limits within which any particular power may be exercised, or within which a government or a court has authority.

Note: Jurisdiction, in its most general sense, is the power to make, declare, or apply the law. When confined to the judiciary department, it is what we denominate the judicial power, the right of administering justice through the laws, by the means which the laws have provided for that purpose. Jurisdiction is limited to place or territory, to persons, or to particular subjects. Duponceau.

JURISDICTIONAL Ju`ris*dic"tion*al, a. Etym: [Cf. LL. jurisdictionalis, F. juridictionnel.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to jurisdiction; as jurisdictional rights. Barrow.

JURISDICTIVE Ju`ris*dic"tive, a.

Defn: Having jurisdiction. Milton.

JURISPRUDENCE Ju`ris*pru"dence, n. Etym: [L. jurisprudentia; jus, juris, right, law + prudentia a foreseeing, knowledge of a matter, prudence: cf. F. jurisprudence. See Just, a., and Prudence.]

Defn: The science of juridical law; the knowledge of the laws, customs, and rights of men in a state or community, necessary for the due administration of justice. The talents of Abelard were not confined to theology, jurisprudence, philosophy. J. Warton. Medical jurisprudence, that branch of juridical law which concerns questions of medicine.

JURISPRUDENT Ju`ris*pru"dent, a.Etym: [See Jurisprudence.]

Defn: Understanding law; skilled in jurisprudence. G. West.

JURISPRUDENT Ju`ris*pru"dent, n. Etym: [Cf. F. jurisprudent.]

Defn: One skilled in law or jurisprudence. [R.] De Quincey.

JURISPRUDENTIAL Ju`ris*pru*den"tial, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to jurisprudence. Stewart.

JURIST Ju`rist, n. Etym: [F. juriste, LL. jurista, fr. L. jus, juris, right, law. See Just, a.]

Defn: One who professes the science of law; one versed in the law, especially in the civil law; a writer on civil and international law. It has ever been the method of public jurists to Burke.

JURISTIC; JURISTICAL Ju*ris"tic, Ju*ris"tic*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a jurist, to the legal profession, or to jurisprudence. [R.] "Juristic ancestry." Lowell.

JUROR Ju"ror, n. Etym: [F. jureur one who takes oath, L. jurator a swearer, fr. jurare, jurari, to swear. See Jury, n.]

1. (Law)

Defn: A member of a jury; a juryman. I shall both find your lordship judge and juror. Shak.

2. A member of any jury for awarding prizes, etc.

JURY Ju"ry, a. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Naut.)

Defn: For temporary use; — applied to a temporary contrivance. Jury mast, a temporary mast, in place of one that has been carried away, or broken. — Jury rudder, a rudder constructed for temporary use.

JURY Ju"ry, n.; pl. Juries. Etym: [OF. jurée an assize, fr. jurer to swear, L. jurare, jurari; akin to jus, juris, right, law. See Just,a., and cf. Jurat, Abjure.]

1. (Law)

Defn: A body of men, usually twelve, selected according to law, impaneled and sworn to inquire into and try any matter of fact, and to render their true verdict according to the evidence legally adduced. See Grand jury under Grand, and Inquest. The jury, passing on the prisoner's life. Shak.

2. A committee for determining relative merit or awarding prizes at an exhibition or competition; as, the art jury gave him the first prize. Jury of inquest, a coroner's jury. See Inquest.

JURYMAN Ju"ry*man, n.; pl. Jurymen (.

Defn: One who is impaneled on a jury, or who serves as a juror.

JURY MAST Ju"ry mast. (a) A temporary mast, in place of one that has been carried away, or broken. (b) (Med.) An apparatus to support the trunk and head in spinal disease.

JURY-RIGGED Ju"ry-rigged`, a. (Naut.)

Defn: Rigged for temporary service. See Jury, a.

JUSSI Jus"si, n.

Defn: A delicate fiber, produced in the Philippine Islands from an unidentified plant, of which dresses, etc., are made.

JUST Just, a. Etym: [F. juste, L. justus, fr. jus right, law, justice; orig., that which is fitting; akin to Skr. yu to join. Cf. Injury, Judge, Jury, Giusto.]

1. Conforming or conformable to rectitude or justice; not doing wrong to any; violating no right or obligation; upright; righteous; honest; true; — said both of persons and things. "O just but severe law!" Shak. There is not a just man upon earth, that doeth good, and sinneth not. Eccl. vii. 20. Just balances, just weights, . . . shall ye have. Lev. xix. 36. How should man be just with God Job ix. 2. We know your grace to be a man. Just and upright. Shak.

2. Not transgressing the requirement of truth and propriety; conformed to the truth of things, to reason, or to a proper standard; exact; normal; reasonable; regular; due; as, a just statement; a just inference. Just of thy word, in every thought sincere. Pope. The prince is here at hand: pleaseth your lordship To meet his grace just distance 'tween our armies. Shak. He was a comely personage, a little above just stature. Bacon. Fire fitted with just materials casts a constant heat. Jer. Taylor. When all The war shall stand ranged in its just array. Addison. Their named alone would make a just volume. Burton.

3. Rendering or disposed to render to each one his due; equitable; fair; impartial; as, just judge. Men are commonly so just to virtue and goodness as to praise it in others, even when they do not practice it themselves. Tillotson. Just intonation. (Mus.) (a) The correct sounding of notes or intervals; true pitch. (b) The giving all chords and intervals in their purity or their exact mathematical ratio, or without temperament; a process in which the number of notes and intervals required in the various keys is much greater than the twelve to the octave used in systems of temperament. H. W. Poole.

Syn. — Equitable; upright; honest; true; fair; impartial; proper; exact; normal; orderly; regular.

JUST Just, adv.

1. Precisely; exactly; — in place, time, or degree; neither more nor less than is stated. And having just enough, not covet more. Dryden. The god Pan guided my hand just to the heart of the beast. Sir P. Sidney. To-night, at Herne's oak, just 'twixt twelve and one. Shak.

2. Closely; nearly; almost. Just at the point of death. Sir W. Temple.

3. Barely; merely; scarcely; only; by a very small space or time; as, he just missed the train; just too late. A soft Etesian gale But just inspired and gently swelled the sail. Dryden. Just now, the least possible time since; a moment ago.

JUST Just, v. i. Etym: [See Joust.]

Defn: To joust. Fairfax.

JUST Just, n.

Defn: A joust. Dryden.

JUSTICE Jus"tice, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. justitia, fr. justus just. See Just, a.]

1. The quality of being just; conformity to the principles of righteousness and rectitude in all things; strict performance of moral obligations; practical conformity to human or divine law; integrity in the dealings of men with each other; rectitude; equity; uprightness. Justice and judgment are the haditation of thy throne. Ps. ixxxix. 11. The king-becoming graces, As justice, verity, temperance, stableness, . . . I have no relish of them. Shak.

2. Conformity to truth and reality in expressing opinions and in conduct; fair representation of facts respecting merit or demerit; honesty; fidelity; impartiality; as, the justice of a description or of a judgment; historical justice.

3. The rendering to every one his due or right; just treatment; requital of desert; merited reward or punishment; that which is due to one's conduct or motives. This even-handed justice Commends the ingredients of our poisoned chalice To our own lips. Shak.

4. Agreeableness to right; equity; justness; as, the justice of a claim.

5. A person duly commissioned to hold courts, or to try and decide controversies and administer justice.

Note: This title is given to the judges of the common law courts in England and in the United States, and extends to judicial officers and magistrates of every grade. Bed of justice. See under Bed. — Chief justice. See in the Vocabulary. — Justice of the peace (Law), a judicial officer or subordinate magistrate appointed for the conservation of the peace in a specified district, with other incidental powers specified in his commission. In the United States a justice of the peace has jurisdiction to adjudicate certain minor cases, commit offenders, etc.

Syn. — Equity; law; right; rectitude; honesty; integrity; uprightness; fairness; impartiality. — Justice, Equity, Law. Justice and equity are the same; but human laws, though designed to secure justice, are of necessity imperfect, and hence what is strictly legal is at times far from being equitable or just. Here a court of equity comes in to redress the grievances. It does so, as distinguished from courts of law; and as the latter are often styled courts of justice, some have fancied that there is in this case a conflict between justice and equity. The real conflict is against the working of the law; this a court of equity brings into accordance with the claims of justice. It would be an unfortunate use of language which should lead any one to imagine he might have justice on his side while practicing iniquity (inequity). Justice, Rectitude. Rectitude, in its widest sense, is one of the most comprehensive words in our language, denoting absolute conformity to the rule of right in principle and practice. Justice refers more especially to the carrying out of law, and has been considered by moralists as of three kinds: (1) Commutative justice, which gives every man his own property, including things pledged by promise. (2) Distributive justice, which gives every man his exact deserts. (3) General justice, which carries out all the ends of law, though not in every case through the precise channels of commutative or distributive justice; as we see often done by a parent or a ruler in his dealings with those who are subject to his control.

JUSTICE Jus"tice, v. t.

Defn: To administer justice to. [Obs.] Bacon.

JUSTICEABLE Jus"tice*a*ble, a.

Defn: Liable to trial in a court of justice. [Obs.] Hayward.

JUSTICEHOOD Jus"tice*hood, n.

Defn: Justiceship. B. Jonson.

JUSTICEMENT Jus"tice*ment, n.

Defn: Administration of justice; procedure in courts of justice. [Obs.] Johnson.

JUSTICER Jus"ti*cer, n.

Defn: One who administers justice; a judge. [Obs.] "Some upright justicer." Shak.

JUSTICESHIP Jus"tice*ship, n.

Defn: The office or dignity of a justice. Holland.

JUSTICIABLE Jus*ti"ci*a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. LL. justitiabilis, F. justiciable.]

Defn: Proper to be examined in a court of justice. Bailey.

JUSTICIAR Jus*ti"ci*ar, n.

Defn: Same as Justiciary.

JUSTICIARY Jus*ti"ci*a*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. LL. justitiarius, F. justicier. See Justice.] (Old Eng. Law)

Defn: An old name for the judges of the higher English courts.

Note: The chief justiciary, or justiciar, in early English history, was not only the chief justice of the kingdom, but also ex officio regent in the king's absence. Court of justiciary (Scots Law), the supreme criminal court, having jurisdiction over the whole of Scotland.

JUSTICO; JUSTICOAT Jus"ti*co, Jus"ti*coat`, n. Etym: [F. justaucorps, lit., close to the body.]

Defn: Formerly, a close coat or waistcoat with sleeves.

JUSTIFIABLE Jus"ti*fi`a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. justifiable. See Justify.]

Defn: Capable of being justified, or shown to be just. Just are the ways of God, An justifiable to men. Milton.

Syn. — Defensible; vindicable; warrantable; excusable; exculpable; authorizable. — Jus"ti*fi`a*ble*ness, n. — Jus"ti*fi`a*bly, adv.

JUSTIFICATION Jus`ti*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. justificatio: cf. F. justification. See Justify.]

1. The act of justifying or the state of being justified; a showing or proving to be just or conformable to law, justice, right, or duty; defense; vindication; support; as, arguments in justification of the prisoner's conduct; his disobedience admits justification. I hope, for my brother's justification, he wrote this but as an essay or taste of my virtue. Shak.

2. (Law)

Defn: The showing in court of a sufficient lawful reason why a party charged or accused did that for which he is called to answer.

3. (Theol.)

Defn: The act of justifying, or the state of being justified, in respect to God's requirements. Who was delivered for our offenses, and was raised again for our justification. Rom. iv. 25. In such righteousness To them by faith imputed, they may find Justification toward God, and peace Of conscience. Milton.

4. (Print.)

Defn: Adjustment of type by spacing it so as to make it exactly fill a line, or of a cut so as to hold it in the right place; also, the leads, quads, etc., used for making such adjustment.

JUSTIFICATIVE Jus*tif"i*ca*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. justificatif.]

Defn: Having power to justify; justificatory.

JUSTIFICATOR Jus"ti*fi*ca`tor, n. Etym: [LL. justificator: cf. F. justificateur.]

Defn: One who justifies or vindicates; a justifier. Johnson.

JUSTIFICATORY Jus*tif"i*ca*to*ry, a.

Defn: Vindicatory; defensory; justificative.

JUSTIFIER Jus"ti*fi`er, n.

Defn: One who justifies; one who vindicates, supports, defends, or absolves. Justifiers of themselves and hypocrites. Strype. That he might be just, and the justifier of him which believeth in Jesus. Rom. iii. 26.

JUSTIFY Jus"ti*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Justified; p. pr. & vb. n. Justifying.] Etym: [F. justifier, L. justificare; justus just + - ficare (in comp.) to make. See Just, a., and -fy.]

1. To prove or show to be just; to vindicate; to maintain or defend as conformable to law, right, justice, propriety, or duty. That to the height of this great argument I may assert eternal providence, And justify the ways of God to men. Milton. Unless the oppression is so extreme as to justify revolution, it would not justify the evil of breaking up a government. E. Everett.

2. To pronounce free from guilt or blame; to declare or prove to have done that which is just, right, proper, etc.; to absolve; to exonerate; to clear. I can not justify whom the law condemns. Shak.

3. (Theol.)

Defn: To treat as if righteous and just; to pardon; to exculpate; to absolve. By him all that believe are justified from all things, from which ye could not be justified by the law of Moses. Acts xiii. 39.

4. To prove; to ratify; to confirm. [Obs.] Shak.

5. (Print.)

Defn: To make even or true, as lines of type, by proper spacing; to adjust, as type. See Justification, 4.

Syn. — To defend; maintain; vindicate; excuse; exculpate; absolve; exonerate.

JUSTIFY Jus"ti*fy, v. i.

1. (Print.)

Defn: To form an even surface or true line with something else; to fit exactly.

2. (Law)

Defn: To take oath to the ownership of property sufficient to qualify one's self as bail or surety.

JUSTINIAN Jus*tin"i*an, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Institutes or laws of the Roman Justinian.

JUSTLE Jus"tle, v. i. Etym: [Freq. of joust, just, v. i. See Joust, v. i., and cf. Jostle.]

Defn: To run or strike against each other; to encounter; to clash; to jostle. Shak. The chariots shall rage in the streets; they shall justle one against another in the broad ways. Nahum ii. 4.

JUSTLE Jus"tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Justled; p. pr. & vb. n. Justling.]

Defn: To push; to drive; to force by running against; to jostle. We justled one another out, and disputed the post for a great while. Addison.

JUSTLE Jus"tle, n.

Defn: An encounter or shock; a jostle.

JUSTLY Just"ly, adv. Etym: [From Just, a.]

Defn: In a just manner; in conformity to law, justice, or propriety; by right; honestly; fairly; accurately. "In equal balance justly weighed." Shak. Nothing can justly be despised that can not justly be blamed: where there is no choice there can be no blame. South.

JUSTNESS Just"ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being just; conformity to truth, propriety, accuracy, exactness, and the like; justice; reasonableness; fairness; equity; as, justness of proportions; the justness of a description or representation; the justness of a cause. In value the satisfaction I had in seeing it represented with all the justness and gracefulness of action. Dryden.

Note: Justness is properly applied to things, and justice to persons; but the distinction is not always observed.

Syn. — Accuracy; exactness; correctness; propriety; fitness; reasonableness; equity; uprightness; justice.

JUT Jut, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jutted; p. pr. & vb. n. Jutting.] Etym: [A corruption of jet.]

1. To shoot out or forward; to project beyond the main body; as, the jutting part of a building. "In jutting rock and curved shore." Wordsworth. It seems to jut out of the structure of the poem. Sir T. Browne.

2. To butt. [Obs.] "The jutting steer." Mason.

JUT Jut, n.

1. That which projects or juts; a projection.

2. A shove; a push. [Obs.] Udall.

JUTE Jute, n. Etym: [Hind. j, Skr. j matted hair; cf. ja matted hair, fibrous roots.]

Defn: The coarse, strong fiber of the East Indian Corchorus olitorius, and C. capsularis; also, the plant itself. The fiber is much used for making mats, gunny cloth, cordage, hangings, paper, etc.

JUTES Jutes, n. pl. sing. Jute. (Ethnol.)

Defn: Jutlanders; one of the Low German tribes, a portion of which settled in Kent, England, in the 5th century.

JUTLANDER Jut"land*er, n.

Defn: A native or inhabitant of Jutland in Denmark.

JUTLANDISH Jut"land*ish, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Jutland, or to the people of Jutland.

JUTTING Jut"ting, a.

Defn: Projecting, as corbels, cornices, etc. — Jut"ting*ly, adv.

JUTTY Jut"ty, n. Etym: [See Jetty, Jut, Jet.]

Defn: A projection in a building; also, a pier or mole; a jetty. Shak.

JUTTY Jut"ty, v. t. & i.

Defn: To project beyond. [Obs.] Shak.

JUVENAL Ju"ve*nal, n. Etym: [L. juvenalis youthful, juvenile, fr. juvenis young.]

Defn: A youth. [Obs.] Shak.

JUVENESCENCE Ju`ve*nes"cence, n.

Defn: A growing young.

JUVENESCENT Ju`ve*nes"cent, a. Etym: [L. juvenescens, p. pr. of juvenescere to grow young again, from juvenis young.]

Defn: Growing or becoming young.

JUVENILE Ju"ve*nile, a. Etym: [L. juvenilis, from juvenis young; akin to E. young: cf. F. juvénile, juvénil. See Young.]

1. Young; youthful; as, a juvenile appearance. "A juvenile exercitation." Glanvill.

2. Of or pertaining to youth; as, juvenile sports.

Syn. — Puerile; boyish; childish. See Youthful.

JUVENILE Ju"ve*nile, n.

Defn: A young person or youth; — used sportively or familiarly. C. Bronté.

JUVENILENESS Ju"ve*nile*ness, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being juvenile; juvenility.

JUVENILITY Ju`ve*nil"i*ty, n.; pl. Juvenilities. Etym: [L. juvenilitas: cf. F. juvénilité.]

1. Youthfulness; adolescence. Glanvill.

2. The manners or character of youth; immaturity. Glanvill.

JUVIA Ju"vi*a, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A Brazilian name for the lofty myrtaceous tree (Bertholetia excelsa) which produces the large seeds known as Brazil nuts.

JUWANSA Ju*wan"sa, n. (Bot.)

Defn: The camel's thorn. See under Camel.

JUWISE Ju*wise", n. [Obs.]

Defn: Same as Juise. Chaucer.

JUXTAPOSE Jux`ta*pose", v. t. Etym: [Cf. Juxtaposit, Pose.]

Defn: To place in juxtaposition. Huxley.

JUXTAPOSIT Jux`ta*pos"it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Juxtaposited; p. pr. & vb. n. Juxtapositing.] Etym: [L. juxta near + positus, p. p. of ponere to put.]

Defn: To place in close connection or contiguity; to juxtapose. Derham.

JUXTAPOSITION Jux`ta*po*si"tion, n. Etym: [L. juxta near + positio position: cf. F. juxtaposition. See Just, v. i., and Position.]

Defn: A placing or being placed in nearness or contiguity, or side by side; as, a juxtaposition of words. Parts that are united by a a mere juxtaposition. Glanvill. Juxtaposition is a very unsafe criterion of continuity. Hare.

JYMOLD Jym"old (jim"old), a. [Obs.]

Defn: See Gimmal.