J

Defn: . J is the tenth letter of the English alphabet. It is a later variant form of the Roman letter I, used to express a consonantal sound, that is, originally, the sound of English y in yet. The forms J and I have, until a recent time, been classed together, and they have been used interchangeably.

Note: In medical prescriptions j is still used in place of i at the end of a number, as a Roman numeral; as, vj, xij. J is etymologically most closely related to i, y, g; as in jot, iota; jest, gesture; join, jugular, yoke. See I. J is a compound vocal consonant, nearly equivalent in sound to dzh. It is exactly the same as g in gem. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 179, 211, 239.

JAAL GOAT Jaal" goat`. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A species of wild goat (Capra Nubiana) found in the mountains of Abyssinia, Upper Egypt, and Arabia; — called also beden, and jaela.

JAB Jab, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Job.]

Defn: To thrust; to stab; to punch. See Job, v. t. [Scot. & Colloq. U. S.]

JAB Jab, n.

Defn: A thrust or stab. [Scot. & Colloq. U. S.]

JABBER Jab"ber, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jabbered; p. pr. & vb. n. Jabbering.] Etym: [Cf. Gibber, Gabble.]

Defn: To talk rapidly, indistinctly, or unintelligibly; to utter gibberish or nonsense; to chatter. Swift.

JABBER Jab"ber, v. t.

Defn: To utter rapidly or indistinctly; to gabble; as, to jabber French. Addison.

JABBER Jab"ber, n.

Defn: Rapid or incoherent talk, with indistinct utterance; gibberish. Swift.

JABBER Jab"ber, n.

Defn: One who jabbers.

JABBERER Jab"ber*er, n.

Defn: One who jabbers.

JABBERINGLY Jab"ber*ing*ly, adv.

Defn: In a jabbering manner.

JABBERMENT Jab"ber*ment, n.

Defn: Jabber. [R.] Milton.

JABBERNOWL Jab"ber*nowl`, n.

Defn: Same as Jobbernowl.

JABIRU Jab"i*ru, n. Etym: [Braz. jabirú, jaburú.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of several large wading birds of the genera Mycteria and Xenorhynchus, allied to the storks in form and habits.

Note: The American jabiru (Mycteria Americana) is white, with the head and neck black and nearly bare of feathers. The East Indian and Australian (Xenorhynchus Australis) has the neck, head, and back covered with glossy, dark green feathers, changing on the head to purple. The African jabiru (Mycteria, or Ephippiorhynchus, Senegalensis) has the neck, head, wing coverts, and tail, black, and is called also saddle-billed stork.

JABORANDI Jab`o*ran"di, n. (Bot.)

Defn: The native name of a South American rutaceous shrub (Pilocarpus pennatifolius). The leaves are used in medicine as an diaphoretic and sialogogue.

JABORINE Jab"o*rine, n. Etym: [From Jaborandi.] (Chem.)

Defn: An alkaloid found in jaborandi leaves, from which it is extracted as a white amorphous substance. In its action it resembles atropine.

JABOT Jab"ot, n. Etym: [F.]

1. Originally, a kind of ruffle worn by men on the bosom of the shirt.

2. An arrangement of lace or tulle, looped ornamentally, and worn by women on the front of the dress.

JACAL Ja*cal" (hä*käl"; 239), n. [Amer. Sp., fr. Mex. xacalli.]

Defn: In Mexico and the southwestern United States, a kind of plastered house or hut, usually made by planting poles or timber in the ground, filling in between them with screen work or wickerwork, and daubing one or both sides with mud or adobe mortar; also, this method of construction.

JACAMAR Jac"a*mar`, n. Etym: [F. jacamar, Braz. jacamarica; cf. Sp. jacamar.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any one of numerous species of tropical American birds of the genus Galbula and allied genera. They are allied to the kingfishers, but climb on tree trunks like nuthatches, and feed upon insects. Their colors are often brilliant.

JACANA Jac"a*na`, n. Etym: [Cf. Sp. jacania.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any of several wading birds belonging to the genus Jacana and several allied genera, all of which have spurs on the wings. They are able to run about over floating water weeds by means of their very long, spreading toes. Called also surgeon bird.

Note: The most common South American species is Jacana spinosa. The East Indian or pheasant jacana (Hydrophasianus chirurgus) is remarkable for having four very long, curved, middle tail feathers.

JACARANDA Jac`a*ran"da, n. Etym: [Braz.; cf. Sp. & Pg. jacaranda.] (Bot.) (a) The native Brazilian name for certain leguminous trees, which produce the beautiful woods called king wood, tiger wood, and violet wood. (b) A genus of bignoniaceous Brazilian trees with showy trumpet- shaped flowers.

JACARE Jac"a*re`, n. Etym: [Pg. jacaré; of Brazilian origin.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A cayman. See Yacare.

JACCHUS Jac"chus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. Jacchus a mystic name of Bacchus, Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The common marmoset (Hapale vulgaris). Formerly, the name was also applied to other species of the same genus.

JACCONET Jac"co*net, n.

Defn: See Jaconet.

JACENT Ja"cent, a. Etym: [L. jacens, p. pr. of jacere to lie: cf. F. jacent.]

Defn: Lying at length; as, the jacent posture. [R.] Sir H. Wotton.

JACINTH Ja"cinth, n. Etym: [F. jacinthe, L. hyacinthus. See Hyacinth.]

Defn: See Hyacinth. Tennyson.

JACK Jack, n. Etym: [Pg. jaca, Malayalam, tsjaka.] (Bot.)

Defn: A large tree, the Artocarpus integrifolia, common in the East Indies, closely allied to the breadfruit, from which it differs in having its leaves entire. The fruit is of great size, weighing from thirty to forty pounds, and through its soft fibrous matter are scattered the seeds, which are roasted and eaten. The wood is of a yellow color, fine grain, and rather heavy, and is much used in cabinetwork. It is also used for dyeing a brilliant yellow. [Written also jak.]

JACK Jack, n. Etym: [F. Jacques James, L. Jacobus, Gr. Ya 'aq Jacob; prop., seizing by the heel; hence, a supplanter. Cf. Jacobite, Jockey.]

1. A familiar nickname of, or substitute for, John. You are John Rugby, and you are Jack Rugby. Shak.

2. An impertinent or silly fellow; a simpleton; a boor; a clown; also, a servant; a rustic. "Jack fool." Chaucer. Since every Jack became a gentleman, There 's many a gentle person made a Jack. Shak.

3. A popular colloquial name for a sailor; — called also Jack tar, and Jack afloat.

4. A mechanical contrivance, an auxiliary machine, or a subordinate part of a machine, rendering convenient service, and often supplying the place of a boy or attendant who was commonly called Jack; as: (a) A device to pull off boots. (b) A sawhorse or sawbuck. (c) A machine or contrivance for turning a spit; a smoke jack, or kitchen jack. (b) (Mining) A wooden wedge for separating rocks rent by blasting. (e) (Knitting Machine) A lever for depressing the sinkers which push the loops down on the needles. (f) (Warping Machine) A grating to separate and guide the threads; a heck box. (g) (Spinning) A machine for twisting the sliver as it leaves the carding machine. (h) A compact, portable machine for planing metal. (i) A machine for slicking or pebbling leather. (k) A system of gearing driven by a horse power, for multiplying speed. (l) A hood or other device placed over a chimney or vent pipe, to prevent a back draught. (m) In the harpsichord, an intermediate piece communicating the action of the key to the quill; — called also hopper. (n) In hunting, the pan or frame holding the fuel of the torch used to attract game at night; also, the light itself. C. Hallock.

5. A portable machine variously constructed, for exerting great pressure, or lifting or moving a heavy body through a small distance. It consists of a lever, screw, rack and pinion, hydraulic press, or any simple combination of mechanical powers, working in a compact pedestal or support and operated by a lever, crank, capstan bar, etc. The name is often given to a jackscrew, which is a kind of jack.

6. The small bowl used as a mark in the game of bowls. Shak. Like an uninstructed bowler who thinks to attain the jack by delivering his bowl straight forward upon it. Sir W. Scott.

7. The male of certain animals, as of the ass.

8. (Zoöl.) (a) A young pike; a pickerel. (b) The jurel. (c) A large, California rock fish (Sebastodes paucispinus); — called also boccaccio, and mérou. (d) The wall-eyed pike.

9. A drinking measure holding half a pint; also, one holding a quarter of a pint. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

10. (Naut.) (a) A flag, containing only the union, without the fly, usually hoisted on a jack staff at the bowsprit cap; — called also union jack. The American jack is a small blue flag, with a star for each State. (b) A bar of iron athwart ships at a topgallant masthead, to support a royal mast, and give spread to the royal shrouds; — called also jack crosstree. R. H. Dana, Jr.

11. The knave of a suit of playing cards.

Note: Jack is used adjectively in various senses. It sometimes designates something cut short or diminished in size; as, a jack timber; a jack rafter; a jack arch, etc. Jack arch, an arch of the thickness of one brick. — Jack back (Brewing & Malt Vinegar Manuf.), a cistern which receives the wort. See under 1st Back. — Jack block (Naut.), a block fixed in the topgallant or royal rigging, used for raising and lowering light masts and spars. — Jack boots, boots reaching above the knee; — worn in the 17 century by soldiers; afterwards by fishermen, etc. — Jack crosstree. (Naut.) See 10, b, above. — Jack curlew (Zoöl.), the whimbrel. — Jack frame. (Cotton Spinning) See 4 (g), above. — Jack Frost, frost personified as a mischievous person. — Jack hare, a male hare. Cowper. — Jack lamp, a lamp for still hunting and camp use. See def. 4 (n.), above. — Jack plane, a joiner's plane used for coarse work. — Jack post, one of the posts which support the crank shaft of a deep-well-boring apparatus. — Jack pot (Poker Playing), the name given to the stakes, contributions to which are made by each player successively, till such a hand is turned as shall take the "pot," which is the sum total of all the bets. — Jack rabbit (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large American hares, having very large ears and long legs. The California species (Lepus Californicus), and that of Texas and New Mexico (L. callotis), have the tail black above, and the ears black at the tip. They do not become white in winter. The more northern prairie hare (L. campestris) has the upper side of the tail white, and in winter its fur becomes nearly white. — Jack rafter (Arch.), in England, one of the shorter rafters used in constructing a hip or valley roof; in the United States, any secondary roof timber, as the common rafters resting on purlins in a trussed roof; also, one of the pieces simulating extended rafters, used under the eaves in some styles of building. — Jack salmon (Zoöl.), the wall-eyed pike, or glasseye. — Jack sauce, an impudent fellow. [Colloq. & Obs.] — Jack shaft (Mach.), the first intermediate shaft, in a factory or mill, which receives power, through belts or gearing, from a prime mover, and transmits it, by the same means, to other intermediate shafts or to a line shaft. — Jack sinker (Knitting Mach.), a thin iron plate operated by the jack to depress the loop of thread between two needles. — Jack snipe. (Zoöl.) See in the Vocabulary. — Jack staff (Naut.), a staff fixed on the bowsprit cap, upon which the jack is hoisted. — Jack timber (Arch.), any timber, as a rafter, rib, or studding, which, being intercepted, is shorter than the others. — Jack towel, a towel hung on a roller for common use. — Jack truss (Arch.), in a hip roof, a minor truss used where the roof has not its full section. — Jack tree. (Bot.) See 1st Jack, n. — Jack yard (Naut.), a short spar to extend a topsail beyond the gaff. Blue jack, blue vitriol; sulphate of copper. — Hydraulic jack, a jack used for lifting, pulling, or forcing, consisting of a compact portable hydrostatic press, with its pump and a reservoir containing a supply of liquid, as oil. — Jack-at-a-pinch. (a) One called upon to take the place of another in an emergency. (b) An itinerant parson who conducts an occasional service for a fee. — Jack-at-all-trades, one who can turn his hand to any kind of work. — Jack-by-the-hedge (Bot.), a plant of the genus Erysimum (E. alliaria, or Alliaria officinalis), which grows under hedges. It bears a white flower and has a taste not unlike garlic. Called also, in England, sauce-alone. Eng. Cyc. — Jack-in-a-box. (a) (Bot.) A tropical tree (Hernandia sonora), which bears a drupe that rattles when dry in the inflated calyx. (b) A child's toy, consisting of a box, out of which, when the lid is raised, a figure springs. (c) (Mech.) An epicyclic train of bevel gears for transmitting rotary motion to two parts in such a manner that their relative rotation may be variable; applied to driving the wheels of tricycles, road locomotives, and to cotton machinery, etc.; an equation box; a jack frame; — called also compensating gearing. (d) A large wooden screw turning in a nut attached to the crosspiece of a rude press. — Jack-in-office, an insolent fellow in authority. Wolcott. — Jack-in-the-bush (Bot.), a tropical shrub with red fruit (Cordia Cylindrostachya). — Jack-in-the-green, a chimney sweep inclosed in a framework of boughs, carried in Mayday processions. — Jack-in-the-pulpit (Bot.), the American plant Arisæma triphyllum, or Indian turnip, in which the upright spadix is inclosed. — Jack-of-the-buttery (Bot.), the stonecrop (Sedum acre). — Jack-of-the-clock, a figure, usually of a man, on old clocks, which struck the time on the bell. — Jack-on-both-sides, one who is or tries to be neutral. — Jack-out-of-office, one who has been in office and is turned out. Shak. — Jack the Giant Killer, the hero of a well-known nursery story. — Jack-with-a-lantern, Jack-o'-lantern. (a) An ignis fatuus; a will-o'-the-wisp. "[Newspaper speculations] supplying so many more jack-o'-lanterns to the future historian." Lowell. (b) A lantern made of a pumpkin so prepared as to show in illumination the features of a human face, etc. — Yellow Jack (Naut.), the yellow fever; also, the quarantine flag. See Yellow flag, under Flag.

JACK Jack, n. Etym: [F. jaque, jacque, perh. from the proper name Jacques. Cf. Jacquerie.]

Defn: A coarse and cheap mediæval coat of defense, esp. one made of leather. Their horsemen are with jacks for most part clad. Sir J. Harrington.

JACK Jack, n. Etym: [Named from its resemblance to a jack boot.]

Defn: A pitcher or can of waxed leather; — called also black jack. [Obs.] Dryden.

JACK Jack, v. i.

Defn: To hunt game at night by means of a jack. See 2d Jack, n., 4, n.

JACK Jack, v. t.

Defn: To move or lift, as a house, by means of a jack or jacks. See 2d Jack, n., 5.

JACK-A-DANDY Jack`-a-dan"dy, n.

Defn: A little dandy; a little, foppish, impertinent fellow.

JACKAL Jack"al`, n. Etym: [Pers. shaghal: cf. OF. jackal, F. chacal; cf. Skr. ç\'f0gala.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any one of several species of carnivorous animals inhabiting Africa and Asia, related to the dog and wolf. They are cowardly, nocturnal, and gregarious. They feed largely on carrion, and are noted for their piercing and dismal howling.

Note: The common species of Southern Asia (Canis aureus) is yellowish gray, varied with brown on the shoulders, haunches, and legs. The common African species (C. anthus) is darker in color.

2. One who does mean work for another's advantage, as jackals were once thought to kill game which lions appropriated. [Colloq.] Ld. Lytton.

JACK-A-LENT Jack"-a-lent, n.

Defn: A small stuffed puppet to be pelted in Lent; hence, a simple fellow.

JACKANAPES Jack"a*napes, n. Etym: [For Jack o' (= of) apes; prop., a man who exhibits apes.] [Written also jackanape.]

1. A monkey; an ape. Shak.

2. A coxcomb; an impertinent or conceited fellow. A young upstart jackanapes. Arbuthnot.

JACKAROO; JACKEROO Jack`a*roo", n. Also Jack`e*roo". [Jack + kangaroo.]

Defn: A young man living as an apprentice on a sheep station, or otherwise engaged in acquainting himself with colonial life. [Colloq., Australia]

JACKAROO Jack`a*roo", v. i.

Defn: To be a jackaroo; to pass one's time as a jackaroo. [Colloq., Australia]

JACKASS Jack"ass`, n. Etym: [2d jack + ass.]

1. The male ass; a donkey.

2. A conceited dolt; a perverse blockhead. Jackass bark (Naut.), a three-masted vessel, with only the foremast square-rigged; a barkentine. — Jackass deer (Zoöl.), the koba. — Jackass hare, Jackass rabbit (Zoöl.). See Jack rabbit, under 2d Jack, n. — Jackass penguin (Zoöl.), any species of penguin of the genus Spheniscus, of which several are known. One species (S. demersus) inhabits the islands near the Cape of Good Hope; another (S. Magellanicus) is found at the Falkland Islands. They make a noise like the braying of an ass; — hence the name. — Laughing jackass. (Zoöl.) See under Laughing.

JACKDAW Jack"daw`, n. Etym: [Prob. 2d jack + daw, n.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Daw, n.

JACKEEN Jack*een", n.

Defn: A drunken, dissolute fellow. [Ireland] S. C. Hall.

JACKET Jack"et, n. Etym: [F. jaquette, dim. of jaque. See 3d Jack, n.]

1. A short upper garment, extending downward to the hips; a short coat without skirts.

2. An outer covering for anything, esp. a covering of some nonconducting material such as wood or felt, used to prevent radiation of heat, as from a steam boiler, cylinder, pipe, etc.

3. (Mil.)

Defn: In ordnance, a strengthening band surrounding and reënforcing the tube in which the charge is fired.

4. A garment resembling a waistcoat lined with cork, to serve as a life preserver; — called also cork jacket. Blue jacket. (Naut.) See under Blue. — Steam jacket, a space filled with steam between an inner and an outer cylinder, or between a casing and a receptacle, as a kettle. — To dust one's jacket, to give one a beating. [Colloq.]

JACKET Jack"et, v. t.

1. To put a jacket on; to furnish, as a boiler, with a jacket.

2. To thrash; to beat. [Low]

JACKETED Jack"et*ed, a.

Defn: Wearing, or furnished with, a jacket.

JACKETING Jack"et*ing, n.

Defn: The material of a jacket; as, nonconducting jacketing.

JACK KETCH Jack" Ketch". Etym: [Perh. fr. Jack, the proper name + Prov. E. ketch a hangman, fr. ketch, for catch to seize; but see the citations below.]

Defn: A public executioner, or hangman. [Eng.] The manor of Tyburn was formerly held by Richard Jaquett, where felons for a long time were executed; from whence we have Jack Ketch. Lloyd's MS., British Museum. [Monmouth] then accosted John Ketch, the executioner, a wretch who had butchered many brave and noble victims, and whose name has, during a century and a half, been vulgarly given to all who have succeeded him in his odious office. Macaulay.

JACKKNIFE Jack"knife`, n.

Defn: A large, strong clasp knife for the pocket; a pocket knife.

JACK-'-LANTERN Jack"-o'-lan`tern, n.

Defn: See Jack-with-a-lantern, under 2d Jack.

JACKMAN Jack"man, n.; pl. Jackmen (.

1. One wearing a jack; a horse soldier; a retainer. See 3d Jack, n. Christie . . . the laird's chief jackman. Sir W. Scott.

2. A cream cheese. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

JACK-O'-LANTERN Jack"-o'-lan`tern, n.

Defn: See Jack-with-a-lantern, under 2d Jack. JACKPOT Jackpot

Defn: 1. (a) See "jack pot" under jack; (b) any larger-than-usual gambling prize formed by the accumulation of unwon bets[=MW10 1(a)(2) and 1(c)]; (c) the highest gambling prize awarded in a gambling game in which smaller prizes are also awarded, especially such a prize on a slot machine.

Defn: 2. (a) An unusually large success in an enterprise, either unexpected or unpredictable, esp. one providing a great financial benefit. hit the jackpotto receive an unexpectedly large (or the largest possible) benefit from an enterprise.

JACKPUDDING Jack"pud`ding, n.

Defn: A merry-andrew; a buffoon. Milton.

JACKSAW Jack"saw`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The merganser.

JACKSCREW Jack"screw`, n.

Defn: A jack in which a screw is used for lifting, or exerting pressure. See Illust. of 2d Jack, n., 5.

JACKSLAVE Jack"slave`, n.

Defn: A low servant; a mean fellow. Shak.

JACKSMITH Jack"smith`, n.

Defn: A smith who makes jacks. See 2d Jack, 4, c. Dryden.

JACKSNIPE Jack"snipe`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) A small European snipe (Limnocryptes gallinula); — called also judcock, jedcock, juddock, jed, and half snipe. (b) A small American sandpiper (Tringa maculata); — called also pectoral sandpiper, and grass snipe.

JACKSTAY Jack"stay`, n. (Naut.)

Defn: A rail of wood or iron stretching along a yard of a vessel, to which the sails are fastened.

JACKSTONE Jack"stone`, n. (a) One of the pebbles or pieces used in the game of jackstones. (b) (pl.) A game played with five small stones or pieces of metal. See 6th Chuck.

JACKSTRAW Jack"straw`, n.

1. An effigy stuffed with straw; a scarecrow; hence, a man without property or influence. Milton.

2. One of a set of straws of strips of ivory, bone, wood, etc., for playing a child's game, the jackstraws being thrown confusedly together on a table, to be gathered up singly by a hooked instrument, without touching or disturbing the rest of the pile. See Spilikin.

JACKWOOD Jack"wood`, n.

Defn: Wood of the jack (Artocarpus integrifolia), used in cabinetwork.

JACKY Jack"y, n.; pl. Jackies (#). Dim. or pet from Jack. Hence: (a) A landsman's nickname for a seaman, resented by the latter. (b) English gin. [Dial. Eng.]

JACOB Ja"cob, n. Etym: [Cf. F. Jacob. See 2d Jack.]

Defn: A Hebrew patriarch (son of Isaac, and ancestor of the Jews), who in a vision saw a ladder reaching up to heaven (Gen. xxviii. 12); — also called Israel. And Jacob said . . . with my staff I passed over this Jordan, and now I am become two bands. Gen. xxxii. 9, 10. Thy name shall be called no more Jacob, but Israel. Gen. xxxii. 28. Jacob's ladder. (a) (Bot.) A perennial herb of the genus Polemonium (P. coeruleum), having corymbs of drooping flowers, usually blue. Gray. (b) (Naut.) A rope ladder, with wooden steps, for going aloft. R. H. Dana, Jr. (c) (Naut.) A succession of short cracks in a defective spar. — Jacob's membrane. See Retina. — Jacob's staff. (a) A name given to many forms of staff or weapon, especially in the Middle Ages; a pilgrim's staff. [Obs.] Spenser. (b) (Surveying) See under Staff.

JACOBAEAN LILY Jac`o*bæ"an lil"y. Etym: [See Jacobean.] (Bot.)

Defn: A bulbous plant (Amaryllis, or Sprekelia, formosissima) from Mexico. It bears a single, large, deep, red, lilylike flower. [Written also Jacobean.]

JACOBEAN; JACOBIAN Ja*co"be*an, Ja*co"bi*an, a. Etym: [From L. Jacobus James. See 2d Jack.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to a style of architecture and decoration in the time of James the First, of England. "A Jacobean table." C. L. Eastlake.

JACOBIN Jac"o*bin, n. Etym: [F. See 2d Jack, Jacobite.]

1. (Eccl. Hist.)

Defn: A Dominican friar; — so named because, before the French Revolution, that order had a convent in the Rue St. Jacques, Paris.

2. One of a society of violent agitators in France, during the revolution of 1789, who held secret meetings in the Jacobin convent in the Rue St. Jacques, Paris, and concerted measures to control the proceedings of the National Assembly. Hence: A plotter against an existing government; a turbulent demagogue.

3. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A fancy pigeon, in which the feathers of the neck form a hood, — whence the name. The wings and tail are long, and the beak moderately short.

JACOBIN Jac"o*bin, a.

Defn: Same as Jacobinic.

JACOBINE Jac"o*bine, n.

Defn: A Jacobin.

JACOBINIC; JACOBINICAL Jac`o*bin"ic, Jac`o*bin"ic*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Jacobins of France; revolutionary; of the nature of, or characterized by, Jacobinism. Burke. — Jac`o*bin"ic*al*ly, adv.

JACOBINISM Jac"o*bin*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. Jacobinisme.]

Defn: The principles of the Jacobins; violent and factious opposition to legitimate government. Under this new stimulus, Burn's previous Jacobitism passed towards the opposite, but not very distant, extreme of Jacobinism. J. C. Shairp.

JACOBINIZE Jac"o*bin*ize`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jacobinized; p. pr. & vb. n. Jacobinizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. Jacobiniser.]

Defn: To taint with, or convert to, Jacobinism. France was not then jacobinized. Burke.

JACOBITE Jac"o*bite, n. Etym: [L. Jacobus James: cf. F. Jacobite. See 2d Jack.]

1. (Eng. Hist.)

Defn: A partisan or adherent of James the Second, after his abdication, or of his descendants, an opposer of the revolution in 1688 in favor of William and Mary. Macaulay.

2. (Eccl.)

Defn: One of the sect of Syrian Monophysites. The sect is named after Jacob Baradæus, its leader in the sixth century.

JACOBITE Jac"o*bite, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Jacobites.

JACOBITIC; JACOBITICAL Jac`o*bit"ic, Jac`o*bit"ic*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Jacobites; characterized by Jacobitism. — Jac`o*bit"ic*al*ly, adv.

JACOBITISM Jac"o*bit*ism`, n.

Defn: The principles of the Jacobites. Mason.

JACOBUS Ja*co"bus, n.; pl. Jacobuses. Etym: [See Jacobite.]

Defn: An English gold coin, of the value of twenty-five shillings sterling, struck in the reign of James I.

JACONET Jac"o*net, n. Etym: [F. jaconas.]

Defn: A thin cotton fabric, between and muslin, used for dresses, neckcloths, etc. [Written also jacconet.]

JACQUARD Jac*quard", a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or invented by, Jacquard, a French mechanician, who died in 1834. Jacquard apparatus or arrangement, a device applied to looms for weaving figured goods, consisting of mechanism controlled by a chain of variously perforated cards, which cause the warp threads to be lifted in the proper succession for producing the required figure. — Jacquard card, one of the perforated cards of a Jacquard apparatus. — Jackquard loom, a loom with Jacquard apparatus.

JACQUEMINOT Jacque"mi*not, n.

Defn: A half-hardy, deep crimson rose of the remontant class; — so named after General Jacqueminot, of France.

JACQUERIE Jacque`rie", n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: The name given to a revolt of French peasants against the nobles in 1358, the leader assuming the contemptuous title, Jacques Bonhomme, given by the nobles to the peasantry. Hence, any revolt of peasants.

JACTANCY Jac"tan*cy, n. Etym: [L. jactantia, fr. jactans, p. pr. of jactare to throw, boast, freq. fr. jacere to throw; cf. F. jactance.]

Defn: A boasting; a bragging. [Obs.]

JACTATION Jac*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. jactatio, fr. jactare: af. F. jactation. See Jactancy.]

Defn: A throwing or tossing of the body; a shaking or agitation. Sir. W. Temple.

JACTITATION Jac"ti*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. jactitare to utter in public, from jactare. See Jactancy.]

1. (Law)

Defn: Vain boasting or assertions repeated to the prejudice of another's right; false claim. Mozley & W.

2. (Med.)

Defn: A frequent tossing or moving of the body; restlessness, as in delirium. Dunglison. Jactitation of marriage (Eng. Eccl. Law), a giving out or boasting by a party that he or she is married to another, whereby a common reputation of their matrimony may ensue. Blackstone.

JACULABLE Jac"u*la*ble, a.

Defn: Fit for throwing. [Obs.]

JACULATE Jac"u*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jaculated; p. pr. & vb. n. Jaculating.] Etym: [L. jaculatus, p. p. of jaculari. See Ejaculate.]

Defn: To throw or cast, as a dart; to throw out; to emit.

JACULATION Jac`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. jaculatio.]

Defn: The act of tossing, throwing, or hurling, as spears. Hurled to and fro with jaculation dire. Milton.

JACULATOR Jac"u*la`tor, Etym: [L.]

1. One who throws or casts. [R.]

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The archer fish (Toxotes jaculator).

JACULATORY Jac"u*la*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. jaculatorius: cf. F. jaculatoire.]

Defn: Darting or throwing out suddenly; also, suddenly thrown out; uttered in short sentences; ejaculatory; as, jaculatory prayers. Smart.

JADDING Jad"ding, n. (Mining)

Defn: See Holing.

JADE Jade, n. Etym: [F., fr. Sp. jade, fr. piedra de ijada stone of the side, fr. ijada flank, side, pain in the side, the stone being so named because it was supposed to cure this pain. Sp. ijada is derived fr. L. ilia flanks. Cf. Iliac.] (Min.)

Defn: A stone, commonly of a pale to dark green color but sometimes whitish. It is very hard and compact, capable of fine polish, and is used for ornamental purposes and for implements, esp. in Eastern countries and among many early peoples.

Note: The general term jade includes nephrite, a compact variety of tremolite with a specific gravity of 3, and also the mineral jadeite, a silicate of alumina and soda, with a specific gravity of 3.3. The latter is the more highly prized and includes the feitsui of the Chinese. The name has also been given to other tough green minerals capable of similar use.

JADE Jade, n. Etym: [OE. jade; cf. Prov. E. yaud, Scot. yade, yad, yaud, Icel. jalda a mare.]

1. A mean or tired horse; a worthless nag. Chaucer. Tired as a jade in overloaden cart. Sir P. Sidney.

2. A disreputable or vicious woman; a wench; a quean; also, sometimes, a worthless man. Shak. She shines the first of battered jades. Swift.

3. A young woman; — generally so called in irony or slight contempt. A souple jade she was, and strang. Burns.

JADE Jade, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Jading.]

1. To treat like a jade; to spurn. [Obs.] Shak.

2. To make ridiculous and contemptible. [Obs.] I do now fool myself, to let imagination jade me. Shak.

3. To exhaust by overdriving or long-continued labor of any kind; to tire or wear out by severe or tedious tasks; to harass. The mind, once jaded by an attempt above its power, . . . checks at any vigorous undertaking ever after. Locke.

Syn. — To fatigue; tire; weary; harass. — To Jade, Fatigue, Tire, Weary. Fatigue is the generic term; tire denotes fatigue which wastes the strength; weary implies that a person is worn out by exertion; jade refers to the weariness created by a long and steady repetition of the same act or effort. A little exertion will tire a child or a weak person; a severe or protracted task wearies equally the body and the mind; the most powerful horse becomes jaded on a long journey by a continual straining of the same muscles. Wearied with labor of body or mind; tired of work, tired out by importunities; jaded by incessant attention to business.

JADE Jade, v. i.

Defn: To become weary; to lose spirit. They . . . fail, and jade, and tire in the prosecution. South.

JADEITE Jade"ite, n. (Min.)

Defn: See Jade, the stone.

JADERY Jad"er*y, n.

Defn: The tricks of a jade.

JADISH Jad"ish, a.

1. Vicious; ill-tempered; resembling a jade; — applied to a horse.

2. Unchaste; — applied to a woman. L'Estrange.

JAEGER Jae"ger, n.

Defn: See Jager.

JAG Jag, n. Etym: [Prob. of Celtic origin; cf. W. gag aperture, cleft, chink; akin to Ir. & Gael. gag.] [Written also jagg.]

1. A notch; a cleft; a barb; a ragged or sharp protuberance; a denticulation. Arethuss arose . . . From rock and from jag. Shelley. Garments thus beset with long jags. Holland.

2. A part broken off; a fragment. Bp. Hacket.

3. (Bot.)

Defn: A cleft or division. Jag bolt, a bolt with a nicked or barbed shank which resists retraction, as when leaded into stone.

JAG Jag, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jagged; p. pr. & vb. n. Jagging.]

Defn: To cut into notches or teeth like those of a saw; to notch. [Written also jagg. Jagging iron, a wheel with a zigzag or jagged edge for cutting cakes or pastry into ornamental figures.

JAG Jag, n. Etym: [Scot. jag, jaug, a leather bag or wallet, a pocket. Cf. Jag a notch.]

Defn: A small load, as of hay or grain in the straw, or of ore. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.] [Written also jagg.] Forby.

JAG Jag, v. t.

Defn: To carry, as a load; as, to jag hay, etc. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.]

JAGANATHA; JAGANATHA Jag`a*nat"ha, Jag`a*nat"ha, n.

Defn: See Juggernaut.

JAGANNATH; JAGANNATHA; JUGGERNAUT Jag"an*nath, Jag`an*na"tha, n. Also Jug"ger*naut. [Hind. Jagan-nath lord of the world, Skr. jagannatha.] (Hinduism)

Defn: A particular form of Vishnu, or of Krishna, whose chief idol and worship are at Puri, in Orissa. The idol is considered to contain the bones of Krishna and to possess a soul. The principal festivals are the Snanayatra, when the idol is bathed, and the Rathayatra, when the image is drawn upon a car adorned with obscene paintings. Formerly it was erroneously supposed that devotees allowed themselves to be crushed beneath the wheels of this car. It is now known that any death within the temple of Jagannath is considered to render the place unclean, and any spilling of blood in the presence of the idol is a pollution.

JAGER Ja"ger, n. Etym: [G. jäger a hunter, a sportsman. Cf. Yager.] [Written also jaeger.]

1. (Mil.)

Defn: A sharpshooter. See Yager.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any species of gull of the genus Stercorarius. Three species occur on the Atlantic coast. The jagers pursue other species of gulls and force them to disgorge their prey. The two middle tail feathers are usually decidedly longer than the rest. Called also boatswain, and marline-spike bird. The name is also applied to the skua, or Arctic gull (Megalestris skua).

JAGG Jagg, v. t. & n.

Defn: See Jag.

JAGGED Jag"ged, a.

Defn: Having jags; having rough, sharp notches, protuberances, or teeth; cleft; laciniate; divided; as, jagged rocks. " Jagged vine leaves' shade." Trench. — Jag"ged*ly, adv. — Jag"ged*ness, n.

JAGGER Jag"ger, n.

Defn: One who carries about a small load; a peddler. See 2d Jag. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

JAGGER Jag"ger, n. Etym: [From 4th Jag.]

Defn: One who, or that which, jags; specifically: (a) jagging iron used for crimping pies, cakes, etc. (b) A toothed chisel. See Jag, v. t. Jagger spring, a spring beneath a seat, and resting on cleats or blocks in the body of a vehicle. Knight.

JAGGERY Jag"ger*y, n. Etym: [Hind jagri. Cf. Sugar.]

Defn: Raw palm sugar, made in the East Indies by evaporating the fresh juice of several kinds of palm trees, but specifically that of the palmyra (Borassus flabelliformis). [Written also jagghery.]

JAGGERY PALM Jag"ger*y palm.

Defn: An East Indian palm (Caryota urens) having leaves pinnate with wedge-shaped divisions, the petiole very stout. It is the principal source of jaggery, and is often cultivated for ornament.

JAGGY Jag"gy, a.

Defn: Having jags; set with teeth; notched; uneven; as, jaggy teeth. Addison.

JAGHIR Ja"ghir, n. Etym: [Per. jagir.]

Defn: A village or district the government and revenues of which are assigned to some person, usually in consideration of some service to be rendered, esp. the maintenance of troops. [Written also jaghire, jagir, etc.] [India] Whitworth.

JAGHIRDAR Ja"ghir*dar`, n. Etym: [Per. jagir-dar.]

Defn: The holder of a jaghir.

JAGUA PALM Ja"gua palm`. Etym: [Sp. jagua the fruit of the jagua palm.] (Bot.)

Defn: A great Brazilian palm (Maximiliana regia), having immense spathes which are used for baskets and tubs.

JAGUAR Ja*guar", n. Etym: [Braz. yagoára: cf. & Pg. jaguar.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large and powerful feline animal (Felis onca), ranging from Texas and Mexico to Patagonia. It is usually brownish yellow, with large, dark, somewhat angular rings, each generally inclosing one or two dark spots. It is chiefly arboreal in its habits. Called also the American tiger.

JAGUARONDI Ja`gua*ron"di, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A South American wild cat (Felis jaguarondi), having a long, slim body and very short legs. Its color is grayish brown, varied with a blackish hue. It is arboreal in its habits and feeds mostly on birds.

JAH Jah (jä), n. Etym: [Heb. yah.]

Defn: Jehovah. Ps. lxviii. 4.

JAHVIST; JAHVISTIC Jah"vist, n., Jah*vis"tic, a.

Defn: See Jehovist, Jehovistic.

JAIL Jail, n. Etym: [OE. jaile, gail, gayhol, OF. gaole, gaiole, jaiole, F. geôle, LL. gabiola, dim. of gabia cage, for L. cavea cavity, cage. See Cage.]

Defn: A kind of prison; a building for the confinement of persons held in lawful custody, especially for minor offenses or with reference to some future judicial proceeding. [Written also gaol.] This jail I count the house of liberty. Milton. Jail bird, a prisoner; one who has been confined in prison. [Slang] - - Jail delivery, the release of prisoners from jail, either legally or by violence. — Jail delivery commission. See under Gaol. — Jail fever (Med.), typhus fever, or a disease resembling it, generated in jails and other places crowded with people; — called also hospital fever, and ship fever. — Jail liberties, or Jail limits, a space or district around a jail within which an imprisoned debtor was, on certain conditions, allowed to go at large. Abbott. — Jail lock, a peculiar form of padlock; — called also Scandinavian lock.

JAIL Jail, v. t.

Defn: To imprison. [R.] T. Adams (1614). [Bolts] that jail you from free life. Tennyson.

JAILER Jail"er, n. Etym: [OE. jailer, gailer, OF. geolier, F. geôlier. See Jail.]

Defn: The keeper of a jail or prison. [Written also jailor, gaoler.]

JAIN; JAINA Jain, Jai"na, n. Etym: [Skr. Jaina, fr. Jina, a proper name, fr. jina victorious.]

Defn: One of a numerous sect in British India, holding the tenets of Jainism.

JAINISM Jain"ism, n.

Defn: The heterodox Hindoo religion, of which the most striking features are the exaltation of saints or holy mortals, called jins, above the ordinary Hindoo gods, and the denial of the divine origin and infallibility of the Vedas. It is intermediate between Brahmanism and Buddhism, having some things in common with each.

JAIROU Jai*rou", n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The ahu or Asiatic gazelle.

JAK Jak, n. (Bot.)

Defn: see Ils Jack.

JAKES Jakes, n. Etym: [Prob. fr. F. Jacques, the proper name. See 2d Jack.]

Defn: A privy. Shak.

JAKIE Ja"kie, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A South American striped frog (Pseudis paradoxa), remarkable for having a tadpole larger than the adult, and hence called also paradoxical frog.

JAKO Jak"o (jâk"o), n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An African parrot (Psittacus erithacus), very commonly kept as a cage bird; — called also gray parrot.

JAKWOOD Jak"wood`, n.

Defn: See Jackwood.

JALAP Jal"ap, n. Etym: [F., fr. Sp. jalapa; — so called from Jalapa, a town in Mexico, whence it was first obtained.] (Med.)

Defn: The tubers of the Mexican plant Ipomoea purga (or Exogonium purga), a climber much like the morning-glory. The abstract, extract, and powder, prepared from the tubers, are well known purgative medicines. Other species of Ipomoea yield several inferior kinds of jalap, as the I. Orizabensis, and I. tuberosa. False jalap, the root of Mirabilis Jalapa, four-o'clock, or marvel of Peru.

JALAPIC Ja*lap"ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to jalap.

JALAPIN Jal"a*pin, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A glucoside found in the stems of the jalap plant and scammony. It is a strong purgative.

JALONS Ja`lons", n. pl. Etym: [F. Of unknown origin.] (Mil.)

Defn: Long poles, topped with wisps of straw, used as landmarks and signals. Farrow.

JALOUSIE Ja`lou`sie", n. Etym: [F. See Jealousy.]

Defn: A Venetian or slatted inside window blind.

JALOUSIED Ja`lou`sied", a.

Defn: Furnished with jalousies; as, jalousied porches.

JAM Jam, n. Etym: [Per. or Hind. jamah garment, robe.]

Defn: A kind of frock for children.

JAM Jam, n. (Mining)

Defn: See Jamb.

JAM Jam, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jammed; p. pr. & vb. n. Jamming.] Etym: [Either fr. jamb, as if squeezed between jambs, or more likely from the same source as champ See Champ.]

1. To press into a close or tight position; to crowd; to squeeze; to wedge in. The . . . jammed in between two rocks. De Foe.

2. To crush or bruise; as, to jam a finger in the crack of a door. [Colloq.]

3. (Naut.)

Defn: To bring (a vessel) so close to the wind that half her upper sails are laid aback. W. C. Russell.

JAM Jam, n.

1. A mass of people or objects crowded together; also, the pressure from a crowd; a crush; as, a jam in a street; a jam of logs in a river.

2. An injury caused by jamming. [Colloq.]

JAM Jam, n. Etym: [Prob. fr. jam, v.; but cf. also Ar. jamad ice, jelly, jamid congealed, jamd congelation, ice.]

Defn: A preserve of fruit boiled with sugar and water; as, raspberry jam; currant jam; grape jam. Jam nut. See Check nut, under Check. — Jam weld (Forging), a butt weld. See under Butt.

JAMACINA Jam`a*ci"na, n. Etym: [NL.]

Defn: Jamaicine.

JAMADAR Jam"a*dar, n.

Defn: Same as Jemidar.

JAMAICA Ja*mai"ca, n.

Defn: One of the West India is islands. Jamaica ginger, a variety of ginger, called also white ginger, prepared in Jamaica from the best roots, which are deprived of their epidermis and dried separately. — Jamaica pepper, allspice. — Jamaica rose (Bot.), a West Indian melastomaceous shrub (Blakea trinervis), with showy pink flowers.

JAMAICAN Ja*mai"can, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Jamaica. — n.

Defn: A native or inhabitant of Jamaica.

JAMAICINE Ja*ma"i*cine, n. Etym: [From Jamaica.] (Chem.)

Defn: An alkaloid said to be contained in the bark of Geoffroya inermis, a leguminous tree growing in Jamaica and Surinam; — called also jamacina. Watts.

JAMB Jamb, n. Etym: [Prov. E. jaumb, jaum, F. jambe a leg, jambe de force a principal rafter. See Gambol.]

1. (Arch)

Defn: The vertical side of any opening, as a door or fireplace; hence, less properly, any narrow vertical surface of wall, as the of a chimney-breast or of a pier, as distinguished from its face. Gwilt.

2. (Mining)

Defn: Any thick mass of rock which prevents miners from following the lode or vein.

JAMB Jamb, v. t.

Defn: See Jam, v. t.

JAMBEE Jam*bee", n. Etym: [See Jamb, n.: cf. OF. jamboier to walk.]

Defn: A fashionable cane. [Obs.] Tatler.

JAMBES; JAMBEUX Jambes, Jam"beux, n. pl. Etym: [From F. jambe a leg: cf. OF. jambiere. See Jamb, n.] (Ancient Armor)

Defn: In the Middle Ages, armor for the legs below the knees. [Written also giambeux.] Chaucer.

JAMBOLANA Jam`bo*la"na, n. Etym: [Cf. Pg. jambolao a kind of tropical fruit.] (Bot.)

Defn: A myrtaceous tree of the West Indies and tropical America (Calyptranthes Jambolana), with astringent bark, used for dyeing. It bears an edible fruit.

JAMBOOL; JAMBUL Jam"bool, Jam"bul, n. [Hind. jambu, jambul, prop., the rose-apple tree or its fruit, fr. Skr. jambu, jambu.]

Defn: The Java plum; also, a drug obtained from its bark and seeds, used as a remedy for diabetes.

JAMBOOREE Jam`boo*ree", n. [Etym. uncertain. Cf. Jambone.]

Defn: A noisy or unrestrained carousal or frolic; a spree. [Slang] Kipling.

A Calcutta-made pony cart had been standing in front of the manager's bungalow when Raja Singh started on his jamboree. W. A. Fraser.

JAMDANI Jam"da*ni, n.

Defn: A silk fabric, with a woven pattern of sprigs of flowers. [Written also jamdanee.] Balfour (Cyc. of India).

JAMESONITE Ja"me*son*ite, n. Etym: [From Prof. Jameson, of Edinburgh.] (Min.)

Defn: A steel-gray mineral, of metallic luster, commonly fibrous massive. It is a sulphide of antimony and lead, with a little iron.

JAMES'S POWDER James"'s pow`der. (Med.)

Defn: Antimonial powder, first prepared by Dr. James, ar English physician; — called also fever powder.

JAMESTOWN WEED James"town` weed`. (Bot.)

Defn: The poisonous thorn apple or stramonium (Datura stramonium), a rank weed early noticed at Jamestown, Virginia. See Datura.

Note: This name is often corrupted into jimson, jimpson, and gympsum.

JAN Jan, n. Etym: [Ar.] (Moham. Myth.)

Defn: One of intermediate order between angels and men.

JANE Jane, n. Etym: [LL. Janua Genoa; L. Genua, also OE. Jean.]

1. A coin of Genoa; any small coin. Chaucer.

2. A kind of twilled cotton cloth. See Jean.

JANE-OF-APES Jane"-of-apes", n.

Defn: A silly, pert girl; — corresponding to jackanapes. Massinger.

JANGLE Jan"gle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jangled; p. pr. & vb. n. Jangling.] Etym: [OE. janglen to quarrel, OF. jangler to rail, quarrel; of Dutch or German origin; cf. D. jangelen, janken, to whimper, chide, brawl, quarrel.]

1. To sound harshly or discordantly, as bells out of tune.

2. To talk idly; to prate; to babble; to chatter; to gossip. "Thou janglest as a jay." Chaucer.

3. To quarrel in words; to altercate; to wrangle. Good wits will be jangling; but, gentles, agree. Shak. Prussian Trenck . . . jargons and jangles in an unmelodious manner. Carlyle.

JANGLE Jan"gle, v. t.

Defn: To cause to sound harshly or inharmoniously; to produce discordant sounds with. Like sweet bells jangled, out of tune, and harsh. Shak.

JANGLE Jan"gle, n. Etym: [Cf. OF.jangle.]

1. Idle talk; prate; chatter; babble. Chaucer.

2. Discordant sound; wrangling. The musical jangle of sleigh bells. Longfellow.

JANGLER Jan"gler, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. jangleor.]

1. An idle talker; a babbler; a prater. Chaucer.

2. A wrangling, noisy fellow.

JANGLERESS Jan"gler*ess, n.

Defn: A female prater or babbler.

JANGLERY Jan"gler*y, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. janglerie chattering, talk.]

Defn: Jangling. [Obs.] Chaucer.

JANGLING Jan"gling, a.

Defn: Producing discordant sounds. "A jangling noise." Milton.

JANGLING Jan"gling, n.

1. Idle babbling; vain disputation. From which some, having swerved, have turned aside unto vain jangling. 1 Tim. i. 6.

2. Wrangling; altercation. Lamb.

JANISSARY Jan"is*sa*ry, n.

Defn: See Janizary.

JANITOR Jan"i*tor, n. Etym: [L., fr. janua a door.]

Defn: A door-keeper; a porter; one who has the care of a public building, or a building occupied for offices, suites of rooms, etc.

JANITRESS; JANITRIX Jan"i*tress, Jan"i*trix, n. Etym: [L. janitrix. See Janitor.]

Defn: A female janitor.

JANIZAR Jan"i*zar`, n.

Defn: A janizary. [R.] Byron.

JANIZARIAN Jan`i*za"ri*an, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the janizaries, or their government. Burke.

JANIZARY Jan"i*za*ry, n.; pl. Janizaries. Etym: [F. janissaire, fr. Turk. ye new soldiers or troops.]

Defn: A soldier of a privileged military class, which formed the nucleus of the Turkish infantry, but was suppressed in 1826. [written also janissary.]

JANKER Jan"ker, n.

Defn: A long pole on two wheels, used in hauling logs. [Scot.] Jamieson.

JANSENISM Jan"sen*ism, n. Etym: [F. Jansénisme.] (Eccl. Hist.)

Defn: The doctrine of Jansen regarding free will and divine grace.

JANSENIST Jan"sen*ist, n. Etym: [F. Janséniste.] (Eccl. Hist.)

Defn: A follower of Cornelius Jansen, a Roman Catholic bishop of Ypres, in Flanders, in the 17th century, who taught certain doctrines denying free will and the possibility of resisting divine grace.

JANT Jant, v. i.

Defn: See Jaunt.

JANTHINA Jan"thi*na, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Ianthina.

JANTILY Jan"ti*ly, adv.

Defn: See Jauntily.

JANTINESS Jan"ti*ness, n.

Defn: See Jauntiness.

JANTU Jan"tu n.

Defn: A machine of great antiquity, used in Bengal for raising water to irrigate land. Knight.

JANTY Jan"ty, a.

Defn: See Jaunty.

JANUARY Jan"u*a*ry, n. Etym: [L. Januarius, fr. Janus an old Latin deity, the god of the sun and the year, to whom the month of January was sacred; cf. janua a door, Skr. ya to go.]

Defn: The first month of the year, containing thirty-one days.

Note: Before the adoption of New Style, the commencement of the year was usually reckoned from March 25.

JANUS Ja"nus, n. Etym: [L. See January.] (Rom. Antiq.)

Defn: A Latin deity represented with two faces looking in opposite directions. Numa is said to have dedicated to Janus the covered passage at Rome, near the Forum, which is usually called the Temple of Janus. This passage was open in war and closed in peace. Dr. W. Smith. Janus cloth, a fabric having both sides dressed, the sides being of different colors, — used for reversible garments.

JANUS-FACED Ja"nus-faced`, a.

Defn: Double-faced; deceitful. Janus-faced lock, one having duplicate faces so as to go upon a right or a left hand door, the key entering on either side indifferently. Knight.

JANUS-HEADED Ja"nus-head`ed, a.

Defn: Double-headed.

JAPAN Ja*pan", n. Etym: [From Japan, the country.]

Defn: Work varnished and figured in the Japanese manner; also, the varnish or lacquer used in japanning.

JAPAN Ja*pan", a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Japan, or to the lacquered work of that country; as, Japan ware. Japan allspice (Bot.), a spiny shrub from Japan (Chimonanthus fragrans), related to the Carolina allspice. — Japan black (Chem.), a quickly drying black lacquer or varnish, consisting essentially of asphaltum dissolved in naphtha or turpentine, and used for coating ironwork; — called also Brunswick black, Japan lacquer, or simply Japan. — Japan camphor, ordinary camphor brought from China or Japan, as distinguished from the rare variety called borneol or Borneo camphor. — Japan clover, or Japan pea (Bot.), a cloverlike plant (Lespedeza striata) from Eastern Asia, useful for fodder, first noticed in the Southern United States about 1860, but now become very common. During the Civil War it was called variously Yankee clover and Rebel clover. — Japan earth. See Catechu. — Japan ink, a kind of writing ink, of a deep, glossy black when dry. — Japan varnish, a varnish prepared from the milky juice of the Rhus vernix, a small Japanese tree related to the poison sumac.

JAPAN Ja*pan", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Japanned; p. pr. & vb. n. Japanning.]

1. To cover with a coat of hard, brilliant varnish, in the manner of the Japanese; to lacquer.

2. To give a glossy black to, as shoes. [R.] Gay.

JAPAN CURRENT Japan current.

Defn: A branch of the equatorial current of the Pacific, washing the eastern coast of Formosa and thence flowing northeastward past Japan and merging into the easterly drift of the North Pacific; — called also Kuro-Siwo, or Black Stream, in allusion to the deep blue of its water. It is similar in may ways to the Gulf Stream.

JAPANESE Jap`a*nese", a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Japan, or its inhabitants.

JAPANESE Jap`a*nese", n. sing. & pl.

1. A native or inhabitant of Japan; collectively, the people of Japan.

2. sing.

Defn: The language of the people of Japan.

JAPANNED Ja*panned", a.

Defn: Treated, or coated, with varnish in the Japanese manner. Japanned leather,leather treated with coatings of Japan varnish, and dried in a stove. Knight.

JAPANNER Ja*pan"ner, n.

1. One who varnishes in the manner of the Japanese, or one skilled in the art.

2. A bootblack. [R.]

JAPANNING Ja*pan"ning, n.

Defn: The art or act of varnishing in the Japanese manner.

JAPANNISH Ja*pan"nish, a.

Defn: After the manner of the Japanese; resembling japanned articles. Carlyle.

JAPE Jape, v. i. Etym: [Prob. from the same source as gab,influenced by F. japper to yelp. See Gab to deceive.]

Defn: To jest; to play tricks; to jeer. [Obs.] Chaucer.

JAPE Jape, v. t.

Defn: To mock; to trick. Chaucer. I have not been putting a jape upon you. Sir W. Scott. The coy giggle of the young lady to whom he has imparted his latest merry jape. W. Besant.

JAPER Jap"er, n.

Defn: A jester; a buffoon. [Obs.] Chaucer.

JAPERY Jap"er*y, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. japerie a yelping.]

Defn: Jesting; buffoonery. [Obs.] Chaucer.

JAPHETHITE Ja"pheth*ite, n.

Defn: A Japhetite. Kitto.

JAPHETIC Ja*phet"ic, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, Japheth, one of the sons of Noah; as, Japhetic nations, the nations of Europe and Northern Asia; Japhetic languages.

JAPHETITE Ja"phet*ite, n.

Defn: A descendant of Japheth.

JAPONICA Ja*pon"i*ca, n. Etym: [NL., Japanese, fr. Japonia Japan.] (Bot.)

Defn: A species of Camellia (Camellia Japonica), a native of Japan, bearing beautiful red or white flowers. Many other genera have species of the same name.

JAPONISM Jap"o*nism, n. [F. japonisme, fr. Japon Japan.]

Defn: A quality, idiom, or peculiarity characteristic of the Japanese or their products, esp. in art.

JAR Jar, n. Etym: [See Ajar.]

Defn: A turn. [Only in phrase.] On the jar, on the turn, ajar, as a door.

JAR Jar, n. Etym: [F. jarre, Sp. jarra, from Ar. jarrah ewer; cf. Pers. jarrah.]

1. A deep, broad-mouthed vessel of earthenware or glass, for holding fruit, preserves, etc., or for ornamental purposes; as, a jar of honey; a rose jar. Dryden.

2. The measure of what is contained in a jar; as, a jar of oil; a jar of preserves. Bell jar, Leyden jar. See in the Vocabulary.

JAR Jar, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jarred; p. pr. & vb. n. jarring.] Etym: [Cf. OE. charken to creak, AS. cearcian to gnash, F. jars a gander, L. garrire to chatter, prate, OHG. kerran to chatter, croak, G. quarren to grumble, and E. jargon, ajar.]

1. To give forth a rudely quivering or tremulous sound; to sound harshly or discordantly; as, the notes jarred on my ears. When such strings jar, what hope of harmony Shak. A string may jar in the best master's hand. Roscommon.

2. To act in opposition or disagreement; to clash; to interfere; to quarrel; to dispute. When those renowned noble peers Greece Through stubborn pride among themselves did jar. Spenser. For orders and degrees Jar not with liberty, but well consist. Milton.

JAR Jar, v. t.

1. To cause a short, tremulous motion of, to cause to tremble, as by a sudden shock or blow; to shake; to shock; as, to jar the earth; to jar one's faith.

2. To tick; to beat; to mark or tell off. [Obs.] My thoughts are minutes, and with sighs they jar Their watches on unto mine eyes. Shak.

JAR Jar, n.

1. A rattling, tremulous vibration or shock; a shake; a harsh sound; a discord; as, the jar of a train; the jar of harsh sounds.

2. Clash of interest or opinions; collision; discord; debate; slight disagreement. And yet his peace is but continual jar. Spenser. Cease, cease these jars, and rest your minds in peace. Shak.

3. A regular vibration, as of a pendulum. I love thee not a jar of the clock. Shak.

4. pl.

Defn: In deep well boring, a device resembling two long chain links, for connecting a percussion drill to the rod or rope which works it, so that the drill is driven down by impact and is jerked loose when jammed.

JARARACA Jar`a*ra"ca, n. Etym: [Pg., from the native name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A poisonous serpent of Brazil (Bothrops jararaca), about eighteen inches long, and of a dusky, brownish color, variegated with red and black spots.

JARBLE Jar"ble, v. t.

Defn: To wet; to bemire. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

JARDINIERE Jar`di`nière", n. Etym: [F., fem. of jardinier gardener. See Garden.]

Defn: An ornamental stand or receptacle for plants, flowers, etc., used as a piece of decorative furniture in room.

JARDS Jards, n. Etym: [F. jarde, jardon.] (Far.)

Defn: A callous tumor on the leg of a horse, below the hock.

JARGLE Jar"gle, v. i. Etym: [Cf. OSw. jerga to repeat angrily, to brawl, Icel. jarg tedious iteration, F. jargonner to talk jargon. See Jargon gabble.]

Defn: To emit a harsh or discordant sound. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

JARGON Jar"gon, n. Etym: [F. jargon, OF. also gargon, perh. akin to E. garrulous, or gargle.]

Defn: Confused, unintelligible language; gibberish; hence, an artificial idiom or dialect; cant language; slang. "A barbarous jargon." Macaulay. "All jargon of the schools." Prior. The jargon which serves the traffickers. Johnson.

JARGON Jar"gon, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jargon; p. pr. & vb. n. Jargoning.]

Defn: To utter jargon; to emit confused or unintelligible sounds; to talk unintelligibly, or in a harsh and noisy manner. The noisy jay, Jargoning like a foreigner at his food. Longfellow.

JARGON Jar"gon, n. Etym: [E.jargon, It. jiargone; perh. fr. Pers. zarg gold- colored, fr. zar gold. Cf. Zircon.] (Min.)

Defn: A variety of zircon. See Zircon.

JARGONELLE Jar`go*nelle", n. Etym: [F. jargonelle a very gritty variety of pear. See Jargon zircon.]

Defn: A variety of pear which ripens early.

JARGONIC Jar*gon"ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the mineral jargon.

JARGONIST Jar"gon*ist, n.

Defn: One addicted to jargon; one who uses cant or slang. Macaulay.

JARL Jarl, n. Etym: [Icel., nobleman, chief. See Earl.]

Defn: A chief; an earl; in English history, one of the leaders in the Danish and Norse invasions. Longfellow.

JARNUT Jar"nut`, n. Etym: [Of Scand. origin: cf. Dan. jordnöd.] (Bot.)

Defn: An earthnut. Dr. Prior.

JAROSITE Ja*ro"site, n. Etym: [From Barranco Jaroso, in Spain.] (Min.)

Defn: An ocher-yellow mineral occurring on minute rhombohedral crystals. It is a hydrous sulphate of iron and potash.

JAR-OWL Jar"-owl`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The goatsucker.

JARRAH Jar"rah, n.

Defn: The mahoganylike wood of the Australian Eucalyptus marginata. See Eucalyptus.

JARRING Jar"ring, a. Etym: [See Jar.]

Defn: Shaking; disturbing; discordant. "A jarring sound." Dryden.

JARRING Jar"ring n.

1. A shaking; a tremulous motion; as, the jarring of a steamship, caused by its engines.

2. Discord; a clashing of interests. "Endless jarrings and immortal hate." Dryden.

JARRINGLY Jar"ring*ly, adv.

Defn: In a jarring or discordant manner.

JARVEY; JARVY Jar"vey, Jar"vy, n.

1. The driver of a hackney coach. [Slang, Eng.] Carlyle.

2. A hackney coach. [Slang, Eng.] The litter at the bottom of the jarvy. T. Hook.

JASEY Ja"sey, n.

Defn: A wig; — so called, perhaps, from being made of, or resembling, Jersey yarn. Thackeray.

JASHAWK Jas"hawk`, n. Etym: [A corruption of eyas hawk.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A young hawk. Booth.

JASMINE Jas"mine, n. Etym: [F. jasmin, Sp. jazmin, Ar. yasmin, Pers. yasmin; cf. It. gesmino, gelsomino. Cf. Jessamine.] (Bot.)

Defn: A shrubby plant of the genus Jasminum, bearing flowers of a peculiarly fragrant odor. The J. officinale, common in the south of Europe, bears white flowers. The Arabian jasmine is J. Sambac, and, with J. angustifolia, comes from the East Indies. The yellow false jasmine in the Gelseminum sempervirens (see Gelsemium). Several other plants are called jasmine in the West Indies, as species of Calotropis and Faramea. [Written also jessamine.] Cape jasmine, or Cape jessamine, the Gardenia florida, a shrub with fragrant white flowers, a native of China, and hardy in the Southern United States.

JASP Jasp, n.

Defn: Jasper. [Obs.] Spenser.

JASPACHATE Jas"pa*chate, n. Etym: [L. iaspachates, Gr. (Min.)

Defn: Agate jasper. [Obs.]

JASPE Ja`spé", a. [F., p.p. of jasper to mottle. See Jasper.] (Ceramics)

Defn: Having the surface decorated with cloudings and streaks, somewhat as if imitating jasper.

JASPER Jas"per, n. Etym: [OE. jaspre, jaspe, OF. jaspre, jaspe, F. jaspe, L. iaspis, Gr. yashp, yashf, Ar.yashb, yasb, yasf, Heb. yashpheh. Cf. Diaper.] (Min.)

Defn: An opaque, impure variety of quartz, of red, yellow, and other dull colors, breaking with a smooth surface. It admits of a high polish, and is used for vases, seals, snuff boxes, etc. When the colors are in stripes or bands, it is called striped or banded jasper. The Egyptian pebble is a brownish yellow jasper. Jasper opal, a yellow variety of opal resembling jasper. — Jasper ware, a delicate kind of earthenware invented by Josiah Wedgwood. It is usually white, but is capable of receiving color.

JASPERATED Jas"per*a`ted, a.

Defn: mixed with jasper; containing particles of jasper; as, jasperated agate.

JASPERIZE Jas"per*ize, v. t. Etym: [Usually p. p. Jasperized (

Defn: To convert into, or make to resemble, jasper. Polished specimens of jasperized and agatized woods. Pop. Sci. Monthly.

JASPERY Jas"per*y, a.

Defn: Of the nature of jasper; mixed with jasper.

JASPIDEAN; JASPIDEOUS Jas*pid"e*an, Jas*pid"e*ous, a. Etym: [L. iaspideus. See Jasper.]

Defn: Consisting of jasper, or containing jasper; jaspery; jasperlike.

JASPILITE Jas"pi*lite, n. Etym: [Jasper + -lite.] (Min.)

Defn: A compact siliceous rock resembling jasper.

JASPOID Jas"poid, a. Etym: [F. jaspoïde; jaspe jasper + Gr.

Defn: Resembling jasper. [R.]

JASPONYX Jasp`o"nyx, n. Etym: [L. iasponyx, Gr. . See Jasper, and Onyx.] (min.)

Defn: An onyx, part or all of whose layers consist of jasper.

JATROPHIC Ja*troph"ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to physic nuts, the seeds of plants of the genus Jatropha.

JAUNCE Jaunce, v. i. Etym: [OF. jancer. Cf. Jounce, Jaunt.]

Defn: To ride hard; to jounce. [Obs.] Spurr'd, galled and tired by jauncing Bolingbroke. Shak.

JAUNDICE Jaun"dice, n. Etym: [OE. jaunis, F. jaunisse, fr. jaune yellow, orig. jalne, fr. L. galbinus yellowish, fr. galbus yellow.] (Med.)

Defn: A morbid condition, characterized by yellowness of the eyes, skin, and urine, whiteness of the fæces, constipation, uneasiness in the region of the stomach, loss of appetite, and general languor and lassitude. It is caused usually by obstruction of the biliary passages and consequent damming up, in the liver, of the bile, which is then absorbed into the blood. Blue jaundice. See Cyanopathy.

JAUNDICE Jaun"dice, v. t.

Defn: To affect with jaundice; to color by prejudice or envy; to prejudice. The envy of wealth jaundiced his soul. Ld. Lytton.

JAUNDICED Jaun"diced, a.

1. affected with jaundice. Jaundiced eyes seem to see all objects yellow. Bp. Hall.

2. Prejudiced; envious; as, a jaundiced judgment.

JAUNT Jaunt, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jaunted; p. pr. & vb. n. Jaunting.] Etym: [Cf. Scot. jaunder to ramble, jaunt to taunt, jeer, dial. Sw. ganta to play the buffoon, romp, jest; perh. akin to E. jump. Cf. Jaunce.]

1. To ramble here and there; to stroll; to make an excursion.

2. To ride on a jaunting car. Jaunting car, a kind of low-set open vehicle, used in Ireland, in which the passengers ride sidewise, sitting back to back. [Written also jaunty car.] Thackeray.

JAUNT Jaunt, v. t.

Defn: To jolt; to jounce. [Obs.] Bale.

JAUNT Jaunt, n.

1. A wearisome journey. [R.] Our Savior, meek, and with untroubled mind After his aëry jaunt, though hurried sore. Hungry and cold, betook him to his rest. Milton.

2. A short excursion for pleasure or refreshment; a ramble; a short journey.

JAUNTILY Jaun"ti*ly, adv.

Defn: In a jaunty manner.

JAUNTINESS Jaun"ti*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being jaunty. That jauntiness of air I was once master of. Addison.

JAUNTY Jaun"ty, a. [Compar. Jauntier; superl. Jauntiest.] Etym: [Formerly spelt janty, fr. F. gentil. See Gentle, and cf. Genty.]

Defn: Airy; showy; finical; hence, characterized by an affected or fantastical manner.

JAVA Ja"va, n.

1. One of the islands of the Malay Archipelago belonging to the Netherlands.

2. Java coffee, a kind of coffee brought from Java. Java cat (Zoöl.), the musang. — Java sparrow (Zoöl.), a species of finch (Padda oryzivora), native of Java, but very commonly kept as a cage bird; — called also ricebird, and paddy bird. In the male the upper parts are glaucous gray, the head and tail black, the under parts delicate rose, and the cheeks white. The bill is large and red. A white variety is also kept as a cage bird.

JAVANESE Jav`a*nese", a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Java, or to the people of Java. — n. sing. & pl.

Defn: A native or natives of Java.

JAVEL Jav"el, n.

Defn: A vagabond. [Obs.] Spenser.

JAVELIN Jave"lin, n. Etym: [F. javeline; akin to Sp. jabalina, It. giavelina, and F. javelot, OF. gavlot. Cf. Gavelock.]

Defn: A sort of light spear, to be thrown or cast by thew hand; anciently, a weapon of war used by horsemen and foot soldiers; now used chiefly in hunting the wild boar and other fierce game. Flies the javelin swifter to its mark, Launched by the vigor of a Roman arm Addison.

JAVELIN Jave"lin, v. t.

Defn: To pierce with a javelin. [R.] Tennyson.

JAVELINIER Jave`lin*ier", n.

Defn: A soldier armed with a javelin. Holland.

JAW Jaw, n. Etym: [A modification of chaw, formed under the influence of F. joue the cheek. See Chaw, Chew.]

1. (Anat.) (a) One of the bones, usually bearing teeth, which form the framework of the mouth. (b) Hence, also, the bone itself with the teeth and covering. (c) In the plural, the mouth.

2. Fig.: Anything resembling the jaw of an animal in form or action; esp., pl., the mouth or way of entrance; as, the jaws of a pass; the jaws of darkness; the jaws of death. Shak.

3. (Mach.) (a) A notch or opening. (b) A notched or forked part, adapted for holding an object in place; as, the jaw of a railway-car pedestal. See Axle guard. (b) One of a pair of opposing parts which are movable towards or from each other, for grasping or crushing anything between them, as, the jaws of a vise, or the jaws of a stone-crushing machine.

4. (Naut.)

Defn: The inner end of a boom or gaff, hollowed in a half circle so as to move freely on a mast.

5.

Defn: Impudent or abusive talk. [Slang] H. Kingsley. Jaw bit (Railroad), a bar across the jaws of a pedestal underneath an axle box. — Jaw breaker, a word difficult to pronounce. [Obs.] — Jaw rope (Naut.), a rope which holds the jaws of a gaff to the mast. — Jaw tooth, a molar or grinder; a back tooth.

JAW Jaw, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jawed; p. pr. & vb. n. Jawing.]

Defn: To scold; to clamor. [Law] Smollett.

JAW Jaw, v. t.

Defn: To assail or abuse by scolding. [Law]

JAWBONE Jaw"bone`, n.

Defn: The bone of either jaw; a maxilla or a mandible.

JAWED Jawed, a.

Defn: Having jaws; — chiefly in composition; as, lantern-jawed. "Jawed like a jetty." Skelton.

JAW-FALL Jaw"-fall`, n.

Defn: Depression of the jaw; hence, depression of spirits. M. Griffith (1660).

JAW-FALLEN Jaw"-fall`en, a.

Defn: Dejected; chopfallen.

JAWFOOT Jaw"foot`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Maxilliped.

JAWING Jaw"ing, n.

Defn: Scolding; clamorous or abusive talk. [Slang] H. Kingsley.

JAWN Jawn, v. i.

Defn: See Yawn. [Obs.] Marston.

JAWY Jaw"y, a.

Defn: Relating to the jaws. Gayton.

JAY Jay, n. Etym: [F. geai, OF. gai, jaj, perh. fr. OHG. gahi. Cf. Gay.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any one of the numerous species of birds belonging to Garrulus, Cyanocitta, and allied genera. They are allied to the crows, but are smaller, more graceful in form, often handsomely colored, and usually have a crest.

Note: The European jay (Garrulus glandarius) is a large and handsomely colored species, having the body pale reddish brown, lighter beneath; tail and wing quills blackish; the primary coverts barred with bright blue and black; throat, tail coverts, and a large spot on the wings, white. Called also jay pie, Jenny jay, and kæ. The common blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata.), and the related species, are brilliantly colored, and have a large erectile crest. The California jay (Aphelocoma Californica), the Florida jay (A. Floridana), and the green jay (Xanthoura luxuosa), of Texas and Mexico, are large, handsome, crested species. The Canada jay (Perisoreus Canadensis), and several allied species, are much plainer and have no crest. See Blue jay, and Whisky jack. Jay thrush (Zoöl.), any one several species of Asiatic singing birds, of the genera Garrulax, Grammatoptila, and related genera of the family Crateropodidæ; as; the white-throated jay thrush (G. albogularis), of India.

JAYET Jay"et, n. (Min.)

Defn: See Jet. [Obs.]

JAYHAWKER Jay"hawk`er, n.

Defn: A name given to a free-booting, unenlisted, armed man or guerrilla.

Note: [A term of opprobrium used in the war of 1861-65, U. S.]

JAZEL Ja"zel, n.

Defn: A gem of an azure color. [Obs.]

JAZERANT Jaz"er*ant, n. Etym: [OF. jacerant, jaseran, Sp. jacerina, cota jacerina, fr. jazarino Algerine, fr. Ar. jaza\'c6r Algiers.]

Defn: A coat of defense made of small plates of metal sewed upon linen or the like; also, this kind of armor taken generally; as, a coat of jazerant.

JEALOUS Jeal"ous, a. Etym: [OE. jalous, gelus, OF. jalous, F. jaloux, LL. zelosus zealous, fr. zelus emulation, zeal, jealousy, Gr. Zeal, and cf. Zealous.]

1. Zealous; solicitous; vigilant; anxiously watchful. I have been very jeolous for the Lord God of hosts. Kings xix. 10. How nicely jealous is every one of us of his own repute! Dr. H. More.

2. Apprehensive; anxious; suspiciously watchful. 'This doing wrong creates such doubts as these, Renders us jealous and disturbs our peace. Waller. The people are so jealous of the clergy's ambition. Swift.

3. Exacting exclusive devotion; intolerant of rivalry. Thou shalt worship no other God; for the Lord, whose name is Jealous, is a jealous God. Ex. xxxiv. 14.

4. Disposed to suspect rivalry in matters of interest and affection; apprehensive regarding the motives of possible rivals, or the fidelity of friends; distrustful; having morbid fear of rivalry in love or preference given to another; painfully suspicious of the faithfulness of husband, wife, or lover. If the spirit of jealousy come upon him, and he be jealous of his wife. Num. v. 14. To both these sisters have I sworn my love: Each jealous of the other, as the stung Are of the adder. Shak. It is one of the best bonds, both of chastity and obedience, in the wife, if she think her husband wise; which she will never do if she find him jealous. Bacon.

Syn. — Suspicious; anxious; envious. Jealous, Suspicious. Suspicious is the wider term. We suspect a person when we distrust his honesty and imagine he has some bad design. We are jealous when we suspect him of aiming to deprive us of what we dearly prize. Iago began by awakening the suspicions of Othello, and converted them at last into jealousy. "Suspicion may be excited by some kind of accusation, not supported by evidence sufficient for conviction, but sufficient to trouble the repose of confidence." "Jealousy is a painful apprehension of rivalship in cases that are peculiarly interesting to us." Cogan.

JEALOUSHOOD Jeal"ous*hood, n.

Defn: Jealousy. [Obs.] Shak.

JEALOUSLY Jeal"ous*ly, adv.

Defn: In a jealous manner.

JEALOUSNESS Jeal"ous*ness, n.

Defn: State or quality of being jealous.

JEALOUSY Jeal"ous*y, n.; pl. Jealousies. Etym: [ F. jalousie. See Jealous, and cf. Jalousie.]

Defn: The quality of being jealous; earnest concern or solicitude; painful apprehension of rivalship in cases nearly affecting one's happiness; painful suspicion of the faithfulness of husband, wife, or lover. I was jealous for jealousy. Zech. viii. 2. Jealousy is the . . . apprehension of superiority. Shenstone. Whoever had qualities to alarm our jealousy, had excellence to deserve our fondness. Rambler.

JEAMES Jeames, n. Etym: [Corrup. of James.]

Defn: A footman; a flunky. [Slang, Eng.] Thackeray.

JEAN Jean, n. Etym: [Prob. named from Genoa. See Jane.]

Defn: A twilled cotton cloth. Satin jean, a kind of jean woven smooth and glossy, after the manner of satin.

JEARS Jears, n. pl. (Naut.)

Defn: See 1st Jeer (b).

JEAT Jeat, n. (Min.)

Defn: See Jet. [Obs.]

JEDDING AX Jed"ding ax`, n.

Defn: A stone mason's tool, having a flat face and a pointed part. Knight.

JEE Jee, v. t. & i.

Defn: See Gee.

JEEL Jeel, n. Etym: [Hind. jhil.]

Defn: A morass; a shallow lake. [Written also jhil.] [India] Whitworth.

JEER Jeer, n. Etym: [Cf. Gear.] (Naut.) (a) A gear; a tackle. (b) pl.

Defn: An assemblage or combination of tackles, for hoisting or lowering the lower yards of a ship. Jeer capstan (Naut.), an extra capstan usually placed between the foremast and mainmast.

JEER Jeer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jeered; p. pr. & vb. n. Jeering.] Etym: [Perh. a corrup. of cheer to salute with cheers, taken in an ironical sense; or more prob. fr. D. gekscheren to jeer, lit., to shear the fool; gek a fool (see 1st Geck) + scheren to shear. See Shear, v.]

Defn: To utter sarcastic or scoffing reflections; to speak with mockery or derision; to use taunting language; to scoff; as, to jeer at a speaker. But when he saw her toy and gibe and jeer. Spenser.

Syn. — To sneer; scoff; flout; gibe; mock.

JEER Jeer, v. t.

Defn: To treat with scoffs or derision; to address with jeers; to taunt; to flout; to mock at. And if we can not jeer them, we jeer ourselves. B. Jonson.

JEER Jeer, n.

Defn: A railing remark or reflection; a scoff; a taunt; a biting jest; a flout; a jibe; mockery. Midas, exposed to all their jeers, Had lost his art, and kept his ears. Swift.

JEERER Jeer"er, n.

Defn: A scoffer; a railer; a mocker.

JEERING Jeer"ing, a.

Defn: Mocking; scoffing. — n.

Defn: A mocking utterance. — Jeer"ing*ly, adv.

JEERS Jeers, n. pl. (Naut.)

Defn: See 1st Jeer (b).

JEFFERSONIA Jef`fer*so"ni*a, n. Etym: [NL. Named after Thomas Jefferson.] (Bot.)

Defn: An American herb with a pretty, white, solitary blossom, and deeply two-cleft leaves (Jeffersonia diphylla); twinleaf.

JEFFERSONIAN Jef`fer*so"ni*an, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or characteristic of, Thomas Jefferson or his policy or political doctrines. Lowell.

JEFFERSONIAN SIMPLICITY Jeffersonian simplicity.

Defn: The absence of pomp or display which Jefferson aimed at in his administration as President (1801-1809), eschewing display or ceremony tending to distinguish the President from the people, as in going to the capital on horseback and with no escort, the abolition of court etiquette and the weekly levee, refusal to recognize titles of honor, etc.

JEFFERSONITE Jef"fer*son*ite, n. Etym: [Named after Thomas Jefferson.] (Min.)

Defn: A variety of pyroxene of olive-green color passing into brown. It contains zinc.

JEG Jeg, n. (Mach.)

Defn: See Jig, 6.

JEHOVAH Je*ho"vah, n. Etym: [Heb. usually yêhovah (with the vowel points of âdonai Lord), sometimes (to avoid repetition) yêhovih (with the vowel points of êlohim God); but only the four Heb, consonants yhvh are conceded to be certainly known.]

Defn: A Scripture name of the Supreme Being, by which he was revealed to the Jews as their covenant God or Sovereign of the theocracy; the "ineffable name" of the Supreme Being, which was not pronounced by the Jews.

JEHOVIST Je*ho"vist, n.

1. One who maintains that the vowel points of the word Jehovah, in Hebrew, are the proper vowels of that word; — opposed to adonist.

2. The writer of the passages of the Old Testament, especially those of the Pentateuch, in which the Supreme Being is styled Jehovah. See Elohist. The characteristic manner of the Jehovist differs from that of his predecessor [the Elohist]. He is fuller and freer in his descriptions; more reflective in his assignment of motives and causes; more artificial in mode of narration. S. Davidson.

JEHOVISTIC Je`ho*vis"tic, a.

Defn: Relating to, or containing, Jehovah, as a name of God; — said of certain parts of the Old Testament, especially of the Pentateuch, in which Jehovah appears as the name of the Deity. See Elohistic.

JEHU Je"hu, n. Etym: [From Jehu, son of Nimshi. 2 Kings ix. 20.]

Defn: A coachman; a driver; especially, one who drives furiously. [Colloq.]

JEJUNAL Je*ju"nal, a.

Defn: Pertaining to the jejunum.

JEJUNE Je*june", a. Etym: [L. jejunus fasting, hungry, dry, barren, scanty; of unknown origin.]

1. Lacking matter; empty; void of substance.

2. Void of interest; barren; meager; dry; as, a jejune narrative. - Je*june"ly, adv. — Je*june"ness, n. Bacon.

JEJUNITY Je*ju"ni*ty, n.

Defn: The quality of being jejune; jejuneness.

JEJUNUM Je*ju"num, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. jejunus empty, dry.] (Anat.)

Defn: The middle division of the small intestine, between the duodenum and ileum; — so called because usually found empty after death.

JELERANG Jel"er*ang, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large, handsome squirrel (Sciurus Javensis), native of Java and Southern Asia; — called also Java squirrel.

JELL Jell, v. i.

Defn: To jelly. [Colloq.]

JELLIED Jel"lied, a.

Defn: Brought to the state or consistence of jelly.

JELLIFY Jel"li*fy, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Jellified; p. pr. & vb. n. Jellifying.]

Defn: To make, or to become, gelatinous; to jelly. — Jel`li*fi*ca"tion (#), n.

JELLY Jel"ly, n.; pl. Jellies. Etym: [ Formerly gelly, gely, F. gelée jelly, frost, fr. geler to freeze. L. gelare; akin to gelu frost. See Gelid.]

1. Anything brought to a gelatinous condition; a viscous, translucent substance in a condition between liquid and solid; a stiffened solution of gelatin, gum, or the like.

2. The juice of fruits or meats boiled with sugar to an elastic consistence; as, currant jelly; calf's-foot jelly. Jelly bag, a bag through which the material for jelly is strained. — Jelly mold, a mold for forming jelly in ornamental shapes. — Jelly plant (Bot.), Australian name of an edible seaweed (Eucheuma speciosum), from which an excellent jelly is made. J. Smith. — Jelly powder, an explosive, composed of nitroglycerin and collodion cotton; — so called from its resemblance to calf's-foot jelly.

JELLY Jel"ly, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jellied; p. pr. & vb. n. Jellying.]

Defn: To become jelly; to come to the state or consistency of jelly.

JELLYFISH Jel"ly*fish`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any one of the acalephs, esp. one of the larger species, having a jellylike appearance. See Medusa.

JEMIDAR Jem"i*dar`, n. Etym: [Per. & Hind. jama-dar.]

Defn: The chief or leader of a hand or body of persons; esp., in the native army of India, an officer of a rank corresponding to that of lieutenant in the English army. [Written also jemadar, jamadar.]

JEMLAH GOAT Jem"lah goat`. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The jharal.

JEMMINESS Jem"mi*ness, n.

Defn: Spruceness. [Slang, Eng.] Pegge (1814).

JEMMY Jem"my, a. Etym: [Cf. Gim, and Gimp, a.]

Defn: Spruce. [Slang, Eng.] Smart.

JEMMY Jem"my, n.

1. A short crowbar. See Jimmy.

2. A baked sheep's head. [Slang, Eng.] Dickens.

JENIQUEN Je*ni"quen, n. Etym: [Sp. jeniquen.] (Bot.)

Defn: A Mexican name for the Sisal hemp (Agave rigida, var. Sisalana); also, its fiber. [Written also heniequen.]

JENITE Je"nite, n. (Min.)

Defn: See Yenite.

JENKINS Jen"kins, n.

Defn: name of contempt for a flatterer of persons high in social or official life; as, the Jenkins employed by a newspaper. [Colloq. Eng. & U.S.] G. W. Curtis.

JENNET Jen"net, n. Etym: [F. genet, Sp. jinete, orig., a mounted soldier, Ar. zenata a tribe of Barbary celebrated for its cavalry.]

Defn: A small Spanish horse; a genet.

JENNETING Jen"net*ing, n. Etym: [Prob. fr. a dim. of Jean John, so named as becoming ripe about St. John's day, June 24. F. Jean is fr. L. Johannes. See Zany.]

Defn: A variety of early apple. See Juneating. [Written also geniting.]

JENNY Jen"ny, n.; pl. Jennies (.

1. A familiar or pet form of the proper name Jane.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A familiar name of the European wren. Jenny ass (Zoöl.), a female ass.

JENNY Jen"ny, n. Etym: [A corruption of gin an engine; influenced by Jenny, the proper name. See Gin an engine, and cf. Ginny-carriage.]

Defn: A machine for spinning a number of threads at once, — used in factories.

JENTLING Jent"ling, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A fish of the genus Leuciscus; the blue chub of the Danube.

JEOFAIL Jeof"ail, n. Etym: [F. j'ai failli I have failed.] (Law)

Defn: An oversight in pleading, or the acknowledgment of a mistake or oversight. Blackstone.

JEOPARD Jeop"ard, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jeoparded; p. pr. & vb. n. Jeoparding.] Etym: [From Jeopardy.]

Defn: To put in jeopardy; to expose to loss or injury; to imperil; to hazard. Sir T. North. A people that jeoparded their lives unto the death. Judg. v. 18.

Syn. — To hazard; risk; imperil; endanger; expose.

JEOPARDER Jeop"ard*er, n.

Defn: One who puts in jeopardy. [R.]

JEOPARDIZE Jeop"ard*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jeopardized; p. pr. & vb. n. Jeopardizing.]

Defn: To expose to loss or injury; to risk; to jeopard. That he should jeopardize his willful head Only for spite at me. H. Taylor.

JEOPARDOUS Jeop"ard*ous, a.

Defn: Perilous; hazardous. His goodly, valiant, and jeopardous enterprise. Fuller. — Jeop"ard*ous*ly, adv. Huloet.

JEOPARDY Jeop"ard*y, n. Etym: [OE. jupartie, juperti, jeuparti, OF. jeu parti an even game, a game in which the chances are even; OF. jeu, ju, F. jeu (L. jocus jest) + F. partier to divide, L. partire to divide. See Joke, and Part.]

Defn: Exposure to death, loss, or injury; hazard; danger. There came down a storm of wind on the lake; and they were filled with water, and were in jeopardy. Luke viii. 23. Look to thyself, thou art in jeopardy. Shak.

Syn. — Danger; peril; hazard; risk. See Danger.

JEOPARDY Jeop"ard*y, v. t.

Defn: To jeopardize. [R.] Thackeray.

JEQUIRITY; JEQUIRITY BEAN Je*quir"i*ty, n., or Je*quir"i*ty bean`. [Prob. fr. a native name.] (Bot.)

Defn: The seed of the wild licorice (Abrus precatorius) used by the people of India for beads in rosaries and necklaces, as a standard weight, etc.; — called also jumble bead.

JERBOA Jer*bo"a, n. Etym: [Ar. yarb.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any small jumping rodent of the genus Dipus, esp. D. Ægyptius, which is common in Egypt and the adjacent countries. The jerboas have very long hind legs and a long tail. [Written also gerboa.]

Note: The name is also applied to other small jumping rodents, as the Pedetes Caffer, of the Cape of Good Hope. Jerboa kangaroo (Zoöl.), small Australian kangaroo (Bettongia penicillata), about the size of a common hare.

JEREED Jer*eed", n. Etym: [Ar. jerid. Cf. Djereed.]

Defn: A blunt javelin used by the people of the Levant, especially in mock fights. [Written also jerreed, jerid.] Byron.

JEREMIAD; JEREMIADE Jer`e*mi"ad, Jer`e*mi"ade, n. Etym: [From Jeremiah, the prophet: cf. F. jérémiade.]

Defn: A tale of sorrow, disappointment, or complaint; a doleful story; a dolorous tirade; — generally used satirically. He has prolonged his complaint into an endless jeremiad. Lamb.

JERFALCON Jer"fal`con, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The gyrfalcon.

JERGUER Jer"guer, n.

Defn: See Jerquer.

JERID Jer*id", n.

Defn: Same as Jereed.

JERK Jerk, v. t. Etym: [Corrupted from Peruv. charqui dried beef.]

Defn: To cut into long slices or strips and dry in the sun; as, jerk beef. See Charqui.

JERK Jerk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jerked; p. pr. & vb. n. Jerking.] Etym: [Akin to yerk, and perh. also to yard a measure.]

1. To beat; to strike. [Obs.] Florio.

2. To give a quick and suddenly arrested thrust, push, pull, or twist, to; to yerk; as, to jerk one with the elbow; to jerk a coat off.

3. To throw with a quick and suddenly arrested motion of the hand; as, to jerk a stone.

JERK Jerk, v. i.

1. To make a sudden motion; to move with a start, or by starts. Milton.

2. To flout with contempt.

JERK Jerk, n.

1. A short, sudden pull, thrust, push, twitch, jolt, shake, or similar motion. His jade gave him a jerk. B. Jonson.

2. A sudden start or spring. Lobsters . . . swim backwards by jerks or springs. Grew.

JERKER Jerk"er, n.

1. A beater. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

2. One who jerks or moves with a jerk.

3. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A North American river chub (Hybopsis biguttatus).

JERKIN Jer"kin, n. Etym: [Dim. of D. jurk a frock.]

Defn: A jacket or short coat; a close waistcoat. Shak.

JERKIN Jer"kin, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A male gyrfalcon.

JERKING Jerk"ing, n.

Defn: The act of pulling, pushing, or throwing, with a jerk. — Jerk"ing*ly, adv.

JERKINHEAD Jer"kin*head`, n. (Arch.)

Defn: The hipped part of a roof which is hipped only for a part of its height, leaving a truncated gable.

JERKY Jerk"y, a.

Defn: Moving by jerks and starts; characterized by abrupt transitions; as, a jerky vehicle; a jerky style.

JERMOONAL Jer*moon"al, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The Himalayan now partridge.

JERONYMITE Je*ron"y*mite, n. (Eccl. Hist.)

Defn: One belonging of the mediæval religious orders called Hermits of St. Jerome. [Written also Hieronymite.]

JEROPIGIA Jer`o*pig"i*a, n.

Defn: See Geropigia.

JERQUER Jer"quer, n. Etym: [Cf. F. chercher to search, E. search.]

Defn: A customhouse officer who searches ships for unentered goods. [Eng.] [Written also jerguer.]

JERQUING Jer"quing, n.

Defn: The searching of a ship for unentered goods. [Eng.] [Written also jerguer.]

JERQUING Jer"quing, n.

Defn: The searching of a ship for unentered goods. [Eng.]

JERRY-BUILDER Jer"ry-build`er, n. [Prob. fr. the proper name Jerry, familiar form of Jeremiah.]

Defn: A professional builder who erects cheap dwellings of poor materials and unsubstantial and slovenly construction.

JERRY-BUILT Jer"ry-built`, a.

Defn: Built hastily and of bad materials; as, jerry-built houses. [Colloq. Eng.]

JERSEY Jer"sey, n.; pl. Jerseys. Etym: [From Jersey, the largest of the Channel Islands.]

1. The finest of wool separated from the rest; combed wool; also, fine yarn of wool.

2. A kind of knitted jacket; hence, in general, a closefitting jacket or upper garment made of an elastic fabric (as stockinet).

3. One of a breed of cattle in the Island of Jersey. Jerseys are noted for the richness of their milk.

JERUSALEM Je*ru"sa*lem, n. Etym: [Gr. Y.]

Defn: The chief city of Palestine, intimately associated with the glory of the Jewish nation, and the life and death of Jesus Christ. Jerusalem artichoke Etym: [Perh. a corrupt. of It. girasole i.e., sunflower, or turnsole. See Gyre, Solar.] (Bot.) (a) An American plant, a perennial species of sunflower (Helianthus tuberosus), whose tubers are sometimes used as food. (b) One of the tubers themselves. — Jerusalem cherry (Bot.), the popular name of either of either of two species of Solanum (S. Pseudo-capsicum and S. capsicastrum), cultivated as ornamental house plants. They bear bright red berries of about the size of cherries. — Jerusalem oak (Bot.), an aromatic goosefoot (Chenopodium Botrys), common about houses and along roadsides. — Jerusalem sage (Bot.), a perennial herb of the Mint family (Phlomis tuberosa). — Jerusalem thorn (Bot.), a spiny, leguminous tree (Parkinsonia aculeata), widely dispersed in warm countries, and used for hedges. — The New Jerusalem, Heaven; the Celestial City.

JERVINE Jer"vine, n. Etym: [Prob. fr. Sp. yerba herb, OSp., the poison of the veratrum.] (Chem.)

Defn: A poisonous alkaloid resembling veratrine, and found with it in white hellebore (Veratrum album); — called also jervina.

JESS Jess, n.; pl. Jesses. Etym: [OF. gies, giez, prop. pl. of giet, get, jet, F. jet, a throwing, jess. See Jet a shooting forth.] (falconry)

Defn: A short strap of leather or silk secured round the leg of a hawk, to which the leash or line, wrapped round the falconer's hand, was attached when used. See Illust. of Falcon. Like a hawk, which feeling freed From bells and jesses which did let her flight. Spenser.

JESSAMINE Jes"sa*mine, n. (Bot.)

Defn: Same as Jasmine.

JESSANT Jes"sant, a. (Her.)

Defn: Springing up or emerging; — said of a plant or animal.

JESSE Jes"se, n. Etym: [LL.Jesse, the father of David, fr. Gr. Yishai.]

Defn: Any representation or suggestion of the genealogy of Christ, in decorative art; as: (a) A genealogical tree represented in stained glass. (b) A candlestick with many branches, each of which bears the name of some one of the descendants of Jesse; — called also tree of Jesse. Jesse window (Arch.), a window of which the glazing and tracery represent the tree of Jesse.

JESSED Jessed, a. (Her.)

Defn: Having jesses on, as a hawk.

JEST Jest, n. Etym: [OE. jeste, geste, deed, action, story, tale, OF. geste, LL. gesta, orig., exploits, neut. pl. from L. gestus, p. p. of gerere to bear, carry, accomplish, perform; perh. orig., to make to come, bring, and perh. akin to E. come. Cf. Gest a deed, Register, n.]

1. A deed; an action; a gest. [Obs.] The jests or actions of princes. Sir T. Elyot.

2. A mask; a pageant; an interlude. [Obs.] Nares. He promised us, in honor of our guest, To grace our banquet with some pompous jest. Kyd.

3. Something done or said in order to amuse; a joke; a witticism; a jocose or sportive remark or phrase. See Synonyms under Jest, v. i. I must be sad . . . smile at no man's jests. Shak. The Right Honorable gentleman is indebted to his memory for his jests, and to his imagination for his facts. Sheridan.

4. The object of laughter or sport; a laughingstock. Then let me be your jest; I deserve it. Shak. In jest, for mere sport or diversion; not in truth and reality; not in earnest. And given in earnest what I begged in jest. Shak. — Jest book, a book containing a collection of jests, jokes, and amusing anecdotes; a Joe Miller.

JEST Jest, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jested; p. pr. & vb. n. Jesting.]

1. To take part in a merrymaking; — especially, to act in a mask or interlude. [Obs.] Shak.

2. To make merriment by words or actions; to joke; to make light of anything. He jests at scars that never felt a wound. Shak.

Syn. — To joke; sport; rally. — To Jest, Joke. One jests in order to make others laugh; one jokes to please himself. A jest is usually at the expense of another, and is often ill-natured; a joke is a sportive sally designed to promote good humor without wounding the feelings of its object. "Jests are, therefore, seldom harmless; jokes frequently allowable. The most serious subject may be degraded by being turned into a jest." Crabb.

JESTER Jest"er, n. Etym: [Cf. Gestour.]

1. A buffoon; a merry-andrew; a court fool. This . . . was Yorick's skull, the king's jester. Shak. Dressed in the motley garb that jesters wear. Longfellow.

2. A person addicted to jesting, or to indulgence in light and amusing talk. He ambled up and down With shallow jesters. Shak.

JESTFUL Jest"ful, a.

Defn: Given to jesting; full of jokes.

JESTING Jest"ing, a.

Defn: Sportive; not serious; fit for jests. He will find that these are no jesting matters. Macaulay .

JESTING Jest"ing, n.

Defn: The act or practice of making jests; joking; pleasantry. Eph. v. 4.

JESTINGLY Jest"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: In a jesting manner.

JESU Je"su, n. [L., vocative and oblique cases of Jesus.]

Defn: Jesus. [Poetical]

Jesu, give the weary Calm and sweet repose. S. Baring-Gould.

JESUIT Jes"u*it, n. Etym: [F. Jésuite, Sp. Jesuita: cf. It. Gesuita.]

1. (R. C. Ch.)

Defn: One of a religious order founded by Ignatius Loyola, and approved in 1540, under the title of The Society of Jesus.

Note: The order consists of Scholastics, the Professed, the Spiritual Coadjutors, and the Temporal Coadjutors or Lay Brothers. The Jesuit novice after two years becomes a Scholastic, and takes his first vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience simply. Some years after, at the close of a second novitiate, he takes his second vows and is ranked among the Coadjutors or Professed. The Professed are bound by a fourth vow, from which only the pope can dispense, requiring them to go wherever the pope may send them for missionary duty. The Coadjutors teach in the schools, and are employed in general missionary labors. The Society is governed by a General who holds office for life. He has associated with him "Assistants" (five at the present time), representing different provinces. The Society was first established in the United States in 1807. The Jesuits have displayed in their enterprises a high degree of zeal, learning, and skill, but, by their enemies, have been generally reputed to use art and intrigue in promoting or accomplishing their purposes, whence the words Jesuit, Jesuitical, and the like, have acquired an opprobrious sense.

2. Fig.: A crafty person; an intriguer. Jesuits' bark, Peruvian bark, or the bark of certain species of Cinchona; — so called because its medicinal properties were first made known in Europe by Jesuit missionaries to South America. — Jesuits' drops. See Friar's balsam, under Friar. — Jesuits' nut, the European water chestnut. — Jesuits' powder, powdered cinchona bark. — Jesuits' tea, a Chilian leguminous shrub, used as a tea and medicinally.

JESUITED Jes"u*it*ed, a.

Defn: Conforming to the principles of the Jesuits. Milton.

JESUITESS Jes"u*it*ess, n. Etym: [Cf. F. Jésuitesse.] (R. C. Hist.)

Defn: One of an order of nuns established on the principles of the Jesuits, but suppressed by Pope Urban in 1633.

JESUITIC; JESUITICAL Jes`u*it"ic, Jes`u*it"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. jésuitique.]

1. Of or pertaining to the Jesuits, or to their principles and methods.

2. Designing; cunning; deceitful; crafty; — an opprobrious use of the word. Dryden.

JESUITICALLY Jes`u*it"ic*al*ly, adv.

Defn: In a jesuitical manner.

JESUITISM Jes"u*it*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. jésuitisme.]

1. The principles and practices of the Jesuits.

2. Cunning; deceit; deceptive practices to effect a purpose; subtle argument; — an opprobrious use of the word.

JESUITOCRACY Jes`u*it*oc"ra*cy, n. Etym: [Jesuit + -cracy, as in aristocracy.]

Defn: Government by Jesuits; also, the whole body of Jesuits in a country. [R.] C. Kingsley.

JESUITRY Jes"u*it*ry, n.

Defn: Jesuitism; subtle argument. [R.] Carlyle.

JESUS Je"sus, n. Etym: [L. Jesus, Gr. Yésh; Yah Jehovah + h to help.]

Defn: The Savior; the name of the Son of God as announced by the angel to his parents; the personal name of Our Lord, in distinction from Christ, his official appellation. Luke i. 31. Thou shalt call his name Jesus; for he shall save his people from their sins. Matt. i. 21.

Note: The form Jesu is often used, esp. in the vocative. Jesu, do thou my soul receive. Keble. The Society of Jesus. See Jesuit.

JET Jet, n.

Defn: Same as 2d Get. [Obs.] Chaucer.

JET Jet, n. Etym: [OF. jet, jayet, F. jaïet, jais, L. gagates, fr. Gr. [written also jeat, jayet.] (Min.)

Defn: A variety of lignite, of a very compact texture and velvet black color, susceptible of a good polish, and often wrought into mourning jewelry, toys, buttons, etc. Formerly called also black amber. Jet ant (Zoöl.), a blackish European ant (Formica fuliginosa), which builds its nest of a paperlike material in the trunks of trees.

JET Jet, n. Etym: [F. jet, OF. get, giet, L. jactus a throwing, a throw, fr. jacere to throw. Cf. Abject, Ejaculate, Gist, Jess, Jut.]

1. A shooting forth; a spouting; a spurt; a sudden rush or gush, as of water from a pipe, or of flame from an orifice; also, that which issues in a jet.

2. Drift; scope; range, as of an argument. [Obs.]

3. The sprue of a type, which is broken from it when the type is cold. Knight. Jet propeller (Naut.), a device for propelling vessels by means of a forcible jet of water ejected from the vessel, as by a centrifugal pump. — Jet pump, a device in which a small jet of steam, air, water, or other fluid, in rapid motion, lifts or otherwise moves, by its impulse, a larger quantity of the fluid with which it mingles.

JET Jet, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jetted; p. pr. & vb. n. Jetting.] Etym: [F. jeter, L. jactare, freq. fr. jacere to throw. See 3d Jet, and cf. Jut.]

1. To strut; to walk with a lofty or haughty gait; to be insolent; to obtrude. [Obs.] he jets under his advanced plumes! Shak. To jet upon a prince's right. Shak.

2. To jerk; to jolt; to be shaken. [Obs.] Wiseman.

3. To shoot forward or out; to project; to jut out.

JET Jet, v. t.

Defn: To spout; to emit in a stream or jet. A dozen angry models jetted steam. Tennyson.

JET-BLACK Jet"-black`, a.

Defn: Black as jet; deep black.

JET D'EAU Jet` d'eau", pl. Jets d'eau (. Etym: [F., a throw of water. See Jet a shooting forth.]

Defn: A stream of water spouting from a fountain or pipe (especially from one arranged to throw water upward), in a public place or in a garden, for ornament.

JETERUS Jet"e*rus, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A yellowness of the parts of plants which are normally green; yellows.

JETSAM; JETSON Jet"sam, Jet"son, n. Etym: [F. jeter to throw: cf. OF. getaison a throwing. Cf. Flotsam, Jettison.]

1. (Mar. Law)

Defn: Goods which sink when cast into the sea, and remain under water; — distinguished from flotsam, goods which float, and ligan, goods which are sunk attached to a buoy.

2. Jettison. See Jettison, 1.

JETTEAU Jet"teau, n.

Defn: See Jet d'eau. [R.] Addison.

JETTEE Jet"tee, n.

Defn: See Jetty, n. Burke.

JETTER Jet"ter, n.

Defn: One who struts; one who bears himself jauntily; a fop. [Obs.] Palsgrave.

JETTINESS Jet"ti*ness (-ti*nes). n.

Defn: The state of being jetty; blackness. Pennant.

JETTISON Jet"ti*son. n. Etym: [See Jetsam.]

1. (Mar. Law)

Defn: The throwing overboard of goods from necessity, in order to lighten a vessel in danger of wreck.

2. See Jetsam, 1.

JETTON Jet"ton, n. Etym: [F. jeton.]

Defn: A metal counter used in playing cards.

JETTY Jet"ty, a.

Defn: Made of jet, or like jet in color. The people . . . are of a jetty. Sir T. Browne.

JETTY Jet"ty, n.; pl. Jetties. Etym: [F.jetée a pier, a jetty, a causeway. See Jet a shooting forth, and cf. Jutty.]

1. (Arch.)

Defn: A part of a building that jets or projects beyond the rest, and overhangs the wall below.

2. A wharf or pier extending from the shore.

3. (Hydraul. Engin.)

Defn: A structure of wood or stone extended into the sea to influence the current or tide, or to protect a harbor; a mole; as, the Eads system of jetties at the mouth of the Mississippi River. Jetty ad (Naut.), a projecting part at the end of a wharf; the front of a wharf whose side forms one of the cheeks of a dock.