R R (är). (continued 13)

RONG Rong, obs.

Defn: imp. & p. p. of Ring. Chaucer.

RONG Rong, n.

Defn: Rung (of a ladder). [Obs.] Chaucer.

RONGEUR Ron`geur", n. Etym: [F., fr. ronger to gnaw.] (Surg.)

Defn: An instrument for removing small rough portions of bone.

RONIN Ro"nin", n. [Jap. ro-nin, fr. Chin. lang profligate, lawless + jên (old sound nin) man.]

Defn: In Japan, under the feudal system, a samurai who had renounced his clan or who had been discharged or ostracized and had become a wanderer without a lord; an outcast; an outlaw.

RONION; RONYON Ron"ion, Ron"yon, n. Etym: [F. rogne scab, mange.]

Defn: A mangy or scabby creature. "Aroint thee, with!" the rump-fed ronyon cries. Shak.

RONNE; RONNEN Ron"ne,

Defn: obs. imp. pl., and Ron"nen (,

Defn: obs. p. p. of Renne, to run. Chaucer.

RONT Ront, n. Etym: [See Runt.]

Defn: A runt. [Obs.] Spenser.

RONTGEN Rönt"gen, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the German physicist Wilhelm Konrad Röntgen, or the rays discovered by him; as, Röntgen apparatus.

RONTGENIZE Rönt"gen*ize, v. t. (Physics)

Defn: To render (air or other gas) conducting by the passage of Röntgen rays.

RONTGEN RAY Röntgen ray. (Physics)

Defn: Any of the rays produced when cathode rays strike upon surface of a solid (as the wall of the vacuum tube). Röntgen rays are noted for their penetration of many opaque substances, as wood and flesh, their action on photographic plates, and their fluorescent effects. They were called X rays by their discoverer, W. K. Röntgen. They also ionize gases, but cannot be reflected, or polarized, or deflected by a magnetic field. They are regarded as nonperiodic, transverse pulses in the ether. They are used in examining opaque objects, as for locating fractures or bullets in the human body.

ROOD Rood, n. Etym: [AS. rr, D. roede rod, G. ruthe, rute, OHG. ruota. CF. Rod a measure.]

1. A representation in sculpture or in painting of the cross with Christ hanging on it.

Note: Generally, the Trinity is represented, the Father as an elderly man fully clothed, with a nimbus around his head, and holding the cross on which the Son is represented as crucified, the Holy Spirit descending in the form of a dove near the Son's head. Figures of the Virgin Mary and of St. John are often placed near the principal figures. Savior, in thine image seen Bleeding on that precious rood. Wordsworth.

2. A measure of five and a half yards in length; a red; a perch; a pole. [Prov.Eng.]

3. The fourth part of an acre, or forty square rods. By the rood, by the cross; — a phrase formerly used in swearing. "No, by the road, not so." Shak. — Rood beam (Arch.), a beam across the chancel of a church, supporting the road. — Rood loft (Arch.), a loft or gallery, in a church, on which the rood and its appendagess were set up to view. Gwilt. — Rood screen (Arch.), a screen, between the choir and the body of the church, over which the rood was placed. Fairholt. — Rood tower (Arch.), a tower at the intersection of the nave and transept of a church; — when crowned with a spire it was called also rood steeple. Weale. — Rood tree, the cross. [Obs.] "Died upon the rood tree." Gower.

ROODEBOK Roo"de*bok, n. Etym: [D. rood red + bok buck.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The pallah.

ROODY Rood"y, a.

Defn: Rank in growth. [Prov.Eng.]

ROOF Roof, n. Etym: [OE. rof, AS. hr top, roof; akin to D. roef cabin, Icel. hr a shed under which ships are built or kept; cf. OS. hr roof, Goth. hr. Cf. Roost.]

1. (Arch.)

Defn: The cover of any building, including the roofing (see Roofing) and all the materials and construction necessary to carry and maintain the same upon the walls or other uprights. In the case of a building with vaulted ceilings protected by an outer roof, some writers call the vault the roof, and the outer protection the roof mask. It is better, however, to consider the vault as the ceiling only, in cases where it has farther covering.

2. That which resembles, or corresponds to, the covering or the ceiling of a house; as, the roof of a cavern; the roof of the mouth. The flowery roof Showered roses, which the morn repaired. Milton.

3. (Mining.)

Defn: The surface or bed of rock immediately overlying a bed of coal or a flat vein. Bell roof, French roof, etc. (Arch.) See under Bell, French, etc. — Flat roof. (Arch.) (a) A roof actually horizontal and level, as in some Oriental buildings. (b) A roof nearly horizontal, constructed of such material as allows the water to run off freely from a very slight inclination. — Roof plate. (Arch.) See Plate, n., 10.

ROOF Roof, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Roofed; p. pr. & vb. n. Roofing.]

1. To cover with a roof. I have not seen the remains of any Roman buildings that have not been roofed with vaults or arches. Addison.

2. To inclose in a house; figuratively, to shelter. Here had we now our country's honor roofed. Shak.

ROOFER Roof"er, n.

Defn: One who puts on roofs.

ROOFING Roof"ing, n.

1. The act of covering with a roof.

2. The materials of which a roof is composed; materials for a roof. Gwilt.

3. Hence, the roof itself; figuratively, shelter. "Fit roofing gave." Southey.

4. (Mining)

Defn: The wedging, as of a horse or car, against the top of an underground passage. Raymond.

ROOFLESS Roof"less, a.

1. Having no roof; as, a roofless house.

2. Having no house or home; shelterless; homeless.

ROOFLET Roof"let, n.

Defn: A small roof, covering, or shelter.

ROOFTREE Roof"tree`, n.

Defn: The beam in the angle of a roof; hence, the roof itself. Now for me the woods may wither, now for me the rooftree fall. Tennyson.

ROOFY Roof`y, a.

Defn: Having roofs. [R.] Dryden.

ROOK Rook, n.

Defn: Mist; fog. See Roke. [Obs.]

ROOK Rook, v. i.

Defn: To squat; to ruck. [Obs.] Shak.

ROOK Rook, n. Etym: [F. roc (cf. Sp. roque), fr. Per. & Ar. rokh, or rukh, the rook or castle at chess, also the bird roc (in this sense pehaps a different word); cf. Hind. rath a war chariot, the castle at chess, Skr. ratha a car, a war car. Cf. Roll.] (Chess)

Defn: One of the four pieces placed on the corner squares of the board; a castle.

ROOK Rook, n. Etym: [AS. hr; akin to OHG. hruoh, ruoh, ruoho, Icel. hr, Sw. roka, Dan. raage; cf. Goth. hrukjan to crow.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A European bird (Corvus frugilegus) resembling the crow, but smaller. It is black, with purple and violet reflections. The base of the beak and the region around it are covered with a rough, scabrous skin, which in old birds is whitish. It is gregarious in its habits. The name is also applied to related Asiatic species. The rook . . . should be treated as the farmer's friend. Pennant.

2. A trickish, rapacious fellow; a cheat; a sharper. Wycherley.

ROOK Rook, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Rooked; p. pr. & vb. n. Rooking.]

Defn: To cheat; to defraud by cheating. "A band of rooking officials." Milton.

ROOKERY Rook"er*y, n.; pl. Rookeries (.

1. The breeding place of a colony of rooks; also, the birds themselves. Tennyson.

2. A breeding place of other gregarious birds, as of herons, penguins, etc.

3. The breeding ground of seals, esp. of the fur seals.

4. A dilapidated building with many rooms and occupants; a cluster of dilapidated or mean buildings.

5. A brothel. [Low]

ROOKY Rook"y, a. Etym: [See Roky.]

Defn: Misty; gloomy. [Obs.] Light thickens, and the crow Makes wing to the rooky wood. Shak.

Note: Some make this Shakespearean word mean "abounding in rooks."

ROOM Room, n. Etym: [OE. roum, rum, space, AS. rum; akin to OS., OFries. & Icel. rum, D. ruim, G. raum, OHG. rum, Sw. & Dan. rum, Goth. rums, and to AS. rum, adj., spacious, D. ruim, Icel. rumr, Goth. rums; and prob. to L. rus country (cf. Rural), Zend ravanh wide, free, open, ravan a plain.]

1. Unobstructed spase; space which may be occupied by or devoted to any object; compass; extent of place, great or small; as, there is not room for a house; the table takes up too much room. Lord, it is done as thou hast commanded, and yet there is room. Luke xiv. 22. There was no room for them in the inn. Luke ii. 7.

2. A particular portion of space appropriated for occupancy; a place to sit, stand, or lie; a seat. If he have but twelve pence in his purse, he will give it for the best room in a playhouse. Overbury. When thou art bidden of any man to a wedding, sit not down in the highest room. Luke xiv. 8.

3. Especially, space in a building or ship inclosed or set apart by a partition; an apartment or chamber. I found the prince in the next room. Shak.

4. Place or position in society; office; rank; post; station; also, a place or station once belonging to, or occupied by, another, and vacated. [Obs.] When he heard that Archelaus did reign in Judea in the room of his father Herod. Matt. ii. 22. Neither that I look for a higher room in heaven. Tyndale. Let Bianca take her sister's room. Shak.

5. Possibility of admission; ability to admit; opportunity to act; fit occasion; as, to leave room for hope. There was no prince in the empire who had room for such an alliance. Addison. Room and space (Shipbuilding), the distance from one side of a rib to the corresponding side of the next rib; space being the distance between two ribs, in the clear, and room the width of a rib. — To give room, to withdraw; to leave or provide space unoccupied for others to pass or to be seated. — To make room, to open a space, way, or passage; to remove obstructions; to give room. Make room, and let him stand before our face. Shak.

Syn. — Space; compass; scope; latitude.

ROOM Room, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Roomed; p. pr. & vb. n. Rooming.]

Defn: To occupy a room or rooms; to lodge; as, they arranged to room together.

ROOM Room, a. Etym: [AS. rum.]

Defn: Spacious; roomy. [Obs.] No roomer harbour in the place. Chaucer.

ROOMAGE Room"age, n. Etym: [From Room. CF. Rummage.]

Defn: Space; place; room. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

ROOMER Room"er, n.

Defn: A lodger. [Colloq.]

ROOMER Room"er, adv. Etym: [See Room, a.]

Defn: At a greater distance; farther off. [Obs.] Sir J. Harrington.

ROOMFUL Room"ful, a.

Defn: Abounding with room or rooms; roomy. "A roomful house." [R.] Donne.

ROOMFUL Room"ful, n.; pl. Roomfuls (.

Defn: As much or many as a room will hold; as, a roomful of men. Swift.

ROOMILY Room"i*ly, adv.

Defn: Spaciously.

ROOMINESS Room"i*ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being roomy; spaciousness; as, the roominess of a hall.

ROOMLESS Room"less, a.

Defn: Being without room or rooms. Udall.

ROOMMATE Room"mate`, n.

Defn: One of twe or more occupying the same room or rooms; one who shares the occupancy of a room or rooms; a chum.

ROOMSOME Room"some, a.

Defn: Roomy. [Obs.] Evelyn.

ROOMTH Roomth, n.

Defn: Room; space. [Obs.] Drayton.

ROOMTHY Roomth"y, a.

Defn: Roomy; spacious. [Obs.] Fuller.

ROOMY Room"y, a.

Defn: Having ample room; spacious; large; as, a roomy mansion; a roomy deck. Dryden.

ROON Roon, a. & n.

Defn: Vermilion red; red. [R.] Her face was like the lily roon. J. R. Drake.

ROOP Roop, n.

Defn: See Roup. [Prov. Eng.]

ROORBACK; ROORBACH Roor"back, Roor"bach, n.

Defn: A defamatory forgery or falsehood published for purposes of political intrigue. [U.S.]

Note: The word originated in the election canvass of 1844, when such a forgery was published, to the detriment of James K. Polk, a candidate for President, purporting to be an extract from the "Travels of Baron Roorbach."

ROOSA OIL Roo"sa oil`.

Defn: The East Indian name for grass oil. See under Grass.

ROOST Roost, n.

Defn: Roast. [Obs.] Chaucer.

ROOST Roost, v. t.

Defn: See Roust, v. t.

ROOST Roost, n. Etym: [AS. hrost; akin to OD. roest roost, roesten to roost, and probably to E. roof. Cf. Roof.]

1. The pole or other support on which fowls rest at night; a perch. He clapped his wings upon his roost. Dryden.

2. A collection of fowls roosting together. At roost, on a perch or roost; hence, retired to rest.

ROOST Roost, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Roosted; p. pr. & vb. n. Roosting.]

1. To sit, rest, or sleep, as fowls on a pole, limb of a tree, etc.; to perch. Wordsworth.

2. Fig.; To lodge; to rest; to sleep. O, let me where thy roof my soul hath hid, O, let me roost and nestle there. Herbert.

ROOSTCOCK Roost"cock`, n.

Defn: The male of the domestic fowl; a cock. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

ROOSTER Roost"er, n.

Defn: The male of the domestic fowl; a cock. [U.S.] Nor, when they [the Skinners and Cow Boys] wrung the neck of a rooster, did they trouble their heads whether he crowed for Congress or King George. W. Irving.

ROOT Root, v. i. Etym: [AS. wrotan; akin to wrot a snout, trunk, D. wroeten to root, G. rüssel snout, trunk, proboscis, Icel. rota to root, and perhaps to L. rodere to gnaw (E. rodent) or to E. root, n.]

1. To turn up the earth with the snout, as swine.

2. Hence, to seek for favor or advancement by low arts or groveling servility; to fawn servilely.

ROOT Root, v. t.

Defn: To turn up or to dig out with the snout; as, the swine roots the earth.

ROOT Root, n. Etym: [Icel. rot (for vrot); akin to E. wort, and perhaps to root to turn up the earth. See Wort.]

1. (Bot.) (a) The underground portion of a plant, whether a true root or a tuber, a bulb or rootstock, as in the potato, the onion, or the sweet flag. (b) The descending, and commonly branching, axis of a plant, increasing in length by growth at its extremity only, not divided into joints, leafless and without buds, and having for its offices to fix the plant in the earth, to supply it with moisture and soluble matters, and sometimes to serve as a reservoir of nutriment for future growth. A true root, however, may never reach the ground, but may be attached to a wall, etc., as in the ivy, or may hang loosely in the air, as in some epiphytic orchids.

2. An edible or esculent root, especially of such plants as produce a single root, as the beet, carrot, etc.; as, the root crop.

3. That which resembles a root in position or function, esp. as a source of nourishment or support; that from which anything proceeds as if by growth or development; as, the root of a tooth, a nail, a cancer, and the like. Specifically: (a) An ancestor or progenitor; and hence, an early race; a stem. They were the roots out of which sprang two distinct people. Locke.

(b) A primitive form of speech; one of the earliest terms employed in language; a word from which other words are formed; a radix, or radical. (c) The cause or occasion by which anything is brought about; the source. "She herself . . . is root of bounty." Chaucer. The love of money is a root of all kinds of evil. 1 Tim. vi. 10 (rev. Ver. ) (d) (Math.)

Defn: That factor of a quantity which when multiplied into itself will produce that quantity; thus, 3 is a root of 9, because 3 multiplied into itself produces 9; 3 is the cube root of 27. (e) (Mus.) The fundamental tone of any chord; the tone from whose harmonics, or overtones, a chord is composed. Busby. (f) The lowest place, position, or part. "Deep to the roots of hell." Milton. "The roots of the mountains." Southey.

4. (Astrol.)

Defn: The time which to reckon in making calculations. When a root is of a birth yknowe [known]. Chaucer. Aërial roots. (Bot.) (a) Small roots emitted from the stem of a plant in the open air, which, attaching themselves to the bark of trees, etc., serve to support the plant. (b) Large roots growing from the stem, etc., which descend and establish themselves in the soil. See Illust. of Mangrove. — Multiple primary root (Bot.), a name given to the numerous roots emitted from the radicle in many plants, as the squash. — Primary root (Bot.), the central, first-formed, main root, from which the rootlets are given off. — Root and branch, every part; wholly; completely; as, to destroy an error root and branch. — Root-and-branch men, radical reformers; — a designation applied to the English Independents (1641). See Citation under Radical, n., 2. — Root barnacle (Zoöl.), one of the Rhizocephala. — Root hair (Bot.), one of the slender, hairlike fibers found on the surface of fresh roots. They are prolongations of the superficial cells of the root into minute tubes. Gray. — Root leaf (Bot.), a radical leaf. See Radical, a., 3 (b). — Root louse (Zoöl.), any plant louse, or aphid, which lives on the roots of plants, as the Phylloxera of the grapevine. See Phylloxera. — Root of an equation (Alg.), that value which, substituted for the unknown quantity in an equation, satisfies the equation. — Root of a nail (Anat.), the part of a nail which is covered by the skin. — Root of a tooth (Anat.), the part of a tooth contained in the socket and consisting of one or more fangs. — Secondary roots (Bot.), roots emitted from any part of the plant above the radicle. — To strike root, To take root, to send forth roots; to become fixed in the earth, etc., by a root; hence, in general, to become planted, fixed, or established; to increase and spread; as, an opinion takes root. "The bended twigs take root." Milton.

ROOT Root, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rooted; p. pr. & vb. n. Rooting.]

1. To fix the root; to enter the earth, as roots; to take root and begin to grow. In deep grounds the weeds root deeper. Mortimer.

2. To be firmly fixed; to be established. If any irregularity chanced to intervene and to cause misappehensions, he gave them not leave to root and fasten by concealment. Bp. Fell.

ROOT Root, v. t.

1. To plant and fix deeply in the earth, or as in the earth; to implant firmly; hence, to make deep or radical; to establish; — used chiefly in the participle; as, rooted trees or forests; rooted dislike.

2. To tear up by the root; to eradicate; to extirpate; — with up, out, or away. "I will go root away the noisome weeds." Shak. The Lord rooted them out of their land . . . and cast them into another land. Deut. xxix. 28.

ROOTCAP Root"cap`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A mass of parenchym

ROOTED Root"ed, a.

Defn: Having taken root; firmly implanted; fixed in the heart. "A rooted sorrow." Shak. — Root"*ed*ly, adv. — Root"ed*ness, n.

ROOTER Rooter, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, roots; one that tears up by the roots.

ROOTERY Root"er*y, n.

Defn: A pile of roots, set with plants, mosses, etc., and used as an ornamental object in gardening.

ROOTLESS Root"less, a.

Defn: Destitute of roots.

ROOTLET Root"let, n.

Defn: A radicle; a little root.

ROOTSTOCK Root"stock`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A perennial underground stem, producing leafly s

ROOTY Root"y, a.

Defn: Full of roots; as, rooty ground.

ROPALIC Ro*pal"ic, a.

Defn: See Rhopalic.

ROPE Rope, n. Etym: [AS. rap; akin to D. reep, G. reif ring hoop, Icel. reip rope, Sw. rep, Dan. reb, reeb Goth. skaudaraip latchet.]

1. A large, stout cord, usually one not less than an inch in circumference, made of strands twisted or braided together. It differs from cord, line, and string, only in its size. See Cordage.

2. A row or string consisting of a number of things united, as by braiding, twining, etc.; as, a rope of onions.

3. pl.

Defn: The small intestines; as, the ropes of birds. Rope ladder, a ladder made of ropes. — Rope mat., a mat made of cordage, or strands of old rope. — Rope of sand, something of no cohession or fiber; a feeble union or tie; something not to be relied upon. — Rope pump, a pump in which a rapidly running endless rope raises water by the momentum communicated to the water by its adhesion to the rope. — Rope transmission (Mach.), a method of transmitting power, as between distant places, by means of endless ropes running over grooved pulleys. — Rope's end, a piece of rope; especially, one used as a lash in inflicting punishment. — To give one rope, to give one liberty or license; to let one go at will uncheked.

ROPE Rope, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Roped; p. pr. & vb. n. Roping.]

Defn: To be formed into rope; to draw out or extend into a filament or thread, as by means of any glutinous or adhesive quality. Let us not hang like ropingicicles Upon our houses' thatch. Shak.

ROPE Rope, v. t.

1. To bind, fasten, or tie with a rope or cord; as, to rope a bale of goods. Hence: —

2. To connect or fasten together, as a party of mountain climbers, with a rope.

3. To partition, separate, or divide off, by means of a rope, so as to include or exclude something; as, to rope in, or rope off, a plot of ground; to rope out a crowd.

4. To lasso (a steer, horse). [Colloq. U.S.]

5. To draw, as with a rope; to entice; to inveigle; to decoy; as, to rope in customers or voters. [Slang, U.S.]

6. To prevent from winning (as a horse), by pulling or curbing. [Racing Slang, Eng.]

ROPEBAND Rope"band`, n. (Naut.)

Defn: A small piece of spun yarn or marline, used to fasten the head of the sail to the spar. [Written also roband, and robbin.]

ROPEDANCER Rope"dan`cer, n.

Defn: One who dances, walks, or performs acrobatic feats, on a rope extended through the air at some height. — Rope"dan`cing, n.

ROPER Rop"er, n.

1. A maker of ropes. P. Plowman.

2. One who ropes goods; a packer.

3. One fit to be hanged. [Old Slang] Douce.

ROPERY Rop"er*y, n.

1. A place where ropes are made.

2. Tricks deserving the halter; roguery. [Obs.] "Saucy merchant . . . so full of his ropery." Shak.

ROPE'S-END Rope's"-end`, v. t.

Defn: To punish with a rope's end.

ROPEWALK Rope"walk`, a.

Defn: A long, covered walk, or a low, level building, where ropes are manufactured.

ROPEWALKER Rope"walk`er, n.

Defn: A ropedancer.

ROPE-YARN Rope"-yarn`, n.

Defn: the yarn or thread of any stuff of which the strands of a rope are made.

ROPILY Rop"i*ly, adv.

Defn: In a ropy manner; in a viscous or glutinous manner.

ROPINESS Rop"i*ness, n.

Defn: Quality of being ropy; viscosity.

ROPISH Rop"ish, a.

Defn: Somewhat ropy.

ROPY Rop"y, a.

Defn: capable of being drawn into a thread, as a glutinous substance; stringy; viscous; tenacious; glutinous; as ropy sirup; ropy lees.

ROQUE Roque (rok), n. [Abbr. fr. Croquet.]

Defn: A form of croquet modified for greater accuracy of play. The court has a wood border often faced with rubber, used as a cushion in bank shots. The balls are 3¼ in. in diameter, the cage (center arches or wickets) 3 3/8 in. wide, the other arches 3½ in. wide.

ROQUEFORT CHEESE; ROQUEFORT Roque`fort" cheese, or Roque`fort", n.

Defn: A highly flavored blue-molded cheese, made at Roquefort, department of Aveyron, France. It is made from milk of ewes, sometimes with cow's milk added, and is cured in caves. Improperly, a cheese made in imitation of it.

ROQUELAURE Roq"ue*laure, n. Etym: [F.; so called after Duc de Roquelaure, in the reign of Louis XIV.]

Defn: A cloak reaching about to, or just below, the knees, worn in the 18th century. [Written also roquelo.]

ROQUET Ro*quet", v. t. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain] (Croquet)

Defn: To hit, as another's ball, with one's own ball.

ROQUET Ro*quet", v. i.

Defn: To hit another's ball with one's own.

RORAL Ro"ral, a. Etym: [L. ros, roris, dew.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to dew; consisting of dew; dewy. [R.] M. Green.

RORATION Ro*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. roratio, fr. rorare to drop dew, fr. ros dew.]

Defn: A falling of dew. [R.]

RORIC Ro"ric, a. Etym: [L. ros, roris, dew.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to dew; resembling dew; dewy. Roric figures (Physics), figures which appear upon a polished surface, as glass, when objects which have been near to, or in contact with, the surface are removed and the surface breathed upon; — called also Moser's images.

RORID Ro"rid, a. Etym: [L. roridus, fr. ros, roris, dew.]

Defn: Dewy; bedewed. [R.] T. Granger.

RORIFEROUS Ro*rif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. rorifer; ros, roris, dew + ferre to bear: cf. F. rorifère.]

Defn: generating or producing dew. [R.]

RORIFLUENT Ro*rif"lu*ent, a. Etym: [L. ros, roris, dew + fluens, p.pr. of fluere to flow.]

Defn: Flowing with dew. [R.]

RORQUAL Ror"qual, n. Etym: [Norw. rorqualus a whale with folds.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A very large North Atlantic whalebone whale (Physalus antiquorum, or Balænoptera physalus). It has a dorsal fin, and strong longitudinal folds on the throat and belly. Called also razorback.

Note: It is one of the largest of the whales, somethimes becoming nearly one hundred feet long, but it is more slender than the right whales, and is noted for its swiftness. The name is sometimes applied to other related species of finback whales.

RORULENT Ro"ru*lent, a. Etym: [L. rorulentus, from ros, roris, dew.]

1. Full of, or abounding in, dew. [R.]

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having the surface appearing as if dusty, or covered with fine dew.

RORY Ro"ry, a. Etym: [L. ros, roris, dew.]

Defn: Dewy. [R.] And shook his wings with rory May-dew wet. Fairfax.

ROSACEOUS Ro*sa"ceous, a. Etym: [L. rosaceus, fr. rosa rose.]

1. (Bot.) (a) Of or pertaining to a natural order of plants (Rosaceæ) of which the rose is the type. It includes also the plums and cherries, meadowsweet, brambles, the strawberry, the hawthorn, applies, pears, service tress, and quinces. (b) Like a rose in shape or appearance; as, a rosaceous corolla.

2. Of a pure purpish pink color.

ROSACIC Ro*sac"ic, a. Etym: [See Rosaceous.] (Old med. Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid (called also lithic acid) found in certain red precipitates of urine. See Uric. [Obs.]

ROSALGAR Ro*sal"gar, n.

Defn: realgar. [Obs.] chaucer.

ROSALIA Ro*sa"li*a, n. Etym: [Cf. F. rosalie.] (Mus.)

Defn: A form of melody in which a phrase or passage is successively repeated, each time a step or half step higher; a melodic sequence.

ROSANILINE Ros*an"i*line ( or ), n. Etym: [Rose + aniline.] (Chem.)

Defn: A complex nitrogenous base, C20H21N3O, obtained by oxidizing a mixture of aniline and toluidine, as a colorless crystalline substance which forms red salts. These salts are essential components of many of the socalled aniline dyes, as fuchsine, aniline red, etc. By extension, any one of the series of substances derived from, or related to, rosaniline proper.

ROSARIAN Ro*sa"ri*an, n.

Defn: A cultivator of roses.

ROSARY Ro"sa*ry, n.; pl. Rosaries. Etym: [LL. rosarium a string of beads, L. rosarium a place planted with roses, rosa a rose: cf. F. rosaire. See Rose.]

1. A bed of roses, or place where roses grow. "Thick rosaries of scented thorn." Tennyson.

2. (R.C.Ch.)

Defn: A series of prayers (see Note below) arranged to be recited in order, on beads; also, a string of beads by which the prayers are counted. His idolized book, and the whole rosary of his prayers. Milton.

Note: A rosary consists of fifteen decades. Each decade contains ten Ave Marias marked by small beads, preceded by a Paternoster, marked by a larger bead, and concluded by a Gloria Patri. Five decades make a chaplet, a third part of the rosary. Bp. Fitzpatrick.

3. A chapelet; a garland; a series or collection, as of beautiful thoughts or of literary selections. Every day propound to yourself a rosary or chaplet of good works to present to God at night. Jer. Taylor.

4. A coin bearing the figure of a rose, fraudulently circulated in Ireland in the 13th century for a penny. Rosary shell (Zoöl.), any marine gastropod shell of the genus Monodonta. They are top-shaped, bright-colored and pearly.

ROSCID Ros"cid, a. Etym: [L. roscidus, fr. ros, roris, dew.]

Defn: Containing, or consisting of, dew; dewy. [R.] Bacon.

ROSCOELITE Ros"coe*lite, n. Etym: [From an English chemist, H.E. Roscoe + - lite.] (Min.)

Defn: A green micaceous mineral occurring in minute scales. It is essentially a silicate of aluminia and potash containing vanadium.

ROSE Rose,

Defn: imp. of Rise.

ROSE Rose, n. Etym: [AS. rose, L. rosa, probably akin to Gr. vard, OPer. vareda; and perhaps to E. wort: cf. F. rose, from the Latin. Cf. Copperas, Rhododendron.]

1. A flower and shrub of any species of the genus Rosa, of which there are many species, mostly found in the morthern hemispere

Note: Roses are shrubs with pinnate leaves and usually prickly stems. The flowers are large, and in the wild state have five petals of a color varying from deep pink to white, or sometimes yellow. By cultivation and hybridizing the number of petals is greatly increased and the natural perfume enhanced. In this way many distinct classes of roses have been formed, as the Banksia, Baurbon, Boursalt, China, Noisette, hybrid perpetual, etc., with multitudes of varieties in nearly every class.

2. A knot of ribbon formed like a rose; a rose knot; a rosette, esp. one worn on a shoe. Sha.

3. (Arch.)

Defn: A rose window. See Rose window, below.

4. A perforated nozzle, as of a pipe, spout, etc., for delivering water in fine jets; a rosehead; also, a strainer at the foot of a pump.

5. (Med.)

Defn: The erysipelas. Dunglison.

6. The card of the mariner's compass; also, a circular card with radiating lines, used in other instruments.

7. The color of a rose; rose-red; pink.

8. A diamond. See Rose diamond, below. Cabbage rose, China rose, etc. See under Cabbage, China, etc. — Corn rose (Bot.) See Corn poppy, under Corn. — Infantile rose (Med.), a variety of roseola. — Jamaica rose. (Bot.) See under Jamaica. — Rose acacia (Bot.), a low American leguminous shrub (Robinia hispida) with handsome clusters of rose-colored blossoms. — Rose aniline. (Chem.) Same as Rosaniline. — Rose apple (Bot.), the fruit of the tropical myrtaceous tree Eugenia Jambos. It is an edible berry an inch or more in diameter, and is said to have a very strong roselike perfume. — Rose beetle. (Zoöl.) (a) A small yellowish or buff longlegged beetle (Macrodactylus subspinosus), which eats the leaves of various plants, and is often very injurious to rosebushes, apple trees, grapevines, etc. Called also rose bug, and rose chafer. (b) The European chafer. — Rose bug. (Zoöl.) same as Rose beetle, Rose chafer. — Rose burner, a kind of gas-burner producing a rose-shaped flame. — Rose camphor (Chem.), a solid odorless substance which separates from rose oil. — Rose campion. (Bot.) See under Campion. — Rose catarrh (Med.), rose cold. — Rose chafer. (Zoöl.) (a) A common European beetle (Cetonia aurata) which is often very injurious to rosebushes; — called also rose beetle, and rose fly. (b) The rose beetle (a). — Rose cold (Med.), a variety of hay fever, sometimes attributed to the inhalation of the effluvia of roses. See Hay fever, under Hay. — Rose color, the color of a rose; pink; hence, a beautiful hue or appearance; fancied beauty, attractiveness, or promise.

— Rose de Pompadour, Rose du Barry, names succesively given to a delicate rose color used on Sèvres porcelain. — Rose diamond, a diamond, one side of which is flat, and the other cut into twenty-four triangular facets in two ranges which form a convex face pointed at the top. Cf. Brilliant, n. — Rose ear. See under Ear. — Rose elder (Bot.), the Guelder-rose. — Rose engine, a machine, or an appendage to a turning lathe, by which a surface or wood, metal, etc., is engraved with a variety of curved lines. Craig. — Rose family (Bot.) the Roseceæ. See Rosaceous. — Rose fever (Med.), rose cold. — Rose fly (Zoöl.), a rose betle, or rose chafer. — Rose gall (Zoöl.), any gall found on rosebushes. See Bedeguar. — Rose knot, a ribbon, or other pliade band plaited so as to resemble a rose; a rosette. — Rose lake, Rose madder, a rich tint prepared from lac and madder precipitated on an earthy basis. Fairholt. — Rose mallow. (Bot.) (a) A name of several malvaceous plants of the genus Hibiscus, with large rose-colored flowers. (b) the hollyhock. — Rose nail, a nail with a convex, faceted head. — Rose noble, an ancient English gold coin, stamped with the figure of a rose, first struck in the reign of Edward III., and current at 6s. 8d. Sir W. Scott. — Rose of China. (Bot.) See China rose (b), under China. — Rose of Jericho (Bot.), a Syrian cruciferous plant (Anastatica Hierochuntica) which rolls up when dry, and expands again when moistened; — called also resurrection plant. — Rose of Sharon (Bot.), an ornamental malvaceous shrub (Hibiscus Syriacus). In the Bible the name is used for some flower not yet identified, perhaps a Narcissus, or possibly the great lotus flower. — Rose oil (Chem.), the yellow essential oil extracted from various species of rose blossoms, and forming the chief part of attar of roses. — Rose pink, a pigment of a rose color, made by dyeing chalk or whiting with a decoction of Brazil wood and alum; also, the color of the pigment. — Rose quartz (Min.), a variety of quartz which is rose-red. — Rose rash. (Med.) Same as Roseola. — Rose slug (Zoöl.), the small green larva of a black sawfly (Selandria rosæ). These larvæ feed in groups on the parenchyma of the leaves of rosebushes, and are often abundant and very destructive. — Rose window (Arch.), a circular window filled with ornamental tracery. Called also Catherine wheel, and marigold window. Cf. wheel window, under Wheel. — Summer rose (Med.), a variety of roseola. See Roseola. — Under the rose Etym: [a translation of L. sub rosa], in secret; privately; in a manner that forbids disclosure; — the rose being among the ancients the symbol of secrecy, and hung up at entertainments as a token that nothing there said was to be divulged. — Wars of the Roses (Eng. Hist.), feuds between the Houses of York and Lancaster, the white rose being the badge of the House of York, and the red rose of the House of Lancaster.

ROSE Rose, v. t.

1. To render rose-colored; to redden; to flush. [Poetic] "A maid yet rosed over with the virgin crimson of modesty." Shak.

2. To perfume, as with roses. [Poetic] Tennyson.

ROSEAL Ro"se*al, a. Etym: [L. roseus, fr. rosa a rose.]

Defn: resembling a rose in smell or color. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

ROSEATE Ro"se*ate, a. Etym: [Cf. L. roseus, rosatus, prepared from roses. See Roseal, Rose.]

1. Full of roses; rosy; as, roseate bowers.

2. resembling a rose in color or fragrance; esp., tinged with rose color; blooming; as, roseate beauty; her roseate lips. Roseate tern (Zoöl.), an American and European tern (Sterna Dougalli) whose breast is roseate in the breeding season.

ROSEBAY Rose"bay`, n. (Bot.) (a) the oleander. [Obs.] (b) Any shrub of the genus Rhododendron. [U.S.] (c) An herb (Epilobium spicatum) with showy purple flowers, common in Europe and North America; — called also great willow herb.

ROSEBUD Rose"bud`, n.

Defn: The flower of a rose before it opens, or when but partially open.

ROSEBUSH Rose"bush`, n.

Defn: The bush or shrub which bears roses.

ROSE-COLORED Rose"-col`ored, a.

1. Having the color of a pink rose; rose-pink; of a delicate pink color.

2. Uncommonly beautiful; hence, extravagantly fine or pleasing; alluring; as, rose-colored anticipations.

ROSE-CUT Rose"-cut`, a.

Defn: Cut flat on the reverse, and with a convex face formed of triangular facets in rows; — said of diamonds and other precious stones. See Rose diamond, under Rose. Cf. Brilliant, n.

ROSEDROP Rose"drop`, n.

1. A lozenge having a rose flavor.

2. A kind of earring. Simmonds.

3. (Med.)

Defn: A ruddy eruption upon the nose caused by drinking ardent spirits; a grog blossom.

ROSEFINCH Rose"finch, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any one of numerous species of Asiatic finches of the genera Carpodacus, and Propasser, and allied genera, in which the male is more or less colored with rose red.

ROSEFISH Rose"fish`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large marine scorpænoid food fish (Sebastes marinus) found on the northern coasts of Europe and America. called also red perch, hemdurgan, Norway haddok, and also, erroneously, snapper, bream, and bergylt.

Note: When full grown it is usually bright rose-red or orange-red; the young are usually mottled with red and ducky brown.

ROSEHEAD Rose"head`, n.

1. See Rose, n., 4.

2. A many-sided pyramidal head upon a nail; also a nail with such a head.

ROSEINE Ro"se*ine ( or ), n.

Defn: See Magenta.

ROSELITE Ro"se*lite, n. Etym: [From the German mineralogist G. Rose + -lite.] (Min.)

Defn: A hydrous arsenite of cobalt, occuring in small red crystals, allied to erythrite.

ROSELLA Ro"sel"la, n. Etym: [NL., dim. of L. rosa rose.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A beautiful Australian parrakeet (Platycercus eximius) often kept as a cage bird. The head and back of the neck are scarlet, the throat is white, the back dark green varied with lighter green, and the breast yellow.

ROSELLE Ro*selle", n. (Bot.)

Defn: a malvaceous plant (Hibiscus Sabdariffa) cultivated in the east and West Indies for its fleshy calyxes, which are used for making tarts and jelly and an acid drink.

ROSEMALOES Rose`mal"oes, n. Etym: [From the native name; cf. Malay rasamala the name of the tree.]

Defn: The liquid storax of the East Indian Liquidambar orientalis.

ROSEMARY Rose"ma*ry, n. Etym: [OE. rosmarine, L. rosmarinus; ros dew (cf. Russ. rosa, Lith. rasa, Skr. rasa juice) + marinus marine: cf. F. romarin. In English the word has been changed as if it meant the rose of Mary. See Marine.]

Defn: A labiate shrub (Rosmarinus officinalis) with narrow grayish leaves, growing native in the southern part of France, Spain, and Italy, also in Asia Minor and in China. It has a fragrant smell, and a warm, pungent, bitterish taste. It is used in cookery, perfumery, etc., and is an emblem of fidelity or constancy. There's rosemary, that's for remembrance. Shak. Marsh rosemary. (a) A little shrub (Andromeda polifolia) growing in cold swamps and having leaves like those of the rosemary. (b) See under Marsh. — Rosemary pine, the loblolly pine. See under Loblolly.

ROSEN Ros"en, a.

Defn: Consisting of roses; rosy. [Obs.]

ROSENMULLER'S ORGAN; ROSENMUELLER'S ORGAN Ro"sen*mül`ler's or"gan.

Defn: [So named from its first describer, J. C. Rosenmüller, a German anatomist.] (Anat.) The parovarium.

ROSEO- Ro"se*o-. (Chem.)

Defn: A prefix (also used adjectively) signifying rose-red; specifically used to designate certain rose-red compounds (called roseo-cobaltic compounds) of cobalt with ammonia. Cf. Luteo-.

ROSEOLA Ro*se"o*la, n. Etym: [NL., dim. of L. rosa a rose.] (med.)

Defn: A rose-colored efflorescence upon the skin, occurring in circumscribed patches of little or no elevation and often alternately fading and reviving; also, an acute specific disease which is characterized by an eruption of this character; — called also rose rash. — Ro*se"o*lous, a.

ROSE-PINK Rose"-pink`, a.

1. Having a pink color like that of the rose, or like the pigment called rose pink. See Rose pink, under Rose.

2. Disposed to clothe everything with roseate hues; hence, sentimental. "Rose-pink piety." C. Kingsley.

ROSER Ros"er, n.

Defn: A rosier; a rosebush. [Obs.]

ROSE-RED Rose"-red`, a.

Defn: Red as a rose; specifically (Zoöl.), of a pure purplish red color. Chaucer.

ROSE-RIAL Rose"-ri`al, n. Etym: [See Rose, and Royal.]

Defn: A name of several English gold coins struck in different reigns and having having different values; a rose noble.

ROSEROOT Rose"root`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A fleshy-leaved herb (Rhodiola rosea); rosewort; — so called because the roots have the odor of roses.

ROSERY Ros"er*y, n.

Defn: A place where roses are cultivated; a nursery of roses. See Rosary, 1.

ROSET Ro"set, n. Etym: [F. rosette. See Rosette.]

Defn: A red color used by painters. Peacham.

ROSETTA STONE Ro*set"ta stone`.

Defn: A stone found at Rosetta, in Egypt, bearing a trilingual inscription, by aid of which, with other inscriptions, a key was obtained to the hieroglyphics of ancient Egypt. Brande & C.

ROSETTA WOOD Ro*set"ta wood`.

Defn: An east Indian wood of a reddish orange color, handsomely veined with darker marks. It is occasionally used for cabinetwork. Ure.

ROSETTE Ro*sette, n. Etym: [F., dim. of rose a rose. Cf. Roset.]

1. An imitation of a rose by means of ribbon or other material, — used as an ornament or a badge.

2. (Arch.)

Defn: An ornament in the form of a rose or roundel, -much used in decoration.

3. A red color. See Roset.

4. A rose burner. See under Rose.

5. (Zoöl.) (a) Any structure having a flowerlike form; especially, the group of five broad ambulacra on the upper side of the spatangoid and clypeastroid sea urchins. See Illust. of Spicule, and Sand dollar, under Sand. (b) A flowerlike color marking; as, the rosettes on the leopard.

ROSE WATER Rose" wa`ter.

Defn: Water tinctured with roses by distillation.

ROSE-WATER Rose"-wa`ter, a.

Defn: Having the odor of rose water; hence, affectedly nice or delicate; sentimental. "Rose-water philantropy." Carlyle.

ROSEWOOD Rose"wood, n.

Defn: A valuable cabinet wood of a dark red color, streaked and variegated with black, obtained from several tropical leguminous trees of the genera Dalbergia and Machærium. The finest kind is from Brazil, and is said to be from the Dalbergia nigra. African rosewood, the wood of the leguminous tree Pterocarpus erinaceus. — Jamaica rosewood, the wood of two West Indian trees (Amyris balsamifera, and Linocieria ligustrina). — New South Wales rosewood, the wood of Trichilia glandulosa, a tree related to the margosa.

ROSEWORM Rose"worm`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The larva of any one of several species of lepidopterous insects which feed upon the leaves, buds, or blossoms of the rose, especially Cacæcia rosaceana, which rolls up the leaves for a nest, and devours both the leaves and buds.

ROSEWORT Rose"wort`, n. (Bot.) (a) Roseroot. (b) Any plant nearly related to the rose. Lindley.

ROSICRUCIAN Ros`i*cru"cian, n. Etym: [The name is probably due to a German theologian, Johann Valentin Andreä, who in anonymous pamphlets called himself a knight of the Rose Cross (G. Rosenkreuz), using a seal with a St. Andrew's cross and four roses.)]

Defn: One who, in the 17th century and the early part of the 18th, claimed to belong to a secret society of philosophers deeply versed in the secrets of nature, — the alleged society having existed, it was stated, several hundred years.

Note: The Rosicrucians also called brothers of the Rosy Cross, Rosy- cross Knights, Rosy-cross philosophers, etc. Among other pretensions, they claimed to be able to transmute metals, to prolong life, to know what is passing in distant places, and to discover the most hidden things by the application of the Cabala and science of numbers.

ROSICRUCIAN Ros`i*cru"cian, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Rosicrucians, or their arts.

ROSIED Ros"ied, a.

Defn: Decorated with roses, or with the color of roses.

ROSIER Ro"sier, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. rosarius of roses. Cf. Rosary.]

Defn: A rosebush; roses, collectively. [Obs.] Crowned with a garland of sweet rosier. Spenser.

ROSILY Ros"i*ly, adv.

Defn: In a rosy manner. M. Arnold.

ROSIN Ros"in, n. Etym: [A variant of resin.]

Defn: The hard, amber-colored resin left after distilling off the volatile oil of turpentine; colophony. Rosin oil, an oil obtained from the resin of the pine tree, — used by painters and for lubricating machinery, etc.

ROSIN Ros"in, v. t.

Defn: To rub with rosin, as musicians rub the bow of a violin. Or with the rosined bow torment the string. Gay.

ROSINESS Ros"i*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being rosy.

ROSINWEED Ros"in*weed`, n. (Bot.) (a) The compass plant. See under Compass. (b) A name given in California to various composite plants which secrete resins or have a resinous smell.

ROSINY Ros"in*y, a.

Defn: like rosin, or having its qualities.

ROSLAND Ros"land, n. Etym: [W. rhos a meadow, a moor + E. land.]

Defn: heathy land; land full of heather; moorish or watery land. [prov. Eng.]

ROSMARINE Ros"ma*rine`, n. Etym: [OE. See Rosemary.]

1. Dew from the sea; sea dew. [Obs.] That purer brine And wholesome dew called rosmarine. B. Jonson.

2. Rosemary. [Obs.] Spenser. "Biting on anise seed and rosmarine." Bp. Hall.

ROSMARINE Ros"ma*rine, n. Etym: [Norw. rosmar a walrus; ros a horse (akin to E. horse) + (probably) mar the sea.]

Defn: A fabulous sea animal which was reported to climb by means of its teeth to the tops of rocks to feed upon the dew. And greedly rosmarines with visages deforme. Spenser.

ROSOLIC Ro*sol"ic, a. Etym: [Rose + carbolic.] (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a complex red dyestuff (called rosolic acid) which is analogous to rosaniline and aurin. It is produced by oxidizing a mixture of phenol and cresol, as a dark red amorphous mass, C20H16O3, which forms weak salts with bases, and stable ones with acids. Called also methyl aurin, and, formerly, corallin.

ROSS Ross; 115), n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.]

Defn: The rough, scaly matter on the surface of the bark of trees. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U.S.]

ROSS Ross, v. t.

Defn: To divest of the ross, or rough, scaly surface; as, to ross bark. [Local, U.S.]

ROSSEL Ros"sel, n.

Defn: Light land; rosland. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Mortimer.

ROSSEL CURRENT Ros"sel cur`rent. [From Rossel Island, in the Louisiade Archipelago.] (Oceanography)

Defn: A portion of the southern equatorial current flowing westward from the Fiji Islands to New Guinea.

ROSSEL CURRENT Ros"sel cur`rent. [From Rossel Island, in the Louisiade Archipelago.] (Oceanography)

Defn: A portion of the southern equatorial current flowing westward from the Fiji Islands to New Guinea. [Webster 1913 Suppl.]

ROSSELLY Ros"sel*ly, a.

Defn: Loose; light. [Obs.] Mortimer.

ROST Rost, n.

Defn: See Roust. [Scot.] Jemieson.

ROSTEL Ros"tel, n. Etym: [L. rostellum, dim. of rostrum a beak: cf. F. rostelle.]

Defn: same as Rostellum.

ROSTELLAR Ros*tel"lar, a.

Defn: Pertaining to a rostellum.

ROSTELLATE Ros"tel*late, a. Etym: [NL. rostellatus.]

Defn: Having a rostellum, or small beak; terminating in a beak.

ROSTELLIFORM Ros*tel"li*form, a.

Defn: Having the form of a rostellum, or small beak.

ROSTELLUM Ros*tel"lum, n.; pl. Rostella. Etym: [L. See Rostel.]

Defn: A small beaklike process or extension of some part; a small rostrum; as, the rostellum of the stigma of violets, or of the operculum of many mosses; the rostellum on the head of a tapeworm.

ROSTER Ros"ter, n. Etym: [Perhaps a corruption of register; or cf. roll.] (Mil.)

Defn: A register or roll showing the order in which officers, enlisted men, companies, or regiments are called on to serve.

ROSTRA Ros"tra, n. pl.

Defn: See Rostrum, 2.

ROSTRAL Ros"tral, a. Etym: [L. rostralis, fr. rostrum a beak; cf. F. rostral.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to the beak or snout of an animal, or the beak of a ship; resembling a rostrum, esp., the rostra at Rome, or their decorations. [Monuments] adorned with rostral crowns and naval ornaments. Addison.

ROSTRATE; ROSTRATED Ros"trate, Ros"tra*ted, a. Etym: [L. rostratus, fr. rostrum a beak. See Rostrum.]

1. Having a process resembling the beak of a bird; beaked; rostellate.

2. Furnished or adorned with beaks; as, rostrated galleys.

ROSTRIFERA Ros*trif"e*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. rostrum beak + ferre to bear.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A division of pectinibranchiate gastropods, having the head prolonged into a snout which is not retractile.

ROSTRIFORM Ros"tri*form, a. Etym: [L. rostrum a beak + -form: cf. F. rostrifarme.]

Defn: Having the form of a beak.

ROSTRULUM Ros"tru*lum, n.; pl. Rostrula. Etym: [NL., dim. of L. rostrum a beak.]

Defn: A little rostrum, or beak, as of an insect.

ROSTRUM Ros"trum, n.; pl. L. Rostra, E. Rostrums. Etym: [L., beak, ship's beak, fr. rodere, rosum, to gnaw. See Rodent.]

1. The beak or head of a ship.

2. pl. (Rostra) (Rom. Antiq.)

Defn: The Beaks; the stage or platform in the forum where orations, pleadings, funeral harangues, etc., were delivered; — so called because after the Latin war, it was adorned with the beaks of captured vessels; later, applied also to other platforms erected in Rome for the use of public orators.

3. Hence, a stage for public speaking; the pulpit or platform occupied by an orator or public speaker. Myself will mount the rostrum in his favor. Addison.

4. (Zoöl.) (a) Any beaklike prolongation, esp. of the head of an animal, as the beak of birds. (b) The beak, or sucking mouth parts, of Hemiptera. (c) The snout of a gastropod mollusk. See Illust. of Littorina. (d) The anterior, often spinelike, prolongation of the carapace of a crustacean, as in the lobster and the prawn.

5. (Bot.)

Defn: Same as Rostellum.

6. (Old Chem.)

Defn: The pipe to convey the distilling liquor into its receiver in the common alembic. Quincy.

7. (Surg.)

Defn: A pair of forceps of various kinds, having a beaklike form. [Obs.] Coxe.

ROSULATE Ro"su*late, a. Etym: [NL. rosulatus, fr. L. rosa a rose.] (Bot.)

Defn: Arranged in little roselike clusters; — said of leaves and bracts.

ROSY Ros"y, a. [Compar. Rosier; superl. Rosiest.]

Defn: Resembling a rose in color, form, or qualities; blooming; red; blushing; also, adorned with roses. A smile that glowed Celestial rosy-red, love's proper hue. Milton. While blooming youth and gay delight Sit thy rosy cheeks confessed. Prior.

Note: Rosy is sometimes used in the formation of selfrosy-bosomed, rosy-colored, rosy-crowned, rosy-fingered, rosy-tinted. Rosy cross. See the Note under Rosicrucian, n.

ROT Rot, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Rotting.] Etym: [OE. rotien, AS. rotian; akin to D. rotten, Prov. G. rotten, OHG. rozz, G. rösten to steep flax, Icel. rotna to rot, Sw. ruttna, Dan. raadne, Icel. rottin rotten. sq. root117. Cf. Ret, Rotten.]

1. To undergo a process common to organic substances by which they lose the cohesion of their parts and pass through certain chemical changes, giving off usually in some stages of the process more or less offensive odors; to become decomposed by a natural process; to putrefy; to decay. Fixed like a plant on his peculiar spot, To draw nutrition, propagate, and rot. Pope.

2. Figuratively: To perish slowly; to decay; to die; to become corrupt. Four of the sufferers were left to rot in irons. Macaulay. Rot, poor bachelor, in your club. Thackeray.

Syn. — To putrefy; corrupt; decay; spoil.

ROT Rot, v. t.

1. To make putrid; to cause to be wholly or partially decomposed by natural processes; as, to rot vegetable fiber.

2. To expose, as flax, to a process of maceration, etc., for the purpose of separating the fiber; to ret.

ROT Rot, n.

1. Process of rotting; decay; putrefaction.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: A disease or decay in fruits, leaves, or wood, supposed to be caused by minute fungi. See Bitter rot, Black rot, etc., below.

3. Etym: [Cf. G. rotz glanders.]

Defn: A fatal distemper which attacks sheep and sometimes other animals. It is due to the presence of a parasitic worm in the liver or gall bladder. See 1st Fluke, 2. His cattle must of rot and murrain die. Milton. Bitter rot (Bot.), a disease of apples, caused by the fungus Glæosporium fructigenum. F. L. Scribner. — Black rot (Bot.), a disease of grapevines, attacking the leaves and fruit, caused by the fungus Læstadia Bidwellii. F. L. Scribner. — Dry rot (Bot.) See under Dry. — Grinder's rot (Med.) See under Grinder. — Potato rot. (Bot.) See under Potato. — White rot (Bot.), a disease of grapes, first appearing in whitish pustules on the fruit, caused by the fungus Coniothyrium diplodiella. F. L. Scribner.

ROTA Ro"ta, n. Etym: [L. rota wheel. The name is said to allude to the design of the floor of the room in which the court used to sit, which was that of a wheel. See Rotary.]

1. An ecclesiastical court of Rome, called also Rota Romana, that takes cognizance of suits by appeal. It consists of twelve members.

2. (Eng. Hist.)

Defn: A short-lived political club established in 1659 by J.Harrington to inculcate the democratic doctrine of election of the principal officers of the state by ballot, and the annual retirement of a portion of Parliament.

ROTA Ro"ta, n. (Mus.)

Defn: A species of zither, played like a guitar, used in the Middle Ages in church music; — written also rotta.

ROTACISM Ro"ta*cism, n.

Defn: See Rhotacism.

ROTAL Ro"tal, a.

Defn: Relating to wheels or to rotary motion; rotary. [R.]

ROTALITE Ro"ta*lite, n. Etym: [L. rota wheel + -lite.] (Paleon.)

Defn: Any fossil foraminifer of the genus Rotalia, abundant in the chalk formation. See Illust. under Rhizopod.

ROTARY Ro"ta*ry, a. Etym: [L. rota a wheel. See Roll, v., and cf. barouche, Rodomontade, Roué, Round, a., Rowel.]

Defn: Turning, as a wheel on its axis; pertaining to, or resembling, the motion of a wheel on its axis; rotatory; as, rotary motion. Rotary engine, steam engine in which the continuous rotation of the shaft is produced by the direct action of the steam upon rotating devices which serve as pistons, instead of being derived from a reciprocating motion, as in the ordinary engine; a steam turbine; — called also rotatory engine. — Rotary pump, a pump in which the fluid is impelled by rotating devices which take the place of reciprocating buckets or pistons. — Rotary shears, shears, as for cloth, metal, etc., in which revolving sharp-edged or sharp-cornered wheels do the cutting. — Rotary valve, a valve acting by continuous or partial rotation, as in the four-way cock.

ROTASCOPE Ro"ta*scope, n. Etym: [L. rota a wheel + -scope.]

Defn: Same as Gyroscope, 1.

ROTATE Ro"tate, a. Etym: [L. rotatus, p.p. of rotare to turn round like a wheel, fr. rota wheel. See Rotary, and cf. Roue.]

Defn: Having the parts spreading out like a wheel; wheel-shaped; as, a rotate spicule or scale; a rotate corolla, i.e., a monopetalous corolla with a flattish border, and no tube or a very short one.

ROTATE Ro"tate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rotated; p. pr. & vb. n. Rotating.]

1. To turn, as a wheel, round an axis; to revolve.

2. To perform any act, function, or operation in turn, to hold office in turn; as, to rotate in office.

ROTATE Ro"tate, v. i.

1. To cause to turn round or revolve, as a wheel around an axle.

2. To cause to succeed in turn; esp., to cause to succeed some one, or to be succeeded by some one, in office. [Colloq.] "Both, after a brief service, were rotated out of office." Harper's Mag.

ROTATED Ro"ta*ted, a.

Defn: Turned round, as a wheel; also, wheel-shaped; rotate.

ROTATION Ro*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. rotatio: cf. F. rotation.]

1. The act of turning, as a wheel or a solid body on its axis, as distinguished from the progressive motion of a revolving round another body or a distant point; thus, the daily turning of the earth on its axis is a rotation; its annual motion round the sun is a revolution.

2. Any return or succesion in a series. Moment of rotation. See Moment of inertia, under Moment. — Rotation in office, the practice of changing public officers at frequent intervals by discharges and substitutions. — Rotation of crops, the practices of cultivating an orderly succession of different crops on the same land.

ROTATION Ro*ta"tion, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or resulting from, rotation; of the nature of, or characterized by, rotation; as, rotational velocity.

ROTATIVE Ro"ta*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. rotatif.]

Defn: turning, as a wheel; rotary; rotational. This high rotative velocity of the sun must cause an equatorial rise of the solar atmosphere. Siemens. Rotative engine, a steam engine in which the reciprocating motion of the piston is transformed into a continuous rotary motion, as by means of a connecting rod, a working beam and crank, or an oscillating cylinder.

ROTATOR Ro*ta"tor, n. Etym: [L.]

1. (Anat.)

Defn: that which gives a rotary or rolling motion, as a muscle which partially rotates or turns some part on its axis.

2. (Metal.)

Defn: A revolving reverberatory furnace.

ROTATORIA Ro`ta*to"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Same as Rotifera.

ROTATORY Ro"ta*to*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. rotatoire. See Rotate, Rotary.]

1. Turning as on an axis; rotary.

2. Going in a circle; following in rotation or succession; as, rotatory assembles. Burke.

3. (Opt.)

Defn: Producing rotation of the plane of polarization; as, the rotatory power of bodies on light. See the Note under polarization. Nichol.

ROTATORY Ro"ta*to*ry, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A rotifer. [R.] Kirby.

ROTCHE Rotche, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A very small arctic sea bird (Mergulus alle, or Alle alle) common on both coasts of the Atlantic in winter; — called also little auk, dovekie, rotch, rotchie, and sea dove.

ROTCHET Rotch"et, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The European red gurnard (Trigla pini).

ROTE Rote, n.

Defn: A root. [Obs.] Chaucer.

ROTE Rote, n. Etym: [OE. rote, probably of German origin; cf. MHG. rotte, OHG. rota, hrota, LL. chrotta. Cf. Crowd a kind of violin.] (Mus.)

Defn: A kind of guitar, the notes of which were produced by a small wheel or wheel-like arrangement; an instrument similar to the hurdy- gurdy. Well could he sing and play on a rote. Chaucer. extracting mistuned dirges from their harps, crowds, and rotes. Sir W. Scott.

ROTE Rote, n. Etym: [Cf. Rut roaring.]

Defn: The noise produced by the surf of the sea dashing upon the shore. See Rut.

ROTE Rote, n. Etym: [OF. rote, F. route, road, path. See Route, and cf. Rut a furrow, Routine.]

Defn: A frequent repetition of forms of speech without attention to the meaning; mere repetition; as, to learn rules by rote. Swift. till he the first verse could [i. e., knew] all by rote. Chaucer. Thy love did read by rote, and could not spell. Shak.

ROTE Rote, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Roted; p. pr. & vb. n. Roting.]

Defn: To learn or repeat by rote. [Obs.] Shak.

ROTE Rote, v. i.

Defn: To go out by rotation or succession; to rotate. [Obs.] Z. Grey.

ROTELLA Ro*tel"la, n. Etym: [NL., dim. of rota wheel; cf. LL. rotella a little whell.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any one of numerous species of small, polished, brightcolored gastropods of the genus Rotella, native of tropical seas.

ROTGUT Rot"gut, n.

1. Bad small beer. [Slang]

2. Any bad spirituous liquor, especially when adulterated so as to be very deleterious. [Slang]

ROTHER Roth"er, a. Etym: [AS. hryedher; cf. D. rund.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Bovine. — n.

Defn: A bovine beast. [Obs.] Shak. Rother beasts, cattle of the bovine genus; black cattle. [Obs.] Golding. — Rother soil, the dung of rother beasts.

ROTHER Roth"er, n. Etym: [OE. See Rudder.]

Defn: A rudder. Rother nail, a nail with a very full head, used for fastening the rudder irons of ships; — so called by shipwrights.

ROTIFER Ro"ti*fer, n. Etym: [NL. see Rotifera.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the Rotifera. See Illust. in Appendix.

ROTIFERA Ro*tif"e*ra, n.; pl. Etym: [NL., from L. rota ferre to bear.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: An order of minute worms which usually have one or two groups of vibrating cilia on the head, which, when in motion, often give an appearance of rapidly revolving wheels. The species are very numerous in fresh waters, and are very diversified in form and habits.

ROTIFORM Ro"ti*form, a. Etym: [L. rota wheel + -form.]

1. Wheel-shaped; as, rotiform appendages.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: Same as Rotate.

ROTOGRAPH Ro"to*graph, n. (Photography)

Defn: A photograph printed by a process in which a strip or roll of sensitized paper is automatically fed over the negative so that a series of prints are made, and are then developed, fixed, cut apart, and washed at a very rapid rate.

ROTOR Ro"tor, n. (Elec.)

Defn: The rotating part of a generator or motor.

ROTTA Rot"ta, n. (Mus.)

Defn: See Rota.

ROTTEN Rot"ten, a. Etym: [Icel. rotinn; akin to Sw. rutten, Dan. radden. See Rot.]

Defn: Having rotted; putrid; decayed; as, a rotten apple; rotten meat. Hence: (a) Offensive to the smell; fetid; disgusting. You common cry or curs! whose breath I hate As reek of the rotten fens. Shak.

(b) Not firm or trusty; unsound; defective; treacherous; unsafe; as, a rotten plank, bone, stone. "The deepness of the rotten way." Knolles. Rotten borough. See under Borough. — Rotten stone (Min.), a soft stone, called also Tripoli (from the country from which it was formerly brought), used in all sorts of finer grinding and polishing in the arts, and for cleaning metallic substances. The name is also given to other friable siliceous stones applied to like uses.

Syn. — Putrefied; decayed; carious; defective; unsound; corrupt; deceitful; treacherous. — Rot"ten*ly, adv. — Rot"ten*ness, n.

ROTULA Rot"u*la, n. Etym: [L., a little wheel; cf. It. rotula.] (Anat.)

Defn: The patella, or kneepan.

ROTULAR Rot"u*lar, a. Etym: [L. rotula, dim. of rota wheel.] (Anat.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the rotula, or kneepan.

ROTUND Ro*tund", a. Etym: [L. rotundus. See Round, and cf. Rotunda.]

1. Round; circular; spherical.

2. Hence; complete; entire.

3. (Bot.)

Defn: orbicular, or nearly so. Gray.

ROTUND Ro*tund", n.

Defn: A rotunds. [Obs.] Burke.

ROTUNDA Ro*tun"da, n. Etym: [Cf. It. rotonda, F. rotonde; both fr. L. rotundus round. See Rotund, a.] (Arch.)

Defn: A round building; especially, one that is round both on the outside and inside, like the Pantheon at Rome. Less properly, but very commonly, used for a large round room; as, the rotunda of the Capitol at Washington.

ROTUNDATE Ro*tund"ate, a.

Defn: Rounded; especially, rounded at the end or ends, or at the corners.

ROTUNDIFOLIOUS Ro*tund`i*fo"li*ous, a. Etym: [L. rotundus round + folium a leaf.] (Bot.)

Defn: Having round leaves.

ROTUNDITY Ro*tund"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. rotunditas: cf. F. rotondité.]

1. The state or quality of being rotu Smite flat the thick rotundity o'the world! Shak.

2. Hence, completeness; entirety; roundness. For the more rotundity of the number and grace of the matter, it passeth for a full thousand. Fuller. A boldness and rotundity of speech. Hawthorne.

ROTUNDNESS Ro*tund"ness, n.

Defn: Roundness; rotundity.

ROTUNDO Ro*tun"do, n.

Defn: See Rotunda.

ROTURE Ro`ture, n. [F.]

1. The condition of being a roturier.

2. (Fr. & Canadian Law) A feudal tenure of lands by one who has no privileges of nobility, but is permitted to discharge all his obligations to his feudal lord or superior by a payment of rent in money or kind and without rendering any personal services.

ROTURER Ro*tur"er, n.

Defn: A roturier. [Obs.] Howell.

ROTURIER Ro`tu`rier", n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A person who is not of noble birth; specif., a freeman who during the prevalence of feudalism held allodial land.

ROTY Rot"y, v. t. Etym: [See Rot.]

Defn: To make rotten. [Obs.] Well bet is rotten apple out of hoard, Than that it roty all the remenant. Chaucer.

ROUBLE Rou"ble, n.

Defn: A coin. See Ruble.

ROUCHE Rouche, n.

Defn: See Ruche.

ROUE Rou`é", n. Etym: [F., properly p.p. of rouer to break upon the wheel, fr. roue a wheel, L. rota. See Rotate, Rotary.]

Defn: One devoted to a life of sensual pleasure; a debauchee; a rake.

ROUET Rou`et", n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A small wheel formerly fixed to the pan of firelocks for discharging them. Crabb.

ROUGE Rouge, a. Etym: [F., fr. L. rubeus red, akin to rubere to be red, ruber red. See Red.]

Defn: red. [R.] Rouge et noir ( Etym: [F., red and black], a game at cards in which persons play against the owner of the bank; — so called because the table around which the players sit has certain compartments colored red and black, upon which the stakes are deposited. Hoyle.

ROUGE Rouge, n. Etym: [F.]

1. (Chem.)

Defn: A red amorphous powder consisting of ferric oxide. It is used in polishing glass, metal, or gems, and as a cosmetic, etc. Called also crocus, jeweler's rouge, etc.

2. A cosmetic used for giving a red color to the cheeks or lips. The best is prepared from the dried flowers of the safflower, but it is often made from carmine. Ure.

ROUGE Rouge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rouged; p. pr. & vb. n. Rouging .]

Defn: To paint the face or cheeks with rouge.

ROUGE Rouge, v. t.

Defn: To tint with rouge; as, to rouge the face or the cheeks.

ROUGECROIX Rouge`croix" ( or ), n. Etym: [F., literally, red cross.] (Her.)

Defn: One of the four pursuivants of the English college of arms.

ROUGE DRAGON Rouge" drag`on, n. Etym: [F., literally, red dragon.] (Her.)

Defn: One of the four pursuivants of the English college of arms.

ROUGH Rough, a. [Compar. Rougher; superl. Roughest.] Etym: [OE. rou, rou, row, rugh, ruh, AS. r; akin to LG. rug, D. rug, D. ruig, ruw, OHG. r, G. rauh, rauch; cf. Lith. raukas wrinkle, rukti to wrinkle. sq. root 18. Cf. Rug, n.]

1. Having inequalities, small ridges, or points, on the surface; not smooth or plain; as, a rough board; a rough stone; rough cloth. Specifically: (a) Not level; having a broken surface; uneven; — said of a piece of land, or of a road. "Rough, uneven ways." Shak. (b) Not polished; uncut; — said of a gem; as, a rough diamond. (c) Tossed in waves; boisterous; high; — said of a sea or other piece of water. More unequal than the roughest sea. T. Burnet.

(d) Marked by coarseness; shaggy; ragged; disordered; — said of dress, appearance, or the like; as, a rough coat. "A visage rough." Dryden. "Roughsatyrs." Milton.

2. Hence, figuratively, lacking refinement, gentleness, or polish. Specifically: (a) Not courteous or kind; harsh; rude; uncivil; as, a rough temper. A fiend, a fury, pitiless and rough. Shak. A surly boatman, rough as wayes or winds. Prior.

(b) Marked by severity or violence; harsh; hard; as, rough measures or actions. On the rough edge of battle. Milton. A quicker and rougher remedy. Clarendon. Kind words prevent a good deal of that perverseness which rough and imperious usage often produces. Locke.

(c) Loud and hoarse; offensive to the ear; harsh; grating; — said of sound, voice, and the like; as, a rough tone; rough numbers. Pope. (d) Austere; harsh to the taste; as, rough wine. (e) Tempestuous; boisterous; stormy; as, rough weather; a rough day. He stayeth his rough wind. Isa. xxvii. 8. Time and the hour runs through the roughest day. Shak.

(f) Hastily or carelessly done; wanting finish; incomplete; as, a rough estimate; a rough draught. Rough diamond, an uncut diamond; hence, colloquially, a person of intrinsic worth under a rude exterior. — Rough and ready. (a) Acting with offhand promptness and efficiency. "The rough and ready understanding." Lowell. (b) Produced offhand. "Some rough and ready theory." Tylor.

ROUGH Rough, n.

1. Boisterous weather. [Obs.] Fletcher.

2. A rude fellow; a coarse bully; a rowdy. In the rough, in an unwrought or rude condition; unpolished; as, a diamond or a sketch in the rough. Contemplating the people in the rough. Mrs. Browning.

ROUGH Rough, adv.

Defn: In a rough manner; rudely; roughly. Sleeping rough on the trenches, and dying stubbornly in their boats. Sir W. Scott.

ROUGH Rough, v. t.

1. To render rough; to roughen.

2. To break in, as a horse, especially for military purposes. Crabb.

3. To cut or make in a hasty, rough manner; — with out; as, to rough out a carving, a sketch. Roughing rolls, rolls for reducing, in a rough manner, a bloom of iron to bars. — To rough it, to endure hard conditions of living; to live without ordinary comforts.

ROUGHCAST Rough`cast", v. t.

1. To form in its first rudiments, without revision, correction, or polish. Dryden.

2. To mold without nicety or elegance; to form with asperities and inequalities.

3. To plaster with a mixture of lime and shells or pebbles; as, to roughcast a building.

ROUGHCAST Rough"cast`, n.

1. A rude model; the rudimentary, unfinished form of a thing.

2. A kind of plastering made of lime, with a mixture of shells or pebbles, used for covering buildings. Shak.

ROUGHCASTER Rough"cast`er, n.

Defn: One who roughcasts.

ROUGHDRAW Rough"draw`, v. t.

Defn: To draw or delineate rapidly and by way of a first sketch.

ROUGHDRY Rough"dry`, v. t.

Defn: in laundry work, to dry without smoothing or ironing.

ROUGHEN Rough"en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Roughened; p. pr. & vb. n. Roughening.] Etym: [From Rough.]

Defn: To make rough.

ROUGHEN Rough"en, v. i.

Defn: To grow or become rough.

ROUGH-FOOTED Rough"-foot`ed, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Feather-footed; as, a rough-footed dove. [R.] Sherwood.

ROUGH-GRAINED Rough"-grained, a.

Defn: Having a rough grain or fiber; hence, figuratively, having coarse traits of character; not polished; brisque.

ROUGHHEAD Rough"head`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The redfin.

ROUGHHEW Rough"hew`, v. t.

1. To hew coarsely, without smoothing; as, to roughhew timber.

2. To give the first form or shape to; to form rudely; to shape appromaxitely and rudely; to roughcast. There's a divinity that shapes our ends, Roughhew them how we will. Shak.

ROUGHHEWER Rough"hew`er, n.

Defn: One who roughhews.

ROUGHHEWN Rough"hewn`, a.

1. Hewn coarsely without smoothing; unfinished; not polished.

2. Of coarse manners; rude; uncultivated; rough-grained. "A roughhewn seaman." Bacon.

ROUGHING-IN Rough"ing-in`, n.

Defn: The first coat of plaster laid on brick; also, the process of applying it.

ROUGHINGS Rough"ings, n. pl.

Defn: Rowen. [Prov. Eng.]

ROUGHISH Rough"ish, a.

Defn: Somewhat rough.

ROUGHLEG Rough"leg`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any one of several species of large hawks of the genus Archibuteo, having the legs feathered to the toes. Called also rough- legged hawk, and rough-legged buzzard.

Note: The best known species is Archibuteo lagopus of Northern Europe, with its darker American variety (Sancti-johannis). The latter is often nearly or quite black. The ferruginous roughleg (Archibuteo ferrugineus) inhabits Western North America.

ROUGH-LEGGED Rough"-legged`, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having the legs covered with feathers; — said of a bird. rough-legged hawk. (Zoöl.) See Roughleg.

ROUGHLY Rough"ly, adv.

Defn: In a rough manner; unevenly; harshly; rudely; severely; austerely.

ROUGHNESS Rough"ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being rough.

ROUGHRIDER Rough"rid`er, n.

Defn: One who breaks horses; especially (Mil.), a noncommissioned officer in the British cavalry, whose duty is to assist the riding master.

ROUGHSCUFF Rough"scuff, n. Etym: [Rough + scuff.]

Defn: A rough, coarse fellow; collectively, the lowest class of the people; the rabble; the riffraff. [Colloq. U.S.]

ROUGHSETTER Rough"set`ter, n.

Defn: A mason who builds rough stonework.

ROUGHSHOD Rough"shod, a.

Defn: Shod with shoes armed with points or calks; as, a roughshod horse. To ride roughshod, to pursue a course regardless of the pain or distress it may cause others.

ROUGHSTRINGS Rough"strings`, n. pl. (Capr.)

Defn: Pieces of undressed timber put under the steps of a wooden stair for their support.

ROUGHT Rought, obs.

Defn: imp. of Reach.

ROUGHT Rought, obs.

Defn: imp. of Reck, to care. Chaucer.

ROUGHTAIL Rough"tail`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any species of small ground snakes of the family Uropeltidæ; — so called from their rough tails.

ROUGHWORK Rough"work`, v. t.

Defn: To work over coarsely, without regard to nicety, smoothness, or finish. Moxon.

ROUGHWROUGHT Rough"wrought`, a.

Defn: Wrought in a rough, unfinished way; worked over coarsely.

ROUK Rouk, v. i.

Defn: See 5th Ruck, and Roke. [Obs.]

ROULADE Rou`lade", n. Etym: [F.] (Mus.)

Defn: A smoothly running passage of short notes (as semiquavers, or sixteenths) uniformly grouped, sung upon one long syllable, as in Handel's oratorios.

ROULEAU Rou`leau", n.; pl. F. Rouleaux (F. , E. Rouleaus. Etym: [F., a roll, dim. fr. fr. rôle, formerly also spelt roulle. See Roll.]

Defn: A little roll; a roll of coins put up in paper, or something resembling such a roll.

ROULETTE Rou*lette", n. Etym: [F., properly, a little wheel or ball. See Rouleau, Roll.]

1. A game of chance, in which a small ball is made to move round rapidly on a circle divided off into numbered red and black spaces, the one on which it stops indicating the result of a variety of wagers permitted by the game.

2. (Fine Arts) (a) A small toothed wheel used by engravers to roll over a plate in order to order to produce rows of dots. (b) A similar wheel used to roughen the surface of a plate, as in making alterations in a mezzotint.

3. (Geom.)

Defn: the curve traced by any point in the plane of a given curve when the latter rolls, without sliding, over another fixed curve. See Cycloid, and Epycycloid.

ROULY-POULY Rou"ly-pou`ly, n.

Defn: See Rolly-pooly.

ROUMANIAN Rou*ma"ni*an, a. [Written also Rumanian.] [From Roumania, the name of the country, Roumanian România, fr. Român Roumanian, L. Romanus Roman.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to Roumania.

ROUMANIAN Rou*ma"ni*an, n.

Defn: An inhabitant of Roumania; also, the language of Roumania, one of the Romance or Romanic languages descended from Latin, but containing many words from other languages, as Slavic, Turkish, and Greek.

ROUN; ROWN Roun, Rown, v. i. & t. Etym: [AS. r, fr. r a rune, secret, mystery; akin to G. raunen to whisper. See Rune.]

Defn: To whisper. [obs.] Gower. Another rouned to his fellow low. Chaucer.

ROUNCE Rounce, n. Etym: [Cf. F. ronce bramble, brier, thorn, ranche a round, step, rack, or E. round.] (Print.)

Defn: The handle by which the bed of a hand press, holding the form of type, etc., is run in under the platen and out again; — sometimes applied to the whole apparatus by which the form is moved under the platen.

ROUNCEVAL Roun"ce*val, a. Etym: [F. Ronceval, Roncevaux, a town at the foot of the foot of the Pyrenees, Sp. Roncesvalles.]

Defn: Large; strong; — from the gigantic bones shown at Roncesvalles, and alleged to be those of old heroes. [Obs.]

ROUNCEVAL Roun"ce*val, n.

Defn: A giant; anything large; a kind of pea called also marrowfat. [Obs.]

ROUNCY Roun"cy, n.

Defn: A common hackney horse; a nag. [Obs.] he rode upon a rouncy as he could. Chaucer.

ROUND Round, v. i. & t. Etym: [From Roun.]

Defn: To whisper. [obs.] Shak. Holland. The Bishop of Glasgow rounding in his ear, "Ye are not a wise man," . . . he rounded likewise to the bishop, and said, "Wherefore brought ye me here" Calderwood.

ROUND Round, a. Etym: [OF. roond, roont, reond, F. rond, fr. L. rotundus, fr. rota wheel. See Rotary, and cf. Rotund, roundel, Rundlet.]

1. Having every portion of the surface or of the circumference equally distant from the center; spherical; circular; having a form approaching a spherical or a circular shape; orbicular; globular; as, a round ball. "The big, round tears." Shak. Upon the firm opacous globe Of this round world. Milton.

2. Having the form of a cylinder; cylindrical; as, the barrel of a musket is round.

3. Having a curved outline or form; especially, one like the arc of a circle or an ellipse, or a portion of the surface of a sphere; rotund; bulging; protuberant; not angular or pointed; as, a round arch; round hills. "Their round haunches gored." Shak.

4. Full; complete; not broken; not fractional; approximately in even units, tens, hundreds, thousands, etc.; — said of numbers. Pliny put a round number near the truth, rather than the fraction. Arbuthnot.

5. Not inconsiderable; large; hence, generous; free; as, a round price. Three thousand ducats; 'tis a good round sum. Shak. Round was their pace at first, but slackened soon. Tennyson.

6. Uttered or emitted with a full tone; as, a round voice; a round note.

7. (Phonetics)

Defn: Modified, as a vowel, by contraction of the lip opening, making the opening more or less round in shape; rounded; labialized; labial. See Guide to Pronunciation, § 11.

8. Outspoken; plain and direct; unreserved; unqualified; not mincing; as, a round answer; a round oath. "The round assertion." M. Arnold. Sir Toby, I must be round with you. Shak.

9. Full and smoothly expanded; not defective or abrupt; finished; polished; — said of style, or of authors with reference to their style. [Obs.] In his satires Horace is quick, round, and pleasant. Peacham.

10. Complete and consistent; fair; just; — applied to conduct. Round dealing is the honor of man's nature. Bacon. At a round rate, rapidly. Dryden. — In round numbers, approximately in even units, tens, hundreds, etc.; as, a bin holding 99 or 101 bushels may be said to hold in round numbers 100 bushels. — Round bodies (Geom.), the sphere right cone, and right cylinder. — Round clam (Zoöl.), the quahog. — Round dance one which is danced by couples with a whirling or revolving motion, as the waltz, polka, etc. — Round game, a game, as of cards, in which each plays on his own account. — Round hand, a style of penmanship in which the letters are formed in nearly an upright position, and each separately distinct; — distinguished from running hand. — Round robin. Etym: [Perhaps F. round round + ruban ribbon.] (a) A written petition, memorial, remonstrance, protest, etc., the signatures to which are made in a circle so as not to indicate who signed first. "No round robins signed by the whole main deck of the Academy or the Porch." De Quincey. (b) (Zoöl.) The cigar fish. — Round shot, a solid spherical projectile for ordnance. — Round Table, the table about which sat King Arthur and his knights. See Knights of the Round Table, under Knight. — Round tower, one of certain lofty circular stone towers, tapering from the base upward, and usually having a conical cap or roof, which crowns the summit, — found chiefly in Ireland. They are of great antiquity, and vary in heigh from thirty-five to one hundred and thiry feet. — Round trot, one in which the horse throws out his feet roundly; a full, brisk, quick trot. Addison. — Round turn (Naut.), one turn of a rope round a timber, a belaying pin, etc. — To bring up with a round turn, to stop abruptly. [Colloq.]

Syn. — Circular; spherical; globular; globase; orbicular; orbed; cylindrical; full; plump; rotund.

ROUND Round, n.

1. Anything round, as a circle, round" [the crown]. Shak. In labyrinth of many a round self-rolled. Milton.

2. A series of changes or events ending where it began; a series of like events recurring in continuance; a cycle; a periodical revolution; as, the round of the seasons; a round of pleasures.

3. A course of action or conduct performed by a number of persons in turn, or one after another, as if seated in a circle. Women to cards may be compared: we play A round or two; which used, we throw away. Granville. The feast was served; the bowl was crowned; To the king's pleasure went the mirthful round. Prior.

4. A series of duties or tasks which must be performed in turn, and then repeated. the trivial round, the common task. Keble.

5. A circular dance. Come, knit hands, and beat the ground, In a light fantastic round. Milton.

6. That which goes round a whole circle or company; as, a round of applause.

7. Rotation, as in office; succession. Holyday.

8. The step of a ladder; a rundle or rung; also, a crosspiece which joins and braces the legs of a chair. All the rounds like Jacob's ladder rise. Dryden.

9. A course ending where it began; a circuit; a beat; especially, one freguently or regulary traversed; also, the act of traversing a circuit; as, a watchman's round; the rounds of the postman.

10. (Mil.) (a) A walk performed by a guard or an officer round the rampart of a garrison, or among sentinels, to see that the sentinels are faithful and all things safe; also, the guard or officer, with his attendants, who performs this duty; — usually in the plural. (b) A general discharge of firearms by a body of troops in which each soldier fires once. (c) Ammunition for discharging a piece or pieces once; as, twenty rounds of ammunition were given out.

11. (Mus.)

Defn: A short vocal piece, resembling a catch in which three or four voices follow each other round in a species of canon in the unison.

12. The time during which prize fighters or boxers are in actual contest without an intermission, as prescribed by their rules; a bout.

13. A brewer's vessel in which the fermentation is concluded, the yeast escaping through the bunghole.

14. A vessel filled, as for drinking. [R.]

15. An assembly; a group; a circle; as, a round of politicians. Addison.

16. (Naut.)

Defn: See Roundtop.

17. Same as Round of beef, below. Gentlemen of the round. (a) Gentlemen soldiers of low rank who made the rounds. See 10 (a), above. (b) Disbanded soldiers who lived by begging. [Obs.] Worm-eaten gentlemen of the round, such as have vowed to sit on the skirts of the city, let your provost and his half dozen of halberdiers do what they can. B. Jonson. — Round of beef, the part of the thigh below the aitchbone, or between the rump and the leg. See Illust. of beef. — Round steak, a beefsteak cut from the round. — Sculpture in the round, sculpture giving the full form, as of man; statuary, distinguished from relief.

ROUND Round, adv.

1. On all sides; around. Round he throws his baleful eyes. Milton.

2. Circularly; in a circular form or manner; by revolving or reversing one's position; as, to turn one's head round; a wheel turns round.

3. In circumference; as, a ball is ten inches round.

4. From one side or party to another; as to come or turn round, — that is, to change sides or opinions.

5. By or in a circuit; by a course longer than the direct course; back to the starting point.

6. Through a circle, as of friends or houses. The invitations were sent round accordingly. Sir W. Scott.

7. Roundly; fully; vigorously. [Obs.] Chaucer. All round, over the whole place; in every direction. — All-round, of general capacity; as, an all-round man. [Colloq.] - - To bring one round. (a) To cause one to change his opinions or line of conduct. (b) To restore one to health. [Colloq.]

ROUND Round, prep.

Defn: On every side of, so as to encompass or encircle; around; about; as, the people atood round him; to go round the city; to wind a cable round a windlass. The serpent Error twines round human hearts. Cowper. Round about, an emphatic form for round or about. "Moses . . . set them [The elders] round about the tabernacle." Num. xi. 24. — To come round, to gain the consent of, or circumvent, (a person) by flattery or deception. [Colloq.]

ROUND Round, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Rounding.]

1. To make circular, spherical, or cylindrical; to give a round or convex figure to; as, to round a silver coin; to round the edges of anything. Worms with many feet, which round themselves into balls, are bred chiefly under logs of timber. Bacon. The figures on our modern medals are raised and rounded to a very great perfection. Addison.

2. To surround; to encircle; to encompass. The inclusive verge Of golden metal that must round my brow. Shak.

3. To bring to fullness or completeness; to complete; hence, to bring to a fit conclusion. We are such stuff As dreams are made on, and our little life Is rounded with a sleep. Shak.

4. To go round wholly or in part; to go about (a corner or point); as, to round a corner; to round Cape Horn.

5. To make full, smooth, and flowing; as, to round periods in writing. Swift. To round in (Naut.) To haul up; usually, to haul the slack of (a rope) through its leading block, or to haul up (a tackle which hangs loose) by its fall. Totten. (b) To collect together (cattle) by riding around them, as on cattle ranches. [Western U.S.]

ROUND Round, v. i.

1. To grow round or full; hence, to attain to fullness, completeness, or perfection. The queen your mother rounds apace. Shak. So rounds he to a separate mind, From whence clear memory may begin. Tennyson.

2. To go round, as a guard. [Poetic] They . . . nightly rounding walk. Milton.

3. To go or turn round; to wheel about. Tennyson. To round to (Naut.), to turn the head of a ship toward the wind.

ROUNDABOUT Round"a*bout`, a.

1. Circuitous; going round; indirect; as, roundabout speech. We have taken a terrible roundabout road. Burke.

2. Encircling; enveloping; comprehensive. "Large, sound, roundabout sense." Locke.

ROUNDABOUT Round"a*bout`, n.

1. A horizontal wheel or frame, commonly with wooden horses, etc., on which children ride; a merry-go-round. Smart.

2. A dance performed in a circle. Goldsmith.

3. A short, close jacket worn by boys, sailors, etc.

4. A state or scene of constant change, or of recurring labor and vicissitude. Cowper.

ROUNDABOUTNESS Round"a*bout`ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being roundabout; circuitousness.

ROUND-ARM Round"-arm`, a. (Cricket)

Defn: Applied to the method delivering the ball in bowling, by swinging the arm horizontally. R. A. Proctor.

ROUND-BACKED Round"-backed`, a.

Defn: Having a round back or shoulders; round-shouldered.

ROUNDED Round"ed, a. (Phonetics)

Defn: Modified by contraction of the lip opening; labialized; labial. See Guide to Pronunciation, § 11.

ROUNDEL Roun"del, n. Etym: [OF. rondel a roundelay, F. rondel, rondeau, a dim. fr. rond; for sense 2, cf. F. rondelle a round, a round shield. See Round, a., and cf. Rondel, Rondelay.]

1. (Mus.)

Defn: A rondelay. "Sung all the roundel lustily." Chaucer. Come, now a roundel and a fairy song. Shak.

2. Anything having a round form; a round figure; a circle. The Spaniards, casting themselves into roundels, . . . made a flying march to Calais. Bacon. Specifically: (a) A small circular shield, sometimes not more than a foot in diameter, used by soldiers in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. (b) (Her.) A circular spot; a sharge in the form of a small circle. (c) (Fort.) A bastion of a circular form.

ROUNDELAY Round"e*lay, n. Etym: [OF. rondelet, dim. of rondel. See Roundel, Roundeau, and cf. Roundlet, Rundlet.]

1. (Poetry)

Defn: See Rondeau, and Rondel.

2. (Mus.) (a) A tune in which a simple strain is often repeated; a simple rural strain which is short and lively. Spenser. Tennyson. (b) A dance in a circle.

3. Anything having a round form; a roundel.

ROUNDER Round"er, n.

1. One who rounds; one who comes about frequently or regularly.

2. A tool for making an edge or surface round.

3. pl.

Defn: An English game somewhat resembling baseball; also, another English game resembling the game of fives, but played with a football. Now we play rounders, and then we played prisoner's base. Bagehot.

ROUNDFISH Round"fish, n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any ordinary market fish, exclusive of flounders, sole, halibut, and other flatfishes. (b) A lake whitefish (Coregonus quadrilateralis), less compressed than the common species. It is very abundant in British America and Alaska.

ROUNDHEAD Round"head`, n. (Eng. Hist.)

Defn: A nickname for a Puritan. See Roundheads, the, in the Dictionary of Noted Names in Fiction. Toone.

ROUNDHEADED Round"head`ed, a.

Defn: Having a round head or top.

ROUNDHOUSE Round"house`, n.

1. A constable's prison; a lockup, watch-house, or station house. [Obs.]

2. (Naut.) (a) A cabin or apartament on the after part of the quarter-deck, having the poop for its roof; — sometimes called the coach. (b) A privy near the bow of the vessel.

3. A house for locomotive engines, built circularly around a turntable.

ROUNDING Round"ing, a.

Defn: Round or nearly round; becoming round; roundish.

ROUNDING Round"ing, n.

1. (Naut.)

Defn: Small rope, or strands of rope, or spun yarn, wound round a rope to keep it from chafing; — called also service.

2. (Phonetics)

Defn: Modifying a speech sound by contraction of the lip opening; labializing; labialization. See Guide to Pronunciation, § 11.

ROUNDISH Round"ish, a.

Defn: Somewhat round; as, a roundish seed; a roundish figure. — Round"ish*ness, n.

ROUNDLET Round"let, n.

Defn: A little circle. J. Gregory.

ROUNDLY Round"ly, adv.

1. In a round form or manner.

2. Openly; boldly; peremptorily; plumply. He affirms everything roundly. Addison.

3. Briskly; with speed. locke. Two of the outlaws walked roundly forward. Sir W. Scott.

4. Completely; vigorously; in earnest. Shak.

5. Without regard to detail; in gross; comprehensively; generally; as, to give numbers roundly. In speaking roundly of this period. H. Morley.

ROUNDNESS Round"ness, n.

1. The quality or state of being round in shape; as, the roundness of the globe, of the orb of the sun, of a ball, of a bowl, a column, etc.

2. Fullness; smoothness of flow; as, the roundness of a period; the roundness of a note; roundness of tone.

3. Openess; plainess; boldness; positiveness; as, the roundness of an assertion.

Syn. — Circularity; sphericity; globosity; globularity; globularness; orbicularness; cylindricity; fullness; plumpness; rotundity.

ROUNDRIDGE Round"ridge`, v. t. (Agric.)

Defn: To form into round ridges by plowing. B. Edwards.

ROUND-SHOULDERED Round"-shoul`dered, a.

Defn: Having the shoulders stooping or projecting; round-backed.

ROUNDSMAN Rounds"man, n.; pl. Roundsmen (.

Defn: A patrolman; also, a policeman who acts as an inspector over the rounds of the patrolmen.

ROUNDTOP Round"top`, n. (Naut.)

Defn: A top; a platform at a masthead; — so called because formerly round in shape.

ROUND-UP Round"-up`, n.

Defn: The act of collecting or gathering together scattered cattle by riding around them and driving them in. [Western U.S.]

ROUNDURE Roun"dure, n. Etym: [Cf. Rondure.]

Defn: Roundness; a round or circle. [Obs.] Shak.

ROUNDWORM Round"worm`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A nematoid worm.

ROUNDY Round"y, a.

Defn: Round. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

ROUP Roup, v. i. & t. Etym: [Cf. AS. hrrufen, Goth. hr. Cf. Roop.]

Defn: To cry or shout; hence, to sell by auction. [Scot.] Jamieson.

ROUP Roup, n.

1. An outcry; hence, a sale of gods by auction. [Scot.] Jamieson. To roup, that is, the sale of his crops, was over. J. C. Shairp.

2. A disease in poultry. See Pip.

ROUSANT Rous"ant, a. (her.)

Defn: Rising; — applied to a bird in the attitude of rising; also, sometmes, to a bird in profile with wings addorsed.

ROUSE Rouse (rouz or rous), v. i. & t. Etym: [Perhaps the same word as rouse to start up, "buckle to."] (Naut.)

Defn: To pull or haul strongly and all together, as upon a rope, without the assistance of mechanical appliances.

ROUSE Rouse (rouz), n. Etym: [Cf. D. roes drunkeness, icel. r, Sw. rus, G. rauchen, and also E. rouse, v.t., rush, v.i. Cf. Row a disturbance.]

1. A bumper in honor of a toast or health. [Obs.] Shak.

2. A carousal; a festival; a drinking frolic. Fill the cup, and fill the can, Have a rouse before the morn. Tennyson.

ROUSE Rouse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Roused (rouzd); p. pr. & vb. n. Rousing.] Etym: [Probably of Scan. origin; cf. Sw. rusa to rush, Dan. ruse, AS. hreósan to fall, rush. Cf. Rush, v.]

1. To cause to start from a covert or lurking place; as, to rouse a deer or other animal of the chase. Like wild boars late roused out of the brakes. Spenser. Rouse the fleet hart, and cheer the opening hound. Pope.

2. To wake from sleep or repose; as, to rouse one early or suddenly.

3. To excite to lively thought or action from a state of idleness, languor, stupidity, or indifference; as, to rouse the faculties, passions, or emotions. To rouse up a people, the most phlegmatic of any in Christendom. Atterbury.

4. To put in motion; to stir up; to agitate. Blustering winds, which all night long Had roused the sea. Milton.

5. To raise; to make erect. [Obs.] Spenser. Shak.

ROUSE Rouse, v. i.

1. To get or start up; to rise. [Obs.] Night's black agents to their preys do rouse. Shak.

2. To awake from sleep or repose. Morpheus rouses from his bed. Pope.

3. To be exited to thought or action from a state of indolence or inattention.

ROUSER Rous"er, n.

1. One who, or that which, rouses.

2. Something very exciting or great. [Colloq.]

3. (Brewing)

Defn: A stirrer in a copper for boiling wort.

ROUSING Rous"ing, a.

1. Having power to awaken or excite; exciting. I begin to feel Some rousing motions in me. Milton.

2. Very great; violent; astounding; as, a rousing fire; a rousing lie. [Colloq.]

ROUSINGLY Rous"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: In a rousing manner.

ROUSSETTE Rous*sette", n. Etym: [F.; — so called in allusion to the color. See Russet.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A fruit bat, especially the large species (Pieropus vulgaris) inhabiting the islands of the Indian ocean. It measures about a yard across the expanded wings.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any small shark of the genus Scyllium; — called also dogfish. See Dogfish.

ROUST Roust (roust), v. t.

Defn: To rouse; to disturb; as, to roust one out. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U.S.]

ROUST Roust, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. röst an estuary.]

Defn: A strong tide or current, especially in a narrow channel. [Written also rost, and roost.] Jamieson.

ROUSTABOUT Roust"a*bout`, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.]

Defn: A laborer, especially a deck hand, on a river steamboat, who moves the cargo, loads and unloads wood, and the like; in an opprobrious sense, a shiftless vagrant who lives by chance jobs. [Western U.S.]

ROUT Rout (rout), v. i. Etym: [AS. hrutan.]

Defn: To roar; to bellow; to snort; to snore loudly. [Obs. or Scot.] Chaucer.

ROUT Rout, n.

Defn: A bellowing; a shouting; noise; clamor; uproar; disturbance; tumult. Shak. This new book the whole world makes such a rout about. Sterne. "My child, it is not well," I said, "Among the graves to shout; To laugh and play among the dead, And make this noisy rout." Trench.

ROUT Rout, v. t. Etym: [A variant of root.]

Defn: To scoop out with a gouge or other tool; to furrow. To rout out (a) To turn up to view, as if by rooting; to discover; to find. (b) To turn out by force or compulsion; as, to rout people out of bed. [Colloq.]

ROUT Rout, v. i.

Defn: To search or root in the ground, as a swine. Edwards.

ROUT Rout, n. Etym: [OF. route, LL. rupta, properly, a breaking, fr. L. ruptus, p.p. of rumpere to break. See Rupture, reave, and cf. Rote repetition of forms, Route. In some senses this word has been confused with rout a bellowing, an uproar.] [Formerly spelled also route.]

1. A troop; a throng; a company; an assembly; especially, a traveling company or throng. [Obs.] "A route of ratones [rats]." Piers Plowman. "A great solemn route." Chaucer. And ever he rode the hinderest of the route. Chaucer. A rout of people there assembled were. Spenser.

2. A disorderly and tumultuous crowd; a mob; hence, the rabble; the herd of common people. the endless routs of wretched thralls. Spenser. The ringleader and head of all this rout. Shak. Nor do I name of men the common rout. Milton.

3. The state of being disorganized and thrown into confusion; — said especially of an army defeated, broken in pieces, and put to flight in disorder or panic; also, the act of defeating and breaking up an army; as, the rout of the enemy was complete. thy army . . . Dispersed in rout, betook them all to fly. Daniel. To these giad conquest, murderous rout to those. pope.

4. (Law)

Defn: A disturbance of the peace by persons assembled together with intent to do a thing which, if executed, would make them rioters, and actually making a motion toward the executing thereof. Wharton.