P P (pe), (continued 22)

PROTOVERTEBRA Pro`to*ver"te*bra, n.; pl. Protovertebræ . Etym: [Proto- + vertebra.] (Anat.)

Defn: One of the primitive masses, or segments, into which the mesoblast of the vertebrate embryo breaks up on either side of the anterior part of the notochord; a mesoblastic, or protovertebral, somite. See Illust. of Ectoderm.

Note: The protovertebræ were long regarded as rudiments of the permanent vertebræ, but they are now known to give rise to the dorsal muscles and other structures as well as the vertebral column. See Myotome.

PROTOVERTEBRAL Pro`to*ver"te*bral, a. (Anat.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the protovertebræ.

PROTOXIDE Pro*tox"ide, n. Etym: [Proto- + oxide: cf. F. protoxide.] (Chem.)

Defn: That one of a series of oxides having the lowest proportion of oxygen. See Proto-, 2 (b). protoxide of nitrogen, laughing gas, now called hyponitrous oxideNO. See under Laughing.

PROTOXIDIZE Pro*tox"i*dize, v. t. (Chem.)

Defn: To combine with oxygen, as any elementary substance, in such proportion as to form a protoxide.

PROTOZOA Pro`to*zo"a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The lowest of the grand divisions of the animal kingdom.

Note: The entire animal consists of a single cell which is variously modified; but in many species a number of these simple zooids are united together so as to form a compound body or organism, as in the Foraminifera and Vorticellæ. The reproduction takes place by fission, or by the breaking up of the contents of the body after encystment, each portion becoming a distinct animal, or in other ways, but never by true eggs. The principal divisions are Rhizopoda, Gregarinæ, and Infusoria. See also Foraminifera, Heliozoa, Protoplasta, Radiolaria, Flagellata, Ciliata.

PROTOZOAN Pro`to*zo"an, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Protozoa. — n.

Defn: One of the Protozoa.

PROTOZOIC Pro`to*zo"ic, a.

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Protozoa.

2. (Geol.)

Defn: Containing remains of the earliest discovered life of the globe, which included mollusks, radiates and protozoans.

PROTOZOON; PROTOZOOEN Pro`to*zo"ön (-ôn), n.; pl. Protozoa. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) (a) One of the Protozoa. (b) A single zooid of a compound protozoan.

PROTOZOONITE; PROTOZOOENITE Pro`to*zo"ö*nite, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the primary, or first-formed, segments of an embryonic arthropod.

PROTRACHEATA Pro*tra`che*a"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Pro-, and Trachea.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Same as Malacopoda.

PROTRACT Pro*tract", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Protracted; p. pr. vb. n. Protracting.] Etym: [L. protractus, p. p. of protrahere to forth, protract; pro forward + trahere to draw. See Portrait, Portray.]

1. To draw out or lengthen in time or (rarely) in space; to continue; to prolong; as, to protract an argument; to protract a war.

2. To put off to a distant time; to delay; to defer; as, to protract a decision or duty. Shak.

3. (Surv.)

Defn: To draw to a scale; to lay down the lines and angles of, with scale and protractor; to plot.

4. (Zoöl.)

Defn: To extend; to protrude; as, the cat can protract its claws; — opposed to retract.

PROTRACT Pro*tract", n. Etym: [L. protractus.]

Defn: Tedious continuance or delay. [Obs.] Spenser.

PROTRACTED Pro*tract`ed, a.

Defn: Prolonged; continued. Protracted meeting,a religious meeting continued for many successive days. [U. S.] — Pro*tract"ed*ly, adv. — Pro*tract"ed*ness, n.

PROTRACTER Pro*tract"er, n.

Defn: A protractor.

PROTRACTILE Pro*tract"ile, a.

Defn: Capable of being protracted, or protruded; protrusile.

PROTRACTION Pro*trac"tion, n. Etym: [L. protractio.]

1. A drawing out, or continuing; the act of delaying the termination of a thing; prolongation; continuance; delay; as, the protraction of a debate. A protraction only of what is worst in life. Mallock.

2. (Surv.) (a) The act or process of making a plot on paper. (b) A plot on paper.

PROTRACTIVE Pro*tract"ive, a.

Defn: Drawing out or lengthening in time; prolonging; continuing; delaying. He suffered their protractive arts. Dryden.

PROTRACTOR Pro*tract"or, n.

1. One who, or that which, protracts, or causes protraction.

2. A mathematical instrument for laying down and measuring angles on paper, used in drawing or in plotting. It is of various forms, semicircular, rectangular, or circular.

3. (Surg.)

Defn: An instrument formerly used in extracting foreign or offensive matter from a wound.

4. (Anat.)

Defn: A muscle which extends an organ or part; — opposed to retractor.

5. An adjustable pattern used by tailors. Knight.

PROTREPTICAL Pro*trep"tic*al, a. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Adapted to persuade; hortatory; persuasive. [Obs.] Bp. Ward.

PROTRUDABLE Pro*trud"a*ble, a.

Defn: That may be protruded; protrusile. Darwin.

PROTRUDE Pro*trude", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Protruded; p. pr. & vb. n. Protruding.] Etym: [L. protrudere, protrusum; pro forward + trudere to thrust. See Threat.]

1. To thrust forward; to drive or force along. Locke.

2. To thrust out, as through a narrow orifice or from confinement; to cause to come forth. When . . . Spring protrudes the bursting gems. Thomson.

PROTRUDE Pro*trude", v. i.

Defn: To shoot out or forth; to be thrust forward; to extend beyond a limit; to project. The parts protrude beyond the skin. Bacon.

PROTRUSILE Pro*tru"sile, a.

Defn: Capable of being protruded or thrust out; protractile; protrusive.

PROTRUSION Pro*tru"sion, n.

1. The act of protruding or thrusting forward, or beyond the usual limit.

2. The state of being protruded, or thrust forward.

PROTRUSIVE Pro*tru"sive, a.

1. Thrusting or impelling forward; as, protrusive motion. E. Darwin.

2. Capable of being protruded; protrusile.

PROTRUSIVELY Pro*tru"sive*ly, adv.

Defn: In a protrusive manner.

PROTUBERANCE Pro*tu"ber*ance, n. Etym: [Cf. F. protubérance. See Protuberant.]

Defn: That which is protuberant swelled or pushed beyond the surrounding or adjacent surface; a swelling or tumor on the body; a prominence; a bunch or knob; an elevation. Solar protuberances (Astron.), certain rose-colored masses on the limb of the sun which are seen to extend beyond the edge of the moon at the time of a solar eclipse. They may be discovered with the spectroscope on any clear day. Called also solar prominences. See Illust. in Append.

Syn. — Projection, Protuberance. protuberance differs from projection, being applied to parts that rise from the surface with a gradual ascent or small angle; whereas a projection may be at a right angle with the surface.

PROTUBERANCY Pro*tu"ber*an*cy, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being protuberant; protuberance; prominence.

PROTUBERANT Pro*tu"ber*ant, a. Etym: [L. protuberans, -antis, p. pr. of protuberare. See Protuberate.]

Defn: Prominent, or excessively prominent; bulging beyond the surrounding or adjacent surface; swelling; as, a protuberant joint; a protuberant eye. — Pro*tu"ber*ant*ly, adv.

PROTUBERATE Pro*tu"ber*ate, v. i. Etym: [L. protuberare; pro forward + tuber a hump, protuberance. See Tuber.]

Defn: To swell, or be prominent, beyond the adjacent surface; to bulge out. S. Sharp.

PROTUBERATION Pro*tu`ber*a"tion, n.

Defn: The act of swelling beyond the surrounding surface. Cooke (1615).

PROTUBEROUS Pro*tu"ber*ous, a.

Defn: Protuberant. [R.]

PROTURETER Pro`tu*re"ter, n. Etym: [NL. See Proto-, Ureter.] (Anat.)

Defn: The duct of a pronephros. Haeckel.

PROTYLE Pro"tyle, n. Etym: [Proto- + Gr. (Chem. & Astron.)

Defn: The hypothetical homogeneous cosmic material of the original universe, supposed to have been differentiated into what are recognized as distinct chemical elements.

PROUD Proud, a. [Compar. Prouder; superl. Proudest.] Etym: [OE. proud, prout, prud, prut, AS. prut; akin to Icel. pruedhr stately, handsome, Dan. prud handsome. Cf. Pride.]

1. Feeling or manifesting pride, in a good or bad sense; as: (a) Possessing or showing too great self-esteem; overrating one's excellences; hence, arrogant; haughty; lordly; presumptuous. Nor much expect A foe so proud will first the weaker seek. Milton. O death, made proud with pure and princely beauty ! Shak. And shades impervious to the proud world's glare. Keble.

(b) Having a feeling of high self-respect or self-esteem; exulting (in); elated; — often with of; as, proud of one's country. "Proud to be checked and soothed." Keble. Are we proud men proud of being proud Thackeray.

2. Giving reason or occasion for pride or self-gratulation; worthy of admiration; grand; splendid; magnificent; admirable; ostentatious. "Of shadow proud." Chapman. "Proud titles." Shak. " The proud temple's height." Dryden. Till tower, and dome, and bridge-way proud Are mantled with a golden cloud. Keble.

3. Excited by sexual desire; — applied particularly to the females of some animals. Sir T. Browne.

Note: Proud is often used with participles in the formation of compounds which, for the most part, are self-explaining; as, proud- crested, proud-minded, proud-swelling. Proud flesh (Med.), a fungous growth or excrescence of granulations resembling flesh, in a wound or ulcer.

PROUDISH Proud"ish, a.

Defn: Somewhat proud. Ash.

PROUDLING Proud"ling, n.

Defn: A proud or haughty person. Sylvester.

PROUDLY Proud"ly, adv.

Defn: In a proud manner; with lofty airs or mien; haughtily; arrogantly; boastfully. Proudly he marches on, and void of fear. Addison.

PROUDNESS Proud"ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being proud; pride. Set aside all arrogancy and proudness. Latimer.

PROUSTITE Proust"ite, n. Etym: [From the French chemist, J. L. Proust.] (Min.)

Defn: A sulphide of arsenic and silver of a beautiful cochineal-red color, occurring in rhombohedral crystals, and also massive; ruby silver.

PROVABLE Prov"a*ble, a. Etym: [See Prove, and cf. Probable.]

Defn: Capable of being proved; demonstrable. — Prov"a*ble*ness, n. — Prov"a*bly, adv.

PROVAND; PROANT Prov"and, Pro"ant, n. Etym: [See Provender.]

Defn: Provender or food. [Obs.] One pease was a soldier's provant a whole day. Beau. & Fl.

PROVANT Pro*vant", v. t.

Defn: To supply with provender or provisions; to provide for. [Obs.] Nash.

PROVANT Prov"ant, a.

Defn: Provided for common or general use, as in an army; hence, common in quality; inferior. "A poor provant rapier." B. Jonson.

PROVE Prove, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Proved; p. pr. & vb. n. Proving.] Etym: [OE. prover, F. prouver, fr. L. probare to try, approve, prove, fr. probus good, proper. Cf. Probable, Proof, Probe.]

1. To try or to ascertain by an experiment, or by a test or standard; to test; as, to prove the strength of gunpowder or of ordnance; to prove the contents of a vessel by a standard measure. Thou hast proved mine heart. Ps. xvii. 3.

2. To evince, establish, or ascertain, as truth, reality, or fact, by argument, testimony, or other evidence. They have inferred much from slender premises, and conjectured when they could not prove. J. H. Newman.

3. To ascertain or establish the genuineness or validity of; to verify; as, to prove a will.

4. To gain experience of the good or evil of; to know by trial; to experience; to suffer. Where she, captived long, great woes did prove. Spenser.

5. (Arith.)

Defn: To test, evince, ascertain, or verify, as the correctness of any operation or result; thus, in subtraction, if the difference between two numbers, added to the lesser number, makes a sum equal to the greater, the correctness of the subtraction is proved.

6. (Printing)

Defn: To take a trial impression of; to take a proof of; as, to prove a page.

Syn. — To try; verify; justify; confirm; establish; evince; manifest; show; demonstrate.

PROVE Prove, v. i.

1. To make trial; to essay.

2. To be found by experience, trial, or result; to turn out to be; as, a medicine proves salutary; the report proves false. "The case proves mortal." Arbuthnot. So life a winter's morn may prove. Keble.

3. To succeed; to turn out as expected. [Obs.] "The experiment proved not." Bacon.

PROVECT Pro*vect", a. Etym: [L. provectus, p. p. of provehere to carry forward.]

Defn: Carried forward; advanced. [Obs.] "Provect in years." Sir T. Flyot.

PROVECTION Pro*vec"tion, n. Etym: [L. provectio an advancement.] (Philol.)

Defn: A carrying forward, as of a final letter, to a following word; as, for example, a nickname for an ekename.

PROVEDITOR Pro*ved"i*tor, n. Etym: [It. proveditore, provveditore, fr. provedere, L. providere. See Provide, and cf. Purveyor, Provedore.]

Defn: One employed to procure supplies, as for an army, a steamer, etc.; a purveyor; one who provides for another. Jer. Taylor.

PROVEDORE Prov"e*dore, n. Etym: [Cf. Sp. proveedor. See Proveditor.]

Defn: A proveditor; a purveyor. Busied with the duties of a provedore. W. Irving.

PROVEN Prov"en, p. p. or a.

Defn: Proved. "Accusations firmly proven in his mind." Thackeray. Of this which was the principal charge, and was generally believed to beproven, he was acquitted. Jowett (Thucyd. ). Not proven (Scots Law), a verdict of a jury that the guilt of the accused is not made out, though not disproved. Mozley & W.

PROVENANCE Prov"e*nance, n. [F., fr. provenir to originate, to come forth, L. provenire. Cf. Provenience.]

Defn: Origin; source; provenience.

Their age attested by their provenance and associations. A. H. Keane.

PROVENCAL Pro`ven`cal", a. Etym: [F., fr. Provence, fr. L. provincia province. See Provincial.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to Provence or its inhabitants.

PROVENCAL Pro`ven`cal", n. Etym: [F.]

1. A native or inhabitant of Provence in France.

2. The Provencal language. See Langue d'oc.

PROVENCE ROSE Prov"ence rose`. Etym: [Provence the place + rose.] (a) The cabbage rose (Rosa centifolia). (b) A name of many kinds of roses which are hybrids of Rosa centifolia and R. Gallica.

PROVENCIAL Pro*ven"cial, a. Etym: [See Provençal.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to Provence in France.

PROVEND Prov"end, n.

Defn: See Provand. [Obs.]

PROVENDER Prov"en*der, n. Etym: [OE. provende, F. provende, provisions, provender, fr. LL. praebenda (prae and pro being confused), a daily allowance of provisions, a prebend. See Prebend.]

1. Dry food for domestic animals, as hay, straw, corn, oats, or a mixture of ground grain; feed. "Hay or other provender." Mortimer. Good provender laboring horses would have. Tusser.

2. Food or provisions. [R or Obs.]

PROVENIENCE Pro*ve"ni*ence, n. [L. proveniens, -entis, p.pr. of provenire to come forth; pro forth + venire to come.]

Defn: Origin; source; place where found or produced; provenance; — used esp. in the fine arts and in archæology; as, the provenience of a patera.

PROVENIENT Pro*ve"ni*ent, a. [L. proveniens, p.pr.]

Defn: Forthcoming; issuing. [Rare]

PROVENT Prov"ent, n.

Defn: See Provand. [Obs.]

PROVENTRICLE Pro*ven"tri*cle, n. (Anat.)

Defn: Proventriculus.

PROVENTRIULUS Pro`ven*tri"u*lus, n. Etym: [NL. See Pro-, and Ventricle.] (Anat.)

Defn: The glandular stomach of birds, situated just above the crop.

PROVER Prov"er, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, proves.

PROVERB Prov"erb, n. Etym: [OE. proverbe, F. proverbe, from L. proverbium; pro before, for + verbum a word. See Verb.]

1. An old and common saying; a phrase which is often repeated; especially, a sentence which briefly and forcibly expresses some practical truth, or the result of experience and observation; a maxim; a saw; an adage. Chaucer. Bacon.

2. A striking or paradoxical assertion; an obscure saying; an enigma; a parable. His disciples said unto him, Lo, now speakest thou plainly, and speakest no proverb. John xvi. 29.

3. A familiar illustration; a subject of contemptuous reference. Thou shalt become an astonishment, a proverb, and a by word, among all nations. Deut. xxviii. 37.

4. A drama exemplifying a proverb. Book of Proverbs, a canonical book of the Old Testament, containing a great variety of wise maxims.

Syn. — Maxim; aphorism; apothegm; adage; saw.

PROVERB Prov"erb, v. t.

1. To name in, or as, a proverb. [R.] Am I not sung and proverbed for a fool Milton.

2. To provide with a proverb. [R.] I am proverbed with a grandsire phrase. Shak.

PROVERB Prov"erb, v. i.

Defn: To write or utter proverbs. [R.]

PROVERBIAL Pro*ver"bi*al, a. Etym: [L. proverbialis: cf. F. proverbial.]

1. Mentioned or comprised in a proverb; used as a proverb; hence, commonly known; as, a proverbial expression; his meanness was proverbial. In case of excesses, I take the German proverbial cure, by a hair of the same beast, to be the worst. Sir W. Temple.

2. Of or pertaining to proverbs; resembling a proverb. "A proverbial obscurity." Sir T. Browne.

PROVERBIALISM Pro*ver"bi*al*ism, n.

Defn: A proverbial phrase.

PROVERBIALIST Pro*ver"bi*al*ist, n.

Defn: One who makes much use of proverbs in speech or writing; one who composes, collects, or studies proverbs.

PROVERBIALIZE Pro*ver"bi*al*ize, v. t. & i. Etym: [Cf. F. proverbialiser.]

Defn: To turn into a proverb; to speak in proverbs.

PROVERBIALLY Pro*ver"bi*al*ly, adv.

Defn: In a proverbial manner; by way of proverb; hence, commonly; universally; as, it is proverbially said; the bee is proverbially busy.

PROVEXITY Pro*vex"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. provehere to advance. Cf. Provect.]

Defn: Great advance in age. [Obs.]

PROVIDE Pro*vide", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Provided; p. pr. & vb. n. Providing.] Etym: [L. providere, provisum; pro before + videre to see. See Vision, and cf. Prudent, Purvey.]

1. To look out for in advance; to procure beforehand; to get, collect, or make ready for future use; to prepare. "Provide us all things necessary." Shak.

2. To supply; to afford; to contribute. Bring me berries, or such cooling fruit As the kind, hospitable woods provide. Milton.

3. To furnish; to supply; — formerly followed by of, now by with. "And yet provided him of but one." Jer. Taylor. "Rome . . . was well provided with corn." Arbuthnot.

4. To establish as a previous condition; to stipulate; as, the contract provides that the work be well done.

5. To foresee.

Note: [A Latinism] [Obs.] B. Jonson.

6. To appoint to an ecclesiastical benefice before it is vacant. See Provisor. Prescott.

PROVIDE Pro*vide", v. i.

1. To procure supplies or means in advance; to take measures beforehand in view of an expected or a possible future need, especially a danger or an evil; — followed by against or for; as, to provide against the inclemency of the weather; to provide for the education of a child. Government is a contrivance of human wisdom to provide for human wants. Burke.

2. To stipulate previously; to condition; as, the agreement provides for an early completion of the work.

PROVIDED Pro*vid"ed, conj.

Defn: On condition; by stipulation; with the understanding; if; — usually followed by that; as, provided that nothing in this act shall prejudice the rights of any person whatever. Provided the deductions are logical, they seem almost indifferent to their truth. G. H. Lewes.

Note: This word is strictly a participle, and the word being is understood, the participle provided agreeing with the whole sentence absolute, and being equivalent to this condition being previously stipulated or established.

PROVIDENCE Prov"i*dence, n. Etym: [L. providentia: cf. F. providence. See Provident, and cf. Prudence.]

1. The act of providing or preparing for future use or application; a making ready; preparation. Providence for war is the best prevention of it. Bacon.

2. Foresight; care; especially, the foresight and care which God manifests for his creatures; hence, God himself, regarded as exercising a constant wise prescience. The world was all before them, where to choose Their place of rest, and Providence their guide. Milton.

3. (Theol.)

Defn: A manifestation of the care and superintendence which God exercises over his creatures; an event ordained by divine direction. He that hath a numerous family, and many to provide for, needs a greater providence of God. Jer. Taylor.

4. Prudence in the management of one's concerns; economy; frugality. It is a high point of providence in a prince to cast an eye rather upon actions than persons. Quarles.

PROVIDENT Prov"i*dent, a. Etym: [L. providens, -entis, p. pr. of providere: cf. F. provident. See Provide, and cf. Prudent.]

Defn: Foreseeing wants and making provision to supply them; prudent in preparing for future exigencies; cautious; economical; — sometimes followed by of; as, aprovident man; an animal provident of the future. And of our good and of our dignity, How provident he is. Milton.

Syn. — Forecasting; cautious; careful; prudent; frugal; economical.

PROVIDENTIAL Prov`i*den"tial, a. Etym: [Cf. F. providentiel.]

Defn: Effected by, or referable to, divine direction or superintendence; as, the providential contrivance of thing; a providential escape. — Prov"i*den"tial*ly, adv.

PROVIDENTLY Prov"i*dent*ly, adv.

Defn: In a provident manner.

PROVIDENTNESS Prov"i*dent*ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being provident; carefulness; prudence; economy.

PROVIDER Pro*vid"er, n.

Defn: One who provides, furnishes, or supplies; one who procures what is wanted.

PROVIDORE Prov"i*dore, n. Etym: [See Provedore.]

Defn: One who makes provision; a purveyor. [R.] De Foe.

PROVINCE Prov"ince, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. provincia; prob. fr. pro before, for + the root of vincere to conquer. See Victor.]

1. (Roman Hist.)

Defn: A country or region, more or less remote from the city of Rome, brought under the Roman government; a conquered country beyond the limits of Italy. Wyclif (Acts xiii. 34). Milton.

2. A country or region dependent on a distant authority; a portion of an empire or state, esp. one remote from the capital. "Kingdoms and provinces." Shak.

3. A region of country; a tract; a district. Over many a tract of heaven they marched, and many a province wide. Milton. Other provinces of the intellectual world. I. Watts.

4. A region under the supervision or direction of any special person; the district or division of a country, especially an ecclesiastical division, over which one has jurisdiction; as, the province of Canterbury, or that in which the archbishop of Canterbury exercises ecclesiastical authority.

5. The proper or appropriate business or duty of a person or body; office; charge; jurisdiction; sphere. The woman'sprovince is to be careful in her economy, and chaste in her affection. Tattler.

6. Specif.: Any political division of the Dominion of Canada, having a governor, a local legislature, and representation in the Dominion parliament. Hence, colloquially, The Provinces, the Dominion of Canada.

PROVINCIAL Pro*vin"cial, a. Etym: [L. provincialis: cf. F. provincial. See Province, and cf. Provencal.]

1. Of or pertaining to province; constituting a province; as, a provincial government; a provincial dialect.

2. Exhibiting the ways or manners of a province; characteristic of the inhabitants of a province; not cosmopolitan; countrified; not polished; rude; hence, narrow; illiberal. "Provincial airs and graces." Macaulay.

3. Of or pertaining to an ecclesiastical province, or to the jurisdiction of an archbishop; not ecumenical; as, a provincial synod. Ayliffe.

4. Of or pertaining to Provence; Provencal. [Obs.] With two Provincial roses on my razed shoes. Shak.

PROVINCIAL Pro*vin"cial, n.

1. A person belonging to a province; one who is provincial.

2. (R. C. Ch.)

Defn: A monastic superior, who, under the general of his order, has the direction of all the religious houses of the same fraternity in a given district, called a province of the order.

PROVINCIALISM Pro*vin"cial*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. provincialisme.]

Defn: A word, or a manner of speaking, peculiar to a province or a district remote from the mother country or from the metropolis; a provincial characteristic; hence, narrowness; illiberality. M. Arnold.

PROVINCIALIST Pro*vin"cial*ist, n.

Defn: One who lives in a province; a provincial.

PROVINCIALITY Pro*vin`ci*al"i*ty, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being provincial; peculiarity of language characteristic of a province. T. Warton.

PROVINCIALIZE Pro*vin"cial*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Provincialized; p. pr. & vb. n. Provincializing.]

Defn: To render provincial. M. Arnold.

PROVINCIALLY Pro*vin"cial*ly, adv.

Defn: In a provincial manner.

PROVINCIATE Pro*vin"ci*ate, v. t.

Defn: To convert into a province or provinces. [Obs.] Howell.

PROVINE Pro*vine", v. i. Etym: [F. provingner, fr. provin a set, layer of a plant, OF. provain, from L. propago, -aginis, akin to propagare to propagate. See Propagate, Prune, v. t.]

Defn: To lay a stock or branch of a vine in the ground for propagation. [Obs.] Johnson.

PROVISION Pro*vi"sion, n. Etym: [L. provisio: cf. F. provision. See Provide.]

1. The act of providing, or making previous preparation. Shak.

2. That which is provided or prepared; that which is brought together or arranged in advance; measures taken beforehand; preparation. Making provision for the relief of strangers. Bacon.

3. Especially, a stock of food; any kind of eatables collected or stored; — often in the plural. And of provisions laid in large, For man and beast. Milton.

4. That which is stipulated in advance; a condition; a previous agreement; a proviso; as, the provisions of a contract; the statute has many provisions.

5. (R. C. Ch.)

Defn: A canonical term for regular induction into a benefice, comprehending nomination, collation, and installation.

6. (Eng. Hist.)

Defn: A nomination by the pope to a benefice before it became vacant, depriving the patron of his right of presentation. Blackstone.

PROVISION Pro*vi"sion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Provisioned; p. pr. & vb. n. Provisioning.]

Defn: To supply with food; to victual; as, to provision a garrison. They were provisioned for a journey. Palfrey.

PROVISIONAL Pro*vi"sion*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. provisionnel.]

Defn: Of the nature of a provision; serving as a provision for the time being; — used of partial or temporary arrangements; as, a provisional government; a provisional treaty.

PROVISIONALLY Pro*vi"sion*al*ly, adv.

Defn: By way of provision for the time being; temporarily. Locke.

PROVISIONARY Pro*vi"sion*a*ry, a.

Defn: Provisional. Burke.

PROVISO Pro*vi"so, n.; pl. Provisos. Etym: [L., (it) being provided, abl. of provisus, p. p. of providere. See Provide, and cf. Purview.]

Defn: An article or clause in any statute, agreement, contract, grant, or other writing, by which a condition is introduced, usually beginning with the word provided; a conditional stipulation that affects an agreement, contract, law, grant, or the like; as, the contract was impaired by its proviso. He doth deny his prisoners, But with proviso and exception. Shak.

PROVISOR Pro*vi"sor, n. Etym: [L., fr. providere: cf. F. proviseur. See Provide.]

1. One who provides; a purveyor. [Obs.] "The chief provisor of our horse." Ford.

2. (R. C. Ch.) (a) The purveyor, steward, or treasurer of a religious house. Cowell. (b) One who is regularly inducted into a benefice. See Provision, 5. P. Plowman.

3. (Eng. Hist.)

Defn: One who procures or receives a papal provision. See Provision, 6.

PROVISORILY Pro*vi"so*ri*ly, adv.

Defn: In a provisory manner; conditionally; subject to a proviso; as, to admit a doctrine provisorily. Sir W. Hamilton.

PROVISORSHIP Pro*vi"sor*ship, n.

Defn: The office or position of a provisor. [R.] J. Webster.

PROVISORY Pro*vi"so*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. provisoire.]

1. Of the nature of a proviso; containing a proviso or condition; conditional; as, a provisory clause.

2. Making temporary provision; provisional.

PROVOCATION Prov`o*ca"tion, n. Etym: [F. provocation, L. provocatio. See Provoke.]

1. The act of provoking, or causing vexation or, anger. Fabyan.

2. That which provokes, or excites anger; the cause of resentment; as, to give provocation. Paley.

3. Incitement; stimulus; as, provocation to mirth.

4. (Law)

Defn: Such prior insult or injury as may be supposed, under the circumstances, to create hot blood, and to excuse an assault made in retort or redress.

5. An appeal to a court.

Note: [A Latinism] [Obs.] Ayliffe.

PROVOCATIVE Pro*vo"ca*tive, a. Etym: [L. provocativus: cf. OF. provocatif.]

Defn: Serving or tending to provoke, excite, or stimulate; exciting.

PROVOCATIVE Pro*vo"ca*tive, n.

Defn: Anything that is provocative; a stimulant; as, a provocative of appetite.

PROVOCATIVENESS Pro*vo"ca*tive*ness, n.

Defn: Quality of being provocative.

PROVOCATORY Pro*vo"ca*to*ry, a.

Defn: Provocative.

PROVOKABLE Pro*vok"a*ble, a.

Defn: That may be provoked.

PROVOKE Pro*voke", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Provoked; p. pr. & vb. n. Provoking.] Etym: [F. provoquer, L. provocare to call forth; pro forth + vocare to call, fr. vox, vocis, voice, cry, call. See Voice.]

Defn: To call forth; to call into being or action; esp., to incense to action, a faculty or passion, as love, hate, or ambition; hence, commonly, to incite, as a person, to action by a challenge, by taunts, or by defiance; to exasperate; to irritate; to offend intolerably; to cause to retaliate. Obey his voice, provoke him not. Ex. xxiii. 21. Ye fathers, provoke not your children to wrath. Eph. vi. 4. Such acts Of contumacy will provoke the Highest To make death in us live. Milton. Can honor's voice provoke the silent dust Gray. To the poet the meaning is what he pleases to make it, what it provokes in his own soul. J. Burroughs.

Syn. — To irritate; arouse; stir up; awake; excite; incite; anger. See Irritate.

PROVOKE Pro*voke", v. i.

1. To cause provocation or anger.

2. To appeal.

Note: [A Latinism] [Obs.] Dryden.

PROVOKEMENT Pro*voke"ment, n.

Defn: The act that which, provokes; one who excites anger or other passion, or incites to action; as, a provoker of sedition. Drink, sir, is a great provoker of three things. Shak.

PROVOKING Pro*vok"ing, a.

Defn: Having the power or quality of exciting resentment; tending to awaken passion or vexation; as, provoking words or treatment. — Pro*vok"ing*ly, adv.

PROVOST Prov"ost, n. Etym: [OF. provost (L. prae and pro being confused), F. prevôt, fr. L. praepositus placed before, a chief, fr. praeponere to place before: cf. AS. prafost, profast. See Preposition, and cf. Propound.]

1. A person who is appointed to superintend, or preside over, something; the chief magistrate in some cities and towns; as, the provost of Edinburgh or of Glasgow, answering to the mayor of other cities; the provost of a college, answering to president; the provost or head of certain collegiate churches.

2. The keeper of a prison. [Obs.] Shak.

Note: In France, formerly, a provost was an inferior judge who had cognizance of civil causes. The grand provost of France, or of the household, had jurisdiction in the king's house, and over its officers. Provost marshal (often pronounced . (a) (Mil.) An officer appointed in every army, in the field, to secure the prisoners confined on charges of a general nature. He also performs such other duties pertaining to police and discipline as the regulations of the service or the commander's orders impose upon him. (b) (Nav.) An officer who has charge of prisoners on trial by court-martial, serves notices to witnesses, etc.

PROVOSTSHIP Prov"ost*ship, n.

Defn: The office of a provost.

PROW Prow, n. Etym: [F. proue (cf. Sp. & Pg. proa, It. prua), L. prora, Gr. Pro-, and cf. Prore.]

Defn: The fore part of a vessel; the bow; the stem; hence, the vessel itself. Wordsworth. The floating vessel swum Uplifted, and secure with beaked prow rode tilting o'er the waves. Milton.

PROW Prow, n.

Defn: See Proa.

PROW Prow, a. [Compar. Prower; superl. Prowest.] Etym: [OF.prou, preu, F. preux, fr. L. pro, prod, in prodesse to be useful. See Pro-, and cf. Prude.]

Defn: Valiant; brave; gallant; courageous. [Archaic] Tennyson. The prowest knight that ever field did fight. Spenser.

PROW Prow, n. Etym: [OE. & OF. prou. See Prow, a.]

Defn: Benefit; profit; good; advantage. [Obs.] That shall be for your hele and for your prow. Chaucer.

PROWESS Prow"ess, n. Etym: [OF. proece, proesce, F. prouesse. See Prow, a.]

Defn: Distinguished bravery; valor; especially, military bravery and skill; gallantry; intrepidity; fearlessness. Chaucer. Sir P. Sidney. He by his prowess conquered all France. Shak.

PROWL Prowl, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prowled; p. pr. & vb. n. Prowling.] Etym: [OE. prollen to search about; of uncertain origin, perh. for proglen, a dim. of prog to beg, or proke to poke. Cf. Proke.]

1. To rove over, through, or about in a stealthy manner; esp., to search in, as for prey or booty. He prowls each place, still in new colors decked. Sir P. Sidney.

2. To collect by plunder; as, to prowl money. [Obs.]

PROWL Prowl, v. i.

Defn: To rove or wander stealthily, esp. for prey, as a wild beast; hence, to prey; to plunder.

PROWL Prowl, n.

Defn: The act of prowling. [Colloq.] Smart.

PROWLER Prowl"er, n.

Defn: One that prowls. Thomson.

PROWLING Prowl"ing, a.

Defn: Accustomed to prowl, or engaged in roving stealthily, as for prey. "A prowling wolf." Milton. — Prowl"ing*ly, adv.

PROX Prox, n. Etym: [Cf. Proxy.]

Defn: "The ticket or list of candidates at elections, presented to the people for their votes." [Rhode Island] Bartlett.

PROXENE Prox"ene, n. Etym: [Cf. proxène.] (Gr. Antiq.)

Defn: An officer who had the charge of showing hospitality to those who came from a friendly city or state.

PROXENET Prox"e*net, n. Etym: [L. proxeneta, Gr.

Defn: A negotiator; a factor. [R.] Dr. H. More.

PROXENETISM Prox`e*ne"tism, n. [Gr. agent + -ism; cf. F. proxénétisme.]

Defn: The action of a go-between or broker in negotiating immoral bargains between the sexes; procuring.

PROXIMAD Prox"i*mad, adv. Etym: [Proximal + L. ad to.] (Anat.)

Defn: Toward a proximal part; on the proximal side of; proximally.

PROXIMAL Prox"i*mal, a.

1. Toward or nearest, as to a body, or center of motion of dependence; proximate.

2. (Biol.) (a) Situated near the point of attachment or origin; as, the proximal part of a limb. (b) Of or pertaining to that which is proximal; as, the proximal bones of a limb. Opposed to distal.

PROXIMALLY Prox"i*mal*ly, adv. (Anat.)

Defn: On or toward a proximal part; proximad.

PROXIMATE Prox"i*mate, a. Etym: [L. proximatus, p. p. of proximare to come near, to approach, fr. proximus the nearest, nest, superl. of propior nearer, and prope, adv., near.]

Defn: Nearest; next immediately preceding or following. "Proximate ancestors." J. S. Harford. The proximate natural causes of it [the deluge]. T. Burnet. Proximate analysis (Chem.), an analysis which determines the proximate principles of any substance, as contrasted with an ultimate analysis. — Proximate cause. (a) A cause which immediately precedes and produces the effect, as distinguished from the remote, mediate, or predisposing cause. I. Watts. (b) That which in ordinary natural sequence produces a specific result, no independent disturbing agencies intervening. — Proximate principle (Physiol. Chem.), one of a class of bodies existing ready formed in animal and vegetable tissues, and separable by chemical analysis, as albumin, sugar, collagen, fat, etc.

Syn. — Nearest; next; closest; immediate; direct.

PROXIMATELY Prox"i*mate*ly, adv.

Defn: In a proximate manner, position, or degree; immediately.

PROXIME Prox"ime, a. Etym: [L. proximus. See Proximate.]

Defn: Next; immediately preceding or following. [Obs.]

PROXIMIOUS Prox*im"i*ous, a.

Defn: Proximate. [Obs.]

PROXIMITY Prox*im"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. proximitas: cf. F. proximité See Proximate, and cf. Propinquity, Approach.]

Defn: The quality or state of being next in time, place, causation, influence, etc.; immediate nearness, either in place, blood, or alliance. If he plead proximity of blood That empty title is with ease withstood. Dryden.

PROXIMO Prox"i*mo. Etym: [L., on the next, abl. of proximus next.]

Defn: In the next month after the present; — often contracted to prox.; as, on the 3d proximo.

PROXY Prox"y, n.; pl. Proxies. Etym: [Contr. from procuracy. Cf. Proctor.]

1. The agency for another who acts through the agent; authority to act for another, esp. to vote in a legislative or corporate capacity. I have no man's proxy: I speak only for myself. Burke.

2. The person who is substituted or deputed to act or vote for another. Every peer . . . may make another lord of parliament his proxy, to vote for him in his absence. Blackstone.

3. A writing by which one person authorizes another to vote in his stead, as in a corporation meeting.

4. (Eng. Law)

Defn: The written appointment of a proctor in suits in the ecclesiastical courts. Burrill.

5. (Eccl.)

Defn: See Procuration. [Obs.]

PROXY Prox"y, v. i.

Defn: To act or vote by proxy; to do anything by the agency of another. [R.]

PROXYSHIP Prox"y*ship, n.

Defn: The office or agency of a proxy.

PRUCE Pruce, n. Etym: [OE. for Prussia: cf. F. Prusse.]

Defn: Prussian leather. [Obs.] Dryden.

PRUDE Prude, n. Etym: [F., prudish, originally, discreet, modest; shortened from OF. prudefeme, preudefeme, a discreet or excellent woman; OF. preu, prou, excellent, brave + de of + fete woman. See Prow, a., Prowess.]

Defn: A woman of affected modesty, reserve, or coyness; one who is overscrupulous or sensitive; one who affects extraordinary prudence in conduct and speech. Less modest than the speech of prudes. Swift.

PRUDENCE Pru"dence, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. prudentia, contr. from providentia. See Prudent, and cf. Providence.]

Defn: The quality or state of being prudent; wisdom in the way of caution and provision; discretion; carefulness; hence, also, economy; frugality. Prudence is principally in reference to actions to be done, and due means, order, seasons, and method of doing or not doing. Sir M. Hale. Prudence supposes the value of the end to be assumed, and refers only to the adaptation of the means. It is the relation of right means for given ends. Whewell.

Syn. — Wisdom; forecast; providence; considerateness; judiciousness; discretion; caution; circumspection; judgment. See Wisdom.

PRUDENCY Pru"den*cy, n.

Defn: Prudence. [Obs.] Hakluyt.

PRUDENT Pru"dent, a. Etym: [L. prudens, -entis, contr. from providens: cf. F. prudent. See Provident.]

1. Sagacious in adapting means to ends; circumspect in action, or in determining any line of conduct; practically wise; judicious; careful; discreet; sensible; — opposed to rash; as, a prudent man; dictated or directed by prudence or wise forethought; evincing prudence; as, prudent behavior. Moses established a grave and prudent law. Milton.

2. Frugal; economical; not extravagant; as, a prudent woman; prudent expenditure of money.

Syn. — Cautious; wary; circumspect; considerate; discreet; judicious; provident; economical; frugal.

PRUDENTIAL Pru*den"tial, a.

1. Proceeding from, or dictated or characterized by, prudence; prudent; discreet; sometimes, selfish or pecuniary as distinguished from higher motives or influences; as, prudential motives. " A prudential line of conduct." Sir W. Scott.

2. Exercising prudence; discretionary; advisory; superintending or executive; as, a prudential committee.

PRUDENTIAL Pru*den"tial, n.

Defn: That which relates to or demands the exercise of, discretion or prudence; — usually in the pl. Many stanzas, in poetic measures, contain rules relating to common prudentials as well as to religion. I. Watts.

PRUDENTIALIST Pru*den"tial*ist, n.

Defn: One who is governed by, or acts from, prudential motives. [R.] Coleridge.

PRUDENTIALITY Pru*den`ti*al"i*ty, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being prudential. Sir T. Browne.

PRUDENTIALLY Pru*den"tial*ly, adv.

Defn: In a prudential manner; prudently. South.

PRUDENTLY Pru"dent*ly, adv.

Defn: In a prudent manner.

PRUDERY Prud"er*y, n.; pl. Pruderies. Etym: [F. pruderie. See Prude.]

Defn: The quality or state of being prudish; excessive or affected scrupulousness in speech or conduct; stiffness; coyness. Cowper.

PRUDHOMME Prud*homme", n. Etym: [F. prud'homme. cf. Prude.]

Defn: A trustworthy citizen; a skilled workman. See Citation under 3d Commune, 1.

PRUDISH Prud"ish, a.

Defn: Like a prude; very formal, precise, or reserved; affectedly severe in virtue; as, a prudish woman; prudish manners. A formal lecture, spoke with prudish face. Garrick.

PRUDISHLY Prud"ish*ly, adv.

Defn: In a prudish manner.

PRUINATE Pru"i*nate, a.

Defn: Same as Pruinose.

PRUINOSE Pru"i*nose`, a. Etym: [L. pruinosus, fr. pruina hoarfrost.]

Defn: Frosty; covered with fine scales, hairs, dust, bloom, or the like, so as to give the appearance of frost.

PRUINOUS Pru"i*nous, a.

Defn: Frosty; pruinose.

PRUNE Prune, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pruned; p. pr. & vb. n. Pruning.] Etym: [OE. proine, probably fr. F. provigner to lay down vine stocks for propagation; hence, probably, the meaning, to cut away superfluous shoots. See Provine.]

1. To lop or cut off the superfluous parts, branches, or shoots of; to clear of useless material; to shape or smooth by trimming; to trim: as, to prune trees; to prune an essay. Thackeray. Taking into consideration how they [laws] are to be pruned and reformed. Bacon. Our delightful task To prune these growing plants, and tend these flowers. Milton.

2. To cut off or cut out, as useless parts. Horace will our superfluous branches prune. Waller.

3. To preen; to prepare; to dress. Spenser. His royal bird Prunes the immortal wing and cloys his beak. Shak.

PRUNE Prune, v. i.

Defn: To dress; to prink; -used humorously or in contempt. Dryden.

PRUNE Prune, n. Etym: [F. prune, from L. prunum a plum. See Plum.]

Defn: A plum; esp., a dried plum, used in cookery; as, French or Turkish prunes; California prunes. German prune (Bot.), a large dark purple plum, of oval shape, often one-sided. It is much used for preserving, either dried or in sirup. Prune tree. (Bot.) (a) A tree of the genus Prunus (P. domestica), which produces prunes. (b) The West Indian tree, Prunus occidentalis. — South African prune (Bot.), the edible fruit of a sapindaceous tree (Pappea Capensis).

PRUNELLA Pru*nel"la, n. Etym: [NL., perhaps from G. bræune quinsy, croup.] (Med.) (a) Angina, or angina pectoris. (b) Thrush. Prunella salt (Old Chem.), niter fused and cast into little balls.

PRUNELLA; PRUNELLO Pru*nel"la, Pru*nel"lo, n. Etym: [F. prunelle, probably so called from its color resembling that of prunes. See Prune, n.]

Defn: A smooth woolen stuff, generally black, used for making shoes; a kind of lasting; — formerly used also for clergymen's gowns.

PRUNELLE Pru*nelle", n. Etym: [F., dim. of prune. See Prune, n.]

Defn: A kind of small and very acid French plum; — applied especially to the stoned and dried fruit.

PRUNELLO Pru*nel"lo, n. Etym: [F. prunelle, dim. of prune. See Prune a plum.]

Defn: A species of dried plum; prunelle.

PRUNER Prun"er, n.

1. One who prunes, or removes, what is superfluous.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any one of several species of beetles whose larvæ gnaw the branches of trees so as to cause them to fall, especially the American oak pruner (Asemum moestum), whose larva eats the pith of oak branches, and when mature gnaws a circular furrow on the inside nearly to the bark. When the branches fall each contains a pupa.

PRUNIFEROUS Pru*nif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. prunum a plum + -ferous.]

Defn: Bearing plums.

PRUNING Prun"ing, n.

1. The act of trimming, or removing what is superfluous.

2. (Falconry)

Defn: That which is cast off by bird in pruning her feathers; leavings. Beau. & Fl. Pruning hook, or Pruning knife, cutting instrument used in pruning trees, etc. — Pruning shears, shears for pruning trees, vines, etc.

PRUNUS Pru"nus, n. Etym: [L., a plum tree.] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of trees with perigynous rosaceous flowers, and a single two-ovuled carpel which usually becomes a drupe in ripening.

Note: Originally, this genus was limited to the plums, then, by Linnæus, was made to include the cherries and the apricot. Later botanists separated these into several genera, as Prunus, Cerasus, and Armeniaca, but now, by Bentham and Hooker, the plums, cherries, cherry laurels, peach, almond, and nectarine are all placed in Prunus.

PRURIENCE; PRURIENCY Pru"ri*ence, Pru"ri*en*cy, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being prurient. The pruriency of curious ears. Burke. There is a prurience in the speech of some. Cowper.

PRURIENT Pru"ri*ent, a. Etym: [L. pruries, -entis, p. pr. of prurire to itch. Cf. Freeze.]

Defn: Uneasy with desire; itching; especially, having a lascivious curiosity or propensity; lustful. — Pru"ri*ent*ly, adv. The eye of the vain and prurient is darting from object to object of illicit attraction. I. Taylor.

PRURIGINOUS Pru*rig"i*nous, a. Etym: [L. pruriginosus: cf. F. prurigineux.] (Med.)

Defn: Tending to, or caused by, prurigo; affected by, or of the nature of, prurigo.

PRURIGO Pru*ri"go, n. Etym: [L., an itching, the itch, fr. prurire to itch.] (Med.)

Defn: A papular disease of the skin, of which intense itching is the chief symptom, the eruption scarcely differing from the healthy cuticle in color.

PRURITUS Pru*ri"tus, n. Etym: [L.] (Med.)

Defn: Itching.

PRUSSIAN Prus"sian, a. Etym: [From Prussia, the country: cf. F. prussien.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to Prussia. — n.

Defn: A native or inhabitant of Prussia. Prussian blue (Chem.), any one of several complex double cyanides of ferrous and ferric iron; specifically, a dark blue amorphous substance having a coppery luster, obtained by adding a solution of potassium ferrocyanide (yellow prussiate of potash) to a ferric salt. It is used in dyeing, in ink, etc. Called also Williamson's blue, insoluble Prussian blue, Berlin blue, etc. — Prussian carp (Zoöl.) See Gibel. — Prussian green. (Chem.) Same as Berlin green, under Berlin.

PRUSSIATE Prus"si*ate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. prussiate.] (Chem.)

Defn: A salt of prussic acid; a cyanide. Red prussiate of potash. See Potassium ferricyanide, under Ferricyanide. Yellow prussiate of potash. See Potassium ferrocyanide, under Ferrocyanide.

PRUSSIC Prus"sic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. prussique.] (Old Chem.)

Defn: designating the acid now called hydrocyanic acid, but formerly called prussic acid, because Prussian blue is derived from it or its compounds. See Hydrocyanic.

PRUTENIC Pru*ten"ic, a. (Astron.)

Defn: Prussian; — applied to certain astronomical tables published in the sixteenth century, founded on the principles of Copernicus, a Prussian.

PRY Pry, n. Etym: [Corrupted fr. prize a lever. See Prize, n.]

Defn: A lever; also, leverage. [Local, U. S. & Eng.] Pry pole, the pole which forms the prop of a hoisting gin, and stands facing the windlass.

PRY Pry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pried; p. pr. & vb. n. Prying.]

Defn: To raise or move, or attempt to raise or move, with a pry or lever; to prize. [Local, U. S. & Eng.]

PRY Pry, v. i. Etym: [OE. prien. Cf. Peer to peep.]

Defn: To peep narrowly; to gaze; to inspect closely; to attempt to discover something by a scrutinizing curiosity; — often implying reproach. " To pry upon the stars." Chaucer. Watch thou and wake when others be asleep, To pry into the secrets of the state. Shak.

PRY Pry, n.

Defn: Curious inspection; impertinent peeping.

PRYAN Pry"an, n. (Mining)

Defn: See Prian.

PRYING Pry"ing, a.

Defn: Inspecting closely or impertinently.

Syn. — Inquisitive; curious. See Inquisitive.

PRYINGLY Pry"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: In a prying manner.

PRYTANEUM Pryt`a*ne"um, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Gr. Antiq.)

Defn: A public building in certain Greek cities; especially, a public hall in Athens regarded as the home of the community, in which official hospitality was extended to distinguished citizens and strangers.

PRYTANIS Pryt"a*nis, n.; pl. Prytanes. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Gr. Antiq.)

Defn: A member of one of the ten sections into which the Athenian senate of five hundred was divided, and to each of which belonged the presidency of the senate for about one tenth of the year.

PRYTANY Pryt"a*ny, n. Etym: [Gr. (Gr. Antiq.)

Defn: The period during which the presidency of the senate belonged to the prytanes of the section.

PRYTHEE Pryth"ee, interj.

Defn: See Prithee.

PSALM Psalm, n. Etym: [OE. psalm, salm, AS. sealm, L. psalmus, psalma, fr. Gr. psalme, salme, F. psaume.]

1. A sacred song; a poetical composition for use in the praise or worship of God. Humus devout and holy psalms Singing everlastingly. Milton.

2. Especially, one of the hymns by David and others, collected into one book of the Old Testament, or a modern metrical version of such a hymn for public worship.

PSALM Psalm, v. t.

Defn: To extol in psalms; to sing; as, psalming his praises. Sylvester.

PSALMIST Psalm"ist, n. Etym: [L. psalmista, Gr. psalmiste. See Psalm.]

1. A writer or composer of sacred songs; — a title particularly applied to David and the other authors of the Scriptural psalms.

2. (R. C. Ch.)

Defn: A clerk, precentor, singer, or leader of music, in the church.

PSALMISTRY Psalm"ist*ry, n.

Defn: The use of psalms in devotion; psalmody.

PSALMODIC; PSALMODICAL Psal*mod"ic, Psal*mod"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. psalmodique.]

Defn: Relating to psalmody.

PSALMODIST Psal"mo*dist, n.

Defn: One who sings sacred songs; a psalmist.

PSALMODIZE Psal"mo*dize, v. i.

Defn: To practice psalmody. " The psalmodizing art." J. G. Cooper.

PSALMODY Psal"mo*dy, n. Etym: [Gr. psalmodie, LL. psalmodia. See Psalm, and Ode.]

Defn: The act, practice, or art of singing psalms or sacred songs; also, psalms collectively, or a collection of psalms.

PSALMOGRAPH Psal"mo*graph, n. Etym: [See Psalmographer.]

Defn: A writer of psalms; a psalmographer.

PSALMOGRAPHER; PSALMOGRAPHIST Psal*mog"ra*pher, Psal*mog"ra*phist, n. Etym: [L. psalmographus, Gr.

Defn: A writer of psalms, or sacred songs and hymns.

PSALMOGRAPHY Psal*mog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. psalmographie.]

Defn: The act or practice of writing psalms, or sacred songs.

PSALTER Psal"ter, n. Etym: [OE. psauter, sauter, OF. sautier, psaltier, F. psautier, from L. psalterium. See Psaltery.]

1. The Book of Psalms; — often applied to a book containing the Psalms separately printed.

2. Specifically, the Book of Psalms as printed in the Book of Common Prayer; among the Roman Catholics, the part of the Breviary which contains the Psalms arranged for each day of the week.

3. (R. C. Ch.)

Defn: A rosary, consisting of a hundred and fifty beads, corresponding to the number of the psalms.

PSALTERIAL Psal*te"ri*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the psalterium.

PSALTERIUM Psal*te"ri*um, n.; pl. Psalteria. Etym: [L., a psaltery.] (Anat.) (a) The third stomach of ruminants. See Manyplies. (b) The lyra of the brain.

PSALTERY Psal"ter*y, n.; pl. Psalteries. Etym: [OE. sautrie, OF. psalterie, F. psaltérion, L. psalterium psaltery, psalter, from Gr. Psalm, Psalter.]

Defn: A stringed instrument of music used by the Hebrews, the form of which is not known. Praise the Lord with harp; sing unto him with the psaltery and an instrument of ten strings. Ps. xxxiii. 2.

PSAMMITE Psam"mite, n. Etym: [Gr. psammite.] (Min.)

Defn: A species of micaceous sandstone. — Psam*mit"ic, a.

PSAROLITE Psar"o*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite.] (Paleon.)

Defn: A silicified stem of tree fern, found in abundance in the Triassic sandstone.

PSELLISM Psel"lism, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Indistinct pronunciation; stammering.

PSEPHISM Pse"phism, n. Etym: [Gr. (Gr. Antiq.)

Defn: A proposition adopted by a majority of votes; especially, one adopted by vote of the Athenian people; a statute. J. P. Mahaffy.

PSEUDAESTHESIA Pseu`dæs*the"si*a, n. Etym: [NL. See Pseudo-, and Æsthesia.] (Physiol.)

Defn: False or imaginary feeling or sense perception such as occurs in hypochondriasis, or such as is referred to an organ that has been removed, as an amputated foot.

PSEUDEMBRYO Pseu*dem"bry*o, n. Etym: [Pseudo- + embryo.] (Zoöl.) (a) A false embryo. (b) An asexual form from which the true embryo is produced by budding.

PSEUDEPIGRAPHIC; PSEUDEPIGRAPHIC Pseu*dep`i*graph"ic, Pseu*dep`i*graph"ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to pseudepigraphy.

PSEUDEPIGRAPHOUS Pseu`de*pig"ra*phous, a. Etym: [Gr. Pseudo-, and Epigraphy.]

Defn: Inscribed with a false name. Cudworth.

PSEUDEPIGRAPHY Pseu`de*pig"ra*phy, n.

Defn: The ascription of false names of authors to works.

PSEUDHAEMAL Pseud*hæ"mal, a. Etym: [Pseudo- + hæmal.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Pertaining to the vascular system of annelids. Pseudhæmal fluid, the circulatory fluid, or blood, of annelids, analogous to the blood of vertebrates. It is often red, but is sometimes green or colorless. — Pseudhæmal vessels, the blood vessels of annelids.

PSEUDO- Pseu"do-. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: A combining form or prefix signifying false, counterfeit, pretended, spurious; as, pseudo-apostle, a false apostle; pseudo- clergy, false or spurious clergy; pseudo-episcopacy, pseudo-form, pseudo-martyr, pseudo-philosopher. Also used adjectively.

PSEUDOBACTERIA Pseu`do*bac*te"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [Pseudo- + bacteria.] (Biol.)

Defn: Microscopic organic particles, molecular granules, powdered inorganic substances, etc., which in form, size, and grouping resemble bacteria.

Note: The globules which divide and develop in form of chains are organized beings; when this does not occur, we are dealing with pseudobacteria. Sternberg.

PSEUDOBLEPSIS Pseu`do*blep"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.)

Defn: False or depraved sight; imaginary vision of objects. Forsyth.

PSEUDOBRANCH Pseu"do*branch, n. (Anat.)

Defn: Same as Pseudobranchia.

PSEUDOBRANCHIA Pseu`do*bran"chi*a, n.; pl. Pseudobranchiæ. Etym: [NL. See Pseudo-, and Branchia.] (Anat.)

Defn: A rudimentary branchia, or gill. — Pseu`do*bran"chi*al, a.

PSEUDO-BULB Pseu"do-bulb`, n. Etym: [Pseudo- + bulb.] (Bot.)

Defn: An aërial corm, or thickened stem, as of some epiphytic orchidaceous plants.

PSEUDOCARP Pseu"do*carp, n. Etym: [Pseudo- + Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: That portion of an anthocarpous fruit which is not derived from the ovary, as the soft part of a strawberry or of a fig.

PSEUDO-CHINA Pseu`do-chi"na, n. Etym: [Pseudo- + china.] (Bot.)

Defn: The false china root, a plant of the genus Smilax (S. Pseudo- china), found in America.

PSEUDOCOELE Pseu"do*coele, n.

Defn: Same as Pseudocoelia.

PSEUDOCOELIA Pseu`do*coe"li*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.)

Defn: The fifth ventricle in the mammalian brain. See Ventricle. B. G. Wilder.

PSEUDO-CONE Pseu"do-cone`, n. Etym: [Pseudo- + cone.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the soft gelatinous cones found in the compound eyes of certain insects, taking the place of the crystalline cones of others.

PSEUDO-CUMENE Pseu`do-cu"mene, n. Etym: [Pseudo- + cumene.] (Chem.)

Defn: A hydrocarbon of the aromatic series, metameric with mesitylene and cumene, found in coal tar, and obtained as a colorless liquid.

PSEUDO-DIPTERAL Pseu`do-dip"ter*al, a. Etym: [Pseudo- + dipteral: cf. F. pseudodiptère.] (Arch.)

Defn: Falsely or imperfectly dipteral, as a temple with the inner range of columns surrounding the cella omitted, so that the space between the cella wall and the columns is very great, being equal to two intercolumns and one column. — n.

Defn: A pseudo-dipteral temple.

PSEUDODOX Pseu"do*dox, a. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Not true in opinion or doctrine; false. — n.

Defn: A false opinion or doctrine. "To maintain the atheistical pseudodox which judgeth evil good, and darkness light." T. Adams.

PSEUDOFILARIA Pseu`do*fi*la"ri*a, n.; pl. Pseudofilari. Etym: [NL. See Pseudo-, and Filaria.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the two elongated vibratile young formed by fission of the embryo during the development of certain Gregarinæ.

PSEUDO-GALENA Pseu`do-ga*le"na, n. Etym: [Pseudo- + galena.] (Min.)

Defn: False galena, or blende. See Blende (a).

PSEUDOGRAPH Pseu"do*graph, n. Etym: [See Pseudography.]

Defn: A false writing; a spurious document; a forgery.

PSEUDOGRAPHY Pseu*dog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: False writing; forgery.

PSEUDOHALTER Pseu`do*hal"ter, n.; pl. Pseudohalteres. Etym: [NL. See Pseudo-, and Halteres.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the rudimentary front wings of certain insects (Stylops). They resemble the halteres, or rudimentary hind wings, of Diptera.

PSEUDO-HEART Pseu"do-heart`, n. Etym: [Pseudo- + heart.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any contractile vessel of invertebrates which is not of the nature of a real heart, especially one of those pertaining to the excretory system.

PSEUDO-HYPERTHOPHIC Pseu`do-hy`per*thoph"ic, a. Etym: [Pseudo- + hypertrophic.] (Med.)

Defn: Falsely hypertrophic; as, pseudo-hypertrophic paralysis, a variety of paralysis in which the muscles are apparently enlarged, but are really degenerated and replaced by fat.

PSEUDOLOGIST Pseu*dol"o*gist, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: One who utters falsehoods; a liar.

PSEUDOLOGY Pseu*dol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. pseudologie.]

Defn: Falsehood of speech. Arbuthnot.

PSEUDO-METALLIC Pseu`do-me*tal"lic, a. Etym: [Pseudo- + metallic.]

Defn: Falsely or imperfectly metallic; — said of a kind of luster, as in minerals.

PSEUDO-MONOCOTYLEDONOUS Pseu`do-mon`o*cot`y*led"on*ous, a. Etym: [Pseudo- + monocotyledonous.] (Bot.)

Defn: Having two coalescent cotyledons, as the live oak and the horse-chestnut.

PSEUDOMORPH Pseu"do*morph, n. Etym: [See Pseudomorphous.]

1. An irregular or deceptive form.

2. (Crystallog.)

Defn: A pseudomorphous crystal, as a crystal consisting of quartz, but having the cubic form of fluor spar, the fluor crystal having been changed to quartz by a process of substitution.

PSEUDOMORPHISM Pseu`do*mor"phism, n. (Crystallog.)

Defn: The state of having, or the property of taking, a crystalline form unlike that which belongs to the species.

PSEUDOMORPHOUS Pseu`do*mor"phous, a. Etym: [Gr. pseudomorphe.]

Defn: Not having the true form. Pseudomorphous crystal, one which has a form that does not result from its own powers of crystallization.

PSEUDONAVICELLA Pseu`do*nav`i*cel"la, n.; pl. Pseudonavicullæ. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Same as Pseudonavicula.

PSEUDONAVICULA Pseu`do*na*vic"u*la, n.; pl. Pseudonaviculæ. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. navicula, a genus of diatoms. See Navicular.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the minute spindle-shaped embryos of Gregarinæ and some other Protozoa.

PSEUDONEUROPTERA Pseu`do*neu*rop"te*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Pseudo-, and Neuroptera.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: division of insects (Zoöl.) reticulated wings, as in the Neuroptera, but having an active pupa state. It includes the dragon flies, May flies, white ants, etc. By some zoölogists they are classed with the Orthoptera; by others, with the Neuroptera.

PSEUDONEUROPTEROUS Pseu`do*neu*rop"ter*ous, a. (Zool.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Pseudoneuroptera.

PSEUDONYM Pseu"do*nym, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pseudonyme. See Pseudonymous.]

Defn: A fictitious name assumed for the time, as by an author; a pen name. [Written also pseudonyme.]

PSEUDONYMITY Pseu`do*nym"i*ty, n.

Defn: The using of fictitious names, as by authors.

PSEUDONYMOUS Pseu*don"y*mous, a. Etym: [Gr. pseudonyme. See Pseudo-, and Name.]

Defn: Bearing a false or fictitious name; as, a pseudonymous work. — Pseu*don"y*mous*ly, adv. — Pseu*don"y*mous*ness, n.

PSEUDO-PERIPTERAL Pseu`do-pe*rip"ter*al, a. Etym: [Pseudo- + peripteral: cf. F. pseudopériptère.] (Arch.)

Defn: Falsely or imperfectly peripteral, as a temple having the columns at the sides attached to the walls, and an ambulatory only at the ends or only at one end. — n.

Defn: A pseudo-peripteral temple. Oxf. Gloss.

PSEUDO-PERIPTERAL Pseu`do-pe*rip"ter*al, a. [Pseudo- + peripteral: cf. F. pseudopériptère.] (Arch.)

Defn: Falsely or imperfectly peripteral, as a temple having the columns at the sides attached to the walls, and an ambulatory only at the ends or only at one end. — n.

Defn: A pseudo-peripteral temple. Oxf. Gloss.

PSEUDOPOD Pseu"do*pod, n. Etym: [Pseudo- + -pod.]

1. (Biol.)

Defn: Any protoplasmic filament or irregular process projecting from any unicellular organism, or from any animal or plant call.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A rhizopod.

PSEUDOPODIAL Pseu`do*po"di*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a pseudopod, or to pseudopodia. See Illust. of Heliozoa.

PSEUDOPODIUM Pseu`do*po"di*um, n.; pl. Pseudopodia (. Etym: [NL.]

Defn: Same as Pseudopod.

PSEUDOPUPA Pseu`do*pu"pa, n.; pl. L. Pseudopupæ, E. Pseudopupas. Etym: [NL. See Pseudo-, and Pupa.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A stage intermediate between the larva and pupa of bees and certain other hymenopterous insects.

PSEUDORHABDITE Pseu`do*rhab"dite, n. Etym: [Pseudo- + Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the peculiar rodlike corpuscles found in the integument of certain Turbellaria. They are filled with a soft granular substance.

PSEUDO-ROMANTIC Pseu`do-ro*man"tic, a. Etym: Pseudo- + romantic.]

Defn: Falsely romantic. The false taste, the pseudo-romantic rage. De Quincey.

PSEUDOSCOPE Pseu"do*scope, n. Etym: [Pseudo- + -scope.] (Opt.)

Defn: An instrument which exhibits objects with their proper relief reversed; — an effect opposite to that produced by the stereoscope. Wheatstone.

PSEUDOSCOPIC Pseu`do*scop"ic, a. (Opt.)

Defn: Of, pertaining to, or formed by, a pseudoscope; having its parts appearing with the relief reversed; as, a pseudoscopic image.

PSEUDOSCORPIONES Pseu`do*scor`pi*o"nes, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Pseudo-, and Scorpion.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: An order of Arachnoidea having the palpi terminated by large claws, as in the scorpions, but destitute of a caudal sting; the false scorpions. Called also Pseudoscorpii, and Pseudoscorpionina. See Illust. of Book scorpion, under Book.

PSEUDOSPHERE Pseu"do*sphere`, n. Etym: [Pseudo- + sphere.] (Geom.)

Defn: The surface of constant negative curvature generated by the revolution of a tractrix. This surface corresponds in non-Euclidian space to the sphere in ordinary space. An important property of the surface is that any figure drawn upon it can be displaced in any way without tearing it or altering in size any of its elements.

PSEUDOSPORE Pseu"do*spore`, n. Etym: [Pseudo- + spore.] (Bot.)

Defn: A peculiar reproductive cell found in some fungi.

PSEUDOSTELLA Pseu`do*stel"la, n.; pl. -læ. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. stella star.] (Astron.)

Defn: Any starlike meteor or phenomenon. [R.]

PSEUDOSTOMA Pseu*dos"to*ma, n.; pl. Pseudostomata. Etym: [NL. See Pseudo-, and Stoma.] (Anat.)

Defn: A group of cells resembling a stoma, but without any true aperture among them.

PSEUDO-SYMMETRIC Pseu`do-sym*met"ric, a. (Crystallog.)

Defn: Exhibiting pseudo-symmetry.

PSEUDO-SYMMETRY Pseu`do-sym"me*try, n. Etym: [Pseudo- + symmetry.] (Crystallog.)

Defn: A kind of symmetry characteristic of certain crystals which from twinning, or other causes, come to resemble forms of a system other than that to which they belong, as the apparently hexagonal prisms of aragonite.

PSEUDOTETRAMERA Pseu`do*te*tram"e*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Pseudo-, and Tetramerous.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A division of beetles having the fifth tarsal joint minute and obscure, so that there appear to be but four joints. — Pseu`do*te*tram"er*al, a.

PSEUDOTINEA Pseu`do*tin"e*a (, n.; pl. Pseudotineæ. Etym: [NL. See Pseudo-, and Tinea.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The bee moth, or wax moth (Galleria).

PSEUDOTURBINAL Pseu`do*tur"bi*nal, a. Etym: [Pseudo- + turbinal.] (Anat.)

Defn: See under Turbinal.

PSEUDOVARY Pseu*do"va*ry, n.; pl. Pseudovaries. Etym: [Pseudo- + ovary.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The organ in which pseudova are produced; — called also pseudovarium.

PSEUDOVUM Pseu*do"vum, n.; pl. Pseudova. Etym: [NL. See Pseudo-, and Ovum.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: An egglike germ produced by the agamic females of some insects and other animals, and by the larvæ of certain insects. It is capable of development without fertilization. See Illust. of Pædogenesis.

PSHAW Pshaw, interj. Etym: [Of imitative origin.]

Defn: Pish! pooch! — an exclamation used as an expression of contempt, disdain, dislike, etc. [Written also psha.]

PSHAW Pshaw, v. i.

Defn: To express disgust or contemptuous disapprobation, as by the exclamation " Pshaw!" The goodman used regularly to frown and pshaw wherever this topic was touched upon. Sir W. Scott.

PSILANTHROPIC Psi`lan*throp"ic, a. Etym: [see Psilanthropist.]

Defn: Pertaining to, or embodying, psilanthropy. "A psilanthropic explanation." Coleridge.

PSILANTHROPISM Psi*lan"thro*pism, n.

Defn: Psilanthropy.

PSILANTHROPIST Psi*lan"thro*pist, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: One who believes that Christ was a mere man. Smart.

PSILANTHROPY Psi*lan"thro*py, n.

Defn: The doctrine of the merely human existence of Christ.

PSILOLOGY Psi*lol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr -logy.]

Defn: Love of empty of empty talk or noise. Coleridge.

PSILOMELANE Psi*lom"e*lane, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.)

Defn: A hydrous oxide of manganese, occurring in smooth, botryoidal forms, and massive, and having an iron-black or steel-gray color.

PSILOPAEDES Psi`lo*pæ"des, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: birds whose young at first have down on the pterylæ only; — called also Gymnopædes.

PSILOPAEDIC Psi`lo*pæd"ic, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having down upon the pterylæ only; — said of the young of certain birds.

PSILOSOPHER Psi*los"o*pher, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: A superficial or narrow pretender to philosophy; a sham philosopher.

PSITTACEOUS; PSITTACID Psit*ta"ceous, Psit"ta*cid, a. Etym: [L. psittacus a parrot, Gr. psittacide.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the parrots, or the Psittaci. — n.

Defn: One of the Psittaci.

PSITTACI Psit"ta*ci, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The order of birds which comprises the parrots.

PSITTA-CO-FULVINE Psit`ta-co-ful"*vine, n. Etym: [Gr. fulvus yellow.]

Defn: A yellow pigment found in the feathers of certain parrots.

PSOAS Pso"as, n. Etym: [Gr. psoas.] (Anat.)

Defn: An internal muscle arising from the lumbar vertebræ and inserted into the femur. In man there are usually two on each side, and the larger one, or great psoas, forms a part of the iliopsoas.

PSORA Pso"ra, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Med.)

Defn: A cutaneous disease; especially, the itch.

PSORIASIS Pso*ri"a*sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) (a) The state of being affected with psora. [Obs.] (b) A cutaneous disease, characterized by imbricated silvery scales, affecting only the superficial layers of the skin.

PSORIC Pso"ric, a. Etym: [L. psoricus, Gr. psorique.] (Med.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to psora.

PSOROSPERM Pso"ro*sperm, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A minute parasite, usually the young of Gregarinæ, in the pseudonavicula stage.

PSYCHAGOGIC Psy`cha*gog"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Psychagogue.]

Defn: Attractive; persuasive. J. Morley.

PSYCHAGOGUE Psy"cha*gogue, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: A necromancer. [R.]

PSYCHAL Psy"chal, a. Etym: [See Psychical.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to the soul; psychical. Bayne.

PSYCHANALYSIS Psy`cha*nal"y*sis, n. [Psycho-+ analysis.]

Defn: A method or process of psychotherapeutic analysis based on the work of Dr. Sigmund Freud (1856- —) of Vienna. The method rests upon the theory that hysteria is characteristically due to repression of desires consciously rejected but subconsciously persistent; it consists in a close analysis of the patient's mental history, stress being laid upon the dream life, and of treatment by means of suggestion. — Psy*chan`a*lyt"ic (#), a. — Psy`cha*nal"y*sist (#), n.

PSYCHE Psy"che, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr.

1. (Class Myth.)

Defn: A lovely maiden, daughter of a king and mistress of Eros, or Cupid. She is regarded as the personification of the soul.

2. The soul; the vital principle; the mind.

3. Etym: [F. psyché.]

Defn: A cheval glass.

PSYCHIAN Psy"chi*an, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any small moth of the genus Psyche and allied genera (family Psychidæ). The larvæ are called basket worms. See Basket worm, under Basket.

PSYCHIATRIA; PSYCHIATRY Psy*chi`a*tri"a, Psy*chi"a*try, n. Etym: [NL. psychiatria, fr. Gr. (Med.)

Defn: The application of the healing art to mental diseases. Dunglison.

PSYCHIATRIC Psy`chi*at"ric, a. (Med.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to psychiatria.

PSYCHIC; PSYCHICAL Psy"chic, Psy"chic*al, a. Etym: [L. psychicus, Gr. psychique.]

1. Of or pertaining to the human soul, or to the living principle in man.

Note: This term was formerly used to express the same idea as psychological. Recent metaphysicians, however, have employed it to mark the difference between psychh` the living principle in man, and pney^ma the rational or spiritual part of his nature. In this use, the word describes the human soul in its relation to sense, appetite, and the outer visible world, as distinguished from spiritual or rational faculties, which have to do with the supersensible world. Heyse.

2. Of or pertaining to the mind, or its functions and diseases; mental; — contrasted with physical. Psychical blindness, Psychical deafness (Med.), forms of nervous disease in which, while the senses of sight and hearing remain unimpaired, the mind fails to appreciate the significance of the sounds heard or the images seen. — Psychical contagion, the transference of disease, especially of a functional nervous disease, by mere force of example. — Psychical medicine, that department of medicine which treats of mental diseases.

PSYCHICS Psy"chics, n.

Defn: Psychology.

PSYCHISM Psy"chism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. psychisme.] (Philos.)

Defn: The doctrine of Quesne, that there is a fluid universally diffused, end equally animating all living beings, the difference in their actions being due to the difference of the individual organizations. Fleming.

PSYCHO- Psy"cho-.

Defn: A combining form from Gr. the soul, the mind, the understanding; as, psychology.

PSYCHOANALYSIS; PSYCHOANALYTIC Psy`cho*a*nal"y*sis, n. —Psy`cho*an`a*lyt"ic, a. etc.

Defn: = Psychanalysis, Psychanalytic.

PSYCHOGENESIS Psy`cho*gen"e*sis, n.

Defn: Genesis through an internal force, as opposed to natural selection.

PSYCHOGRAPHY Psy*chog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Psycho- + -graphy.]

1. A description of the phenomena of mind.

2. (Spiritualism)

Defn: Spirit writing.

PSYCHOLOGIC; PSYCHOLOGICAL Psy`cho*log"ic, Psy`cho*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. psychologique.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to psychology. See Note under Psychic. — Psy`cho*log"ic*al*ly, adv.

PSYCHOLOGIST Psy*chol"o*gist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. psychologiste.]

Defn: One who is versed in, devoted to, psychology.

PSYCHOLOGUE Psy"cho*logue, n.

Defn: A psychologist.

PSYCHOLOGY Psy*chol"o*gy, n. pl. Psychologies (. Etym: [Psycho- + -logy: cf. F. psychologie. See Psychical.]

Defn: The science of the human soul; specifically, the systematic or scientific knowledge of the powers and functions of the human soul, so far as they are known by consciousness; a treatise on the human soul. Psychology, the science conversant about the phenomena of the mind, or conscious subject, or self. Sir W. Hamilton.

PSYCHOMACHY Psy*chom"a*chy, n. Etym: [L. psychomachia, fr. Gr.

Defn: A conflict of the soul with the body.

PSYCHOMANCY Psy"cho*man`cy, n. Etym: [Psycho- + -mancy: cf. F. psychomancie.]

Defn: Necromancy.

PSYCHOMETRY Psy*chom"e*try, n. Etym: [Psycho- + -metry.] (Physiol.)

Defn: The art of measuring the duration of mental processes, or of determining the time relations of mental phenomena. — Psy`cho*met"ric, a.

PSYCHO-MOTOR Psy`cho-mo"tor, a. Etym: [Psycho- + motor.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to movement produced by action of the mind or will.

PSYCHOPANNYCHISM Psy"cho*pan"ny*chism, n. Etym: [Psycho- + Gr. (Theol.)

Defn: The doctrine that the soul falls asleep at death, and does not wake until the resurrection of the body. — Psy`cho*pan"ny*chism, n.

PSYCHOPATHY Psy*chop"a*thy, n. Etym: [Psycho- + Gr. (Med.)

Defn: Mental disease. See Psychosis, 2. — Psy`cho*path"ic, a. — Psy*chop"a*thist, n.

PSYCHOPHYSICAL Psy`cho*phys"ic*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to psychophysics; involving the action or mutual relations of the psychical and physical in man. Psychophysical time (Physiol.), the time required for the mind to transform a sensory impression into a motor impulse. It is an important part of physiological or reaction time. See under Reaction.

PSYCHOPHYSICS Psy`cho*phys"ics, n. Etym: [Psycho- + physics.]

Defn: The science of the connection between nerve action and consciousness; the science which treats of the relations of the psychical and physical in their conjoint operation in man; the doctrine of the relation of function or dependence between body and soul.

PSYCHOPOMP Psy"cho*pomp, n. Etym: [Gr. psychopompe.] (Myth.)

Defn: A leader or guide of souls . J. Fiske.

PSYCHOSIS Psy*cho"sis, n. Etym: [NL. See Psycho-.]

1. Any vital action or activity. Mivart.

2. (Med.)

Defn: A disease of the mind; especially, a functional mental disorder, that is, one unattended with evident organic changes.

PSYCHOTHERAPEUTICS Psy`cho*ther`a*peu"tics, n. [Psycho- + therapeutics.] (Med.)

Defn: The treatment of disease by acting on the mind, as by suggestion; mind cure; psychotherapy.

PSYCHOTHERAPY Psy`cho*ther"a*py, n. [Psycho-+ therapy.] (Med.)

Defn: Psychotherapeutics.

PSYCHOZOIC Psy`cho*zo"ic, a. Etym: [Psycho- + Gr. (Geol.)

Defn: Designating, or applied to the Era of man; as, the psychozoic era.

PSYCHROMETER Psy*chrom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. psychro`s cold + -meter: cf. F. psychromètre.]

Defn: An instrument for measuring the tension of the aqueous vapor in the atmosphere, being essentially a wet and dry bulb hygrometer.

PSYCHROMETRICAL Psy`chro*met"ric*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the psychrometer or psychrometry.

PSYCHROMETRY Psy*chrom"e*try, n.

Defn: Hygrometry.

PSYLLA Psyl"la, n.; pl. Psyllæ. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any leaping plant louse of the genus Psylla, or family Psyllidæ.

PTARMIGAN Ptar"mi*gan, n. Etym: [Gael. tarmachan; cf. Ir. tarmochan, tarmonach.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any grouse of the genus Lagopus, of which numerous species are known. The feet are completely feathered. Most of the species are brown in summer, but turn white, or nearly white, in winter.

Note: They chiefly inhabit the northern countries and high mountains of Europe, Asia, and America. The common European species is Lagopus mutus. The Scotch grouse, red grouse, or moor fowl (L. Scoticus), is reddish brown, and does not turn white in winter. The white, or willow, ptarmigan (L. albus) is found in both Europe and America.

PTENOGLOSSA Pte`no*glos"sa, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A division of gastropod mollusks having the teeth of the radula arranged in long transverse rows, somewhat like the barbs of a feather.

PTENOGLOSSATE Pte`no*glos"sate, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Ptenoglossa.

PTERANODON Pte*ran"o*don, n. Etym: [Gr. (Paleon.)

Defn: A genus of American Cretaceous pterodactyls destitute of teeth. Several species are known, some of which had an expanse of wings of twenty feet or more.

PTERANODONTIA Pte*ran`o*don"ti*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Paleon.)

Defn: A group of pterodactyls destitute of teeth, as in the genus Pteranodon.

PTERICHTHYS Pte*rich"thys, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.)

Defn: A genus of Devonian fossil fishes with winglike appendages. The head and most of the body were covered with large bony plates. See Placodermi.

PTERIDOLOGIST Pter`i*dol"o*gist, n.

Defn: One who is versed in pteridology.

PTERIDOLOGY Pter`i*dol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.]

Defn: That department of botany which treats of ferns.

PTERIDOMANIA Pter`i*do*ma"ni*a, n. Etym: [Gr. mania.]

Defn: A madness, craze, or strong fancy, for ferns. [R.] C. Kingsley.

PTERIDOPHYTA Pter`i*doph"y*ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A class of flowerless plants, embracing ferns, horsetails, club mosses, quillworts, and other like plants. See the Note under Cryptogamia. — Pter"i*do*phyte`, n.

Note: This is a modern term, devised to replace the older ones acrogens and vascular Cryptogamia.

PTEROBRANCHIA Pter`o*bran"chi*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An order of marine Bryozoa, having a bilobed lophophore and an axial cord. The genus Rhabdopleura is the type. Called also Podostomata. See Rhabdopleura.

PTEROCERAS Pte*roc"e*ras, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of large marine gastropods having the outer border of the lip divided into lobes; — called also scorpion shell.

PTEROCLETES Pter`o*cle"tes, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr Pterocles, the typical genus, fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A division of birds including the sand grouse. They are in some respects intermediate between the pigeons and true grouse. Called also Pteroclomorphæ.

PTERODACTYL Pter`o*dac"tyl, n. Etym: [Gr. ptérodactyle.] (Paleon.)

Defn: An extinct flying reptile; one of the Pterosauria. See Illustration in Appendix.

PTERODACTYLI Pter`o*dac"ty*li, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Paleon.)

Defn: Same as Pterosauria.

PTEROGLOSSAL Pter`o*glos"sal, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having the tongue finely notched along the sides, so as to have a featherlike appearance, as the toucans.

PTERON Pte"ron, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.)

Defn: The region of the skull, in the temporal fossa back of the orbit, where the great wing of the sphenoid, the temporal, the parietal, and the frontal hones approach each other.

PTEROPAPPI Pter`o*pap"pi, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zool.)

Defn: Same as Odontotormæ.

PTEROPHORE Pter"o*phore, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any moth of the genus Pterophorus and allied genera; a plume moth. See Plume moth, under Plume.

PTEROPOD Pter"o*pod, n. Etym: [Gr. ptéropode.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the Pteropoda.

PTEROPODA Pte*rop"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A class of Mollusca in which the anterior lobes of the foot are developed in the form of broad, thin, winglike organs, with which they swim at near the surface of the sea.

Note: The Pteropoda are divided into two orders: Cymnosomata, which have the body entirely naked and the head distinct from the wings; and Thecosomata, which have a delicate transparent shell of various forms, and the head not distinct from the wings.

PTEROPODOUS Pte*rop"o*dous, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Pteropoda.

PTEROSAUR Pter"o*saur, n. Etym: [Gr. (Paleon.)

Defn: A pterodactyl.

PTEROSAURIA Pter`o*sau"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Paleon.)

Defn: An extinct order of flying reptiles of the Mesozoic age; the pterodactyls; — called also Pterodactyli, and Ornithosauria.

Note: The wings were formed, like those of bats, by a leathery expansion of the skin, principally supported by the greatly enlarged outer or " little" fingers of the hands. The American Cretaceous pterodactyls had no teeth. See Pteranodontia, and Pterodactyl.

PTEROSAURIAN Pter`o*sau"ri*an, a. (Paleon.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Pterosauria.

PTEROSTIGMA Pter`o*stig"ma, n.; pl. Pterostigmata. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A thickened opaque spot on the wings of certain insects.

PTEROTIC Pte*ro"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to, or designating, a bone between the proötic and epiotic in the dorsal and outer part of the periotic capsule of many fishes. — n.

Defn: The pterotic bone.

Note: The pterotic bone is so called because fancied in some cases to resemble in form a bird's wing

PTERYGIUM Pte*ryg"i*um, n.; pl. E. Pterygiums, L. Pterygia. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.)

Defn: A superficial growth of vascular tissue radiating in a fanlike manner from the cornea over the surface of the eye.

PTERYGOID Pter"y*goid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] (Anat.) (a) Like a bird's wing in form; as, a pterygoid bone. (b) Of, pertaining to, or in the region of, the pterygoid bones, pterygoid processes, or the whole sphenoid bone. — n.

Defn: A pterygoid bone. Pterygoid bone (Anat.), a bone which corresponds to the inner plate of the pterygoid process of the human skull, but which, in all vertebrates below mammals, is not connected with the posterior nares, but serves to connect the palatine bones with the point of suspension of the lower jaw. — Pterygoid process (Anat.), a process projecting downward from either side of the sphenoid bone, in man divided into two plates, an inner and an outer. The posterior nares pass through the space, called the pterygoid fossa, between the processes.

PTERYGOMAXILLARY Pter`y*go*max"il*la*ry, a. Etym: [Pterygoid + maxillary.] (Anat.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the inner pterygoid plate, or pterygoid bone, and the lower jaw.

PTERYGOPALATINE Pter`y*go*pal"a*tine, a. Etym: [Pterygoid + palatine.] (Anat.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the pterygoid processes and the palatine bones.

PTERYGOPODIUM Pter`y*go*po"di*um, n.; pl. Pterygopodia. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.)

Defn: A specially modified part of the ventral fin in male elasmobranchs, which serves as a copulatory organ, or clasper.

PTERYGOQUADRATE Pter`y*go*quad"rate, a. Etym: [Pterygoid + quadrate.] (Anat.)

Defn: Of, pertaining to, or representing the pterygoid and quadrate bones or cartilages.

PTERYLA Pte*ry"la, n.; pl. Pterylæ. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the definite areas of the skin of a bird on which feathers grow; — contrasted with apteria.

PTERYLOGRAPHY Pter`y*log"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Pteryla + -graphy.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The study or description of the arrangement of feathers, or of the pterylæ, of birds.

PTERYLOSIS Pter`y*lo"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. NL. & E. pteryla.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The arrangement of feathers in definite areas.

PTILOCERQUE Ptil"o*cerque, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zool.)

Defn: The pentail.

PTILOPAEDES Ptil`o*pæ"des, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Same as Dasypædes.

PTILOPAEDIC Ptil`o*pæd"ic, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having nearly the whole surface of the skin covered with down; dasypædic; — said of the young of certain birds.

PTILOPTERI Pti*lop"te*ri, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An order of birds including only the penguins.

PTILOSIS Pti*lo"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr (Zoöl.)

Defn: Same as Pterylosis.

PTISAN Ptis"an, n. Etym: [L. ptisana peeled barley, barley water, Gr. ptisane, tisane.]

1. A decoction of barley with other ingredients; a farinaceous drink.

2. (Med.)

Defn: An aqueous medicine, containing little, if any, medicinal agent; a tea or tisane.

PTOLEMAIC Ptol`e*ma"ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Ptolemy, the geographer and astronomer. Ptolemaic system (Astron.), the system maintained by Ptolemy, who supposed the earth to be fixed in the center of the universe, with the sun and stars revolving around it. This theory was received for ages, until superseded by the Copernican system.

PTOLEMAIST Ptol"e*ma`ist, n.

Defn: One who accepts the astronomical system of Ptolemy.

PTOMAINE Pto"ma*ine, n. Etym: [From Gr. (Physiol. Chem.)

Defn: One of a class of animal bases or alkaloids formed in the putrefaction of various kinds of albuminous matter, and closely related to the vegetable alkaloids; a cadaveric poison. The ptomaines, as a class, have their origin in dead matter, by which they are to be distinguished from the leucomaines.

PTOSIS Pto"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.)

Defn: Drooping of the upper eyelid, produced by paralysis of its levator muscle.

PTYALIN Pty"a*lin, n. Etym: [Gr. Ptyalism.] (Physiol. Chem.)

Defn: An unorganized amylolytic ferment, on enzyme, present in human mixed saliva and in the saliva of some animals.

PTYALISM Pty"a*lism, n. Etym: [Gr. ptyalisme.]

Defn: Salivation, or an excessive flow of saliva. Quain.

PTYALOGOGUE Pty*al"o*gogue, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.)

Defn: A ptysmagogue.

PTYSMAGOGUE Ptys"ma*gogue, n. Etym: [Gr. ptysmagogue.] (Med.)

Defn: A medicine that promotes the discharge of saliva.

PTYXIS Ptyx"is, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: The way in which a leaf is sometimes folded in the bud.

PUBBLE Pub"ble, a. Etym: [Perhaps fr. bubble.]

Defn: Puffed out, pursy; pudgy; fat. [Obs.] Drant.

PUBERAL Pu"ber*al, a. Etym: [From L. puber, pubes, grown up, adult.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to puberty.

PUBERTY Pu"ber*ty, n. Etym: [L. pubertas, fr. puber, pubes, adult: cf. F. puberté.]

1. The earliest age at which persons are capable of begetting or bearing children, usually considered, in temperate climates, to be about fourteen years in males and twelve in females.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: The period when a plant first bears flowers.

PUBERULENT Pu*ber"u*lent, a. Etym: [See Pubis.] (Bot.)

Defn: Very minutely downy.

PUBES Pu"bes, n. Etym: [L., the hair which appears on the body at puberty, from pubes adult.]

1. (Anat.) (a) The hair which appears upon the lower part of the hypogastric region at the age of puberty. (b) Hence (as more commonly used), the lower part of the hypogastric region; the pubic region.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: The down of plants; a downy or villous substance which grows on plants; pubescence.

PUBESCENCE Pu*bes"cence, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pubescence.]

1. The quality or state of being pubescent, or of having arrived at puberty. Sir T. Browne.

2. A covering of soft short hairs, or down, as one some plants and insects; also, the state of being so covered.

PUBESCENCY Pu*bes"cen*cy, n.

Defn: Pubescence.

PUBESCENT Pu*bes"cent, a. Etym: [L. pubescens, -entis, p. pr. of pubescere to reach puberty, to grow hairy or mossy, fr. pubes pubes: cf. F. pubescent.]

1. Arrived at puberty. That . . . the men (are) pubescent at the age of twice seven, is accounted a punctual truth. Sir T. Browne.

2. Covered with pubescence, or fine short hairs, as certain insects, and the leaves of some plants.

PUBIC Pu"bic, a. (Anat.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the pubes; in the region of the pubes; as, the pubic bone; the pubic region, or the lower part of the hypogastric region. See Pubes. (b) Of or pertaining to the pubis.

PUBIS Pu"bis, n. Etym: [NL. See Pubes.] (Anat.)

Defn: The ventral and anterior of the three principal bones composing either half of the pelvis; sharebone; pubic bone.

PUBLIC Pub"lic, a. Etym: [L. publicus, poblicus, fr. populus people: cf. F. public. See People.]

1. Of or pertaining to the people; belonging to the people; relating to, or affecting, a nation, state, or community; — opposed to private; as, the public treasury. To the public good Private respects must yield. Milton. He [Alexander Hamilton] touched the dead corpse of the public credit, and it sprung upon its feet. D. Webster.

2. Open to the knowledge or view of all; general; common; notorious; as, public report; public scandal. Joseph, . . . not willing to make her a public example, was minded to put her away privily. Matt. i. 19.

3. Open to common or general use; as, a public road; a public house. "The public street." Shak. Public act or statute (Law), an act or statute affecting matters of public concern. Of such statutes the courts take judicial notice. — Public credit. See under Credit. — Public funds. See Fund, 3. — Public house, an inn, or house of entertainment. — Public law. (a) See International law, under International. (b) A public act or statute. — Public nuisance. (Law) See under Nuisance. — Public orator. (Eng. Universities) See Orator, 3. — Public stores, military and naval stores, equipments, etc. — Public works, all fixed works built by civil engineers for public use, as railways, docks, canals, etc.; but strictly, military and civil engineering works constructed at the public cost.

PUBLIC Pub"lic, n.

1. The general body of mankind, or of a nation, state, or community; the people, indefinitely; as, the American public; also, a particular body or aggregation of people; as, an author's public. The public is more disposed to censure than to praise. Addison.

2. A public house; an inn. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. In public, openly; before an audience or the people at large; not in private or secrecy. "We are to speak in public." Shak.

PUBLICAN Pub"li*can, n. Etym: [L. publicanus: cf. F. publicain. See Public.]

1. (Rom. Antiq.)

Defn: A farmer of the taxes and public revenues; hence, a collector of toll or tribute. The inferior officers of this class were often oppressive in their exactions, and were regarded with great detestation. As Jesus at meat . . . many publicans and sinners came and sat down with him and his disciples. Matt. 1x. 10. How like a fawning publican he looks! Shak.

2. The keeper of an inn or public house; one licensed to retail beer, spirits, or wine.

PUBLICATION Pub`li*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. publicatio confiscation: cf. F. publication. See Publish.]

1. The act of publishing or making known; notification to the people at large, either by words, writing, or printing; proclamation; divulgation; promulgation; as, the publication of the law at Mount Sinai; the publication of the gospel; the publication of statutes or edicts.

2. The act of offering a book, pamphlet, engraving, etc., to the public by sale or by gratuitous distribution. The publication of these papers was not owing to our folly, but that of others. Swift.

3. That which is published or made known; especially, any book, pamphlet, etc., offered for sale or to public notice; as, a daily or monthly publication.

4. An act done in public. [R. & Obs.] His jealousy . . . attends the business, the recreations, the publications, and retirements of every man. Jer. Taylor. Publication of a libel (Law), such an exhibition of a libel as brings it to the notice of at least one person other than the person libeled. — Publication of a will (Law), the delivery of a will, as his own, by a testator to witnesses who attest it.

PUBLIC-HEARTED Pub"lic-heart`ed, a.

Defn: Public-spirited. [R.]

PUBLICIST Pub"li*cist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. publiciste.]

Defn: A writer on the laws of nature and nations; one who is versed in the science of public right, the principles of government, etc. The Whig leaders, however, were much more desirous to get rid of Episcopacy than to prove themselves consummate publicists and logicians. Macaulay.

PUBLICITY Pub*lic"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. publicité.]

Defn: The quality or state of being public, or open to the knowledge of a community; notoriety; publicness.

PUBLICITY PAMPHLET Publicity pamphlet.

Defn: A pamphlet which, in some States of the United States having the initiative or referendum, is mailed to the voters to inform them as to the nature of a measure submitted by the initiative or referendum. The pamphlet contains a copy of the proposed law and arguments for and against it by those favoring and opposing it, respectively.

PUBLICLY Pub"lic*ly, adv.

1. With exposure to popular view or notice; without concealment; openly; as, property publicly offered for sale; an opinion publicly avowed; a declaration publicly made.

2. In the name of the community. Addison.

PUBLIC-MINDED Pub"lic-mind`ed, a.

Defn: Public-spirited. — Pub"lic-mind`ed*ness, n.

PUBLICNESS Pub"lic*ness, n.

1. The quality or state of being public, or open to the view or notice of people at large; publicity; notoriety; as, the publicness of a sale.

2. The quality or state of belonging to the community; as, the publicness of property. Boyle.

PUBLIC SCHOOL Public school. (a) In Great Britain, any of various schools maintained by the community, wholly or partly under public control, or maintained largely by endowment and not carried on chiefly for profit; specif., and commonly, any of various select and usually expensive endowed schools which give a liberal modern education or prepare pupils for the universities. Eton, Harrow, Rugby, and Winchester are of this class. (b) In the United States, a free primary, grammar, or high school maintained by the local government.

PUBLIC-SERVICE CORPORATION; QUASI-PUBLIC CORPORATION Public-service corporation or sometimes Quasi-public corporation.

Defn: A corporation, such as a railroad company, lighting company, water company, etc., organized or chartered to follow a public calling or to render services more or less essential to the general public convenience or safety.

PUBLIC-SPIRITED Pub"lic-spir`it*ed, a.

1. Having, or exercising, a disposition to advance the interest of the community or public; as, public-spirited men.

2. Dictated by a regard to public good; as, a public-spirited project or measure. Addison. — Pub"lic-spir`it*ed*ly, adv. — Pub"lic-spir`it*ed*ness, n.

PUBLISH Pub"lish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Published; p. pr. & vb. n. Publishing.] Etym: [F. publier, L. publicare, publicatum. See Public, and -ish.]

1. To make public; to make known to mankind, or to people in general; to divulge, as a private transaction; to promulgate or proclaim, as a law or an edict. Published was the bounty of her name. Chaucer. The unwearied sun, from day to day, Does his Creator's power display, And publishes to every land The work of an almighty hand. Addison.

2. To make known by posting, or by reading in a church; as, to publish banns of marriage.

3. To send forth, as a book, newspaper, musical piece, or other printed work, either for sale or for general distribution; to print, and issue from the press.

4. To utter, or put into circulation; as, to publish counterfeit paper. [U.S.] To publish a will (Law), to acknowledge it before the witnesses as the testator's last will and testament.

Syn. — To announce; proclaim; advertise; declare; promulgate; disclose; divulge; reveal. See Announce.

PUBLISHABLE Pub"lish*a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being published; suitable for publication.

PUBLISHER Pub"lish*er, n.

Defn: One who publishes; as, a publisher of a book or magazine. For love of you, not hate unto my friend, Hath made me publisher of this pretense. Shak.

PUBLISHMENT Pub"lish*ment, n.

1. The act or process of making publicly known; publication.

2. A public notice of intended marriage, required by the laws of some States. [U.S.]

PUCCOON Puc*coon", n. Etym: [From the American Indian name.] (Bot.)

Defn: Any one of several plants yielding a red pigment which is used by the North American Indians, as the bloodroot and two species of Lithospermum (L. hirtum, and L. canescens); also, the pigment itself.

PUCE Puce, a. Etym: [F., fr. puce a flea, L. pulex, pulicis.]

Defn: Of a dark brown or brownish purple color.

PUCEL Pu"cel, n.

Defn: See Pucelle. [Obs.]

PUCELAGE Pu"cel*age (; 48), n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: Virginity. [R.]

PUCELLE Pu*celle", n. Etym: [F., fr. LL. pulicella, fr. L. pullus a young animal. See Pullet.]

Defn: A maid; a virgin. [Written also pucel.] [Obs.] Lady or pucelle, that wears mask or fan. B. Jonson. La Pucelle, the Maid of Orleans, Joan of Arc.

PUCERON Pu"ce*ron, n. Etym: [F., from puce a flea. See Puce.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any plant louse, or aphis.

PUCHERITE Pu"cher*ite, n. Etym: [So named from the Pucher Mine, in Saxony.] (Min.)

Defn: Vanadate of bismuth, occurring in minute reddish brown crystals.

PUCK Puck, n. Etym: [OE. pouke; cf. OSw. puke, Icel. puki an evil demon, W. pwca a hobgoblin. Cf. Poker a bugbear, Pug.]

1. (Mediæval Myth.)

Defn: A celebrated fairy, "the merry wanderer of the night;" — called also Robin Goodfellow, Friar Rush, Pug, etc. Shak. He meeteth Puck, whom most men call Hobgoblin, and on him doth fall. Drayton.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The goatsucker. [Prov. Eng.]

PUCKA Puck"a, a. [Written also pukka.] [Hind. pakka cooked, ripe, solid.]

Defn: Good of its kind; — variously used as implying substantial, real, fixed, sure, etc., and specif., of buildings, made of brick and mortar. [India]

It's pukka famine, by the looks of it. Kipling.

PUCKBALL Puck"ball`, n. Etym: [Puck + ball.]

Defn: A puffball.

PUCKER Puck"er, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Puckered; p. pr. & vb. n. Puckering.] Etym: [From Poke a pocket, small bag.]

Defn: To gather into small folds or wrinkles; to contract into ridges and furrows; to corrugate; — often with up; as, to pucker up the mouth. "His skin [was] puckered up in wrinkles." Spectator.

PUCKER Puck"er, n.

1. A fold; a wrinkle; a collection of folds.

2. A state of perplexity or anxiety; confusion; bother; agitation. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U. S.]

PUCKERER Puck"er*er, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, puckers.

PUCKERY Puck"er*y, a.

1. Producing, or tending to produce, a pucker; as, a puckery taste. Lowell.

2. Inclined to become puckered or wrinkled; full of puckers or wrinkles.

PUCKFIST Puck"fist`, n.

Defn: A puffball.

PUCKISH Puck"ish, a. Etym: [From Puck.]

Defn: Resembling Puck; merry; mischievous. "Puckish freaks." J. R. Green.

PUCRAS Pu"cras, n. Etym: [From a native name in India.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Koklass.

PUD Pud, n.

Defn: Same as Pood.

PUD Pud, n.

Defn: The hand; the first. [Colloq.] Lamb.

PUDDENING Pud"den*ing, n. Etym: [Probably fr. pudden, for pudding, in allusion to its softness.] (Naut.) (a) A quantity of rope-yarn, or the like, placed, as a fender, on the bow of a boat. (b) A bunch of soft material to prevent chafing between spars, or the like.

PUDDER Pud"der, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Puddered; p. pr. & vb. n. Puddering.] Etym: [Cf. Pother.]

Defn: To make a tumult or bustle; to splash; to make a pother or fuss; to potter; to meddle. Puddering in the designs or doings of others. Barrow. Others pudder into their food with their broad nebs. Holland.

PUDDER Pud"der, v. t.

Defn: To perplex; to embarrass; to confuse; to bother; as, to pudder a man. Locke.

PUDDER Pud"der, n.

Defn: A pother; a tumult; a confused noise; turmoil; bustle. "All in a pudder." Milton.

PUDDING Pud"ding, n. Etym: [Cf. F. boudin black pudding, sausage, L. botulus, botellus, a sausage, G. & Sw. pudding pudding, Dan. podding, pudding, LG. puddig thick, stumpy, W. poten, potten, also E. pod, pout, v.]

1. A species of food of a soft or moderately hard consistence, variously made, but often a compound of flour or meal, with milk and eggs, etc. And solid pudding against empty praise. Pope.

2. Anything resembling, or of the softness and consistency of, pudding.

3. An intestine; especially, an intestine stuffed with meat, etc.; a sausage. Shak.

4. Any food or victuals. Eat your pudding, slave, and hold your tongue. Prior.

5. (Naut.)

Defn: Same as Puddening. Pudding grass (Bot.), the true pennyroyal (Mentha Pulegium), formerly used to flavor stuffing for roast meat. Dr. Prior. — Pudding pie, a pudding with meat baked in it. Taylor (1630). — Pudding pipe (Bot.), the long, cylindrical pod of the leguminous tree Cassia Fistula. The seeds are separately imbedded in a sweetish pulp. See Cassia. — Pudding sleeve, a full sleeve like that of the English clerical gown. Swift. — Pudding stone. (Min.) See Conglomerate, n., 2. — Pudding time. (a) The time of dinner, pudding being formerly the dish first eaten. [Obs.] Johnson. (b) The nick of time; critical time. [Obs.] Mars, that still protects the stout, In pudding time came to his aid. Hudibras.

PUDDING FISH; PUDDING WIFE Pud"ding fish, Pudding wife. [Prob. corrupted fr. the Sp. name in Cuba, pudiano verde.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large, handsomely colored, blue and bronze, labroid fish (Iridio, syn. Platyglossus, radiatus) of Florida, Bermuda, and the West Indies. Called also pudiano, doncella, and, at Bermuda, bluefish.

PUDDING-HEADED Pud"ding-head`ed, a.

Defn: Stupid. [Colloq.]

PUDDLE Pud"dle, n. Etym: [OE. podel; cf. LG. pudel, Ir. & Gael. plod pool.]

1. A small quantity of dirty standing water; a muddy plash; a small pool. Spenser.

2. Clay, or a mixture of clay and sand, kneaded or worked, when wet, to render it impervious to water. Puddle poet, a low or worthless poet. [R.] Fuller.

PUDDLE Pud"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Puddled; p. pr. & vb. n. Puddling.]

1. To make foul or muddy; to pollute with dirt; to mix dirt with (water). Some unhatched practice . . . Hath puddled his clear spirit. Shak.

2. (a) To make dense or close, as clay or loam, by working when wet, so as to render impervious to water. (b) To make impervious to liquids by means of puddle; to apply puddle to.

3. To subject to the process of puddling, as iron, so as to convert it from the condition of cast iron to that of wrought iron. Ure. Puddled steel, steel made directly from cast iron by a modification of the puddling process.

PUDDLE Pud"dle, v. i.

Defn: To make a dirty stir. [Obs.] R. Junius.

PUDDLE-BALL Pud"dle-ball`, n.

Defn: The lump of pasty wrought iron as taken from the puddling furnace to be hammered or rolled.

PUDDLE-BAR Pud"dle-bar", n.

Defn: An iron bar made at a single heat from a puddle-ball hammering and rolling.

PUDDLER Pud"dler, n.

Defn: One who converts cast iron into wrought iron by the process of puddling.

PUDDLING Pud"dling, n.

1. (Hydraul. Engin.) (a) The process of working clay, loam, pulverized ore, etc., with water, to render it compact, or impervious to liquids; also, the process of rendering anything impervious to liquids by means of puddled material. (b) Puddle. See Puddle, n., 2.

2. (Metal.)

Defn: The art or process of converting cast iron into wrought iron or steel by subjecting it to intense heat and frequent stirring in a reverberatory furnace in the presence of oxidizing substances, by which it is freed from a portion of its carbon and other impurities. Puddling furnace, a reverberatory furnace in which cast iron is converted into wrought iron or into steel by puddling.

PUDDLY Pud"dly, a.

Defn: Consisting of, or resembling, puddles; muddy; foul. "Thick puddly water." Carew.

PUDDOCK Pud"dock, n. Etym: [For paddock, or parrock, a park.]

Defn: A small inclosure. [Written also purrock.] [Prov. Eng.]

PUDENCY Pu"den*cy, n. Etym: [L. pudens, p. pr. of pudere to be ashamed.]

Defn: Modesty; shamefacedness. "A pudency so rosy." Shak.

PUDENDA Pu*den"da, n. pl. Etym: [L., from pudendus that of which one ought to be ashamed, fr. pudere to be ashamed.] (Anat.)

Defn: The external organs of generation.

PUDENDAL Pu*den"dal, a. (Anat.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the pudenda, or pudendum.

PUDENDUM Pu*den"dum, n. Etym: [NL. See Pudenda.] (Anat.)

Defn: The external organs of generation, especially of the female; the vulva.

PUDGY Pudg"y, a.

Defn: Short and fat or sturdy; dumpy; podgy; as, a short, pudgy little man; a pudgy little hand. Thackeray.

PUDIC Pu"dic, a. Etym: [L.pudicus modest, fr. pudere to be ashamed: cf. F. pudique.] (Anat.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the external organs of generation.

PUDICAL Pu"dic*al, a. (Anat.)

Defn: Pudic.

PUDICITY Pu*dic"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pudicité, L. pudicitia.]

Defn: Modesty; chastity. Howell.

PUDU Pu"du, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A very small deer (Pudua humilis), native of the Chilian Andes. It has simple spikelike antlers, only two or three inches long.

PUE Pue v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pued; p. pr. & vb. n. Puing.]

Defn: To make a low whistling sound; to chirp, as birds. Halliwell.

PUEBLO Pueb"lo, n. Etym: [Sp., a village, L. populus people. See People.]

Defn: A communistic building erected by certain Indian tribes of Arizona and New Mexico. It is often of large size and several stories high, and is usually built either of stone or adobe. The term is also applied to any Indian village in the same region. Pueblo Indians (Ethnol.), any tribe or community of Indians living in pueblos. The principal Pueblo tribes are the Moqui, the Zuñi, the Keran, and the Tewan.

PUEFELLOW Pue"fel`low, n.

Defn: A pewfellow. [Obs.]

PUER Pu"er, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.]

Defn: The dung of dogs, used as an alkaline steep in tanning. Simmonds.

PUERCO Pu*er"co, n. Etym: [Sp.]

Defn: A hog. Puerco beds (Geol.), a name given to certain strata belonging to the earliest Eocene. They are developed in Northwestern New Mexico, along the Rio Puerco, and are characterized by their mammalian remains.

PUERILE Pu"er*ile, a. Etym: [L. puerilis, fr. puer a child, a boy: cf. F. puéril.]

Defn: Boyish; childish; trifling; silly. The French have been notorious through generations for their puerile affectation of Roman forms, models, and historic precedents. De Quincey.