E (continued 8)

ERRABLENESS Er"ra*ble*ness, n.

Defn: Liability to error. Dr. H. More.

ERRABUND Er"ra*bund, a. Etym: [L. errabundus.]

Defn: Erratic. "Errabund guesses." Southey.

ERRANCY Er"ran*cy, n. Etym: [L. errantia.]

Defn: A wandering; state of being in error.

ERRAND Er"rand, n. Etym: [OE. erende, erande, message, business, AS. ærende, ærend; akin to OS. arundi, OHG. arunti, Icel. eyrendi, örendi, erendi, Sw. ärende, Dan. ærende; perh. akin to AS. earu swift, Icel. örr, and to L. oriri to rise, E. orient.]

Defn: A special business intrusted to a messenger; something to be told or done by one sent somewhere for the purpose; often, a verbal message; a commission; as, the servant was sent on an errand; to do an errand. Also, one's purpose in going anywhere. I have a secret errand to thee, O king. Judg. iii. 19. I will not eat till I have told mine errand. Gen. xxiv. 33. mission.

ERRANT Er"rant, a. Etym: [F. errant, p. pr. fr. OF. errer to travel, LL. iterare, fr. L. iter journey; confused somewhat with L. errare to err. See Eyre, and cf. Arrant, Itinerant.]

1. Wandering; deviating from an appointed course, or from a direct path; roving. Seven planets or errant stars in the lower orbs of heaven. Sir T. Browne.

2. Notorious; notoriously bad; downright; arrant. Would make me an errant fool. B. Jonson.

3. (Eng. Law)

Defn: Journeying; itinerant; — formerly applied to judges who went on circuit and to bailiffs at large. Mozley & W.

ERRANT Er"rant, n.

Defn: One who wanders about. [Obs.] Fuller.

ERRANTIA Er*ran"ti*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. errare to wander. See Err.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A group of chætopod annelids, including those that are not confined to tubes. See Chætopoda. [Written also Errantes.]

ERRANTRY Er"rant*ry, n.

1. A wandering; a roving; esp., a roving in quest of adventures. Addison.

2. The employment of a knight-errant. Johnson.

ERRATA Er*ra"ta, n. pl. Etym: [L.]

Defn: See Erratum.

ERRATIC Er*rat"ic, a. Etym: [L. erraticus, fr. errare to wander: cf. F. erratique. See Err.]

1. Having no certain course; roving about without a fixed destination; wandering; moving; — hence, applied to the planets as distinguished from the fixed stars. The earth and each erratic world. Blackmore.

2. Deviating from a wise of the common course in opinion or conduct; eccentric; strange; queer; as, erratic conduct.

3. Irregular; changeable. "Erratic fever." Harvey. Erratic blocks, gravel, etc. (Geol.), masses of stone which have been transported from their original resting places by the agency of water, ice, or other causes. — Erratic phenomena, the phenomena which relate to transported materials on the earth's surface.

ERRATIC Er*rat"ic, n.

1. One who deviates from common and accepted opinions; one who is eccentric or preserve in his intellectual character.

2. A rogue. [Obs.] Cockeram.

3. (Geol.)

Defn: Any stone or material that has been borne away from its original site by natural agencies; esp., a large block or fragment of rock; a bowlder.

Note: In the plural the term is applied especially to the loose gravel and stones on the earth's surface, including what is called drift.

ERRATICAL Er*rat"ic*al, a.

Defn: Erratic. — Er*rat"ic*al*ly, adv. — Er*rat"ic*al*ness, n.

ERRATION Er*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. erratio. See Err.]

Defn: A wandering; a roving about. [Obs.] Cockeram.

ERRATUM Er*ra"tum, n.; pl. Errata. Etym: [L., fr. errare, erratum, to wander, err. See Err.]

Defn: An error or mistake in writing or printing. A single erratum may knock out the brains of a whole passage. Cowper.

ERRHINE Er"rhine, n. Etym: [Gr. errhin.] (Med.)

Defn: A medicine designed to be snuffed up the nose, to promote discharges of mucus; a sternutatory. Coxe. — a.

Defn: Causing or increasing secretion of nasal mucus.

ERRONEOUS Er*ro"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. erroneus, fr. errare to err. See Err.]

1. Wandering; straying; deviating from the right course; — hence, irregular; unnatural. [Obs.] "Erroneous circulation." Arbuthnot. Stopped much of the erroneous light, which otherwise would have disturbed the vision. Sir I. Newman.

2. Misleading; misled; mistaking. [Obs.] An erroneous conscience commands us to do what we ought to omit. Jer. Taylor.

3. Containing error; not conformed to truth or justice; incorrect; false; mistaken; as, an erroneous doctrine; erroneous opinion, observation, deduction, view, etc. — Er*ro"ne*ous*ly, adv. — Er*ro"ne*ous*ness, n.

ERROR Er"ror, n. Etym: [OF. error, errur, F. erreur, L. error, fr. errare to err. See Err.]

1. A wandering; a roving or irregular course. [Obs.] The rest of his journey, his error by sea. B. Jonson.

2. A wandering or deviation from the right course or standard; irregularity; mistake; inaccuracy; something made wrong or left wrong; as, an error in writing or in printing; a clerical error.

3. A departing or deviation from the truth; falsity; false notion; wrong opinion; mistake; misapprehension. Herror, though his candor remained unimpaired. Bancroft.

4. A moral offense; violation of duty; a sin or transgression; iniquity; fault. Ps. xix. 12.

5. (Math.)

Defn: The difference between the approximate result and the true result; — used particularly in the rule of double position.

6. (Mensuration) (a) The difference between an observed value and the true value of a quantity. (b) The difference between the observed value of a quantity and that which is taken or computed to be the true value; — sometimes called residual error.

7. (Law.)

Defn: A mistake in the proceedings of a court of record in matters of law or of fact.

8. (Baseball)

Defn: A fault of a player of the side in the field which results in failure to put out a player on the other side, or gives him an unearned base. Law of error, or Law of frequency of error (Mensuration), the law which expresses the relation between the magnitude of an error and the frequency with which that error will be committed in making a large number of careful measurements of a quantity. — Probable error. (Mensuration) See under Probable. — Writ of error (Law), an original writ, which lies after judgment in an action at law, in a court of record, to correct some alleged error in the proceedings, or in the judgment of the court. Bouvier. Burrill.

Syn. — Mistake; fault; blunder; failure; fallacy; delusion; hallucination; sin. See Blunder.

ERRORFUL Er"ror*ful, a.

Defn: Full of error; wrong. Foxe.

ERRORIST Er"ror*ist, n.

Defn: One who encourages and propagates error; one who holds to error.

ERS Ers, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. ervum a kind of pulse, bitter vetch.] (Bot.)

Defn: The bitter vetch (Ervum Ervilia).

ERSE Erse, n. Etym: [A modification of Irish, OE. Irishe.]

Defn: A name sometimes given to that dialect of the Celtic which is spoken in the Highlands of Scotland; — called, by the Highlanders, Gaelic.

ERSE Erse, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Celtic race in the Highlands of Scotland, or to their language.

ERSH Ersh, n.

Defn: See Arrish.

ERST Erst, adv. Etym: [Orig. superlative of ere; AS. . See Ere.] [Archaic]

1. First. Chaucer.

2. Previously; before; formerly; heretofore. Chaucer. Tityrus, with whose style he had erst disclaimed all ambition to match his pastoral pipe. A. W. Ward. At erst, at first; at the beginning. — Now at erst, at this present time. Chaucer.

ERSTWHILE Erst`while", adv.

Defn: Till then or now; heretofore; formerly. [Archaic]

ERUBESCENCE; ERUBESCENCY Er`u*bes"cence, Er`u*bes"cen*cy, n. Etym: [L. erubescentia: cf. F. érubescence.]

Defn: The act of becoming red; redness of the skin or surface of anything; a blushing.

ERUBESCENT Er`u*bes"cent, a. Etym: [L. erubescens, p. pr. erubescere to grow red; e out + rubescere. See Rubescent.]

Defn: Red, or reddish; blushing. Johnson.

ERUBESCITE Er`u*bes"cite, n. (Min.)

Defn: See Bornite.

ERUCA E*ru"ca, n.; pl. Erucæ. Etym: [L., a caterpillar, also, a sort of colewort.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: An insect in the larval state; a caterpillar; a larva.

ERUCIC E*ru"cic, a. (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, a genus of cruciferous Mediterranean herbs (Eruca or Brassica); as, erucic acid, a fatty acid resembling oleic acid, and found in colza oil, mustard oil, etc.

ERUCIFROM E*ru"ci*from, a. Etym: [Eruca + -form.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having the form of a caterpillar; — said of insect larvæ.

ERUCT; ERUCTATE E*ruct", E*ruc"tate, v. t. Etym: [L. eructare; e out + ructare to belch: cf. F. éructer.]

Defn: To eject, as wind, from the stomach; to belch. [R.] Howell.

ERUCTATION Er`uc*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. eructatio: cf. F. éructation.]

1. The act of belching wind from the stomach; a belch.

2. A violent belching out or emitting, as of gaseous or other matter from the crater of a volcano, geyser, etc.

ERUDIATE E*ru"di*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. erudire.]

Defn: To instruct; to educate; to teach. [Obs.] The skillful goddess there erudiates these In all she did. Fanshawe.

ERUDITE Er"u*dite, a. Etym: [L. eruditus, p. p. of erudire to free from rudeness, to polish, instruct; e out + rudis rude: cf. F. érudit. See Rude.]

Defn: Characterized by extensive reading or knowledge; well instructed; learned. "A most erudite prince." Sir T. More. "Erudite . . . theology." I. Taylor. — Er"u*dite`ly, adv. — Er"u*dite`ness, n.

ERUDITION Er`u*di"tion, n. Etym: [L. eruditio: cf. F. érudition.]

Defn: The act of instructing; the result of thorough instruction; the state of being erudite or learned; the acquisitions gained by extensive reading or study; particularly, learning in literature or criticism, as distinct from the sciences; scholarship. The management of a young lady's person is not be overlooked, but the erudition of her mind is much more to be regarded. Steele. The gay young gentleman whose erudition sat so easily upon him. Macaulay.

Syn. — Literature; learning. See Literature.

ERUGATE Er"u*gate, a. Etym: [L. erugatus, p. p. of erugare to smooth; e out + ruga wrinkle.]

Defn: Freed from wrinkles; smooth.

ERUGINOUS E*ru"gi*nous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. érugineux. See Æruginous.]

Defn: Partaking of the substance or nature of copper, or of the rust copper; resembling the trust of copper or verdigris; æruginous.

ERUMPENT E*rum"pent, a. Etym: [L. erumpens, -entis, p. pr. of erumpere.] (Bot.)

Defn: Breaking out; — said of certain fungi which burst through the texture of leaves.

ERUPT E*rupt", v. t. Etym: [See Eruption.]

Defn: To cause to burst forth; to eject; as, to erupt lava. Huxley.

ERUPTION E*rup"tion, n. Etym: [L. eruptio, fr. erumpere, eruptum, to break out; e out + rumpere, to break: cf. F. éruption. See Rupture.]

1. The act of breaking out or bursting forth; as: (a) A violent throwing out of flames, lava, etc., as from a volcano of a fissure in the earth's crust. (b) A sudden and overwhelming hostile movement of armed men from one country to another. Milton. (c) A violent commotion. All Paris was quiet . . . to gather fresh strength for the next day's eruption. W. Irving.

2. That which bursts forth.

3. A violent exclamation; ejaculation. He would . . . break out into bitter and passionate eruditions. Sir H. Wotton.

4. (Med.)

Defn: The breaking out of pimples, or an efflorescence, as in measles, scarlatina, etc.

ERUPTIONAL E*rup"tion*al, a.

Defn: Eruptive. [R.] R. A. Proctor.

ERUPTIVE E*rup"tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. éruptif.]

1. Breaking out or bursting forth. The sudden glance Appears far south eruptive through the cloud. Thomson.

2. (Med.)

Defn: Attended with eruption or efflorescence, or producing it; as, an eruptive fever.

3. (Geol.)

Defn: Produced by eruption; as, eruptive rocks, such as the igneous or volcanic.

ERUPTIVE E*rup"tive, n. (Geol.)

Defn: An eruptive rock.

ERYNGIUM E*ryn"gi*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. eryngion, erynge.] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of umbelliferous plants somewhat like thistles in appearance. Eryngium maritimum, or sea holly, has been highly esteemed as an aphrodisiac, the roots being formerly candied.

ERYNGO E*ryn"go, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A plant of the genus Eryngium.

ERYSIPELAS Er`y*sip"e*las, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Red, and Pell, n.] (Med.)

Defn: St. Anthony's fire; a febrile disease accompanied with a diffused inflammation of the skin, which, starting usually from a single point, spreads gradually over its surface. It is usually regarded as contagious, and often occurs epidemically.

ERYSIPELATOID Er`y*si*pel"a*toid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.]

Defn: Resembling erysipelas.

ERYSIPELATOUS Er`y*si*pel"a*tous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. érysipélateux.]

Defn: Resembling erysipelas, or partaking of its nature.

ERYSIPELOUS Er`y*sip"e*lous, a.

Defn: Erysipelatous.

ERYTHEMA Er`y*the"ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.)

Defn: A disease of the skin, in which a diffused inflammation forms rose-colored patches of variable size.

ERYTHEMATIC Er`y*the*mat"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. érythématique.] (Med.)

Defn: Characterized by, or causing, a morbid redness of the skin; relating to erythema.

ERYTHEMATOUS Er`y*them"a*tous, a. (Med.)

Defn: Relating to, or causing, erythema.

ERYTHREAN; ERYTHRAEAN Er`y*thre"an, Er`y*thræ"an, a. Etym: [L. erythraeus; Gr.

Defn: Red in color. "The erythrean main." Milton.

ERYTHRIC E*ryth"ric, a. (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or resembling, erythrin.

ERYTHRIN; ERYTHRINE E*ryth"rin, E*ryth"rine, n. Etym: [Gr.

1. (Chem.)

Defn: A colorless crystalline substance, C20H22O10, extracted from certain lichens, as the various species of Rocella. It is a derivative of orsellinic acid. So called because of certain red compounds derived from it. Called also erythric acid.

2. (Min.)

Defn: See Erythrite, 2.

ERYTHRINA Er`y*thri"na, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of leguminous plants growing in the tropics; coral tree; — so called from its red flowers.

ERYTHRISM E*ryth"rism, n. Etym: [Gr. érythrisme.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A condition of excessive redness. See Erythrochroism.

ERYTHRITE E*ryth"rite, n. Etym: [Gr.

1. (Chem.)

Defn: A colorless crystalline substance, C4H6.(OH)4, of a sweet, cooling taste, extracted from certain lichens, and obtained by the decomposition of erythrin; — called also erythrol, erythroglucin, erythromannite, pseudorcin, cobalt bloom, and under the name phycite obtained from the alga Protococcus vulgaris. It is a tetrabasic alcohol, corresponding to glycol and glycerin.

2. (Min.)

Defn: A rose-red mineral, crystallized and earthy, a hydrous arseniate of cobalt, known also as cobalt bloom; — called also erythrin or erythrine.

ERYTHROCHROIC E*ryth`ro*chro"ic, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having, or subject to, erythrochroism.

ERYTHROCHROISM E*ryth"ro*chro*ism, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An unusual redness, esp. in the plumage of birds, or hair of mammals, independently of age, sex, or season.

ERYTHRODEXTRIN E*ryth`ro*dex"trin, n. Etym: [Gr. dextrin.] (Physiol. Chem.)

Defn: A dextrin which gives a red color with iodine. See Dextrin.

ERYTHROGEN E*ryth"ro*gen, n. Etym: [Gr. -gen.] (Chem.) (a) Carbon disulphide; — so called from certain red compounds which it produces in combination with other substances. (b) A substance reddened by acids, which is supposed to be contained in flowers. (c) A crystalline substance obtained from diseased bile, which becomes blood-red when acted on by nitric acid or ammonia.

ERYTHROGRANULOSE E*ryth`ro*gran"u*lose, n. Etym: [Gr. granulose.] (Physiol. Chem.)

Defn: A term applied by Brücke to a substance present in small amount in starch granules, colored red by iodine.

ERYTHROID Er"y*throid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid: cf. Gr.

Defn: Of a red color; reddish; as, the erythroid tunic (the cremaster muscle).

ERYTHROLEIC Er`y*thro"le*ic, a. Etym: [Gr. oleum oil.] (Chem.)

Defn: Having a red color and oily appearance; — applied to a purple semifluid substance said to be obtained from archil.

ERYTHROLEIN Er`y*thro"le*in, n. Etym: [See Erythroleic.] (Chem.)

Defn: A red substance obtained from litmus.

ERYTHROLITMIN E*ryth`ro*lit"min, n. Etym: [Gr. litmus.] (Chem.)

Defn: Erythrolein.

ERYTHRONIUM Er`y*thro"ni*um, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Chem.)

Defn: A name originally given (from its red acid) to the metal vanadium. [R.]

ERYTHROPHLEINE E*ryth`ro*phle"ine (; 104), n. (Chem.)

Defn: A white crystalline alkaloid, extracted from sassy bark (Erythrophleum Guineense).

ERYTHROPHYLL; ERYTHROPHYLLIN E*ryth"ro*phyll, Er`y*throph"yl*lin, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol. Bot.)

Defn: The red coloring matter of leaves, fruits, flowers, etc., in distinction from chlorophyll.

ERYTHROSIN E*ryth"ro*sin, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) (a) A red substance formed by the oxidation of tyrosin. (b) A red dyestuff obtained from fluoresceïn by the action of iodine.

ERYTHROXYLON Er`y*throx"y*lon, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of shrubs or small trees of the Flax family, growing in tropical countries. E. Coca is the source of cocaine. See Coca.

ERYTHROZYME E*ryth"ro*zyme, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol. Chem.)

Defn: A ferment extracted from madder root, possessing the power of inducing alcoholic fermentation in solutions of sugar.

ESCALADE Es`ca*lade", n. Etym: [F., Sp. escalada (cf. It. scalata), fr. Sp. escalar to scale, LL. scalare, fr. L. scala ladder. See Scale, v. t.] (Mil.)

Defn: A furious attack made by troops on a fortified place, in which ladders are used to pass a ditch or mount a rampart. Sin enters, not by escalade, but by cunning or treachery. Buckminster.

ESCALADE Es`ca*lade", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Escaladed; p. pr. & vb. n. Escalading.] (Mil.)

Defn: To mount and pass or enter by means of ladders; to scale; as, to escalate a wall.

ESCALATOR Es"ca*la`tor, n. [NL. Cf. Escalade.]

Defn: A stairway or incline arranged like an endless belt so that the steps or treads ascend or descend continuously, and one stepping upon it is carried up or down; — a trade term.

ESCALLOP Es*cal"lop, n.

Defn: See Escalop.

ESCALLOPED Es*cal"loped, a.

Defn: See Escaloped.

ESCALOP Es*cal"op, n. Etym: [OF. escalope shell, F. escalope a sort of cut of meat. See Scallop.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A bivalve shell of the genus Pecten. See Scallop.

2. A regular, curving indenture in the margin of anything. See Scallop. "So many jags or escalops." Ray.

3. (a) The figure or shell of an escalop, considered as a sign that the bearer had been on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. Hence: (b) (Her.) A bearing or a charge consisting of an escalop shell.

ESCALOPED Es*cal"oped, a.

1. Cut or marked in the form of an escalop; scalloped.

2. (Her.)

Defn: Covered with a pattern resembling a series of escalop shells, each of which issues from between two others. Its appearance is that of a surface covered with scales. Escaloped oysters (Cookery). See under Scalloped.

ESCAMBIO Es*cam"bi*o, n. Etym: [LL. escambium, excambium. See Excamb.] (Eng. Law)

Defn: A license formerly required for the making over a bill of exchange to another over sea. Cowell.

ESCAPABLE Es*cap"a*ble, a.

Defn: Avoidable.

ESCAPADE Es`ca*pade", n. Etym: [F., fr. Sp. escapada escape, fr. escapar to escape; or F., fr. It. scappata escape, escapade, fr. scappare to escape. see Escape.]

1. The fling of a horse, or ordinary kicking back of his heels; a gambol.

2. Act by which one breaks loose from the rules of propriety or good sense; a freak; a prank. Carlyle.

ESCAPE Es*cape", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Escaped; p. pr. & vb. n. Escaping.] Etym: [OE. escapen, eschapen, OF. escaper, eschaper, F. echapper, fr. LL. ex cappa out of one's cape or cloak; hence, to slip out of one's cape and escape. See 3d Cape, and cf. Scape, v.]

1. To flee from and avoid; to be saved or exempt from; to shun; to obtain security from; as, to escape danger. "Sailors that escaped the wreck." Shak.

2. To avoid the notice of; to pass unobserved by; to evade; as, the fact escaped our attention. They escaped the search of the enemy. Ludlow.

ESCAPE Es*cape", v. i.

1. To flee, and become secure from danger; — often followed by from or out of. Haste, for thy life escape, nor look behindKeble.

2. To get clear from danger or evil of any form; to be passed without harm. Such heretics . . . would have been thought fortunate, if they escaped with life. Macaulay.

3. To get free from that which confines or holds; — used of persons or things; as, to escape from prison, from arrest, or from slavery; gas escapes from the pipes; electricity escapes from its conductors. To escape out of these meshes. Thackeray.

ESCAPE Es*cape", n.

1. The act of fleeing from danger, of evading harm, or of avoiding notice; deliverance from injury or any evil; flight; as, an escape in battle; a narrow escape; also, the means of escape; as, a fire escape. I would hasten my escape from the windy storm. Ps. lv. 8.

2. That which escapes attention or restraint; a mistake; an oversight; also, transgression. [Obs.] I should have been more accurate, and corrected all those former escapes. Burton.

3. A sally. "Thousand escapes of wit." Shak.

4. (Law)

Defn: The unlawful permission, by a jailer or other custodian, of a prisoner's departure from custody.

Note: Escape is technically distinguishable from prison breach, which is the unlawful departure of the prisoner from custody, escape being the permission of the departure by the custodian, either by connivance or negligence. The term escape, however, is applied by some of the old authorities to a departure from custody by stratagem, or without force. Wharton.

5. (Arch.)

Defn: An apophyge.

6. Leakage or outflow, as of steam or a liquid.

7. (Elec.)

Defn: Leakage or loss of currents from the conducting wires, caused by defective insulation. Escape pipe (Steam Boilers), a pipe for carrying away steam that escapes through a safety valve. — Escape valve (Steam Engine), a relief valve; a safety valve. See under Relief, and Safety. — Escape wheel (Horol.), the wheel of an escapement.

ESCAPEMENT Es*cape"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. échappement. See Escape.]

1. The act of escaping; escape. [R.]

2. Way of escape; vent. [R.] An escapement for youthful high spirits. G. Eliot.

3. The contrivance in a timepiece which connects the train of wheel work with the pendulum or balance, giving to the latter the impulse by which it is kept in vibration; — so called because it allows a tooth to escape from a pallet at each vibration.

Note: Escapements are of several kinds, as the vertical, or verge, or crown, escapement, formerly used in watches, in which two pallets on the balance arbor engage with a crown wheel; the anchor escapement, in which an anchor-shaped piece carries the pallets; — used in common clocks (both are called recoil escapements, from the recoil of the escape wheel at each vibration); the cylinder escapement, having an open-sided hollow cylinder on the balance arbor to control the escape wheel; the duplex escapement, having two sets of teeth on the wheel; the lever escapement, which is a kind of detached escapement, because the pallets are on a lever so arranged that the balance which vibrates it is detached during the greater part of its vibration and thus swings more freely; the detent escapement, used in chronometers; the remontoir escapement, in which the escape wheel is driven by an independent spring or weight wound up at intervals by the clock train, — sometimes used in astronomical clocks. When the shape of an escape-wheel tooth is such that it falls dead on the pallet without recoil, it forms a deadbeat escapement.

ESCAPER Es*cap"er, n.

Defn: One who escapes.

ESCARBUNCLE Es*car"bun*cle, n. Etym: [OF. escarbuncle, F. escaboucle.] (Her.)

Defn: See Carbuncle, 3.

ESCARGATOIRE Es*car`ga*toire", n. Etym: [F. escargotière, fr. escargot snail.]

Defn: A nursery of snails. [Obs.] Addison.

ESCARP Es*carp", n. Etym: [F. escarpe (cf. Sp. escarpa, It. scarpa), fr. escarper to cut steep, cut to a slope, prob. of German origin: cf. G. scharf sharp,, E. sharp, or perh. scrape.] (Fort.)

Defn: The side of the ditch next the parapet; — same as scarp, and opposed to counterscarp.

ESCARP Es*carp", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Escarped; p. pr. & vb. n. Escarping.] (Mil.)

Defn: To make into, or furnish with, a steep slope, like that of a scrap. Carleton.

ESCARPMENT Es*carp"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. escarpement.]

Defn: A steep descent or declivity; steep face or edge of a ridge; ground about a fortified place, cut away nearly vertically to prevent hostile approach. See Scarp.

-ESCENT -es"cent. Etym: [From the ending -escens, -entis, of the p. pr. of inchoative verbs in Latin.]

Defn: A suffix signifying beginning, beginning to be; as, adolescent, effervescent, etc.

ESCHALOT Esch`a*lot", n. (Bot.)

Defn: See Shallot.

ESCHAR Es"char, n. Etym: [L. eschara, Gr. eschare. See Scar.] (Med.)

Defn: A dry slough, crust, or scab, which separates from the healthy part of the body, as that produced by a burn, or the application of caustics.

ESCHAR Es"char, n. Etym: [Ir.] (Geol.)

Defn: In Ireland, one of the continuous mounds or ridges of gravelly and sandy drift which extend for many miles over the surface of the country. Similar ridges in Scotland are called kames or kams. [Written also eskar and esker.]

ESCHARA Es"cha*ra, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of Bryozoa which produce delicate corals, often incrusting like lichens, but sometimes branched.

ESCHARINE Es"cha*rine, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Like, or pertaining to, the genus Eschara, or family Escharidæ.

ESCHAROTIC Es`cha*rot"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. escharotique.] (Med.)

Defn: Serving or tending to form an eschar;; producing a scar; caustic.

ESCHAROTIC Es`cha*rot"ic, n. (Med.)

Defn: A substance which produces an eschar; a caustic, esp., a mild caustic.

ESCHATOLOGICAL Es`cha*to*log"ic*al, a.

Defn: Pertaining to the last or final things.

ESCHATOLOGY Es`cha*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.]

Defn: The doctrine of the last or final things, as death, judgment, and the events therewith connected.

ESCHAUNGE Es*chaunge", n.

Defn: Exchange. [Obs.]

ESCHEAT Es*cheat", n. Etym: [OE. eschete, escheyte, an escheat, fr. OF. escheit, escheoit, escheeite, esheoite, fr. escheoir (F. échoir) to fall to, fall to the lot of; pref. es- (L. ex) + cheoir, F. choir, to fall, fr. L. cadere. See Chance, and cf. Cheat.]

1. (Law) (a) (Feud. & Eng. Law) The falling back or reversion of lands, by some casualty or accident, to the lord of the fee, in consequence of the extinction of the blood of the tenant, which may happen by his dying without heirs, and formerly might happen by corruption of blood, that is, by reason of a felony or attainder. Tomlins. Blackstone. (b) (U. S. Law) The reverting of real property to the State, as original and ultimate proprietor, by reason of a failure of persons legally entitled to hold the same.

Note: A distinction is carefully made, by English writers, between escheat to the lord of the fee and forfeiture to the crown. But in this country, where the State holds the place of chief lord of the fee, and is entitled to take alike escheat and by forfeiture, this distinction is not essential. Tomlins. Kent. (c) A writ, now abolished, to recover escheats from the person in possession. Blackstone.

2. Lands which fall to the lord or the State by escheat.

3. That which falls to one; a reversion or return To make me great by others' loss is bad escheat. Spenser.

ESCHEAT Es*cheat", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Esheated; p. pr. & vb. n. Escheating.] (Law)

Defn: To revert, or become forfeited, to the lord, the crown, or the State, as lands by the failure of persons entitled to hold the same, or by forfeiture.

Note: In this country it is the general rule that when the title to land fails by defect of heirs or devisees, it necessarily escheats to the State; but forfeiture of estate from crime is hardly known in this country, and corruption of blood is universally abolished. Kent. Bouvier.

ESCHEAT Es*cheat", v. t. (Law)

Defn: To forfeit. Bp. Hall.

ESCHEATABLE Es*cheat"a*ble, a.

Defn: Liable to escheat.

ESCHEATAGE Es*cheat"age (; 48), n.

Defn: The right of succeeding to an escheat. Sherwood.

ESCHEATOR Es*cheat"or, n. (Law)

Defn: An officer whose duty it is to observe what escheats have taken place, and to take charge of them. Burrill.

ESCHEVIN Es"che*vin, n. Etym: [OF. eschevin, a sort of magistrate, alderman, F. échevin.]

Defn: The alderman or chief officer of an ancient guild. [Obs.]

ESCHEW Es*chew", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Eshewed; p. pr. & vb. n. Eshewing.] Etym: [OF. eschever, eschiver, eskiver, F. esquiver, fr. OHG. sciuhen, G. scheuen; akin to E. sky. See Shy, a.]

1. To shun; to avoid, as something wrong, or from a feeling of distaste; to keep one's self clear of. They must not only eschew evil, but do good. Bp. Beveridge.

2. To escape from; to avoid. [Obs.] He who obeys, destruction shall eschew. Sandys.

ESCHEWER Es*chew"er, n.

Defn: One who eschews.

ESCHEWMENT Es*chew"ment, n.

Defn: The act of eschewing. [R.]

ESCHSCHOLTZIA Esch*scholtz"i*a, n. Etym: [NL. Named after Dr. Eschscholtz, a German botanist.] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of papaveraceous plants, found in California and upon the west coast of North America, some species of which produce beautiful yellow, orange, rose-colored, or white flowers; the California poppy.

ESCHYNITE Es"chy*nite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.)

Defn: A rare mineral, containing chiefly niobium, titanium, thorium, and cerium. It was so called by Berzelius on account of the inability of chemical science, at the time of its discovery, to separate some of its constituents.

ESCOCHEON Es*coch"eon, n.

Defn: Escutcheon. [Obs.]

ESCOPET; ESCOPETTE Es`co*pet", Es`co*pette", n. Etym: [Sp. escopeta, F. escopette.]

Defn: A kind of firearm; a carbine.

ESCORIAL Es*co"ri*al, n. Etym: [Sp.]

Defn: See Escurial.

ESCORT Es"cort, n. Etym: [F. escorte, It. scorta a guard or guide, fr. scorgere to perceive, discern, lead, fr. L. ex out, quite + corrigere to correct, set right. See Correct.]

1. A body of armed men to attend a person of distinction for the sake of affording safety when on a journey; one who conducts some one as an attendant; a guard, as of prisoners on a march; also, a body of persons, attending as a mark of respect or honor; — applied to movements on land, as convoy is to movements at sea. The troops of my escort marched at the ordinary rate. Burke.

2. Protection, care, or safeguard on a journey or excursion; as, to travel under the escort of a friend.

ESCORT Es*cort", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Escorted; p. pr. & vb. n. Escorting.] Etym: [Cf. F. escorter, It. scortare. See Escort, n.]

Defn: To attend with a view to guard and protect; to accompany as safeguard; to give honorable or ceremonious attendance to; — used esp. with reference to journeys or excursions on land; as, to escort a public functionary, or a lady; to escort a baggage wagon.

Syn. — To accompany; attend. See Accompany.

ESCOT Es*cot", n. Etym: [OF.]

Defn: See Scot, a tax. [Obs.]

ESCOT Es*cot", v. t.

Defn: To pay the reckoning for; to support; to maintain. [Obs.] Shak.

ESCOUADE Es`couade", n.

Defn: See Squad,

ESCOUT Es*cout", n.

Defn: See Scout. [Obs.] Hayward.

ESCRIBED Es*cribed", a. Etym: [L. e out, out of + scribere to write.]

Defn: Drawn outside of; — used to designate a circle that touches one of the sides of a given triangle, and also the other two sides produced.

ESCRIPT Es"cript, n. Etym: [OF.]

Defn: A writing. [Obs.]

ESCRITOIRE Es`cri*toire", n. Etym: [OF. escritoire, F. écritoire, LL. scriptorium, fr. L. scriptorius belonging to writing, fr. sribere to write. See Script, and cf. Scrutoire.]

Defn: A piece of furniture used as a writing table, commonly with drawers, pigeonholes, and the like; a secretary or writing desk.

ESCRITORIAL Es`cri*to"ri*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to an escritoire.

ESCROD Es*crod", n.

Defn: See Scrod, a young cod.

ESCROL; ESCROLL Es*crol", Es*croll", n. Etym: [See Escrow, Scroll.]

1. A scroll. [Obs.]

2. (Her.) (a) A long strip or scroll resembling a ribbon or a band of parchment, or the like, anciently placed above the shield, and supporting the crest. (b) In modern heraldry, a similar ribbon on which the motto is inscribed.

ESCROW Es"crow, n. Etym: [OF. escroe, escroue, a roll of writings, bond. See Scroll.] (Law)

Defn: A deed, bond, or other written engagement, delivered to a third person, to be held by him till some act is done or some condition is performed, and then to be by him delivered to the grantee. Blackstone.

ESCUAGE Es"cu*age (; 48), n. Etym: [OF. escuage, F. écuage, from OF. escu shield, F. écu. See Esquire.] (Feud. Law)

Defn: Service of the shield, a species of knight service by which a tenant was bound to follow his lord to war, at his own charge. It was afterward exchanged for a pecuniary satisfaction. Called also scutage. Blackstone.

ESCULAPIAN Es`cu*la"pi*an, n.

Defn: Æsculapian.

ESCULAPIUS Es`cu*la"pi*us, n.

Defn: Same as Æsculapius.

ESCULENT Es"cu*lent, a. Etym: [L. esculentus, fr. escare to eat, fr. esca food, fr. edere to eat: cf. F. esculent. See Eat.]

Defn: Suitable to be used by man for food; eatable; edible; as, esculent plants; esculent fish. Esculent grain for food. Sir W. Jones. Esculent swallow (Zoöl.), the swallow which makes the edible bird's- nest. See Edible bird's-nest, under Edible.

ESCULENT Es"cu*lent, n.

Defn: Anything that is fit for eating; that which may be safely eaten by man.

ESCULIC Es*cu"lic, a. Etym: [From NL. Aesculus, the generic name of the horse-chestnut, fr. L. aesculus a kind of oak.] (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or obtained from, the horse-chestnut; as, esculic acid.

ESCULIN Es*cu"lin, n. Etym: [See Esculic.] (Chem.)

Defn: A glucoside obtained from the Æsculus hippocastanum, or horse- chestnut, and characterized by its fine blue fluorescent solutions. [Written also æsculin.]

ESCURIAL Es*cu"ri*al, n. Etym: [Prop. Sp. escorial, i. e., a hill or heap of rubbish, earth, and stones brought out of a mine, fr. escoria dross of metal, L. scoria, fr. Gr. Scoria.]

Defn: A palace and mausoleum of the kinds of Spain, being a vast and wonderful structure about twenty-five miles northwest of Madrid.

Note: The ground plan is said to be in the form of a gridiron, the structure being designed in honor of St. Lawrence, who suffered martyrdom by being broiled on gridiron; but the resemblance is very slight. It is nearly square, inclosing several courts, and has a projecting mass which stands for the handle.

ESCUTCHEON Es*cutch"eon, n. Etym: [OF. escusson, F. écusson, from OF. escu shield, F. écu. See Esquire, Scutcheon.]

1. (Her.)

Defn: The surface, usually a shield, upon which bearings are marshaled and displayed. The surface of the escutcheon is called the field, the upper part is called the chief, and the lower part the base (see Chiff, and Field.). That side of the escutcheon which is on the right hand of the knight who bears the shield on his arm is called dexter, and the other side sinister.

Note: The two sides of an escutcheon are respectively designated as dexter and sinister, as in the cut, and the different parts or points by the following names: A, Dexter chief point; B, Middle chief point; C, Sinister chief point; D, Honor or color point; E, Fesse or heart point; F, Nombrill or navel point; G, Dexter base point; H, Middle base point; I, base point.

2. A marking upon the back of a cow's udder and the space above it (the perineum), formed by the hair growing upward or outward instead of downward. It is esteemed an index of milking qualities. C. L. Flint.

3. (Naut.)

Defn: That part of a vessel's stern on which her name is written. R. H. Dane, Jr.

4. (Carp.)

Defn: A thin metal plate or shield to protect wood, or for ornament, as the shield around a keyhole.

5. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The depression behind the beak of certain bivalves; the ligamental area. Escutcheon of pretense, an escutcheon used in English heraldry to display the arms of the bearer's wife; — not commonly used unless she an heiress. Cf. Impalement.

ESCUTCHEONED Es*cutch"eoned, a.

Defn: Having an escutcheon; furnished with a coat of arms or ensign. Young.

ESE Ese, n.

Defn: Ease; pleasure. [Obs.] Chaucer.

ESEMPLASTIC Es`em*plas"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. Plastic.]

Defn: Shaped into one; tending to, or formative into, unity. [R.] Coleridge.

ESERINE Es"er*ine (; 104), n. Etym: [From native name of the Calabar bean: cf. F. ésérine.] (Chem.)

Defn: An alkaloid found in the Calabar bean, and the seed of Physostigma venenosum; physostigmine. It is used in ophthalmic surgery for its effect in contracting the pupil.

ESEXUAL E*sex"u*al, a. Etym: [Pref. e- + sexual.] (Biol.)

Defn: Sexless; asexual.

ESGUARD Es*guard", n. Etym: [Cf. OF. esgart regard, F. égard. See Guard.]

Defn: Guard. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

ESKAR; ESKER Es"kar, or Es"ker, n. (Geol.)

Defn: See Eschar.

ESKIMO Es"ki*mo, n.; pl. Eskimos. Etym: [Originally applied by the Algonquins to the Northern Indians, and meaning eaters of raw flesh.] (Ethnol.)

Defn: One of a peculiar race inhabiting Arctic America and Greenland. In many respects the Eskimos resemble the Mongolian race. [Written also Esquimau.] Eskimo dog (Zoöl.), one of breed of large and powerful dogs used by the Eskimos to draw sledges. It closely resembles the gray wolf, with which it is often crossed.

ESLOIN Es*loin", v. t. Etym: [See Eloign.]

Defn: To remove; to banish; to withdraw; to avoid; to eloign. [Obs.] From worldly cares he did himself esloin. Spenser.

ESNECY Es"ne*cy, n. Etym: [See Eigne.] (Eng. Law)

Defn: A prerogative given to the eldest coparcener to choose first after an inheritance is divide. Mozley & W.

ESODIC E*sod"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol.)

Defn: Conveying impressions from the surface of the body to the spinal cord; — said of certain nerves. Opposed to exodic.

ESOPHAGAL E*soph"a*gal, a. (Anat.)

Defn: Esophageal.

ESOPHAGEAL E`so*phag"e*al, a. (Anat.)

Defn: Pertaining to the esophagus. [Written also .]

ESOPHAGEAN E`so*phag"e*an, a. (Anat.)

Defn: Esophageal.

ESOPHAGOTOMY E*soph`a*got"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. (Surg.)

Defn: The operation of making an incision into the esophagus, for the purpose of removing any foreign substance that obstructs the passage. [Written also oesophagotomy.]

ESOPHAGUS E*soph"a*gus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. vi to go, drive) + (Anat.)

Defn: That part of the alimentary canal between the pharynx and the stomach; the gullet. See Illust. of Digestive apparatus, under Digestive. [Written also .]

ESOPIAN; ESOPIC E*so"pi*an, E*so"pic, a.

Defn: Same as Æsopian, Æsopic.

ESOTERIC Es`o*ter"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. In.]

Defn: Designed for, and understood by, the specially initiated alone; not communicated, or not intelligible, to the general body of followers; private; interior; acroamatic; — said of the private and more recondite instructions and doctrines of philosophers. Opposed to exoteric. Enough if every age produce two or three critics of this esoteric class, with here and there a reader to understand them. De Quincey.

ESOTERICAL Es`o*ter"ic*al, a.

Defn: Esoteric.

ESOTERICALLY Es`o*ter"ic*al*ly, adv.

Defn: In an esoteric manner.

ESOTERICISM Es`o*ter"i*cism, n.

Defn: Esoteric doctrine or principles.

ESOTERICS Es`o*ter"ics, n.

Defn: Mysterious or hidden doctrines; secret science.

ESOTERY Es"o*ter*y, n.

Defn: Mystery; esoterics; — opposed to exotery. A. Tucker.

ESOX E"sox, n. Etym: [L., a kind of pike.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of fresh-water fishes, including pike and pickerel.

ESPACE Es*pace", n.

Defn: Space. [Obs.] Chaucer.

ESPADON Es"pa*don, n. Etym: [F. espadon, fr. Sp. espadon, fr. espada sword; or fr. It. spadone an espadon, spada sword.]

Defn: A long, heavy, two-handed and two-edged sword, formerly used by Spanish foot soldiers and by executioners. Wilhelm.

ESPALIER Es*pal"ier, n. Etym: [F. espalier, fr. It. spalliera, fr. spalla shoulder, the same word as F. épaule. See Epaulet.] (Hort.)

Defn: A railing or trellis upon which fruit trees or shrubs are trained, as upon a wall; a tree or row of trees so trained. And figs from standard and espalier join. Pope.

ESPALIER Es*pal"ier, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Espaliered; p. pr. & vb. n. Espaliering.]

Defn: To form an espalier of, or to protect by an espalier.

ESPARCET Es*par"cet, n. Etym: [F. esparcet, esparcette, éparcet, fr. Sp. esparceta, esparcilla.] (Bot.)

Defn: The common sainfoin (Onobrychis sativa), an Old World leguminous forage plant.

ESPARTO Es*par"to, n. Etym: [Sp.; cf. L. spartum Spanish broom, Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A species of Spanish grass (Macrochloa tenacissima), of which cordage, shoes, baskets, etc., are made. It is also used for making paper.

ESPAULIERE Es`pau`liere", n. Etym: [OF. & F. épaulière. See Espalier.]

Defn: A defense for the shoulder, composed of flexible overlapping plates of metal, used in the 15th century; — the origin of the modern epaulette. Fairholt.

ESPECIAL Es*pe"cial, a. Etym: [OF. especial, F. spécial, L. specialis, fr. species a particular sort, kind, or quality. See Species, and cf. Special.]

Defn: Distinguished among others of the same class or kind; special; concerning a species or a single object; principal; particular; as, in an especial manner or degree.

Syn. — Peculiar; special; particular; uncommon; chief. See Peculiar.

ESPECIALLY Es*pe"cial*ly, adv.

Defn: In an especial manner; chiefly; particularly; peculiarly; in an uncommon degree.

ESPECIALNESS Es*pe"cial*ness, n.

Defn: The state of being especial.

ESPERANCE Es"pe*rance, n. Etym: [F. espérance, fr. L. sperans, p. pr. of sperare to hope.]

Defn: Hope. [Obs.] Shak.

ESPERANTO Es`pe*ran"to, n.

Defn: An artificial language, intended to be universal, devised by Dr. Zamenhof, a Russian, who adopted the pseudonym "Dr. Esperanto" in publishing his first pamphlet regarding it in 1887. The vocabulary is very largely based upon words common to the chief European languages, and sounds peculiar to any one language are eliminated. The spelling is phonetic, and the accent (stress) is always on the penult. — Es`pe*ran"tist (#), n.

ESPIAILLE Es`pi*aille", n.

Defn: Espial. [Obs.]

ESPIAL Es*pi"al, n. Etym: [OE. & Norm. F. espiaille. See Espy.]

1. The act of espying; notice; discovery. Screened from espial by the jutting cape. Byron.

2. One who espies; a spy; a scout. [Obs.] "Their espials . . . brought word." Holland.

ESPIER Es*pi"er, n.

Defn: One who espies. Harmar.

ESPINEL Es"pi*nel, n.

Defn: A kind of ruby. See Spinel.

ESPIONAGE Es"pi*o*nage, n. Etym: [F. espionnage, fr. espionner to spy, fr. espion spy, OF. espie. See Espy.]

Defn: The practice or employment of spies; the practice of watching the words and conduct of others, to make discoveries, as spies or secret emissaries; secret watching.

ESPLANADE Es`pla*nade", n. Etym: [F. esplanade, Sp. esplanada, explanada, cf. It. spianata; fr. Sp. explanar to level, L. explanare to flatten or spread out. See Explain.]

1. (Fort.) (a) A clear space between a citadel and the nearest houses of the town. Campbell (Mil. Dict. ). (b) The glacis of the counterscarp, or the slope of the parapet of the covered way toward the country.

2. (Hort.)

Defn: A grass plat; a lawn. Simmonds.

3. Any clear, level space used for public walks or drives; esp., a terrace by the seaside.

ESPLEES Es*plees", n. pl. Etym: [LL. expletia, OF. espleit. Cf. Exploit.] (Old Eng. Law)

Defn: The full profits or products which ground or land yields, as the hay of the meadows, the feed of the pasture, the grain of arable fields, the rents, services, and the like. Cowell.

ESPOUSAGE Es*pous"age, n.

Defn: Espousal. [Obs.] Latimer.

ESPOUSAL Es*pous"al, n. Etym: [OF. espousailles, pl., F. épousailles, L. sponsalia, fr. sponsalis belonging to betrothal or espousal. See Espouse, and cf. Sponsal, Spousal.]

1. The act of espousing or betrothing; especially, in the plural, betrothal; plighting of the troths; a contract of marriage; sometimes, the marriage ceremony.

2. The uniting or allying one's self with anything; maintenance; adoption; as, the espousal of a quarrel. The open espousal of his cause. Lord Orford.

ESPOUSE Es*pouse", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Espoused; p. pr. & vb. n. Espousing.] Etym: [OF. espouser, esposer, F. épouser, L. sponsare to betroth, espouse, fr. sponsus betrothed, p. p. of spondere to promise solemnly or sacredly. Cf. Spouse.]

1. To betroth; to promise in marriage; to give as spouse. A virgin espoused to a man whose name was Joseph. Luke i. 27.

2. To take as spouse; to take to wife; to marry. Lavinia will I make my empress, . . . And in the sacred Pantheon her espouse. Shak.

3. To take to one's self with a view to maintain; to make one's own; to take up the cause of; to adopt; to embrace. "He espoused that quarrel." Bacon. Promised faithfully to espouse his cause as soon as he got out of the war. Bp. Burnet.

ESPOUSEMENT Es*pouse"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. espousement.]

Defn: The act of espousing, or the state of being espoused.

ESPOUSER Es*pous"er, n.

Defn: One who espouses; one who embraces the cause of another or makes it his own.

ESPRESSIVO Es`pres*si"vo, a. Etym: [It.] (Mus.)

Defn: With expression.

ESPRINGAL Es*prin"gal, n. Etym: [See Springal.] (Mil. Antiq.)

Defn: An engine of war used for throwing viretons, large stones, and other missiles; a springal.

ESPRIT Es`prit", n. Etym: [F. See Spirit.]

Defn: Spirit. Esprit de corps (, a French phrase much used by English writers to denote the common spirit pervading the members of a body or association of persons. It implies sympathy, enthusiasm, devotion, and jealous regard for the honor of the body as a whole.

ESPY Es*py", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Espied; p. pr. & vb. n. Espying.] Etym: [OF. espier, F. épier, from OHG. speh to watch, spy, G. spähen; akin to L. specere to look, species sight, shape, appearance, kind. See Spice, Spy, and cf. Espionage.]

1. To catch sight of; to perceive with the eyes; to discover, as a distant object partly concealed, or not obvious to notice; to see at a glance; to discern unexpectedly; to spy; as, to espy land; to espy a man in a crowd. As one of them opened his sack to give his ass provender in the inn, . . . he espied his money. Gen. xlii. 27. A goodly vessel did I then espy Come like a giant from a haven broad. Wordsworth.

2. To inspect narrowly; to examine and keep watch upon; to watch; to observe. He sends angels to espy us in all our ways. Jer. Taylor.

Syn. — To discern; discover; detect; descry; spy.

ESPY Es*py", v. i.

Defn: To look or search narrowly; to look about; to watch; to take notice; to spy. Stand by the way, and espy. Jer. xlviii. 19.

ESPY Es*py", n.; pl. Espies. Etym: [OF. espie. See Espy, v., Spy.]

Defn: A spy; a scout. [Obs.] Huloet.

-ESQUE -esque. Etym: [F., fr. It. -isco. Cf. -ish.]

Defn: A suffix of certain words from the French, Italian, and Spanish. It denotes manner or style; like; as, arabesque, after the manner of the Arabs.

ESQUIMAU Es"qui*mau, n.; pl. Esquimaux. Etym: [F.]

Defn: Same as Eskimo. It is . . . an error to suppose that where an Esquimau can live, a civilized man can live also. McClintock.

ESQUIRE Es*quire", n. Etym: [OF. escuyer, escuier, properly, a shield-bearer, F. écuyer shield-bearer, armor-bearer, squire of a knight, esquire, equerry, rider, horseman, LL. scutarius shield-bearer, fr. L. scutum shield, akin to Gr. to cover; prob. akin to E. hide to cover. See Hide to cover, and cf. Equerry, Escutcheon.]

Defn: Originally, a shield-bearer or armor-bearer, an attendant on a knight; in modern times, a title of dignity next in degree below knight and above gentleman; also, a title of office and courtesy; — often shortened to squire.

Note: In England, the title of esquire belongs by right of birth to the eldest sons of knights and their eldest sons in perpetual succession; to the eldest sons of younger sons of peers and their eldest sons in perpetual succession. It is also given to sheriffs, to justices of the peace while in commission, to those who bear special office in the royal household, to counselors at law, bachelors of divinity, law, or physic, and to others. In the United States the title is commonly given in courtesy to lawyers and justices of the peace, and is often used in the superscription of letters instead of Mr.

ESQUIRE Es*quire", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Esquired; p. pr. & vb. n. Esquiring.]

Defn: To wait on as an esquire or attendant in public; to attend. [Colloq.]

ESQUISSE Es`quisse", n. Etym: [F. See Sketch.] (Fine Arts)

Defn: The first sketch of a picture or model of a statue.

-ESS -ess. Etym: [OF. -esse, LL. -issa, Gr.

Defn: A suffix used to form feminine nouns; as, actress, deaconess, songstress.

ESSAY Es"say, n.; pl. Essays. Etym: [F. essai, fr. L. exagium a weighing, weight, balance; ex out + agere to drive, do; cf. examen, exagmen, a means of weighing, a weighing, the tongue of a balance, exigere to drive out, examine, weigh, Gr. 'exa`gion a weight, 'exagia`zein to examine, 'exa`gein to drive out, export. See Agent, and cf. Exact, Examine, Assay.]

1. An effort made, or exertion of body or mind, for the performance of anything; a trial; attempt; as, to make an essay to benefit a friend. "The essay at organization." M. Arnold.

2. (Lit.)

Defn: A composition treating of any particular subject; — usually shorter and less methodical than a formal, finished treatise; as, an essay on the life and writings of Homer; an essay on fossils, or on commerce.

3. An assay. See Assay, n. [Obs.]

Syn. — Attempt; trial; endeavor; effort; tract; treatise; dissertation; disquisition.

ESSAY Es*say", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Essayed; p. pr. & vb. n. Essaying.] Etym: [F. essayer. See Essay, n.]

1. To exert one's power or faculties upon; to make an effort to perform; to attempt; to endeavor; to make experiment or trial of; to try. What marvel if I thus essay to sing Byron. Essaying nothing she can not perform. Emerson. A danger lest the young enthusiast . . . should essay the impossible. J. C. Shairp.

2. To test the value and purity of (metals); to assay. See Assay. [Obs.] Locke.

ESSAYER Es*say"er, n.

Defn: One who essays. Addison.

ESSAYIST Es"say*ist, n.

Defn: A writer of an essay, or of essays. B. Jonson.

ESSENCE Es"sence, n. Etym: [F. essence, L. essentia, formed as if fr. a p. pr. of esse to be. See Is, and cf. Entity.]

1. The constituent elementary notions which constitute a complex notion, and must be enumerated to define it; sometimes called the nominal essence.

2. The constituent quality or qualities which belong to any object, or class of objects, or on which they depend for being what they are (distinguished as real essence); the real being, divested of all logical accidents; that quality which constitutes or marks the true nature of anything; distinctive character; hence, virtue or quality of a thing, separated from its grosser parts. The laws are at present, both in form and essence, the greatest curse that society labors under. Landor. Gifts and alms are the expressions, not the essence of this virtue [charity]. Addison. The essence of Addison's humor is irony. Courthope.

3. Constituent substance. And uncompounded is their essence pure. Milton.

4. A being; esp., a purely spiritual being. As far as gods and heavenly essences Can perish. Milton. He had been indulging in fanciful speculations on spiritual essences, until . . . he had and ideal world of his own around him. W. Irving.

5. The predominant qualities or virtues of a plant or drug, extracted and refined from grosser matter; or, more strictly, the solution in spirits of wine of a volatile or essential oil; as, the essence of mint, and the like. The . . . word essence . . . scarcely underwent a more complete transformation when from being the abstract of the verb "to be," it came to denote something sufficiently concrete to be inclosed in a glass bottle. J. S. Mill.

6. Perfume; odor; scent; or the volatile matter constituting perfume. Nor let the essences exhale. Pope.

ESSENCE Es"sence, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Essenced; p. pr. & vb. n. Essencing.]

Defn: To perfume; to scent. "Essenced fops." Addison.

ESSENE Es*sene", n.; pl. Essenes. Etym: [Gr. asaya to heal, cf. Heb. asa.]

Defn: One of a sect among the Jews in the time of our Savior, remarkable for their strictness and abstinence.

ESSENISM Es"se*nism, n.

Defn: The doctrine or the practices of the Essenes. De Quincey.

ESSENTIAL Es*sen"tial, a. Etym: [Cf. F. essentiel. See Essence.]

1. Belonging to the essence, or that which makes an object, or class of objects, what it is. Majestic as the voice sometimes became, there was forever in it an essential character of plaintiveness. Hawthorne.

2. Hence, really existing; existent. Is it true, that thou art but a a name, And no essential thing Webster (1623).

3. Important in the highest degree; indispensable to the attainment of an object; indispensably necessary. Judgment's more essential to a general Than courage. Denham. How to live — that is the essential question for us. H. Spencer.

4. Containing the essence or characteristic portion of a substance, as of a plant; highly rectified; pure; hence, unmixed; as, an essential oil. "Mine own essential horror." Ford.

5. (Mus.)

Defn: Necessary; indispensable; — said of those tones which constitute a chord, in distinction from ornamental or passing tones.

6. (Med.)

Defn: Idiopathic; independent of other diseases. Essential character (Biol.), the prominent characteristics which serve to distinguish one genus, species, etc., from another. — Essential disease, Essential fever (Med.), one that is not dependent on another. — Essential oils (Chem.), a class of volatile oils, extracted from plants, fruits, or flowers, having each its characteristic odor, and hot burning taste. They are used in essences, perfumery, etc., and include many varieties of compounds; as lemon oil is a terpene, oil of bitter almonds an aldehyde, oil of wintergreen an ethereal salt, etc.; — called also volatile oils in distinction from the fixed or nonvolatile.

ESSENTIAL Es*sen"tial, n.

1. Existence; being. [Obs.] Milton.

2. That which is essential; first or constituent principle; as, the essentials or religion.

ESSENTIALITY Es*sen`ti*al"i*ty, n.

Defn: The quality of being essential; the essential part. Jer. Taylor.

ESSENTIALLY Es*sen"tial*ly, adv.

Defn: In an essential manner or degree; in an indispensable degree; really; as, essentially different.

ESSENTIALNESS Es*sen"tial*ness, n.

Defn: Essentiality. Ld. Digby.

ESSENTIATE Es*sen"ti*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Essentiated; p. pr. & vb. n. Essentiating.]

Defn: To form or constitute the essence or being of. [Obs.] Boyle.

ESSENTIATE Es*sen"ti*ate, v. i.

Defn: To become assimilated; to be changed into the essence. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

ESSOIN; ESSOIGN Es*soin" or Es*soign, n. Etym: [OF. essoine, essoigne, F. exoine, L. essonia, exonia; pref. ex- (L. ex from) + sunnis, sunnia, sonia, hindrance, excuse. Cf. Icel. syn refusal, synja to deny, refuse, Goth. sunja truth, sunjon to justify, OS. sunnea impediment, OHG. sunna.]

1. (Eng. Law)

Defn: An excuse for not appearing in court at the return of process; the allegation of an excuse to the court.

2. Excuse; exemption. [Obs.] From every work he challenged essoin. Spenser. Essoin day (Eng. Law), the first general return day of the term, on which the court sits to receive essoins. Blackstone.

ESSOIN Es*soin", v. t. Etym: [OF. essoinier, essoignier, essonier, LL. essoniare, exoniare. See Essoin, n.] (Eng. Law)

Defn: To excuse for nonappearance in court. "I 'll not essoin thee." Quarles.

ESSOINER Es*soin"er, n. (Eng. Law)

Defn: An attorney who sufficiently excuses the absence of another.

ESSONITE Es"so*nite, n. Etym: [Named from Gr. e. g., hyacinth.] (Min.)

Defn: Cinnamon stone, a variety of garnet. See Garnet.

ESSORANT Es"so*rant, a. Etym: [F.] (Her.)

Defn: Standing, but with the wings spread, as if about to fly; — said of a bird borne as a charge on an escutcheon.

EST Est, n. & adv.

Defn: East. [Obs.] Chaucer.

-EST -est. Etym: [AS. -ost, -est; akin to G. -est, -ist, Icel. -astr, - str, Goth. -ists, -, Skr. -ish.]

Defn: A suffix used to form the superlative of adjectives and adverbs; as, smoothest; earl(y)iest.

ESTABLISH Es*tab"lish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Established; p. pr. & vb. n. Establishing.] Etym: [OE. establissen, OF. establir, F. établir, fr. L. stabilire, fr. stabilis firm, steady, stable. See Stable, a., - ish, and cf. Stablish.]

1. To make stable or firm; to fix immovably or firmly; to set (a thing) in a place and make it stable there; to settle; to confirm. So were the churches established in the faith. Acts xvi. 5. The best established tempers can scarcely forbear being borne down. Burke. Confidence which must precede union could be established only by consummate prudence and self-control. Bancroft.

2. To appoint or constitute for permanence, as officers, laws, regulations, etc.; to enact; to ordain. By the consent of all, we were established The people's magistrates. Shak. Now, O king, establish the decree, and sign the writing, that it be not changed. Dan. vi. 8.

3. To originate and secure the permanent existence of; to found; to institute; to create and regulate; — said of a colony, a state, or other institutions. He hath established it [the earth], he created it not in vain, he formed it to be inhabited. Is. xlv. 18. Woe to him that buildeth a town with blood, and establisheth a city by iniquity! Hab. ii. 12.

4. To secure public recognition in favor of; to prove and cause to be accepted as true; as, to establish a fact, usage, principle, opinion, doctrine, etc. At the mouth of two witnesses, or at the mouth of three witnesses, shall the matter be established. Deut. xix. 15.

5. To set up in business; to place advantageously in a fixed condition; — used reflexively; as, he established himself in a place; the enemy established themselves in the citadel.

ESTABLISHED SUIT Es*tab"lished suit. (Whist)

Defn: A plain suit in which a player (or side) could, except for trumping, take tricks with all his remaining cards.

ESTABLISHER Es*tab"lish*er, n.

Defn: One who establishes.

ESTABLISHMENT Es*tab"lish*ment, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. establissement, F. établissement.]

1. The act of establishing; a ratifying or ordaining; settlement; confirmation.

2. The state of being established, founded, and the like; fixed state.

3. That which is established; as: (a) A form of government, civil or ecclesiastical; especially, a system of religion maintained by the civil power; as, the Episcopal establishment of England. (b) A permanent civil, military, or commercial, force or organization. (c) The place in which one is permanently fixed for residence or business; residence, including grounds, furniture, equipage, etc.; with which one is fitted out; also, any office or place of business, with its fixtures; that which serves for the carrying on of a business; as, to keep up a large establishment; a manufacturing establishment. Exposing the shabby parts of the establishment. W. Irving. Establishment of the port (Hydrography), a datum on which the tides are computed at the given port, obtained by observation, viz., the interval between the moon's passage over the meridian and the time of high water at the port, on the days of new and full moon.

ESTABLISHMENTARIAN Es*tab`lish*men*ta"ri*an, n.

Defn: One who regards the Church primarily as an establishment formed by the State, and overlooks its intrinsic spiritual character. Shipley.

ESTACADE Es`ta*cade", n. Etym: [F.; cf. It. steccata, Sp. estacada. Cf. Stake.] (Mil.)

Defn: A dike of piles in the sea, a river, etc., to check the approach of an enemy.

ESTAFET; ESTAFETTE Es`ta*fet", Es`ta*fette", n. Etym: [F. estafette, cf. Sp. estafeta; fr. It. stafetta, fr. staffa stirrup, fr. OHG. stapho footstep, footprint, G. stapfe; akin to E. step.]

Defn: A courier who conveys messages to another courier; a military courier sent from one part of an army to another.

ESTAMINET Es`ta`mi`net", n. [F.]

Defn: A café, or room in a café, in which smoking is allowed.

ESTANCIA Es*tan"ci*a, n. Etym: [Sp. See Stanza.]

Defn: A grazing; a country house. [Spanish America]

ESTATE Es*tate", n. Etym: [OF. estat, F. état, L. status, fr. stare to stand. See Stand, and cf. State.]

1. Settled condition or form of existence; state; condition or circumstances of life or of any person; situation. "When I came to man's estate." Shak. Mind not high things, but condescend to men of low estate. Romans xii. 16.

2. Social standing or rank; quality; dignity. God hath imprinted his authority in several parts, upon several estates of men. Jer. Taylor.

3. A person of high rank. [Obs.] She's a duchess, a great estate. Latimer. Herod on his birthday made a supper to his lords, high captains, and chief estates of Galilee. Mark vi. 21.

4. A property which a person possesses; a fortune; possessions, esp. property in land; also, property of all kinds which a person leaves to be divided at his death. See what a vast estate he left his son. Dryden.

5. The state; the general body politic; the common-wealth; the general interest; state affairs. [Obs.] I call matters of estate not only the parts of sovereignty, but whatsoever . . . concerneth manifestly any great portion of people. Bacon.

6. pl.

Defn: The great classes or orders of a community or state (as the clergy, the nobility, and the commonalty of England) or their representatives who administer the government; as, the estates of the realm (England), which are (1) the lords spiritual, (2) the lords temporal, (3) the commons.

7. (Law)

Defn: The degree, quality, nature, and extent of one's interest in, or ownership of, lands, tenements, etc.; as, an estate for life, for years, at will, etc. Abbott. The fourth estate, a name often given to the public press.

ESTATE Es*tate", v. t.

1. To establish. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

2. Tom settle as a fortune. [Archaic] Shak.

3. To endow with an estate. [Archaic] Then would I . . . Estate them with large land and territory. Tennyson.

ESTATLICH; ESTATLY Es*tat"lich, Es"tat*ly, a. Etym: [OE.]

Defn: Stately; dignified. [Obs.] Chaucer.

ESTEEM Es*teem", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Esteemed; p. pr. & vb. n. Esteeming.] Etym: [F. estimer, L. aestimare, aestumare, to value, estimate; perh. akin to Skr. ish to seek, strive, and E. ask. Cf. Aim, Estimate.]

1. To set a value on; to appreciate the worth of; to estimate; to value; to reckon. Then he forsook God, which made him, and lightly esteemed the Rock of his salvation. Deut. xxxii. 15. Thou shouldst (gentle reader) esteem his censure and authority to be of the more weighty credence. Bp. Gardiner. Famous men, — whose scientific attainments were esteemed hardly less than supernatural. Hawthorne.

2. To set a high value on; to prize; to regard with reverence, respect, or friendship. Will he esteem thy riches Job xxxvi. 19. You talk kindlier: we esteem you for it. Tennyson.

Syn. — To estimate; appreciate; regard; prize; value; respect; revere. See Appreciate, Estimate.

ESTEEM Es*teem", v. i.

Defn: To form an estimate; to have regard to the value; to consider. [Obs.] We ourselves esteem not of that obedience, or love, or gift, which is of force. Milton.

ESTEEM Es*teem", n. Etym: [Cf. F. estime. See Esteem, v. t.]

1. Estimation; opinion of merit or value; hence, valuation; reckoning; price. Most dear in the esteem And poor in worth! Shak. I will deliver you, in ready coin, The full and dear'st esteem of what you crave. J. Webster.

2. High estimation or value; great regard; favorable opinion, founded on supposed worth. Nor should thy prowess want praise and esteem. Shak.

Syn. — See Estimate, n.

ESTEEMABLE Es*teem"a*ble, a.

Defn: Worthy of esteem; estimable. [R.] "Esteemable qualities." Pope.

ESTEEMER Es*teem"er, n.

Defn: One who esteems; one who sets a high value on any thing. The proudest esteemer of his own parts. Locke.

ESTER Es"ter, n. Etym: [A word invented by L. Gmelin, a German chemist.] (Chem.)

Defn: An ethereal salt, or compound ether, consisting of an organic radical united with the residue of any oxygen acid, organic or inorganic; thus the natural fats are esters of glycerin and the fatty acids, oleic, etc.

ESTHESIOMETER Es*the`si*om"e*ter, n.

Defn: Same as Æsthesiometer.

ESTHETE; ESTHETIC; ESTHETICAL; ESTHETICS Es"thete, n.; Es*thet"ic (, a., Es*thet"ic*al (, a., Es*thet"ics (, n. etc.

Defn: Same as Æsthete, Æsthetic, Æsthetical, Æsthetics, etc.

ESTIFEROUS Es*tif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. aestifer; aestus fire + ferre to bear.]

Defn: Producing heat. [R.] Smart.

ESTIMABLE Es"ti*ma*ble, a. Etym: [F. estimable, or L. aestimabilis. See Esteem.]

1. Capable of being estimated or valued; as, estimable damage. Paley. .

2. Valuable; worth a great price. [R.] A pound of man's flesh, taken from a man, Is not so estimable, profitable neither, As flesh of muttons, beefs, or goats. Shak.

3. Worth of esteem or respect; deserving our good opinion or regard. A lady said of her two companions, that one was more amiable, the other more estimable. Sir W. Temple.

ESTIMABLE Es"ti*ma*ble, n.

Defn: A thing worthy of regard. [R.] One of the peculiar estimables of her country. Sir T. Browne.

ESTIMABLENESS Es"ti*ma*ble*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of deserving esteem or regard.

ESTIMABLY Es"ti*ma*bly, adv.

Defn: In an estimable manner.

ESTIMATE Es"ti*mate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Estimated; p. pr. & vb. n. Estimating.] Etym: [L. aestimatus, p. p. of aestimare. See Esteem, v. t.]

1. To judge and form an opinion of the value of, from imperfect data, — either the extrinsic (money), or intrinsic (moral), value; to fix the worth of roughly or in a general way; as, to estimate the value of goods or land; to estimate the worth or talents of a person. It is by the weight of silver, and not the name of the piece, that men estimate commodities and exchange them. Locke. It is always very difficult to estimate the age in which you are living. J. C. Shairp.

2. To from an opinion of, as to amount,, number, etc., from imperfect data, comparison, or experience; to make an estimate of; to calculate roughly; to rate; as, to estimate the cost of a trip, the number of feet in a piece of land.

Syn. — To appreciate; value; appraise; prize; rate; esteem; count; calculate; number. — To Estimate, Esteem. Both these words imply an exercise of the judgment. Estimate has reference especially to the external relations of things, such as amount, magnitude, importance, etc. It usually involves computation or calculation; as, to estimate the loss or gain of an enterprise. Esteem has reference to the intrinsic or moral worth of a person or thing. Thus, we esteem a man for his kindness, or his uniform integrity. In this sense it implies a mingled sentiment of respect and attachment. We esteem it an honor to live in a free country. See Appreciate.

ESTIMATE Es"ti*mate, n.

Defn: A valuing or rating by the mind, without actually measuring, weighing, or the like; rough or approximate calculation; as, an estimate of the cost of a building, or of the quantity of water in a pond. Weigh success in a moral balance, and our whole estimate is changed. J. C. Shairp.

Syn. — Estimate, Estimation, Esteem. The noun estimate, like its verb, supposes chiefly an exercise of judgment in determining the amount, importance, or magnitude of things, with their other exterior relations; as, an estimate of expenses incurred; a true estimate of life, etc. Esteem is a moral sentiment made up of respect and attachment, — the valuation of a person as possessing useful qualities or real worth. Thus we speak of the esteem of the wise and good as a thing greatly to be desired. Estimation seems to waver between the two. In our version of the Scriptures it is used simply for estimate; as, "If he be poorer than thy estimation." Lev. xxvii. 8. In other cases, it verges toward esteem; as, "I know him to be of worth and worthy estimation." Shak. It will probably settle down at last on this latter sense. "Esteem is the value we place upon some degree of worth. It is higher than simple approbation, which is a decision of judgment. It is the commencement of affection." Gogan. No; dear as freedom is, and in my heart's Just estimation prized above all price. Cowper.

ESTIMATION Es`ti*ma"tion, n. Etym: [L. aestimatio, fr. aestimare: cf. F. estimation. See Esteem, v. t.]

1. The act of estimating. Shak.

2. An opinion or judgment of the worth, extent, or quantity of anything, formed without using precise data; valuation; as, estimations of distance, magnitude, amount, or moral qualities. If he be poorer that thy estimation, then he shall present himself before the priest, and the priest, and the priest shall value him. Lev. xxvii. 8.

3. Favorable opinion; esteem; regard; honor. I shall have estimation among multitude, and honor with the elders. Wisdom viii. 10.

4. Supposition; conjecture. I speak not this in estimation, As what I think might be, but what I know. Shak.

Syn. — Estimate; calculation; computation; appraisement; esteem; honor; regard. See Estimate, n.

ESTIMATIVE Es"ti*ma*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. estimatif.]

1. Inclined, or able, to estimate; serving for, or capable of being used in, estimating. We find in animals an estimative or judicial faculty. Sir M. Hale.

2. Pertaining to an estimate. [R.]

ESTIMATOR Es"ti*ma`tor, n. Etym: [L. aestimator.]

Defn: One who estimates or values; a valuer. Jer. Taylor.

ESTIVAL; ESTIVATE; ESTIVATION Es"ti*val, a., Es"ti*vate , v. i., Es`ti*va"tion , n.

Defn: Same as Æstival, Æstivate, etc.

ESTOILE Es`toile", n. Etym: [OF.] (Her.)

Defn: A six-pointed star whose rays are wavy, instead of straight like those of a mullet. [Written also étoile.] Estoile of eight points, a star which has four straight and four wavy rays. — Estoile of four points. Same as Cross estoilé, under Cross.

ESTOP Es*top", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Estophed; p. pr. & vb. n. Estopping.] Etym: [OF. estoper to stop, plug, close, F. étouper, LL. stuppare to close with tow, obstruct, fr. L. stuppa tow, oakum, cf. Gr. Stop.] (Law)

Defn: To impede or bar by estoppel. A party will be estopped by his admissions, where his intent is to influence another, or derive an advantage to himself. Abbott.

ESTOPPEL Es*top"pel, n. Etym: [From Estop.] (Law) (a) A stop; an obstruction or bar to one's alleging or denying a fact contrary to his own previous action, allegation, or denial; an admission, by words or conduct, which induces another to purchase rights, against which the party making such admission can not take a position inconsistent with the admission. (b) The agency by which the law excludes evidence to dispute certain admissions, which the policy of the law treats as indisputable. Wharton. Stephen. Burrill.

ESTOVERS Es*to"vers, n. pl. Etym: [OF. estoveir, estovoir, necessary, necessity, need, prop. an infin. meaning to suit, be fit, be necessary. See Stover.] (Law)

Defn: Necessaries or supples; an allowance to a person out of an estate or other thing for support; as of wood to a tenant for life, etc., of sustenance to a man confined for felony of his estate, or alimony to a woman divorced out of her husband's estate. Blackstone. Common of estovers. See under Common, n.

ESTRADE Es`trade", n. Etym: [F., fr. Sp. estrado, orig., a carpet on the floor of a room, also, a carpeted platform, fr. L. stratum bed covering. See Stratum.] (Arch.)

Defn: A portion of the floor of a room raised above the general level, as a place for a bed or a throne; a platform; a dais. He [the teacher] himself should have his desk on a mounted estrade or platform. J. G. Fitch.

ESTRAMACON Es`tra`ma`con", n. Etym: [F.]

1. A straight, heavy sword with two edges, used in the 16th and 17th centuries.

2. A blow with edge of a sword. Farrow.

ESTRANGE Es*trange", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Estranged; p. pr. & vb. n. Estranging.] Etym: [OF. estrangier to remove, F. étranger, L. extraneare to treat as a stranger, from extraneus strange. See Strange.]

1. To withdraw; to withhold; hence, reflexively, to keep at a distance; to cease to be familiar and friendly with. We must estrange our belief from everything which is not clearly and distinctly evidenced. Glanvill. Had we . . . estranged ourselves from them in things indifferent. Hooker.

2. To divert from its original use or purpose, or from its former possessor; to alienate. They . . . have estranged this place, and have burned incense in it unto other gods. Jer. xix. 4.

3. To alienate the affections or confidence of; to turn from attachment to enmity or indifference. I do not know, to this hour, what it is that has estranged him from me. Pope. He . . . had pretended to be estranged from the Whigs, and had promised to act as a spy upon them. Macaulay.

ESTRANGEDNESS Es*tran"ged*ness, n.

Defn: State of being estranged; estrangement. Prynne.

ESTRANGEMENT Es*trange"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. estrangement.]

Defn: The act of estranging, or the state of being estranged; alienation. An estrangement from God. J. C. Shairp. A long estrangement from better things. South.

ESTRANGER Es*tran"ger, n.

Defn: One who estranges.

ESTRANGLE Es*tran"gle, v. t.

Defn: To strangle. [Obs.]

ESTRAPADE Es`tra*pade", n. Etym: [F.] (Man.)

Defn: The action of a horse, when, to get rid of his rider, he rears, plunges, and kicks furiously.

ESTRAY Es*tray", v. i.

Defn: To stray. [Obs.] Daniel.

ESTRAY Es*tray" n. (Law)

Defn: Any valuable animal, not wild, found wandering from its owner; a stray. Burrill.

ESTRE Es"tre, n. Etym: [OF. estre state, plan.]

Defn: The inward part of a building; the interior. [Obs.] Chaucer.

ESTREAT Es*treat", n. Etym: [OF. estraite, prop., an extract, fr. p. p. of estraire to extract, F. extraire, fr. L.extrahere. See Extract.] (Law)

Defn: A true copy, duplicate, or extract of an original writing or record, esp. of amercements or penalties set down in the rolls of court to be levied by the bailiff, or other officer. Cowell. Estreat of a recognizance, the extracting or taking out a forfeited recognizance from among the other records of the court, for the purpose of a prosecution in another court, or it may be in the same court. Burrill.

ESTREAT Es*treat", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Estreated; p. pr. & vb. n. Estreating.] (Law) (a) To extract or take out from the records of a court, and send up to the court of exchequer to be enforced; — said of a forfeited recognizance. (b) To bring in to the exchequer, as a fine.

ESTREPE Es*trepe", v. t. Etym: [OF. estreper.] (Law)

Defn: To strip or lay bare, as land of wood, houses, etc.; to commit waste.

ESTREPEMENT Es*trepe"ment, n. Etym: [OF., damage, waste.] (Law)

Defn: A destructive kind of waste, committed by a tenant for life, in lands, woods, or houses. Cowell.

ESTRICH Es"trich, n.

1. Ostrich. [Obs.] Massinger.

2. (Com.)

Defn: The down of the ostrich. Brande & C.

ESTUANCE Es"tu*ance, n. Etym: [From L. aestuans, p. pr. of aestuare. See Estuate.]

Defn: Heat. [Obs.]

ESTUARINE Es"tu*a*rine, a.

Defn: Pertaining to an estuary; estuary.

ESTUARY Es"tu*a*ry, n.; pl. Estuaries. Etym: [L. aestuarium, from aestuare to surge. See Estuate.] [Written also æstuary.]

1. A place where water boils up; a spring that wells forth. [Obs.] Boyle.

2. A passage, as the mouth of a river or lake, where the tide meets the current; an arm of the sea; a frith. it to the sea was often by long and wide estuaries. Dana.

ESTUARY Es"tu*a*ry, a.

Defn: Belonging to, or formed in, an estuary; as, estuary strata. Lyell.

ESTUATE Es"tu*ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Estuated; p. pr. & vb. n. Estuating.] Etym: [L. aestuare to be in violent motion, to boil up, burn, fr. aestus boiling or undulating motion, fire, glow, heat; akin to Gr.Ether.]

Defn: To boil up; to swell and rage; to be agitated. Bacon.

ESTUATION Es`tu*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. aestuatio.]

Defn: The act of estuating; commotion, as of a fluid; agitation. The estuations of joys and fears. W. Montagu.

ESTUFA Es*tu"fa, n.; pl. Estufas. Etym: [Sp., a stove, a warm room. Cf. Stove.]

Defn: An assembly room in dwelling of the Pueblo Indians. L. H. Morgan.

ESTURE Es"ture, n. Etym: [See Estuate.]

Defn: Commotion. [Obs.] Chapman.

ESURIENT E*su"ri*ent, a. Etym: [L. esuriens, p. pr. of ensurire, fr. edere to eat.]

Defn: Inclined to eat; hungry; voracious. [R.] Bailey. "Poor, but esurient." Carlyle.

ESURIENT E*su"ri*ent, n.

Defn: One who is hungry or greedy. [R.] An insatiable esurient after riches. Wood.

ESURINE Es"u*rine, a. Etym: [See Esurient.]

Defn: Causing hunger; eating; corroding. [Obs.] Wiseman.

ESURINE Es"u*rine, n. (Med.)

Defn: A medicine which provokes appetites, or causes hunger. [Obs.]

-ET -et. Etym: [F. -et, masc., -ette, fem. Cf. -let.]

Defn: A noun suffix with a diminutive force; as in baronet, pocket, facet, floweret, latchet.

ETAAC E*taac", n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The blue buck.

ETACISM E"ta*cism, n. Etym: [Gr. Itacism.] (Greek Gram.)

Defn: The pronunciation of the Greek ê (eta) like the Italian e long, that is like a in the English word ate. See Itacism.

ETACIST E"ta*cist, n.

Defn: One who favors etacism.

ETAGERE É`ta`gère", n. Etym: [F., fr. étager to arrange on shelves, fr. étage story, floor. See Stage.]

Defn: A piece of furniture having a number of uninclosed shelves or stages, one above another, for receiving articles of elegance or use. Fairholt.

ETAMINE Et"a*mine, n. [F. élamine.]

Defn: A light textile fabric, like a fine bunting.

ETAPE É`tape", n. [F. Cf. Staple a mart.]

1.

Defn: A public storehouse.

2. Supplies issued to troops on the march; hence (Mil.),

Defn: the place where troops on the march halt over night; also, by extension, the distance marched during a day.

3. In Russia, a prison or stockade for the confinement of prisoners in transit.

ETAT MAJOR É`tat" Ma`jor". Etym: [F., fr. état state + L. major greater.] (Mil.)

Defn: The staff of an army, including all officers above the rank of colonel, also, all adjutants, inspectors, quartermasters, commissaries, engineers, ordnance officers, paymasters, physicians, signal officers, judge advocates; also, the noncommissioned assistants of the above officers.

ET CETERA; ET CAETERA Et` cet"e*ra, Et` cæt"e*ra. Etym: [L. et and + caetera other things.]

Defn: Others of the like kind; and the rest; and so on; — used to point out that other things which could be mentioned are to be understood. Usually abbreviated into etc. or &c. (&c). Shak.

ETCH Etch, n.

Defn: A variant of Eddish. [Obs.] Mortimer.

ETCH Etch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Etched; p. pr. & vb. n. Etching.] Etym: [D. etsen, G. ätzen to feed, corrode, etch. MHG. etzen, causative of ezzen to eat, G. essen Eat.]

1. To produce, as figures or designs, on mental, glass, or the like, by means of lines or strokes eaten in or corroded by means of some strong acid.

Note: The plate is first covered with varnish, or some other ground capable of resisting the acid, and this is then scored or scratched with a needle, or similar instrument, so as to form the drawing; the plate is then covered with acid, which corrodes the metal in the lines thus laid bare.

2. To subject to etching; to draw upon and bite with acid, as a plate of metal. I was etching a plate at the beginning of 1875. Hamerton.

3. To sketch; to delineate. [R.] There are many empty terms to be found in some learned writes, to which they had recourse to etch out their system. Locke.

ETCH Etch, v. i.

Defn: To practice etching; to make etchings.

ETCHER Etch"er, n.

Defn: One who etches.

ETCHING Etch"ing, n.

1. The act, art, or practice of engraving by means of acid which eats away lines or surfaces left unprotected in metal, glass, or the like. See Etch, v. t.

2. A design carried out by means of the above process; a pattern on metal, glass, etc., produced by etching.

3. An impression on paper, parchment, or other material, taken in ink from an etched plate. Etching figures (Min.), markings produced on the face of a crystal by the action of an appropriate solvent. They have usually a definite form, and are important as revealing the molecular structure. — Etching needle, a sharp-pointed steel instrument with which lines are drawn in the ground or varnish in etching. — Etching stitch (Needlework), a stitch used outline embroidery.

ETEOSTIC E`te*os"tic, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: A kind of chronogram. [R.] B. Jonson.

ETERMINABLE E*ter"mi*na*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. e- + terminable.]

Defn: Interminable. [Obs.] Skelton.

ETERN; ETERNE E*tern" or E*terne", a. Etym: [OF. eterne, L. aeternus, for aeviturnus, fr. aevum age. See Age, and cf. Eternal.]

Defn: Eternal. [Poetic] Shak. Built up to eterne significance. Mrs. Browning.

ETERNAL E*ter"nal, a. Etym: [F. éternel, L. aeternalis, fr. aeternus. See Etern.]

1. Without beginning or end of existence; always existing. The eternal God is thy refuge. Deut. xxxiii. 27. To know wether there were any real being, whose duration has been eternal. Locke.

2. Without end of existence or duration; everlasting; endless; immortal. That they may also obtain the salvation which is in Christ Jesus, with eternal glory. 2 Tim. ii. 10.

3. Continued without intermission; perpetual; ceaseless; constant. And fires eternal in thy temple shine. Dryden.

4. Existing at all times without change; immutable. Hobbes believed the eternal truths which he opposed. Dryden. What are the eternal objects of poetry among all nations, and at all times M. Arnold.

5. Exceedingly great or bad; — used as a strong intensive. "Some eternal villain." The Eternal City, an appellation of Rome.

Syn. — Everlasting; endless; infinite; ceaseless; perpetual; interminable. See Everlasting.

ETERNAL E*ter"nal, n.

1. One of the appellations of God. Law whereby the Eternal himself doth work. Hooker.

2. That which is endless and immortal. Young.

ETERNALIST E*ter"nal*ist, n.

Defn: One who holds the existence of matter to be from eternity. T. Burnet.

ETERNALIZE E*ter"nal*ize, v. t.

Defn: To make eternal. Shelton.

ETERNALLY E*ter"nal*ly, adv.

Defn: In an eternal manner. That which is morally good or evil at any time or in any case, must be also eternally and unchangeably so. South. Where western gales eternally reside. Addison.

ETERNE E*terne", a.

Defn: See Etern.

ETERNIFY E*ter"ni*fy, v. t.

Defn: To make eternal. [Obs.] Fame . . . eternifies the name. Mir. for Mag.

ETERNITY E*ter"ni*ty, n.; pl. Eternities. Etym: [F. éternité, L. aeternitas, fr. aeternus. See Etern.]

1. Infinite duration, without beginning in the past or end in the future; also, duration without end in the future; endless time. The high and lofty One, that inhabiteth eternity. Is. lvii. 15.

2. Condition which begins at death; immortality. Thou know'st 't is common; all that lives must die, Passing through nature to eternity. Shak.

ETERNIZATION E*ter`ni*za"tion, n.

Defn: The act of eternizing; the act of rendering immortal or famous.

ETERNIZE E*ter"nize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Eternized; p. pr. & vb. n. Eterniziing.] Etym: [Cf. F. éterniser.]

1. To make eternal or endless. This other [gift] served but to eternize woe. Milton.

2. To make forever famous; to immortalize; as, to eternize one's self, a name, exploits. St. Alban's battle won by famous York, Shall be eternized in all age to come. Shak.

ETESIAN E*te"sian, a. Etym: [L. etesiae, pl., periodic winds, Gr. étésien.]

Defn: Periodical; annual; — applied to winds which annually blow from the north over the Mediterranean, esp. the eastern part, for an irregular period during July and August.

ETHAL Eth"al, n. Etym: [Ether + alcohol: cf. F. éthal.] (Chem.)

Defn: A white waxy solid, C16H33.OH; — called also cetylic alcohol. See Cetylic alcohol, under Cetylic.

ETHANE Eth"ane, n. Etym: [From Ether.] (Chem.)

Defn: A gaseous hydrocarbon, C2H6, forming a constituent of ordinary illuminating gas. It is the second member of the paraffin series, and its most important derivatives are common alcohol, aldehyde, ether, and acetic acid. Called also dimethyl.

ETHE Ethe, a. Etym: [See Eath.]

Defn: Easy. [Obs.] Spenser.

ETHEL Eth"el, a. Etym: [AS. e, æ. See Atheling.]

Defn: Noble. [Obs.]

ETHENE Eth"ene, n. (Chem.)

Defn: Ethylene; olefiant gas.

ETHENIC E*then"ic, a. (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, derived from. or resembling, ethene or ethylene; as, ethenic ether.

ETHENYL Eth"e*nyl, n. Etym: [Ethene + -yl.] (Chem.) (a) A trivalent hydrocarbon radical, CH3.C. (b) A univalent hydrocarbon radical of the ethylene series, CH2:CH; - - called also vinyl. See Vinyl.

ETHEOSTOMOID E`the*os"to*moid, a. Etym: [NL. etheostoma name of a genus + -oid.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or like, the genus Etheostoma. — n.

Defn: Any fish of the genus Etheostoma and related genera, allied to the perches; — also called darter. The etheostomoids are small and often bright-colored fishes inhabiting the fresh waters of North America. About seventy species are known. See Darter.

ETHER E"ther, n. Etym: [L. aether, Gr. idh, indh, and prob. to E. idle: cf. F. éther.] [Written also æther.]

1. (Physics)

Defn: A medium of great elasticity and extreme tenuity, supposed to pervade all space, the interior of solid bodies not excepted, and to be the medium of transmission of light and heat; hence often called luminiferous ether.

2. Supposed matter above the air; the air itself.

3. (Chem.) (a) A light, volatile, mobile, inflammable liquid, (C2H5)2O, of a characteristic aromatic odor, obtained by the distillation of alcohol with sulphuric acid, and hence called also sulphuric ether. It is powerful solvent of fats, resins, and pyroxylin, but finds its chief use as an anæsthetic. Called also ethyl oxide.ethyl ether. (b) Any similar oxide of hydrocarbon radicals; as, amyl ether; valeric ether. Complex ether, Mixed ether (Chem.), an oxide of two different radicals in the same molecule; as, ethyl methyl ether, C2H5.O.CH3. — Compound ether (Chem.), an ethereal salt or a salt of some hydrocarbon as the base; an ester. — Ether engine (Mach.), a condensing engine like a steam engine, but operated by the vapor of ether instead of by steam.

ETHEREAL E*the"re*al, a.

1. Pertaining to the hypothetical upper, purer air, or to the higher regions beyond the earth or beyond the atmosphere; celestial; as, ethereal space; ethereal regions. Go, heavenly guest, ethereal messenger. Milton.

2. Consisting of ether; hence, exceedingly light or airy; tenuous; spiritlike; characterized by extreme delicacy, as form, manner, thought, etc. Vast chain of being, which from God began, Natures ethereal, human, angel, man. Pope.

3. (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or resembling, ether; as, ethereal salts. Ethereal oil. (Chem.) See Essential oil, under Essential. — Ethereal oil of wine (Chem.), a heavy, yellow, oily liquid consisting essentially of etherin, etherol, and ethyl sulphate. It is the oily residuum left after etherification. Called also heavy oil of wine (distinguished from oil of wine, or oenanthic ether). — Ethereal salt (Chem.), a salt of some organic radical as a base; an ester.

ETHEREALISM E*the"re*al*ism, n.

Defn: Ethereality.

ETHEREALITY E*the`re*al"i*ty, n.

Defn: The state of being ethereal; etherealness. Something of that ethereality of thought and manner which belonged to Wordsworth's earlier lyrics. J. C. Shairp.

ETHEREALIZATION E*the`re*al*i*za"tion, n.

Defn: An ethereal or spiritlike state. J. H. Stirling.

ETHEREALIZE E*the"re*al*ize, v. t.

1. To convert into ether, or into subtile fluid; to saturate with ether.

2. To render ethereal or spiritlike. Etherealized, moreover, by spiritual communications with the other world. Hawthorne.

ETHEREALLY E*the"re*al*ly, adv.

Defn: In an ethereal manner.

ETHEREALNESS E*the"re*al*ness, n.

Defn: Ethereality.

ETHEREOUS E*the"re*ous, a. Etym: [L.aethereus, Gr. Ether.]

1. Formed of ether; ethereal. [Obs.] This ethereous mold whereon we stand. Milton.

2. (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, either. Ethereous oil. See Ethereal oil, under Ethereal.

ETHERIFICATION E*ther`i*fi*ca"tion, n. (Chem.)

Defn: The act or process of making ether; specifically, the process by which a large quantity of alcohol is transformed into ether by the agency of a small amount of sulphuric, or ethyl sulphuric, acid.

ETHERIFORM E*ther"i*form, a. Etym: [Ether + form.]

Defn: Having the form of ether.

ETHERIN E"ther*in, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A white, crystalline hydrocarbon, regarded as a polymeric variety of ethylene, obtained in heavy oil of wine, the residue left after making ether; — formerly called also concrete oil of wine.

ETHERIZATION E`ther*i*za"tion n. (Med.) (a) The administration of ether to produce insensibility. (b) The state of the system under the influence of ether.

ETHERIZE E"ther*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Etherized; p. pr. & vb. n. Etherizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. éthériser.]

1. To convert into ether.

2. To render insensible by means of ether, as by inhalation; as, to etherize a patient.

ETHEROL E"ther*ol, n. Etym: [Ether + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.)

Defn: An oily hydrocarbon regarded as a polymeric variety of ethylene, produced with etherin.

ETHIC; ETHICAL Eth"ic, Eth"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. ethicus, Gr. sidus, G. sitte, Skr. svadh, prob. orig., one's own doing; sva self + dh to set: cf. F. éthique. See So, Do.]

Defn: Of, or belonging to, morals; treating of the moral feelings or duties; containing percepts of morality; moral; as, ethic discourses or epistles; an ethical system; ethical philosophy. The ethical meaning of the miracles. Trench. Ethical dative (Gram.), a use of the dative of a pronoun to signify that the person or thing spoken of is regarded with interest by some one; as, Quid mihi Celsus agit How does my friend Celsus do

ETHICALLY Eth"ic*al*ly, adv.

Defn: According to, in harmony with, moral principles or character.

ETHICIST Eth"i*cist, n.

Defn: One who is versed in ethics, or has written on ethics.

ETHICS Eth"ics, n. Etym: [Cf. F. éthique. See Ethic.]

Defn: The science of human duty; the body of rules of duty drawn from this science; a particular system of principles and rules concerting duty, whether true or false; rules of practice in respect to a single class of human actions; as, political or social ethics; medical ethics. The completeness and consistency of its morality is the peculiar praise of the ethics which the Bible has taught. I. Taylor.

ETHIDE Eth"ide, n. (Chem.)

Defn: Any compound of ethyl of a binary type; as, potassium ethide.

ETHIDENE Eth"i*dene, n. Etym: [From Ether.] (Chem.)

Defn: Ethylidene. [Obs.]

ETHINE Eth"ine, n. (Chem.)

Defn: Acetylene.

ETHIONIC Eth`i*on"ic, a. Etym: [Ethyl + thionic.] (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or designating, an acid so called. Ethionic acid (Chem.), a liquid derivative of ethylsulphuric and sulphuric (thionic) acids, obtained by the action of sulphur trioxide on absolute alcohol.

ETHIOP; ETHIOPIAN E"thi*op, E`thi*o"pi*an, n. Etym: [L. Aethiops, Gr.

Defn: A native or inhabitant of Ethiopia; also, in a general sense, a negro or black man.

ETHIOPIAN; ETHIOPIC E`thi*o"pi*an, E`thi*op"ic, a.

Defn: Of or relating to Ethiopia or the Ethiopians.

ETHIOPIC E`thi*op"ic, n.

Defn: The language of ancient Ethiopia; the language of the ancient Abyssinian empire (in Ethiopia), now used only in the Abyssinian church. It is of Semitic origin, and is also called Geez.

ETHIOPS E"thi*ops n. Etym: [NL. See Ethiop.] (Old Chem.)

Defn: A black substance; — formerly applied to various preparations of a black or very dark color. [Written also Æthiops.] [Obs.] Ethiops martial (Old Chem.), black oxide of iron. — Ethiops mineral (Old Chem.), black sulphide of mercury, obtained by triturating mercury with sulphur. — Ethiops per se (Old Chem.), mercury in finely divided state, having the appearance of a dark powder, obtained by shaking it up or by exposure to the air.

ETHMOID; ETHMOIDAL Eth"moid, Eth*moid"al, a. Etym: [Gr. ethmoïde, ethmoïdal.] (Anat.) (a) Like a sieve; cribriform. (b) Pertaining to, or in the region of, the ethmoid bone. Ethmoid bone (Anat.), a bone of complicated structure through which the olfactory nerves pass out of the cranium and over which they are largely distributed.

ETHMOID Eth"moid n. (Anat.)

Defn: The ethmoid bone.

ETHMOTRUBINAL Eth`mo*tru"bi*nal, a. Etym: [Ethmoid + turbinal.]

Defn: See Turbinal. — n.

Defn: An ethmoturbinal bone.

ETHMOVOMERINE Eth`mo*vo"mer*ine, n. Etym: [Ethmoid + vomerine.] (Anat.)

Defn: Pertaining to the region of the vomer and the base of the ethmoid in the skull. Ethmovomerine plate (Anat.), a cartilaginous plate beneath the front of the fetal brain which the ethmoid region of the skull is developed.

ETHNARCH Eth"narch, n. Etym: [Gr. -arch.] (Gr. Antiq.)

Defn: The governor of a province or people. Lew Wallace.

ETHNARCHY Eth"narch*y n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: The dominion of an ethnarch; principality and rule. Wright.

ETHNIC; ETHNICAL Eth"nic, Eth"nic*al, a. Etym: [L. ethnicus, Gr. ethnique.]

1. Belonging to races or nations; based on distinctions of race; ethnological.

2. Pertaining to the gentiles, or nations not converted to Christianity; heathen; pagan; — opposed to Jewish and Christian.

ETHNIC Eth"nic n.

Defn: A heathen; a pagan. [Obs.] No better reported than impure ethnic and lay dogs. Milton.

ETHNICALLY Eth"nic*al*ly, adv.

Defn: In an ethnical manner.

ETHNICISM Eth"ni*cism n.

Defn: Heathenism; paganism; idolatry. [Obs.] "Taint of ethnicism." B. Jonson.

ETHNOGRAPHER Eth*nog"ra*pher n.

Defn: One who investigates ethnography.

ETHNOGRAPHIC; ETHNOGRAPHICAL Eth`no*graph"ic, Eth`no*graph"ic*al,. a. Etym: [Cf. F. ethnographique.]

Defn: pertaining to ethnography.

ETHNOGRAPHICALLY Eth`no*graph"ic*al*ly, adv.

Defn: In an ethnographical manner.

ETHNOGRAPHY Eth*nog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy: cf. F. ethnographie.]

Defn: That branch of knowledge which has for its subject the characteristics of the human family, developing the details with which ethnology as a comparative science deals; descriptive ethnology. See Ethnology.

ETHNOLOGIC; ETHNOLOGICAL Eth`no*log"ic, Eth`no*log"ic*al, a

Defn: Of or pertaining to ethnology.

ETHNOLOGICALLY Eth`no*log"ic*al*ly, adv.

Defn: In an ethnological manner; by ethnological classification; as, one belonging ethnologically to an African race.

ETHNOLOGIST Eth*nol"o*gist, n.

Defn: One versed in ethnology; a student of ethnology.

ETHNOLOGY Eth*nol"o*gy n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.]

Defn: The science which treats of the division of mankind into races, their origin, distribution, and relations, and the peculiarities which characterize them.

ETHOLOGIC; ETHOLOGICAL Eth`o*log"ic, Eth`o*log"ic*al, a Etym: [See Ethology.]

Defn: treating of, or pertaining to, ethnic or morality, or the science of character. J. S. Mill.

ETHOLOGIST E*thol"o*gist n.

Defn: One who studies or writes upon ethology.

ETHOLOGY E*thol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr.

1. A treatise on morality; ethics.

2. The science of the formation of character, national and collective as well as individual. J. S. Mill.

ETHOPOETIC Eth"o*po*et"ic. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Expressing character. [Obs.] Urquhart.

ETHOS E"thos, n. [L., fr. Gr. character. See Ethic.]

1.

Defn: The character, sentiment, or disposition of a community or people, considered as a natural endowment; the spirit which actuates manners and customs; also, the characteristic tone or genius of an institution or social organization.

2. (Æsthetics) The traits in a work of art which express the ideal or typic character — character as influenced by the ethos (sense 1) of a people — rather than realistic or emotional situations or individual character in a narrow sense; — opposed to pathos.

ETHULE Eth"ule Etym: [Ether + Gr. Ethyl, and see -yl.] (Chem.)

Defn: Ethyl. [Obs.]

ETHYL Eth"yl, n. Etym: [Ether + -yl.] (Chem.)

Defn: A monatomic, hydrocarbon radical, C2H5 of the paraffin series, forming the essential radical of ethane, and of common alcohol and ether. Ethyl aldehyde. (Chem.) See Aldehyde.

ETHYLAMINE Eth`yl*am"ine, n. Etym: [Ethyl + amine.] (Chem.)

Defn: A colorless, mobile, inflammable liquid, C2H5.NH2, very volatile and with an ammoniacal odor. It is a strong base, and is a derivative of ammonia. Called also ethyl carbamine, and amido ethane.

ETHYLATE Eth"yl*ate. Etym: [From Ethyl.] (Chem.)

Defn: A compound derived from ethyl alcohol by the replacement of the hydroxyl hydrogen, after the manner of a hydrate; an ethyl alcoholate; as, potassium ethylate, C2H5.O.K.

ETHYLENE Eth"yl*ene, n. [From Ethyl.] (Chem.)

Defn: A colorless, gaseous hydrocarbon, C2H4, forming an important ingredient of illuminating gas, and also obtained by the action of concentrated sulphuric acid in alcohol. It is an unsaturated compound and combines directly with chlorine and bromine to form oily liquids (Dutch liquid), — hence called olefiant gas. Called also ethene, elayl, and formerly, bicarbureted hydrogen. Ethylene series (Chem.), the series if unsaturated hydrocarbons of which ethylene is the type, and represented by the general formula CnH2n.

ETHYLIC E*thyl"ic. (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, ethyl; as, ethylic alcohol.

ETHYLIDENE E*thyl"i*dene. (Chem.)

Defn: An unsymmetrical, divalent, hydrocarbon radical, C2H4 metameric with ethylene but written thus, CH3.CH to distinguish it from the symmetrical ethylene, CH2.CH2. Its compounds are derived from aldehyde. Formerly called also ethidene.

ETHYLIN Eth"yl*in. (Chem.)

Defn: Any one of the several complex ethers of ethyl and glycerin.

ETHYLSULPHURIC Eth`yl*sul*phu"ric a. (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, ethyl and sulphuric acid. Ethylsulphuric acid (Chem.), an acid sulphate of ethyl, H.C2H5.SO4, produced as a thick liquid by the action of sulphiric acid on alcohol. It appears to be the active catalytic agent in the process of etherification.

ETIOLATE E"ti*o*late. v. i. [imp. & p. p. Etiolated; p. pr. & vb. n. Etiolating.] Etym: [F. étioler to blanch.]

1. To become white or whiter; to be whitened or blanched by excluding the light of the sun, as, plants.

2. (Med.)

Defn: To become pale through disease or absence of light.

ETIOLATE E"ti*o*late, v. t.

1. To blanch; to bleach; to whiten by depriving of the sun's rays.

2. (Med.)

Defn: To cause to grow pale by disease or absence of light.

ETIOLATE; ETIOLATED E"ti*o*late, E"ti*o*la`ted, a.

Defn: Having a blanched or faded appearance, as birds inhabiting desert regions.

ETIOLATION E`ti*o*la"tion, n.

1. The operation of blanching plants, by excluding the light of the sun; the condition of a blanched plant.

2. (Med.)

Defn: Paleness produced by absence of light, or by disease. Dunglison.

ETIOLIN E"ti*o*lin, n. Etym: [See Etiolate.] (Bot.)

Defn: A yellowish coloring matter found in plants grown in darkness, which is supposed to be an antecedent condition of chlorophyll. Encyc. Brit.

ETIOLOGICAL E`ti*o*log"ic*al, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or inquiring into, causes; ætiological.

ETIOLOGY E`ti*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. étiologie.]

Defn: The science of causes. Same as tiology.

ETIQUETTE Et"i*quette`, n. Etym: [F. prop., a little piece of paper, or a mark or title, affixed to a bag or bundle, expressing its contents, a label, ticket, OF.estiquete, of German origin; cf. LG. stikke peg, pin, tack, stikken to stick, G. stecken. See Stick, and cf. Ticket.]