Chapter C · hap"ter, v. t. (continued 3)

3. An interpreter in a dumb show or play. [Obs.]

4. (Mus.)

Defn: A company of singers singing in concert.

5. (Mus.)

Defn: A composition of two or more parts, each of which is intended to be sung by a number of voices.

6. (Mus.)

Defn: Parts of a song or hymn recurring at intervals, as at the end of stanzas; also, a company of singers who join with the singer or choir in singer or choir in singing such parts.

7. The simultaneous of a company in any noisy demonstration; as, a Chorus of shouts and catcalls.

CHORUS Cho"rus, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chorused; p. pr. & vb. n. Chorusing.]

Defn: To sing in chorus; to exclaim simultaneously. W. D. Howells.

CHOSE Chose, n.; pl. Choses. Etym: [F., fr. L. causa cause, reason. See Cause.] (Law)

Defn: A thing; personal property. Chose in action, a thing of which one has not possession or actual enjoyment, but only a right to it, or a right to demand it by action at law, and which does not exist at the time in specie; a personal right to a thing not reduced to possession, but recoverable by suit at law; as a right to recover money due on a contract, or damages for a tort, which can not be enforced against a reluctant party without suit. — Chose in possession, a thing in possession, as distinguished from a thing in action. — Chose local, a thing annexed to a place, as a mill. — Chose transitory, a thing which is movable. Cowell. Blount.

CHOSE Chose,

Defn: imp. & p. p. of Choose.

CHOSEN Cho"sen, p. p. of Choose.

Defn: Selected from a number; picked out; choice. Seven hundred chosen men left-handed. Judg. xx. 16.

CHOSEN Cho"sen, n.

Defn: One who, or that which is the object of choice or special favor.

CHOU Chou, n.; pl. Choux (#). [F., fr. L. caulis stalk.]

1. A cabbage.

2. A kind of light pastry, usually in the form of a small round cake, and with a filling, as of jelly or cream.

3. A bunch, knot, or rosette of ribbon or other material, used as an ornament in women's dress.

CHOUAN Chou"an, n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: One of the royalist insurgents in western France (Brittany, etc.), during and after the French revolution.

CHOUGH Chough, n. Etym: [OE. choughe, kowe (and cf. OE. ca), fr. AS. ceó; cf. also D. kauw, OHG. chaha; perh. akin to E. caw. *22. Cf. Caddow.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A bird of the Crow family (Fregilus graculus) of Europe. It is of a black color, with a long, slender, curved bill and red legs; — also called chauk, chauk-daw, chocard, Cornish chough, red-legged crow. The name is also applied to several allied birds, as the Alpine chough. Cornish chough (Her.), a bird represented black, with red feet, and beak; — called also aylet and sea swallow.

CHOUICHA Chou"i*cha, n. Etym: [Native name] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The salmon of the Columbia River or California. See Quinnat.

CHOUKA Chou"ka, n. Etym: [Native name] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The Indian four-horned antelope; the chikara.

CHOULE Choule, n. [Obs.]

Defn: See Jowl. Sir W. Scott.

CHOULTRY Choul"try, n.

Defn: See Choltry.

CHOUSE Chouse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Choused; p. pr. & vb. n. Chousing.] Etym: [From Turk. cha\'d4sh a messenger or interpreter, one of whom, attached to the Turkish embassy, in 1609 cheated the Turkish merchants resident in England out of £4,000.]

Defn: To cheat, trick, defraud; — followed by of, or out of; as, to chouse one out of his money. [Colloq.] The undertaker of the afore-cited poesy hath choused your highness. Landor.

CHOUSE Chouse, n.

1. One who is easily cheated; a tool; a simpleton; a gull. Hudibras.

2. A trick; sham; imposition. Johnson.

3. A swindler. B. Jonson.

CHOUT Chout, n. Etym: [Mahratta chauth one fourth part.]

Defn: An assessment equal to a fourth part of the revenue. [India] J. Mill.

CHOW Chow, n. [Chin chou.]

Defn: A prefecture or district of the second rank in China, or the chief city of such a district; — often part of the name of a city, as in Foochow.

CHOWCHOW Chow"chow`, a. Etym: [Chin.]

Defn: Consisting of several kinds mingled together; mixed; as, chowchow sweetmeats (preserved fruits put together).

Chowchow chop, the last lighter containing the small sundry packages sent off to fill up a ship. S. W. Williams.

CHOWCHOW Chow"chow`, n. (Com.)

Defn: A kind of mixed pickles.

CHOWDER Chow"der, n. Etym: [F. chaudière a kettle, a pot. Cf. Caldron.]

1. (Cookery)

Defn: A dish made of fresh fish or clams, biscuit, onions, etc., stewed together.

2. A seller of fish. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. Chowder beer, a liquor made by boiling black spruce in water and mixing molasses with the decoction.

CHOWDER Chow"der, v. t.

Defn: To make a chowder of.

CHOWRY Chow"ry, n. Etym: [Hind. chaunri.]

Defn: A whisk to keep off files, used in the East Indies. Malcom.

CHOWTER Chow"ter, v. t. Etym: [Cf. OE. chowre, and Prov. E. chow, to grumble.]

Defn: To grumble or mutter like a froward child. [Obs.] E. Phillips.

CHOY ROOT Choy" root`.

Defn: See Chay root.

CHREMATISTICS Chre`ma*tis"tics, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: The science of wealth; the science, or a branch of the science, of political economy.

CHREOTECHNICS Chre`o*tech"nics, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: The science of the useful arts, esp. agriculture, manufactures, and commerce. [R.]

CHRESTOMATHIC Chres`to*math"ic, a.

Defn: Teaching what is useful. "A chrestomathic school." Southey.

CHRESTOMATHY Chres*tom"a*thy, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: A selection of passages, with notes, etc., to be used in acquiring a language; as, a Hebrew chrestomathy.

CHRISM Chrism, n. Etym: [OE. crisme, from AS. crisma; also OE. creme, fr. OF. cresme, like the AS. word fr. LL. chrisma, fr. Gr. friare, fricare, to rub, Skr. gharsh, E. friable, friction. Cf. Chrisom.] (Gr. & R. C. Church

1. Olive oil mixed with balm and spices, consecrated by the bishop on Maundy Thursday, and used in the administration of baptism, confirmation, ordination, etc.

2. The same as Chrisom.

CHRISMAL Chris"mal, a. Etym: [LL. chrismalis.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to or used in chrism.

CHRISMATION Chris*ma"tion, n. Etym: [LL. chrismatio.]

Defn: The act of applying the chrism, or consecrated oil. Chrismation or cross-signing with ointment, was used in baptism. Jer. Taylor.

CHRISMATORY Chris"ma*to*ry, n. Etym: [LL. chrismatorium.]

Defn: A cruet or vessel in which chrism is kept.

CHRISOM Chris"om, n. Etym: [See Chrism.]

1. A white cloth, anointed with chrism, or a white mantle thrown over a child when baptized or christened. [Obs.]

2. A child which died within a month after its baptism; — so called from the chrisom cloth which was used as a shroud for it. [Obs.] Blount.

CHRIST Christ, n. Etym: [L. Christus, Gr. chri`ein to anoint. See Chrism.]

Defn: The Anointed; an appellation given to Jesus, the Savior. It is synonymous with the Hebrew Messiah.

CHRISTCROSS Christ"cross`, n.

1. The mark of the cross, as cut, painted, written, or stamped on certain objects, — sometimes as the sign of 12 o'clock on a dial. The fescue of the dial is upon the christcross of noon. Old Play. Nares.

2. The beginning and the ending. [Obs.] Quarles.

CHRISTCROSS-ROW Christ"cross-row`,

Defn: The alphabet; — formerly so called, either from the cross usually set before it, or from a superstitious custom, sometimes practiced, of writing it in the form of a cross, by way of a charm. From infant conning of the Christcross-row. Wordsworth.

CHRISTEN Chris"ten, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Christened; p. pr. & vb. n. Christening.] Etym: [AS. cristnian to make a Christian, fr. cristen a Christian.]

1. To baptize and give a Christian name to.

2. To give a name; to denominate. "Christen the thing what you will." Bp. Burnet.

3. To Christianize. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

4. To use for the first time. [Colloq.]

CHRISTENDOM Chris"ten*dom, n. Etym: [AS. cristend; cristen a Christian + -dom.]

1. The profession of faith in Christ by baptism; hence, the Christian religion, or the adoption of it. [Obs.] Shak.

2. The name received at baptism; or, more generally, any name or appelation. [Obs.] Pretty, fond, adoptious christendoms. Shak.

3. That portion of the world in which Christianity prevails, or which is governed under Christian institutions, in distinction from heathen or Mohammedan lands. The Arian doctrine which then divided Christendom. Milton A wide and still widening Christendom. Coleridge.

4. The whole body of Christians. Hooker.

CHRISTIAN Chris"tian, n. Etym: [L. christianus, Gr. cristen. See Christ.]

1. One who believes, or professes or is assumed to believe, in Jesus Christ, and the truth as taught by Him; especially, one whose inward and outward life is conformed to the doctrines of Christ. The disciples were called Christians first in Antioch. Acts xi. 26.

2. One born in a Christian country or of Christian parents, and who has not definitely becomes an adherent of an opposing system.

3. (Eccl.) (a) One of a Christian denomination which rejects human creeds as bases of fellowship, and sectarian names. They are congregational in church government, and baptize by immersion. They are also called Disciples of Christ, and Campbellites. (b) One of a sect (called Christian Connection) of open-communion immersionists. The Bible is their only authoritative rule of faith and practice.

Note: In this sense, often pronounced, but not by the members of the sects, kris"chan.

CHRISTIAN Chris"tian, a.

1. Pertaining to Christ or his religion; as, Christian people.

3. Pertaining to the church; ecclesiastical; as, a Christian court. Blackstone.

4. Characteristic of Christian people; civilized; kind; kindly; gentle; beneficent. The graceful tact; the Christian art. Tennyson. Christian Commission. See under Commission. — Christian court. Same as Ecclesiastical court. — Christian era, the present era, commencing with the birth of Christ. It is supposed that owing to an error of a monk (Dionysius Exiguus, d. about 556) employed to calculate the era, its commencement was fixed three or four years too late, so that 1890 should be 1893 or 1894. — Christian name, the name given in baptism, as distinct from the family name, or surname.

CHRISTIAN ERA Christian Era.

Defn: The era in use in all Christian countries, which was intended to commence with the birth of Christ. The era as now established was first used by Dionysius Exiguus (died about 540), who placed the birth of Christ on the 25th of December in the year of Rome 754, which year he counted as 1 a. d. This date for Christ's birth is now generally thought to be about four years too late.

CHRISTIANISM Chris`tian*ism, n. Etym: [L. christianismus, Gr. christianisme.]

1. The Christian religion. [Obs.] Milton.

2. The Christian world; Christendom. [Obs.] Johnson

CHRISTIANITE Chris"tian*ite, n. Etym: [In sense (a) named after Christian Frederic, of Denmark; in sense (b) after Christian VII., of Denmark.] (Min.) (a) Same as Anorthite. [R.] (b) See Phillipsite.

CHRISTIANITY Chris*tian"i*ty, n. Etym: [OE. cristiente, OF. cristienté, F. chrétienté, fr. L. christianitas. ]

1. The religion of Christians; the system of doctrines and precepts taught by Christ.

2. Practical conformity of one's inward and outward life to the spirit of the Christian religion

3. The body of Christian believers. [Obs.] To Walys fled the christianitee Of olde Britons. Chaucer.

CHRISTIANIZATION Chris`tian*i*za"tion, n.

Defn: The act or process of converting or being converted to a true Christianity.

CHRISTIANIZE Chris"tian*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Christianized (; p. pr. vb. n. Christianizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. christianiser, L. christianizare, fr. Gr.

1. To make Christian; to convert to Christianity; as, to Christianize pagans.

2. To imbue with or adapt to Christian principles. Christianized philosophers. I. Taylor.

CHRISTIANIZE Chris"tian*ize, v. i.

Defn: To adopt the character or belief of a Christian; to become Christian. The pagans began to Christianize. Latham.

CHRISTIANLIKE Chris"tian*like`, a.

Defn: Becoming to a Christian. A virtuous and a Christianlike conclusion. Shak.

CHRISTIANLY Chris"tian*ly, adv.

Defn: In a manner becoming the principles of the Christian religion. Sufferings . . . patiently and Christianly borne. Sharp.

CHRISTIANLY Chris"tian*ly, a.

Defn: Christianlike. Longfellow.

CHRISTIANNESS Chris"tian*ness, n.

Defn: Consonance with the doctrines of Christianity. [Obs.] Hammond.

CHRISTIAN SCIENCE Christian Science.

Defn: A system of healing disease of mind and body which teaches that all cause and effect is mental, and that sin, sickness, and death will be destroyed by a full understanding of the Divine Principle of Jesus' teaching and healing. The system was founded by Rev. Mary Baker Glover Eddy, of Concord, N. H., in 1866, and bases its teaching on the Scriptures as understood by its adherents.

CHRISTIAN SCIENTIST Christian Scientist.

Defn: A believer in Christian Science; one who practices its teachings.

CHRISTIAN SENECA Christian Seneca.

Defn: Joseph Hall (1574 — 1656), Bishop of Norwich, a divine eminent as a moralist.

CHRISTIAN SOCIALISM Christian Socialism.

Defn: Any theory or system that aims to combine the teachings of Christ with the teachings of socialism in their applications to life; Christianized socialism; esp., the principles of this nature advocated by F. D. Maurice, Charles Kingsley, and others in England about 1850. — Christian socialist.

CHRISTLESS Christ"less, a.

Defn: Without faith in Christ; unchristian. Tennyson.

CHRISTLIKE Christ"like`, a.

Defn: Resembling Christ in character, actions, etc. — Christ"like`ness, n.

CHRISTLY Christ"ly, a.

Defn: Christlike. H. Bushnell.

CHRISTMAS Christ"mas, n. Etym: [Christ + mass.]

Defn: An annual church festival (December 25) and in some States a legal holiday, in memory of the birth of Christ, often celebrated by a particular church service, and also by special gifts, greetings, and hospitality. Christmas box. (a) A box in which presents are deposited at Christmas. (b) A present or small gratuity given to young people and servants at Christmas; a Christmas gift. — Christmas carol, a carol sung at, or suitable for, Christmas. — Christmas day. Same as Christmas. — Christmas eve, the evening before Christmas. — Christmas fern (Bot.), an evergreen North American fern (Aspidium acrostichoides), which is much used for decoration in winter. — Christmas flower, Christmas rose, the black hellebore, a poisonous plant of the buttercup family, which in Southern Europe often produces beautiful roselike flowers midwinter. — Christmas tree, a small evergreen tree, set up indoors, to be decorated with bonbons, presents, etc., and illuminated on Christmas eve.

CHRISTMASTIDE Christ"mas*tide`, n. Etym: [Christmas + tide time.]

Defn: The season of Christmas.

CHRISTOCENTRIC Chris"to*cen"tric, a. Etym: [Christ + centric.]

Defn: Making Christ the center, about whom all things are grouped, as in religion or history; tending toward Christ, as the central object of thought or emotion. J. W. Chadwick.

CHRISTOLOGY Chris*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Crist + -logy.]

Defn: A treatise on Christ; that department of theology which treats of the personality, attributes, or life of Christ.

CHRISTOM Chris"tom, n.

Defn: See Chrisom. [Obs.] Shak.

CHRISTOPHANY Chris*toph"a*ny, n. Etym: [Christ + Gr.

Defn: An appearance of Christ, as to his disciples after the crucifixion.

CHRIST'S-THORN Christ's-thorn`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: One of several prickly or thorny shrubs found in Palestine, especially the Paliurus aculeatus, Zizyphus Spina-Christi, and Z. vulgaris. The last bears the fruit called jujube, and may be considered to have been the most readily obtainable for the Crown of Thorns.

CHROMASCOPE Chro"ma*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. -scope.]

Defn: An instrument for showing the optical effects of color.

CHROMATE Chro"mate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. chromate. See Chrome.] (Chem.)

Defn: A salt of chromic acid.

CHROMATIC Chro*mat"ic, a. Etym: [L. chromaticus, Gr.

1. Relating to color, or to colors.

2. (Mus.)

Defn: Proceeding by the smaller intervals (half steps or semitones) of the scale, instead of the regular intervals of the diatonic scale.

Note: The intermediate tones were formerly written and printed in colors. Chromatic aberration. (Opt.) See Aberration, 4. — Chromatic printing, printing from type or blocks covered with inks of various colors. — Chromatic scale (Mus.), the scale consisting of thirteen tones, including the eight scale tones and the five intermediate tones.

CHROMATICAL Chro*mat"ic*al, a.

Defn: Chromatic. [Obs.]

CHROMATICALLY Chro*mat"ic*al*ly, adv.

Defn: In a chromatic manner.

CHROMATICS Chro*mat"ics, n.

Defn: The science of colors; that part of optics which treats of the properties of colors.

CHROMATIN Chro"ma*tin, n. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.)

Defn: Tissue which is capable of being stained by dyes.

CHROMATISM Chro"ma*tism, n. Etym: [Gr.

1. (Optics)

Defn: The state of being colored, as in the case of images formed by a lens.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: An abnormal coloring of plants.

CHROMATOGENOUS Chro`ma*tog"e*nous, a. Etym: [Gr. -genous.]

Defn: Producing color.

CHROMATOGRAPHY Chro`ma*tog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.]

Defn: A treatise on colors

CHROMATOLOGY Chro`ma*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.]

Defn: A treatise on colors.

CHROMATOPHORE Chro"ma*to*phore`, n. Etym: [Gr.

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A contractile cell or vesicle containing liquid pigment and capable of changing its form or size, thus causing changes of color in the translucent skin of such animals as possess them. They are highly developed and numerous in the cephalopods.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: One of the granules of protoplasm, which in mass give color to the part of the plant containing them.

CHROMATOSCOPE Chro"ma*to*scope`, n. Etym: [Gr. -scope.] (Astron.)

Defn: A reflecting telescope, part of which is made to rotate eccentrically, so as to produce a ringlike image of a star, instead of a point; — used in studying the scintillation of the stars.

CHROMATOSPHERE Chro"ma*to*sphere`, n.

Defn: A chromosphere. [R.]

CHROMATROPE Chro"ma*trope, n. Etym: [Gr.

1. (Physics)

Defn: An instrument for exhibiting certain chromatic effects of light (depending upon the persistence of vision and mixture of colors) by means of rapidly rotating disks variously colored.

2. A device in a magic lantern or stereopticon to produce kaleidoscopic effects.

CHROMATYPE Chro"ma*type, n. Etym: [Gr.

1. (Photog.)

Defn: A colored photographic picture taken upon paper made sensitive with potassium bichromate or some other salt of chromium.

2. The process by which such picture is made.

CHROME Chrome, n.

Defn: Same as Chromium. Chrome alum (Chem.), a dark violet substance, (SO4)3Cr2.K2SO4.24H2O, analogous to, and crystallizing like, common alum. It is regarded as a double sulphate of chromium and potassium. — Chrome green (a) The green oxide of chromium, Cr2O3, used in enamel painting, and glass staining. (b) A pigment made by mixing chrome yellow with Prussian blue. — Chrome red, a beautiful red pigment originally prepared from the basic chromate of lead, but now made from red oxide of lead. — Chrome yellow, a brilliant yellow pigment, PbCrO4, used by painters.

CHROME STEEL Chrome steel.

Defn: Same as Chromium steel, under Steel.

CHROMIC Chro"mic, a. (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or obtained from, chromium; — said of the compounds of chromium in which it has its higher valence. Chromic acid, an acid, H2CrO4, analogous to sulphuric acid, not readily obtained in the free state, but forming well known salts, many of which are colored pigments, as chrome yellow, chrome red, etc. — Chromic anhydride, a brilliant red crystalline substance, CrO3, regarded as the anhydride of chromic acid. It is one of the most powerful oxidizers known.

CHROMID Chro"mid, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the Chromidæ, a family of fresh-water fishes abundant in the tropical parts of America and Africa. Some are valuable food fishes, as the bulti of the Nile.

CHROMIDROSIS Chro`mi*dro"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.)

Defn: Secretion of abnormally colored perspiration.

CHROMISM Chro"mism, n.

Defn: Same as Chromatism.

CHROMITE Chro"mite, n.

1. (Min.)

Defn: A black submetallic mineral consisting of oxide of chromium and iron; — called also chromic iron.

2. (Chem.)

Defn: A compound or salt of chromous hydroxide regarded as an acid. [R.]

CHROMIUM Chro"mi*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Chem.)

Defn: A comparatively rare element occurring most abundantly in the mineral chromite. Atomic weight 52.5. Symbol Cr. When isolated it is a hard, brittle, grayish white metal, fusible with difficulty. Its chief commercial importance is for its compounds, as potassium chromate, lead chromate, etc., which are brilliantly colored and are used dyeing and calico printing. Called also chrome.

CHROMO Chro"mo, n.; pl. Chromos. Etym: [Abbrev. from chromolithograph.]

Defn: A chromolithograph.

CHROMOBLAST Chro"mo*blast, n. Etym: [Gr. -blast.]

Defn: An embryonic cell which develops into a pigment cell.

CHROMOGEN Chro"mo*gen, Etym: [Gr. -gen.]

1. (Biol.)

Defn: Vegetable coloring matter other than green; chromule.

2. (Chem.)

Defn: Any colored compound, supposed to contain one or more chromophores.

CHROMOGENIC Chro"mo*gen"ic, a. (Biol.)

Defn: Containing, or capable of forming, chromogen; as, chromogenic bacteria.

CHROMOGRAPH Chro"mo*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. -graph.]

Defn: An apparatus by which a number of copies of written matter, maps, plans, etc., can be made; — called also hectograph.

CHROMOLEUCITE Chro`mo*leu"cite, n. Etym: [Gr. leucite.] (Bot.)

Defn: A chromoplastid.

CHROMOLITHOGRAPH Chro`mo*lith"o*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. lithograph.]

Defn: A picture printed in tints and colors by repeated impressions from a series of stones prepared by the lithographic process.

CHROMOLITHOGRAPHER Chro`mo*li*thog"ra*pher, n.

Defn: One who is engaged in chromolithography.

CHROMOLITHOGRAPHIC Chro"mo*lith`o*graph"ic, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or made by, chromolithography.

CHROMOLITHOGRAPHY Chro"mo*li*thog"ra*phy, n.

Defn: Lithography adapted to printing in inks of various colors.

CHROMOPHANE Chro"mo*phane, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol.)

Defn: A general name for the several coloring matters, red, green, yellow, etc., present in the inner segments in the cones of the retina, held in solution by fats, and slowly decolorized by light; distinct from the photochemical pigments of the rods of the retina.

CHROMOPHORE Chro"mo*phore, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.)

Defn: Any chemical group or residue (as NO

CHROMOPHOTOGRAPH Chro`mo*pho"to*graph, n. [Gr. color + photograph.]

Defn: A picture made by any of the processes for reproducing photographs in colors. —Chro`mo*pho`to*graph"ic (#), a.

CHROMOPHOTOGRAPHY Chro`mo*pho*tog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. photography.]

Defn: The art of producing photographs in colors.

CHROMOPHOTOLITHOGRAPH Chro"mo*pho`to*lith"o*graph, n.

Defn: A photolithograph printed in colors.

CHROMOPLASTID Chro`mo*plas"tid, n. Etym: [Gr. plastid.] (Bot.)

Defn: A protoplasmic granule of some other color than green; — also called chromoleucite.

CHROMOSOME Chro"mo*some`, n. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.)

Defn: One of the minute bodies into which the chromatin of the nucleus is resolved during mitotic cell division; the idant of Weismann.

CHROMOSPHERE Chro"mo*sphere, n. Etym: [Gr. sphere.] (Astron.)

Defn: An atmosphere of rare matter, composed principally of incandescent hydrogen gas, surrounding the sun and enveloping the photosphere. Portions of the chromosphere are here and there thrown up into enormous tongues of flame.

CHROMOSPHERIC Chro`mo*spher"ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the chromosphere.

CHROMOTYPE Chro"mo*type, n. Etym: [Gr. -type.]

1. A sheet printed in colors by any process, as a chromolithograph. See Chromolithograph.

2. A photographic picture in the natural colors.

CHROMOUS Chro"mous, a.

Defn: Of, pertaining to, or derived from, chromium, when this element has a valence lower than that in chromic compounds. Chromous acid, a bluish gray powder, CrO.OH, of weak acid properties and regard as an acid.

CHROMULE Chro"mule, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A general name for coloring matter of plants other than chlorophyll, especially that of petals.

CHRONIC Chron"ic, a. Etym: [L. chronicus, Gr. chronique.]

1. Relating to time; according to time.

2. Continuing for a long time; lingering; habitual. Chronic disease, one which is inveterate, of long continuance, or progresses slowly, in distinction from an acute disease, which speedly terminates.

CHRONICAL Chron"ic*al, a.

Defn: Chronic. Partly on a chronical, and partly on a topical method. J. A. Alexander.

CHRONICLE Chron"i*cle, n. Etym: [OE. cronicle, fr. cronique, OF. cronique, F. chronique, L. chronica, fr. Gr. Chronic.]

1. An historical register or account of facts or events disposed in the order of time.

2. A narrative of events; a history; a record.

3. pl.

Defn: The two canonical books of the Old Testament in which immediately follow 2 Kings.

Syn. - Register; record; annals. See History.

CHRONICLE Chron"i*cle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chronicled; p. pr. & vb. n. Chronicling.]

Defn: To record in a history or chronicle; to record; to register. Shak.

CHRONICLER Chron"i*cler, n.

Defn: A writer of a chronicle; a recorder of events in the order of time; an historian. Such an honest chronicler as Griffith. Shak.

CHRONIQUE Chro`nique", n. Etym: [F. See Chronicle.]

Defn: A chronicle. L. Addison.

CHRONOGRAM Chron"o*gram, n. Etym: [Gr. chronogramme.]

1. An inscription in which certain numeral letters, made to appear specially conspicuous, on being added together, express a particular date or epoch, as in the motto of a medal struck by Gustavus Adolphus in 1632: ChrIstVs DVX; ergo trIVMphVs. - the capitals of which give, when added as numerals, the sum 1632.

2. The record or inscription made by a chronograph.

CHRONOGRAMMATIC; CHRONOGRAMMATICAL Chron`o*gram*mat"ic, Chron`o*gram*mat"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. chronogrammatique.]

Defn: Belonging to a chronogram, or containing one.

CHRONOGRAMMATIST Chron`o*gram"ma*tist, n.

Defn: A writer of chronograms.

CHRONOGRAPH Chron"o*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. -graph: cf. F. chronographe.]

1. An instrument for measuring or recording intervals of time, upon a revolving drum or strip of paper moved by clockwork. The action of the stylus or pen is controlled by electricity.

2. Same as Chronogram, 1. [R.]

3. A chronoscope.

CHRONOGRAPHER Chro*nog"ra*pher, n.

Defn: One who writes a chronography; a chronologer. Tooke.

CHRONOGRAPHIC Chron`o*graph"ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a chronograph.

CHRONOGRAPHY Chro*nog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. Chronograph.]

Defn: A description or record of past time; history. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

CHRONOLOGER Chro*nol"o*ger, n.

Defn: Same as Chronologist.

CHRONOLOGIC; CHRONOLOGICAL Chron`o*log"ic, Chron`o*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Relating to chronology; containing an account of events in the order of time; according to the order of time; as, chronological tables. Raleigh. — Chron`o*log"ic*al*ly, adv.

CHRONOLOGIST; CHRONOLOGER Chro*nol"o*gist, Chro*nol"o*ger, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: A person who investigates dates of events and transactions; one skilled in chronology. That learned noise and dust of the chronologist is wholly to be avoided. Locke. THe most exact chronologers tell us that Christ was born in October, and not in December. John Knox.

CHRONOLOGY Chro*nol"o*gy, n.; pl. Chronologies. Etym: [Gr. chronologie.]

Defn: The science which treats of measuring time by regular divisions or periods, and which assigns to events or transactions their proper dates. If history without chronology is dark and confused, chronology without history is dry and insipid. A. Holmes.

CHRONOMETER Chro*nom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter: cf. F. chronomètre.]

1. An instrument for measuring time; a timekeeper.

2. A portable timekeeper, with a heavy compensation balance, and usually beating half seconds; — intended to keep time with great accuracy for use an astronomical observations, in determining longitude, etc.

3. (Mus.)

Defn: A metronome. Box chronometer. See under Box. — Pocket chronometer, a chronometer in the form of a large watch. — To rate a chronometer. See Rate, v. t.

CHRONOMETRIC; CHRONOMETRICAL Chron`o*met"ric, Chron`o*met"ric*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. chronométrique.]

Defn: Pertaining to a chronometer; measured by a chronometer.

CHRONOMETRY Chro*nom"e*try, n. Etym: [Cf. F. chronométrie.]

Defn: The art of measuring time; the measuring of time by periods or divisions.

CHRONOPHER Chron"o*pher, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: An instrument signaling the correct time to distant points by electricity.

CHRONOPHOTOGRAPH Chron`o*pho"to*graph, n. [Gr. time + photograph.]

Defn: One of a set of photographs of a moving object, taken for the purpose of recording and exhibiting successive phases of the motion. —Chron`o*pho*tog"ra*phy, n.

CHRONOSCOPE Chron"o*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. -scope.]

Defn: An instrument for measuring minute intervals of time; used in determining the velocity of projectiles, the duration of short-lived luminous phenomena, etc.

CHRYSALID Chrys"a*lid, a.

Defn: Pertaining to a chrysalis; resembling a chrysalis.

CHRYSALID Chrys"a*lid, n.; pl. Chrysalids.

Defn: See Chrysalis.

CHRYSALIS Chrys"a*lis, n.; pl. Chrysalides. Etym: [L. chrysallis the gold- colored pupa of butterflies, Gr. Aurelia.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The pupa state of certain insects, esp. of butterflies, from which the perfect insect emerges. See Pupa, and Aurelia (a).

CHRYSANILINE Chrys*an"i*line, n. Etym: [Gr. anilene.] (Chem.)

Defn: A yellow substance obtained as a by-product in the manufacture of rosaniline. It dyes silk a fine golden-yellow color.

CHRYSANTHEMUM Chrys*an"the*mum, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of composite plants, mostly perennial, and of many species including the many varieties of garden chrysanthemums (annual and perennial), and also the feverfew and the oxeye daisy.

CHRYSAROBIN Chrys`a*ro"bin, n. Etym: [Gr. araroba a foreign name of Goa powder + -in.] (Chem.)

Defn: A bitter, yellow substance forming the essential constituent of Goa powder, and yielding chrysophanic acid proper; hence formerly called also chrysphanic acid.

CHRYSAURIN Chrys*au"rin, n. Etym: [Gr. aurum gold. So called from its color.]

Defn: An orange-colored dyestuff, of artificial production.

CHRYSELEPHANTINE Chrys`el*e*phan"tine, a. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Composed of, or adorned with, gold and ivory.

Note: The chryselephantine statues of the Greeks were built up with inferior materials, veneered, as it were, with ivory for the flesh, and gold decorated with color for the hair and garments.

CHRYSENE Chry"sene, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.)

Defn: One of the higher aromatic hydrocarbons of coal tar, allied to napthalene and anthracene. It is a white crystalline substance, C18H12, of strong blue fluorescence, but generally colored yellow by impurities.

CHRYSOBERYL Chrys"o*ber`yl, n. Etym: [L. chrysoberyllus, Gr. (Min.)

Defn: A mineral, found in crystals, of a yellow to green or brown color, and consisting of aluminia and glucina. It is very hard, and is often used as a gem.

CHRYSOCHLORE Chrys"o*chlore, n. Etym: [Gr. chrysochlore.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A South African mole of the genus Chrysochloris; the golden mole, the fur of which reflects brilliant metallic hues of green and gold.

CHRYSOCOLLA Chrys"o*col`la, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Min.)

Defn: A hydrous silicate of copper, occurring massive, of a blue or greenish blue color.

CHRYSOGEN Chrys"o*gen, n. Etym: [Gr. -gen.] (Chem.)

Defn: A yellow crystalline substance extracted from crude anthracene.

CHRYSOGRAPHY Chry*sog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr.

1. The art of writing in letters of gold.

2. A writing executed in letters of gold.

CHRYSOIDINE Chrys*o"ï*dine, n. Etym: [Gr. -oid + -ine.] (Chem.)

Defn: An artificial, yellow, crystalline dye, C6H5N2.C6H3(NH2)2. Also, one of a group of dyestuffs resembling chrysoïdine proper.

CHRYSOLITE Chrys"o*lite, n. Etym: [L. chrysolithos, Gr. chrysolithe.] (Min.)

Defn: A mineral, composed of silica, magnesia, and iron, of a yellow to green color. It is common in certain volcanic rocks; — called also olivine and peridot. Sometimes used as a gem. The name was also early used for yellow varieties of tourmaline and topaz.

CHRYSOLOGY Chry*sol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.]

Defn: That branch of political economy which relates to the production of wealth.

CHRYSOPA Chrys*o"pa, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of neuropterous insects. See Lacewing.

CHRYSOPHANE Chrys"o*phane, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.)

Defn: A glucoside extracted from rhubarb as a bitter, yellow, crystalline powder, and yielding chrysophanic acid on decomposition.

CHRYSOPHANIC Chrys`o*phan"ic, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, or resembling, chrysophane. Chrysophanic acid (Chem.), a yellow crystalline substance extracted from rhubarb, yellow dock, sienna, chrysarobin, etc., and shown to be a derivative of an anthracene. It is used in the treatment of skin diseases; — called also rhein, rheic acid, rhubarbarin, etc.

CHRYSOPRASE Chrys"o*prase, n. Etym: [OE. crisopace, OF. crisoprace, F. chrysoprase, L. chrysoprasus, fr. Gr. (Min.)

Defn: An apple-green variety of chalcedony, colored by nickel. It has a dull flinty luster, and is sometimes used in jewelry.

CHRYSOPRASUS Chry*sop"ra*sus, n. Etym: [L.]

Defn: See Chrysoprase. Rev. xxi. 20.

CHRYSOSPERM Chrys"o*sperm, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: The seed of gold; a means of creating gold. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

CHRYSOTYPE Chrys"o*type, n. Etym: [Gr. -type.]

1. A photographic picture taken upon paper prepared by the use of a sensitive salt of iron and developed by the application of chloride of gold. Abney.

2. 2process, invented by Sir J.Herschel.

CHTHONIAN Chtho"ni*an, a. [Gr. in or under the earth, fr. , , earth.]

Defn: Designating, or pertaining to, gods or spirits of the underworld; esp., relating to the underworld gods of the Greeks, whose worship is widely considered as more primitive in form than that of the Olympian gods. The characteristics of chthonian worship are propitiatory and magical rites and generalized or euphemistic names of the deities, which are supposed to have been primarily ghosts.

CHTHONIC Chthon"ic, a. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Pertaining to the earth; earthy; as, chthonic religions. [The] chthonic character of the wife of Zeus. Max Müller.

CHTHONOPHAGIA; CHTHONOPHAGY Chthon`o*pha"gi*a, Chtho*noph"a*gy, n. Etym: [NL. chthonophagia; Gr.

Defn: A disease characterized by an irresistible desire to eat earth, observed in some parts of the southern United States, the West Indies, etc.

CHUB Chub, n. Etym: [This word seems to signify a large or thick fish. Cf. Sw. kubb a short and thick piece of wood, and perh. F. chabot chub.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A species to fresh-water fish of the Cyprinidæ or Carp family. The common European species is Leuciscus cephalus; the cheven. In America the name is applied to various fishes of the same family, of the genera Semotilus, Squalius, Ceratichthys, etc., and locally to several very different fishes, as the tautog, black bass, etc. Chub mackerel (Zoöl.), a species of mackerel (Scomber colias) in some years found in abundance on the Atlantic coast, but absent in others; — called also bull mackerel, thimble-eye, and big-eye mackerel. — Chub sucker (Zoöl.), a fresh-water fish of the United States (Erimyzon sucetta); — called also creekfish.

CHUBBED Chub"bed, a.

Defn: Chubby. [R.] H. Brooke.

CHUBBEDNESS Chub"bed*ness, n.

Defn: The state of being chubby.

CHUBBY Chub"by, a.

Defn: Like a chub; plump, short, and thick. "Chubby faces." I. Taylor.

CHUB-FACED Chub"-faced`, a.

Defn: Having a plump, short face.

CHUCK Chuck, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chucked; p. pr. & vb. n. Chucking.] Etym: [Imitative of the sound.]

1. To make a noise resembling that of a hen when she calls her chickens; to cluck.

2. To chuckle; to laugh. [R.] Marston.

CHUCK Chuck, v. t.

Defn: To call, as a hen her chickens. Dryden.

CHUCK Chuck, n.

1. The chuck or call of a hen.

2. A sudden, small noise.

3. A word of endearment; — corrupted from chick. "Pray, chuck, come hither." Shak.

CHUCK Chuck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chucked; p. pr. & vb. n. Chucking.] Etym: [F. choquer to strike. Cf. Shock, v. t.]

1. To strike gently; to give a gentle blow to. Chucked the barmaid under the chin. W. Irving.

2. To toss or throw smartly out of the hand; to pitch. [Colloq.] "Mahomet Ali will just be chucked into the Nile." Lord Palmerson.

3. (Mech.)

Defn: To place in a chuck, or hold by means of a chuck, as in turning; to bore or turn (a hole) in a revolving piece held in a chuck.

CHUCK Chuck, n.

1. A slight blow or pat under the chin.

2. A short throw; a toss.

3. (Mach.)

Defn: A contrivance or machine fixed to the mandrel of a lathe, for holding a tool or the material to be operated upon.

Chuck farthing, a play in which a farthing is pitched into a hole; pitch farthing. — Chuck hole, a deep hole in a wagon rut. — Elliptic chuck, a chuck having a silder and an eccentric circle, which, as the work turns round, give it a sliding motion across the center which generates an ellipse. Knight.

CHUCK Chuck, n.

1. A small pebble; — called also chuckstone and chuckiestone. [Scot.]

2. pl.

Defn: A game played with chucks, in which one or more are tossed up and caught; jackstones. [Scot.]

CHUCK Chuck, n.

Defn: A piece of the backbone of an animal, from between the neck and the collar bone, with the adjoining parts, cut for cooking; as, a chuck steak; a chuck roast. [Colloq.]

CHUCKLE Chuc"kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chuckled; p. pr. & vb. n. Chuckling.] Etym: [From lst Chuck.]

1. To call, as a hen her chickens; to cluck. [Obs.] Dryden.

2. To fondle; to cocker. [Obs.] Dryden.

CHUCKLE Chuc"kle, n.

Defn: A short, suppressed laugh; the expression of satisfaction, exultation, or derision.

CHUCKLE Chuc"kle, v. i. Etym: [From lst Chuck.]

Defn: To laugh in a suppressed or broken manner, as expressing inward satisfaction, exultation, or derision.

CHUCKLEHEAD Chuc"kle*head`, n.

Defn: A person with a large head; a numskull; a dunce. [Low] Knowles.

CHUCKLEHEADED Chuc"kle*head`ed, a.

Defn: Having a large head; thickheaded; dull; stupid. Smart.

CHUCK-WILL'S-WIDOW Chuck`-Will's-wid"ow, n. (Zool.)

Defn: A species of goatsucker (Antrostomus Carolinensis), of the southern United States; — so called from its note.

CHUD Chud, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Chew, Cud.]

Defn: To champ; to bite. [Obs.] A. Stafford.

CHUET Chu"et, n. Etym: [From Chew, v. t.]

Defn: Minced meat. [Obs.] Bacon.

CHUFA Chu"fa, n. Etym: [Sp.] (Bot.)

Defn: A sedgelike plant (Cyperus esculentus) producing edible tubers, native about the Mediterranean, now cultivated in many regions; the earth almond.

CHUFF Chuff, n. Etym: [Perh. a modification of chub: cf. W. cyff stock, stump.]

Defn: A coarse or stupid fellow. Shak.

CHUFF Chuff, a.

Defn: Stupid; churlish. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

CHUFFILY Chuff"i*ly, adv.

Defn: Clownishly; surlily.

CHUFFINESS Chuff"i*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being chuffy.

CHUFFY Chuff"y, a.

1. Fat or puffed out in the cheeks.

2. Rough; clownish; surly.

CHULAN Chu"lan, n. (Bot.)

Defn: The fragrant flowers of the Chloranthus inconspicuus, used in China for perfuming tea.

CHUM Chum, n. Etym: [Perh. a contraction fr. comrade or chamber fellow: cf. also AS. cuma a comer, guest.]

Defn: A roommate, especially in a college or university; an old and intimate friend.

CHUM Chum, v. i. [imp. p. p. Chummed; p. pr. & vb. n. Chumming.]

Defn: To occupy a chamber with another; as, to chum together at college. [U. S.]

CHUM Chum, n.

Defn: Chopped pieces of fish used as bait. [U. S.]

CHUMP Chump, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. kumbr a chopping, E. chop.]

Defn: A short, thick, heavy piece of wood. Morton. Chump end, the thick end; as, the chump end of a joint of meat. Dickens.

CHUNAM Chu*nam", n. Etym: [Hind. chuna, from Skr. curna powder, dust; or a Dravidian word.]

Defn: Quicklime; also, plaster or mortar. [India] Whitworth.

CHUNK Chunk, n. Etym: [Cf. Chump.]

Defn: A short, thick piece of anything. [Colloq. U. S. & Prov. Eng.]

CHUNKY Chunk"y, a.

Defn: Short and thick. [U. S.] Kane.

CHUPATTY Chu*pat"ty, n.; pl. -ties (#). [Hind. chapati.]

Defn: A kind of griddlecake of unleavened bread, used among the natives of India. [Anglo-Indian]

CHUPRASSY; CHUPRASSIE Chu*pras"sy Chu*pras"sie, n. [Hind. chaprassi, fr. chapras badge.]

Defn: A messenger or servant wearing an official badge. [Anglo- Indian]

CHURCH Church, n. Etym: [OE. chirche, chireche, cherche, Scot. kirk, from AS. circe, cyrice; akin to D. kerk, Icel. kirkja, Sw. kyrka, Dan. kirke, G. kirche, OHG. chirihha; all fr. Gr. ç\'d4ra hero, Zend. çura strong, OIr. caur, cur, hero. Cf. Kirk.]

1. A building set apart for Christian worship.

2. A Jewish or heathen temple. [Obs.] Acts xix. 37.

3. A formally organized body of Christian believers worshiping together. "When they had ordained them elders in every church." Acts xiv. 23.

4. A body of Christian believers, holding the same creed, observing the same rites, and acknowledging the same ecclesiastical authority; a denomination; as, the Roman Catholic church; the Presbyterian church.

5. The collective body of Christians.

6. Any body of worshipers; as, the Jewish church; the church of Brahm.

7. The aggregate of religious influences in a community; ecclesiastical influence, authority, etc.; as, to array the power of the church against some moral evil. Remember that both church and state are properly the rulers of the people, only because they are their benefactors. Bulwer.

Note: Church is often used in composition to denote something belonging or relating to the church; as, church authority; church history; church member; church music, etc. Apostolic church. See under Apostolic. — Broad church. See Broad Church. — Catholic or Universal church, the whole body of believers in Christ throughout the world. — Church of England, or English church, the Episcopal church established and endowed in England by law. — Church living, a benefice in an established church. — Church militant. See under Militant. — Church owl (Zoöl.), the white owl. See Barn owl. — Church rate, a tax levied on parishioners for the maintenance of the church and its services. — Church session. See under Session. — Church triumphant. See under Triumphant. — Church work, work on, or in behalf of, a church; the work of a particular church for the spread of religion. — Established church, the church maintained by the civil authority; a state church.

CHURCH Church, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Churched; p. pr. & vb. n. Churching.]

Defn: To bless according to a prescribed form, or to unite with in publicly returning thanks in church, as after deliverance from the dangers of childbirth; as, the churching of women.

CHURCH-ALE Church"-ale`, n.

Defn: A church or parish festival (as in commemoration of the dedication of a church), at which much ale was used. Wright. Nares.

CHURCH-BENCH Church"-bench`, n.

Defn: A seat in the porch of a church. Shak.

CHURCHDOM Church"dom, n.

Defn: The institution, government, or authority of a church. [R.] Bp. Pearson.

CHURCHGOER Church"go`er, n.

Defn: One who attends church.

CHURCHGOING Church"go`ing, a.

1. Habitually attending church.

2. Summoning to church. The sound of the churchgoing bell. Cowper.

CHURCH-HAW Church"-haw`, n. Etym: [Church + haw a yard.]

Defn: Churchyard. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CHURCHISM Church"ism, n.

Defn: Strict adherence to the forms or principles of some church organization; sectarianism.

CHURCHLESS Church"less, a.

Defn: Without a church. T. Fuller.

CHURCHLIKE Church"like`, a.

Defn: Befitting a church or a churchman; becoming to a clergyman. Shak.

CHURCHLINESS Church"li*ness, n.

Defn: Regard for the church.

CHURCHLY Church"ly, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or suitable for, the church; ecclesiastical.

CHURCHMAN Church"man, n.; pl. Churchmen.

1. An ecclesiastic or clergyman.

2. An Episcopalian, or a member of the Established Church of England. "A zealous churchman." Macaulay.

3. One was is attached to, or attends, church.

CHURCHMANLY Church"man*ly, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or becoming, a churchman. Milman.

CHURCHMANSHIP Church"man*ship, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being a churchman; attachment to the church.

CHURCH MODES Church" modes`. (Mus.)

Defn: The modes or scales used in ancient church music. See Gregorian.

CHURCHSHIP Church"ship, n.

Defn: State of being a church. South.

CHURCHWARDEN Church"ward`en, n.

1. One of the officers (usually two) in an Episcopal church, whose duties vary in different dioceses, but always include the provision of what is necessary for the communion service.

2. A clay tobacco pipe, with a long tube. [Slang, Eng.] There was a small wooden table placed in front of the smoldering fire, with decanters, a jar of tobacco, and two long churchwardens. W. Black.

CHURCHWARDENSHIP Church"ward`en*ship, n.

Defn: The office of a churchwarden.

CHURCHY Church"y, a.

Defn: Relating to a church; unduly fond of church forms. [Colloq.]

CHURCHYARD Church"yard`, n.

Defn: The ground adjoining a church, in which the dead are buried; a cemetery. Like graves in the holy churchyard. Shak.

Syn. — Burial place; burying ground; graveyard; necropolis; cemetery; God's acre.

CHURL Churl, n. Etym: [AS. ceorl a freeman of the lowest rank, man, husband; akin to D. karel, kerel, G. kerl, Dan. & Sw. karl, Icel. karl, and to the E. proper name Charles (orig., man, male), and perh. to Skr. jara lover. Cf. Carl, Charles's Wain.]

1. A rustic; a countryman or laborer. "A peasant or churl." Spenser. Your rank is all reversed; let men of cloth Bow to the stalwart churls in overalls. Emerson.

2. A rough, surly, ill-bred man; a boor. A churl's courtesy rarely comes, but either for gain or falsehood. Sir P. Sidney.

3. A selfish miser; an illiberal person; a niggard. Like to some rich churl hoarding up his pelf. Drayton.

CHURL Churl, a.

Defn: Churlish; rough; selfish. [Obs.] Ford.

CHURLISH Churl"ish, a.

1. Like a churl; rude; cross-grained; ungracious; surly; illiberal; niggardly. "Churlish benefits." Ld. Burleigh. Half mankind maintain a churlish strife. Cowper.

2. Wanting pliancy; unmanageable; unyielding; not easily wrought; as, a churlish soil; the churlish and intractable nature of some minerals. Boyle.

CHURLISHLY Churl"ish*ly, adv.

Defn: In a churlish manner.

CHURLISHNESS Churl"ish*ness, n.

Defn: Rudeness of manners or temper; lack of kindness or courtesy.

CHURLY Churl"y, a.

Defn: Rude; churlish; violent. Longfellow.

CHURME; CHIRM Churme, Chirm, n. Etym: [See Chirm.]

Defn: Clamor, or confused noise; buzzing. [Obs.] The churme of a thousand taunts and reproaches. Bacon.

CHURN Churn, n. Etym: [OE. chirne, cherne, AS. ceren, cyrin; akin to D. karn, Dan. kierne. See Churn, v. t.]

Defn: A vessel in which milk or cream is stirred, beaten, or otherwise agitated (as by a plunging or revolving dasher) in order to separete the oily globules from the other parts, and obtain butter.

CHURN Churn, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Churned; p. pr. & vb. n. Churning.] Etym: [OE. chernen, AS. cernan; akin to LG. karnen, G. kernen, D. karnen, Dan. kierne, Sw. kärna, and also to E. corn, kernel, the meaning coming from the idea of extracting the kernel or marrow. See Kernel.]

1. To stir, beat, or agitate, as milk or cream in a churn, in order to make butter.

2. To shake or agitate with violence. Churned in his teeth, the foamy venom rose. Addison.

CHURN Churn, v. i.

Defn: To perform the operation of churning.

CHURNING Churn"ing, n.

1. The act of one who churns.

2. The quantity of butter made at one operation.

CHURR Churr, n. [Cf. Chirr.]

Defn: A vibrant or whirring noise such as that made by some insects, as the cockchafer, or by some birds, as the nightjar, the partridge, etc.

CHURR Churr, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Churred; p. pr. & vb. n. Churr"ing.]

Defn: To make a churr, as a cockchafer.

That's the churring of the nightjar. Hall Caine.

CHURR Churr, v. t.

Defn: To utter by churring.

CHURRUS Chur"rus, n. Etym: [Hind. charas.]

Defn: A powerfully narcotic and intoxicating gum resin which exudes from the flower heads, seeds, etc., of Indian hemp.

CHURRWORM Churr"worm`, n. Etym: [AS. cyrran, cerran, to turn.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: An insect that turns about nimbly; the mole cricket; — called also fan cricket. Johnson.

CHUSE Chuse, v. t.

Defn: See Choose. [Obs.]

CHUTE Chute, n. Etym: [F. chute, prop. a fall.]

1. A framework, trough, or tube, upon or through which objects are made to slide from a higher to a lower level, or through which water passes to a wheel.

2. See Shoot.

CHUTNEY; CHUTNEE Chut"ney, Chut"nee, n. Etym: [Hind. chatni.]

Defn: A warm or spicy condiment or pickle made in India, compounded of various vegetable substances, sweets, acids, etc.

CHYLACEOUS Chy*la"ceous, a. (Physiol.)

Defn: Possessed of the properties of chyle; consisting of chyle.

CHYLAQUEOUS Chy*la"que*ous, a. Etym: [Chyle + aqueous.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Consisting of chyle much diluted with water; — said of a liquid which forms the circulating fluid of some inferior animals.

CHYLE Chyle, n. Etym: [NL. chylus, Gr. chyle; prob. akin to E. fuse to melt.] (Physiol.)

Defn: A milky fluid containing the fatty matter of the food in a state of emulsion, or fine mechanical division; formed from chyme by the action of the intestinal juices. It is absorbed by the lacteals, and conveyed into the blood by the thoracic duct.

CHYLIFACTION Chyl`i*fac"tion, n. Etym: [Chyle + L. facere to make.] (Physiol.)

Defn: The act or process by which chyle is formed from food in animal bodies; chylification, — a digestive process.

CHYLIFACTIVE Chyl`i*fac"tive, a. (Physiol.)

Defn: Producing, or converting into, chyle; having the power to form chyle.

CHYLIFEROUS Chy*lif"er*ous, a.

Defn: [Chyle + -ferous: cf. F. chylifère.] (Physiol.) Transmitting or conveying chyle; as, chyliferous vessels.

CHYLIFIC Chy*lif"ic, a.

Defn: Chylifactive.

CHYLIFICATION Chyl`i*fi*ca"tion, n. (Physiol.)

Defn: The formation of chyle. See Chylifaction.

CHYLIFICATORY Chy*lif"i*ca*to*ry ( or ), a.

Defn: Chylifactive.

CHYLIFY Chy"li*fy, v. t. & i. Etym: [Chyle + -ly.] (Physiol.)

Defn: To make chyle of; to be converted into chyle.

CHYLOPOETIC Chy`lo*po*et"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. chylopoiei^n to make into juice, chylo`s juice, chyle + poiei^n to make.] (Physiol.)

Defn: Concerned in the formation of chyle; as, the chylopoetic organs.

CHYLOUS Chy"lous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. chyleux.] (Physiol.)

Defn: Consisting of, or similar to, chyle.

CHYLURIA Chy*lu"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL. from Gr. (Med.)

Defn: A morbid condition in which the urine contains chyle or fatty matter, giving it a milky appearance.

CHYME Chyme, n. Etym: [L. chymus chyle, Gr. chyme. See Chyle.] (Physiol.)

Defn: The pulpy mass of semi-digested food in the small intestines just after its passage from the stomach. It is separated in the intestines into chyle and excrement. See Chyle.

CHYMIC; CHYMIST; CHYMISTRY Chym"ic, Chym"ist, Chym"is*try. [Obs.]

Defn: See Chemic, Chemist, Chemistry.

CHYMIFEROUS Chy*mif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Chyme + -ferous.] (Physiol.)

Defn: Bearing or containing chyme.

CHYMIFICATION Chym`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Chyme + L. facere to make: cf. F. Chymification.] (Physiol.)

Defn: The conversion of food into chyme by the digestive action of gastric juice.

CHYMIFY Chym"i*fy, v. t. Etym: [Chyme + -fy: cf. F. chymifier.] (Physiol.)

Defn: To form into chyme.

CHYMOUS Chy"mous, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to chyme.

CHYOMETER Chy*om"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] (Chem.)

Defn: An instrument for measuring liquids. It consists of a piston moving in a tube in which is contained the liquid, the quantity expelled being indicated by the graduation upon the piston rod.

CIBARIOUS Ci*ba"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. cibaruus, fr. cibus food.]

Defn: Pertaining to food; edible. Johnson.

CIBATION Ci*ba"tion, n. Etym: [L. cibatio, fr. cibare to feed.]

1. The act of taking food.

2. (Alchemy)

Defn: The process or operation of feeding the contents of the crucilbe with fresh material. B. Jonson.

CIBOL Cib"ol, n. Etym: [F. ciboule, LL. cepula, cepola, dim. of L. cepa, caepa, caepe, an onion. Cf. Chibbal, Cives.]

Defn: A perennial alliaceous plant (Allium fistulosum), sometimes called Welsh onion. Its fistular leaves areused in cookery.

CIBORIUM Ci*bo"ri*um, n.: pl. Ciboria. Etym: [LL., fr. L. ciborium a cup, fr. Gr.

1. (Arch.)

Defn: A canopy usually standing free and supported on four columns, covering the high altar, or, very rarely, a secondary altar.

2. (R. C. Ch.)

Defn: The coffer or case in which the host is kept; the pyx.

CICADA Ci*ca"da, n.; pl. E. Cicadas, L. Cicadæ. Etym: [L.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any species of the genus Cicada. They are large hemipterous insects, with nearly transparent wings. The male makes a shrill sound by pecular organs in the under side of the abdomen, consisting of a pair of stretched membranes, acted upon by powerful muscles. A noted American species (C. septendecim) is called the seventeen year locust. Another common species is the dogday cicada.

CICALA Ci*ca"la, n. Etym: [It., fr. L. cicada.]

Defn: A cicada. See Cicada. "At eve a dry cicala sung." Tennison.

CICATRICE Cic"a*trice, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. cicatrix.]

Defn: A cicatrix.

CICATRICIAL Cic`a*tri"cial, a. (Med.)

Defn: Relating to, or having the character of, a cicatrix. Dunglison.

CICATRICLE Cic"a*tri`cle, n. Etym: [Cf. F. cicatricule, fr. L. cicatricula a small scar, fr. cicatrix a scar.] (Biol.)

Defn: The germinating point in the embryo of a seed; the point in the yolk of an egg at which development begins.

CICATRISIVE Cic"a*tri`sive, a.

Defn: Tending to promote the formation of a cicatrix; good for healing of a wound.

CICATRIX Ci*ca"trix, n.; pl. Cicatrices. Etym: [L.] (Med.)

Defn: The pellicle which forms over a wound or breach of continuity and completes the process of healing in the latter, and which subsequently contracts and becomes white, forming the scar.

CICATRIZANT Cic"a*tri`zant, n. Etym: [Cf. F. cicatrisant, properly p. pr. of cicatriser.] (Med.)

Defn: A medicine or application that promotes the healing of a sore or wound, or the formation of a cicatrix.

CICATRIZATION Cic`a*tri*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. cicatrisation.] (Med.)

Defn: The process of forming a cicatrix, or the state of being cicatrized.

CICATRIZE Cic"a*trize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cicatrized; p. pr. & vb. n. Cicatrizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. cicatriser, fr. cicatrice, L. cicatrix, scar.] (Med.)

Defn: To heal or induce the formation of a cicatrix in, as in wounded or ulcerated flesh. Wiseman.

CICATRIZE Cic"a*trize, v. i. (Med.)

Defn: To heal; to have a new skin.

CICATROSE Cic"a*trose`, a.

Defn: Full of scars. Craig.

CICELY Cic"e*ly, n. Etym: [L. seselis, Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: Any one of several umbelliferous plants, of the genera Myrrhis, Osmorrhiza, etc.

CICERO Cic"e*ro, n. (Print.)

Defn: Pica type; — so called by French printers.

CICERONE Ci`ce*ro"ne, n.; pl. It. Ciceroni, E. Cicerones. Etym: [It., fr. L. Cicero, the Roman orator. So called from the ordinary talkativeness of such a guide.]

Defn: One who shows strangers the curiosities of a place; a guide. Every glib and loquacious hireling who shows strangers about their picture galleries, palaces, and ruins, is termed by them [the Italians] a cicerone, or a Cicero. Trench.

CICERONIAN Cic`e*ro"ni*an, a. Etym: [L. Ciceronianus, fr. Cicero, the orator.]

Defn: Resembling Cicero in style or action; eloquent.

CICERONIANISM Cic`e*ro"ni*an*ism, n.

Defn: Imitation of, or resemblance to, the style or action Cicero; a Ciceronian phrase or expression. "Great study in Ciceronianism, the chief abuse of Oxford." Sir P. Sidney.

CICHORACEOUS Cich`o*ra"ceous, a. Etym: [See Chicory.]

Defn: Belonging to, or resembling, a suborder of composite plants of which the chicory (Cichorium) is the type.

CICH-PEA Cich"-pea`, n.

Defn: The chick-pea. Holland.

CICISBEISM Ci*cis"be*ism, n.

Defn: The state or conduct of a cicisbeo.

CICISBEO Ci`cis*be"o, n.; pl. It. Cicisbei. Etym: [It.]

1. A professed admirer of a married woman; a dangler about women.

2. A knot of silk or ribbon attached to a fan, walking stick, etc. [Obs.]

CICLATOUN Cic"la*toun`, n. Etym: [Of. ciclaton.]

Defn: A costly cloth, of uncertain material, used in the Middle Ages. [Obs.] [Written also checklaton, chekelatoun.] His robe was of ciclatoun, That coste many a Jane. Chaucer.

CICURATE Cic"u*rate, v. t. Etym: [L. cicurare to tame, fr. cicur tame.]

Defn: To tame. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

CICURATION Cic`u*ra"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. cicuration.]

Defn: The act of taming. [Obs.] Ray.

CICUTA Ci*cu"ta, n. Etym: [L., the poison hemlock.] (Bot.)

Defn: a genus of poisonous umbelliferous plants, of which the water hemlock or cowbane is best known.

Note: The name cicuta is sometimes erroneously applied to Conium maculatum, or officinal hemlock.

CICUTOXIN Cic`u*tox"in, n. (Chem.)

Defn: The active principle of the water hemlock (Cicuta) extracted as a poisonous gummy substance.

CID Cid, n. Etym: [Sp., fr. Ar. seid lord.]

1. Chief or commander; in Spanish literature, a title of Ruy Diaz, Count of Bivar, a champion of Christianity and of the old Spanish royalty, in the 11th century.

2. An epic poem, which celebrates the exploits of the Spanish national hero, Ruy Diaz.

CIDER Ci"der, n. Etym: [F. cidre, OF. sidre, fr. L. sicera a kind of strong drink, Gr. shakar to be intoxicated, shekar strong drink.]

Defn: The expressed juice of apples. It is used as a beverage, for making vinegar, and for other purposes.

Note: Cider was formerly used to signify the juice of other fruits, and other kinds of strong liquor, but was not applied to wine. Cider brandy, a kind of brandy distilled from cider. — Cider mill, a mill in which cider is made. — Cider press, the press of a cider mill.

CIDERIST Ci`der*ist, n.

Defn: A maker of cider. [Obs.] Mortimer.

CIDERKIN Ci"der*kin, n. Etym: [Cider + -kin.]

Defn: A kind of weak cider made by steeping the refuse pomace in water. Ciderkin is made for common drinking, and supplies the place of small beer. Mortimer.

CI-DEVANT Ci`-de*vant", a. Etym: [F., hitherto, formerly.]

Defn: Former; previous; of times gone by; as, a cidevant governor.

CIERGE Cierge, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. cera wax.]

Defn: A wax candle used in religous rites.

CIGAR Ci*gar", n. Etym: [Sp. cigarro, orig., a kind of tobacco in the island of Cuba: cf. F. cigare.]

Defn: A small roll of tobacco, used for smoking. Cigar fish (Zoöl.), a fish (Decapterus punctatus), allied to the mackerel, found on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico.

CIGARETTE Cig`a*rette", n. Etym: [F. cigarette.]

Defn: A little cigar; a little fine tobacco rolled in paper for smoking.

CILIA Cil"i*a, n. pl. Cilium, the sing., is rarely used. Etym: [L. cilium eyelid.]

1. (Anat.)

Defn: The eyelashes.

2. (Biol.)

Defn: Small, generally microscopic, vibrating appendages lining certain organs, as the air passages of the higher animals, and in the lower animals often covering also the whole or a part of the exterior. They are also found on some vegetable organisms. In the Infusoria, and many larval forms, they are locomotive organs.

3. (Bot.)

Defn: Hairlike processes, commonly marginal and forming a fringe like the eyelash.

4. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Small, vibratory, swimming organs, somewhat resembling true cilia, as those of Ctenophora.

CILIARY Cil"ia*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. ciliaire.]

1. (Anat.)

Defn: Pertaining to the cilia, or eyelashes. Also applied to special parts of the eye itself; as, the ciliary processes of the choroid coat; the ciliary muscle, etc.

2. (Biol.)

Defn: Pertaining to or connected with the cilia in animal or vegetable organisms; as, ciliary motion.

CILIATA Cil`i*a"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Cilia.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the orders of Infusoria, characterized by having cilia. In some species the cilia cover the body generally, in others they form a band around the mouth.

CILIATE; CILIATED Cil"i*ate, Cil"i*a`ted, a.

Defn: Provided with, or surrounded by, cilia; as, a ciliate leaf; endowed with vibratory motion; as, the ciliated epithelium of the windpipe.

CILICE Cil"ice, n. Etym: [F. See Cilicious.]

Defn: A kind of haircloth undergarment. Southey.

CILICIAN Ci*li"cian, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Cilicia in Asia Minor. — n.

Defn: A native or inhabitant of Cilicia.

CILICIOUS Ci*li"cious, a. Etym: [L. cilicium a covering, orig. made of Cilician goat's hair, fr. Cilicious Cilician, fr. Cilicia, a province of Asia Minor.]

Defn: Made, or consisting, of hair. [Obs.] A Cilicious or sackcloth habit. Sir T. Browne.

CILIFORM; CILIIFORM Cil"i*form, Cil"i*i*form`, a. Etym: [Cilium + -form]

Defn: Having the form of cilia; very fine or slender.

CILIOGRADE Cil"i*o*grade, a. Etym: [Cilium + L. gradi to step: cf. F. ciliograde.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Moving by means of cilia, or cilialike organs; as, the ciliograde Medusæ.

CILIUM Cil"i*um, n. Etym: [L., eyelid.]

Defn: See Cilia.

CILL Cill, n.

Defn: See Sill., n. a foundation.

CILLOSIS Cil*lo"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. cilium eyelid.] (Med.)

Defn: A spasmodic trembling of the upper eyelid.

CIMA Ci"ma, n. (Arch.)

Defn: A kind of molding. See Cyma.

CIMAR Ci*mar", n.

Defn: See Simar.

CIMBAL Cim"bal, n. Etym: [It. ciambella.]

Defn: A kind of confectionery or cake. [Obs.] Nares.

CIMBIA Cim"bi*a, n. (Arch.)

Defn: A fillet or band placed around the shaft of a column as if to strengthen it. [Written also cimia.]

CIMBRIAN Cim"bri*an, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Cimbri. — n.

Defn: One of the Cimbri. See Cimbric.

CIMBRIC Cim"bric, a.

Defn: Pertaining to the Cimbri, an ancient tribe inhabiting Northern Germany. — n.

Defn: The language of the Cimbri.

CIMELIARCH Ci*me"li*arch, n. Etym: [L. cimeliarcha, Gr.

Defn: A superintendent or keeper of a church's valuables; a churchwarden. [Obs.] Bailey.

CIMETER Cim"e*ter, n.

Defn: See Scimiter.

CIMEX Ci"mex, n.; pl. Cimices. Etym: [L., a bug.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of hemipterous insects of which the bedbug is the best known example. See Bedbug.

CIMIA Cim"i*a, n. (Arch.)

Defn: See Cimbia.

CIMISS Ci"miss, n. Etym: [L. cimex, -icis, a bug.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The bedbug. [Obs.] Wright.

CIMMERIAN Cim*me"ri*an, a. Etym: [L. Cimmerius.] [Written also Kimmerian.]

1. Pertaining to the Cimmerii, a fabulous people, said to have lived, in very ancient times, in profound and perpetual darkness.

2. Without any light; intensely dark. In dark Cimmerian desert ever dwell. Milton.

CIMOLITE Cim"o*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. Cimolus, an island of the Cyclades.] (Min.)

Defn: A soft, earthy, clayey mineral, of whitish or grayish color.

CINCH Cinch, n. Etym: [Sp. cincha, fr. L. cingere to gird.]

1. A strong saddle girth, as of canvas. [West. U. S.]

2. A tight grip. [Colloq.]

CINCHONA Cin*cho"na, n. Etym: [So named from the wife of Count Chinchon, viceroy of Peru in the seventeenth century, who by its use was freed from an intermittent fever, and after her return to Spain, contributed to the general propagation of this remedy.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of trees growing naturally on the Andes in Peru and adjacent countries, but now cultivated in the East Indies, producing a medicinal bark of great value.

2. (Med.)

Defn: The bark of any species of cinchona containing three per cent. or more of bitter febrifuge alkaloids; Peruvian bark; Jesuits' bark.

CINCHONACEOUS Cin`cho*na"ceous, a.

Defn: Allied or pertaining to cinchona, or to the plants that produce it.

CINCHONIC Cin*chon"ic, a.

Defn: Belonging to, or obtained from, cinchona. Mayne.

CINCHONIDINE Cin*chon"i*dine, n. Etym: [From Cinchona.] (Chem.)

Defn: One of the quinine group of alkaloids, found especially in red cinchona bark. It is a white crystalline substance, C19H22N2O, with a bitter taste and qualities similar to, but weaker than, quinine; — sometimes called also cinchonidia.

CINCHONINE Cin"cho*nine, n. Etym: [From Cinchona: cf. F. cinchonine.] (Chem.)

Defn: One of the quinine group of alkaloids isomeric with and resembling cinchonidine; — called also cinchonia.

CINCHONISM Cin"cho*nism, n. Etym: [From Cinchona.] (Med.)

Defn: A condition produced by the excessive or long-continued use of quinine, and marked by deafness, roaring in the ears, vertigo, etc.

CINCHONIZE Cin"cho*nize, v. t.

Defn: To produce cinchonism in; to poison with quinine or with cinchona.

CINCINNATI EPOCH Cin`cin*na"ti ep"och. (Geol.)

Defn: An epoch at the close of the American lower Silurian system. The rocks are well developed near Cincinnati, Ohio. The group includes the Hudson River and Lorraine shales of New york.

CINCINNUS Cin*cin"nus, n.; pl. -ni (#). [Also cicinus, cicinnus.] [L., a curl of hair.] (Bot.)

Defn: A form of monochasium in which the lateral branches arise alternately on opposite sides of the false axis; — called also scorpioid cyme. —Cin*cin"nal (#), a.

CINCTURE Cinc"ture, n. Etym: [L. cinctura, fr. cingere, cinctum, to gird.]

1. A belt, a girdle, or something worn round the body, — as by an ecclesiastic for confining the alb.

2. That which encompasses or incloses; an inclosure. "Within the cincture of one wall." Bacon.

3. (Arch.)

Defn: The fillet, listel, or band next to the apophyge at the extremity of the shaft of a column.

CINCTURED Cinc"tured, n.

Defn: Having or wearing a cincture or gridle.

CINDER Cin"der, n. Etym: [AS. sinder slag, dross; akin to Icel. sindr dross, Sw. sinder, G. sinter, D. sintel; perh. influenced by F. cendre ashes, fr. L. cinis. Cf. Sinter.]

1. Partly burned or vitrified coal, or other combustible, in which fire is extinct.

2. A hot coal without flame; an ember. Swift.

3. A scale thrown off in forging metal.

4. The slag of a furnace, or scoriaceous lava from a volcano. Cinder frame, a framework of wire in front of the tubes of a locomotive, to arrest the escape of cinders. — Cinder notch (Metal.), the opening in a blast furnace, through which melted cinder flows out.

CINDERY Cin"der*y, a.

Defn: Resembling, or composed of, cinders; full of cinders.

CINEFACTION Cin`e*fac"tion, n. Etym: [LL. cinefactio: L. cinis ashes + facere to make: cf. F. cinéfaction.]

Defn: Cineration; reduction to ashes. [Obs.]

CINEMATIC; CINEMATICAL Cin`e*mat"ic, Cin`e*mat"ic*al, a.

Defn: See Kinematic.

CINEMATICS Cin`e*mat"ics, n. sing.

Defn: See Kinematics.

CINEMATOGRAPH Cin`e*mat"o*graph, n. [Gr. , , motion + -graph.]

1.

Defn: A machine, combining magic lantern and kinetoscope features, for projecting on a screen a series of pictures, moved rapidly (25 to 50 a second) and intermittently before an objective lens, and producing by persistence of vision the illusion of continuous motion; a moving-picture machine; also, any of several other machines or devices producing moving pictorial effects. Other common names for the cinematograph are animatograph, biograph, bioscope, electrograph, electroscope, kinematograph, kinetoscope, veriscope, vitagraph, vitascope, zoögyroscope, zoöpraxiscope, etc.

The cinematograph, invented by Edison in 1894, is the result of the introduction of the flexible film into photography in place of glass. Encyc. Brit.

2. A camera for taking chronophotographs for exhibition by the instrument described above.

CINEMATOGRAPHER Cin`e*ma*tog"ra*pher, n.

Defn: One who exhibits moving pictures or who takes chronophotographs by the cinematograph. — Cin`e*mat`o*graph"ic (#), a. — Cin`e*mat`o*graph"ic*al*ly (#), adv.

CINEMOGRAPH Ci*ne"mo*graph, n. [Gr. motion + -graph.]

Defn: An integrating anemometer.

CINERACEOUS Cin`er*a"ceous, a. Etym: [L. cineraceus, fr. cinis ashes.]

Defn: Like ashes; ash-colored; cinerous.

CINERARIA Cin`e*ra"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. LL. cinerarius pert. to ashes, fr. cinis ashes. So called from the ash-colored down on the leaves.] (Bot.)

Defn: A Linnæan genus of free-flowering composite plants, mostly from South Africa. Several species are cultivated for ornament.

CINERARY Cin"er*a*ry, a. Etym: [L. cinerarius, fr. cinis ashes.]

Defn: Pertaining to ashes; containing ashes. Cinerary urns, vessels used by the ancients to preserve the ashes of the dead when burned.

CINERATION Cin`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. cinis ashes: cf. F. cinération.]

Defn: The reducing of anything to ashes by combustion; cinefaction.

CINEREOUS Ci*ne"re*ous, a. Etym: [L. cinereus, fr. cinis ashes.]

Defn: Like ashes; ash-colored; grayish.

CINERESCENT Cin`er*es"cent, a.

Defn: Somewhat cinereous; of a color somewhat resembling that of wood ashes.

CINERITIOUS Cin`er*i"tious, a. Etym: [L. cineritius, cinericius, fr. cinis ashes.]

Defn: Like ashes; having the color of ashes, — as the cortical substance of the brain.

CINERULENT Ci*ner"u*lent, a.

Defn: Full of ashes. [Obs.]

CINGALESE Cin`ga*lese", n. sing. & pl. Etym: [Cf. F. Cingalais.]

Defn: A native or natives of Ceylon descended from its primitive inhabitants; also (sing.),

Defn: the language of the Cingalese. — a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Cingalese. [Written also Singhalese.]

Note: Ceylonese is applied to the inhabitants of the island in general.

CINGLE Cin"gle, n. Etym: [L. cingula, cingulum, fr. cingere to gird.]

Defn: A girth. [R.] See Surcingle.

CINGULUM Cin"gu*lum, n. Etym: [L., a girdle.] (Zoöl.) (a) A distinct girdle or band of color; a raised spiral line as seen on certain univalve shells. (b) The clitellus of earthworms. (c) The base of the crown of a tooth.

CINNABAR Cin"na*bar, n. Etym: [L. cinnabaris, Gr. qinbar, Hind. shangarf.]

1. (Min.)

Defn: Red sulphide of mercury, occurring in brilliant red crystals, and also in red or brown amorphous masses. It is used in medicine.

2. The artificial red sulphide of mercury used as a pigment; vermilion. Cinnabar Græcorum (. Etym: [L. Graecorum, gen. pl., of the Greeks.] (Med.) Same as Dragon's blood. — Green cinnabar, a green pigment consisting of the oxides of cobalt and zinc subjected to the action of fire. — Hepatic cinnabar (Min.), an impure cinnabar of a liver-brown color and submetallic luster.

CINNABARINE Cin"na*ba*rine, a. Etym: [Cf. F. cinabarin.]

Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, cinnabar; consisting of cinnabar, or containing it; as, cinnabarine sand.

CINNAMENE Cin"na*mene, n. Etym: [From Cinnamic.] (Chem.)

Defn: Styrene (which was formerly called cinnamene because obtained from cinnamic acid). See Styrene.

CINNAMIC Cin*nam"ic, a. Etym: [From Cinnamon.] (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or obtained from, cinnamon. Cinnamic acid (Chem.), a white, crystalline, odorless substance. C6H5.C2H2C2H2.CO2H, formerly obtained from storax and oil of cinnamon, now made from certain benzene derivatives in large quantities, and used for the artificial production of indigo.

CINNAMOMIC Cin`na*mom"ic, a. Etym: [L. cinnamomum cinnamon.] (Chem.)

Defn: See Cinnamic.

CINNAMON Cin"na*mon, n. Etym: [Heb. qinnamon; cf. Gr. cinnamomum, cinnamon. The Heb. word itself seems to have been borrowed from some other language; cf. Malay kaju manis sweet wood.] (a) The inner bark of the shoots of Cinnamomum Zeylanicum, a tree growing in Ceylon. It is aromatic, of a moderately pungent taste, and is one of the best cordial, carminative, and restorative spices. (b) Cassia. Cinnamon stone (Min.), a variety of garnet, of a cinnamon or hyacinth red color, sometimes used in jewelry. — Oil of cinnamon, a colorless aromatic oil obtained from cinnamon and cassia, and consisting essentially of cinnamic aldehyde, C6H5.C2H2.CHO. — Wild cinnamon. See Canella.

CINNAMONE Cin"na*mone, n. Etym: [Cinnamic + -one.]

Defn: A yellow crystalline substance, (C6H5.C2H2)2CO, the ketone of cinnamic acid.

CINNAMYL Cin"na*myl, n. Etym: [Cinnamic + -yl.] (Chem.)

Defn: The hypothetical radical, (C6H5.C2H2)2C, of cinnamic compounds. [Formerly written also cinnamule.]

CINNOLINE Cin"no*line, n. Etym: [Cinnamic + quinoline.]

Defn: A nitrogenous organic base, C8H6N2, analogous to quinoline, obtained from certain complex diazo compounds.

CINQUE Cinque, n. Etym: [F. cinq, fr. L. quinque five. See Five.]

Defn: Five; the number five in dice or cards.

CINQUECENTIST Cin`que*cen"tist, n.

1. An Italian of the sixteenth century, esp. a poet or artist.

2. A student or imitator of the art or literature of the Cinquecento.

CINQUECENTO Cin`que*cen"to, n. & a. Etym: [It., five hundred, abbrev. for fifteen hundred. The Cinquecento style was so called because it arose after the year 1500.]

Defn: The sixteenth century, when applied to Italian art or literature; as, the sculpture of the Cinquecento; Cinquecento style.

CINQUEFOIL Cinque"foil`, n. Etym: [Cinque five + foil, F. feuille leaf. See Foil.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: The name of several different species of the genus Potentilla; — also called five-finger, because of the resemblance of its leaves to the fingers of the hand.

2. (Arch.)

Defn: An ornamental foliation having five points or cups, used in windows, panels, etc. Gwilt. Marsh cinquefoil, the Potentilla palustris, a plant with purple flowers which grows in fresh-water marshes.

CINQUE-PACE Cinque"-pace`, n. Etym: [Cinque + pace.]

Defn: A lively dance (called also galliard), the steps of which were regulated by the number five. [Obs.] Nares. Shak.

CINQUE PORTS Cinque" Ports`. Etym: [Cinque + port.] (Eng. Hist.)

Defn: Five English ports, to which peculiar privileges were anciently accorded; — viz., Hastings, Romney, Hythe, Dover, and Sandwich; afterwards increased by the addition of Winchelsea, Rye, and some minor places. Baron of the Cinque Ports. See under Baron.

CINQUE-SPOTTED Cinque"-spot`ted, a.

Defn: Five-spotted. [R.] Shak.

CINTER Cin"ter, n. Etym: [F. cintre.] (Arch.)

Defn: See Center.

CINURA Ci*nu"ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The group of Thysanura which includes Lepisma and allied forms; the bristletails. See Bristletail, and Lepisma.

CION Ci"on, n. Etym: [OF. cion. See Scion.]

Defn: See Scion. The cion overruleth the stock; and the stock is but passive, and giveth aliment, but no motion, to the graft. Bacon.

CIPHER Ci"pher, n. Etym: [OF. cifre zero, F. Chiffre figure (cf. Sp.cifra, LL. cifra), fr. Ar. çifrun, çafrun, empty, cipher, zero, fr. çafira to be empty. Cf. Zero.]

1. (Arith.)

Defn: A character [0] which, standing by itself, expresses nothing, but when placed at the right hand of a whole number, increases its value tenfold.

2. One who, or that which, has no weight or influence. Here he was a mere cipher. W. Irving.

3. A character in general, as a figure or letter. [Obs.] This wisdom began to be written in ciphers and characters and letters bearing the forms of creatures. Sir W. Raleigh.

4. A combination or interweaving of letters, as the initials of a name; a device; a monogram; as, a painter's cipher, an engraver's cipher, etc. The cut represents the initials N. W.

5. A private alphabet, system of characters, or other mode of writing, contrived for the safe transmission of secrets; also, a writing in such characters. His father . . . engaged him when he was very young to write all his letters to England in cipher. Bp. Burnet. Cipher key, a key to assist in reading writings in cipher.

CIPHER Ci"pher, a.

Defn: Of the nature of a cipher; of no weight or influence. "Twelve cipher bishops." Milton.

CIPHER Ci"pher, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ciphered; p. pr. & vb. n. Ciphering.]

Defn: To use figures in a mathematical process; to do sums in arithmetic. "T was certain he could write and cipher too. Goldsmith.

CIPHER Ci"pher, v. t.

1. To write in occult characters. His notes he ciphered with Greek characters. Hayward.

2. To get by ciphering; as, to cipher out the answer.

3. To decipher. [Obs.] Shak.

4. To designate by characters. [Obs.] Shak.

CIPHERER Ci"pher*er, n.

Defn: One who ciphers.

CIPHERHOOD Ci"pher*hood, n.

Defn: Nothingness. [R.] Goodwin.

CIPOLIN Cip"o*lin, n. Etym: [It. cippollino, prop., a little onion, fr. cipolla onion (cf. E. cibol). So called because its veins consist, like onions, of different strata, one lying upon another.] (Min.)

Defn: A whitish marble, from Rome, containiing pale greenish zones. It consists of calcium carbonate, with zones and cloudings of talc.

CIPPUS Cip"pus, n.; pl. Cippi. Etym: [L., stake, post.]

Defn: A small, low pillar, square or round, commonly having an inscription, used by the ancients for various purposes, as for indicating the distances of places, for a landmark, for sepulchral inscriptions, etc. Gwilt.

CIRC Circ, n. Etym: [See Circus.]

Defn: An amphitheatrical circle for sports; a circus. [R.] T. Warton.

CIRCAR Cir*car", n. Etym: [See Sircar.]

Defn: A district, or part of a province. See Sircar. [India]

CIRCASSIAN Cir*cas"sian, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Circassia, in Asia. — n.

Defn: A native or inhabitant of Circassia.

CIRCEAN Cir*ce"an, a. Etym: [L. Circaeus.]

Defn: Having the characteristics of Circe, daughter of Sol and Perseis, a mythological enchantress, who first charmed her victims and then changed them to the forms of beasts; pleasing, but noxious; as, a Circean draught.

CIRCENSIAL; CIRCENSIAN Cir*cen"sial, Cir*cen"sian, a. Etym: [L. Circensis, ludi Circenses, the games in the Circus Maximus.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to, or held in, the Circus, In Rome. The pleasure of the Circensian shows. Holyday.

CIRCINAL Cir"ci*nal, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: Circinate.

CIRCINATE Cir"ci*nate, a. Etym: [L. circinatus, p. p. of circinare to make round, fr. circinus a pair of compasses, from Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: Rolled together downward, the tip occupying the center; — a term used in reference to foliation or leafing, as in ferns. Gray.

CIRCINATE Cir"ci*nate, v. t.

Defn: To make a circle around; to encompass. [Obs.] Bailey.

CIRCINATION Cir`ci*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. circinatio circle.]

1. An orbicular motion. [Obs.] bailey.

2. A circle; a concentric layer. [Obs.] "The circinations and spherical rounds of onions." Sir T. Browne.

CIRCLE Cir"cle, n. Etym: [OE. cercle, F. cercle, fr. L. circulus (Whence also AS. circul), dim. of circus circle, akin to Gr. Circus, Circum- .]

1. A plane figure, bounded by a single curve line called its circumference, every part of which is equally distant from a point within it, called the center.

2. The line that bounds sush a figure; a circumference; a ring.

3. (Astron.)

Defn: An instrument of observation, the graduated limb of which consists of an entire circle.

Note: When it is fixed to a wall in an observatory, it is called a mural circle; when mounted with a telescope on an axis and in Y's, in the plane of the meridian, a meridian or transit circle; when involving the principle of reflection, like the sextant, a reflecting circle; and when that of repeating an angle several times continuously along the graduated limb, a repeating circle.

4. A round body; a sphere; an orb. It is he that sitteth upon the circle of the earth. Is. xi. 22.

5. Compass; circuit; inclosure. In the circle of this forest. Shak.

6. A company assembled, or conceived to assemble, about a central point of interest, or bound by a common tie; a class or division of society; a coterie; a set. As his name gradually became known, the circle of his acquaintance widened. Macaulay.

7. A circular group of persons; a ring.

8. A series ending where it begins, and repeating itself. Thus in a circle runs the peasant's pain. Dryden.

9. (Logic)

Defn: A form of argument in which two or more unproved statements are used to prove each other; inconclusive reasoning. That heavy bodies descend by gravity; and, again, that gravity is a quality whereby a heavy body descends, is an impertinent circle and teaches nothing. Glanvill.

10. Indirect form of words; circumlocution. [R.] Has he given the lie, In circle, or oblique, or semicircle. J. Fletcher.

11. A territorial division or district.

Note: The Circles of the Holy Roman Empire, ten in number, were those principalities or provinces which had seats in the German Diet. Azimuth circle. See under Azimuth. — Circle of altitude (Astron.), a circle parallel to the horizon, having its pole in the zenith; an almucantar. — Circle of curvature. See Osculating circle of a curve (Below). — Circle of declination. See under Declination. — Circle of latitude. (a) (Astron.) A great circle perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic, passing through its poles. (b) (Spherical Projection) A small circle of the sphere whose plane is perpendicular to the axis. — Circles of longitude, lesser circles parallel to the ecliptic, diminishing as they recede from it. — Circle of perpetual apparition, at any given place, the boundary of that space around the elevated pole, within which the stars never set. Its distance from the pole is equal to the latitude of the place. — Circle of perpetual occultation, at any given place, the boundary of the space around the depressed pole, within which the stars never rise. — Circle of the sphere, a circle upon the surface of the sphere, called a great circle when its plane passes through the center of the sphere; in all other cases, a small circle. — Diurnal circle. See under Diurnal. — Dress circle, a gallery in a theater, generally the one containing the prominent and more expensive seats. — Druidical circles (Eng. Antiq.), a popular name for certain ancient inclosures formed by rude stones circularly arranged, as at Stonehenge, near Salisbury. — Family circle, a gallery in a theater, usually one containing inexpensive seats. — Horary circles (Dialing), the lines on dials which show the hours. — Osculating circle of a curve (Geom.), the circle which touches the curve at some point in the curve, and close to the point more nearly coincides with the curve than any other circle. This circle is used as a measure of the curvature of the curve at the point, and hence is called circle of curvature. — Pitch circle. See under Pitch. — Vertical circle, an azimuth circle. — Voltaic circle or circuit. See under Circuit. — To square the circle. See under Square.

Syn. — Ring; circlet; compass; circuit; inclosure.

CIRCLE Cir"cle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circled; p. pr. & vb. n. Circling.] Etym: [OE. cerclen, F. cercler, fr. L. circulare to make round. See Circle, n., and cf. Circulate.]

1. To move around; to revolve around. Other planets circle other suns. Pope.

2. To encompass, as by a circle; to surround; to inclose; to encircle. Prior. Pope. Their heads are circled with a short turban. Dampier. So he lies, circled with evil. Coleridge. To circle in, to confine; to hem in; to keep together; as, to circle bodies in. Sir K. Digby.

CIRCLE Cir"cle, v. i.

Defn: To move circularly; to form a circle; to circulate. Thy name shall circle round the gaping through. Byron.

CIRCLED Cir"cled, a.

Defn: Having the form of a circle; round. "Monthly changes in her circled orb." Shak.

CIRCLER Cir"cler, n.

Defn: A mean or inferior poet, perhaps from his habit of wandering around as a stroller; an itinerant poet. Also, a name given to the cyclic poets. See under Cyclic, a. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

CIRCLET Cir"clet, n.

1. A little circle; esp., an ornament for the person, having the form of a circle; that which encircles, as a ring, a bracelet, or a headband. Her fair locks in circlet be enrolled. Spenser.

2. A round body; an orb. Pope. Fairest of stars . . . that crown'st the smiling morn With thy bright circlet. Milton.

3. A circular piece of wood put under a dish at table. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

CIRCOCELE Cir"co*cele, n.

Defn: See Cirsocele.

CIRCUIT Cir"cuit, n. Etym: [F. circuit, fr. L. circuitus, fr. circuire or circumire to go around; circum around + ire to go.]

1. The act of moving or revolving around, or as in a circle or orbit; a revolution; as, the periodical circuit of the earth round the sun. Watts.

2. The circumference of, or distance round, any space; the measure of a line round an area. The circuit or compass of Ireland is 1,800 miles. J. Stow.

3. That which encircles anything, as a ring or crown. The golden circuit on my head. Shak.

4. The space inclosed within a circle, or within limits. A circuit wide inclosed with goodliest trees. Milton.

5. A regular or appointed journeying from place to place in the exercise of one's calling, as of a judge, or a preacher.

6. (a) (Law) A certain division of a state or country, established by law for a judge or judges to visit, for the administration of justice. Bouvier. (b) (Methodist Church) A district in which an itinerant preacher labors.

7. Circumlocution. [Obs.] "Thou hast used no circuit of words." Huloet. Circuit court (Law), a court which sits successively in different places in its circuit (see Circuit, 6). In the United States, the federal circuit courts are commonly presided over by a judge of the supreme court, or a special circuit judge, together with the judge of the district court. They have jurisdiction within statutory limits, both in law and equity, in matters of federal cognizance. Some of the individual States also have circuit courts, which have general statutory jurisdiction of the same class, in matters of State cognizance. — Circuit or Circuity of action (Law), a longer course of proceedings than is necessary to attain the object in view. — To make a circuit, to go around; to go a roundabout way. — Voltaic or Galvanic circuit or circle, a continous electrical communication between the two poles of a battery; an arrangement of voltaic elements or couples with proper conductors, by which a continuous current of electricity is established.

CIRCUIT Cir"cuit, v. i.

Defn: To move in a circle; to go round; to circulate. [Obs.] J. Philips.

CIRCUIT Cir"cuit, v. t.

Defn: To travel around. [Obs.] "Having circuited the air." T. Warton.

CIRCUITEER Cir`cuit*eer", n.

Defn: A circuiter. Pope.

CIRCUITER Cir"cuit*er, n.

Defn: One who travels a circuit, as a circuit judge. [R.] R. Whitlock.

CIRCUITION Cir`cu*i"tion, n. Etym: [L. circuitio. See Circuit.]

Defn: The act of going round; circumlocution. [R.]

CIRCUITOUS Cir*cu"i*tous, a. Etym: [LL. circuitosus.]

Defn: Going round in a circuit; roundabout; indirect; as, a circuitous road; a circuitous manner of accompalishing an end. — Cir*cu"i*tous*ly, adv. — Cir*cu"i*tous*ness, n.

Syn. — Tortuous; winding; sinuous; serpentine.

CIRCUITY Cir*cu"i*ty, n.

Defn: A going round in a circle; a course not direct; a roundabout way of proceeding.

CIRCULABLE Cir"cu*la*ble, a.

Defn: That may be circulated.

CIRCULAR Cir"cu*lar, a. Etym: [L. circularis, fr. circulus circle: cf. F. circulaire. See Circle.]

1. In the form of, or bounded by, a circle; round.

2. repeating itself; ending in itself; reverting to the point of beginning; hence, illogical; inconclusive; as, circular reasoning.

3. Adhering to a fixed circle of legends; cyclic; hence, mean; inferior. See Cyclic poets, under Cyclic. Had Virgil been a circular poet, and closely adhered to history, how could the Romans have had Dido Dennis.

4. Addressed to a circle, or to a number of persons having a common interest; circulated, or intended for circulation; as, a circular letter. A proclamation of Henry III., . . . doubtless circular throughout England. Hallam.

5. Perfect; complete. [Obs.] A man so absolute and circular In all those wished-for rarities that may take A virgin captive. Massinger. Circular are, any portion of the circumference of a circle. — Circular cubics (Math.), curves of the third order which are imagined to pass through the two circular points at infinity. — Circular functions. (Math.) See under Function. — Circular instruments, mathematical instruments employed for measuring angles, in which the graduation extends round the whole circumference of a circle, or 360º. — Circular lines, straight lines pertaining to the circle, as sines, tangents, secants, etc. — Circular note or letter. (a) (Com.) See under Credit. (b) (Diplomacy) A letter addressed in identical terms to a number of persons. — Circular numbers (Arith.), those whose powers terminate in the same digits as the roots themselves; as 5 and 6, whose squares are 25 and 36. Bailey. Barlow. — Circular points at infinity (Geom.), two imaginary points at infinite distance through which every circle in the plane is, in the theory of curves, imagined to pass. — Circular polarization. (Min.) See under Polarization. — Circular or Globular sailing (Naut.), the method of sailing by the arc of a great circle. — Circular saw. See under Saw.

CIRCULAR Cir"cu*lar, n. Etym: [Cf. (for sense 1) F. circulaire, lettre circulaire. See Circular, a.]

1. A circular letter, or paper, usually printed, copies of which are addressed or given to various persons; as, a business circular.

2. A sleeveless cloak, cut in circular form.

CIRCULARISE circularise v.

1. to canvass by distributing letters. Syn. — circularize. [WordNet 1.5]

2. to distribute circulars to. Syn. — circularize. [WordNet 1.5]

3. to to pass around, as information. Syn. — circulate, circularize, distribute, disseminate, propagate, broadcast, spread, diffuse, disperse. [WordNet 1.5]

CIRCULARITY Cir`cu*lar"i*ty, n. Etym: [LL. circularitas.]

Defn: The quality or state of being circular; a circular form.

CIRCULARLY Cir"cu*lar*ly, adv.

Defn: In a circular manner.

CIRCULARY Cir"cu*la*ry, a.

Defn: Circular; illogical. [Obs. & .] "Cross and circulary speeches." Hooker.

CIRCULATE Cir"cu*late, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ciorculated; P. pr. & vb. n. Circulating.] Etym: [L. circulatus, p. p. of circulare, v. t., to surround, make round, circulari, v. i., to gather into a circle. See Circle.]

1. To move in a circle or circuitously; to move round and return to the same point; as, the blood circulates in the body. Boyle.

2. To pass from place to place, from person to person, or from hand to hand; to be diffused; as, money circulates; a story circulates.

Circulating decimal. See Decimal. — Circulating library, a library whose books are loaned to the public, usually at certain fixed rates. — Circulating medium. See Medium.

CIRCULATE Cir"cu*late, v. t.

Defn: To cause to pass from place to place, or from person to person; to spread; as, to circulate a report; to circulate bills of credit. Circulating pump. See under Pump.

Syn. — To spread; diffuse; propagate; disseminate.

CIRCULATION Cir`cu*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. circulatio: cf. F. circulation.]

1. The act of moving in a circle, or in a course which brings the moving body to the place where its motion began. This continual circulation of human things. Swift.

2. The act of passing from place to place or person to person; free diffusion; transmission. The true doctrines of astronomy appear to have had some popular circulation. Whewell.

3. Currency; circulating coin; notes, bills, etc., current for coin.

4. The extent to which anything circulates or is circulated; the measure of diffusion; as, the circulation of a newspaper.

5. (Physiol.)

Defn: The movement of the blood in the blood-vascular system, by which it is brought into close relations with almost every living elementary constituent. Also, the movement of the sap in the vessels and tissues of plants.

CIRCULATIVE Cir"cu*la*tive, a.

Defn: Promoting circulation; circulating. [R.] Coleridge.

CIRCULATOR Cir"cu*la`tor, n. Etym: [Cf. L. circulator a peddler.]

Defn: One who, or that which, circulates.

CIRCULATORIOUS Cir`cu*la*to"ri*ous, a.

Defn: Travelling from house to house or from town to town; itinerant. [Obs.] "Circulatorious jugglers." Barrow.

CIRCULATORY Cir"cu*la*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. circulatorius pert. to a mountebank: cf. F. circulatoire.]

1. Circular; as, a circulatory letter. Johnson.

2. Circulating, or going round. T. Warton.

3. (Anat.)

Defn: Subserving the purposes of circulation; as, circulatory organs; of or pertaining to the organs of circulation; as, circulatory diseases.

CIRCULATORY Cir"cu*la*to*ry, n.

Defn: A chemical vessel consisting of two portions unequally exposed to the heat of the fire, and with connecting pipes or passages, through which the fluid rises from the overheated portion, and descends from the relatively colder, maintaining a circulation.

CIRCULET Cir"cu*let, n.

Defn: A circlet. [Obs.] Spenser.

CIRCULINE Cir"cu*line, a.

Defn: Proceeding in a circle; circular. [Obs.] "With motion circuline". Dr. H. More.

CIRCUM- Cir"cum-. Etym: [Akin to circle, circus.]

Defn: A Latin preposition, used as a prefix in many English words, and signifying around or about.

CIRCUMAGITATE Cir`cum*ag"i*tate, v. t. Etym: [Pref. circum + agitate.]

Defn: To agitate on all sides. Jer. Taylor.

CIRCUMAMBAGE Cir`cum*am"bage, n. Etym: [Pref. circum- + ambage, obs. sing. of ambages.]

Defn: A roundabout or indirect course; indirectness. [Obs.] S. Richardson.

CIRCUMAMBIENCY Cir`cum*am"bi*en*cy, n.

Defn: The act of surrounding or encompassing. Sir T. Browne.

CIRCUMAMBIENT Cir`cum*am"bi*ent, a. Etym: [Pref. circum- + ambient.]

Defn: Surrounding; inclosing or being on all sides; encompassing. "The circumambient heaven." J. Armstrong.

CIRCUMAMBULATE Cir`cum*am"bu*late, v. t. Etym: [L. circumambulatus, p. p. of circumambulare to walk around; circum + ambulare. See Ambulate.]

Defn: To walk round about. — Cir`cum*am`bu*la"tion, n.

CIRCUMBENDIBUS Cir`cum*bend"i*bus, n.

Defn: A roundabout or indirect way. [Jocular] Goldsmith.

CIRCUMCENTER Cir`cum*cen"ter, n. (Geom.)

Defn: The center of a circle that circumscribes a triangle.

CIRCUMCISE Cir"cum*cise, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circumcised; p. pr. & vb. n. Circumcising.] Etym: [L. circumcisus, p. p. of circumcidere to cut around, to circumcise; circum + caedere to cut; akin to E. cæsura, homicide, concise, and prob. to shed, v. t.]

1. To cut off the prepuce of foreskin of, in the case of males, and the internal labia of, in the case of females.

2. (Script.)

Defn: To purify spiritually.

CIRCUMCISER Cir"cum*ci`ser, n.

Defn: One who performs circumcision. Milton.

CIRCUMCISION Cir`cum*cision, n. Etym: [L. circumcisio.]

1. The act of cutting off the prepuce or foreskin of males, or the internal labia of females.

Note: The circumcision of males is practiced as a religious rite by the Jews, Mohammedans, etc.

2. (Script.) (a) The Jews, as a circumcised people. (b) Rejection of the sins of the flesh; spiritual purification, and acceptance of the Christian faith.

CIRCUMCLUSION Cir`cum*clu"sion, n. Etym: [L. circumcludere, -clusum, to inclose.]

Defn: Act of inclosing on all sides. [R.]

CIRCUMCURSATION Cir`cum*cur*sa"tion, n. Etym: [L. circumcursare, -satum, to run round about.]

Defn: The act of running about; also, rambling language. [Obs.] Barrow.

CIRCUMDENUDATION Cir`cum*den`u*da"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. circum- + denudation.] (Geol.)

Defn: Denudation around or in the neighborhood of an object. Hills of circumdenudation, hills which have been produced by surface erosion; the elevations which have been left, after denudation of a mass of high ground. Jukes.

CIRCUMDUCE Cir`cum*duce", v. t. Etym: [See Circumduct.] (Scots Law)

Defn: To declare elapsed, as the time allowed for introducing evidence. Sir W. Scott.

CIRCUMDUCT Cir`cum*duct", v. t. Etym: [L. circumductus, p. p. of circumducere to lead around; circum + ducere to lead.]

1. To lead about; to lead astray. [R.]

2. (Law)

Defn: To contravene; to nullify; as, to circumduct acts of judicature. [Obs.] Ayliffe.

CIRCUMDUCTION Cir`cum*duc"tion, n. Etym: [L. circumductio.]

1. A leading about; circumlocution. [R.] Hooker.

2. An annulling; cancellation. [R.] Ayliffe.

3. (Phisiol.)

Defn: The rotation of a limb round an imaginary axis, so as to describe a concial surface.

CIRCUMESOPHAGAL Cir`cum*e*soph"a*gal, a. Etym: [Pref. circum + esophagal.] (Anat.)

Defn: Surrounding the esophagus; — in Zool. said of the nerve commissures and ganglia of arthropods and mollusks.

CIRCUMESOPHAGEAL Cir`cum*e`so*phag"e*al, a. (Anat.)

Defn: Circumesophagal.

CIRCUMFER Cir"cum*fer, v. t. Etym: [L. circumferre; circum + ferre to bear. See lst Bear.]

Defn: To bear or carry round. [Obs.] Bacon.

CIRCUMFERENCE Cir*cum"fer*ence, n. Etym: [L. circumferentia.]

1. The line that goes round or encompasses a circular figure; a periphery. Millon.

2. A circle; anything circular. His ponderous shield . . . Behind him cast. The broad circumference Hung on his shoulders like the moon. Milton.

3. The external surface of a sphere, or of any orbicular body.

CIRCUMFERENCE Cir*cum"fer*ence, v. t.

Defn: To include in a circular space; to bound. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

CIRCUMFERENTIAL Cir*cum`fer*en"tial, a. Etym: [LL. circumferentialis.]

Defn: Pertaining to the circumference; encompassing; encircling; circuitous. Parkhurst.

CIRCUMFERENTIALLY Cir*cum`fer*en"tial*ly, adv.

Defn: So as to surround or encircle.

CIRCUMFERENTOR Cir*cum`fer*en"tor, n. Etym: [See Circumfer.]

1. A surveying instrument, for taking horizontal angles and bearings; a surveyor's compass. It consists of a compass whose needle plays over a circle graduated to 360º, and of a horizontal brass bar at the ends of which are standards with narrow slits for sighting, supported on a tripod by a ball and socket joint.

2. A graduated wheel for measuring tires; a tire circle.

CIRCUMFLANT Cir"cum*flant, a. Etym: [L. circumflans, p. pr. of circumflare.]

Defn: Blowing around. [Obs.] Evelyn.

CIRCUMFLECT Cir"cum*flect, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circumflected; p. pr. & vb. n. Circumflecting.] Etym: [L. circumflectere. See Circumflex.]

1. To bend around.

2. To mark with the circumflex accent, as a vowel. [R.]

CIRCUMFLECTION Cir`cum*flec"tion, n.

Defn: See Circumflexion.

CIRCUMFLEX Cir"cum*flex, n. Etym: [L. circumflexus a bending round, fr. circumflectere, circumflexum, to bend or turn about; circum + flectere to bend. See Flexible.]

1. A wave of the voice embracing both a rise and fall or a fall and a rise on the same a syllable. Walker.

2. A character, or accent, denoting in Greek a rise and of the voice on the same long syllable, marked thus [~ or Accent, n., 2.

CIRCUMFLEX Cir"cum*flex, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circumflexed; p. pr. & vb. n. Circumflexing.]

Defn: To mark or pronounce with a circumflex. Walker.

CIRCUMFLEX Cir"cum*flex, a. Etym: [Cf. L. circumflexus, p. p.]

1. Moving or turning round; circuitous. [R.] Swift.

2. (Anat.)

Defn: Curved circularly; — applied to several arteries of the hip and thigh, to arteries, veins, and a nerve of the shoulder, and to other parts.

CIRCUMFLEXION Cir`cum*flex"ion, n.

1. The act of bending, or causing to assume a curved form.

2. A winding about; a turning; a circuity; a fold.

CIRCUMFLUENCE Cir*cum"flu*ence, n.

Defn: A flowing round on all sides; an inclosing with a fluid.

CIRCUMFLUENT; CIRCUMFLUOUS Cir*cum"flu*ent, Cir*cum"flu*ous, a. Etym: [L. circumfluere, p. pr. of circumfluere; circum + fluere to flow; also L. circumfluus.]

Defn: Flowing round; surrounding in the manner of a fluid. "The deep, circumfluent waves." Pope.

CIRCUMFORANEAN; CIRCUMFORANEOUS Cir`cum*fo*ra"ne*an, Cir`cum*fo*ra"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. circumforaneus found in markets; circum + forum a market place.]

Defn: Going about or abroad; walking or wandering from house to house. Addison.

CIRCUMFULGENT Cir`cum*ful"gent, a. Etym: [Pref. circum- + fulgent.]

Defn: Shining around or about.

CIRCUMFUSE Cir`cum*fuse", v. t. Etym: [L. circumfusus, p. p. of circumfundere to pour around; circum + fundere to pour.]

Defn: To pour round; to spread round. His army circumfused on either wing. Milton.

CIRCUMFUSILE Cir`cum*fu"sile, a. Etym: [Pref. circum- + L. fusilis fusil, a.]

Defn: Capable of being poured or spread round. "Circumfusile gold." Pope.

CIRCUMFUSION Cir`cum*fu"sion, n. Etym: [L. circumfusio.]

Defn: The act of pouring or spreading round; the state of being spread round. Swift.

CIRCUMGESTATION Cir`cum*ges*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. circumgestare to carry around; circum + gestare to carry.]

Defn: The act or process of carrying about. [Obs.] Circumgestation of the eucharist to be adored. Jer. Taylor.

CIRCUMGYRATE Cir`cum*gy"rate, v. t. & i. Etym: [Pref. circum- + gyrate.]

Defn: To roll or turn round; to cause to perform a rotary or circular motion. Ray.

CIRCUMGYRATION Cir`cum*gy*ra"tion, n.

Defn: The act of turning, rolling, or whirling round. A certain turbulent and irregular circumgyration. Holland.

CIRCUMGYRATORY Cir`cum*gy"ra*to*ry, a.

Defn: Moving in a circle; turning round. Hawthorne.

CIRCUMGYRE Cir`cum*gyre", v. i.

Defn: To circumgyrate. [Obs.]

CIRCUMINCESSION Cir`cum*in*ces"sion, n. Etym: [Pref. circum- + L. incedere, incessum, to walk.] (Theol.)

Defn: The reciprocal existence in each other of the three persons of the Trinity.

CIRCUMJACENCE Cir`cum*ja"cence, n.

Defn: Condition of being circumjacent, or of bordering ou every side.

CIRCUMJACENT Cir`cum*ja"cent, a. Etym: [L. circumjacens, p. pr. of circumjacere; circum + jac to lie.]

Defn: Lying round; borderong on every side. T. Fuller.

CIRCUMJOVIAL Cir`cum*jo"vi*al, n. Etym: [Pref. circum- + L. Jupiter, gen. Jovis, Jove.]

Defn: One of the moons or satellites of the planet Jupiter. [Obs.] Derham.

CIRCUMLITTORAL Cir`cum*lit"to*ral, a. Etym: [Pref. circum- + littus, littoris, shore; preferable form, litus, litoria.]

Defn: Adjointing the shore.

CIRCUMLOCUTION Cir`cum*lo*cu"tion, n. Etym: [L. circumlocutio, fr. circumloqui, - locutus, to make use of circumlocution; circum + loqui to speak. See Loquacious.]

Defn: The use of many words to express an idea that might be expressed by few; indirect or roundabout language; a periphrese. the plain Billingagate way of calling names . . . would save abundance of time lost by circumlocution. Swift. Circumlocution office, a term of riducle for a governmental office where business is delayed by passing through the hands of different officials.

CIRCUMLOCUTIONAL Cir`cum*lo*cu"tion*al, a.

Defn: Relating to, or consisting of, circumlocutions; periphrastic; circuitous.

CIRCUMLOCUTORY Cir`cum*loc"u*to*ry, a.

Defn: Characterised by circumlocution; periphrastic. Shenstone. The officials set to work in regular circumlocutory order. Chambers's Journal.

CIRCUMMERIDIAN Cir`cum*me*rid"i*an, a. Etym: [Pref. circum- + meridian.]

Defn: About, or near, the meridian.

CIRCUMMURE Cir`cum*mure", v. t. Etym: [Pref. circum- + mure, v. t.]

Defn: To encompass with a wall. Shak.

CIRCUMNAVIGABLE Cir`cum*nav"i*ga*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being sailed round. Ray.

CIRCUMNAVIGATE Cir`cum*nav"i*gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circumnavigated; p. pr. & vb. n. Circumnavigating.] Etym: [L. circumnavigatus, p. p. of circumnavigare to sail round; circum + navigare to navigate.]