P P (pe), (continued 9)

Defn: A present or gift which is made as a forfeit in a social game that is played in various ways; also, the game itself. [Written also fillipeen and phillippine.]

Note: One of the ways may be stated as follows: A person finding a nut with two kernels eats one, and gives the other to a person of the opposite sex, and then whichever says philopena first at the next meeting wins the present. The name is also applied to the kernels eaten.

PHILOPOLEMIC; PHILOPOLEMICAL Phil`o*po*lem"ic, Phil`o*po*lem"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Fond of polemics or controversy. [R.]

PHILOPROGENITIVE Phil`o*pro*gen"i*tive, a.

Defn: Having the love of offspring; fond of children.

PHILOPROGENITIVENESS Phil`o*pro*gen"i*tive*ness, n. Etym: [Philo- + L. progenies offspring.] (Phren.)

Defn: The love of offspring; fondness for children.

PHILOSOPHASTER Phi*los"o*phas`ter, n. Etym: [L., a bad philosopher, fr. philosophus: cf. OF. philosophastre.]

Defn: A pretender to philosophy. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

PHILOSOPHATE Phi*los"o*phate, v. i. Etym: [L. philosophatus, p.p. of philosophari to philosophize.]

Defn: To play the philosopher; to moralize. [Obs.] Barrow.

PHILOSOPHATION Phi*los`o*pha"tion, n.

Defn: Philosophical speculation and discussion. [Obs.] Sir W. Petty.

PHILOSOPHE Phil"o*sophe, n. Etym: [F., a philosopher.]

Defn: A philosophaster; a philosopher. [R.] Carlyle.

PHILOSOPHEME Phi*los"o*pheme, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: A philosophical proposition, doctrine, or principle of reasoning. [R.] This, the most venerable, and perhaps the most ancient, of Grecian myths, is a philosopheme. Coleridge.

PHILOSOPHER Phi*los"o*pher, n. Etym: [OE. philosophre, F. philosophe, L. philosophus, Gr. Philosophy.]

1. One who philosophizes; one versed in, or devoted to, philosophy. Then certain philosophers of the Epicureans, and of the Stoics, encountered him. Acts xvii. 18.

2. One who reduces the principles of philosophy to practice in the conduct of life; one who lives according to the rules of practical wisdom; one who meets or regards all vicissitudes with calmness.

3. An alchemist. [Obs.] Chaucer. Philosopher's stone, an imaginary stone which the alchemists formerly sought as instrument of converting the baser metals into gold.

PHILOSOPHIC; PHILOSOPHICAL Phil`o*soph"ic, Phil`o*soph"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. philosophicus: cf. F. philosophique.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to philosophy; versed in, or imbued with, the principles of philosophy; hence, characterizing a philosopher; rational; wise; temperate; calm; cool. — Phil`o*soph"ic*al*ly, adv.

PHILOSOPHISM Phi*los"o*phism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. philosophisme.]

Defn: Spurious philosophy; the love or practice of sophistry. Carlyle.

PHILOSOPHIST Phi*los"o*phist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. philosophiste.]

Defn: A pretender in philosophy.

PHILOSOPHISTIC; PHILOSOPHISTICAL Phi*los`o*phis"tic, Phi*los`o*phis"tic*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the love or practice of sophistry. [R.]

PHILOSOPHIZE Phi*los"o*phize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Philosophized; p. pr. & vb. n. Philosophizing.]

Defn: To reason like a philosopher; to search into the reason and nature of things; to investigate phenomena, and assign rational causes for their existence. Man philosophizes as he lives. He may philosophize well or ill, but philosophize he must. Sir W. Hamilton.

PHILOSOPHIZER Phi*los"o*phi`zer, n.

Defn: One who philosophizes.

PHILOSOPHY Phi*los"o*phy, n.; pl. Philosophies. Etym: [OE. philosophie, F. philosophie, L. philosophia, from Gr. Philosopher.]

1. Literally, the love of, including the search after, wisdom; in actual usage, the knowledge of phenomena as explained by, and resolved into, causes and reasons, powers and laws.

Note: When applied to any particular department of knowledge, philosophy denotes the general laws or principles under which all the subordinate phenomena or facts relating to that subject are comprehended. Thus philosophy, when applied to God and the divine government, is called theology; when applied to material objects, it is called physics; when it treats of man, it is called anthropology and psychology, with which are connected logic and ethics; when it treats of the necessary conceptions and relations by which philosophy is possible, it is called metaphysics.

Note: "Philosophy has been defined: tionscience of things divine and human, and the causes in which they are contained; — the science of effects by their causes; — the science of sufficient reasons; — the science of things possible, inasmuch as they are possible; — the science of things evidently deduced from first principles; — the science of truths sensible and abstract; — the application of reason to its legitimate objects; — the science of the relations of all knowledge to the necessary ends of human reason; — the science of the original form of the ego, or mental self; — the science of science; — the science of the absolute; — the scienceof the absolute indifference of the ideal and real." Sir W. Hamilton.

2. A particular philosophical system or theory; the hypothesis by which particular phenomena are explained. [Books] of Aristotle and his philosophie. Chaucer. We shall in vain interpret their words by the notions of our philosophy and the doctrines in our school. Locke.

3. Practical wisdom; calmness of temper and judgment; equanimity; fortitude; stoicism; as, to meet misfortune with philosophy. Then had he spent all his philosophy. Chaucer.

4. Reasoning; argumentation. Of good and evil much they argued then, . . . Vain wisdom all, and false philosophy. Milton.

5. The course of sciences read in the schools. Johnson.

6. A treatise on philosophy. Philosophy of the Academy, that of Plato, who taught his disciples in a grove in Athens called the Academy. — Philosophy of the Garden, that of Epicurus, who taught in a garden in Athens. — Philosophy of the Lyceum, that of Aristotle, the founder of the Peripatetic school, who delivered his lectures in the Lyceum at Athens. — Philosophy of the Porch, that of Zeno and the Stoics; — so called because Zeno of Citium and his successors taught in the porch of the Poicile, a great hall in Athens.

PHILOSTORGY Phil`o*stor"gy, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Natural affection, as of parents for their children. [R.]

PHILOTECHNIC; PHILOTECHNICAL Phil`o*tech"nic, Phil`o*tech"nic*al, a. Etym: [Philo- + Gr. philotechnique.]

Defn: Fond of the arts. [R.]

PHILTER Phil"ter, n. Etym: [F. philtre, L. philtrum, Gr.

Defn: A potion or charm intended to excite the passion of love. [Written also philtre.] Addison.

PHILTER Phil"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Philtered; p. pr. & vb. n. Philtering.]

1. To impregnate or mix with a love potion; as, to philter a draught.

2. To charm to love; to excite to love or sexual desire by a potion. Gov. of Tongue.

PHIMOSIS Phi*mo"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.)

Defn: A condition of the penis in which the prepuce can not be drawn back so as to uncover the glans penis.

PHITONESS Phi"ton*ess, n.

Defn: Pythoness; witch. [Obs.]

PHIZ Phiz, n.; pl. Phizes. Etym: [Contr. fr. physiognomy.]

Defn: The face or visage. [Colloq.] Cowper.

PHLEBITIS Phle*bi"tis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -itis.] (Med.)

Defn: Inflammation of a vein.

PHLEBOGRAM Phleb"o*gram, n. Etym: [Gr. -gram.] (Physiol.)

Defn: A tracing (with the sphygmograph) of the movements of a vein, or of the venous pulse.

PHLEBOLITE; PHLEBOLITH Phleb"o*lite, Phleb"o*lith, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite, -lith.] (Med.)

Defn: A small calcareous concretion formed in a vein; a vein stone.

PHLEBOLOGY Phle*bol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.]

Defn: A branch of anatomy which treats of the veins.

PHLEBOTOMIST Phle*bot"o*mist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. phlébotomiste.] (Med.)

Defn: One who practiced phlebotomy.

PHLEBOTOMIZE Phle*bot"o*mize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Phlebotomized; p. pr. & vb. n. Phlebotomizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. phlébotomiser.]

Defn: To let blood from by opening a vein; to bleed. [R.] Howell.

PHLEBOTOMY Phle*bot"o*my, n. Etym: [L. phlebotomia, Gr. phlébotomie. Cf. Fleam.] (Med.)

Defn: The act or practice of opening a vein for letting blood, in the treatment of disease; venesection; bloodletting.

PHLEGETHON Phleg"e*thon, n. [L., fr. Gr. , prop. p.pr. of to blaze.] (Class Myth.)

Defn: One of the principal rivers of Hades, in the channel of which fire flowed instead of water.

Fierce Phlegethon, Whose waves of torrent fire inflame with rage. Milton.

PHLEGM Phlegm, n. Etym: [F. phlegme, flegme, L. phlegma, fr. Gr. Phlox, Flagrant, Flame, Bleak, a., and Fluminate.]

1. One of the four humors of which the ancients supposed the blood to be composed. See Humor. Arbuthnot.

2. (Physiol.)

Defn: Viscid mucus secreted in abnormal quantity in the respiratory and digestive passages.

3. (Old Chem.)

Defn: A watery distilled liquor, in distinction from a spirituous liquor. Crabb.

4. Sluggishness of temperament; dullness; want of interest; indifference; coldness. They judge with fury, but they write with phlegm. Pope.

PHLEGMAGOGUE Phleg"ma*gogue, n. Etym: [Gr. (Old Med.)

Defn: A medicine supposed to expel phlegm.

PHLEGMASIA Phleg*ma"si*a, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. Phlegm.] (Med.)

Defn: An inflammation; more particularly, an inflammation of the internal organs. Phlegmasia dolens ( Etym: [NL.], milk leg.

PHLEGMATIC Phleg*mat"ic, a. Etym: [L. phlegmaticus, Gr. phlegmatique.]

1. Watery. [Obs.] "Aqueous and phlegmatic." Sir I. Newton.

2. Abounding in phlegm; as, phlegmatic humors; a phlegmatic constitution. Harvey.

3. Generating or causing phlegm. "Cold and phlegmatic habitations." Sir T. Browne.

4. Not easily excited to action or passion; cold; dull; sluggish; heavy; as, a phlegmatic person. Addison. Phlegmatic temperament (Old Physiol.), lymphatic temperament. See under Lymphatic.

PHLEGMATICAL Phleg*mat"ic*al, a.

Defn: Phlegmatic. Ash.

PHLEGMATICALLY Phleg*mat"ic*al*ly, adv.

Defn: In a phlegmatic manner.

PHLEGMATICLY Phleg*mat"ic*ly, a.

Defn: Phlegmatically. [Obs.]

PHLEGMON Phleg"mon, n. Etym: [L. phlegmone, phlegmon, inflammation beneath the skin, Gr. phlegmon.] (Med.)

Defn: Purulent inflammation of the cellular or areolar tissue.

PHLEGMONOUS Phleg"mon*ous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. phlegmoneux.]

Defn: Having the nature or properties of phlegmon; as, phlegmonous pneumonia. Harvey.

PHLEME Phleme, n. (Surg. & Far.)

Defn: See Fleam.

PHLEUM Phle"um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of grasses, including the timothy (Phleum pratense), which is highly valued for hay; cat's-tail grass. Gray.

PHLOEM Phlo"ëm, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: That portion of fibrovascular bundles which corresponds to the inner bark; the liber tissue; — distinguished from xylem.

PHLOGISTIAN Phlo*gis"tian, n.

Defn: A believer in the existence of phlogiston.

PHLOGISTIC Phlo*gis"tic, a.

1. (Old Chem.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to phlogiston, or to belief in its existence.

2. (Med.)

Defn: Inflammatory; belonging to inflammations and fevers.

PHLOGISTICAL Phlo*gis"tic*al, a. (Old Chem.)

Defn: Phlogistic.

PHLOGISTICATE Phlo*gis"ti*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Phlogisticated; p. pr. & vb. n. Phlogisticating.] (Old Chem.)

Defn: To combine phlogiston with; — usually in the form and sense of the p. p. or the adj.; as, highly phlogisticated substances.

PHLOGISTICATION Phlo*gis`ti*ca"tion, n. (Old Chem.)

Defn: The act or process of combining with phlogiston.

PHLOGISTON Phlo*gis"ton, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Phlox.] (Old Chem.)

Defn: The hypothetical principle of fire, or inflammability, regarded by Stahl as a chemical element.

Note: This was supposed to be united with combustible (phlogisticated) bodies and to be separated from incombustible (dephlogisticated) bodies, the phenomena of flame and burning being the escape of phlogiston. Soot and sulphur were regarded as nearly pure phlogiston. The essential principle of this theory was, that combustion was a decomposition rather than the union and combination which it has since been shown to be.

PHLOGOGENOUS Phlo*gog"e*nous, a. Etym: [Gr. -genous.] (Med.)

Defn: Causing inflammation.

PHLOGOPITE Phlog"o*pite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.)

Defn: A kind of mica having generally a peculiar bronze-red or copperlike color and a pearly luster. It is a silicate of aluminia, with magnesia, potash, and some fluorine. It is characteristic of crystalline limestone or dolomite and serpentine. See Mica.

PHLOGOSIS Phlo*go"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.)

Defn: Inflammation of external parts of the body; erysipelatous inflammation.

PHLOGOTIC Phlo*got"ic, n. (Med.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to phlogisis.

PHLORAMINE Phlo*ram"ine, n. Etym: [Phlorlucin + amine.] (Chem.)

Defn: A basic amido derivative of phloroglucin, having an astringent taste.

PHLORETIC Phlo*ret"ic, a. (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, or designating, an organic acid obtained by the decomposition of phloretin.

PHLORETIN Phlor"e*tin, n. Etym: [From Phlorizin.] (Chem.)

Defn: A bitter white crystalline substance obtained by the decomposition of phlorizin, and formerly used to some extent as a substitute for quinine.

PHLORIZIN Phlor"i*zin, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.)

Defn: A bitter white crystalline glucoside extracted from the root bark of the apple, pear, cherry, plum, etc. [Formerly also written phloridzin.]

PHLOROGLUCIN Phlor`o*glu"cin, n. Etym: [Phloretin + Gr. (Chem.)

Defn: A sweet white crystalline substance, metameric with pyrogallol, and obtained by the decomposition of phloretin, and from certain gums, as catechu, kino, etc. It belongs to the class of phenols. [Called also phloroglucinol.]

PHLOROL Phlo"rol, n. Etym: [Phloretic + -ol.] (Chem.)

Defn: A liquid metameric with xylenol, belonging to the class of phenols, and obtained by distilling certain salts of phloretic acid.

PHLORONE Phlo"rone, n. Etym: [Phlorol + quinone.] (Chem.)

Defn: A yellow crystalline substance having a peculiar unpleasant odor, resembling the quinones, and obtained from beechwood tar and coal tar, as also by the oxidation of xylidine; — called also xyloquinone.

PHLOX Phlox, n. Etym: [L., a kind of flower, fr. Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of American herbs, having showy red, white, or purple flowers. Phlox worm (Zoöl.), the larva of an American moth (Heliothis phloxiphaga). It is destructive to phloxes. — Phlox subulata, the moss pink. See under Moss.

PHLYCTENULAR Phlyc*ten"u*lar, a. Etym: [Gr. (Med.)

Defn: Characterized by the presence of small pustules, or whitish elevations resembling pustules; as, phlyctenular ophthalmia.

PHOCA Pho"ca, n. Etym: [L., a seal, fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of seals. It includes the common harbor seal and allied species. See Seal.

PHOCACEAN Pho*ca"cean, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any species of Phoca; a seal.

PHOCAL Pho"cal, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Pertaining to seals.

PHOCENIC Pho*cen"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to dolphin oil or porpoise oil; — said of an acid (called also delphinic acid) subsequently found to be identical with valeric acid. Watts.

PHOCENIN Pho*ce"nin, n. Etym: [Cf. F. phocénine.] (Chem.)

Defn: See Delphin.

PHOCINE Pho"cine, a. Etym: [L. phoca a seal.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the seal tribe; phocal.

PHOCODONT Pho"co*dont, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the Phocodontia.

PHOCODONTIA Pho`co*don"ti*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A group of extinct carnivorous whales. Their teeth had compressed and serrated crowns. It includes Squalodon and allied genera.

PHOEBE Phoe"be, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The pewee, or pewit.

PHOEBUS Phoe"bus, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr.

1. (Class. Myth.)

Defn: Apollo; the sun god.

2. The sun. "Phoebus 'gins arise." Shak.

PHOENICIAN Phoe*ni"cian, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Phoenica. — n.

Defn: A native or inhabitant of Phoenica.

PHOENICIOUS Phoe*ni"cious, a.

Defn: See Phenicious.

PHOENICOPTERUS Phoe`ni*cop"te*rus, n. Etym: [NL. See Phenicopter.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of birds which includes the flamingoes.

PHOENIX Phoe"nix, n. Etym: [L., a fabulous bird. See Phenix.]

1. Same as Phenix. Shak.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of palms including the date tree.

PHOLAD Pho"lad, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any species of Pholas.

PHOLADEAN Pho*la"de*an, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Pholad.

PHOLAS Pho"las, n.; pl. Pholades. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any one of numerous species of marine bivalve mollusks of the genus Pholas, or family Pholadidæ. They bore holes for themselves in clay, peat, and soft rocks.

PHONAL Pho"nal, a.Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Of or relating to the voice; as, phonal structure. Max Müller.

PHONASCETICS Pho`nas*cet"ics, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Treatment for restoring or improving the voice.

PHONATION Pho*na"tion, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: The act or process by which articulate sounds are uttered; the utterance of articulate sounds; articulate speech.

PHONAUTOGRAPH Pho*nau"to*graph, n. Etym: [Phono- + Gr. -graph.] (Physics)

Defn: An instrument by means of which a sound can be made to produce a visible trace or record of itself. It consists essentially of a resonant vessel, usually of paraboloidal form, closed at one end by a flexible membrane. A stylus attached to some point of the membrane records the movements of the latter, as it vibrates, upon a moving cylinder or plate.

PHONE Phone, n. & v. t.

Defn: Colloq. for Telephone.

PHONEIDOSCOPE Pho*nei"do*scope, n. Etym: [Phono- + Gr. -scope.] (Physics)

Defn: An instrument for studying the motions of sounding bodies by optical means. It consists of a tube across the end of which is stretched a film of soap solution thin enough to give colored bands, the form and position of which are affected by sonorous vibrations.

PHONETIC Pho*net"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. phonétique. See Ban a proclamation.]

1. Of or pertaining to the voice, or its use.

2. Representing sounds; as, phonetic characters; — opposed to ideographic; as, a phonetic notation. Phonetic spelling, spelling in phonetic characters, each representing one sound only; — contrasted with Romanic spelling, or that by the use of the Roman alphabet.

PHONETICALLY Pho*net"ic*al*ly, adv.

Defn: In a phonetic manner.

PHONETICIAN Pho`ne*ti"cian, n.

Defn: One versed in phonetics; a phonetist.

PHONETICS Pho*net"ics, n.

1. The doctrine or science of sounds; especially those of the human voice; phonology.

2. The art of representing vocal sounds by signs and written characters.

PHONETISM Pho"ne*tism, n.

Defn: The science which treats of vocal sounds. J. Peile.

PHONETIST Pho"ne*tist, n.

1. One versed in phonetics; a phonologist.

2. One who advocates a phonetic spelling.

PHONETIZATION Pho`ne*ti*za"tion, n.

Defn: The act, art, or process of representing sounds by phonetic signs.

PHONETIZE Pho"ne*tize, v. t.

Defn: To represent by phonetic signs. Lowell.

PHONIC Phon"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. phonique.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to sound; of the nature of sound; acoustic. Tyndall.

PHONICS Phon"ics, n.

Defn: See Phonetics.

PHONO- Pho"no-.

Defn: A combining form from Gr. sound, tone; as, phonograph, phonology.

PHONO Phono, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A South American butterfly (Ithonia phono) having nearly transparent wings.

PHONOCAMPTIC Pho`no*camp"tic, a. Etym: [Phono- + Gr. phonocamptique.]

Defn: Reflecting sound. [R.] "Phonocamptic objects." Derham.

PHONOGRAM Pho"no*gram, n. Etym: [Phono- + -gram.]

1. A letter, character, or mark used to represent a particular sound. Phonograms are of three kinds: (1) Verbal signs, which stand for entire words; (2) Syllabic signs, which stand for the articulations of which words are composed; (3) Alphabetic signs, or letters, which represent the elementary sounds into which the syllable can be resolved. I. Taylor (The Alphabet).

2. A record of sounds made by a phonograph.

PHONOGRAPH Pho"no*graph, n. Etym: [Phono- + -graph.]

1. A character or symbol used to represent a sound, esp. one used in phonography.

2. (Physics)

Defn: An instrument for the mechanical registration and reproduction of audible sounds, as articulate speech, etc. It consists of a rotating cylinder or disk covered with some material easily indented, as tinfoil, wax, paraffin, etc., above which is a thin plate carrying a stylus. As the plate vibrates under the influence of a sound, the stylus makes minute indentations or undulations in the soft material, and these, when the cylinder or disk is again turned, set the plate in vibration, and reproduce the sound.

PHONOGRAPHER Pho*nog"ra*pher, n.

1. One versed or skilled in phonography.

2. One who uses, or is skilled in the use of, the phonograph. See Phonograph, 2.

PHONOGRAPHIC; PHONOGRAPHICAL Pho`no*graph"ic, Pho`no*graph"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. phonographique.]

1. Of or pertaining to phonography; based upon phonography.

2. Of or pertaining to phonograph; done by the phonograph.

PHONOGRAPHICALLY Pho`no*graph"ic*al*ly, adv.

Defn: In a phonographic manner; by means of phonograph.

PHONOGRAPHIST Pho*nog"ra*phist, n.

Defn: Phonographer.

PHONOGRAPHY Pho*nog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Phono- + -graphy.]

1. A description of the laws of the human voice, or sounds uttered by the organs of speech.

2. A representation of sounds by distinctive characters; commonly, a system of shorthand writing invented by Isaac Pitman, or a modification of his system, much used by reporters.

Note: The consonants are represented by straight lines and curves; the vowels by dots and short dashes; but by skilled phonographers, in rapid work, most vowel marks are omitted, and brief symbols for common words and combinations of words are extensively employed. The following line is an example of phonography, in which all the sounds are indicated: — They also serve who only stand and wait. Milton.

3. The art of constructing, or using, the phonograph.

PHONOLITE Pho"no*lite, n. Etym: [Phono- + -lite: cf. F. phonolithe.] (Min.)

Defn: A compact, feldspathic, igneous rock containing nephelite, haüynite, etc. Thin slabs give a ringing sound when struck; — called also clinkstone.

PHONOLOGER Pho*nol"o*ger, n.

Defn: A phonologist.

PHONOLOGIC; PHONOLOGICAL Pho`no*log"ic, Pho`no*log"ic*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to phonology.

PHONOLOGIST Pho*nol"o*gist, n.

Defn: One versed in phonology.

PHONOLOGY Pho*nol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Phono- + -logy.]

Defn: The science or doctrine of the elementary sounds uttered by the human voice in speech, including the various distinctions, modifications, and combinations of tones; phonetics. Also, a treatise on sounds.

PHONOMETER Pho*nom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Phono- + -meter.] (Physics)

Defn: An instrument for measuring sounds, as to their intensity, or the frequency of the vibrations.

PHONOMOTOR Pho`no*mo"tor, n. Etym: [Phono- + -motor.] (Physics)

Defn: An instrument in which motion is produced by the vibrations of a sounding body.

PHONORGANON Pho*nor"ga*non, n. Etym: [NL. See Phono-, and Organon.]

Defn: A speaking machine.

PHONOSCOPE Pho"no*scope, n. Etym: [Phono- + -scope.] (Physics) (a) An instrument for observing or exhibiting the motions or properties of sounding bodies; especially, an apparatus invented by König for testing the quality of musical strings. (b) An instrument for producing luminous figures by the vibrations of sounding bodies.

PHONOTYPE Pho"no*type, n. Etym: [Phono- + -type.]

Defn: A type or character used in phonotypy.

PHONOTYPIC; PHONOTYPICAL Pho`no*typ"ic, Pho`no*typ"ic*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to phonotypy; as, a phonotypic alphabet.

PHONOTYPIST Pho*not"y*pist, n.

Defn: One versed in phonotypy.

PHONOTYPY Pho*not"y*py, n.

Defn: A method of phonetic printing of the English language, as devised by Mr. Pitman, in which nearly all the ordinary letters and many new forms are employed in order to indicate each elementary sound by a separate character.

PHORMINX Phor"minx, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr.

Defn: A kind of lyre used by the Greeks. Mrs. Browning.

PHORMIUM Phor"mi*um, n. Etym: [NL. fr. Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of liliaceous plants, consisting of one species (Phormium tenax). See Flax-plant.

PHORONE Phor"one, n. Etym: [Camphor + acetone.] (Chem.)

Defn: A yellow crystalline substance, having a geraniumlike odor, regarded as a complex derivative of acetone, and obtained from certain camphor compounds.

PHORONIS Pho*ro"nis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. Phoronis, a surname of Io, Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A remarkable genus of marine worms having tentacles around the mouth. It is usually classed with the gephyreans. Its larva (Actinotrocha) undergoes a peculiar metamorphosis.

PHORONOMIA Phor`o*no"mi*a, n. Etym: [NL.]

Defn: See Phoronomics.

PHORONOMICS Phor`o*nom"ics, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: The science of motion; kinematics. [R.] Weisbach.

PHOSGENE Phos"gene, a. Etym: [Gr. phosgène.] (Old Chem.)

Defn: Producing, or produced by, the action of light; — formerly used specifically to designate a gas now called carbonyl chloride. See Carbonyl.

PHOSGENITE Phos"gen*ite, n. (Min.)

Defn: A rare mineral occurring in tetragonal crystals of a white, yellow, or grayish color and adamantine luster. It is a chlorocarbonate of lead.

PHOSPHAM Phos"pham, n. Etym: [Phosphorus + ammonia.] (Chem.)

Defn: An inert amorphous white powder, PN2H, obtained by passing ammonia over heated phosphorus. [Spelt also phosphame.] — Phos"pham"ic, a.

PHOSPHATE Phos"phate, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A salt of phosphoric acid.

PHOSPHATIC Phos*phat"ic, a. (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, phosphorus, phosphoric acid, or phosphates; as, phosphatic nodules. Phosphatic diathesis (Med.), a habit of body which leads to the undue excretion of phosphates with the urine.

PHOSPHATURIA Phos`pha*tu"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL. See Phosphate, and Urine.] (Med.)

Defn: The excessive discharge of phosphates in the urine.

PHOSPHENE Phos"phene, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol.)

Defn: A luminous impression produced through excitation of the retina by some cause other than the impingement upon it of rays of light, as by pressure upon the eyeball when the lids are closed. Cf. After- image.

PHOSPHIDE Phos"phide, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A binary compound of phosphorus.

PHOSPHINE Phos"phine, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A colorless gas, PH3, analogous to ammonia, and having a disagreeable odor resembling that of garlic. Called also hydrogen phosphide, and formerly, phosphureted hydrogen.

Note: It is the most important compound of phosphorus and hydrogen, and is produced by the action of caustic potash on phosphorus. It is spontaneously inflammable, owing to impurities, and in burning produces peculiar vortical rings of smoke.

PHOSPHINIC Phos*phin"ic, a. (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, certain acids analogous to the phosphonic acids, but containing two hydrocarbon radicals, and derived from the secondary phosphines by oxidation.

PHOSPHITE Phos"phite, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A salt of phosphorous acid.

PHOSPHONIC Phos*phon"ic, a. Etym: [Phosphoric + sulphonic.] (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, certain derivatives of phosphorous acid containing a hydrocarbon radical, and analogous to the sulphonic acid.

PHOSPHONIUM Phos*pho"ni*um, n. Etym: [Phosphorus + ammonium.] (Chem.)

Defn: The hypothetical radical PH4, analogous to ammonium, and regarded as the nucleus of certain derivatives of phosphine.

PHOSPHOR Phos"phor, n. Etym: [Cf. G. phosphor. See Phosphorus.]

1. Phosphorus. [Obs.] Addison.

2. The planet Venus, when appearing as the morning star; Lucifer. [Poetic] Pope. Tennyson.

PHOSPHORATE Phos"phor*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Phosphorated; p. pr. & vb. n. Phosphorating.] (Chem.)

Defn: To impregnate, or combine, with phosphorus or its compounds; as, phosphorated oil.

PHOSPHOR-BRONZE Phos"phor-bronze`, n. Etym: [Phosphor + bronze.] (Metal.)

Defn: A variety of bronze possessing great hardness, elasticity, and toughness, obtained by melting copper with tin phosphide. It contains one or two per cent of phosphorus and from five to fifteen per cent of tin.

PHOSPHOREOUS Phos*pho"re*ous, a.

Defn: Phosphorescent. [Obs.]

PHOSPHORESCE Phos`phor*esce", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Phosphoresced; p. pr. & vb. n. Phosphorescing.]

Defn: To shine as phosphorus; to be phosphorescent; to emit a phosphoric light.

PHOSPHORESCENCE Phos`phor*es"cence, n. Etym: [Cf. F. phosphorescence.]

1. The quality or state of being phosphorescent; or the act of phosphorescing.

2. A phosphoric light.

PHOSPHORESCENT Phos`phor*es"cent, a. Etym: [Cf. F. phosphorescent.]

Defn: Shining with a phosphoric light; luminous without sensible heat. — n.

Defn: A phosphorescent substance.

PHOSPHORIC Phos*phor"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. phosphorique.]

1. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to phosphorus; resembling, or containing, from us; specifically, designating those compounds in which phosphorus has a higher valence as contrasted with the phosphorous compounds.

2. Phosphorescent. "A phosphoric sea." Byron. Glacial phosphoric acid. (Chem.) (a) Metaphosphoric acid in the form of glassy semitransparent masses or sticks. (b) Pure normal phosphoric acid. — Phosphoric acid (Chem.), a white crystalline substance, H3PO4, which is the most highly oxidized acid of phosphorus, and forms an important and extensive series of compounds, viz., the phosphates. — Soluble phosphoric acid, Insoluble phosphoric acid (Agric. Chem.), phosphoric acid combined in acid salts, or in neutral or basic salts, which are respectively soluble and insoluble in water or in plant juices. — Reverted phosphoric acid (Agric. Chem.), phosphoric acid changed from acid (soluble) salts back to neutral or basic (insoluble) salts.

PHOSPHORICAL Phos*phor"ic*al, a. (Old Chem.)

Defn: Phosphoric.

PHOSPHORITE Phos"phor*ite, n.

Defn: (min.) A massive variety of apatite.

PHOSPHORITIC Phos`phor*it"ic, a. (Min.)

Defn: Pertaining to phosphorite; resembling, or of the nature of, phosphorite.

PHOSPHORIZE Phos"phor*ize, v. t.

Defn: To phosphorate.

PHOSPHORIZED Phos"phor*ized, a.

Defn: Containing, or impregnated with, phosphorus.

PHOSPHOROGENIC Phos`phor*o*gen"ic, a. Etym: [Phosphorus + -gen + -ic.]

Defn: Generating phosphorescence; as, phosphorogenic rays.

PHOSPHOROSCOPE Phos*phor"o*scope, n. Etym: [Phosphorus + -scope.] (Physics)

Defn: An apparatus for observing the phosphorescence produced in different bodies by the action of light, and for measuring its duration.

PHOSPHOROUS Phos"phor*ous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. phosphoreux.] (Chem.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to phosphorus; resembling or containing phosphorus; specifically, designating those compounds in which phosphorus has a lower valence as contrasted with phosphoric compounds; as, phosphorous acid, H3PO3.

PHOSPHORUS Phos"phor*us, n.; pl. Phosphori. Etym: [L., the morning star, Gr.

1. The morning star; Phosphor.

2. (Chem.)

Defn: A poisonous nonmetallic element of the nitrogen group, obtained as a white, or yellowish, translucent waxy substance, having a characteristic disagreeable smell. It is very active chemically, must be preserved under water, and unites with oxygen even at ordinary temperatures, giving a faint glow, — whence its name. It always occurs compined, usually in phosphates, as in the mineral apatite, in bones, etc. It is used in the composition on the tips of friction matches, and for many other purposes. The molecule contains four atoms. Symbol P. Atomic weight 31.0.

3. (Chem.)

Defn: Hence, any substance which shines in the dark like phosphorus, as certain phosphorescent bodies. Bologna phosphorus (Chem.), sulphide of barium, which shines in the dark after exposure to light; — so called because this property was discovered by a resident of Bologna. The term is sometimes applied to other compounds having similar properties. — Metallic phosphorus (Chem.), an allotropic modification of phosphorus, obtained as a gray metallic crystalline substance, having very inert chemical properties. It is obtained by heating ordinary phosphorus in a closed vessel at a high temperature. — Phosphorus disease (Med.), a disease common among workers in phosphorus, giving rise to necrosis of the jawbone, and other symptoms. — Red, or Amorphous, phosphorus (Chem.), an allotropic modification of phosphorus, obtained as a dark red powder by heating ordinary phosphorus in closed vessels. It is not poisonous, is not phosphorescent, and is only moderately active chemically. It is valuable as a chemical reagent, and is used in the composition of the friction surface on which safety matches are ignited. — Solar phosphori (Chem.), phosphorescent substances which shine in the dark after exposure to the sunlight or other intense light.

PHOSPHORUS STEEL Phosphorus steel.

Defn: A steel in which the amount of phosphorus exceeds that of carbon.

PHOSPHORYL Phos"phor*yl, n. Etym: [Phosphorus + -yl.] (Chem.)

Defn: The radical PO, regarded as the typical nucleus of certain compounds.

PHOSPHURET Phos"phu*ret, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A phosphide. [Obsoles.]

PHOSPHURETED Phos"phu*ret`ed, a. (Chem.)

Defn: Impregnated, or combined, with phosphorus. [Obsoles.] [Written also phosphuretted.] Phosphureted hydrogen. (Chem.) See Phosphine.

PHOTIC Pho"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol.)

Defn: Relating to the production of light by the lower animals.

PHOTIC REGION Photic region. (Phytogeography)

Defn: The uppermost zone of the sea, which receives the most light.

PHOTICS Pho"tics, n. (Physics)

Defn: The science of light; — a general term sometimes employed when optics is restricted to light as a producing vision. Knight.

PHOTISM Pho"tism, n. [Gr. illumination.] (Psycol.)

Defn: A luminous image or appearance of a hallucinatory character.

PHOTO Pho"to, n.; pl. Photos (.

Defn: A contraction of Photograph. [Colloq.]

PHOTO- Pho"to-.

Defn: A combining form from Gr. fw^s, fwto`s, light; as, photography, phototype, photometer.

PHOTOBACTERIUM Pho`to*bac*te"ri*um, n. [NL. See Photo-, and Bacterium.] (Bacteriol.)

Defn: A genus including certain comma-shaped marine bacteria which emit bluish or greenish phosphorescence. Also, any microörganism of this group.

PHOTOBIOTIC Pho`to*bi*ot"ic, a. Etym: [Photo- + biotic.] (Biol.)

Defn: Requiring light to live; incapable of living without light; as, photobiotic plant cells.

PHOTOCERAMICS Pho`to*ce*ram"ics, n.

Defn: Art or process of decorating pottery with photographically prepared designs. — Pho`to*ce*ram"ic (#), a.

PHOTOCHEMICAL Pho`to*chem"ic*al, a. Etym: [Photo- + chemical.] (Chem.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to chemical action of light, or produced by it; as, the photochemical changes of the visual purple of the retina.

PHOTOCHEMISTRY Pho`to*chem"is*try, n. Etym: [Photo- + chemistry.] (Chem.)

Defn: The branch of chemistry which relates to the effect of light in producing chemical changes, as in photography.

PHOTOCHROMIC; PHOTOCHROMATIC Pho`to*chro"mic, Pho`to*chro*mat"ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to photochromy; produced by photochromy.

PHOTOCHROMOGRAPHY Pho`to*chro*mog"ra*phy, n. [Photo- + Gr. color + -graphy.]

Defn: Art or process of printing colored photographs.

PHOTOCHROMOSCOPE Pho`to*chro"mo*scope, n. [Photo-+ Gr. color + -scope.]

1. A device for giving shifting effects of color to a photograph. The unmounted print, made translucent, is illuminated from behind with colored light.

2. A combination of three optical lanterns for projecting objects on a screen in the colors of nature. The images of three partial photographs taken through color screens (red, green, and blue, respectively) are superimposed. Each image is given its own primary color, and these colors blend and reproduce the colors of the object.

PHOTOCHROMOTYPE Pho`to*chro"mo*type, n. [Photo-+ Gr. color + -type.]

Defn: A colored print made photomechanically.

PHOTOCHROMOTYPE Pho`to*chro"mo*type, v. t.

Defn: To represent by a colored print made by any photomechanical process.

PHOTOCHROMOTYPY Pho`to*chro"mo*typ`y, n.

Defn: The art of making photochromotypes.

PHOTOCHROMY Pho*toch"ro*my, n. Etym: [Photo- + Gr.

Defn: The art or process of reproducing colors by photography.

PHOTOCHRONOGRAPH Pho`to*chron"o*graph, n. [Photo-+ chronograph.]

1. (Physics) An instrument for recording minute intervals of time. The record is made by the power of a magnetic field, due to an electric signaling current, to turn the plane of polarization of light. A flash, coinciding in time and duration with the signal, is thus produced and is photographed on a moving plate.

2. (Astron.) An instrument for the photographic recording of star transits.

PHOTOCHRONOGRAPHY Pho`to*chro*nog"ra*phy, n.

Defn: Art of recording or measuring intervals of time by the photochronograph. — Pho`to*chron`o*graph"ic (#), -graph"ic*al (#), a. — -graph"ic*al*ly, adv.

PHOTODROME Pho"to*drome, n. Etym: [Photo- + Gr. (Physics)

Defn: An apparatus consisting of a large wheel with spokes, which when turning very rapidly is illuminated by momentary flashes of light passing through slits in a rotating disk. By properly timing the succession of flashes the wheel is made to appear to be motionless, or to rotate more or less slowly in either direction.

PHOTODYNAMICS Pho`to*dy*nam"ics, n. [Photo-+ dynamics.] (Plant Physiol.)

Defn: The relation of light to the movements of plants and their organs; the study of the phenomena of curvatures induced by the stimulus of light. —Pho`to*dy*nam"ic (#), Pho`to*dy*nam"ic*al (#), a.

PHOTO-ELECTRIC Pho`to-e*lec"tric, a. Etym: [Photo- + electric.]

Defn: Acting by the operation of both light and electricity; — said of apparatus for producing pictures by electric light.

PHOTO-ELECTRIC; PHOTO-ELECTRICAL Pho`to-e*lec"tric, Pho`to-e*lec"tric*al, a.

Defn: Pert. to, or capable of developing, photo-electricity.

PHOTO-ELECTRIC CELL Photo-electric cell.

Defn: A cell (as one of two electrodes embedded in selenium) which by exposure to light generates an electric current.

PHOTO-ELECTRICITY Pho`to-e*lec*tric"i*ty, n. [Photo-+ electricity.]

Defn: Electricity produced by light.

PHOTO-ELECTROGRAPH Pho`to-e*lec"tro*graph, n. [See Photo-; Electrograph.] (Meteor.)

Defn: An electrometer registering by photography.

PHOTO-ELECTROTYPE Pho`to-e*lec"tro*type, n. (Print.)

Defn: An electrotype plate formed in a mold made by photographing on prepared gelatine, etc.

PHOTO-ENGRAVE Pho`to-en*grave", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Photo-engraved; p. pr. & vb. n. Photo-engraving.] [Photo- + engrave.]

Defn: To engrave by a photomechanical process; to make a photo- engraving of. — Pho`to-en*grav"er (#), n.

PHOTO-ENGRAVING Pho`to-en*grav"ing, n. Etym: [Photo- + engraving.]

Defn: The process of obtaining an etched or engraved plate from the photographic image, to be used in printing; also, a picture produced by such a process.

PHOTO-EPINASTY Pho`to-ep"i*nas`ty, n. Etym: [See Photo-, and Epinastic.] (Bot.)

Defn: A disproportionately rapid growth of the upper surface of dorsiventral organs, such as leaves, through the stimulus of exposure to light. Encyc. Brit.

PHOTO-ETCH Pho`to-etch", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Photo-etched; p. pr. & vb. n. Photo-etching.] [Photo- + etch.]

Defn: To engrave, or make an engraving of, by any photomechanical process involving etching of the plate.

PHOTO-ETCHING Pho`to-etch"ing, n.

Defn: A photo-engraving produced by any process involving the etching of the plate.

PHOTOGALVANOGRAPHY Pho`to*gal`va*nog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Photo- + galvanography.]

Defn: The art or process of making photo-electrotypes. Sir D. Brewster.

PHOTOGEN Pho"to*gen, n. Etym: [Photo- + -gen.] (Chem.)

Defn: A light hydrocarbon oil resembling kerosene. It is obtained by distilling coal, paraffin, etc., and is used as a lubricant, illuminant, etc. [Written also photogene.]

PHOTOGENE Pho"to*gene, n. Etym: [See Photogen.]

1. A photograph. [Obsoles.]

2. A more or less continued impression or image on the retina. H. Spencer.

PHOTOGENIC Pho`to*gen"ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to photogeny; producing or generating light.

PHOTOGENY Pho*tog"e*ny, n. Etym: [See Photogen.]

Defn: See Photography. [Obsoles.]

PHOTOGLYPHIC Pho`to*glyph"ic, a. Etym: [Photo- + Gr.

Defn: Pertaining to the art of engraving by the action of light. [Written also photoglyptic.] Photoglyphic engraving, a process of etching on copper, steel, or zinc, by means of the action of light and certain chemicals, so that from the plate impressions may be taken. Sir D. Brewster.

PHOTOGLYPHY Pho*tog"ly*phy, n.

Defn: Photoglyphic engraving. See under Photoglyphic.

PHOTOGLYPTIC Pho`to*glyp"tic, a.

Defn: Same as Photoglyphic.

PHOTOGRAM Pho"to*gram, n. Etym: [Photo- + -gram.]

Defn: A photograph. [R.]

PHOTOGRAMMETER Pho`to*gram"me*ter, n. [See Photogram; -meter.]

Defn: A phototheodolite, or a camera designed for use in photogrammetry. —Pho`to*gram*met"ric (#), Pho`to*gram*met"ric*al (#), a.

PHOTOGRAMMETRY Pho`to*gram"me*try, n. [Photogram + metry.]

Defn: A method of surveying or map making by photography, used also in determining the height and motions of clouds, sea waves, and the like.

PHOTOGRAPH Pho"to*graph, n. Etym: [Photo- + -graph.]

Defn: A picture or likeness obtained by photography.

PHOTOGRAPH Pho"to*graph, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Photographed; p. pr. & vb. n. Photographing.]

Defn: To take a picture or likeness of by means of photography; as, to photograph a view; to photograph a group. He makes his pen drawing on white paper, and they are afterwards photographed on wood. Hamerton.

Note: Also used figuratively. He is photographed on my mind. Lady D. Hardy.

PHOTOGRAPH Pho"to*graph, v. i.

Defn: To practice photography; to take photographs.

PHOTOGRAPHER Pho*tog"ra*pher, n.

Defn: One who practices, or is skilled in, photography.

PHOTOGRAPHIC; PHOTOGRAPHICAL Pho`to*graph"ic, Pho`to*graph"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. photographique.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to photography; obtained by photography; used ib photography; as a photographic picture; a photographic camera. — Pho`to*graph"ic*al*ly, adv. Photographic printing, the process of obtaining pictures, as on chemically prepared paper, from photographic negatives, by exposure to light.

PHOTOGRAPHIST Pho*tog"ra*phist, n.

Defn: A photographer.

PHOTOGRAPHOMETER Pho*tog"ra*phom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Photograph + -meter.] (Photog.)

Defn: An instrument for determining the sensibility of the plates employed in photographic processes to luminous rays.

PHOTOGRAPHONE Pho*tog"ra*phone, n. [See Photograph; -phone.]

Defn: A device, consisting essentially of an electric arc and a camera, by which a series of photographs of the variations of the arc due to sound waves are obtained for reproduction by means of a selenium cell and a telephone.

PHOTOGRAPHY Pho*tog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Photo- + -graphy: cf. F. photographie.]

1. The science which relates to the action of light on sensitive bodies in the production of pictures, the fixation of images, and the like.

2. The art or process of producing pictures by this action of light.

Note: The well-focused optical image is thrown on a surface of metal, glass, paper, or other suitable substance, coated with collodion or gelatin, and sensitized with the chlorides, bromides, or iodides of silver, or other salts sensitive to light. The exposed plate is then treated with reducing agents, as pyrogallic acid, ferrous sulphate, etc., to develop the latent image. The image is then fixed by washing off the excess of unchanged sensitive salt with sodium hyposulphite (thiosulphate) or other suitable reagents.

PHOTOGRAVURE Pho`to*grav"ure, n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A photoengraving; also, the process by which such a picture is produced.

PHOTOHELIOGRAPH Pho`to*he"li*o*graph, n. Etym: [Photo- + heliograph.] (Physics)

Defn: A modified kind of telescope adapted to taking photographs of the sun.

PHOTOHELIOMETER Pho`to*he`li*om"e*ter, n. [Photo- + heliometer.] (Astron.)

Defn: A double-lens instrument for measuring slight variations of the sun's diameter by photography, utilizing the common chord of two overlapping images.

PHOTOLITHOGRAPH Pho`to*lith"o*graph, n. Etym: [Photo- + lithograph.]

Defn: A lithographic picture or copy from a stone prepared by the aid of photography.

PHOTOLITHOGRAPH Pho`to*lith"o*graph, v. t.

Defn: To produce (a picture, a copy) by the process of photolithography.

PHOTOLITHOGRAPHER Pho`to*li*thog"ra*pher, n.

Defn: One who practices, or one who employs, photolithography.

PHOTOLITHOGRAPHIC Pho`to*lith`o*graph"ic, n.

Defn: Of or pertaining to photolithography; produced by photolithography.

PHOTOLITHOGRAPHY Pho`to*li*thog"ra*phy, n.

Defn: The art or process of producing photolithographs.

PHOTOLOGIC; PHOTOLOGICAL Pho`to*log"ic, Pho`to*log"ic*al, a.

Defn: Pertaining to photology, or the doctrine of light.

PHOTOLOGIST Pho*tol"o*gist, n.

Defn: One who studies or expounds the laws of light.

PHOTOLOGY Pho*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Photo- + -logy: cf. F. photologie.]

Defn: The doctrine or science of light, explaining its nature and phenomena; optics.

PHOTOLUMINESCENT Pho`to*lu`mi*nes"cent, a. [Photo- + luminescent.] (Physics)

Defn: Luminescent by exposure to light waves. — Pho`to*lu`mi*nes"cence (#), n.

PHOTOMAGNETIC Pho`to*mag*net"ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to photomagnetism.

PHOTOMAGNETISM Pho`to*mag"net*ism, n.

Defn: The branch of science which treats of the relation of magnetism to light.

PHOTOMECHANICAL Pho`to*me*chan"ic*al, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, any photographic process in which a printing surface is obtained without the intervention of hand engraving.

PHOTOMETER Pho*tom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Photo- + -meter: cf. F. photomètre.] (Physics)

Defn: An instrument for measuring the intensity of light, or, more especially, for comparing the relative intensities of different lights, or their relative illuminating power.

PHOTOMETRIC; PHOTOMETRICAL Pho`to*met"ric, Pho`to*met"ric*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. photométrique.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to photometry, or to a photometer.

PHOTOMETRICIAN Pho*tom`e*tri"cian, n.

Defn: One engaged in the scientific measurement of light.

PHOTOMETRICIAN; PHOTOMETRIST Pho*tom`e*tri"cian, Pho*tom"e*trist, n.

Defn: A specialist in photometry.

PHOTOMETRY Pho*tom"e*try, n. Etym: [Cf. F. photométrie.]

Defn: That branch of science which treats of the measurement of the intensity of light.

PHOTOMEZZOTYPE Pho`to*mez"zo*type, n. [Photo-+ It. mezzo middle, half + -type.]

Defn: A photomechanical process similar to collotype.

PHOTOMICROGRAPH Pho`to*mi"cro*graph, n. Etym: [Photo- + micro + -graph.]

1. An enlarged or macroscopic photograph of a microscopic object. See Microphotograph.

2. A microscopically small photograph of an object.

PHOTOMICROGRAPHY Pho`to*mi*crog"ra*phy, n.

Defn: The art of producing photomicrographs.

PHOTONEPHOGRAPH Pho`to*neph"o*graph (-nef"o*graf), n. [Photo- + Gr. ne`fos a cloud + -graph.] (Meteor.)

Defn: A nephoscope registering by photography, commonly consisting of a pair of cameras used simultaneously.

PHOTOPHILOUS Pho*toph"i*lous, n. [Photo-+ Gr. loving.] (Phytogeog.)

Defn: Light-loving; growing in strong light, as many plants.

PHOTOPHOBIA Pho`to*pho"bi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.)

Defn: A dread or intolerance of light. Sir T. Watson.

PHOTOPHONE Pho"to*phone, n. Etym: [Photo- + Gr. (Physics)

Defn: An apparatus for the production of sound by the action of rays of light. A. G. Bell.

PHOTOPHONIC Pho`to*phon"ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to photophone.

PHOTOPHONY Pho*toph"o*ny, n.

Defn: The art or practice of using the photophone.

PHOTOPHORE Pho"to*phore, n. [Photo- + Gr. to bear.]

1. (Med.) A form of endoscope using an electric light.

2. (Zoöl.) A light-emitting organ; specif., one of the luminous spots on certain marine (mostly deep-sea) fishes.

PHOTOPLAY Pho"to*play`, n.

Defn: A play for representation or exhibition by moving pictures; also, the moving-picture representation of a play.

PHOTOPRINT Pho"to*print`, n.

Defn: Any print made by a photomechanical process.

PHOTOPSIA Pho*top"si*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.)

Defn: An affection of the eye, in which the patient perceives luminous rays, flashes, coruscations, etc. See phosphene.

PHOTOPSY Pho*top"sy, n.

Defn: Same as Photopsia.

PHOTORELIEF Pho`to*re*lief", n.

Defn: A printing surface in relief, obtained by photographic means and subsequent manipulations. Knight.

PHOTOSCOPE Pho"to*scope, n. Etym: [Photo- + -scope.] (Physics)

Defn: Anything employed for the observation of light or luminous effects.

PHOTOSCOPIC Pho`to*scop"ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the photoscope or its uses.

PHOTOSCULPTURE Pho`to*sculp"ture, n. Etym: [Photo- + sculpture.]

Defn: A process in which, by means of a number of photographs simultaneously taken from different points of view on the same level, rough models of the figure or bust of a person or animal may be made with great expedition.

PHOTOSPHERE Pho"to*sphere, n. Etym: [Photo- + sphere.]

Defn: A sphere of light; esp., the luminous envelope of the sun.

PHOTOSPHERIC Pho`to*spher"ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the photosphere.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS Pho`to*syn"the*sis, n. (Plant Physiol.)

Defn: The process of constructive metabolism by which carbohydrates are formed from water vapor and the carbon dioxide of the air in the chlorophyll-containing tissues of plants exposed to the action of light. It was formerly called assimilation, but this is now commonly used as in animal physiology. The details of the process are not yet clearly known. Baeyer's theory is that the carbon dioxide is reduced to carbon monoxide, which, uniting with the hydrogen of the water in the cell, produces formaldehyde, the latter forming various sugars through polymerization. Vines suggests that the carbohydrates are secretion products of the chloroplasts, derived from decomposition of previously formed proteids. The food substances are usually quickly translocated, those that accumulate being changed to starch, which appears in the cells almost simultaneously with the sugars. The chloroplasts perform photosynthesis only in light and within a certain range of temperature, varying according to climate. This is the only way in which a plant is able to organize carbohydrates. All plants without a chlorophyll apparatus, as the fungi, must be parasitic or saprophytic. —Pho`to*syn*thet"ic (#), a. — Pho`to*syn*thet"ic*al*ly (#), adv.

PHOTOTAXIS; PHOTOTAXY Pho`to*tax"is, Pho"to*tax`y, n. [NL. phototaxis; photo- + Gr. an arranging.] (Biol.)

Defn: The influence of light on the movements of low organisms, as various infusorians, the zoöspores of certain algæ, etc.; also, the tendency to follow definite directions of motion or assume definite positions under such influence. If the migration is toward the source of light, it is termed positive phototaxis; if away from the light, negative phototaxis. —Pho`to*tac"tic (#), a. —Pho`to*tac"tic*al*ly, adv.

PHOTOTELEGRAPHY Pho`to*te*leg"ra*phy, n.

Defn: Telegraphy by means of light, as by the heliograph or the photophone. Also, less properly, telephotography. — Pho`to*tel"e*graph (#), n. —Pho`to*tel`e*graph"ic (#), a.

PHOTOTELESCOPE Pho`to*tel"e*scope, n. (Astron.)

Defn: A telescope adapted for taking photographs of the heavenly bodies.

PHOTOTHEODOLITE Pho`to*the*od"o*lite, n.

Defn: An arrangement of two photographic cameras, the plates of which may be brought into exactly the same plane, used in surveying and map making. From the differences between two pictures taken at the same moment, measurements in all dimensions of the region may be obtained.

PHOTOTHERAPY Pho`to*ther"a*py, n. (Med.)

Defn: The application of light for therapeutic purposes, esp. for treating diseases of the skin. — Pho`to*the*rap"ic (#), Pho`to*ther`a*peu"tic (#), a.

PHOTOTHERMIC Pho`to*ther"mic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to both light and heat.

PHOTOTONUS Pho*tot"o*nus, n. Etym: [NL. See Photo-, and Tone.] (Bot.)

Defn: A motile condition in plants resulting from exposure to light. — Pho`to*ton"ic, a.

PHOTOTOPOGRAPHY Pho`to*to*pog"ra*phy, n.

Defn: Photogrammetry. — Pho`to*top`o*graph"ic (#), Pho`to*top`o*graph"ic*al (#), a.

PHOTOTRICHROMATIC Pho`to*tri`chro*mat"ic, a. [Photo- + tri- + chromatic.]

Defn: Designating a photomechanical process for making reproductions in natural colors by three printings.

PHOTOTROPIC Pho`to*trop"ic, a. Etym: [Photo- + Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: Same as Heliotropic.

PHOTOTROPISM Pho*tot"ro*pism, n. [Photo-+ Gr. to turn.] (Plant Physiol.)

Defn: The tendency of growing plant organs to move or curve under the influence of light. In ordinary use the term is practically synonymous with heliotropism.

PHOTOTYPE Pho"to*type, n. Etym: [Photo- + -type.]

Defn: A plate or block with a printing surface (usually in relief) obtained from a photograph; also, any one of the many methods of processes by which such a printing surface is obtained.

PHOTOTYPIC Pho`to*typ"ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a phototype or phototypy.

PHOTOTYPOGRAPHY Pho`to*ty*pog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Photo- + typography.]

Defn: Same as Phototypy.

PHOTOTYPY Pho*tot"y*py, n.

Defn: The art or process of producing phototypes.

PHOTOVISUAL Pho`to*vis"u*al, a. (Optics)

Defn: Of certain achromatic lenses, having the same focus for the actinic and for the brightest of the visual rays.

PHOTOXYLOGRAPHY Pho`to*xy*log"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Photo- + xylography.]

Defn: The process of producing a representation of an object on wood, by photography, for the use of the wood engraver.

PHOTOZINCOGRAPH Pho`to*zin"co*graph, n.

Defn: A print made by photozincography. — Pho`to*zin`co*graph"ic, a.

PHOTOZINCOGRAPHY Pho`to*zin*cog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Photo- + zincography.]

Defn: A process, analogous to photolithography, for reproducing photographed impressions transferred to zinc plate.

PHRAGMOCONE Phrag"mo*cone, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The thin chambered shell attached to the anterior end of a belemnite. [Written also phragmacone.]

PHRAGMOSIPHON Phrag`mo*si"phon, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The siphon of a phragmocone.

PHRASAL Phras"al, a.

Defn: Of the nature of a phrase; consisting of a phrase; as, a phrasal adverb. Earlc.

PHRASE Phrase, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. phrasis diction, phraseology, Gr.

1. A brief expression, sometimes a single word, but usually two or more words forming an expression by themselves, or being a portion of a sentence; as, an adverbial phrase. "Convey" the wise it call. "Steal!" foh! a fico for the phrase. Shak.

2. A short, pithy expression; especially, one which is often employed; a peculiar or idiomatic turn of speech; as, to err is human.

3. A mode or form of speech; the manner or style in which any one expreses himself; diction; expression. "Phrases of the hearth." Tennyson. Thou speak'st In better phrase and matter than thou didst. Shak.

4. (Mus.)

Defn: A short clause or portion of a period.

Note: A composition consists first of sentences, or periods; these are subdivided into sections, and these into phrases. Phrase book, a book of idiomatic phrases. J. S. Blackie.

PHRASE Phrase, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Phrased; p. pr. & vb. n. Phrasing.] Etym: [Cf. F. phraser.]

Defn: To express in words, or in peculiar words; to call; to style. "These suns — for so they phrase 'em." Shak.

PHRASE Phrase, v. i.

1. To use proper or fine phrases. [R.]

2. (Mus.)

Defn: To group notes into phrases; as, he phrases well. See Phrase, n., 4.

PHRASELESS Phrase"less, a.

Defn: Indescribable. Shak.

PHRASEOGRAM Phra"se*o*gram, n. Etym: [Gr. -gram.] (Phonography)

Defn: A symbol for a phrase.

PHRASEOLOGIC; PHRASEOLOGICAL Phra`se*o*log"ic, Phra`se*o*log"ic*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to phraseology; consisting of a peculiar form of words. "This verbal or phraseological answer." Bp. Pearson.

PHRASEOLOGIST Phra`se*ol"o*gist, n.

Defn: A collector or coiner of phrases.

PHRASEOLOGY Phra`se*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy: cf. F. phraséologie.]

1. Manner of expression; peculiarity of diction; style. Most completely national in his . . . phraseology. I. Taylor.

2. A collection of phrases; a phrase book. [R.]

Syn. — Diction; style. See Diction.

PHRASING Phras"ing, n.

1. Method of expression; association of words.

2. (Mus.)

Defn: The act or method of grouping the notes so as to form distinct musical phrases.

PHRATRY Phra"try, n.; pl. Phratries. Etym: [Gr. (Gr. Antiq.)

Defn: A subdivision of a phyle, or tribe, in Athens.

PHREATIC Phre*at"ic, a. Etym: [F. phréatique, from Gr. (Geol.)

Defn: Subterranean; — applied to sources supplying wells.

PHRENETIC; PHRENETICAL Phre*net"ic, Phre*net"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. phreneticus, Gr. phrénétique. See Frantic, and cf. Frenetic.]

Defn: Relating to phrenitis; suffering from frenzy; delirious; mad; frantic; frenetic. — Phre*net"ic*al*ly, adv.

PHRENETIC Phre*net"ic, n.

Defn: One who is phrenetic. Harvey.

PHRENIC Phren"ic, a.Etym: [Gr. phrénique.] (Anat.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the diaphragm; diaphragmatic; as, the phrenic nerve.

PHRENICS Phren"ics, n.

Defn: That branch of science which relates to the mind; mental philosophy. [R.]

PHRENISM Phre"nism, n. Etym: [See Phrenic.] (Biol.)

Defn: See Vital force, under Vital.

PHRENITIS Phre*ni"tis, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr.

1. (Med.)

Defn: Inflammation of the brain, or of the meninges of the brain, attended with acute fever and delirium; — called also cephalitis.

2. See Frenzy.

PHRENOGRAPH Phre"no*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. -graph.] (Physiol.)

Defn: An instrument for registering the movements of the diaphragm, or midriff, in respiration.

PHRENOLOGER Phre*nol"o*ger, n.

Defn: A phrenologist.

PHRENOLOGIC Phren`o*log"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. phrénologique.]

Defn: Phrenological.

PHRENOLOGICAL Phren`o*log"ic*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to phrenology. — Phren`o*log"ic*al*ly, adv.

PHRENOLOGIST Phre*nol"o*gist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. phrénologiste.]

Defn: One versed in phrenology; a craniologist.

PHRENOLOGY Phre*nol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy: cf. F. phrénologie.]

1. The science of the special functions of the several parts of the brain, or of the supposed connection between the various faculties of the mind and particular organs in the brain.

2. In popular usage, the physiological hypothesis of Gall, that the mental faculties, and traits of character, are shown on the surface of the head or skull; craniology.

Note: Gall marked out on his model of the head the places of twenty- six organs, as round inclosures with vacant interspaces. Spurzheim and Combe divided the whole scalp into oblong and conterminous patches. Encyc. Brit.

PHRENOMAGNETISM Phre`no*mag"net*ism, n. Etym: [Gr. magnetism.]

Defn: The power of exciting the organs of the brain by magnetic or mesmeric influence.

PHRENOSIN Phre"no*sin, n. Etym: [See Phrenic.] (Physiol. Chem.)

Defn: A nitrogenous body, related to cerebrin, supposed to exist in the brain.

PHRENSIED Phren"sied, p. p. & a.

Defn: See Frenzied.

PHRENSY Phren"sy, n.

Defn: Violent and irrational excitement; delirium. See Frenzy.

PHRENSY Phren"sy, v. t.

Defn: To render frantic.

PHRENTIC Phren"tic, n. & a.

Defn: See Phrenetic. [Obs.]

PHRYGANEID Phry*ga"ne*id, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any insect belonging to the Phryganeides.

PHRYGANEIDES Phryg`a*ne"i*des, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Phryganea, the typical genus, fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A tribe of neuropterous insects which includes the caddice flies; — called also Trichoptera. See Trichoptera. [Written also Phryganides.]

PHRYGIAN Phryg"i*an, a. Etym: [L. Phrygius, Gr.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Phrygia, or to its inhabitants. Phrygian mode (Mus.), one of the ancient Greek modes, very bold and vehement in style; — so called because fabled to have been invented by the Phrygian Marsyas. Moore (Encyc. of Music). — Phrygian stone, a light, spongy stone, resembling a pumice, — used by the ancients in dyeing, and said to be drying and astringent.

PHRYGIAN Phryg"i*an, n.

1. A native or inhabitant of Phrygia.

2. (Eccl. Hist.)

Defn: A Montanist.

PHRYGIAN CAP Phryg"i*an cap`.

Defn: A close-fitting cap represented in Greek art as worn by Orientals, assumed to have been conical in shape. It has been adopted in modern art as the so-called liberty cap, or cap of liberty.

PHTHALATE Phthal"ate, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A salt of phthalic acid.

PHTHALEIN Phthal"e*in, n. Etym: [See Phthalic.] (Chem.)

Defn: One of a series of artificial organic dyes made as condensation products of the phenols with phthalic acid, and well represented by phenol phthaleïn. Their alkaline solutions are fluorescent. Phenol phthalein, a white or yellowish white crystalline substance made from phthalic acid and phenol. Its solution in alkalies is brilliant red, but is decolorized by acids, and as this reaction is exceedingly delicate it is used as an indicator.

PHTHALIC Phthal"ic, a. Etym: [Naphthalene + -ic.] (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a dibasic acid obtained by the oxidation of naphthalene and allied substances. Phthalic acid (Chem.), a white crystalline substance, C6H4.(CO2H)2, analogous to benzoic acid, and employed in the brilliant dyestuffs called the phthaleins.

PHTHALIDE Phthal"ide, n. Etym: [Phthalyl + anhydride.] (Chem.)

Defn: A lactone obtained by reduction of phthalyl chloride, as a white crystalline substance; hence, by extension, any one of the series of which phthalide proper is the type. [Written also phthalid.]

PHTHALIMIDE Phthal"i*mide, n. Etym: [Phthalic + imide.] (Chem.)

Defn: An imido derivative of phthalic acid, obtained as a white crystalline substance, C6H4.(CO)2NH, which has itself (like succinimide) acid properties, and forms a series of salts. Cf. Imido acid, under Imido.

PHTHALIN Phthal"in, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A colorless crystalline substance obtained by reduction from phthaleïn, into which it is easily converted by oxidation; hence, any one of the series of which phthalin proper is the type.

PHTHALYL Phthal"yl, n. Etym: [Phthalic + -yl.] (Chem.)

Defn: The hypothetical radical of phthalic acid.

PHTHIRIASIS Phthi*ri"a*sis, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Med.)

Defn: A disease (morbus pediculous) consisting in the excessive multiplication of lice on the human body.

PHTHISIC Phthis"ic, n.

Defn: Same as Phthisis.

PHTHISICAL Phthis"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. phthisicus, Gr. phthisique. See Phthisis.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to phthisis; affected with phthisis; wasting; consumptive.

PHTHISICKY Phthis"ick*y, a.

Defn: Having phthisis, or some symptom of it, as difficulty in breathing.

PHTHISIOLOGY Phthis`i*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Phthisis + -logy.] (Med.)

Defn: A treatise on phthisis. Dunglison.

PHTHISIPNEUMONIA; PHTHISIPNEUMONY Phthis`ip*neu*mo"ni*a, Phthis`ip*neu"mo*ny, n. Etym: [NL. See Phthisis, Pneumonia.] (Med.)

Defn: Pulmonary consumption.

PHTHISIS Phthi"sis, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. phthisie.] (Med.)

Defn: A wasting or consumption of the tissues. The term was formerly applied to many wasting diseases, but is now usually restricted to pulmonary phthisis, or consumption. See Consumption. Fibroid phthisis. See under Fibroid.

PHTHONGAL Phthon"gal, a. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Formed into, or characterized by, voice; vocalized; — said of all the vowels and the semivowels, also of the vocal or sonant consonants g, d, b, l, r, v, z, etc.

PHTHONGAL Phthon"gal, n.

Defn: A vocalized element or letter.

PHTHONGOMETER Phthon*gom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.]

Defn: An instrument for measuring vocal sounds. Whewell.

PHTHOR Phthor, n. Etym: [F. phthore, Gr. (Old Chem.)

Defn: Fluorine. [Written also phthor.]

PHYCITE Phy"cite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.)

Defn: See Erythrite, 1.

PHYCOCHROME Phy"co*chrome, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A bluish green coloring matter of certain algæ.

PHYCOCYANIN; PHYCOCYANINE Phy`co*cy"a*nin, Phy`co*cy"a*nine, n. Etym: [Gr. cyanin.]

Defn: A blue coloring matter found in certain algæ.

PHYCOERYTHRIN; PHYCOERYTHRINE Phy`co*e*ryth"rin, Phy`co*e*ryth"rine, n. Etym: [Gr. erythrin, -ine.]

Defn: A red coloring matter found in algæ of the subclass Florideæ.

PHYCOGRAPHY Phy*cog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.]

Defn: A description of seaweeds.

PHYCOLOGY Phy*col"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.]

Defn: The science of algæ, or seaweeds; algology.

PHYCOMATER Phy`co*ma"ter, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. mater mother.] (Bot.)

Defn: A gelatin in which the algæ spores have been supposed to vegetate.

PHYCOMYCETES Phy`co*my*ce"tes, n. pl. [NL.; Gr. seaweed + mycetes.] (Bot.)

Defn: A large, important class of parasitic or saprophytic fungi, the algal or algalike fungi. The plant body ranges from an undifferentiated mass of protoplasm to a well-developed and much- branched mycelium. Reproduction is mainly sexual, by the formation of conidia or sporangia; but the group shows every form of transition from this method through simple conjugation to perfect sexual reproduction by egg and sperm in the higher forms. — Phy`co*my*ce"tous (#), a.

PHYCOPHAEINE Phy`co*phæ"ine, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: A brown coloring matter found in certain algæ.

PHYCOXANTHIN; PHYCOXANTHINE Phy`co*xan"thin, Phy`co*xan"thine, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: A yellowish coloring matter found in certain algæ.

PHYLACTER Phy*lac"ter, n.

Defn: A phylactery. Sandys.

PHYLACTERED Phy*lac"tered, a.

Defn: Wearing a phylactery.

PHYLACTERIC; PHYLACTERICAL Phyl`ac*ter"ic, Phyl`ac*ter"ic*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to phylacteries.

PHYLACTERY Phy*lac"ter*y, n.; pl. Phylacteries. Etym: [OE. filateri, OF. filatire, filatiere, F. phylactère, L. phylacterium, Gr. Philatory.]

1. Any charm or amulet worn as a preservative from danger or disease.

2. A small square box, made either of parchment or of black calfskin, containing slips of parchment or vellum on which are written the scriptural passages Exodus xiii. 2-10, and 11-17, Deut. vi. 4-9, 13- 22. They are worn by Jews on the head and left arm, on week-day mornings, during the time of prayer. Schaff-Herzog Encyc.

3. Among the primitive Christians, a case in which the relics of the dead were inclosed.

PHYLACTOCARP Phy*lac"to*carp, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A branch of a plumularian hydroid specially modified in structure for the protection of the gonothecæ.

PHYLACTOLAEMA; PHYLACTOLAEMATA Phy*lac`to*læ"ma, Phy*lac`to*læ"ma*ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An order of fresh-water Bryozoa in which the tentacles are arranged on a horseshoe-shaped lophophore, and the mouth is covered by an epistome. Called also Lophopoda, and hippocrepians.

PHYLACTOLAEMATOUS Phy*lac`to*læ"ma*tous, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Phylactolæma.

PHYLACTOLEMA; PHYLACTOLEMATA Phy*lac`to*le"ma, Phy*lac`to*le"ma*ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Same as Phylactolæma.

PHYLARCH Phy"larch, n. Etym: [L. phylarchus, Gr. Phyle, and -arch.] (Gr. Antiq.)

Defn: The chief of a phyle, or tribe.

PHYLARCHY Phy"larch*y, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: The office of a phylarch; government of a class or tribe.

PHYLE Phy"le, n.; pl. Phylæ. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr.

Defn: A local division of the people in ancient Athens; a clan; a tribe.

PHYLLITE Phyl"lite, n. Etym: [See Phylo-.] (Min.) (a) A mineral related to ottrelite. (b) Clay slate; argillaceous schist.

PHYLLO- Phyl"lo-.

Defn: A combining form from Gr. a leaf; as, phyllopod, phyllotaxy.

PHYLLOBRANCHIA Phyl`lo*bran"chi*a, n.; pl. Phyllobranciæ. Etym: [NL. See Phyllo-, and Branchia.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A crustacean gill composed of lamellæ.

PHYLLOCLADIUM Phyl`lo*cla"di*um, n.; pl. Phyllocladia. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A flattened stem or branch which more or less resembles a leaf, and performs the function of a leaf as regards respiration and assimilation.

PHYLLOCYANIN Phyl`lo*cy"a*nin, n. Etym: [Phyllo- + cyanin.] (Chem.)

Defn: A blue coloring matter extracted from chlorophyll. [Written also phyllocyanine.]

PHYLLOCYST Phyl"lo*cyst, n. Etym: [Phyllo- + cyst.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The cavity of a hydrophyllium.

PHYLLODE Phyl"lode, n. (Bot.)

Defn: Same as Phyllodium.

PHYLLODINEOUS Phyl`lo*din"eous, a. (Bot.)

Defn: Having phyllodia; relating to phyllodia.

PHYLLODIUM Phyl*lo"di*um, n.; pl. Phyllodia. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A petiole dilated into the form of a blade, and usually with vertical edges, as in the Australian acacias.

PHYLLODY Phyl"lo*dy, n. Etym: [See Phyllodium.] (Bot.)

Defn: A retrograde metamorphosis of the floral organs to the condition of leaves.

PHYLLOID Phyl"loid, a. Etym: [Phyllo- + -oid.]

Defn: Resembling a leaf.

PHYLLOMANIA Phyl`lo*ma"ni*a, n. Etym: [Phyllo- + mania.] (Bot.)

Defn: An abnormal or excessive production of leaves.

PHYLLOME Phyl"lome, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A foliar part of a plant; any organ homologous with a leaf, or produced by metamorphosis of a leaf.

PHYLLOMORPHOSIS Phyl`lo*mor*pho"sis, n. Etym: [NL. See Phyllo-, Morphosis.] (Bot.)

Defn: The succession and variation of leaves during different seasons. R. Brown.

PHYLLOPHAGAN Phyl*loph"a*gan, n. Etym: [Phyllo- + Gr. (Zoöl.) (a) One of a group of marsupials including the phalangists. (b) One of a tribe of beetles which feed upon the leaves of plants, as the chafers.

PHYLLOPHAGOUS Phyl*loph"a*gous, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Substituting on leaves; leaf-eating.

PHYLLOPHOROUS Phyl*loph"o*rous, a. Etym: [Phyllo- + Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: Leaf-bearing; producing leaves.

PHYLLOPOD Phyl"lo*pod, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the Phyllopoda.

Note: [Also used adjectively.]

PHYLLOPODA Phyl*lop"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -poda.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: An order of Entomostraca including a large number of species, most of which live in fresh water. They have flattened or leaflike legs, often very numerous, which they use in swimming. Called also Branchiopoda.

Note: In some, the body is covered with a bivalve shell (Holostraca); in others, as Apus, by a shield-shaped carapace (Monostraca); in others, like Artemia, there is no carapace, and the body is regularly segmented. Sometimes the group is made to include also the Cladocera.

PHYLLOPODOUS Phyl*lop"o*dous, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Phyllopoda.

PHYLLORHINE Phyl"lo*rhine, a. Etym: [Phyllo- + Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to Phyllorhina and other related genera of bats that have a leaflike membrane around the nostrils.

PHYLLOSOMA Phyl`lo*so"ma, n. Etym: [NL. See Phyllo-, and -some body.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The larva of the spiny lobsters (Palinurus and allied genera). Its body is remarkably thin, flat, and transparent; the legs are very long. Called also glass-crab, and glass-shrimp.

PHYLLOSTOME Phyl"lo*stome, n. Etym: [Phyllo- + Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any bat of the genus Phyllostoma, or allied genera, having large membranes around the mouth and nose; a nose-leaf bat.

PHYLLOSTOMID Phyl*los"to*mid, n.

Defn: A phyllostome.

PHYLLOTACTIC Phyl`lo*tac"tic, a. (Bot.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to phyllotaxy.

PHYLLOTAXY; PHYLLOTAXIS Phyl"lo*tax`y, Phyl"lo*tax`is, n. Etym: [Phyllo- + Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: The order or arrangement of leaves on the stem; the science of the relative position of leaves.

PHYLLOUS Phyl"lous, a. (Bot.)

Defn: Homologous with a leaf; as, the sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils are phyllous organs.

PHYLLOXANTHIN Phyl`lo*xan"thin, n. Etym: [Phyllo- + Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A yellow coloring matter extracted from chlorophyll.

PHYLLOXERA Phyl`lox*e"ra, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr.

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small hemipterous insect (Phylloxera vastatrix) allied to the aphids. It attacks the roots and leaves of the grapevine, doing great damage, especially in Europe.

Note: It exists in several forms, some of which are winged, other wingless. One form produces galls on the leaves and twigs, another affects the roots, causing galls or swellings, and often killing the vine.

2. The diseased condition of a vine caused by the insect just described.

PHYLOGENESIS; PHYLOGENY Phy`lo*gen"e*sis, Phy*log"e*ny, n. Etym: [Gr. genesis, or root of Gr.

Defn: The history of genealogical development; the race history of an animal or vegetable type; the historic exolution of the phylon or tribe, in distinction from ontogeny, or the development of the individual organism, and from biogenesis, or life development generally.

PHYLOGENETIC Phy*lo*ge*net"ic, a.

Defn: Relating to phylogenesis, or the race history of a type of organism. — Phy*lo*ge*net"ic*al*ly, adv.

PHYLON Phy"lon, n.; pl. Phyla. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Biol.)

Defn: A tribe.

PHYLUM Phy"lum, n.; pl. Phyla. Etym: [NL. See Phylon.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the larger divisions of the animal kingdom; a branch; a grand division.

PHYMA Phy"ma, n.; pl. Phymata. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.)

Defn: A tubercle on any external part of the body.

PHYSA Phy"sa, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of fresh-water Pulmonifera, having reversed spiral shells. See Pond snail, under Pond.

PHYSALIA Phy*sa"li*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of large oceanic Siphonophora which includes the Portuguese man-of-war.

Note: It has a large air sac, or float, with a sail-like crest on its upper side. Numerous zooids of different kinds are attached to the under side of the float. Some of the zooids have very long tentacles; some have a mouth and digest food; others produce gonophores. The American species (Physalia arethusa) is brilliantly colored, the float being pink or purple, and bright blue; the zooids blue. It is noted for its virulent stinging powers, as well as for its beautiful colors, graceful motions, and its ability to sail to windward.

PHYSALIAE Phy*sa"li*æ, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: An order of Siphonophora which includes Physalia.

PHYSEMARIA Phys`e*ma"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A group of simple marine organisms, usually classed as the lowest of the sponges. They have inflated hollow bodies.

PHYSETER Phy*se"ter, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. physétère.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The genus that includes the sperm whale.

2. A filtering machine operated by air pressure.

PHYSIANTHROPY Phys`i*an"thro*py, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: The philosophy of human life, or the doctrine of the constitution and diseases of man, and their remedies.

PHYSIC Phys"ic, n. Etym: [OE. phisike, fisike, OF. phisique, F. physique knowledge of nature, physics, L. physica, physice, fr. Gr. be. See Be, and cf. Physics, Physique.]

1. The art of healing diseases; the science of medicine; the theory or practice of medicine. "A doctor of physik." Chaucer.

2. A specific internal application for the cure or relief of sickness; a remedy for disease; a medicine.

3. Specifically, a medicine that purges; a cathartic.

4. A physician. [R.] Shak. Physic nut (Bot.), a small tropical American euphorbiaceous tree (Jatropha Curcas), and its seeds, which are well flavored, but contain a drastic oil which renders them dangerous if eaten in large quantities.

PHYSIC Phys"ic, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Physiced; p. pr. & vb. n. Physicking.]

1. To treat with physic or medicine; to administer medicine to, esp. a cathartic; to operate on as a cathartic; to purge.

2. To work on as a remedy; to heal; to cure. The labor we delight in physics pain. Shak. A mind diseased no remedy can physic. Byron.

PHYSICAL Phys"ic*al, a.

1. Of or pertaining to nature (as including all created existences); in accordance with the laws of nature; also, of or relating to natural or material things, or to the bodily structure, as opposed to things mental, moral, spiritual, or imaginary; material; natural; as, armies and navies are the physical force of a nation; the body is the physical part of man. Labor, in the physical world, is . . . employed in putting objects in motion. J. S. Mill. A society sunk in ignorance, and ruled by mere physical force. Macaulay.

2. Of or pertaining to physics, or natural philosophy; treating of, or relating to, the causes and connections of natural phenomena; as, physical science; physical laws. "Physical philosophy." Pope.

3. Perceptible through a bodily or material organization; cognizable by the senses; external; as, the physical, opposed to chemical, characters of a mineral.

4. Of or pertaining to physic, or the art of medicine; medicinal; curative; healing; also, cathartic; purgative. [Obs.] "Physical herbs." Sir T. North. Is Brutus sick and is it physical To walk unbraced, and suck up the humors Of the dank morning Shak. Physical astronomy, that part of astronomy which treats of the causes of the celestial motions; specifically, that which treats of the motions resulting from universal gravitation. — Physical education, training of the bodily organs and powers with a view to the promotion of health and vigor. — Physical examination (Med.), an examination of the bodily condition of a person. — Physical geography. See under Geography. — Physical point, an indefinitely small portion of matter; a point conceived as being without extension, yet having physical properties, as weight, inertia, momentum, etc.; a material point. — Physical signs (Med.), the objective signs of the bodily state afforded by a physical examination.

PHYSICALLY Phys"ic*al*ly, adv.

Defn: In a physical manner; according to the laws of nature or physics; by physical force; not morally. I am not now treating physically of light or colors. Locke.

2. According to the rules of medicine. [Obs.] He that lives physically must live miserably. Cheyne.

PHYSICIAN Phy*si"cian, n. Etym: [OE. fisician, fisicien, OF. physucien, a physician, in F., a natural philosopher, an experimentalist in physics. See Physic.]

1. A person skilled in physic, or the art of healing; one duty authorized to prescribe remedies for, and treat, diseases; a doctor of medicine.

2. Hence, figuratively, one who ministers to moral diseases; as, a physician of the soul.

PHYSICIANED Phy*si"cianed, a.

Defn: Licensed as a physician. [Obs.] "A physicianed apothecary." Walpole.

PHYSICISM Phys"i*cism, n.

Defn: The tendency of the mind toward, or its preoccupation with, physical phenomena; materialism in philosophy and religion. Anthropomorphism grows into theology, while physicism (if I may so call it) develops into science. Huxley.

PHYSICIST Phys"i*cist, n.

Defn: One versed in physics.

2. (Biol.)

Defn: A believer in the theory that the fundamental phenomena of life are to be explained upon purely chemical and physical principles; — opposed to vitalist.

PHYSICKING Phys"ick*ing,

Defn: p. pr. & vb. n. fr. Physic, v. t.

PHYSICO- Phys"i*co-. Etym: [Fr. Gr.

Defn: A combining form, denoting relation to, or dependence upon, natural causes, or the science of physics.

PHYSICOCHEMICAL Phys`i*co*chem"ic*al, a. Etym: [Physico- + chemical.]

Defn: Involving the principles of both physics and chemistry; dependent on, or produced by, the joint action of physical and chemical agencies. Huxley.

PHYSICOLOGIC Phys`i*co*log"ic, n. Etym: [Physico- + logic.]

Defn: Logic illustrated by physics.

PHYSICOLOGICAL Phys`i*co*log"ic*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to physicologic. Swift.

PHYSICOLOGY Phys`i*col"o*gy, n. Etym: [Physico- + -logy.]

Defn: Physics. [R.] — Phys`i*col"o*gist, n. [R.]

PHYSICO-MATHEMATICS Phys`i*co-math`e*mat"ics, n. Etym: [Physico- + mathematics.]

Defn: Mixed mathematics.

PHYSICO-PHILOSOPHY Phys`i*co-phi*los"o*phy, n. Etym: [Physico- + philosophy.]

Defn: The philosophy of nature.

PHYSICO-THEOLOGY Phys`i*co-the*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Physico- + theology.]

Defn: Theology or divinity illustrated or enforced by physics or natural philosophy.

PHYSICS Phys"ics, n. Etym: [See Physic.]

Defn: The science of nature, or of natural objects; that branch of science which treats of the laws and properties of matter, and the forces acting upon it; especially, that department of natural science which treats of the causes (as gravitation, heat, light, magnetism, electricity, etc.) that modify the general properties of bodies; natural philosophy.

Note: Chemistry, though a branch of general physics, is commonly treated as a science by itself, and the application of physical principles which it involves constitute a branch called chemical physics, which treats more especially of those physical properties of matter which are used by chemists in defining and distinguishing substances.

PHYSIOCRAT Phys"i*o*crat, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: One of the followers of Quesnay of France, who, in the 18th century, founded a system of political economy based upon the supremacy of natural order. F. A. Walker. — Phys`i*o*crat"ic, a.

PHYSIOGENY Phys`i*og"e*ny, n. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.)

Defn: The germ history of the functions, or the history of the development of vital activities, in the individual, being one of the branches of ontogeny. See Morphogeny. Haeckel.

PHYSIOGNOMER Phys`i*og"no*mer, n.

Defn: Physiognomist.

PHYSIOGNOMIC; PHYSIOGNOMICAL Phys`i*og*nom"ic, Phys`i*og*nom"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. physiognomonique.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to physiognomy; according with the principles of physiognomy. — Phys`i*og*nom"ic*al*ly, adv.

PHYSIOGNOMIST Phys`i*og*nom"ist, n.

Defn: Same as Physiognomy, 1.

PHYSIOGNOMIST Phys`i*og"no*mist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. physiognomiste.]

1. One skilled in physiognomy. Dryden.

2. One who tells fortunes by physiognomy. Holland.

PHYSIOGNOMIZE Phys`i*og"no*mize, v. t.

Defn: To observe and study the physiognomy of. [R.] Southey.

PHYSIOGNOMMONIC Phys`i*og`no*mmon"ic, a.

Defn: Physiognomic.

PHYSIOGNOMY Phys`i*og"no*my, n.; pl. Physiognomies. Etym: [OE. fisonomie, phisonomie, fisnamie, OF. phisonomie, F. physiognomie, physiognomonie, from Gr. Physic, and Know, and cf. Phiz.]

1. The art and science of discovering the predominant temper, and other characteristic qualities of the mind, by the outward appearance, especially by the features of the face.

2. The face or countenance, with respect to the temper of the mind; particular configuration, cast, or expression of countenance, as denoting character.

3. The art telling fortunes by inspection of the features. [Obs.] Bale.

4. The general appearance or aspect of a thing, without reference to its scientific characteristics; as, the physiognomy of a plant, or of a meteor.

PHYSIOGONY Phys`i*og"o*ny, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: The birth of nature. [R.] Coleridge.

PHYSIOGRAPHIC; PHYSIOGRAPHICAL Phys`i*o*graph"ic, Phys`i*o*graph"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. physiographique.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to physiography.

PHYSIOGRAPHY Phys`i*og"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy: cf. F. physiographie.]

Defn: The science which treats of the earth's exterior physical features, climate, life, etc., and of the physical movements or changes on the earth's surface, as the currents of the atmosphere and ocean, the secular variations in heat, moisture, magnetism, etc.; physical geography.

PHYSIOLATRY Phys`i*ol"a*try, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: The worship of the powers or agencies of nature; materialism in religion; nature worship. "The physiolatry of the Vedas." M. Williams.

PHYSIOLOGER Phys`i*ol"o*ger, n.

Defn: A physiologist.

PHYSIOLOGIC Phys`i*o*log"ic, a. Etym: [L. physiologicus, Gr. physiologique.]

Defn: Physiological.

PHYSIOLOGICAL Phys`i*o*log"ic*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to physiology; relating to the science of the functions of living organism; as, physiological botany or chemistry.

PHYSIOLOGICALLY Phys`i*o*log"ic*al*ly, adv.

Defn: In a physiological manner.

PHYSIOLOGIST Phys`i*ol"o*gist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. physiologiste.]

Defn: One who is versed in the science of physiology; a student of the properties and functions of animal and vegetable organs and tissues.

PHYSIOLOGIZE Phys`i*ol"o*gize, v. i.

Defn: To speculate in physiology; to make physiological investigations. Cudworth.

PHYSIOLOGY Phys`i*ol"o*gy, n.; pl. Physiologies. Etym: [L. physiologia, Gr. physiologie.]

1. The science which treats of the phenomena of living organisms; the study of the processes incidental to, and characteristic of, life.

Note: It is divided into animal and vegetable physiology, dealing with animal and vegetable life respectively. When applied especially to a study of the functions of the organs and tissues in man, it is called human physiology.

2. A treatise on physiology. Mental physiology, the science of the functions and phenomena of the mind, as distinguished from a philosophical explanation of the same.

PHYSIOPHYLY Phys`i*oph"y*ly, n. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.)

Defn: The tribal history of the functions, or the history of the paleontological development of vital activities, — being a branch of phylogeny. See Morphophyly. Haeckel.

PHYSIQUE Phy*sique", n. Etym: [F. See Physic.]

Defn: The natural constitution, or physical structure, of a person. With his white hair and splendid physique. Mrs. Stowe.

PHYSNOMY Phys"no*my, n.

Defn: Physiogmony. [Obs.]

PHYSOCLIST Phys"o*clist, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the Physoclisti.

PHYSOCLISTI Phys`o*clis"ti, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An order of teleost in which the air bladder has no opening.

PHYSOGRADE Phys"o*grade, n. Etym: [Gr. gradi to walk, go.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any siphonophore which has an air sac for a float, as the Physalia.

PHYSOPHORAE Phy*soph"o*ræ, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An order of Siphonophora, furnished with an air sac, or float, and a series of nectocalyces. See Illust. under Nectocalyx.

PHYSOPOD Phy"so*pod, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the Physopoda; a thrips.

PHYSOPODA Phy*sop"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -poda.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Same as Thysanoptera.

PHYSOSTIGMINE Phy`so*stig"mine, n. (Chem.)

Defn: An alkaloid found in the Calabar bean (the seed of Physostigma venenosum), and extracted as a white, tasteless, substance, amorphous or crystalline; — formerly called eserine, with which it was regarded as identical.

PHYSOSTOMI Phy*sos"to*mi, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An order of fishes in which the air bladder is provided with a duct, and the ventral fins, when present, are abdominal. It includes the salmons, herrings, carps, catfishes, and others.

PHYSOSTOMOUS Phy*sos"to*mous, a. (Zoöl.) (a) Having a duct to the air bladder. (b) Pertaining to the Physostomi.

PHYTELEPHAS Phy*tel"e*phas, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of South American palm trees, the seeds of which furnish the substance called vegetable ivory.

PHYTIVOROUS Phy*tiv"o*rous, a. Etym: [Phyto- + L. vorare to eat greedily.]

Defn: Feeding on plants or herbage; phytophagous; as, phytivorous animals. Ray.

PHYTO- Phy"to-. Etym: [See Physic.]

Defn: A combining form from Gr. fyto`n a plant; as, phytochemistry, phytography.

PHYTOCHEMICAL Phy`to*chem"ic*al, a.

Defn: Relating to phytochemistry. R. Hunt.

PHYTOCHEMISTRY Phy"to*chem"is*try, n. Etym: [Phyto- + chemistry.]

Defn: Chemistry in its relation to vegetable bodies; vegetable chemistry. R. Hunt.

PHYTOCHIMY Phy*toch"i*my, n. Etym: [F. phytochimie; Gr. chimie chemistry.]

Defn: Phytochemistry. [Obsoles.]

PHYTOGENESIS; PHYTOGENY Phy`to*gen"e*sis, Phy*tog"e*ny, n. Etym: [Phyto- + genesis, or root of Gr.

Defn: The doctrine of the generation of plants.

PHYTOGEOGRAPHICAL Phy`to*ge"o*graph"ic*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to phytogeography.

PHYTOGEOGRAPHY Phy`to*ge*og"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Phyto- + geography.]

Defn: The geographical distribution of plants.

PHYTOGLYPHIC Phy`to*glyph"ic, a.

Defn: Relating to phytoglyphy.

PHYTOGLYPHY Phy*tog"ly*phy, n. Etym: [Phyto- + Gr.

Defn: See Nature printing, under Nature.

PHYTOGRAPHICAL Phy`to*graph"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. phytographique.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to phytography.

PHYTOGRAPHY Phy*tog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Phyto- + -graphy: cf. F. phytographie.]

Defn: The science of describing plants in a systematic manner; also, a description of plants.

PHYTOID Phy"toid, a. Etym: [Phyto- + -oid.]

Defn: Resembling a plant; plantlike.

PHYTOLACCA Phy`to*lac"ca, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. lacca lac.] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of herbaceous plants, some of them having berries which abound in intensely red juice; poke, or pokeweed.

PHYTOLITE Phy"to*lite, n. Etym: [Phyto- + -lite: cf. F. phytolithe.]

Defn: An old name for a fossil plant.

PHYTOLITHOLOGIST Phy`to*li*thol"o*gist, n.

Defn: One versed in phytolithology; a paleobotanist.

PHYTOLITHOLOGY Phy`to*li*thol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Phyto- + lithology.]

Defn: The branch of science which treats of fossil plants; — usually called paleobotany, sometimes paleophytology.

PHYTOLOGICAL Phy`to*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. phytologique.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to phytology; botanical.

PHYTOLOGIST Phy*tol"o*gist, n.

Defn: One skilled in phytology; a writer on plants; a botanist. Evelyn.

PHYTOLOGY Phy*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Phyto- + -logy: cf. F. phytologie.]

Defn: The science of plants; a description of the kinds and properties of plants; botany. Sir T. Browne.

PHYTOMER; PHYTOMERON Phy"to*mer, Phy*tom"e*ron, n. Etym: [NL. phytomeron, fr. Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: An organic element of a flowering plant; a phyton.

PHYTON Phy"ton, n.; pl. Phytons. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: One of the parts which by their repetition make up a flowering plant, each being a single joint of a stem with its leaf or leaves; a phytomer.

PHYTONOMY Phy*ton"o*my, n. Etym: [Phyto- + Gr. phytonomie.]

Defn: The science of the origin and growth of plants.

PHYTOPATHOLOGIST Phy`to*pa*thol"o*gist, n.

Defn: One skilled in diseases of plants.

PHYTOPATHOLOGY Phy`to*pa*thol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Phyto- + pathology.]

Defn: The science of diseases to which plants are liable.

PHYTOPHAGA Phy*toph"a*ga, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A division of Hymenoptera; the sawflies.

PHYTOPHAGIC Phy`to*phag"ic, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Phytophagous.

PHYTOPHAGOUS Phy*toph"a*gous, a. Etym: [Phyto- + Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Feeding on plants; herbivorous; as, a phytophagous animal.

PHYTOPHAGY Phy*toph"a*gy, n.

Defn: The eating of plants.

PHYTOPHYSIOLOGY Phy`to*phys`i*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Phyto- + physiology.]

Defn: Vegetable physiology.

PHYTOTOMIST Phy*tot"o*mist, n.

Defn: One versed in phytotomy.

PHYTOTOMY Phy*tot"o*my, n. Etym: [Phyto- + Gr.

Defn: The dissection of plants; vegetable anatomy.

PHYTOZOARIA Phy`to*zo*a"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Phytozoön.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Same as Infusoria.

PHYTOZOON; PHYTOZOOEN Phy`to*zo"ön, n.; pl. Phytozoa. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A plantlike animal. The term is sometimes applied to zoöphytes.

PHYZ Phyz, n.

Defn: See Phiz.

PI Pi, n. Etym: [See Pica, Pie magpie, service-book.] (Print.)

Defn: A mass of type confusedly mixed or unsorted. [Written also pie.]

PI Pi, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pied; p. pr. & vb. n. Pieing.] (Print.)

Defn: To put into a mixed and disordered condition, as type; to mix and disarrange the type of; as, to pi a form. [Written also pie.]

PIACABA Pi*aç"a*ba, n.

Defn: See Piassava.

PIACLE Pi"a*cle, n. Etym: [L. piaculum a propitiatory sacrifice, that which requires expiation, a wicked action, fr. piare to appease, to expiate, pius pious.]

Defn: A heinous offense which requires expiation. [R.] Howell.

PIACULAR Pi*ac"u*lar, a. Etym: [L. piacularis: cf. F. piaculaire.]

1. Expiatory; atoning. Sir G. C. Lewis.

2. Requiring expiation; criminal; atrociously bad. "Piacular pollution." De Quincey.

PIACULARITY Pi*ac`u*lar"i*ty, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being piacular; criminality; wickedness. De Quincey.

PIACULOUS Pi*ac"u*lous, a.

Defn: Same as Piacular.

PIAL Pi"al, a. (Anat.)

Defn: Pertaining to the pia mater.

PIA MATER Pi"a ma"ter. Etym: [NL., fr. L. pia (fem. of pius tender, kind) + mater mother.] (Anat.)

Defn: The delicate and highly vascular membrane immediately investing the brain and spinal cord.

PIAN Pian, n. Etym: [Pg. pian, epian, or. Sp. pian; from the native name in South America: cf. F. pian.] (Med.)

Defn: The yaws. See Yaws.

PIANET Pi"a*net`, n. Etym: [Cf. Pie magpie.] (Zoöl.) (a) The magpie. [Written also pianate, and pyenate.] (b) The lesser woodpecker. [Obs.] Bailey.

PIANETTE Pi*a*nette", n. Etym: [Dim. of piano.] (Mus.)

Defn: A small piano; a pianino.

PIANINO Pi`a*ni"no, n. Etym: [It., dim. of piano, adj. See Piano.] (Mus.)

Defn: A pianette, or small piano.

PIANISSIMO Pi`a*nis"si*mo, a.Etym: [It., superl. of piano.] (Mus.)

Defn: Very soft; — a direction to execute a passage as softly as possible. (Abbrev. pp.)

PIANIST Pi*an"ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pianiste, It. pianista.]

Defn: A performer, esp. a skilled performer, on the piano.

PIANO Pi*a"no, a. & adv. Etym: [It., even, smooth, soft, fr. L. planus even, level.] (Mus.)

Defn: Soft; — a direction to the performer to execute a certain passage softly, and with diminished volume of tone. (Abbrev. p.)

PIANO; PIANOFORTE Pi*an"o, Pi*an"o*for`te, n. Etym: [It. piano soft (fr. L. planus even, smooth; see Plain, a.) + It. forte strong, fr. L. fortis (see Fort).] (Mus.)

Defn: A well-known musical instrument somewhat resembling the harpsichord, and consisting of a sreies of wires of graduated length, thickness, and tension, struck by hammers moved by keys. Dumb piano. See Digitorium. — Grand piano. See under Grand. — Square piano, one with a horizontal frame and an oblong case. — Upright piano, one with an upright frame and vertical wires.

PIANOGRAPH Pi*an"o*graph, n. Etym: [Piano + -graph.] (Mus.)

Defn: A form of melodiograph applied to a piano.

PIAPEC Pi"a*pec, n. Etym: [Cf. Pie a magpie.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A West African pie (Ptilostomus Senegalensis).

PIARIST Pi"a*rist, n. Etym: [L. pius pious.] (R. C. Ch.)

Defn: One of a religious order who are the regular clerks of the Scuole Pie (religious schools), an institute of secondary education, founded at Rome in the last years of the 16th century. Addis & Arnold.

PIASSAVA Pi*as"sa*va, n. Etym: [Pg. piasaba.]

Defn: A fibrous product of two Brazilian palm trees (Attalea funifera and Leopoldinia Piassaba), — used in making brooms, and for other purposes. Called also piaçaba and piasaba.

PIASTER Pi*as"ter, n. Etym: [F. piastre, It. piastra a thin plate of metal, a dollar, LL. piastra, fr. L. emplastrum. See Plaster.]

Defn: A silver coin of Spain and various other countries. See Peso. The Spanish piaster (commonly called peso, or peso duro) is of about the value of the American dollar. The Italian piaster, or scudo, was worth from 80 to 100 cents. The Turkish and Egyptian piasters are now worth about four and a half cents.

PIASTRE Pi*as"tre, n.

Defn: See Piaster.

PIATION Pi*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. piatio. See Piacle.]

Defn: The act of making atonement; expiation. [Obs.]

PIATTI Pi*at"ti, n. pl. Etym: [It., prop., plates.] (Mus.)

Defn: Cymbals. [Written also pyatti.]

PIAZZA Pi*az"za, n.; pl. Piazzas. Etym: [It., place, square, market place, L. platea street, courtyard. See Place.]

Defn: An open square in a European town, especially an Italian town; hence (Arch.), an arcaded and roofed gallery; a portico. In the United States the word is popularly applied to a veranda. We walk by the obelisk, and meditate in piazzas. Jer. Taylor.

PIBCORN Pib"corn`, n. Etym: [W. pib pipe + corn horn.] (Mus.)

Defn: A wind instrument or pipe, with a horn at each end, — used in Wales.

PIBROCH Pi"broch, n. Etym: [Gael. piobaireachd pipe music, fr. piobair a piper, fr. pioba pipe, bagpipe, from English. See Pipe, n.]

Defn: A Highland air, suited to the particular passion which the musician would either excite or assuage; generally applied to those airs that are played on the bagpipe before the Highlanders when they go out to battle. Jamieson.

PIC Pic, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pic.]

Defn: A Turkish cloth measure, varying from 18 to 28 inches.

PICA Pi"ca, n. Etym: [L. pica a pie, magpie; in sense 3 prob. named from some resemblance to the colors of the magpie. Cf. Pie magpie.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The genus that includes the magpies.

2. (Med.)

Defn: A vitiated appetite that craves what is unfit for food, as chalk, ashes, coal, etc.; chthonophagia.

3. (R. C. Ch.)

Defn: A service-book. See Pie. [Obs.]

4. (Print.)

Defn: A size of type next larger than small pica, and smaller than English.

Note: This line is printed in pica

Note: Pica is twice the size of nonpareil, and is used as a standard of measurement in casting leads, cutting rules, etc., and also as a standard by which to designate several larger kinds of type, as double pica, two-line pica, four-line pica, and the like. Small pica (Print.), a size of type next larger than long primer, and smaller than pica.

Note: This line is printed in small pica

PICADOR Pic`a*dor", n. Etym: [Sp.]

Defn: A horseman armed with a lance, who in a bullfight receives the first attack of the bull, and excites him by picking him without attempting to kill him.

PICAMAR Pic"a*mar`, n. Etym: [L. pix, picis, pitch + amarus bitter.] (Chem.)

Defn: An oily liquid hydrocarbon extracted from the creosote of beechwood tar. It consists essentially of certain derivatives of pyrogallol.

PICAPARE Pic"a*pare, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The finfoot.

PICARD Pic"ard, n. (Eccl. Hist.)

Defn: One of a sect of Adamites in the fifteenth century; — so called from one Picard of Flanders. See Adamite.

PICARESQUE Pic`a*resque", a. Etym: [F., fr. Sp. picaro rogue.]

Defn: Applied to that class of literature in which the principal personage is the Spanish picaro, meaning a rascal, a knave, a rogue, an adventurer.

PICARIAE Pi*ca"ri*æ, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. picus a woodpecker.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: An extensive division of birds which includes the woodpeckers, toucans, trogons, hornbills, kingfishers, motmots, rollers, and goatsuckers. By some writers it is made to include also the cuckoos, swifts, and humming birds.

PICARIAN Pi*ca"ri*an, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to Picariæ. — n.

Defn: One of the Picariæ.

PICAROON Pic`a*roon", n. Etym: [Sp. picaron, aug. of picaro roguish, n., a rogue.]

Defn: One who plunders; especially, a plunderer of wrecks; a pirate; a corsair; a marauder; a sharper. Sir W. Temple.

PICAYUNE Pic`a*yune", n. Etym: [From the language of the Caribs.]

Defn: A small coin of the value of six and a quarter cents. See Fippenny bit. [Local, U.S.]

PICAYUNISH Pic`a*yun"ish, a.

Defn: Petty; paltry; mean; as, a picayunish business. [Colloq. U.S.]

PICCADIL; PICCADILLY Pic"ca*dil, Pic`ca*dil"ly, n. Etym: [OF. piccagilles the several divisions of pieces fastened together about the brim of the collar of a doublet, a dim. fr. Sp. picado, p.p. of picar to prick. See Pike.]

Defn: A high, stiff collar for the neck; also, a hem or band about the skirt of a garment, — worn by men in the 17th century.

PICCAGE Pic"cage, n. Etym: [LL. piccadium, fr. F. piquer to prick.] (O. Eng. Law)

Defn: Money paid at fairs for leave to break ground for booths. Ainsworth.

PICCALILLI Pic"ca*lil`li, n.

Defn: A pickle of various vegetables with pungent species, — originally made in the East Indies.

PICCOLO Pic"co*lo, n. Etym: [It., small.]

1. (Mus.)

Defn: A small, shrill flute, the pitch of which is an octave higher than the ordinary flute; an octave flute.

2. (Mus.)

Defn: A small upright piano.

3. (Mus.)

Defn: An organ stop, with a high, piercing tone.

PICE Pice, n. Etym: [Hind. paisa]

Defn: A small copper coin of the East Indies, worth less than a cent. Malcom.

PICEA Pic"e*a, n. Etym: [L., the pitch pine, from pix, picis, pitch.] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of coniferous trees of the northen hemisphere, including the Norway spruce and the American black and white spruces. These trees have pendent cones, which do not readily fall to pieces, in this and other respects differing from the firs.

PICENE Pi"cene, n. Etym: [See Piceous.] (Chem.)

Defn: A hydrocarbon (C

PICEOUS Pic"e*ous, a. Etym: [L. piceus, fr. pix, picis, pitch.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to pitch; resembling pitch in color or quality; pitchy.

PICHEY Pi"chey, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A Brazilian armadillo (Dasypus minutus); the little armadillo. [Written also pichiy.]

PICHICIAGO Pi`chi*ci*a"go, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small, burrowing, South American edentate (Chlamyphorus truncatus), allied to the armadillos. The shell is attached only along the back. [Written also pichyciego.]

PICHURIM BEAN Pich"u*rim bean`. (Bot.)

Defn: The seed of a Brazilian lauraceous tree (Nectandra Puchury) of a taste and smell between those of nutmeg and of sassafras, — sometimes used medicinally. Called also sassafras nut.

PICI Pi"ci, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. picus a woodpecker.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A division of birds including the woodpeckers and wrynecks.

PICIFORM Pi"ci*form, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to Piciformes.

PICIFORMES Pic`i*for"mes, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Picus, and -Form.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A group of birds including the woodpeckers, toucans, barbets, colies, kingfishes, hornbills, and some other related groups.

PICINE Pi"cine, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the woodpeckers (Pici), or to the Piciformes.

PICK Pick, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Picked; p. pr. & vb. n. Picking.] Etym: [OE. picken, pikken, to prick, peck; akin to Icel. pikka, Sw. picka, Dan. pikke, D. pikken, G. picken, F. piquer, W. pigo. Cf. Peck, v., Pike, Pitch to throw.]

1. To throw; to pitch. [Obs.] As high as I could pick my lance. Shak.

2. To peck at, as a bird with its beak; to strike at with anything pointed; to act upon with a pointed instrument; to pierce; to prick, as with a pin.

3. To separate or open by means of a sharp point or points; as, to pick matted wool, cotton, oakum, etc.

4. To open (a lock) as by a wire.

5. To pull apart or away, especially with the fingers; to pluck; to gather, as fruit from a tree, flowers from the stalk, feathers from a fowl, etc.

6. To remove something from with a pointed instrument, with the fingers, or with the teeth; as, to pick the teeth; to pick a bone; to pick a goose; to pick a pocket. Did you pick Master Slender's purse Shak. He picks clean teeth, and, busy as he seems With an old tavern quill, is hungry yet. Cowper.

7. To choose; to select; to separate as choice or desirable; to cull; as, to pick one's company; to pick one's way; — often with out. "One man picked out of ten thousand." Shak.

8. To take up; esp., to gather from here and there; to collect; to bring together; as, to pick rags; — often with up; as, to pick up a ball or stones; to pick up information.

9. To trim. [Obs.] Chaucer. To pick at, to tease or vex by pertinacious annoyance. — To pick a bone with. See under Bone. — To pick a thank, to curry favor. [Obs.] Robynson (More's Utopia). — To pick off. (a) To pluck; to remove by picking. (b) To shoot or bring down, one by one; as, sharpshooters pick off the enemy. — To pick out. (a) To mark out; to variegate; as, to pick out any dark stuff with lines or spots of bright colors. (b) To select from a number or quantity. — To pick to pieces, to pull apart piece by piece; hence [Colloq.], to analyze; esp., to criticize in detail. — To pick a quarrel, to give occasion of quarrel intentionally. — To pick up. (a) To take up, as with the fingers. (b) To get by repeated efforts; to gather here and there; as, to pick up a livelihood; to pick up news.(c) to acquire (an infectious disease); as, to pick up a cold on the airplane. (d) To meet (a person) and induce to accompany one; as, to pick up a date at the mall. [See several other defs in MW10]

PICK Pick, v. i.

1. To eat slowly, sparingly, or by morsels; to nibble. Why stand'st thou picking Is thy palate sore Dryden.

2. To do anything nicely or carefully, or by attending to small things; to select something with care.

3. To steal; to pilfer. "To keep my hands from picking and stealing." Book of Com. Prayer. To pick up, to improve by degrees; as, he is picking up in health or business. [Colloq. U.S.]

PICK Pick, n. Etym: [F. pic a pickax, a pick. See Pick, and cf. Pike.]

1. A sharp-pointed tool for picking; — often used in composition; as, a toothpick; a picklock.

2. (Mining & Mech.)

Defn: A heavy iron tool, curved and sometimes pointed at both ends, wielded by means of a wooden handle inserted in the middle, — used by quarrymen, roadmakers, etc.; also, a pointed hammer used for dressing millstones.

3. A pike or spike; the sharp point fixed in the center of a buckler. [Obs.] "Take down my buckler . . . and grind the pick on 't." Beau. & Fl.

4. Choice; right of selection; as, to have one's pick. France and Russia have the pick of our stables. Ld. Lytton.

5. That which would be picked or chosen first; the best; as, the pick of the flock.

6. (Print.)

Defn: A particle of ink or paper imbedded in the hollow of a letter, filling up its face, and occasioning a spot on a printed sheet. MacKellar.

7. (Painting)

Defn: That which is picked in, as with a pointed pencil, to correct an unevenness in a picture.

8. (Weawing)

Defn: The blow which drives the shuttle, — the rate of speed of a loom being reckoned as so many picks per minute; hence, in describing the fineness of a fabric, a weft thread; as, so many picks to an inch. Pick dressing (Arch.), in cut stonework, a facing made by a pointed tool, leaving the surface in little pits or depressions. — Pick hammer, a pick with one end sharp and the other blunt, used by miners.

PICKABACK Pick"a*back`, adv.

Defn: On the back or shoulders; as, to ride pickback. [Written also pickapack, pickback, and pickpack.] A woman stooping to take a child pickaback. R,Jefferies.

PICKANINNY Pick"a*nin`ny, n.; pl. Pickaninnies. Etym: [Cf. Sp. pequeño little, young.]

Defn: A small child; especially, a negro or mulatto infant. [U.S. & West Indies]

PICKAPACK Pick"a*pack`, adv.

Defn: Pickaback.

PICKAX; PICKAXE Pick"ax`, Pick"axe`, n. Etym: [A corruption of OE. pikois, pikeis, F. picois, fr. pic. See Pick, n.]

Defn: A pick with a point at one end, a transverse edge or blade at the other, and a handle inserted at the middle; a hammer with a flattened end for driving wedges and a pointed end for piercing as it strikes. Shak.

PICKBACK Pick"back`, adv.

Defn: On the back.

PICKED Pick"ed, a.

1. Pointed; sharp. "Picked and polished." Chapman. Let the stake be made picked at the top. Mortimer.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having a pike or spine on the back; — said of certain fishes.

3. Carefully selected; chosen; as, picked men.

4. Fine; spruce; smart; precise; dianty. [Obs.] Shak. Picked dogfish. (Zoöl.) See under Dogfish. — Picked out, ornamented or relieved with lines, or the like, of a different, usually a lighter, color; as, a carriage body dark green, picked out with red.

PICKEDNESS Pick"ed*ness, n.

1. The state of being sharpened; pointedness.

2. Fineness; spruceness; smartness. [Obs.] Too much pickedness is not manly. B. Jonson.

PICKEER Pick*eer", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pickeered; p. pr. & vb. n. Pickeering.] Etym: [F. picorer to go marauding, orig., to go to steal cattle, ultimately fr. L. pecus, pecoris, cattle; cf. F. picorée, Sp. pecorea robbery committed by straggling soldiers.]

Defn: To make a raid for booty; to maraud; also, to skirmish in advance of an army. See Picaroon. [Obs.] Bp. Burnet.

PICKEERER Pick*eer"er, n.

Defn: One who pickeers. [Obs.]

PICKER Pick"er, n. Etym: [From Pick.]

1. One who, or that which, picks, in any sense, — as, one who uses a pick; one who gathers; a thief; a pick; a pickax; as, a cotton picker. "Pickers and stealers." Shak.

2. (Mach.)

Defn: A machine for picking fibrous materials to pieces so as to loosen and separate the fiber.

3. (Weaving)

Defn: The piece in a loom which strikes the end of the shuttle, and impels it through the warp.

4. (Ordnance)

Defn: A priming wire for cleaning the vent.

PICKEREL Pick"er*el, n. Etym: [Dim. of Pike.] [Written also pickerell.]

1. A young or small pike. [Obs.] Bet [better] is, quoth he, a pike than a pickerel. Chaucer.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of freshwater fishes of the genus Esox, esp. the smaller species. (b) The glasseye, or wall-eyed pike. See Wall-eye.

Note: The federation, or chain, pickerel (Esox reticulatus) and the brook pickerel (E. Americanus) are the most common American species. They are used for food, and are noted for their voracity. About the Great Lakes the pike is called pickerel. Pickerel weed (Bot.), a blue-flowered aquatic plant (Pontederia cordata) having large arrow- shaped leaves. So called because common in slow-moving waters where pickerel are often found.