Part 2 — Chapter IV.—Of Provincial and Communal Institutions. (continued 8)

1757. Execution in England of Admiral Byng. Beginning of the administration of the elder Pitt. Invasion of Bohemia by Frederick; his victory at Prague, his defeat at Kolin, convention of Closter-Seven, battles of Rossbach and Leuthen. Capture of Fort William Henry in America, by the French. Franklin's mission to England for the Pennsylvanians. Clive's overthrow of Surajah Dowlah at the battle of Plassey, in India. Birth of Canova (d. 1822). Birth of Alexander Hamilton (d. 1804). Birth of Lafayette (d. 1834). Birth of Baron von Stein (d. 1831).

1758. Siege of Olmutz by Frederick; his victory over the Russians at Zorndorf; his defeat by the Austrians at Hochkirch. Election of Pope Clement XIII. Repulse of the British at Ticonderoga, in America; capture of Louisburg and Fort Du Quesne (afterwards Pittsburg) by the English from the French. Beginning of the publication of Dr. Johnson's "Idler." Birth of Lord Nelson (d. 1805). Birth of Robespierre (d. 1794).

1759. Naval battles of the English and French off Lagos and in Quiberon Bay. Battles of Bergen and Minden in Germany; defeat of Frederick at Kunersdorf; loss of Dresden; capitulation of Maxen. Expulsion of the Jesuits from the Portuguese dominions. Capture of Quebec, in Canada, from the French, by General Wolfe; British capture of Fort Niagara, Ticonderoga and Crown Point. Opening of the British Museum. Publication of Dr. Johnson's "Rasselas," Adam Smith's "Moral Sentiments," the first volumes of Sterne's "Tristram Shandy," and the first volume of the "Annual Register," edited by Burke. Birth of Schiller (d. 1805). Birth of Robert Burns (d. 1796). Birth of William Wilberforce (d. 1833). Birth of William Pitt (d. 1806).

1760. Death of George II., king of England; accession of George III. Frederick's bombardment of Dresden. Battles of Liegnitz, Torgau and Warburg. Completion of the English conquest of Canada. Defeat of the French by the English, in India, at Wandiwash. Publication of Rousseau's "Nouvelle Heloise," and Goldsmith's "Citizen of the World."

1761. Resignation of Pitt from the British Ministry. The third Bourbon Family Compact of the French and Spanish kings. Campaigns in Saxony and Silesia. Battle of Panniput in India and defeat of the Mahrattas by the Afghans. Speech of Otis, at Boston, against the Writs of Assistance. Surrender of Pondicherry to the English by the French.

1762. Ascendancy of Lord Bute in the British Ministry; publication of Wilkes' "North Briton;" declaration of war against Spain; siege and conquest of Havana. Death of the Empress Elizabeth of Russia; accession, deposition and murder of Peter III.; elevation of Catherine II. to the throne. Decree of the Parliament of Paris for the suppression of the Society of Jesus. Publication of Macpherson's "Poems of Ossian," and of Rousseau's "Contrat Social." Birth of Fichte (d. 1814).

1763. Peace of Paris and Peace of Hubertsburg, ending the Seven Years War: cession to Great Britain of Canada, Nova Scotia and Cape Breton by France, and of Florida by Spain; transfer of Louisiana to Spain by France. First English measure (the Sugar Act) for taxing the American colonies. Proclamation of King George excluding settlers from the Northwest territory in America. Outbreak in America of the Indian war called Pontiac's War. Resignation of Lord Bute from the British Ministry and formation of the Grenville Ministry. Death of Augustus III. of Poland. Birth of Jean Paul Frederick Richter (d. 1825).

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1764. Expulsion of Wilkes from the British House of Commons. Election of Joseph II., King of the Romans. Election of Stanislaus Poniatowsky to the Polish throne, under the protection of Russia. Ordonnance of Louis XV. forbidding the existence of the Society of Jesus in France. Beginning of the survey of Mason and Dixon's line, determining the boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland. Publication of Goldsmith's "The Traveller," and of Rousseau's "Emile."

1765. First derangement of the English king, George III. Dismissal of Grenville. Formation of the Rockingham Ministry. Death, in Austria, of the Emperor Francis I.; imperial coronation of Joseph II. Passage of the English Stamp Act for the taxation of the American colonies; formation in the colonies of the Sons of Liberty, and convening of the Stamp Act Congress. Publication of the first volume of Blackstone's "Commentaries."

1766. The Grafton-Chatham Ministry in power in Great Britain. Repeal of the colonial Stamp Act. Discovery of hydrogen, by Cavendish. Publication of Lessing's "Laokoön," and of Goldsmith's "Vicar of Wakefield." Birth of John Dalton (d. 1844).

1761. Suppression of the Jesuits in Spain. Beginning of the first war of the English in India with Hyder Ali. The Townshend measures of the British Parliament for taxation of the colonies. Birth of August Wilhelm von Schlegel (d. 1845). Birth of Wilhelm von Humboldt (d. 1835). Birth of Andrew Jackson (d. 1845). Birth of John Quincy Adams (d. 1848).

1768. The Middlesex elections in England; repeated expulsion and re-election of Wilkes; withdrawal of Chatham from the Ministry. Religious disturbances in Poland. Confederation of Bar. Turkish interference against Russia. Circular letter of Massachusetts to the other American colonies. Cession of Corsica (in revolt) by Genoa to France.

1769. Demand of Spain, France and Naples at Rome for the abolition of the Society of Jesus. Election of Pope Clement XIV. Patents issued in Great Britain to James Watt for his first improvements in the steam engine, and to Richard Arkwright for his roller-spinning "water-frame"; publication of the first "Letters of Junius." Migration of Daniel Boone from North Carolina into Kentucky. Birth of Wellington (d. 1852). Birth of Napoleon Bonaparte in Corsica (d. 1821). Birth of Alexander von Humboldt (d. 1850). Birth of Cuvier (d. 1832).

1770. Patenting in Great Britain of Hargreave's spinning-jenny. Beginning of the administration of Lord North in Great Britain. Publication of Burke's "Thoughts on the Present Discontents," of Goldsmith's "Deserted Village," and of the first edition of the "Encyclopædia Britannica." Birth of Thorwaldsen (d. 1844). Birth of Wordsworth (d. 1850). Birth of Hegel (d. 1831). Birth of George Canning (d. 1827). Birth of Beethoven (d. 1827).

1771. Freedom of the reporting of proceedings conceded by the British Parliament. Insurrection of the Regulators in North Carolina and battle of the Alamance. Constitutional revolution in Sweden carried out by Gustavus III. Birth of Bichat (d. 1802). Birth of Sir Walter Scott (d. 1832).

1772. Treaty for the first Partitioning of Poland arranged between Prussia, Austria and Russia. The institution in the American colonies of Committees of Correspondence. Forming of the Watauga Association, from which grew the State of Tennessee. Decision by Lord Mansfield, in the case of the negro Somersett, that a slave cannot be held in England. Birth of Coleridge (d. 1834). Birth of Ricardo (d. 1823).

1773. Papal decree of Pope Clement XIV. abolishing the Society of Jesus. Appointment of Warren Hastings, the first English Governor-General in India. Resistance in the English American colonies to the duty on tea; the Boston tea-party. Publication of Goethe's "Götz von Berlichingen." Birth of Metternich (d. 1859).

1774. Death of Louis XV., king of France; accession of Louis XVI. Passage of the Boston Port Bill, the Massachusetts Act, and the Quebec Act by the British Parliament. Meeting of the first Continental Congress of the American colonies; organization of the revolutionary Provincial Congress in Massachusetts, and of the Committee of Safety. Lord Dunmore's War with the Indians; murder of the family of Logan, the chief. Publication of Goethe's "Werther." Discovery of oxygen by Priestley. Birth of Southey (d. 1843).

1775. Speech of Burke on "Conciliation with America." Beginning of the War of the American Revolution: battles of Lexington and Concord; siege of Boston; surprising of Ticonderoga and Crown Point; battle of Bunker Hill; creation of the Continental Army; appointment of Washington Commander-in-Chief; expedition to Canada. Execution of Nuncomar in British India. Election of Pope Pius VI. Production of Sheridan's "The Rivals" and of Beaumarchais' "Barbière de Seville." Birth of Daniel O'Connell (d. 1847). Birth of Charles Lamb (d. 1834). Birth of Walter Savage Landor (d. 1864). Birth of Turner (d. 1851).

1776. Dismissal of Turgot in France by Louis XVI., yielding to the intrigues of the French court. Evacuation of Boston, Massachusetts, by the British army; repulse of the British from Charleston; retreat of Arnold from Canada; Declaration of Independence by the Continental Congress; battle of Long Island and defeat of the Americans; retreat of Washington into New Jersey and his success at Trenton. Publication of Adam Smith's "Wealth of Nations," of Paine's "Common Sense," of Bentham's "Fragment on Government," and of the first volume of Gibbon's" Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire." Birth of Niebuhr (d. 1831). Birth of Herbart (d. 1841).

1777. Washington's victory over Cornwallis at Princeton; British occupation of Philadelphia, and victories over the Americans at Brandywine and Germantown; arrival in America of Lafayette and Steuben; Burgoyne's expedition from Canada and surrender at Saratoga; the winter of Washington's army at Valley Forge; the Conway Cabal. Production of Sheridan's "School for Scandal." Birth of Henry Clay (d. 1852).

1778. War of the Bavarian Succession between Austria and Prussia. Alliance of France with the American colonies. British evacuation of Philadelphia and defeat at Monmouth; Tory and Indian savagery at Cherry Valley and Wyoming; arrival of a French fleet and army in America; capture of Savannah by the British. Publication of Fanny Burney's "Evelina." Birth of Humphry Davy (d. 1829). Birth of Guy-Lussac (d. 1850).

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1779. Clark's conquest of the Northwest for Virginia; storming of Stony Point on the Hudson by General Wayne; expedition of General Sullivan against the Seneca Indians in western New York; sea-fight of the Bon Homme Richard (Paul Jones) and the Serapis; repulse of French and Americans from Savannah. Publication of Lessing's "Nathan der Weise." Birth of Joseph Story (d. 1845). Birth of Thomas Moore (d. 1852). Birth of Berzelius (d. 1848).

1780. The Gordon No-Popery Riots in England. Death of Maria Theresa of Austria. Second war of the British in India with Hyder Ali. British siege and capture of Charleston, S. C., and defeat of the Americans at Camden; treason of Benedict Arnold; American victory at King's Mountain. Insurrection of Tupac Amaru in Peru. Gradual emancipation act passed in Pennsylvania. Birth of Béranger (d. 1857).

1781. Dismissal of Neckar by the French king. Edict of Toleration in the Austrian dominions and abolition of serfdom, by Joseph II. Reconquest of West Florida from the English by Spain. Defeat of British troops by the Americans at the Cowpens and Guilford Court House; British victory at Hobkirk's Hill; drawn battle of Eutaw Springs; surrender of Cornwallis and the British army at Yorktown; final ratification of the Articles of Confederation of the United States of America. Extinction of slavery in Massachusetts. English and Dutch naval battle off the Dogger Banks. Publication of Kant's "Critique of the Pure Reason." Production of Schiller's "Die Räuber." Birth of George Stephenson (d. 1848). Birth of Sir David Brewster (d. 1868).

1782. English naval victory by Rodney, in the West Indies, over the French fleet. Fall of Lord North; the Rockingham Ministry. Destruction of the Barrier Fortresses in the Netherlands, by the Emperor. The first Sunday School opened by Robert Raikes, in Massachusetts. Concession of legislative independence to Ireland by England. Peace overtures from the British Government to the United States, and opening of negotiations. Publication of Priestley's "Corruptions of Christianity." Birth of Froebel (d. 1852). Birth of Lamennais (d. 1854). Birth of John C. Calhoun (d. 1850). Birth of Daniel Webster (d. 1852).

1783. Treaty of peace signed at Paris, between Great Britain and the United States of America; evacuation of New York by the British army. Fall of the Coalition Ministry in Great Britain; beginning of the administration of the younger Pitt. Seizure of the Crimea by Catherine II. of Russia. Birth of Bolivar (d. 1830). Birth of Washington Irving (d. 1859).

1784. The affair of the Diamond Necklace, in France. Founding, at Philadelphia, of the first Daily Newspaper in America. Appearance of the Peep-o'-Day Boys in Ireland. Birth of Manzoni (d. 1873).

1785. Negotiation of the United States with Spain for the free navigation of the Mississippi river. Publication of Cowper's "The Task," Paley's "Moral and Political Philosophy," and Reid's "Essays on the Intellectual Powers." Birth of De Quincey (d. 1859).

1786. Electrical discoveries of Galvani. Publication of Burns' "Poems chiefly in the Scottish Dialect."

1787. Meeting of the Assembly of Notables in France. Conflict of the French Crown with the Parliament of Paris. Impeachment of Warren Hastings by the British House of Commons. Suppression of Shay's rebellion in Massachusetts. Passage by the American Congress of the Ordinance for the Government of the Northwest Territory. Meeting of the Convention which framed the Federal Constitution of the United States of America. Birth of Archbishop Whately (d. 1863). Birth of Guizot (d. 1874).

1788. Second derangement of George III. of England. Revolt in the Austrian provinces in the Netherlands. State ratification and complete adoption of the Federal Constitution of the United States of America. Opening of the trial of Warren Hastings. Establishment of an English settlement of convicts at Botany Bay. Publication of St. Pierre's "Paul and Virginia." Birth of Sir Robert Peel (d. 1850). Birth of Schopenhauer (d. 1860). Birth of Lord Byron (d. 1824). Birth of Sir William Hamilton (d. 1856).

1789. Meeting of the States-General of France; seizure of power by the Third Estate; insurrection of Paris; taking of the Bastille; formation of the National Guard; emigration of the nobles; rising of the women; escorting of the king to Paris; appropriation of Church property. War of the English in India with Tippoo Saib. Organization of the Government of the United States of America under its new Constitution, with George Washington chosen President. Erection, at Baltimore, of the first Roman Catholic episcopal see in the United States. Founding of the Tammany Society in New York. Publication of White's "Natural History of Selborne." Birth of James Fenimore Cooper (d. 1851).

1790. Issue of French Assignats. Feast of the Federation; rise of the revolutionary clubs. Death, in Austria, of the Emperor Joseph II., and accession of Leopold II.

1791. Flight and arrest of the French king at Varennes; completion of the French Constitution and its acceptance by the king; tumult in the Champs de Mars; dissolution of the Constituent National Assembly; meeting of the Legislative Assembly; appearance of the Girondins; repeal in France of all enactments against the Jews. Reformed Constitution for Poland suppressed by Russia. Organization in Ireland of the Society of United Irishmen. Passage of the Canadian Constitutional Act, dividing the province into Upper and Lower Canada. Incorporation of the first Bank of the United States; report of Hamilton on manufactures; adoption of the first ten Amendments to the Constitution of the United States of America. Insurrection of slaves in Hayti. Separation of Kentucky from Virginia and admission to the American Union as a State. Publication of Boswell's "Life of Dr. Johnson," of Paine's "Rights of Man," of Burke's "Thoughts on French Affairs," and of Schiller's "Thirty Years War." Birth of Faraday (d. 1867). Birth of S. F. B. Morse (d. 1872).

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1792. Declaration of war by France with Austria and Prussia; dismissal of Girondin ministers; mob attack on the Tuilleries and massacre of the Swiss; deposition and imprisonment of the king; seizure of power by the insurgent Commune of Paris; strife of Jacobins and Girondins; withdrawal of Lafayette from the country; the September Massacres; meeting of the National Convention; proclamation of the Republic; battle of Valmy; annexation of Savoy and Nice; trial of the king. Death, in Austria, of the Emperor Leopold II. Accession of Francis II. Beginning of Pinel's reform in the treatment of the insane. Re-election of George Washington, President of the United States. Birth of Shelley (d. 1822). Birth of Cousin (d. 1867).

1793. Execution of Louis XVI.; declaration of war with England; invasion of Holland; formation of the Revolutionary Tribunal and the Committee of Public Safety; fall of the Girondins; formation of the European Coalition; revolt in La Vendée, and in Lyons, Toulon, and other cities; assassination of Marat; beginning of the Reign of Terror; execution of the queen, and the Girondins; institution of the "worship of Reason"; the "Noyades" at Nantes. Partial concession of rights to Catholics in Ire]and. Second Partition of Poland. Passage of the first Fugitive Slave Law by the United States Congress. Invention of the cotton-gin by Eli Whitney. Emancipation of slaves proclaimed by the French in Hayti, and alliance formed with the blacks, under Toussaint L'Ouverture, against Spaniards and English. Publication of Wordsworth's "An Evening Walk" and "Descriptive Sketches."

1794. Destruction of the Hébertists in France; fall and death of Danton; Feast of the Supreme Being; conquest of the Austrian Netherlands; climax of the Terror; downfall and end of Robespierre and of the Jacobin Club; reaction; the White Terror; subjugation of Holland; Chouannerie in Brittany. Whisky Insurrection in Pennsylvania. Negotiation of the Jay Treaty between Great Britain and the United States. Decisive victory of General Wayne over the Indians on the Maumee. Publication of Fichte's "Wissenschaftslehre" and of Goethe's "Reinecke Fuchs." Birth of William Cullen Bryant (d. 1878). Birth of Meyerbeer (d. 1864).

1795. Suppression of insurrection by the Paris bourgeois; adoption of the Constitution of the Year III.; peace with Spain; acquisition of Spanish San Domingo; Austrian victory at Loana; insurrection of the 13th Vendemiare put down by Napoleon Bonaparte; dissolution of the National Convention; government of the Directory. Formation of the Orange Society, in Ireland. Third Partition of Poland. Sale of the Western Reserve of Connecticut (in Ohio). Publication of the first part of Goethe's "Wilhelm Meister's Lehrjahre" and of Richter's "Hesperus." Birth of Keats (d. 1821). Birth of Carlyle (d. 1881). Birth of Dr. Arnold (d. 1842).

1796. Bonaparte sent to command in Italy; submission of Sardinia; expulsion of the Austrians from Lombardy; formation of the Cispadane Republic. Unsuccessful French expedition under Hoche to Ireland. Death of Catherine II. of Russia and accession of Paul. Publication of Washington's Farewell Address; election of John Adams to the Presidency of the United States. Publication of Southey's "Joan of Arc" and of Coleridge's first volume of "Poems."

1797. Bonaparte's Treaty of Tolentino with the Pope; his invasion of Austria; peace preliminaries of Leoben; overthrow and enslavement of Venice, delivered to Austria; creation of the Ligurian and Cisalpine Republics. Peace of Campo Formio; revolutionary Coup d'Etat at Paris. Difficulties between the American and the French republics. Suspension of specie payments in England. Mutiny of the British fleet. British naval victories, of Cape Vincent, over the fleet of Spain, and of Camperdown over that of Holland. Birth of Schubert (d. 1828). Birth of Joseph Henry [Uncertain date] (d. 1878).

1798. French intrigues at Rome; imprisonment of the Pope and formation of the Roman Republic. Subjugation of Switzerland by the French, and formation of the Helvetian Republic. Expedition of Bonaparte to Egypt; his seizure of Malta and expulsion of the Knights of St. John. Destruction of the French fleet by Lord Nelson in the battle of the Nile; siege and conquest of Malta by Nelson. Declaration of war against France by Turkey. Expulsion of the king from Naples and creation of the Parthenopeian Republic. Suppressed rebellion in Ireland and imprisonment and suicide of Wolfe Tone. Publication in England of Jenner's work on Vaccination. Passage of the Alien and Sedition Laws in the United States, and adoption of the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions. Publication of the "Lyrical Ballads" of Wordsworth and Coleridge, of Landor's "Gebir," of Schiller's "Wallenstein's Lager," and of Malthus' "Principles of Population." Discovery that Heat is a mode of Motion, by Count Rumford. Birth of Thomas Hood (d. 1845). Birth of Comte (d. 1857).

1799. Bonaparte's advance into Syria and repulse from Acre; his victory at Aboukir. The armies of Austria and Russia in Italy and Switzerland. Expedition from England against Holland; capture of the Dutch fleet. Fall of the new republics in Italy. Return of Bonaparte from Egypt; overthrow of the Directory; creation of the Consulate; Bonaparte First Consul. Gradual emancipation enacted in New York. Invention of Volta's Pile. Birth of Balzac (d. 1850). Birth of Pushkin (d. 1837).

1800. Legislative Union of Great Britain and Ireland. Creation of the United Kingdom. Bonaparte's Marengo campaign in Italy. Moreau's victory at Hohenlinden. Assassination of Kleber in Egypt. Retrocession of Louisiana to France by Spain. Convention of the United States with France from which arose the French Spoliation Claims. Election of Thomas Jefferson President of the United States. Beginning of Robert Owen's social experiments at New Lanark. Decomposition of water with the Voltaic pile, by Nicholson and Carlisle. Publication of Richter's "Titan," Birth of Moltke (d. 1891). Birth of Macaulay (d. 1859). Birth of Heine (d. 1856).

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Nineteenth Century.

1801. Defection of the Russian czar, Paul, from the European coalition, and his alliance with Napoleon. Treaty of Luneville between Napoleon and the Emperor Francis, and of Foligno between France and Naples. Formation of the northern league of neutrals. English bombardment of Copenhagen. Murder of the czar, Paul, and accession, in Russia, of Alexander I. Surrender of the French army in Egypt to the English. Concordat between Napoleon and the Pope. Imposition by Napoleon of new constitutions on the Dutch and Cisalpine republics. Cession of Louisiana to France by Spain. Resignation of Pitt from the British premiership; formation of the Addington Ministry. Passage of the first English Factory Act. Appointment of John Marshall to be Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Inauguration of Jefferson as President of the United States. Opening of war by the United States with the pirates of Tripoli. Independence of Hayti proclaimed by Toussaint L' Ouverture. Birth of Farragut (d. 1870).

1802. Peace of Amiens between England and France. Voting of the First Consulate for life to Napoleon by the French people; his election to the presidency of the Cisalpine republic. Subjection of Switzerland, and annexation of Piedmont, Parma and Elba to France. Complaints of Napoleon against the English press; the Peltier trial. Founding of the United States Military Academy at West Point. Subjection of Hayti by the French and treacherous capture of Toussaint L'Ouverture. Founding of the Edinburgh Review. Birth of Victor Hugo (d. 1885). Birth of Kossuth (d. 1894). Birth of Harriet Martineau (d. 1876). Birth of Father Lacordaire (d. 1861).

1803. Renewal of war between Great Britain and France; detention of English in France. Secularization of the spiritual principalities in Germany and absorption of free cities. Purchase of Louisiana by the United States from France. Report to the Congress of the United States on the British impressment of seamen from American ships. Introduction of sheep-farming in Australia. Defeat of the Mahrattas at Assaye and Argaum by Wellesley (afterward Wellington). The Emmet insurrection in Ireland. Birth of Emerson (d. 1882). Birth of Francis Deak (d. 1876). Birth of Ericsson (d. 1889).

1804. Napoleon's abduction and execution of the Due d'Enghien. His elevation to the throne as emperor; his coronation by the Pope. Completion of the civil Code for France. Return of Pitt to the head of government in England. Federalist secession movement in the United States; re-election of President Jefferson; undertaking of the exploring journey of Lewis and Clark across the American continent. Death of Hamilton in duel with Burr. Birth of Hawthorne (d. 1864). Birth of Richard Cobden (d. 1865). Birth of Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield (d. 1881). Birth of George Sand (d. 1876). Birth of Sainte-Beuve (d. 1869).

1805. Bestowal of the crown of Italy on Napoleon; formation of the third European Coalition against him; his abortive plans for the invasion of England; his extraordinary march to the Danube; his capture of the army of Mack; his occupation of Vienna; his victory at Austerlitz. Nelson's victory and death at Trafalgar. Treaty of Presburg between France and Austria. Creation of the kingdoms of Bavaria and Würtemberg and the grand duchy of Baden. Impeachment trial of Judge Chase in the United States. Treaty of the United States with Tripoli, ending the payment of tribute. Publication of Scott's "Lay of the Last Minstrel." Birth of Hans Christian Andersen (d. 1875).

1806. Death of Pitt; formation of the British Ministry of All the Talents; death of Fox. British Order in Council declaring a blockade of the continental coast from Brest to the Elbe; Napoleon's Berlin Decree declaring the British islands under blockade and interdicting all intercourse with them. Formation of the Confederation of the Rhine. Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire; resignation of its sovereignty by Francis II., and his assumption thenceforth of the title of "Emperor of Austria." Humiliation and oppression of Prussia by the French emperor; the nation driven to war and subjugated at Jena. Advance of the French into Poland; war with Russia. Dethronement of the Bourbon dynasty in Naples and bestowal of the crown on Joseph Bonaparte. Creation of the kingdom of Holland, with Louis Bonaparte on the throne. Acquisition of the Cape of Good Hope by England from the Dutch. Filibustering scheme of Aaron Burr in the United States. Publication of Coleridge's "Christabel." Birth of John Stuart Mill (d. 1873).

1807. British Order in Council, retaliating the Berlin Decree, followed by the Milan Decree of Napoleon. Battles of Eylau and Friedland between the French and the Russians. Meeting of Napoleon and Alexander I. of Russia on the raft at Tilsit; their public treaty and their secret agreements. British bombardment of Copenhagen and seizure of the Danish fleet. Creation of the kingdom of Westphalia for Jerome Bonaparte. Baron von Stein placed at the head of affairs in Prussia. Delusive arrangement of Napoleon with the king of Spain for the partition of Portugal; occupation of Lisbon by the French; flight of the royal family of Portugal to Brazil. Passage of an Act of the British Parliament for the suppression of the Slave-trade; fall of the Ministry of All the Talents; formation of the Portland Ministry. Arrest and trial of Burr in the United States. British outrage on the United States frigate Chesapeake; passage of Embargo Act by the American Congress. Abolition of the Slave-trade in the United States. Deposition of the reforming sultan, Selim III., by the Turkish Janissaries; elevation of his nephew Mustapha to the throne. First publication of Dalton's Atomic theory of Chemistry. First trips of Fulton's steamboat "Clermont." Birth of Longfellow (d. 1882). Birth of Garibaldi (d. 1882).

1808. Erfurt conference and treaty of Napoleon and the Czar. Formation of the Tugendbund in Germany; Fichte's addresses on the state of that country. Napoleon's crime against Spain; knavish acquisition of the throne for his brother Joseph; the Spanish national revolt; English troops in the peninsula; Napoleon's crushing campaign. Opening of the French siege of Saragossa. Transfer of the crown of Naples from Joseph Bonaparte to Murat; appearance of the Carbonari. Conquest of Finland by Russia from Sweden. Murder of the deposed Turkish sultan, Selim III., and repeated revolutions at Constantinople. Election of James Madison President of the United States. Founding of the Quarterly Review. Birth of Mazzini (d. 1872). Birth of General Robert E. Lee (d. 1870).

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1809. Renewal of war between Austria and France; revolt in the Tyrol; Napoleon again in Vienna; his defeat at Aspern and victory at Wagram; arrangement of peace by the Treaty of Schonbrunn, taking an enormous territory from the Austrian empire. Sir John Moore's advance in Spain; his retreat and death; fall of Saragossa. Wellington (then Sir Arthur Wellesley) in command of the British forces in the Peninsula; his passage of the Douro and battle of Talavera; his retreat into Portugal and construction of the Lines of Torres Vedras. The British Walcheren expedition. Inauguration of President Madison, in the United States; substitution of Non-intercourse for the Embargo. Publication of Byron's "English Bards and Scotch Reviewers." Birth of Abraham Lincoln (d. 1865). Birth of Gladstone. Birth of Charles Darwin (d. 1882). Birth of Tennyson (d. 1892). Birth of Elizabeth Barrett (Mrs. Browning) (d. 1861). Birth of Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, (d. 1894). Birth of Mendelssohn (d. 1847).

1810. Abdication of the throne of Holland by Louis Bonaparte. Annexation of Holland, the Hansa towns and the Swiss Valais to France Suppression of the Tyrolese revolt and execution of Andrew Hofer. Napoleon's divorce from Josephine and marriage to the arch-duchess Maria Louisa of Austria. Massena's defeat at Busaco; his recoil from the Lines of Torres Vedras. Unceasing guerilla war in Spain. Final insanity of George III. of England. Revolution in Buenos Ayres and Chile, establishing complete separation from Spain. Election of Bernadotte to be Crown Prince of Sweden and successor to the throne. Founding of the University of Berlin. Birth of Cavour (d. 1861). Birth of Freiligrath (d. 1876). Birth of William Henry Channing (d. 1883).

1811. Defeat of Massena at Fuentes de Onoro. Regency of the Prince of Wales instituted in Great Britain. War in the United States against the Indian chief Tecumseh and his league. Declaration of the independence of Venezuela. Treacherous destruction of the Mamelukes in Egypt by Mehemet Ali. Birth of Thackeray (d. 1863). Birth of John Bright (d. 1889). Birth of Lord Lawrence (d. 1879). Birth of Edgar A. Poe (d. 1849).

1812. Rupture of Napoleon with the czar; his invasion of Russia; battles of Smolensk and Borodino; advance to Moscow and occupation of the city; burning of Moscow and disastrous retreat of the French. Wellington's victory at Salamanca and entry into Madrid; his retreat into Portugal. Establishment of a Constitution in Spain. Assassination of Mr. Perceval, prime minister of England; formation of the Ministry of Lord Liverpool. Declaration of war by the United States against Great Britain; opposition of Federalists; surrender of Hull at Detroit; battle of Queenstown Heights; naval victories by the U. S. frigates Constitution and United States. Re-election of President Madison. Admission of the state of Louisiana to the American Union. Appalling earthquake at Caraccas. Publication of the first and second cantos of Byron's "Childe Harold." Publication of "Kinder und Haus-Märchen" by the brothers Grimm. Birth of Dickens (d. 1870). Birth of Robert Browning (d. 1889).

1813. The War of Liberation In Germany; Austria and Great Britain in a renewed Coalition; battles of Lützen, Bautzen, Kulm, Gross-Beeren, the Katzbach, Dennewitz, Leipsic (Battle of the Nations), Hanau; retreat of Napoleon beyond the Rhine. Fall of the kingdom of Westphalia. Wellington's victory at Vittoria; expulsion of the French from Spain; restoration of Ferdinand VII. to the throne. Recovery of independence by Holland. Luddite riots in England. Naval battle of Lake Erie In the war between England and the United States; defeat and death of Tecumseh; burning of Toronto; American expedition against Montreal; British surprise of Fort Niagara and burning of Buffalo; outbreak of the Creek Indians. Publication of Shelley's "Queen Mab." Birth of Henry Ward Beecher (d. 1887). Birth of Richard Wagner (d. 1883).

1814. Desertion of Napoleon by Murat. Invasion of France by the Allies; Napoleon's unsuccessful campaign of defense; surrender of Paris; abdication of the fallen emperor; treaty of Fontainebleau; retirement of Napoleon to Elba; return of the Bourbons to the throne of France, in the person of Louis XVIII. Treaty of Paris. Battle of Toulouse, ending the Peninsular War. Meeting of the Congress of Vienna. Return of Pope Pius VII. to Rome; restoration of the Jesuits. Union of Belgium and Holland in the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Union of Norway and Sweden. Abrogation in Spain of the Constitution of 1812 by Ferdinand; abolition of the Cortès; re-establishment of the Inquisition. Restoration of Austrian despotism in Northern Italy. Battles of Chippewa and Lundy's Lane, siege of Fort Erie, British capture of Washington, and naval fight on Lake Champlain, in the war between England and the United States; Hartford Convention of Federalists opposed to the war; treaty of peace negotiated at Ghent. Temporary recovery of Chile by the Spaniards. Dictatorship of Dr. Francia established in Paraguay. Building of the first locomotive of George Stephenson. Publication of Scott's "Waverley." Birth of Motley (d. 1877). Birth of Edwin M. Stanton (d. 1869).

1815. Return of Napoleon from Elba; flight of Louis XVIII; the Hundred Days of restored Empire; the Waterloo campaign and end of the Corsican's career; his final abdication, surrender to the English, and captivity at St. Helena. Second Bourbon restoration and second Treaty of Paris. Execution of Marshal Ney. Formation of the Holy Alliance. Reconstruction of Germany; formation of the Germanic Confederation. Fall and death of Murat. Establishment of the protectorate of Great Britain over the Ionian Islands. Enactment of the British Corn Law, to maintain high prices for bread-stuffs. Repulse of the British at New Orleans by General Jackson. War of the United States with the Dey of Algiers. Birth of Bismarck.

1816. Agitation for Parliamentary Reform; multiplication of Hampden Clubs. Admission of Indiana into the American Union. Charter granted to the second Bank of the United States. Election of James Monroe President of the United States. Bombardment of Algiers by Lord Exmouth. First Seminole War. Publication of Bryant's "Thanatopsis."

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1817. Rioting in England; march of the Blanketeers from Manchester. Inauguration of James Monroe, President of the United states. Admission of Mississippi to the American Union. Formation of the Burschenschaft in Germany. Birth of Theodor Mommsen.

1818. Complete establishment of Chilean independence. General Jackson's invasion of Florida. Publication of Irving's "Sketch Book."

1819. "Peterloo Massacre" at Manchester, England. Assassination of Kotzebue by the student, Sand. Admission of Alabama to the American Union as a state. First voyage across the Atlantic by a vessel (the "Savannah ") using steam. Discovery of Electro-magnetism, by Oersted. Complete attainment of independence in Venezuela and New Granada, under the lead of Bolivar. Publication of Schopenhauer's "Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung." Birth of Marian Evans (George Eliot) (d. 1880). Birth of Charles Kingsley (d. 1875). Birth of James Russell Lowell (d. 1891).

1820. Death of George III. of England; accession of George IV.; trial of Queen Caroline. Adoption in the United States of the Missouri Compromise, excluding slavery from the territories north of latitude 36° 30'; admission of Maine to the Union. Re-election of Monroe to the American presidency. Assassination of the duke of Berry in France. Revolution in Spain, restoring the constitution of 1812. Revolution in Portugal, instituting a constitutional government. Revolution in Naples and Sicily, extorting a constitution from the king. Congress of sovereigns of the Holy Alliance at Laybach. Publication of Keats' "Lamia," "Isabella," "Eve of St. Agnes," "Hyperion." Birth of General Sherman (d. 1891). Birth of Professor Tyndall (d. 1893).

1821. Revolution in Mexico, establishing independence. Liberation of Peru by San Martin and the Chileans. Return of King John VI. from Brazil to Portugal. Union of Venezuela, New Granada and Ecuador in the Republic of Colombia. Cession of Florida to the United States by Spain. Admission of Missouri to the American Union. Revolt in Greece against the rule of the Turks. Suppression of the constitutional movement in the Two Sicilies by Austrian arms acting for the Holy Alliance. Constitutional rising in Piedmont; abdication of Victor Emmanuel I. in favor of his brother Charles Felix; interference of Austria; suppression of the revolution. Publication of De Quincey's "Confessions of an Opium Eater," and Cooper's "The Spy." Birth of Jenny Lind (d. 1887).

1822. Meeting of the Congress of Verona. Canning made foreign Secretary in the British Government. Proclamation of the independence of Brazil; Dom Pedro crowned emperor. Pronunciamento in Mexico, making Iturbide emperor. Turkish massacre of the Greeks of Chios. Publication of Lamb's "Essays of Elia," Heine's "Gedichte," and Wilson's "Noctes Ambrosianæ." Birth of General Grant (d. 1885). Birth of Matthew Arnold (d. 1888). Birth of Pasteur. Birth of Rosa Bonheur.

1823. Enunciation of the "Monroe Doctrine," in the annual message of the President of the United States. Death of Marco Bozzaris, hero of the Greek insurrection. Fall of Iturbide In Mexico; establishment of a republic. Intervention of France in Spain and overthrow of the Constitution. Birth of Renan (d. 1892).

1824-. Presidential election in the United States, resulting in no choice by the popular vote; election of John Quincy Adams by the House of Representatives. Visit of Lafayette to the United States. Death of Louis XVIII., the restored king of France, and accession of Charles X. Death of Lord Byron in Greece. The first Anglo-Burmese war. Formation of the Catholic Association in Ireland. Decisive battle of Ayacucho, securing the independence of Brazil. Founding of the Westminster Review. Birth of Stonewall Jackson (d. 1863). Birth of George W. Curtis (d. 1892).

1825. Opening of the Stockton and Darlington Railway in England—the first undertaking for the conveyance of passengers and goods by steam locomotion. Opening of the Erie Canal, from Lake Erie to the Hudson River. Publication of De Vigny's "Cinq Mars," Cooper's "Last of the Mohicans," and Heine's "Reisebilder." Birth of Huxley.

1826. Abduction of William Morgan and Anti-Masonic excitement in New York. Meeting of the Congress of Panama. Creation of the republic of Bolivia in Upper Peru. Insurrection and destruction of the Turkish Janissaries.

1827. Canning's brief premiership in England and sudden death. Intervention of Russia, England and France in favor of the Greeks; battle of Navarino and destruction of the Turkish fleet; national independence of Greece established. Extinction of slavery in the state of New r York. Publication of Hallam's "Constitutional History of England," Keble's "Christian Year," and Alfred and Charles Tennyson's "Poems by Two Brothers."

1828. Formation of the Ministry of the duke of Wellington in Great Britain. Removal of political disabilities from Dissenters in England. Election of General Andrew Jackson President of the United States. Beginning of the construction of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Russo-Turkish war; siege and capture of Varna by the Russians. Birth of Taine (d. 1893).

1829. Inauguration of President Jackson; introduction of the "Spoils System" in American national politics. Acknowledgment of Greek independence by the Porte. Passage by the British Parliament of the Catholic Emancipation Act for Ireland. Abolition of slavery in Mexico. Ending of the Russo-Turkish war by the Treaty of Hadrianople.

1830. Death, in England, of George IV.; accession of William IV.; opening of the final agitation for Parliamentary Reform; resignation of the Wellington Ministry, succeeded by that of Earl Grey. Debate between Webster and Hayne in the United States Senate. French conquest of Algiers. Revolution in Paris; flight of Charles X.; elevation of Louis Philippe, duke of Orleans, to the throne. Revolt in Poland. Recognition of the autonomy of Servia by the Ottoman Porte. Constitution of the Kingdom of Greece, with Prince Otho of Bavaria on the throne. Belgian revolt and separation from Holland. Publication of the "Book of Mormon" at Palmyra, N. Y. Publication of the first part of Comte's "Cours de Philosophie."

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1831. Introduction in the British Parliament and defeat of the first ministerial bill for Parliamentary Reform; dissolution of Parliament and appeal to the people. Assumption of the name Conservatives by the English Tories. Nat Turner's slave-rising in Virginia. First publication of William Lloyd Garrison's anti-slavery paper, "The Liberator." Forced abdication of Dom Pedro I. in Brazil; accession of Dom Pedro II. Founding of the system of National Schools in Ireland. Revolt in the Papal States and in Modena and Parma suppressed by Austrian troops; exile of Mazzini from Italy. Creation of the Kingdom of Belgium, Prince Leopold of Saxe Coburg king. Rebellion of Mehemet Ali, Pasha of Egypt, against the Porte. Discovery of Magneto-electricity, by Faraday. Publication of Poe's "The Raven." Birth of General Sheridan (d. 1888).

1832. Passage by the British Parliament of the bill to Reform the Representation. Passage of the Nullification Ordinance of South Carolina; proclamation of President Jackson against the nullification movement; re-election of President Jackson. The Indian war in America, called the Black Hawk War. Resistance of Holland to the separation of Belgium; bombardment of Antwerp by the French and English. Merciless suppression of the Polish rebellion. Civil war in Portugal. Birth of Castelar.

1833. Compensated emancipation of slaves in the British West Indies. Passage of the Compromise Tariff Bill in the United States; removal of government deposits from the United States Bank by President Jackson. Beginning of the revolt of Abd-el-Kader against the French in Algiers. Election of Santa Anna to the Presidency of Mexico. Death of Ferdinand VII. of Spain; regency of Maria Christina; insurgent proclamation of Don Carlos; beginning of the civil war between Carlists and Christinos. First Prussian treaty which formed the German Zollverein. Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi between Russia and Turkey. Publication of Carlyle's "Sartus Resartus," and Faraday's "Experimental Researches in Electricity." Birth of General Gordon (d. 1885).

1834. Resignation of Earl Grey from the premiership in the English Ministry, succeeded first by Lord Melbourne and after a brief interval by Sir Robert Peel. Abolition of slavery in the British colonies. Organization of the Whig party in the United States. End of civil war in Portugal. Publication of Dickens' "Sketches by Boz," and Balzac's "Père Goriot."

1835. Recall of Lord Melbourne to the English Ministry, and retirement of Peel. Exclusion of anti-slavery literature from the United States mails; passage of the act against anti-slavery petitions called the "Atherton Gag." Beginning of the second Seminole War. Death of the Emperor Francis of Austria and accession of Ferdinand I. Publication of Browning's" Paracelsus," Thirlwall's "History of Greece," Strauss's" Das Leben Jesu," and De Tocqueville's "La Democratie en Amerique."

1836. Election of Martin Van Buren President of the United States. Admission of Arkansas to the American Union. Texan independence of Mexico declared and won at San Jacinto. First futile attempt of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte to effect a revolution in France. Publication of Dickens' "Pickwick."

1837. Death of William IV. of England, and accession of Queen Victoria. Great commercial collapse In the United States; Introduction of the sub-treasury system. Founding of Melbourne in Australia. Outbreak of the rebellion in Canada called "the Patriot War." Publication of Carlyle's" French Revolution," and Thackeray's "Yellowplush Papers." Birth of Grover Cleveland. Birth of Swinburne.

1838. Beginning of the Chartist agitation in England. Interference of England in affairs of Afghanistan. The burning of the "Caroline" in Niagara river; suppression of the Canadian rebellion. Beginning of practically successful steam navigation on the ocean. Beginning of Cobden's agitation for the repeal of the English Corn Laws.

1839. Resignation of Lord Melbourne from the Government in England; wreck of Peel's Ministry on the "Bedchamber Question"; return of Melbourne to office. Invasion of Afghanistan by British forces and dethronement of Dost Mahomed. Daguerre's discoveries in photography.

1840. Marriage of Queen Victoria of England to Prince Albert of Saxe Coburg. Adoption of Penny Postage in England. Election of General William Henry Harrison President of the United States; the "Log-cabin and Hard-cider campaign." Settlement of the Mormons at Nauvoo. Second revolutionary attempt of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte in France; his imprisonment at Ham. Reunion of Upper and Lower Canada. Opium War of England with China. Quadruple alliance for the settlement of the Egyptian question; British bombardment of Alexandria; hereditary possession of the pashalik of Egypt secured to Mehemet Ali.

1841. Fall of the Melbourne Ministry in England; Peel made Prime Minister. Death of President Harrison; advancement of Vice President John Tyler to the Presidency of the United States; his breach with the Whig party. Revolt in Afghanistan; frightful retreat and destruction of the British. Founding of the Brook Farm Association in Massachusetts. Birth of the Prince of Wales.

1842. Negotiation of the Ashburton Treaty between Great Britain and the United States, settling the northeastern boundary question. Return of British forces to Cabul, Afghanistan. End of the Opium War; treaty of peace between England and China. The Dorr Rebellion in Rhode Island.

1843. Disruption of the Church of Scotland. Publication of Ruskin's "Modern Painters."

1844. Election of James K. Polk President of the United States. Completion, between Washington and Baltimore, of the first line of electric telegraph, under the direction of Prof. Morse. Passage of the English Bank Charter Act. Murder of Joe Smith, the founder of Mormonism, by a mob. Publication of Dumas' "Trois Mousquetaires."

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1845. Annexation of Texas to the American Union; splitting of the Democratic party of the United States into Hunkers and Barnburners, or Hard-Shells and Soft-Shells. Beginning of the war of the English with the Sikhs. Arctic expedition of Sir John Franklin from which he never returned. Publication of Carlyle's "Cromwell's Letters and Speeches," and Hawthorne's "Mosses from an Old Manse."

1846. Repeal of the British Corn Laws. The Potato Famine in Ireland. War of the United States with Mexico; defeat in the United States Senate of the "Wilmot Proviso," to exclude slavery from territory about to be acquired from Mexico; American conquest of California; migration of the Mormons from Nauvoo to Great Salt Lake. Settlement of the Oregon boundary dispute. Adams' and Le Verrier's discovery of the planet Neptune by mathematical calculation. Patenting of the Sewing-machine by Elias Howe. End of resistance to the French in Algiers; surrender and imprisonment of Abd-el-Kader. Publication of the first volume of Grote's "History of Greece."

1847. Successful campaign of General Scott in Mexico. Civil war in Switzerland; suppression of the Sonderbund. Death of Daniel O'Connell. Publication of Charlotte Bronte's "Jane Eyre," the first part of Thackeray's "Vanity Fair," and Longfellow's "Evangeline." Birth of Edison.

1848. Revolution in France: abdication and flight of the king; creation of the National Workshops; insurrection of the workmen, suppressed by General Cavaignac; organization of the Second Republic, Louis Napoleon Bonaparte President. Revolutionary movement in Germany: rioting in Berlin; meeting of National Assembly at Frankfort; election of Archduke John of Austria to be Administrator of Germany; forcible dispersion of the Prussian National Assembly. Revolutionary risings in Austria and Hungary: bombardment of Prague and Vienna; abdication of the Emperor Ferdinand and accession of Francis Joseph. Revolutionary movements in Italy: Neapolitan insurrection crushed by King Ferdinand II.; expulsion of Austrians from Milan and Venice; undertaking of Charles Albert, king of Sardinia, to support and head the revolution, and his defeat by the Austrian general Radetzky; ineffectual concessions of Pope Pius IX. to the Romans; his flight to Gaeta; expulsion of the dukes of Modena and Parma and extortion of a constitution from the grand-duke of Tuscany. Suppression of the "Young Ireland" rebellion. Schleswig-Holstein war in Denmark. Revision of the constitution of the Swiss Confederation. Last demonstration of the Chartists in England. Organization of the Free Soil party of the United States in convention at Buffalo; election, by the Whigs, of General Zachary Taylor President of the United States. Treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo between the United States and Mexico; purchase and cession of New Mexico and California to the United States; discovery of gold in California; admission of Wisconsin to the American Union. Publication of the first two volumes of Macaulay's "History of England." Birth of Arthur J. Balfour.

1849. Framing of a constitution for a new Empire of Germany by the National Assembly at Frankfort; offer of the imperial crown to the king of Prussia and its refusal; failure of the work of the Assembly and end of the revolutionary movement in Germany. Declaration of Hungarian independence and formation of the Hungarian Republic, with Louis Kossuth for its President; interference of Russia to aid the Austrians in suppressing the Magyar revolt; surrender of Görgei; escape of Kossuth and other leaders into Turkey. Renewed attempt of Charles Albert of Sardinia against the Austrians in Lombardy and his crushing defeat at Mortara and Novara; his resignation of the crown in favor of his son, Victor Emmanuel II.; siege and subjugation of Venice by Haynau. End of the Schleswig-Holstein war. Annexation of the Punjab to British India. Repeal of the English Navigation Laws. First explorations of Dr. Livingstone in Africa. Determination of the mechanical equivalent of heat, by Joule. Publication of the first part of Dickens' "David Copperfield," Kingsley's "Alton Locke," and Emerson's "Representative Men." Sainte-Beuve's "Causerie du Lundi" begun in the "Constitutionel."

1850. Death of General Taylor, President of the United States, and succession of the Vice President, Millard Fillmore; slavery agitation on the question of the admission of California; Clay's Compromise measures; Webster's Seventh of March Speech; Seward's Higher Law Speech; the Omnibus Bill; passage of the Fugitive Slave Law. Negotiation of the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty between the United States and Great Britain. Restoration of the Roman episcopate in England. Publication of Mrs. Browning's "Sonnets from the Portuguese," and Tennyson's "In Memoriam."

1851. The Coup d' Etat of Louis Napoleon, destroying the French Republic and making himself dictator. Dismissal of Lord Palmerston from the British cabinet. Discovery of gold in Australia; separation of the colony of Victoria from New South Wales. Outbreak of the Taiping Rebellion in China. The Lopez filibustering expedition to Cuba. Passage of the Massachusetts Free Public Library Act. The first World's Fair, in London. Visit of Kossuth to America. Publication of Spencer's "Social Statics."

1852. Defeat and resignation of the Russell Ministry; the first Derby-Disraeli Ministry: the Aberdeen Ministry. Rise of the Know Nothing or American party in the United States; election by the Democratic party of Franklin Pierce President of the United States. Publication of "Uncle Tom's Cabin." Promulgation of a new Constitution for France by the dictator, Louis Napoleon, soon followed by the revival of the Empire. Second Anglo-Burmese War; annexation of Pegu to British India.

1853. Expedition of Commodore Perry to Japan. Dispute between Russia and Turkey, leading to the Crimean War.

1854. Repeal of the Missouri Compromise, in the United States, by the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill; rise of the Republican Party. Negotiation of the Reciprocity Treaty between the United States and Canada. Treaties of Japan with the United States and Great Britain, opening the former country to trade. Promulgation by Pope Pius IX. of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary. Alliance of England, France and Sardinia with Turkey against Russia in the Crimean War; siege of Sebastopol; battles of the Alma, Balaclava, and Inkerman; siege of Kars.

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1855. Fall of the Aberdeen Ministry in England; rise of Palmerston to the head of government. Continued siege of Sebastopol. Beginning of the struggle for Kansas between the supporters and the opponents of Slavery in the United States. Rise to power in Abyssinia of an adventurer afterwards known as King Theodore. Introduction of Civil Service Reform in Great Britain. Walker's first filibustering invasion of Nicaragua. Abolition of the Stamp tax on newspapers in England.

1856. Assault on Mr. Sumner in the United States Senate by Preston Brooks of South Carolina; continued struggle in Kansas; election of James Buchanan President of the United States. Operations of the San Francisco Vigilance Committee. Quarrel of England with China over the affair of the "Arrow." Congress of Paris and treaty ending the Crimean War. Publication of first part of Lotze's "Mikrokosmos."

1857. Dred Scott decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. Triumphant appeal of Palmerston to English voters on the question of war with China; alliance with France in the war; capture of Canton. The Sepoy Mutiny in India: siege and capture of Delhi; massacre of English at Cawnpore; siege and relief of Lucknow. Mountain Meadows Massacre and Mormon rebellion in Utah. Publication of the first volume of Buckle's "History of Civilization."

1858. Fall of Palmerston, consequent on his Conspiracy Bill; second Derby-Disraeli Ministry in England. Debate between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas, as candidates for the United States Senate, from Illinois. Regency of Prussia assumed by Prince William in consequence of the mental incapacity of the king. Treaty of peace between England, France and China. Discovery of gold in Colorado. Laying of the first Atlantic Cable, which quickly failed. Assumption of the government of India by the British crown. Beginning of the Fenian movement in Ireland. Discovery of Lake Victoria Nyanza by Captain Speke. Publication of George Eliot's "Scenes of Clerical Life," Tennyson's "Idylls of the King," and Holmes' "Autocrat of the Breakfast Table."

1859. War of Sardinia and France with Austria; battles of Montebello, Magenta and Solferino; defeat of Austria; treaties of Villafranca and Zurich; cession of Lombardy to Sardinia. John Brown's invasion of Virginia and seizure of Harper's Ferry; his capture, trial and execution. Admission of Oregon to the American Union. Publication of Darwin's "Origin of Species," and George Eliot's "Adam Bede." Return of Palmerston to the English premiership. Separation of the colony of Queensland from New South Wales. Renewed war of England and France with China. Nationalization of Church property in Mexico; suspension of payments on foreign debts.

1860. Election of Abraham Lincoln President of the United States; secession of South Carolina; disunion message of President Buchanan; the Crittenden Compromise and its failure; treachery of Floyd, Secretary of War; occupation of Fort Sumter by Major Anderson. Franco-English capture of Pekin and destruction of the summer palace. Annexation of the Central Italian states to Sardinia by popular vote; cession of Savoy and Nice to France. Negotiation of the Cobden-Chevalier commercial treaty between England and France.

1861. Secession of Georgia, Mississippi, Florida, Louisiana, Alabama and Texas from the American Union; seizure of United States arsenals, arms and forts in the seceded States; abortive Peace Convention at Washington; admission of Kansas to the Union; adoption of a Constitution for the "Confederate States of America," and organization of a Confederate government; inauguration of Abraham Lincoln President of the United States; outbreak of civil war by the attack of Confederate forces on Fort Sumter; rising of the North on President Lincoln's call to arms; attack on Massachusetts Volunteers in Baltimore; Secession of Virginia and North Carolina; blockade of Southern ports; proclamation of British neutrality by Queen Victoria; declaration of General Butler that slaves are Contraband of War; fight at Big Bethel; Secession of West Tennessee; campaign of General McClellan in West Virginia; Union advance from Washington and defeat at Bull Run; depredations by the Confederate cruiser Sumter; struggle with secession in Missouri, battles of Boonville and Wilson's Creek; appointment of General McClellan to the chief command of the Union forces; creation of the Army of the Potomac; expedition against Fort Hatteras; Fremont's emancipation proclamation modified by the President; campaign of Rosecrans against Lee in West Virginia; General Grant's first battle at Belmont; Union disaster at Ball's Bluff; Port Royal expedition; the Trent affair (arrest of Mason and Slidell on a British steamer) and its settlement. Death of King Frederick William IV. of Prussia and accession of his brother, William I. Liberation of Sicily and Naples by Garibaldi; Sardinian occupation of Umbria and the Marches; proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy; death of Cavour. Polish insurrection at Warsaw.

1862. Stonewall Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley, battle of Kernstown; capture of Forts Henry and Donelson by General Grant; expulsion of the Confederates from Missouri, battle of Pea Ridge; expedition of Burnside to Roanoke and capture of Newbern; siege and capture of Fort Pulaski; Union advance up the Tennessee and battle of Shiloh; proposal of compensated emancipation by President Lincoln, approved by Congress; battle of the Monitor and the Merrimac in Hampton Roads; capture of New Madrid on the Mississippi and Island No. 10; movement of McClellan against Richmond by way of the peninsula, battles of Williamsburg, Fair Oaks, or Seven Pines, Mechanicsville, Gaines' Mill, Savage Station, Glendale and Malvern Hill; forcing of the lower Mississippi and capture of New Orleans; separation of West Virginia from the Old Dominion; abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia; passage of the Homestead Act and the Legal Tender Act; arming of freed negroes, evacuation of Norfolk by the Confederates and destruction of the Merrimac; second campaign of Stonewall Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley; first undertakings against Vicksburg; capture of Memphis; Confederate invasion of Kentucky by Bragg, battle of Perryville: confiscation of the slave property of rebels; beginning of the destructive career of the Confederate cruiser Alabama; end of the peninsular campaign and withdrawal of the Army of the Potomac; campaign under General Pope, battles of Cedar Mountain, Second Bull Run and Chantilly; Lee's invasion of Maryland and check by McClellan at South Mountain and Antietam; preliminary Proclamation of Emancipation by President Lincoln; successes by Grant at Iuka and Corinth; battle of Prairie Grove in Arkansas; removal of McClellan from command of the Army of the Potomac and appointment of Burnside; disastrous attack on Fredericksburg; second Union attempt against Vicksburg; victory of Rosecrans at Stone River. Land-grant of the United States for industrial colleges. Intervention of Louis Napoleon in Mexico; creation of the empire under Maximilian of Austria. Bismarck made chief minister of the king of Prussia. Revolution in Greece; deposition of King Otho; election of Prince George of Denmark to the Greek throne; annexation of the Ionian Islands. Attempt of Garibaldi against Rome checked by the Italian government; his defeat and capture at Aspromonte. Publication of Spencer's "First Principles."

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1863. President Lincoln's final Proclamation of Emancipation; passage of the National Bank Act, and the Conscription Act; Hooker's disaster at Chancellorsville; death of Stonewall Jackson; naval attack on Charleston; Grierson's raid; Grant's siege and capture of Vicksburg; Banks' siege and capture of Port Hudson; Lee's second invasion of the North; battle of Gettysburg; Draft riots in the city of New York; Morgan's raid into Ohio and Indiana; assault on Fort Wagner; battles of Bristol Station and Rappahannock Station; Burnside's advance into East Tennessee; defeat of Rosecrans at Chickamauga; siege and reduction of Fort Wagner; Grant's victory at Chattanooga; siege of Knoxville; President Lincoln's Address at Gettysburg, and Proclamation of Amnesty. Death of Frederick VII. of Denmark and accession of Christian IX.; reopening of the Schleswig-Holstein question; coalition of Prussia and Austria against Denmark. Appointment of General Gordon to command in China. Confederation of the United States of Colombia. Rebellion in Poland. Political organization of Socialism in Germany by Lassalle. Publication of Huxley's "Man's Place in Nature," and Renan's "Vie de Jesus."

1864. Reconstruction in Louisiana and Arkansas, the President's plan and the Congressional plan; Sherman's Meridian expedition; Kilpatrick and Dahlgren's raid to Richmond; appointment of General Grant to the chief command of the army; Banks' Red River expedition; Price's invasion of Missouri; Forrests' capture of Fort Pillow and massacre of colored soldiers; Grant's movement on Richmond, battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, and Cold Harbor; Sherman's movement on Atlanta, battles of New Hope Church, Kenesaw and Peach Tree Creek; Sheridan's raids to Richmond and Trevelyan Station; Grant's siege of Petersburg, battle of Reams' station; destruction of the Alabama by the Kearsarge; Greeley and Jaques-Gilmore peace missions; Early's invasion of Maryland; Farragut's great battle in Mobile Bay; Sheridan's campaign against Early in the Shenandoah Valley, battles of Winchester, Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek; Sherman's clearing of Atlanta; Hood's movement into Tennessee and defeat by Thomas at Franklin and Nashville; re-election of President Lincoln; St. Albans raid from Canada; Cushing's destruction of the ram Albemarle; Sherman's March to the Sea and occupation of Savannah. Schleswig-Holstein war: Austro-Prussian conquest of the duchies. Detention and imprisonment of foreigners in Abyssinia by King Theodore. End of the Taiping Rebellion in China. Publication of the Encyclical "Quanta cura" and the Syllabus of Pope Pius IX. Organization at London of the International.

1865. Adoption by the Congress of the United States of the Thirteenth Constitutional Amendment, prohibiting slavery forever; creation of the Freedman's Bureau; Hampton Roads Peace Conference; evacuation of Charleston by the Confederates; Sherman's northward march from Savannah; battle of Bentonsville; occupation of Wilmington by Schofield; battle of Kinston; second inauguration of President Lincoln; battle of Five Forks; evacuation of Petersburg and Richmond by the Confederates; battle of Sailor's Creek; surrender of Lee at Appomattox Court House; assassination of President Lincoln; succession of Andrew Johnson, Vice President, to the Presidency; surrender of General Johnston; fall of Mobile; capture of Jefferson Davis; end of the Rebellion; opening of the conflict between Congress and President Johnson on questions of Reconstruction. Death of Lord Palmerston in England; premiership of Lord John Russell. Transfer of the capital of Italy to Florence. Ferocious suppression of an insurrection in Jamaica by Governor Eyre. Beginning of war between Paraguay and Brazil.

1866. Quarrel of Austria and Prussia over the administration of Schleswig and Holstein; alliance of Prussia with Italy; outbreak of the Seven Weeks War; decisive Prussian victory at Sadowa, or Königgrätz; treaty of Prague; exclusion of Austria from the Germanic political system; formation of the North German Confederation; incorporation of the kingdom of Hanover, the electorate of Hesse, the duchies of Nassau, Schleswig and Holstein, and the free city of Frankfort, by Prussia. Success of Austria in the war with Italy, at Custozza on the land and at Lissa on the sea; success of Italy in the settlement of peace, receiving Venetia, on the demand of Prussia. Wreck of the Ministry of Lord John Russell on a reform bill; third Derby-Disraeli administration. Fenian invasion of Canada from the United States. Laying of the first successful Atlantic Cable. Beginning of the struggle of the Cretans for deliverance from the Turkish yoke. Reconstruction riot in New Orleans. Organization of the Patrons of Husbandry in the United States. Passage of the first Civil Rights Bill by the Congress of the United States over the President's veto; Congressional adoption of the Fourteenth Constitutional Amendment. Formation of the Ku-Klux Klan in the Southern States.

1867. Passage of the Disraeli Reform Bill by the British Parliament. Purchase of Alaska by the United States from Russia. Federation of Austria and Hungary in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Federation of the provinces of British America, forming the Dominion of Canada. Purchase of the title of Khedive from the Sultan by Ismail Pasha of Egypt. Fenian risings in Ireland. Renewed attempt by Garibaldi to liberate Rome from the Papal government; his defeat by the French at Mentana. Withdrawal of the French from Mexico; fall of the empire; execution of Maximilian. Passage of the Military Reconstruction Acts by the Congress of the United States; extension of suffrage to blacks in the District of Columbia.

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1868. Withdrawal of Lord Derby from the British Ministry; advancement of Disraeli to the premiership; passage of reform bills for Scotland and Ireland; defeat of the ministry on the Irish Church question; resignation of Disraeli; first administration of Mr. Gladstone. Revolution in Spain and flight of Queen Isabella to France. British expedition for the rescue of captives in Abyssinia; storming of Magdala; suicide of King Theodore. Negotiation of the Burlingame Treaty between China and the United States. Revolution in Japan; abolition of the Shogunate; restoration of the authority of the Mikado. Occupation of Samarcand by the Russians Impeachment, and trial of President Johnson in the United States; election of General Grant to the American Presidency. Ratification by the States of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States.

1869. Disestablishment of the Irish Church. Negotiation of the Johnson-Clarendon Treaty between the United States and Great Britain, rejected by the United States Senate. Expiration of the charter of the Hudson Bay Company and incorporation of its territory in the Dominion of Canada. Creation of the United States Bureau of Education. Opening of the Suez Canal. "Black Friday" in New York. Organization of the Knights of Labor. Congressional adoption of the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. Adoption of a monarchical constitution in Spain; regency of Marshal Serrano. Adoption of Woman Suffrage at municipal elections in England, and at all elections in Wyoming Territory. Publication of Hartmann's "Philosophie des Unbewusstens."

1870. Sudden occurrence of the Franco-German War: invasion of France by the Germans; victories at Wörth, Spichern, Gravelotte, and Sedan; captivity of the French emperor; revolution at Paris; fall of the Empire; investment and siege of Paris by the Germans; surrender of Bazaine at Metz; unsuccessful resistance in the provinces. Completion of the new Germanic Confederation, embracing the states of South Germany, with the North German Confederation, and having the king of Prussia for its president. Passage of Mr. Gladstone's first Irish Land Bill by the British Parliament. Passage of the Education Bill in England. Occupation of Rome by the troops of the king of Italy; plebiscite for annexation to the Italian kingdom; end of the temporal sovereignty of the Pope. Election of Amadeo, of Italy, to the Spanish throne. Completed reconstruction of the American Union; ratification of the Fifteenth Constitutional Amendment.

1871. Capitulation of Paris; peace preliminaries of Versailles and treaty of Frankfort; French cession of Alsace and part of Lorraine, with five milliards of francs indemnity; election and meeting of a National Assembly at Bordeaux; organization of the Third Republic with Thiers as its President; evacuation of Paris by the Germans, followed by the insurrection of the Communists and their seizure of the city; siege and reduction of Paris by the national government. Assumption by King William of Prussia of the title "German Emperor"; proclamation of the constitution of the new Empire. Negotiation and ratification of the Treaty of Washington, between the United States and Great Britain; meeting of the Tribunal of Arbitration at Geneva, for the settlement of the Alabama claims. Gradual emancipation of slaves enacted in Brazil. First attempts at Civil Service Reform in the United States, made by President Grant. Exposure of the Tweed Ring in New York. The Great Fire in Chicago. Transfer of the capital of Italy from Florence to Rome. Abolition of feudalism in Japan. Passage of the Force Bill by the Congress of the United States. The finding of Dr. Livingstone in Africa by Henry M. Stanley. Publication of Darwin's "Descent of Man," and Swinburne's "Songs before Sunrise."

1872. Award of the Geneva Tribunal of Arbitration in settlement of the Alabama Claims. Re-election of General Grant, President of the United States. The Credit Mobilier Scandal in the United States Congress.

1873. Resignation of President Thiers in France and election of Marshall MacMahon. Passage of the May Laws in the Prussian Diet, opening the contest with the Catholic Church known as the Kulturkampf. Appearance of the Home Rule movement in Irish politics. Abdication of the throne of Spain by Amadeo; unsuccessful attempt at republican government. Financial panic in the United States.

1874. Fall of the Gladstone Government in England; return of Disraeli to power. General Gordon's first appointment in the Sudan. Restoration of monarchy in Spain, under Alphonso XII., son of Queen Isabella. Publication of the first volume of Stubb's "Constitutional History."

1875. Adoption of a constitution in France. Revolt against Turkish rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Passage of the second Civil Rights Bill by the Congress of the United States.

1876. Founding of the International African Association by King Leopold of Belgium. Insurrection in Bulgaria, suppressed with atrocious cruelty by the Turks. Holding of the United States Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia. First exhibition of the Telephone, by Professor Graham Bell. Disputed Presidential Election in the United States.

1877. War of Servia with the Turks; defeat of the Servians. Russo-Turkish War; sieges of Plevna and Kars. Assumption by Queen Victoria of the title "Empress of India." First election of Porfirio Diaz to the Presidency of the Mexican republic. Creation of the Electoral Commission in the United States; award of the Presidential election to Rutherford B. Hayes. Return of Stanley from his expedition across Africa, exploring the Congo.

1878. Second war of the English in Afghanistan. End of the Russo-Turkish war; Treaty of San Stefano, superseded by the Congress and Treaty of Berlin; independence secured to Servia and Roumania; transfer of Bosnia to Austria; division of Bulgaria into two states. Election of Pope Leo XIII. Passage of the Bland Silver Bill in the United States.

1879. Resignation of the Presidency of the French Republic by Marshal MacMahon and election of M. Jules Grevy. Massacre of English in Cabul; occupation of the Afghan capital by British forces; deposition of the Ameer. Beginning of war between Chile and Peru. Organization of the Land League in Ireland. Zulu War in South Africa. Formation of the International Congo Association.

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1880. Resignation of Disraeli from the British Ministry and return of Gladstone to power; passage of Gladstone's Second Irish Land Act. Renewed war against the English in Afghanistan. Election of James A. Garfield President of the United States.

1881. Occupation of Tunis by the French. Evacuation of Afghanistan by the British forces. Submission of Peru to Chile. Advent of the Mahdi in the Sudan. Arabi's revolt in Egypt. Suppression of the Irish Land League and arrest of Mr. Parnell and others. Institution of local assemblies in Japan. Assassination of the Czar Alexander II. Capture of Geok Tepe by Skobeleff, the Russian general. War of Great Britain with the Boers. Assassination of President Garfield;. succession of Vice President Arthur to the Presidency of the United States.

1882. Death M. Gambetta, in France. Elevation of Servia to the rank of a kingdom. British bombardment of Alexandria. Phœnix Park murders, of Lord Frederick Cavendish and Mr. Burke, at Dublin. Beginning of work on De Lesseps' Panama Canal.

1883. Death of the Comte de Chambord (called Henry V. by his supporters), claimant of the crown of France and last of the elder line of the Bourbons. Passage in England of the Act for Prevention of Corrupt and Illegal Practices at Elections. Destruction of Hicks Pasha and his army by the Mahdists of the Sudan. Passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Bill in the United States. Suppression of Arabi's rebellion; British occupation of Egypt.

1884. War of the French in Tonquin and with China. Passage in England of the Third Reform Bill. Meeting of the Berlin Conference to settle questions of acquisition in Africa. Beleaguerment of General Gordon at Khartoum by the Mahdists; British rescue expedition. Occupation of Merv by the Russians and completed conquest of the Turcomans. Election of Grover Cleveland President of the United States.

1885. Overthrow of the Gladstone Government in Great Britain and brief reign of Lord Salisbury. Revolutionary reunion of the two Bulgarias. Fall of Khartoum and death of Gordon. Transformation of the Congo Association into the Independent State of Congo.

1886. Banishment of the Bourbon princes from France. Recall of Gladstone to the head of the Government in England; his Home Rule Bill for Ireland and its defeat; resignation of Gladstone and return of Salisbury; division of the Liberal Party. Anarchist crime in Chicago. Undertaking of the "Plan of Campaign" in Ireland.

1887. Forced resignation of President Grevy, in France, and election of M. Sadi Carnot. Revision of the constitution of the kingdom of the Netherlands. Tariff Message of President Cleveland. African expedition of Stanley to rescue Emin Pasha.

1888. Threatening intrigues of General Boulanger in France; his prosecution and flight. Bankruptcy of the Panama Canal Company. Death of the German Emperor William I.; accession and death of Frederick III., and accession of William II. Incorporation in the German Zollverein of Hamburg and Bremen, the last of the Free Cities. Final abolition of slavery in Brazil. Inquiry into Irish matters by the Parnell Commission. Defeat of the Mills Tariff Bill in the United States Senate. Election of General Benjamin Harrison President of the United States.

1889. Abdication of King Milan of Servia in favor of his young son. Revolution in Brazil; expulsion of the Emperor and royal family from the country. Promulgation of the Constitution of Japan. Opening of Oklahoma to settlement. Destruction of Johnstown, Pennsylvania, by flood. Admission of North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and Washington, to the American Union. Chartering of the British South Africa Company. Publication of Bryce's "American Commonwealth."

1890. Dismissal of Bismarck from office by the German Emperor William II. Commercial collapse and political revolution in the Argentine Republic. Organization of the Republic of the United States of Brazil. Expulsion of Jews from Russia. Passage of the McKinley Tariff Act in the United States. Admission of Idaho and Wyoming to the American Union. Passage of the Sherman Silver Act. Anglo-German Convention defining boundaries in Africa.

1891. Dictatorship proclaimed by President Fonseca of Brazil, producing revolt; resignation of the President; installation of Floriano Peixoto. Civil war in Chile; defeat and suicide of President Balmaceda. Establishment of free schools in England. Death of Mr. Parnell.

1892. The Panama Canal Scandal in France. Election in Great Britain of a Parliament favorable to Home Rule for Ireland; resignation of the Salisbury Ministry; reascendency of Gladstone; passage of the Irish Home Rule Bill by the House of Commons and its defeat by the Lords. Evacuation of Uganda by the British East Africa Company. Passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act by the Congress of the United States. Election of Grover Cleveland President of the United States. Revolution in Venezuela. Difficulty between the United States and Chile.

1893. The World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago. Revolution in the Hawaian Islands. Suspension of free coinage of silver in India. Repeal of the Sherman Silver Act by the Congress of the United States. Revision of the Belgian Constitution. War of the British South Africa Company with the Matabele. Popular vote in Colorado for the extension of equal suffrage to women.

1894. Assassination of President Carnot, in France; election of M. Casimir-Périer. War between Japan and China. The strike at Pullman, Illinois, and the "sympathy strike" of the American Railway Union. The "Coxey movement" in the United States. Passage of the Wilson Tariff Act. Turkish atrocities in Armenia. Passage of enabling act for the admission of Utah to the American Union. Triumph of the Peixoto government over the insurgents in Brazil. Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Ship Canal. Death of Alexander III., Czar of Russia; accession of Nicholas II.

1895. Resignation of M. Casimir-Périer, President of the French Republic; election of M. François Felix Faure to succeed him. Armistice pending negotiations between China and Japan.

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[Image: LINEAGE OF THE WEST SAXON KINGS OF ENGLAND and LINEAGE OF THE DUKES OF NORMANDY TO THE CONQUEST OF ENGLAND.]

{3858} {3859}

[Image: LINEAGE OF THE SOVEREIGNS OF ENGLAND FROM THE NORMAN CONQUEST.]

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[Image:THE GUELF LINE OF DESCENT OF THE HOUSE OF HANOVER.

{3861}

[Image: THE CAROLINGIANS.]

{3862} {3863}

[Image: LINEAGE OF THE KINGS OF GERMANY AND EMPERORS.] HOUSE OF HAPSBURG.]

{3864} {3865}

[Blank]

{3866} {3867}

[Image: LINEAGE OF THE SOVEREIGNS OF FRANCE.]

{3868}

[Image: GENEALOGY OF THE BONAPARTE FAMILY.]

{3869}

[Image: LINEAGE OF THE DUKES OF BURGUNDY.]

{3870} {3871}

[Image: THIRD HOUSE OF ANJOU.]

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[Image: LATER HOUSE OF LORRAINE.]

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[Blank]

{3874} {3875}

[Image: LINAGE OF THE SOVEREIGNS OF CASTILE AND ARAGON TO THE UNION OF THE CROWNS.]

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[Image: LINEAGE OF THE HAPSBURG AND BOURBON SOVEREIGNS OF SPAIN.]

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[Image: THE HOUSE OF SAVOY.]

{3878}

[Image: THE FAMILY OF THE MEDICI, IN FLORENCE.]

{3879}

[Image: THE HOUSE OF ORANGE-NASSAU.]

{3880}

[Image: LINEAGE OF THE SOVEREIGNS OF SWEDEN.]

{3881}

[Image: LINEAGE OF THE SOVEREIGNS OF DENMARK.]

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[Image: LINEAGE OF THE ROMANOFF SOVEREIGNS OF RUSSIA.]

{3883}

[Image: THE SELJUK TURKISH SULTANS.]

[Image: THE OTTOMAN TURKISH SULTANS.]

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[Blank]

{3885}

A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH OCCASIONAL NOTES.

ANCIENT HISTORY: ORIENTAL.

BLISS, FREDERICK J. A mound of many cities, or Tell el Hesy excavated. London and New York: Macmillan & Co. 1894.

BRUGSCH, HENRY. History of Egypt under the Pharaohs, derived entirely from the monuments. London: J. Murray. 1879. 2 volumes.

History of Egypt under the Pharaohs, derived entirely from the monuments. A new edition, condensed and revised by Mr. Brodrick. London: J. Murray. 1891.

Corrected in some particulars by later discoveries, the work of Dr. Brugach is still the most comprehensive summary of Egyptian history derived from the study of the monuments.

BUDGE, E. A. WALLIS. Babylonian life and history. London: R. T. S. 1884.

Number IV. In the series entitled "By-paths of Bible Knowledge."

The Mummy: chapters on Egyptian funeral archaeology. Cambridge: University Press. 1893.

CHEYNE, T. K. Jeremiah: his life and times. London: J. Nisbet & Co. [1888.]

CHURCH, ALFRED J. The story of the last days of Jerusalem. London: Seeley & Co. 1881.

The narrative of Josephus translated in the happy style for which Mr. Church Is famous.

CONDER, CLAUDE R. Heth and Moab, explorations in Syria In 1881-82. London: R. Bentley & Son. 1883.

Syrian stone-lore; or the monumental history of Palestine. London: Bentley & Son. 1886.

Published for the Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.

DARMESTETER, JAMES. Les Prophètes d'Israel. Paris: C. Lévy. 1892.

DUNCKER, MAX. History of Antiquity; translated by Evelyn Abbott. London. 1877-82. 6 volumes.

EDWARDS, AMELIA B. Pharaohs, fellahs and explorers. New York: Harper & Bros. 1891.

A thousand miles up the Nile. London: Longmans. 1877.

EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND. Memoirs. London: Trübner & Co. 1885.

The Store-city of Pithom and the route of the Exodus; by E. Naville.

Tanis; by W. M. Flinders Petrie, parts 1 and 2.

Naukratis; by W. M. F. Petrie, parts 1 and 2.

The Shrine of Saft el Henneh and the Land of Goshen; by E. Naville;

The Mound of the Jew and the City of Onias; by E. Naville;

Bubastis; by E. Naville.

The festival Hall of Osorkon II. in the great temple of Bubastis; by E. Naville.

Ahnas el Medineh (Heracleopolis Magna); by E. Naville.

ERMAN, ADOLF, Life in ancient Egypt. London and New York: Macmillan &Co.

EVETTS, BASIL T. A. New light on the Bible and the Holy Land, being an account of some recent discoveries in the East. New York: Cassell Co. [1894.]

EWALD, HEINRICH. History of Israel. London: Longmans. 1869-86. 8 volumes.

GEIGER, W. Civilization of the Eastern Iranians in ancient times; with an introduction on the Avesta religion. London: H. Frowde. 1885. 2 volumes.

GRAETZ, H. History of the Jews, from the earliest times to the present day. London: D. Nutt. 1891. 5 volumes.

Sketches the ancient history of the Jews very slightly but is full from the Roman Period down to 1870.

GRANT Sir ALEXANDER. Xenophon. (Ancient Classics for English Readers.) Edinburgh: W. Blackwood & Sons. Philadelphia: Lippincott & Co. 1811.

HARPER, HENRY A. The Bible and modern discoveries, Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1890.

HERODOTUS. Stories of the East from Herodotus; by A. J. Church. London: Seeley & Co. 1881.

The story of the Persian War from Herodotus; by A. J. Church. London: Seeley & Co. 1882.

HERODOTUS. History; a new English version; edited with notes, etc., by George Rawlinson and G. Wilkinson. London: J. Murray. 1858. 4 volumes.

A work of great value, in which Canon Rawlinson and Mr. Wilkinson were assisted by Sir Henry Rawlinson, the Assyriologist. It in not every reader who has leisure two master such a book as Rawlinson's English 'Herodotus.' But; something of this fountain of history all may know; Even such pleasant boy's as Mr. Church's 'Stories from the East' and 'Stories from Herodotus' we get some flavour of the fine old Greek traveller. There are three great sections of Herodotus which are of special interest: 1. the history of the foundation of Cyrus' kingdom; 2. the books on the history, antiquities and customs of Egypt; 3. the immortal story of Marathon, Thermopylæ and Salamis." Frederic Harrison, The Meaning of History, page 90.

JOSEPHUS, FLAVIUS. Works; Whiston's translation, revised by A. R. Shilleto. London: Bell & Sons. 1889.

LACOUPERIE, TERRIEN DE. Western origin of the early Chinese civilization. London: Asher & Co. 1894.

A definite presentation of the view long urged by Dr. Lacouperie, that the Akkadian or primitive Babylonian culture was communicated at an early day to the Chinese.

LEWIN, THOMAS. The siege of Jerusalem by Titus. London: Longmans. 1863.

LOCKYER, J. N. The dawn of Astronomy; a study of the temple-worship and mythology of the ancient Egyptians. London and New York: Macmillan & Co.

McCURDY, JAMES FREDERICK. History, Prophecy and the Monuments. London and New York: Macmillan & Co. 1894.

A work in which the latest researches and studies in the East are made fruitful.

MARIETTE, AUGUSTE. Outlines of ancient Egyptian history. London: Gilbert & Rivington. 1890.

MASPERO, G. The dawn of Civilization: Egypt and Chaldæa; edited by A. H. Sayee. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1894.

Egyptian archæology; translated from the French by Amelia B. Edwards. London: H. Grevel & Co.

Hlstoire ancienne des peuples de l'Orient. Paris: Hachette. 1886.

MILMAN, HENRY HART. History of the Jews. London: J. Murray. 3 volumes.

Bringing the modern account of the Jews throughout the world down to about 1860.

MORRISON, W. D. The Jews under Roman rule. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. London: T. F. Unwin. 1890.

In the series of "The Story of the Nations."

MYERS, P. V. N. Eastern nations and Greece. (Ancient history for colleges and high schools.) Boston: Ginn & Co. 1890.

NEWMAN, FRANCIS W. History of the Hebrew Monarchy, from the administration of Samuel to the Babylonish captivity. 2d edition London: J. Chapman. 1853.

PERROT, GEORGES, and CHARLES CHIPIEZ. History of Art in ancient Egypt; translated from the French. London: Chapman & Hall. 1883. 2 volumes.

History of Art In Chaldea and Assyria. London. 1884. 2 volumes.

History of Art In Phœnicia and its dependencies. London. 1885. 2 volumes.

History of Art in primitive Greece. London. 1894.

PETRIE, W. M. FLINDERS. History of Egypt from the earliest times to the XVIth dynasty. London: Methuen & Co. 1894.

"This volume is but the first of a series which is intended to embrace the whole history of Egypt down to modern times. It is expected that three volumes will treat of the period of the Pharaohs, one volume of the Ptolemies, one volume of the Roman age, and one volume of Arabic Egypt. So far as practicable, the same system will be maintained throughout, though by different writers; and the aim of all will be to provide a general history, with such fulness and precision as shall suffice for the use of students." From the Author's Preface.

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PETRIE, W. M. FLINDERS. Tell el Amarna; with chapters by A. H. Sayce and others. London: Methuen & Co. 1894.

Ten years' digging in Egypt, 1881-1891. London: R. T. S. 1892.

POOLE, REGINALD STUART. The cities of Egypt. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1882.

RAGOZIN, ZENAÏDE A. The story of Chaldea, to the rise of Assyria. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. London: T. F. Unwin. 1886.

Story of Assyria: to the fall of Nineveh. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. London: T. F. Unwin. 1887.

The story of Media, Babylonia and Persia, to the Persian War. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. London: T. F. Unwin.

Three good popular histories in the series entitled "The Story of the Nations."

RAMSAY, W. M. Historical geography of Asia Minor. London: J. Murray. 1890.

RAWLINSON, GEORGE. The Five Great Monarchies of the ancient eastern world [Chaldea, Assyria, Babylon, Media and Persia]. London: Murray. 1862.

The Sixth Great Oriental Monarchy [Parthia]. London: Longmans. 1873.

The Seventh Great Oriental Monarchy [Sassanian or New Persian]. London: Longmans. 1876.

In the light of later discoveries, Rawlinson's history of the five earlier oriental monarchies is very defective; but the history of Parthia and of the revived Persian monarchy retains its value.

RECORDS OF THE PAST; being English translations of the Assyrian and Egyptian monuments. London: S. Bagster & Sons. 1873-81, 12 volumes., and 1889-1893. 6 volumes.

RENAN, ERNEST. History of the People of Israel till the time of King David. London: Chapman & Hall. 1888. 3 volumes.

SAYCE, A. H. The Ancient Empires of the East. Herodotus I-III. With notes, introductions, and appendices. London: Macmillan & Co. 1883.

Assyria, its princes, priests and people. London: R. T. S. 1885.

Fresh light from the ancient monuments. London: R. T. S. [1883.]

Numbers VII. and III. in the series entitled "By-path of Bible Knowledge."

The Hittites: the story of a forgotten empire. London: R. T. S. 1888.

Introduction to the books of Ezra, Nehemiah and Esther. London: R. T. S. 1885.

Life and times of Isaiah, as illustrated by contemporary monuments. London: R. T. S. 1889.

Number XIII. in the series of small monographs entitled "By-paths of Bible Knowledge."

A primer of Assyriology. New York: F. H. Revell Co. [1894.]

SCHÜRER, EMIL. History of the Jewish people in the time of Christ. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark. 1885. 5 volumes and index.

SHARPE, SAMUEL. History of Egypt from the earliest times till the conquest of the Arabs. London: Moxon & Co. 1859. 2 volumes.

Important as covering the Ptolemaic and Roman periods in Egyptian history more fully than any other work in English.

SIMCOX, EDITH J. Primitive civilizations; or outlines of the history of ownership in archaic communities. London: S. Sonnenschein & Co. 1894. 2 volumes.

SMITH, GEORGE ADAMS. Historical geography of the Holy Land. London: Hodder & Stoughton. 1894.

SMITH, R. BOSWORTH. Carthage and the Carthaginians. London: Longmans. 1878.

SMITH, W. ROBERTSON. The Prophets of Israel and their place in history, to the close of the 8th century B. C. Edinburgh: A. & C. Black. 1882.

SOCIETY OF BIBLICAL ARCHÆOLOGY. Transactions, 1872-1894. 10 volumes. Proceedings, 1878-1894. 16 volumes.

TIELE, C. P. Babylonische-Assyrische Geschichte. Gotha: F. A. Perthes. 1886. 2 volumes.

Western Asia, according to the most recent discoveries. Rectorial address, Leyden University, 1893. London: Luzac & Co.

TOMKINS. H. G. Life and times of Joseph, in the light of Egyptian lore. London: R. T. S. 1891.

In the series entitled "By-paths of Bible Knowledge."

Studies on the times of Abraham. London: Bagster & Sons. [1879.]

TWENTY-ONE YEARS' WORK IN THE HOLY LAND (a record and a summary); 1865-1886. London: R. Bentley & Son. 1886.

Published for the Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.

WELLHAUSEN, J. Sketch of the history of Israel and Judah. 3d edition. London: A. & C. Black. 1891.

A republication of the article "Israel" contributed to the Encyclopædia. Britannica.

WENDEL, F. C. H. History of Egypt. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1890.

An extremely condensed and not very readable sketch of the history of ancient Egypt, but one which specialist have commended for correctness of knowledge.

WILKINSON, Sir J. GARDNER. Manners and customs of the ancient Egyptians. New edition, revised and corrected by Samuel Birch. London: J. Murray. 1878. 2 volumes.

WRIGHT, W. B. Ancient cities; from the dawn to the daylight. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1886.

ANCIENT HISTORY: GREECE AND ROME.

ABBOTT, EVELYN. History of Greece. London: Rivingtons. 1888. volumes 1-2.

The first volume carries the narrative to the Ionian revolt, the second to the Thirty Years Peace. "When completed, it will supply a want long felt, that of a good history of Greece of a size intermediate between Thirlwall, Grote, and Curtius, on the one hand, and the smaller text books and manuals on the other." English Historical Review, January, 1889.

Pericles and the Golden Age of Athens. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1891.

In the series entitled "Heroes of the Nations."

ARCHÆOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA. Papers: Classical Series. Boston. 1882.

Including "Papers of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens."

ARISTOTLE. On the Constitution of Athens; translated by E. Poste. London: Macmillan & Co. 1891.

A translation of the lately-found treaties believed to be by Aristotle. "While putting us in possession of more facts concerning the constitutional history of Athens than have been known hitherto, this treatise presents very great difficulties, both critical and historical. … We must receive the new information with caution, and far from looking on it as superseding our older authorities, we must remember that much of it may not be the work of Aristotle or of Aristotle's time." E. Abbott, History of Greece, part 2, appendix 2.

Politics; translated by B. Jowett: with essays, notes, etc. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1885. 2 volumes.

ARNOLD, THOMAS. History of Rome; new edition. London: T. Fellowes. 1871. 3 volumes.

Dr. Arnold's History is founded on Niebuhr's. The fact is frankly stated in his preface: " When Niebuhr died, and there was now no hope of seeing his great work completed in a manner worthy of its beginning, I was more desirous than ever of executing my original plan, of presenting in a more popular form what he had lived to finish, and of continuing it afterwards with such advantages as I have derived from a long study and an intense admiration of his example and model." It was Dr. Arnold's hope to cover the whole stretch of Roman history, to Charlemagne; but he had only reached the narrative of the second Punic War when death arrested his work.

BARTHÉLEMY, Abbé. Travels of Anacharsis the younger in Greece, 4th century, B. C.

BLÜMNER, H. The home life of the ancient Greeks; translated from the German. London: Cassell Co. 1890.

BURY, J. B. History of the later Roman Empire, from Arcadius to Irene. (395 to 800 A. D.), London: Macmillan & Co., 1889. 2 volumes.

A work written with more knowledge and carefulness than literary art.

BUTCHER, S. H. Some aspects of Greek genius. London: Macmillan & Co. 1891.

CÆSAR, CAIUS JULIUS. Commentaries on the Gallic and Civil Wars, with the supplementary books attributed to Hirtius; literally translated, with notes [Bohn edition].

CICERO. Life and letters; the life by Dr. Conyers Middleton; letters translated by W. Melmoth and Dr. Heberden. Edinburgh: W. P. Nimmo. 1892.

CURTIUS, ERNST. History of Greece; translated from the German by A. W. Ward. London: R. Bentley & Son. 1871-74. 5 volumes.

Professor Curtius ends his History at the attainment of supremacy in Hellas by Philip of Macedonia. See note to Thirlwall's "History of Greece," below.

DAVIDSON, THOMAS. The education of the Greek people and its influence on civilization. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1894.

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DODGE, THEODORE A. Alexander: a history of the origin and growth of the art of war, to the battle of Ipsus, B. C. 301. Boston: Houghton; Mifflin & Co. 1890.

Cæsar: a history of the art of war among the Romans down to the end of the Roman Empire. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1892.

Hannibal: a history of the art of war among the Carthaginians and Romans, down to the battle of Pydna, 168 B. C. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1891.

DUNCKER, MAX. History of Greece; translated, from the German. London: R. Bentley & Son. 1883-86. volumes 1-2.

An unfinished work.

DURUY, VICTOR. History of Greece and of the Greek people, to the Roman conquest; translated from the French. Boston: Estes & Lauriat. 1892. 4 volumes.

History of Rome and the Roman people, to the establishment of the Christian Empire; translated from the French; edited by J. P. Mahaffy. Boston: Estes & Lauriat. 1883.

Works both scholarly and popular, and made exceedingly attractive by admirable illustrations.

DYER, THOMAS H. Ancient Athens: its history, topography and remains. London: Bell & Daldy. 1873.

EPOCHS OF ANCIENT HISTORY; edited by Rev. Sir G. W. Cox, Bart., and C. Sankey. London: Longmans. New York: C. Scribner's Sons.

The Greeks and the Persians; by Rev. Sir G. W. Cox.

The Athenian Empire, to the fall of Athens; by Rev. Sir G. W. Cox.

The Spartan and Theban Supremacies; by Charles Sankey;

The rise of the Macedonian Empire; by Arthur M. Curteis:

Rome to its capture by the Gauls; by Wilhelm Ihne.

Rome and Carthage; by R. Bosworth Smith.

The Gracchi, Marius and Sulla; by A. H. Beesly.

The Roman Triumvirates; by Charles Merivale.

The Early Roman Empire, from the assassination of Cæsar to that of Domitian; by W. W. Capes.

The Roman Empire of the second century, or the age of the Antonines; by W. W. Capes.

FALKE, JACOB VON. Greece and Rome; their life and art; translated from the German. New York: H. Holt & Co. 1882.

FELTON, C. C. Greece, ancient and modern. Boston: Ticknor & Fields. 1867. 2 volumes.

FINLAY, GEORGE. Greece under the Romans. Edinburg: W. Blackwood & Sons.

FOWLER, W. WARDE. The city-state of the Greeks and Romans. London: Macmillan & Co. 1893.

Julius Cæsar and the foundation of the Roman imperial system. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1892.

In the series entitled "Heroes of the Nations."

FREEMAN, EDWARD A. History of Federal Government. volume 1. General Introduction. History of the Greek Federations. London: Macmillan & Co. 1863.

"This noble work, in some respects the grandest of the author's conceptions, was never completed. … The war of 1866 between Prussia and Austria marked the beginning of organic changes in Germany which Mr. Freeman was anxious to watch for awhile before finishing his book. He therefore turned aside and took up the third of his three great works[the History od Sicily being the second]—the only one that he lived to complete—the History of the Norman Conquest of England." J. Fiske. Edward Augustus Freeman (Atlantic Monthly; January, 1893).

History of Sicily. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1891. volumes 1-4.

Left unfinished at Professor Freeman's death. The fourth volume, prepared by other hands, from the materials that he had made ready, carries the history to the death of Agathokles.

FROUDE, JAMES ANTHONY. Cæsar: a sketch. London: Longmans. 1879.

A brilliant and fascinating piece of historical writing, but tainted with Carlylean hero worship.

FUSTEL DE COULANGES, N. D. The ancient city: a study of the religion, laws and institutions of ancient Greece and Rome; translated from the French. Boston: Lee & Shepard. 1874.

GARDNER, PERCY. New chapters in Greek history: historical results of recent excavations in Greece and Asia Minor. London: J. Murray. 1892.

GIBBON, EDWARD. History of the decline and fall of the Roman Empire; with notes by Milman, Guizot, and Dr. William Smith.

"We may correct and improve in detail from the stores which have been opened since Gibbon's time; we may write again large parts of his story from other, and often truer and more wholesome, points of view. But the work of Gibbon, as a whole, as the encyclopædic history of thirteen hundred years, as the grandest of historical designs carried out alike with wonderful power and with wonderful accuracy, must ever keep its place. Whatever else is read, Gibbon must be read too."

E. A. Freeman, Historical Essays, pages 307-308.

"It is no personal paradox but the judgment of all competent men, that the 'Decline and Fall' of Gibbon is the most perfect historical composition that exists in any language: at once scrupulously faithful in its facts; consummate in its literary art; and comprehensive in analysis of the forces affecting society over a very long and crowded epoch." Frederic Harrison, The Meaning of History, page 101.

GLADSTONE, WILLIAM E. Juventus Mundi; the gods and men of the heroic age. London: Macmillan. 1869.

GROTE, GEORGE. History of Greece, to the close of the generation contemporary with Alexander the Great. London: J. Murray. 12 volumes.

"A business man, foreign to university life and its traditions, a skeptic in religion, a positivist in philosophy and, above all, an advanced Radical in politics," Grote. "was persuaded that the great social and political results of Greek history were because of, and not in spite of, the prevalence of democracy among its states. He would not accept the verdict of all the old Greek theorist who voted for the rule of the one or enlightened few; and he wrote what may be called a great political pamphlet in twelve volumes in vindication of democratic principles. It was this idea which not only marshalled his facts, but lent its fire to his argument; and when combined with his Radicalism in religion and philosophy, produced a book so remarkable, that, however much it may be corrected and criticised, it will never be superseded. It is probably the greatest history among the many great histories produced in this century; and though very inferior in style to Gibbon's 'Decline and Fall,' will rank next to it as a monument of English historical genius." J. P. Mahaffy, Problems in Greek History, chapter 1.

GUHL, E. and W. KONER. The life of the Greeks and Romans; translated from the German. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1875.

HODGKIN, THOMAS. The dynasty of Theodosius; or eighty years' struggle with the barbarians; a series of lectures. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1889.

HORTON, R. F. History of the Romans. London: Rivingtons. 1885.

A short history of republican Rome, containing more of the tracing of influences, constitutional and institutional, and more of the interpreted meaning of events, than are found in any other work of its modest class.

IHNE, WILHELM. History of Rome. English edition. London: Longmans. 1871-77. 5 volumes.

Closes with the death of Sulla., where Dean Merivale begins his "History of the Romans under the Empire." "As the book maintains in all its parts a strictly judicial attitude, it is far less entertaining than the brilliant advocacy of Mommsen; but for this very reason it is to be held as a safer authority." C. K. Adams, Manual of Historical Literature, page 124,

LANCIANI, RODOLFO. Ancient Rome in the light of recent discoveries. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1888.

LEWIS, GEORGE CORNEWALL. An inquiry into the credibility of early Roman history. London: J. W. Parker & Sons. 1855. 2 volumes.