THE BOOK OF NATIONS Geographical, Historical, Descriptive (continued 2)

479. Fourth expedition of the Persians against Greece. Greek victories at Platæa and Mycale. Persian army destroyed. 479. Persians expelled from Greece.

475 SOPHOCLES (495-406).

465. Battle of the Eurymedon. 465-424. Artaxerxes I. succeeded to the throne.

464-456. THIRD MESSENIAN WAR. 458(?). Ezra. 462-455. Second revolt of the Egyptians.

457-445. War of the Spartans and Bœotians against Athens.

455(?). Herodotus in Egypt.

450 449. Battle of Salamis in Cyprus.

HERODOTUS (484-408).

EURIPIDES (480-406).

445. End of Persian war. Thirty years’ peace between Athens and Sparta.

IV. Age of Pericles and Greek Luxury

PERICLES (499-429).

444-429. Athens under the administration of Pericles, reached the zenith of its greatness. 444. Nehemiah, governor of Jerusalem. Rebuilds the city walls.

PHIDIAS (fl. 448-440).

431-404. PELOPONNESIAN WAR—between Athens and Sparta.

425 SOCRATES (469-399). 424. Xerxes II. murdered by his brother Sogdianus same year.

421. Alcibiades in power at Athens. 423. Darius II.

THUCYDIDES (471-402).

415-413. Expedition of the Athenians against Syracuse. Greek defeat. Decline of Athenian power. 415. Death of Nehemiah. High priests rule under Persian authority. 412. Sparta recognized Persian rule in Asia minor.

405. Lysander of Sparta destroyed Athenian fleet. 405. Egypt declared its independence.

The Spartan Supremacy (405-371).

404. Surrender of Athens and end of Peloponnesian War. Sparta supreme in Greece. 404. Egypt independent of Persia for short period. 404. Artaxerxes II. Revolt of his younger brother Cyrus, aided by Greeks.

401. Cyrus defeated at Cunaxa and slain. “Retreat of the Ten Thousand.”

400 399-394. War between the Spartans and Persians. Fall of Spartan power in Asia. 398. Artaxerxes II. War with Greece. Egypt and Cyprus assisted Greece.

PLATO (429-347). 394. Persian fleet defeated the Spartans at Cnidus.

379-362. War between Thebes and Sparta. Thebes freed.

375 361. Treaty with Sparta vs. Persians. 370. Persian satrap suppressed civil war. 370-363. Renewed revolts in Asia Minor. Egypt joined the rebels and invaded Syria.

359. Rise of the Macedonian power. Philip of Macedon. 359-342. Persian invasions of Egypt. Nectanebo II. last native king.

DEMOSTHENES (382-347). 358. Artaxerxes III. seized the throne. Persians defeated in Egypt.

357-355. The Social War.

355-346. Second Sacred War against the Phocians, who seized Delphi.

350 ARISTOTLE (384-322). 350. Temple destroyed by Persians. Many Jews deported.

V. The Macedonian Period (338-146) 340. Conquest of Egypt.

339-338. THIRD SACRED WAR. Macedonians against Athens and Greece.

338. Macedonia supreme under Philip II. 337. Mithridates I. of Pontus became independent of Persia.

336. Philip assassinated.

336-323. ALEXANDER THE GREAT, King of Macedonia. Great extension of power. 335. Darius III. ascended the throne.

334-328. WARS OF ALEXANDER IN ASIA. 334-323. Alexander the Great overthrows Persians, and is master of Egypt. Greek domination. Alexandria founded. 334-332. Alexander the Great defeated Darius at Granicus and Issus.

334. Battle at Granicus.

333. Founded Alexandria in Egypt. Occupied Babylon, subdued Persia and Darius III. Invaded India in 327. 333. Palestine under Alexander the Great. Remained under Greek domination to 198 B. C. 331. Battle of Arbela. The Persians defeated by the Macedonians and Greeks under Alexander the Great. END OF THE PERSIAN EMPIRE.

Euclid (Alexandria). (fl. 325).

The Immense Greek Empire of Alexander The Great

325

323. Death of Alexander at Babylon. His empire split up among his generals after his death. Perdiccas became regent in Asia for Alexander’s half brother and his posthumous son. Antipater and Craterus shared the regency of the west. The other generals received lieutenancies: Ptolemæus, Egypt; Antigonus, Pamphylia, Phrygia and Lycia; Eumenes, Alexander’s secretary, Paphlygonia and Cappadocia; and Cassander, Caria; Leonnatus, Phrygia on the Hellespont.

323-301. Wars of Alexander’s Successors for his Asiatic Dominions. The first partition of the empire was made 322, but twenty-two years elapsed before peace was concluded between the contending claimants.

KINGDOMS AND STATES which arose upon the DIVISION OF THE MACEDONIAN EMPIRE AT THE DEATH OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT.

Macedonia Greece Thrace Egypt Palestine Phrygia, Lycia, Pamphylia Syria

323. Perdiccas appointed regent; slain 321. 323-322. Lamian War; Phocian at head of affairs. Death of Demosthenes. 323. Lysimachus is appointed governor of Thrace. 323. Ptolemy I. Soter, the son of Lagus. 323. Annexed with Phœnicia to Syria.

319. Polysperchon succeeds Antipater, and proclaims liberty to the Grecian cities. 321. Antipater, regent of the empire. 320. Ptolemy makes himself master of Cyprus and Syria. 320. Phrygia, Lycia, Pamphylia fell to the share of Antigonus, who defeats Eumenes and makes himself master of all Asia Minor. 321. The Kingdom of the Seleucidæ founded by Seleucus Nicator, who received Babylon as his province.

317. Phocion put to death by the Athenians. Demetrius Phalereus governs Athens.

315. Cassander rebuilds Thebes. 312. Capture of Jerusalem by Ptolemy. Colony of Jews in Alexandria. 315. Formation of a league against Antigonus by Ptolemy, Cassander, Seleucus, and Lysimachus 312. Syria ruled by Seleucus Nicator; he takes Babylon. Era of the Seleucidæ.

311-301. Subject to Antigonus.

303. Demetrius Poliorcetes, general of the Grecian states, opposes Cassander. 307. Lysimachus seizes the throne. 305. Ptolemy assumes the regal title of Egypt. Alexandria begins a great period.

302. Cassander, king of Macedonia. 302. Invades Asia. 301. Again under Egypt. 301. Battle of Ipsus. Antigonus killed. 301. After the battle of Ipsus, Seleucus gains the provinces of Syria, Cappadocia, Mesopotamia, and Armenia.

301. AFTER THE BATTLE OF IPSUS ALEXANDER’S EMPIRE WAS AGAIN DIVIDED INTO FOUR CHIEF PARTS.

Macedonia Greek States Egypt Palestine Seleucid Kingdom

300 296. Death of Cassander. Quarrels of his two sons, Antipater and Alexander. The empire of the Ptolemies extended over Egypt, Libya, Cyrene, Arabia Pettræa, Judæa, Phœnicia, Damascus, and Cyprus. Golden age of the Ptolemies. 300. Canon of Old Testament, under Simon the Just. 299. Seleucus built or improved a great number of cities including Antioch, Seleucia, Apamea, and Laodicea.

287. Demetrius expelled by Pyrrhus. Lysimachus drives Pyrrhus out of Macedonia. 287. Athens revolts from Demetrius. 287. Seleucus defeats Demetrius Poliorcetes and keeps him prisoner.

283. Death of Demetrius. 281. Lysimachus defeated and slain by Seleucus. 281. The Achæan League created. Lysimachus defeated and slain by Seleucus in the battle of Korupedion. 283-247. Ptolemy II. Philadelphus, the most magnificent of the Egyptian kings, is associated by his father in the kingdom. Canal of Arsinoë. Obelisk. 284. The Septuagint translation of the Old Testament, begun at Alexandria, by order of Ptolemy Philadelphus.

280. Sosthenes ascends the throne and liberates his country; but falls, 278. 280. Antiochus I. succeeds Seleucus. 278-250. Nicomedes I.

277. Antigonus Gonatas, King of Macedonia, descendant of one of Alexander’s generals, master of all Greece except Sparta. 277. Gauls (Galatia) invaded Asia Minor.

275 274. Pyrrhus invades Macedonia, defeats Antigonas, and is proclaimed king. 273. Ambassadors sent to Rome.

272. Pyrrhus besieges Sparta and Argos—is slain, and Antigonus is restored. 272. Roman embassy sent to Egypt.

266. The Chremonidean War. Athens and Sparta allied in revolt against Macedonia.

V. FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE PUNIC OR CARTHAGINIAN WARS TO THE FOUNDING OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE, 264-30, B. C.

Great Events of Period. 300-200: Rome mistress of Italy; then, victorious over Carthage, extends her influence to Greece and Spain. Peasant proprietors replaced by slaves in Italy. 200-100: Greece, Macedonia, Carthage, and Spain under Roman rule; decline of the Roman Oligarchy; the Gracchi begin the democratic revolution which ends in the empire. Eastern luxury introduced among the Romans. 100-1: The Romans govern all the countries around the Mediterranean. Roman Oligarchy is followed by establishment of the empire.

B. C. Carthage Rome Macedonia Greek States Seleucid Empire Palestine Egypt Parthia China, India, Japan B. C.

III. Epoch of the Punic Wars, and Beginning of the Universal Rule of Rome (264-146)

264-241. FIRST PUNIC WAR. Carthaginians led by Hamilcar, father of Hannibal. 262. Antigonus took Athens. End of its independence and political importance. 261. Revolt of Parthians from Seleucid rule. Parthian kingdom formed. The Jews remained subject to Egypt down to B. C. 203, in comparative peace.

256. Regulus invades Africa and is defeated by Xanthippus, a Spartan general. 260. First Roman fleet built. Victory at sea. 255. Antigonus liberates Athens. Athens joins the Achæan League.

Scipio Africanus.

ARCHIMEDES (287-212).

250 250-248. Arsaces I. founds the kingdom of Parthia, having killed Agathocles, and expelled the Macedonians. 250

241. Peace with Carthage. The ceded parts of Sicily formed the first Roman province there. 247-30. Ptolemy III., Euergetes. Extended his empire by conquests in Mesopotamia, Babylonia, Persia, Susiana, and Media, and extends his influence as far as Thrace and Macedonia.

238. Hamilcar begins establishment of Carthaginian power in Spain. 241. The Roman fleet under Catulus defeats the Carthaginians off the Ægatian Islands.

HANNIBAL (247-183). 227. War between Cleomenes, King of Sparta, and the Ætolian league.

226. Athens freed from Macedonia allied with Rome.

225 224. The Romans first cross the Po. 223. Antiochus III., the Great, ruled Syria, Phœnicia to Egypt. 225

221. Hannibal succeeds Asdrubal in the command. 219. Hannibal takes Saguntum and crosses the Alps. 221-210. China: Chi-Huang-Ti, first universal emperor. Great wall built.

218-201. SECOND PUNIC WAR. Hannibal crossed the Alps.

217. Romans defeated at Lake Trasimeno. 217. Antiochus III. defeated by Ptolemy Philopater in the battle of Raphia.

216. Romans at Cannæ totally defeated by Hannibal. Fabius Maximus, Dictator. 216. Arsaces III., King of Persia.

215. Treaty between Hannibal and Philip V. of Macedonia.

214-205. FIRST WAR WITH MACEDONIA.

212. Syracuse taken by Marcellus. Archimedes killed. 212-206. Campaigns in Upper Asia against the Parthians and Bactrians.

211. Capua taken by the Romans. 211. Alliance of Rome, the Ætolians, Spartans, Eleans and Illyria. 211. The Ætolians secure the alliance of Rome against the Achæans and the Macedonians.

209. Publius Scipio takes New Carthage.

207. Nero and Livy defeat Hasdrubal at the Metaurus—Hasdrubal killed. Here it was decided that the civilization of the world was to be Roman rather than Carthaginian. 207. Battle of Mantinea: Philopœmen, the general of the Achæan League, defeats the Spartans.

206. The Carthaginians defeated in the battle of Ilipa and driven out of Spain. 206. China: The dynasty of Han founded; it lasts until 221 A. D. One of the most brilliant periods in the history of China.

204. Scipio carries the war into Africa. 204. General peace. 205. Ptolemy V., Epiphanes. Lost most of the cities of Palestine and Phœnicia to Antiochus and the cities of the Hellespont to Philip V. of Macedon. Egypt assisted by Rome.

202. Flight of Hannibal. Carthage conquered. Battle of Zama. End of Punic War. 203. Philip wages war against Attalus and the Rhodians. 203. Judæa submits to Antiochus the Great. Roman influence prevails from this time

200 200-197. SECOND MACEDONIAN WAR. 198. The Achæans and Spartans join the Romans against Macedonia. 198. Antiochus defeats the Egyptians under Scopas in a great battle in Palestine. 198. The Jews assist Antiochus in expelling Scopas and the Egyptian troops from Jerusalem; final establishment of the Syrian power in Palestine. 199-138. India: So-called “Greek Kings.” 200

197. Philip V. defeated at Cynoscephalæ by the Romans under Flamininus.

196. Hannibal joins Antiochus, whom he urges to carry on war against the Romans. 195. Cato in Spain. 196. Macedonian Greece declared free by the Romans. 195. Hannibal flees to Antiochus III. 196. Arsaces IV., King of Parthia.

193. Masinissa, King of Numidia, harasses the Carthaginians, and injures their commerce. 192-190. War with Antiochus of Syria, who is totally defeated at Magnesia by Scipio Asiaticus. 192. Syria at war with Rome. 190. Scipio Asiaticus defeats Antiochus III. at Magnesia and compels him to cede all of Asia Minor excepting Cilicia. 193. Ptolemy marries the daughter of Antiochus the Great.

Rome the Arbitress of Nations, from the Atlantic to the Euphrates. 189. The Ætolian League crushed by the Romans. 189. Armenia revolts from the Seleucid rule and establishes its independence.

The dangers which threaten Carthage are much increased by the rising jealousy of Rome, the daring hostilities of Masinissa, and the factious spirit of her own citizens. 188. Philopœmen abrogates the laws of Lycurgus in Sparta. 187. Antiochus III. killed; succeeded by Seleucus IV. Philopator. 187. Ptolemy renews his alliance with the Achæans.

181. Demetrius is put to death by his father. 183. Philopœmen is taken prisoner and put to death by the Messenians. Decline of the Achæan League. 181-146. Ptolemy VI. (Philometor). 181-174. Arsaces V., conquers the Mardians on the Caspian.

177. Istria subdued. 179. Death of Philip.

175 172. The Romans effect the dissolution of the Bœotian confederacy. 175-164. Antiochus IV. Epiphanes. Universally hated and despised. 175. Deposition of the high priest Onias. 174-136. Mithridates I., raises Parthia to an exalted rank. 175

171-168. THIRD MACEDONIAN WAR. 171. Invades Egypt, and gains a victory at Pelusium. 171-168. War with Antiochus Epiphanes.

168. Decisive battle of Pydna, and overthrow of the kingdom of Macedon. 170. Another victory. Subjugation of Egypt as far as Alexandria. 170. Tyranny of Antiochus.

167. Revolt of Mattathias, which proves remarkably successful.

The Romans aspire to universal empire. Increased patronage of literature and the arts. Grecian system of education adopted at Rome. 164. Dies on his way to Babylon. Loss of Babylonia, Persia, and all the countries between the Euphrates and Indus. 166-161. Judas Maccabæus. 164. Partition of the kingdom. Physcon receives Cyrene and Libya. 166. China: Tartar invasion.

161-150. Demetrius I. Soter. 161-142. Jonathan joins the party of Alexander Bala, and becomes the leading man in Judæa. Continued struggle of the Jews, in defence of their civil and religious rights to 130.

152. Masinissa’s party expelled from Carthage, which leads to a war. Masinissa defeats the Carthaginians. Carthage at this time contained 700,000 inhabitants. 155-150. Spanish War. The Roman arms unsuccessful in Spain. 155. Embassy of Diogenes, Carniades, and Critolaus to Rome. 153-152. Alexander Bala. Occupies Ptolemais.

150 149-146. THIRD PUNIC WAR. 148. Macedon reduced to a Roman province. 150. Dissensions between the Spartans and Achæans. 150. Demetrius killed in battle. 150-125. Demetrius II. Nicator. regains his father’s kingdom by the aid of Ptolemy Philometor. 150

146. P. Scipio Æmilianus takes and destroys Carthage. A Roman province. 149-8. FOURTH MACEDONIAN WAR. Cato’s continual harangue “Delenda est Carthage.” 146. Fall of Corinth. Roman province of Achæa. 146-117. Ptolemy VII. (Euergetes II.), a cruel and odious tyrant.

IV. Epoch of the Civil Wars Down to the Absolute Rule of Octavian, After the Battle of Actium.

Affairs in the West Affairs and Civil Wars in Rome Affairs in the East

146-140. War with Viriathus, the gallant leader of the Lusitani, who maintains a six years’ war with Rome. A struggle arises between the aristocracy (the nobiles and optimates, or rich families of senators and magistrates) and the plebs, or common people.

145. Æmilianus is sent against Viriathus.

143-133. Numantine War of ten years. 143. Embassy of Scipio Africanus to Alexandria.

140. Viriathus is treacherously murdered, and Lusitania becomes a Roman province. 140. China: Vouti, Emperor, Great Ruler. Invasion of Huns.

133-121. Civil Troubles under the Gracchi. 133. Pergamus bequeathed to Rome by Attalus III. 137-128. Antiochus VI. Sidetes, marries Cleopatra. 138. The invasion of Demetrius II. of Syria.

128. Flaccus reduces the Transalpine Ligurians. Increase of Roman power in Transalpine Gaul. 130. The Tribunes obtain a seat and the right of voting in the senate. 129. War with Parthia, in which Antiochus is slain, 126. The succeeding history of the Seleucidæ is a horrid picture of civil wars, family feuds, and deeds of violence. 130. John Hyrcanus, aided by the Parthians, asserts his entire independence. 130. The Alexandrines rebel. The king flees to Cyprus. 128. Invasion of Antiochus. Parthian empire is henceforward freed from the attacks of the Syrian kings.

125 122. Aix, the first Roman colony in Gaul. Gaul a Roman province. 123. Tribunate of Caius Gracchus. Renewal of the Agrarian Law. 124-87. Mithridates II., restores tranquillity to the East after a long succession of bloody wars. He meets with a powerful rival in Tigranes I., King of Armenia. 125

121. General struggle in the city. C. Gracchus and 3000 citizens killed. Triumph of the aristocracy. 118. Death of Micipsa, King of Numidia, and assassination of Hiempsal by Jugurtha. 111. Conclusion of war by a partition of territory. Syria and Phœnicia are the only provinces that acknowledge the sway of the king of Syria. 110. Hyrcanus joins the Sadducees. 117-81. Ptolemy VIII. (Soter II.)

106. Alexander Jannæus. Cleopatra and her younger son, Alexander, jointly reign in Egypt.

Rome Affairs in the West Affairs and Civil Wars in Rome Rome Affairs in the East Seleucid Empire Palestine Egypt Parthia China, India, Japan

113-101. Cimbrian War. The Cimbrians and Teutones migrate along the Danube to the boundaries of Illyria. 111-106. JUGURTHINE WAR. Mummius and Metellus take part in it; and Marius ends it by the capture of Jugurtha, 106. Syria

100 96. Cyrene bequeathed to the Romans by Apion. 98-97. Jannæus besieges and takes Gaza. 97-30. Japan: Sujin, Mikado. Important reforms. 100

91-88. Marsian or Social War which costs the lives of 300,000 men; and ends in the concession of the rights and privileges of Roman citizenship to the Italian states. 92. Sulla settles the affairs of Asia Minor. 92. First public transaction between Rome and Parthia.

83-72. Sertorius, the opponent of Sulla, goes into Spain, becomes general of the Lusitani. 88-82. FIRST ROMAN CIVIL WAR OF MARIUS AND SULLA. Sulla obtains the command against Mithridates. Marius by an alliance with Sulpicius and the people. Sulla is created perpetual dictator. 88-63. Wars with Mithridates the Great, King of Pontus. 83. Tigranes, King of Armenia, is invited by the Syrians to assume the crown. 82. Revolt and three years’ siege of Thebes, which is captured and destroyed.

CICERO (106-43).

78. War with Rome. 79-78. Abdication and death of Sulla. Rising splendor of Rome. Marble theater of Saurus for 80,000 spectators. Magnificent houses of the Roman nobles. Library of Lucullus.

72. The Helvetii and other tribes, under Ariovistus, advance into Gaul, but are defeated by JULIUS CÆSAR, 58. 73-71. WAR WITH SPARTACUS the gladiator, at the head of 70,000 slaves in Italy. Concluded by Crassus and Pompey. 74. Bithynia bequeathed to Rome by King Nicomedes III. 69. He is expelled by Lucullus. 68-60. Arsaces XII. contemporary with the third Mithridatic War.

65-62. Catiline’s conspiracy suppressed by the vigilance of Cicero. 66. Pompey in Asia, about the Caucasus, 65, in Syria, 64. Settles the affairs of Asia, 63. 65-62. Antiochus Asiaticus is expelled by Pompey, who reduces Syria to a Roman province. 63. Judæa dependent upon Romans. This period of Egyptian history is very obscure.

60. First Triumvirate: Cæsar, Pompey and Crassus.

58-51. GALLIC WAR. Cæsar’s eight campaigns in Gaul—he arrests the invasion of the Helvetii and expels the Germans. By the absorption of Syria, Rome comes into touch with the Parthian power.

55. First invasion of Britain, and expedition into Germany.

54. Second invasion of Britain. 54-53. Cæsar crosses the Rhine, but is unsuccessful in his attack upon the Germans. 54-53. Parthian War, in which Crassus is slain. 54. Crassus pillages the Temple. 54. First war with Rome caused by the invasion of Crassus.

52. Parthians overrun Syria and threaten Antioch. 52-51. The Parthians invade Syria.

50 49-31. SECOND ROMAN CIVIL WAR between Cæsar and Pompey: Cæsar crosses the Rubicon with 6,000 men, and in sixty days makes himself master of Italy. Cæsar marches into Spain, and forces Pompey’s troops to surrender. 50

48. Cæsar gains the decisive victory of Pharsalla over Pompey, who flees into Egypt and is there slain. 48. Antipater, by the influence of Julius Cæsar, he is appointed procurator of Judæa. 48. Alexandrine War. Ptolemy perishes in the contest, and the crown falls to CLEOPATRA, who reigns jointly with Ptolemy II.

VIRGIL (70-19).

47. Cæsar in Asia. War with Pharnaces, King of Bosporus, (“veni, vidi, vici.”)

46. African War: defeat of Scipio and Juba at Thapsus. Cato kills himself at Utica. Cæsar returns to Rome. Dictator for ten years.

45. War in Spain: defeat of Pompey’s two sons at Munda—Cæsar returns to Rome—Perpetual dictator, and Consul for ten years.

44. Plans an expedition against the Parthians, but is assassinated in the senate house by Brutus, Cassius, and other conspirators, on the ides of March. Antony and Octavianus (Cæsar’s heir) obtain the upper hand in Rome. Second Triumvirate: Antony, Octavianus, and Lepidus. 44. Cleopatra removes her brother by poison.

42. Civil war of the triumvirate against the republicans—Philippi—death of Brutus and Cassius.

41-30. Quarrels of the Oligarchy.

40. Parthians invade Syria, take Antioch and Sidon, plunder Jerusalem and advance as far as the Mediterranean. 38. Herod, his second son, rises to power by the friendship of Antony and is appointed king. 38. Arsaces XV. 40. India: Trade with Greece, Rome, Egypt, China, and the East. Period of Hindu power.

37. He takes possession of Jerusalem and Judæa.

36. Defeat and death of Pompey. 36. Marcus Antonius invades Parthia but is compelled to retreat with loss. 36. Cleopatra obtains from Antony grant of Phœnicia, Cyrene and Cyprus. 36. Defeats Antony.

33-30. Civil war between Octavianus and Antony. 34. Antony subdues Armenia.

31. Defeat of Antony at Actium. Cæsar gains his fleet and army—death of Antony. Octavianus Cæsar sole master of the republic. 30. Dies by her own hand. A Roman province.

30. PERIOD OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE BEGINS. HISTORY OF THE EMPIRE IS NOW PRACTICALLY THAT OF THE CIVILIZED WORLD, DIVIDED INTO LATIN, GREEK AND ORIENTAL PROVINCES.

B. C. Carthage Rome Macedonia Greek States Seleucid Empire

III. Epoch of the Punic Wars, and Beginning of the Universal Rule of Rome (264-146)

264-241. FIRST PUNIC WAR. Carthaginians led by Hamilcar, father of Hannibal. 262. Antigonus took Athens. End of its independence and political importance. 261. Revolt of Parthians from Seleucid rule. Parthian kingdom formed.

256. Regulus invades Africa and is defeated by Xanthippus, a Spartan general. 260. First Roman fleet built. Victory at sea. 255. Antigonus liberates Athens. Athens joins the Achæan League.

Scipio Africanus.

ARCHIMEDES (287-212).

250

241. Peace with Carthage. The ceded parts of Sicily formed the first Roman province there.

238. Hamilcar begins establishment of Carthaginian power in Spain. 241. The Roman fleet under Catulus defeats the Carthaginians off the Ægatian Islands.

HANNIBAL (247-183). 227. War between Cleomenes, King of Sparta, and the Ætolian league.

226. Athens freed from Macedonia allied with Rome.

225 224. The Romans first cross the Po. 223. Antiochus III., the Great, ruled Syria, Phœnicia to Egypt.

221. Hannibal succeeds Asdrubal in the command. 219. Hannibal takes Saguntum and crosses the Alps.

218-201. SECOND PUNIC WAR. Hannibal crossed the Alps.

217. Romans defeated at Lake Trasimeno. 217. Antiochus III. defeated by Ptolemy Philopater in the battle of Raphia.

216. Romans at Cannæ totally defeated by Hannibal. Fabius Maximus, Dictator.

215. Treaty between Hannibal and Philip V. of Macedonia.

214-205. FIRST WAR WITH MACEDONIA.

212. Syracuse taken by Marcellus. Archimedes killed. 212-206. Campaigns in Upper Asia against the Parthians and Bactrians.

211. Capua taken by the Romans. 211. Alliance of Rome, the Ætolians, Spartans, Eleans and Illyria. 211. The Ætolians secure the alliance of Rome against the Achæans and the Macedonians.

209. Publius Scipio takes New Carthage.

207. Nero and Livy defeat Hasdrubal at the Metaurus—Hasdrubal killed. Here it was decided that the civilization of the world was to be Roman rather than Carthaginian. 207. Battle of Mantinea: Philopœmen, the general of the Achæan League, defeats the Spartans.

206. The Carthaginians defeated in the battle of Ilipa and driven out of Spain.

204. Scipio carries the war into Africa. 204. General peace.

202. Flight of Hannibal. Carthage conquered. Battle of Zama. End of Punic War. 203. Philip wages war against Attalus and the Rhodians.

200 200-197. SECOND MACEDONIAN WAR. 198. The Achæans and Spartans join the Romans against Macedonia. 198. Antiochus defeats the Egyptians under Scopas in a great battle in Palestine.

197. Philip V. defeated at Cynoscephalæ by the Romans under Flamininus.

196. Hannibal joins Antiochus, whom he urges to carry on war against the Romans. 195. Cato in Spain. 196. Macedonian Greece declared free by the Romans. 195. Hannibal flees to Antiochus III.

193. Masinissa, King of Numidia, harasses the Carthaginians, and injures their commerce. 192-190. War with Antiochus of Syria, who is totally defeated at Magnesia by Scipio Asiaticus. 192. Syria at war with Rome. 190. Scipio Asiaticus defeats Antiochus III. at Magnesia and compels him to cede all of Asia Minor excepting Cilicia.

Rome the Arbitress of Nations, from the Atlantic to the Euphrates. 189. The Ætolian League crushed by the Romans. 189. Armenia revolts from the Seleucid rule and establishes its independence.

The dangers which threaten Carthage are much increased by the rising jealousy of Rome, the daring hostilities of Masinissa, and the factious spirit of her own citizens. 188. Philopœmen abrogates the laws of Lycurgus in Sparta. 187. Antiochus III. killed; succeeded by Seleucus IV. Philopator.

181. Demetrius is put to death by his father. 183. Philopœmen is taken prisoner and put to death by the Messenians. Decline of the Achæan League.

177. Istria subdued. 179. Death of Philip.

175 172. The Romans effect the dissolution of the Bœotian confederacy. 175-164. Antiochus IV. Epiphanes. Universally hated and despised.

171-168. THIRD MACEDONIAN WAR. 171. Invades Egypt, and gains a victory at Pelusium.

168. Decisive battle of Pydna, and overthrow of the kingdom of Macedon. 170. Another victory. Subjugation of Egypt as far as Alexandria.

The Romans aspire to universal empire. Increased patronage of literature and the arts. Grecian system of education adopted at Rome. 164. Dies on his way to Babylon. Loss of Babylonia, Persia, and all the countries between the Euphrates and Indus.

161-150. Demetrius I. Soter.

152. Masinissa’s party expelled from Carthage, which leads to a war. Masinissa defeats the Carthaginians. Carthage at this time contained 700,000 inhabitants. 155-150. Spanish War. The Roman arms unsuccessful in Spain. 155. Embassy of Diogenes, Carniades, and Critolaus to Rome. 153-152. Alexander Bala. Occupies Ptolemais.

150 149-146. THIRD PUNIC WAR. 148. Macedon reduced to a Roman province. 150. Dissensions between the Spartans and Achæans. 150. Demetrius killed in battle. 150-125. Demetrius II. Nicator. regains his father’s kingdom by the aid of Ptolemy Philometor.

146. P. Scipio Æmilianus takes and destroys Carthage. A Roman province. 149-8. FOURTH MACEDONIAN WAR. Cato’s continual harangue “Delenda est Carthage.” 146. Fall of Corinth. Roman province of Achæa.

IV. Epoch of the Civil Wars Down to the Absolute Rule of Octavian, After the Battle of Actium.

Affairs in the West Affairs and Civil Wars in Rome Affairs in the East

146-140. War with Viriathus, the gallant leader of the Lusitani, who maintains a six years’ war with Rome. A struggle arises between the aristocracy (the nobiles and optimates, or rich families of senators and magistrates) and the plebs, or common people.

145. Æmilianus is sent against Viriathus.

143-133. Numantine War of ten years.

140. Viriathus is treacherously murdered, and Lusitania becomes a Roman province.

133-121. Civil Troubles under the Gracchi. 133. Pergamus bequeathed to Rome by Attalus III. 137-128. Antiochus VI. Sidetes, marries Cleopatra.

128. Flaccus reduces the Transalpine Ligurians. Increase of Roman power in Transalpine Gaul. 130. The Tribunes obtain a seat and the right of voting in the senate. 129. War with Parthia, in which Antiochus is slain, 126. The succeeding history of the Seleucidæ is a horrid picture of civil wars, family feuds, and deeds of violence.

125 122. Aix, the first Roman colony in Gaul. Gaul a Roman province. 123. Tribunate of Caius Gracchus. Renewal of the Agrarian Law.

121. General struggle in the city. C. Gracchus and 3000 citizens killed. Triumph of the aristocracy. 118. Death of Micipsa, King of Numidia, and assassination of Hiempsal by Jugurtha. 111. Conclusion of war by a partition of territory. Syria and Phœnicia are the only provinces that acknowledge the sway of the king of Syria.

Rome Affairs in the West Affairs and Civil Wars in Rome Rome Affairs in the East Seleucid Empire

113-101. Cimbrian War. The Cimbrians and Teutones migrate along the Danube to the boundaries of Illyria. 111-106. JUGURTHINE WAR. Mummius and Metellus take part in it; and Marius ends it by the capture of Jugurtha, 106. Syria

100 96. Cyrene bequeathed to the Romans by Apion.

91-88. Marsian or Social War which costs the lives of 300,000 men; and ends in the concession of the rights and privileges of Roman citizenship to the Italian states. 92. Sulla settles the affairs of Asia Minor.

83-72. Sertorius, the opponent of Sulla, goes into Spain, becomes general of the Lusitani. 88-82. FIRST ROMAN CIVIL WAR OF MARIUS AND SULLA. Sulla obtains the command against Mithridates. Marius by an alliance with Sulpicius and the people. Sulla is created perpetual dictator. 88-63. Wars with Mithridates the Great, King of Pontus. 83. Tigranes, King of Armenia, is invited by the Syrians to assume the crown.

CICERO (106-43).

78. War with Rome. 79-78. Abdication and death of Sulla. Rising splendor of Rome. Marble theater of Saurus for 80,000 spectators. Magnificent houses of the Roman nobles. Library of Lucullus.

72. The Helvetii and other tribes, under Ariovistus, advance into Gaul, but are defeated by JULIUS CÆSAR, 58. 73-71. WAR WITH SPARTACUS the gladiator, at the head of 70,000 slaves in Italy. Concluded by Crassus and Pompey. 74. Bithynia bequeathed to Rome by King Nicomedes III. 69. He is expelled by Lucullus.

65-62. Catiline’s conspiracy suppressed by the vigilance of Cicero. 66. Pompey in Asia, about the Caucasus, 65, in Syria, 64. Settles the affairs of Asia, 63. 65-62. Antiochus Asiaticus is expelled by Pompey, who reduces Syria to a Roman province.

60. First Triumvirate: Cæsar, Pompey and Crassus.

58-51. GALLIC WAR. Cæsar’s eight campaigns in Gaul—he arrests the invasion of the Helvetii and expels the Germans. By the absorption of Syria, Rome comes into touch with the Parthian power.

55. First invasion of Britain, and expedition into Germany.

54. Second invasion of Britain. 54-53. Cæsar crosses the Rhine, but is unsuccessful in his attack upon the Germans. 54-53. Parthian War, in which Crassus is slain.

52. Parthians overrun Syria and threaten Antioch.

50 49-31. SECOND ROMAN CIVIL WAR between Cæsar and Pompey: Cæsar crosses the Rubicon with 6,000 men, and in sixty days makes himself master of Italy. Cæsar marches into Spain, and forces Pompey’s troops to surrender.

48. Cæsar gains the decisive victory of Pharsalla over Pompey, who flees into Egypt and is there slain.

VIRGIL (70-19).

47. Cæsar in Asia. War with Pharnaces, King of Bosporus, (“veni, vidi, vici.”)

46. African War: defeat of Scipio and Juba at Thapsus. Cato kills himself at Utica. Cæsar returns to Rome. Dictator for ten years.

45. War in Spain: defeat of Pompey’s two sons at Munda—Cæsar returns to Rome—Perpetual dictator, and Consul for ten years.

44. Plans an expedition against the Parthians, but is assassinated in the senate house by Brutus, Cassius, and other conspirators, on the ides of March. Antony and Octavianus (Cæsar’s heir) obtain the upper hand in Rome. Second Triumvirate: Antony, Octavianus, and Lepidus.

42. Civil war of the triumvirate against the republicans—Philippi—death of Brutus and Cassius.

41-30. Quarrels of the Oligarchy.

40. Parthians invade Syria, take Antioch and Sidon, plunder Jerusalem and advance as far as the Mediterranean.

36. Defeat and death of Pompey. 36. Marcus Antonius invades Parthia but is compelled to retreat with loss.

33-30. Civil war between Octavianus and Antony. 34. Antony subdues Armenia.

31. Defeat of Antony at Actium. Cæsar gains his fleet and army—death of Antony. Octavianus Cæsar sole master of the republic.

30. PERIOD OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE BEGINS. HISTORY OF THE EMPIRE IS NOW PRACTICALLY THAT OF THE CIVILIZED WORLD, DIVIDED INTO LATIN, GREEK AND ORIENTAL PROVINCES.

B. C. Palestine Egypt Parthia China, India, Japan

The Jews remained subject to Egypt down to B. C. 203, in comparative peace.

250 250-248. Arsaces I. founds the kingdom of Parthia, having killed Agathocles, and expelled the Macedonians.

247-30. Ptolemy III., Euergetes. Extended his empire by conquests in Mesopotamia, Babylonia, Persia, Susiana, and Media, and extends his influence as far as Thrace and Macedonia.

225

221-210. China: Chi-Huang-Ti, first universal emperor. Great wall built.

216. Arsaces III., King of Persia.

206. China: The dynasty of Han founded; it lasts until 221 A. D. One of the most brilliant periods in the history of China.

205. Ptolemy V., Epiphanes. Lost most of the cities of Palestine and Phœnicia to Antiochus and the cities of the Hellespont to Philip V. of Macedon. Egypt assisted by Rome.

203. Judæa submits to Antiochus the Great. Roman influence prevails from this time

200 198. The Jews assist Antiochus in expelling Scopas and the Egyptian troops from Jerusalem; final establishment of the Syrian power in Palestine. 199-138. India: So-called “Greek Kings.”

196. Arsaces IV., King of Parthia.

193. Ptolemy marries the daughter of Antiochus the Great.

187. Ptolemy renews his alliance with the Achæans.

181-146. Ptolemy VI. (Philometor). 181-174. Arsaces V., conquers the Mardians on the Caspian.

175 175. Deposition of the high priest Onias. 174-136. Mithridates I., raises Parthia to an exalted rank.

171-168. War with Antiochus Epiphanes.

170. Tyranny of Antiochus.

167. Revolt of Mattathias, which proves remarkably successful.

166-161. Judas Maccabæus. 164. Partition of the kingdom. Physcon receives Cyrene and Libya. 166. China: Tartar invasion.

161-142. Jonathan joins the party of Alexander Bala, and becomes the leading man in Judæa. Continued struggle of the Jews, in defence of their civil and religious rights to 130.

150

146-117. Ptolemy VII. (Euergetes II.), a cruel and odious tyrant.

143. Embassy of Scipio Africanus to Alexandria.

140. China: Vouti, Emperor, Great Ruler. Invasion of Huns.

138. The invasion of Demetrius II. of Syria.

130. John Hyrcanus, aided by the Parthians, asserts his entire independence. 130. The Alexandrines rebel. The king flees to Cyprus. 128. Invasion of Antiochus. Parthian empire is henceforward freed from the attacks of the Syrian kings.

125 124-87. Mithridates II., restores tranquillity to the East after a long succession of bloody wars. He meets with a powerful rival in Tigranes I., King of Armenia.

110. Hyrcanus joins the Sadducees. 117-81. Ptolemy VIII. (Soter II.)

106. Alexander Jannæus. Cleopatra and her younger son, Alexander, jointly reign in Egypt.

100 98-97. Jannæus besieges and takes Gaza. 97-30. Japan: Sujin, Mikado. Important reforms.

92. First public transaction between Rome and Parthia.

82. Revolt and three years’ siege of Thebes, which is captured and destroyed.

68-60. Arsaces XII. contemporary with the third Mithridatic War.

63. Judæa dependent upon Romans. This period of Egyptian history is very obscure.

54. Crassus pillages the Temple. 54. First war with Rome caused by the invasion of Crassus.

52-51. The Parthians invade Syria.

48. Antipater, by the influence of Julius Cæsar, he is appointed procurator of Judæa. 48. Alexandrine War. Ptolemy perishes in the contest, and the crown falls to CLEOPATRA, who reigns jointly with Ptolemy II.

44. Cleopatra removes her brother by poison.

38. Herod, his second son, rises to power by the friendship of Antony and is appointed king. 38. Arsaces XV. 40. India: Trade with Greece, Rome, Egypt, China, and the East. Period of Hindu power.

37. He takes possession of Jerusalem and Judæa.

36. Cleopatra obtains from Antony grant of Phœnicia, Cyrene and Cyprus. 36. Defeats Antony.

30. Dies by her own hand. A Roman province.

30. PERIOD OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE BEGINS. HISTORY OF THE EMPIRE IS NOW PRACTICALLY THAT OF THE CIVILIZED WORLD, DIVIDED INTO LATIN, GREEK AND ORIENTAL PROVINCES.

VI. FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE UNDER AUGUSTUS TO ITS PERMANENT DIVISION, B. C. 30-395, A. D.

Great Events of the Period: Rome mistress of the world. The Augustan Age. Golden Age of Roman literature. 1-100, A. D.: Christianity founded amid persecutions. Parthia a powerful state but unequal rival of Rome. 100-200: Zenith of Roman Empire. The good emperors. Persecutions of the Christians continue. 200-300: Emperors chosen by the army. Germanic tribes on Roman borders. Persecutions continue. 300-400: Constantine moves the capital of the empire to Constantinople, and professes Christianity. Rise of Christian Monasticism. Great church disputes. Germanic incursions and settlements. The Roman Empire reaches its greatest territorial extent.

B. C. The Roman Empire—In Europe, Asia and Africa—Under Augustus Cæsar, Emperor Roman Empire Parthia China, Japan, India B. C.

31-14. Cæsar Octavianus Augustus. The surname Augustus (the Illustrious, the Sublime), which was given Octavianus by the Senate in 27 B. C., is the name by which he was known as sole ruler of the Roman world. Palestine

30. Augustus bestows increase of territory on Herod. 30. Japan: Suinin, a great civilizer.

29. Herod kills his wife, Mariamne.

Countries Subject to Roman Dominion Age of Augustus

In Europe:—Spain, Gaul, Britain, Italy, Rhætia, Vindelicia, Noricum, Pannonia, Illyria, Greece, Macedonia, Thrace, Mœsia, Dacia. 27-25. Expedition of Augustus against the Cantabri and Astures. 27. India: Andhra kingdom very powerful.

25 In Asia:—Asia Minor, Syria, Phœnicia, Palestine, the northern and eastern coasts of the Black Sea, Armenia, Mesopotamia, Assyria. 25. Expedition to Arabia, without results, conducted by C. Ælius Gallus, prefect of Egypt. 25. Herod begins extensive building operations in Judea: rebuilds Samaria, reconstructs temple at Jerusalem, 20-19. 25. Tiridates aspires to the sovereignty but is defeated and takes refuge at the court of Augustus. 25

22-21. Successful war against the Ethiopians, by Petronius, the successor of Gallus in Egypt.

In Africa:—Egypt, and the whole of the northern coast. 20. Campaign of Augustus against the Parthians. Tigranes was reinstated in the kingdom of Armenia. 20. Phraates restores the standards taken from Crassus.

19. Subjugation of Spain completed. 18. Sends his sons as hostages to Rome.

Its distant territories were Scandia, Sarmatia, India, Æthiopia, and Galatia; Rome itself being the common center of the whole. 15. Rhætia made a Roman province, along with Vindelicia (now Augsburg) and Noricum.

12-9. Drusus undertook four campaigns in Germany proper. 4. Birth of Jesus Christ. Date now generally accepted though not actually certain. Gradual decline of the Parthian Kingdom.

1 A. D. German Nations The Christian Church Series of struggles for succession to the throne for over one hundred years. 1 A. D.

6-9. Varus, in his camp on the Weser, governs Lower Germany as a Roman province. 4-6. Campaigns of Tiberius in Germany. 6. Judea made a Roman province under a procurator.

9. Hermann, or Arminius defeats Varus at Winfield-Lippe. Teutonic independence established by the defeat of the Roman legions. The line drawn between the Germanic and Latin races. 7. Germanicus is sent into Germany.

14-17. Expedition of Germanicus. 14-37. Tiberius (Claudius Nero), step-son of Augustus. 21. India: Gondophares, King of Kabul and Punjab.

25 The Romans from this time maintain military power on the right bank of the Rhine and from the Maine to the Danube. 26. Pontius Pilate becomes procurator of Judea. 25

28-29. Baptism of Jesus Christ and beginning of His public work.

30. Crucifixion of Jesus Christ.

37-41. Caligula (properly, Gaius Cæsar Germanicus), youngest son of Germanicus. 35-36. ST. PAUL converted to Christianity.

41-54. Claudius (Tiberius Claudius Nero), son of Drusus, influenced largely by 1, the shameless Messalina; 2, the ambitious Agrippina. 42. St. Peter, the Apostle, after filling the see of Antioch seven years, goes to Rome.

43. Commencement of the conquest of Britain. 49. Council of the Apostles at Jerusalem.

50 50. Colony of Claudius. Agrippa (Cologne) founded. 50. Vologeses I. 50

54-68. Nero (Nero Claudius Cæsar Augustus Germanicus). Destroys Britannicus and all the Julian family. 56. Paul arrested in Jerusalem. 52. War against Rome for the possession of Armenia Minor.

59-62. Murders his wife and mother. 59. Paul arrives in Rome. 58. China: Ming-Ti introduces Buddhism.

64. Fire at Rome, followed, 64. First traditional persecution of Christians, by Nero.

65. by the persecution of the Christians. 66. Outbreak of Jewish war. 65. Terminated at the death of Tigranes, when Tiridates accepts the crown of Armenia from Nero.

68. Death of Nero, and extinction of the house of Cæsar. 67. Pope Linus. Vespasian despatched against the Jews.

69-70. Revolt of the Batavians in Belgian Gaul. 69-79. Vespasianus, (Titus Flavius Vespasianus), one best of Roman princes. Eruption of Vesuvius and destruction of Herculaneum, Pompeii and Stabiæ. 70. The destruction of Jerusalem by Titus.

72. Conquest of Judea completed. 71-130. Japan: Keiko and Yamato-Dake make large conquests.

75 86-107. DACIAN WARS. 95. Second traditional persecution of the Christians, by Domitian. 90. Death of Vologeses. Arsaces XXIV. in alliance with the Romans, embellishes Ctesiphon. 75

PLUTARCH (50?-120?)

98-117. TRAJAN (Marcus Ulpius Traianus). Excellent ruler and general. Magnificent buildings in Rome (Forum Traianum) and throughout the empire.

100 101-103. Victorious over the Dacians. 100

106. Dacia a Roman province. The country is filled with Roman colonists. Origin of the Latin language in Hungary. 107. Reduction of part of Arabia. 107. Chosroes (Arsaces XXV.), implicated in a war with Trajan on account of Armenia. 109. China: Conquest of Korea.

114-116. War with the Parthians, in which Rome is victorious. Armenia and Mesopotamia Roman provinces. 112-113. Third traditional persecution, by Trajan.

PERIOD OF GREATEST EXTENT OF THE EMPIRE.

117-138. Hadrian (Publius Ælius Hadrianus) a lover of peace, an excellent administrator, learned and vain. 117. Chosroes restored.

117. Gives up the provinces of Armenia, Mesopotamia and Assyria.

121. Roman wall from the Rhine to the Danube by Hadrian. 121. Builds a wall across the north of England. 121. Vologeses II., (Arsaces XXVI.)

125 125. India: Nagar-Juna, great apostle of Buddhism. 125

German Nations The Roman Empire—In Europe, Asia and Africa The Christian Church Parthia China, Japan, India

131. Improves Roman jurisprudence.

140. The Goths migrate southwards. 138-161. ANTONINUS PIUS, whose reign was the happiest period of the Roman empire. 145. Rise of the Marcionites. 149. Vologeses III., (Arsaces XXVII). Renewal of the war with Rome.

150 154. Canon of Scripture fixed about this time. Justin Martyr publishes his apology for the Christians. 150

155. Martyrdom of Polycarp; appearance of Montanus.

161-180. MARCUS AURELIUS, (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus), a wise and active sovereign, highly educated, a stoic philosopher.

162-165. Verus successful against the Parthians.

165. Death of Justin Martyr. 165. Casius destroys Seleucia.

167-180. War of the league against Rome. 166. The Marcomanni, with their allies, penetrate as far as Aquileia.

170. Invasion of Illyria as far as Aquileia.

175 178. The Marcomanni and their allies renew the war with Rome, and before the close of it M. Aurelius dies, 180, at Sirmium. 177. Fourth traditional persecution, by Marcus Aurelius—Irenæus becomes bishop of Lyons. 175

180. Age of Theophilus and Tatian.

Franks Goths 193-284. CIVIL WARS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 191. Vologeses IV., (Arsaces XXVIII.)

Period of Military Despotism

193-211. Septimius Severus. Improvements in the administration of justice through the jurist Papinianus.

200 The name of Franks, (or free men), was given to a military confederacy of the lower Rhine and the Weser. 200. The Goths enter Dacia, and after crossing the Danube attack the Roman provinces. 201-269. Japan: Jingu-Kogo, most famous of Japanese female sovereigns. 200

208. Expedition to Britain against the Scots. 207. Defeated by Septimius Severus, who sacks the chief towns of Parthia.

211-217. Caracalla, (Antoninus Bassianus). By the Constitutio Antoniana Roman citizenship was conferred upon all the inhabitants of the provinces. Systematic plundering of the provinces, unsuccessful wars against the Goths in Dacia, cruel treatment of the inhabitants of Alexandria. Plundering expedition against the Parthians. 216. Artabanus IV., (Arsaces XXX), the last of the Arsacidæ.

222-235. Severus Alexander. Excellent ruler, advised by the jurists Domitius Ulpianus and Julius Paullus. 221-265. China: Epoch of the “Three Kingdoms.”

225 Persia 225

226-651. Dynasty of the Sassanides.

238. They invade Gaul. 236-237. They invade lower Mœsia, and exact tribute of the Romans. 235. Origen. Sixth persecution of the Christians, under Maximinus. 226-240. Artaxerxes becomes the founder of the new Persian monarchy.

248. Celebration of the thousandth anniversary of the foundation of Rome. 248. Cyprian becomes bishop of Carthage. Monastic life originates about this time. Dispute between the churches of Rome and Africa about baptism.

250 250. The Goths, under their king, Ostrogotha, for the first time force their way into the Roman Empire by crossing the Danube. 251. Seventh persecution of the Christians, under Decius. 250

258-69. Four great expeditions of the Goths into Asia Minor and Greece. 257. Eighth persecution, under Valerian. 257. War against the Romans: Sapor advances as far as Cappadocia. The Emperor Valerian taken prisoner.

268-270. Claudius II. raised to the throne by the soldiers. 260. Paul, of Samosata, bishop of Antioch, denies the divinity of Jesus Christ.

272. They are driven from Illyricum and Thrace, and defeated also on the Danube. 270-275. AURELIANUS. He concluded peace with the Goths by the sacrifice of the province of Dacia. He defeated Zenobia in two battles, at Antiochia and at Edessa, subdued Syria, besieged and destroyed Palmyra, captured Zenobia, and reconquered Egypt, 273. Aurelian called “Restorer of the universal Empire.” 270. Manes advocates his doctrines in Persia. The Sassanidæ, claiming to be descendants of the ancient kings of Persia, form pretensions to all the Asiatic provinces of the Roman Empire. 270-310. Japan: Ojin, a great warrior.

274. They obtain Dacia from the Romans. 274. Ninth persecution, under Aurelian.

275 275. Tacitus, Imperator. He defeated the Alani, who had invaded Asia Minor. 275

277. Extraordinary naval expedition of the Thracian Franks, in the Mediterranean and northern seas. The Goths, in their progress southward, are joined by countless swarms of barbarians and thus overwhelm the countries they invade. 276-282. Probus. Drove back the Franks, Burgundians, Alamanni and Vandals, entered Germany, and strengthened the wall between the Rhine and Danube.

282-283. Carus succeeded. Conquered the Sarmatians.

284-305. Diocletianus proclaimed imperator by the soldiers.

288. Maximian transplants a part of them into Gaul. Gothic monarchy on the banks of the lower Danube and the northern coast of the Black Sea. Period of Absolute Imperialism.

294. Repeated migrations. 290. They conquer the Burgundiones. 292-301. Narses.

300 303. Tenth persecution of the Christians, by Diocletian. 301-309. Hormisdas II., builds Ormus. 300

306. Constantine defeats the Franks, who had invaded Gaul. 308. Rebellion in Rome. Six emperors. 305. Persecution of the Christians stopped by Constantius Chlorus.

310-323. WARS OF CONSTANTINE THE GREAT. 311. Pope Miltiades. Constantine issues Edict of Toleration. 309-380. Sapor II carries on a series of wars with Rome. 313. Japan: Nintoku, the Sage Emperor.

323-337. CONSTANTINE, THE GREAT, sole ruler. Christianity recognized by the State and favored at the expense of paganism. 320. Strife of the Donatists in Africa. 320. India: Chandragupta, first supreme emperor of India. Brilliant Gupta Period from 320 to 480.

325 330. Seat of empire moved to Constantinople. 325. The Council of Nice, consisting of three hundred and eighteen bishops, who condemn Arianism. Athanasius, Arius, flourish in the reign of Constantine. 326. Persecution of the Christians. 325

337. On the death of Constantine the Great, the empire was divided between his three sons: Constantine, Constans and Constantius. 337. Pope Julius I. 337-363. War with Rome. Sapor demands the restitution of all the provinces Persia had formerly possessed in Asia Minor.

340. Christianity propagated in Ethiopia by Frumentius.—Gothic version of Bible by Wulfila (Ulfilas).

350 356-7. Franks and Alemanni pour into Gaul. 350. Hermanric, King of the Ostrogoths, founds an extensive empire. 352. Pope Liberius. Hilary of Poitiers.—Cyril, Bishop of Jerusalem. 350

361. Julian, called the Apostate. Disliked Christianity, and tried to restore paganism. 363. Jovian. Restored Christianity. 362-3. War with Julian, who is slain in repulsing the Persians, on the Tigris.

365-371. Valentinian drives the Alemanni out of Gaul. 366. The Goths invade Thrace, but are defeated by the generals of Valens. Upon the invasion of the Huns, the Ostrogoths separate from the Visigoths. 364. Empire divided into East and West with an emperor ruling in each.

West East

364. Valentinian I. 364. Valens, killed by Goths. 372-420. Peace with Rome.

375 375-493. INVASION OF ROMAN EMPIRE BY NORTHERN BARBARIANS. 375

375. Death of Hermanric and fall of his empire. 375. Gratian and Valentinian II. 375. Ambrose of Milan; Martin of Tours. 375. India: Chandragupta II. extended the empire.

376. The Visigoths pressed by the Huns, implore the protection of Valens, and cross the Danube into Mœsia, which he cedes to them. 383. Valentinian II. 379. Theodosius I. Became a Christian; kept back the Goths; divided Armenia between Rome and Persia. 381. The second general council of Constantinople. Gregory of Nazianzus made patriarch of Constantinople. 380-383. Artaxerxes II.

394. The whole empire was, for the last time, reunited under 383-388. Sapor III. Division of Armenia between Persia and Rome.

394-395. Theodosius. After his death the division of administration into an eastern and western section, which had existed for a hundred years, became a permanent division of the empire.

395. DIVISION OF THE EMPIRE BETWEEN THE SONS OF THEODOSIUS, HONORIUS AND ARCADIUS.

B. C. The Roman Empire—In Europe, Asia and Africa—Under Augustus Cæsar, Emperor

31-14. Cæsar Octavianus Augustus. The surname Augustus (the Illustrious, the Sublime), which was given Octavianus by the Senate in 27 B. C., is the name by which he was known as sole ruler of the Roman world.

Countries Subject to Roman Dominion Age of Augustus

In Europe:—Spain, Gaul, Britain, Italy, Rhætia, Vindelicia, Noricum, Pannonia, Illyria, Greece, Macedonia, Thrace, Mœsia, Dacia. 27-25. Expedition of Augustus against the Cantabri and Astures.

25 In Asia:—Asia Minor, Syria, Phœnicia, Palestine, the northern and eastern coasts of the Black Sea, Armenia, Mesopotamia, Assyria. 25. Expedition to Arabia, without results, conducted by C. Ælius Gallus, prefect of Egypt.

22-21. Successful war against the Ethiopians, by Petronius, the successor of Gallus in Egypt.

In Africa:—Egypt, and the whole of the northern coast. 20. Campaign of Augustus against the Parthians. Tigranes was reinstated in the kingdom of Armenia.

19. Subjugation of Spain completed.

Its distant territories were Scandia, Sarmatia, India, Æthiopia, and Galatia; Rome itself being the common center of the whole. 15. Rhætia made a Roman province, along with Vindelicia (now Augsburg) and Noricum.

12-9. Drusus undertook four campaigns in Germany proper.

1 A. D. German Nations

6-9. Varus, in his camp on the Weser, governs Lower Germany as a Roman province. 4-6. Campaigns of Tiberius in Germany.

9. Hermann, or Arminius defeats Varus at Winfield-Lippe. Teutonic independence established by the defeat of the Roman legions. The line drawn between the Germanic and Latin races. 7. Germanicus is sent into Germany.

14-17. Expedition of Germanicus. 14-37. Tiberius (Claudius Nero), step-son of Augustus.

25 The Romans from this time maintain military power on the right bank of the Rhine and from the Maine to the Danube.

37-41. Caligula (properly, Gaius Cæsar Germanicus), youngest son of Germanicus.

41-54. Claudius (Tiberius Claudius Nero), son of Drusus, influenced largely by 1, the shameless Messalina; 2, the ambitious Agrippina.

43. Commencement of the conquest of Britain.

50 50. Colony of Claudius. Agrippa (Cologne) founded.

54-68. Nero (Nero Claudius Cæsar Augustus Germanicus). Destroys Britannicus and all the Julian family.

59-62. Murders his wife and mother.

64. Fire at Rome, followed,

65. by the persecution of the Christians.

68. Death of Nero, and extinction of the house of Cæsar.

69-70. Revolt of the Batavians in Belgian Gaul. 69-79. Vespasianus, (Titus Flavius Vespasianus), one best of Roman princes. Eruption of Vesuvius and destruction of Herculaneum, Pompeii and Stabiæ.

75 86-107. DACIAN WARS.

PLUTARCH (50?-120?)

98-117. TRAJAN (Marcus Ulpius Traianus). Excellent ruler and general. Magnificent buildings in Rome (Forum Traianum) and throughout the empire.

100 101-103. Victorious over the Dacians.

106. Dacia a Roman province. The country is filled with Roman colonists. Origin of the Latin language in Hungary. 107. Reduction of part of Arabia.

114-116. War with the Parthians, in which Rome is victorious. Armenia and Mesopotamia Roman provinces.

PERIOD OF GREATEST EXTENT OF THE EMPIRE.

117-138. Hadrian (Publius Ælius Hadrianus) a lover of peace, an excellent administrator, learned and vain.

117. Gives up the provinces of Armenia, Mesopotamia and Assyria.

121. Roman wall from the Rhine to the Danube by Hadrian. 121. Builds a wall across the north of England.

125

German Nations The Roman Empire—In Europe, Asia and Africa

131. Improves Roman jurisprudence.

140. The Goths migrate southwards. 138-161. ANTONINUS PIUS, whose reign was the happiest period of the Roman empire.

150

161-180. MARCUS AURELIUS, (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus), a wise and active sovereign, highly educated, a stoic philosopher.

162-165. Verus successful against the Parthians.

167-180. War of the league against Rome. 166. The Marcomanni, with their allies, penetrate as far as Aquileia.

170. Invasion of Illyria as far as Aquileia.

175 178. The Marcomanni and their allies renew the war with Rome, and before the close of it M. Aurelius dies, 180, at Sirmium.

Franks Goths 193-284. CIVIL WARS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE.

Period of Military Despotism

193-211. Septimius Severus. Improvements in the administration of justice through the jurist Papinianus.

200 The name of Franks, (or free men), was given to a military confederacy of the lower Rhine and the Weser. 200. The Goths enter Dacia, and after crossing the Danube attack the Roman provinces.

208. Expedition to Britain against the Scots.

211-217. Caracalla, (Antoninus Bassianus). By the Constitutio Antoniana Roman citizenship was conferred upon all the inhabitants of the provinces. Systematic plundering of the provinces, unsuccessful wars against the Goths in Dacia, cruel treatment of the inhabitants of Alexandria. Plundering expedition against the Parthians.

222-235. Severus Alexander. Excellent ruler, advised by the jurists Domitius Ulpianus and Julius Paullus.

225

238. They invade Gaul. 236-237. They invade lower Mœsia, and exact tribute of the Romans.

248. Celebration of the thousandth anniversary of the foundation of Rome.

250 250. The Goths, under their king, Ostrogotha, for the first time force their way into the Roman Empire by crossing the Danube.

258-69. Four great expeditions of the Goths into Asia Minor and Greece.

268-270. Claudius II. raised to the throne by the soldiers.

272. They are driven from Illyricum and Thrace, and defeated also on the Danube. 270-275. AURELIANUS. He concluded peace with the Goths by the sacrifice of the province of Dacia. He defeated Zenobia in two battles, at Antiochia and at Edessa, subdued Syria, besieged and destroyed Palmyra, captured Zenobia, and reconquered Egypt, 273. Aurelian called “Restorer of the universal Empire.”

274. They obtain Dacia from the Romans.

275 275. Tacitus, Imperator. He defeated the Alani, who had invaded Asia Minor.

277. Extraordinary naval expedition of the Thracian Franks, in the Mediterranean and northern seas. The Goths, in their progress southward, are joined by countless swarms of barbarians and thus overwhelm the countries they invade. 276-282. Probus. Drove back the Franks, Burgundians, Alamanni and Vandals, entered Germany, and strengthened the wall between the Rhine and Danube.

282-283. Carus succeeded. Conquered the Sarmatians.

284-305. Diocletianus proclaimed imperator by the soldiers.

288. Maximian transplants a part of them into Gaul. Gothic monarchy on the banks of the lower Danube and the northern coast of the Black Sea. Period of Absolute Imperialism.

294. Repeated migrations. 290. They conquer the Burgundiones.

300

306. Constantine defeats the Franks, who had invaded Gaul. 308. Rebellion in Rome. Six emperors.

310-323. WARS OF CONSTANTINE THE GREAT.

323-337. CONSTANTINE, THE GREAT, sole ruler. Christianity recognized by the State and favored at the expense of paganism.

325 330. Seat of empire moved to Constantinople.

337. On the death of Constantine the Great, the empire was divided between his three sons: Constantine, Constans and Constantius.

350 356-7. Franks and Alemanni pour into Gaul. 350. Hermanric, King of the Ostrogoths, founds an extensive empire.

361. Julian, called the Apostate. Disliked Christianity, and tried to restore paganism.

365-371. Valentinian drives the Alemanni out of Gaul. 366. The Goths invade Thrace, but are defeated by the generals of Valens. Upon the invasion of the Huns, the Ostrogoths separate from the Visigoths. 364. Empire divided into East and West with an emperor ruling in each.

West East

364. Valentinian I. 364. Valens, killed by Goths.

375 375-493. INVASION OF ROMAN EMPIRE BY NORTHERN BARBARIANS.

375. Death of Hermanric and fall of his empire. 375. Gratian and Valentinian II.

376. The Visigoths pressed by the Huns, implore the protection of Valens, and cross the Danube into Mœsia, which he cedes to them. 383. Valentinian II. 379. Theodosius I. Became a Christian; kept back the Goths; divided Armenia between Rome and Persia.

394. The whole empire was, for the last time, reunited under

394-395. Theodosius. After his death the division of administration into an eastern and western section, which had existed for a hundred years, became a permanent division of the empire.

395. DIVISION OF THE EMPIRE BETWEEN THE SONS OF THEODOSIUS, HONORIUS AND ARCADIUS.

B. C. Roman Empire Parthia China, Japan, India

Palestine

30. Augustus bestows increase of territory on Herod. 30. Japan: Suinin, a great civilizer.

29. Herod kills his wife, Mariamne.

27. India: Andhra kingdom very powerful.

25 25. Herod begins extensive building operations in Judea: rebuilds Samaria, reconstructs temple at Jerusalem, 20-19. 25. Tiridates aspires to the sovereignty but is defeated and takes refuge at the court of Augustus.

20. Phraates restores the standards taken from Crassus.

18. Sends his sons as hostages to Rome.

4. Birth of Jesus Christ. Date now generally accepted though not actually certain. Gradual decline of the Parthian Kingdom.

1 A. D. The Christian Church Series of struggles for succession to the throne for over one hundred years.

6. Judea made a Roman province under a procurator.

21. India: Gondophares, King of Kabul and Punjab.

25 26. Pontius Pilate becomes procurator of Judea.

28-29. Baptism of Jesus Christ and beginning of His public work.

30. Crucifixion of Jesus Christ.

35-36. ST. PAUL converted to Christianity.

42. St. Peter, the Apostle, after filling the see of Antioch seven years, goes to Rome.

49. Council of the Apostles at Jerusalem.

50 50. Vologeses I.

56. Paul arrested in Jerusalem. 52. War against Rome for the possession of Armenia Minor.

59. Paul arrives in Rome. 58. China: Ming-Ti introduces Buddhism.

64. First traditional persecution of Christians, by Nero.

66. Outbreak of Jewish war. 65. Terminated at the death of Tigranes, when Tiridates accepts the crown of Armenia from Nero.

67. Pope Linus. Vespasian despatched against the Jews.

70. The destruction of Jerusalem by Titus.

72. Conquest of Judea completed. 71-130. Japan: Keiko and Yamato-Dake make large conquests.

75 95. Second traditional persecution of the Christians, by Domitian. 90. Death of Vologeses. Arsaces XXIV in alliance with the Romans, embellishes Ctesiphon.

100

107. Chosroes (Arsaces XXV.), implicated in a war with Trajan on account of Armenia. 109. China: Conquest of Korea.

112-113. Third traditional persecution, by Trajan.

PERIOD OF GREATEST EXTENT OF THE EMPIRE.

117. Chosroes restored.

121. Vologeses II., (Arsaces XXVI.)

125 125. India: Nagar-Juna, great apostle of Buddhism.

The Christian Church Parthia China, Japan, India

145. Rise of the Marcionites. 149. Vologeses III., (Arsaces XXVII). Renewal of the war with Rome.

150 154. Canon of Scripture fixed about this time. Justin Martyr publishes his apology for the Christians.

155. Martyrdom of Polycarp; appearance of Montanus.

165. Death of Justin Martyr. 165. Casius destroys Seleucia.

175 177. Fourth traditional persecution, by Marcus Aurelius—Irenæus becomes bishop of Lyons.

180. Age of Theophilus and Tatian.

191. Vologeses IV., (Arsaces XXVIII.)

200 201-269. Japan: Jingu-Kogo, most famous of Japanese female sovereigns.

207. Defeated by Septimius Severus, who sacks the chief towns of Parthia.

216. Artabanus IV., (Arsaces XXX), the last of the Arsacidæ.

221-265. China: Epoch of the “Three Kingdoms.”

225 Persia

226-651. Dynasty of the Sassanides.

235. Origen. Sixth persecution of the Christians, under Maximinus. 226-240. Artaxerxes becomes the founder of the new Persian monarchy.

248. Cyprian becomes bishop of Carthage. Monastic life originates about this time. Dispute between the churches of Rome and Africa about baptism.

250 251. Seventh persecution of the Christians, under Decius.

257. Eighth persecution, under Valerian. 257. War against the Romans: Sapor advances as far as Cappadocia. The Emperor Valerian taken prisoner.

260. Paul, of Samosata, bishop of Antioch, denies the divinity of Jesus Christ.

270. Manes advocates his doctrines in Persia. The Sassanidæ, claiming to be descendants of the ancient kings of Persia, form pretensions to all the Asiatic provinces of the Roman Empire. 270-310. Japan: Ojin, a great warrior.

274. Ninth persecution, under Aurelian.

275

292-301. Narses.

300 303. Tenth persecution of the Christians, by Diocletian. 301-309. Hormisdas II., builds Ormus.

305. Persecution of the Christians stopped by Constantius Chlorus.

311. Pope Miltiades. Constantine issues Edict of Toleration. 309-380. Sapor II carries on a series of wars with Rome. 313. Japan: Nintoku, the Sage Emperor.

320. Strife of the Donatists in Africa. 320. India: Chandragupta, first supreme emperor of India. Brilliant Gupta Period from 320 to 480.

325 325. The Council of Nice, consisting of three hundred and eighteen bishops, who condemn Arianism. Athanasius, Arius, flourish in the reign of Constantine. 326. Persecution of the Christians.

337. Pope Julius I. 337-363. War with Rome. Sapor demands the restitution of all the provinces Persia had formerly possessed in Asia Minor.

340. Christianity propagated in Ethiopia by Frumentius.—Gothic version of Bible by Wulfila (Ulfilas).

350 352. Pope Liberius. Hilary of Poitiers.—Cyril, Bishop of Jerusalem.

363. Jovian. Restored Christianity. 362-3. War with Julian, who is slain in repulsing the Persians, on the Tigris.

372-420. Peace with Rome.

375

375. Ambrose of Milan; Martin of Tours. 375. India: Chandragupta II. extended the empire.

381. The second general council of Constantinople. Gregory of Nazianzus made patriarch of Constantinople. 380-383. Artaxerxes II.

383-388. Sapor III. Division of Armenia between Persia and Rome.

395. DIVISION OF THE EMPIRE BETWEEN THE SONS OF THEODOSIUS, HONORIUS AND ARCADIUS.

VII. FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE MIDDLE AGES TO THE FORMATION OF THE MOHAMMEDAN EMPIRE, 395-622 A. D.

Great Events of Period. Invasion of the Germanic Tribes. Middle Ages begin. Anglo-Invasion of Britain. 400-500: Fall of the Roman Empire. Beginning of new states. 500-600: Great disorders in the West. Beginnings of Feudalism; power of the clergy increases. In the East the great reign of Justinian. 600-700: Rise and wonderful spread of Mohammedanism from Arabia to Siude on the east, and Carthage on the west. Christianizing of Germany.

A. D. Britain Western Part of the Roman Empire Eastern Empire Persia China, India, Japan A. D.

Spain Gaul (Franks) Germans Italy Church

I. Roman Period (B.C. 55-410 A.D.) 395-423. Honorius, Emperor. Capital Rome, Ravenna imperial residence after 402. 395. Arcadius received the Eastern Empire, also called the Byzantine or Grecian Empire. Capital Byzantium or Constantinople. 399-420. Isdegerdes favors the Christians.

400 400. Chrysostom, patriarch of Constantinople; ST. AUGUSTINE. 400

402. Alaric invades Italy. Stilicho collects an army from Gaul, Britain, etc., and defeats him at Pollentia and Verona. 402. Pope Innocent I.

409. Gerontius, the Roman governor, invites the Vandals, Alani and Suevi into Spain. 408. Stilicho slain. Alaric’s third invasion.

410. The Roman troops being gradually withdrawn, the natives become independent. 412. Ataulphus, with the Visigoths, leaves Italy, conquers Narbonne and Toulouse. 413. Kingdom of the Burgundians founded by Gondicar. 410. Alaric captures and sacks Rome. 412. Cyril, Bishop of Alexandria. 414-53. Regency of Pulcheria. 412. Conquers Armenia.

415. The empire of the Visigoths. 416. The Pelagian heresy condemned by the African bishops.

423-455. The greater part of Gaul and Spain lost. 422. Pope Celestine I. 420-22. Persian War on account of persecution of the Christians. 420-440. Varanes V. 420. China: Close of Isin dynasty.

425 The Scots and Picts continually harass the island, and the Franks and Saxons infest its coast. 429. Empire of the Vandals. 432. St. Patrick preaches the Gospel in Ireland. 431-440. Armenia divided between the Persians and Romans. 425

437. Pannonia, Dalmatia and Noricum, lost to the Greek Empire. 438. Theodosian Code.

440. Pope LEO I. the Great, greatly extends the power of the bishop of Rome. 441. Invasion of the Huns; who ravage Europe to the walls of Constantinople. 440-457. Varanes VI., Legislator.

II. Anglo-Saxon Period (449-1066) 448-456. Merovius powerfully assists in the defeat of Attila, and thus gives his name to the first race of French kings. 449. The Saxon invasion of England.

450 451. Invasion of Attila, with half a million Huns. The Huns under Attila, called the “Scourge of God,” defeated by the confederate armies of Romans and Visigoths at Chalons. 450. Dynasty of the Merovingians. 452. Attila returns from Gaul into Italy. Pope Leo saves Rome. 451. The fourth general council at Chalcedon, at which Eutychianism and Nestorianism are solemnly condemned. 450

455-556. Saxon Octarchy. 455. The Britons settle in Bretagne. 455-476. From the assassination of Valentinian, ten emperors rapidly succeed. 454. The Ostrogoths, after Attila’s death, settle in Pannonia and Mœsia.

455. Hengist founds the kingdom of Kent. 457. Childeric conquers to the Loire, including Paris. 456. The Alemanni follow the Burgundians into Alsace. The river Aar in Switzerland becomes the boundary between them. 455. Genseric and the Vandals plunder Rome. 457-474. Leo the Great. The first emperor crowned by a patriarch of the Greek Church. 457. Firoz, one of the most celebrated princes of Persia.

461. Ricimer, leader of the Goths, reigns under the name of Severus III.

466-483. Gothic Monarchy of Spain. 474. Ricimer sacks Rome. 474-491. Zeno.

475 476. Odoacer, King of the Heruli, overthrows the Western Empire, and founds the Kingdom of Italy. 475. The Ostrogoths. Theodoric brought up as a hostage at Constantinople, becomes chief of the whole nation. He invades the empire, ravages Thrace with great cruelty. 480. India: End of Gupta dynasty. 475

NEW NATIONS FORMED OUT OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE

Spain Franks Germans Italy

Kingdom of the Visigoths. Kingdom of the Franks.

481-511. Clovis the true founder of the French monarchy: capital Paris. 482. The Emperor Zeno publishes the Henoticon.

486. Defeats Syagrius at Soissons. End of the Roman Dominion. 491-516. Gondebald, King of Burgundy. 492. Pope Gelasius I. He advances bold claims to authority. 489-493. Theodoric’s expedition from Thrace, etc., into Italy.

493. Italy conquered by Theodoric, King of the Ostrogoths. Odoacer put to death. 493. The Kingdom of the Ostrogoths.

496. Conversion of Clovis. He defeats the Alamanni. 493-555. Kingdom of the East Goths (Ostrogoths) in Italy. 496. Christianity introduced among the Franks, whose king, Clovis, accepts baptism.

500 500. Edict of Theodoric. 502-505. War with Persia. 500

508-522. Theodoric the Great, King of the Ostrogoths, rules the affairs of Spain—he preserves Narbonne, wrested from the Visigoths by Clovis, to this empire, but joins Arles and Provence to his own. 506. Burgundy tributary to the Franks. 508. Conquest of Arles and Provence. 507. Long walls built to protect Constantinople from the Bulgarians.

519. Kingdom of Wessex (West Saxons) which ultimately unites to itself the whole English monarchy. 516. Sigismond. 518. The accession of Justin marks the downfall of the Monophysites. 518-527. Justin. Proclus his minister. 518-565. Brilliant period of the Byzantine Empire.

522-531. Amalaric, the first Gothic king who establishes his court in Spain: capital, Seville. 523. Godomar.

525 527. Separation of the Armenian from the Greek Church. 527. JUSTINIAN I. becomes emperor; celebrated for his code of laws and the victories of his generals, Belisarius and Narses. 525

529. The Order of Benedictine Monks instituted at Monte Cassino, near Naples. 530. Belisarius defeats the Persians at Daras. 531-579. Chosroës I., “The Just,” greatest of the Sassanid kings. War with Justinian. Invasion of Syria and capture of Antioch. Belisarius in Syria.

532. Suppresses the Nika riot in the Hippodrome of Constantinople.

533-555. WARS OF JUSTINIAN AGAINST THE VANDALS AND OSTROGOTHS.

533-534. Overthrows the Vandals in Africa.

535-553. Unsuccessful war with Justinian, the troops revolt and elect Vitiges, 536-541. 535. Subdues Sicily.

536. Witiges, King of the Ostrogoths, surrenders his possessions in Gaul to the Franks. 536. Belisarius takes Rome. 536. Belisarius and Narses recover Italy.

537. Witiges besieges Belisarius in Rome. 537. It endures a long and disastrous siege from Vitiges.

540. Byzantine power established in Italy. 541-552. Totila re-establishes the powers of the Ostrogoths. 544. In the Edict of the Three Chapters, Justinian largely repudiates the work of the Council of Chalcedon. Turks settled in Asia ab. 545-550 549-551. Siege of Petra.

550 550

552. Narses, the general of Justinian, invades Italy, overthrows the Gothic monarchy. 553. Narses defeats and kills Totila and overthrows Gothic kingdom in Italy. 552. Japan: Buddhism introduced.

558-561. Clotaire sole monarch. 554. Italy under Greek Exarchs.

561. Chilperic I. (the French Nero), King of Neustria, married the beautiful Fredegonda. Many Germanic tribes, particularly the Bavarians and Saxons join the Lombards and Avars in their invasion of Italy. Kingdom of the Lombards 560. Pope John III. The Tritheists maintain the separate existence of the persons of the Trinity. 565. Death of Belisarius and Justinian. Justin II becomes emperor.

561-575. Sigebert, King of Austrasia, wife Brunehilda. 568. Italy conquered by the Lombards under Alboin. He later fixes his capital at Pavia. 570-600. The Avars invade the Eastern Empire, and spread over Hungary, Poland and Prussia. 569-582. The Turks send embassies to the Greek emperor—treaty between them.

568-752. The Exarchate of Ravenna established. 571-591. Wars with Persia.

575 575. East-Anglia, is formed into a kingdom. The name of Angle-land was given to a small part of the eastern coast, East-Engla-land. 578-582. Tiberius II. 579-590. Hormisdas III. 575

580. The Latin language ceases to be spoken in Italy, while it supersedes Gothic in Spain. 582-602. Maurice.

586. The kingdom of Mercia was the last founded by the Angles. 586-601. Recared good and prosperous reign establishes the Catholic faith throughout Spain—the clergy obtain great authority. The empire extended to the Araxes, and almost to the Caspian.

588-828. WARS OF THE HEPTARCHY.

590-616. Supremacy of Ethelbert, King of Kent. The Latin language supersedes the Gothic. 590-604. GREGORY I. the Great. Canon of the mass established. 592. War with the Avars. 591-628. Chosroes II. 590-618. China: Dynasty of Suy.

593-600. Japan: strong Chinese influences.

600 Ethelbert publishes the first Code of Laws in Britain. 607-614. Boniface IV. 603-628. War with Persia. 600. Arabia became the theater of important events which greatly influenced the history of the East. 603. Invades the Greek Empire—conquers Syria, 611; Palestine and Jerusalem, 614; Egypt, 616 and Asia Minor except the coasts—overrun Africa. Splendid court of Persia. 600

613-628. Clotaire II., sole monarch, grandson of Clovis, his power extends over all the Gauls to the Pyrenees—the Saxons and Lombards tributary: capital, Paris. The Anglo-Saxons embrace Christianity—as do also, during this century, the Frieslanders, Westphalians, Thuringians, Danes, Swedes, Germans, and Franks. 609. MOHAMMED proclaims his religion.

A. D. Britain Eastern Empire Persia China, India, Japan

I. Roman Period (B.C. 55-410 A.D.) 395. Arcadius received the Eastern Empire, also called the Byzantine or Grecian Empire. Capital Byzantium or Constantinople. 399-420. Isdegerdes favors the Christians.

400 400. Chrysostom, patriarch of Constantinople; ST. AUGUSTINE.

410. The Roman troops being gradually withdrawn, the natives become independent. 414-53. Regency of Pulcheria. 412. Conquers Armenia.

420-22. Persian War on account of persecution of the Christians. 420-440. Varanes V. 420. China: Close of Isin dynasty.

425 The Scots and Picts continually harass the island, and the Franks and Saxons infest its coast. 431-440. Armenia divided between the Persians and Romans.

438. Theodosian Code.

441. Invasion of the Huns; who ravage Europe to the walls of Constantinople. 440-457. Varanes VI., Legislator.

II. Anglo-Saxon Period (449-1066)

450

454. The Ostrogoths, after Attila’s death, settle in Pannonia and Mœsia.

457-474. Leo the Great. The first emperor crowned by a patriarch of the Greek Church. 457. Firoz, one of the most celebrated princes of Persia.

466-483. Gothic Monarchy of Spain. 474-491. Zeno.

475 475. The Ostrogoths. Theodoric brought up as a hostage at Constantinople, becomes chief of the whole nation. He invades the empire, ravages Thrace with great cruelty. 480. India: End of Gupta dynasty.

489-493. Theodoric’s expedition from Thrace, etc., into Italy.

493. The Kingdom of the Ostrogoths.

500 502-505. War with Persia.

507. Long walls built to protect Constantinople from the Bulgarians.

519. Kingdom of Wessex (West Saxons) which ultimately unites to itself the whole English monarchy. 518-527. Justin. Proclus his minister. 518-565. Brilliant period of the Byzantine Empire.

525 527. JUSTINIAN I. becomes emperor; celebrated for his code of laws and the victories of his generals, Belisarius and Narses.

530. Belisarius defeats the Persians at Daras. 531-579. Chosroës I., “The Just,” greatest of the Sassanid kings. War with Justinian. Invasion of Syria and capture of Antioch. Belisarius in Syria.

532. Suppresses the Nika riot in the Hippodrome of Constantinople.

533-555. WARS OF JUSTINIAN AGAINST THE VANDALS AND OSTROGOTHS.

533-534. Overthrows the Vandals in Africa.

535. Subdues Sicily.

536. Belisarius and Narses recover Italy.

Turks settled in Asia ab. 545-550 549-551. Siege of Petra.

550

553. Narses defeats and kills Totila and overthrows Gothic kingdom in Italy. 552. Japan: Buddhism introduced.

565. Death of Belisarius and Justinian. Justin II becomes emperor.

570-600. The Avars invade the Eastern Empire, and spread over Hungary, Poland and Prussia. 569-582. The Turks send embassies to the Greek emperor—treaty between them.

571-591. Wars with Persia.

575 575. East-Anglia, is formed into a kingdom. The name of Angle-land was given to a small part of the eastern coast, East-Engla-land 578-582. Tiberius II. 579-590. Hormisdas III.

582-602. Maurice.

586. The kingdom of Mercia was the last founded by the Angles. The empire extended to the Araxes, and almost to the Caspian.

588-828. WARS OF THE HEPTARCHY.

590-616. Supremacy of Ethelbert, King of Kent. 592. War with the Avars. 591-628. Chosroes II. 590-618. China: Dynasty of Suy.

593-600. Japan: strong Chinese influences.

600 Ethelbert publishes the first Code of Laws in Britain. 603-628. War with Persia. 600. Arabia became the theater of important events which greatly influenced the history of the East. 603. Invades the Greek Empire—conquers Syria, 611; Palestine and Jerusalem, 614; Egypt, 616 and Asia Minor except the coasts—overrun Africa. Splendid court of Persia.

609. MOHAMMED proclaims his religion.

A. D. Western Part of the Roman Empire

Spain Gaul (Franks) Germans Italy Church

395-423. Honorius, Emperor. Capital Rome, Ravenna imperial residence after 402.

400 400. Chrysostom, patriarch of Constantinople; ST. AUGUSTINE.

402. Alaric invades Italy. Stilicho collects an army from Gaul, Britain, etc., and defeats him at Pollentia and Verona. 402. Pope Innocent I.

409. Gerontius, the Roman governor, invites the Vandals, Alani and Suevi into Spain. 408. Stilicho slain. Alaric’s third invasion.

412. Ataulphus, with the Visigoths, leaves Italy, conquers Narbonne and Toulouse. 413. Kingdom of the Burgundians founded by Gondicar. 410. Alaric captures and sacks Rome. 412. Cyril, Bishop of Alexandria.

415. The empire of the Visigoths. 416. The Pelagian heresy condemned by the African bishops.

423-455. The greater part of Gaul and Spain lost. 422. Pope Celestine I.

425 429. Empire of the Vandals. 432. St. Patrick preaches the Gospel in Ireland.

437. Pannonia, Dalmatia and Noricum, lost to the Greek Empire.

440. Pope LEO I. the Great, greatly extends the power of the bishop of Rome.

448-456. Merovius powerfully assists in the defeat of Attila, and thus gives his name to the first race of French kings. 449. The Saxon invasion of England.

450 451. Invasion of Attila, with half a million Huns. The Huns under Attila, called the “Scourge of God,” defeated by the confederate armies of Romans and Visigoths at Chalons. 450. Dynasty of the Merovingians. 452. Attila returns from Gaul into Italy. Pope Leo saves Rome. 451. The fourth general council at Chalcedon, at which Eutychianism and Nestorianism are solemnly condemned.

455-556. Saxon Octarchy. 455. The Britons settle in Bretagne. 455-476. From the assassination of Valentinian, ten emperors rapidly succeed.

455. Hengist founds the kingdom of Kent. 457. Childeric conquers to the Loire, including Paris. 456. The Alemanni follow the Burgundians into Alsace. The river Aar in Switzerland becomes the boundary between them. 455. Genseric and the Vandals plunder Rome.

461. Ricimer, leader of the Goths, reigns under the name of Severus III.

474. Ricimer sacks Rome.

475 476. Odoacer, King of the Heruli, overthrows the Western Empire, and founds the Kingdom of Italy.

NEW NATIONS FORMED OUT OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE

Spain Franks Germans Italy

Kingdom of the Visigoths. Kingdom of the Franks.

481-511. Clovis the true founder of the French monarchy: capital Paris. 482. The Emperor Zeno publishes the Henoticon.

486. Defeats Syagrius at Soissons. End of the Roman Dominion. 491-516. Gondebald, King of Burgundy. 492. Pope Gelasius I. He advances bold claims to authority.

493. Italy conquered by Theodoric, King of the Ostrogoths. Odoacer put to death.

496. Conversion of Clovis. He defeats the Alamanni. 493-555. Kingdom of the East Goths (Ostrogoths) in Italy. 496. Christianity introduced among the Franks, whose king, Clovis, accepts baptism.

500 500. Edict of Theodoric.

508-522. Theodoric the Great, King of the Ostrogoths, rules the affairs of Spain—he preserves Narbonne, wrested from the Visigoths by Clovis, to this empire, but joins Arles and Provence to his own. 506. Burgundy tributary to the Franks. 508. Conquest of Arles and Provence.

516. Sigismond. 518. The accession of Justin marks the downfall of the Monophysites.

522-531. Amalaric, the first Gothic king who establishes his court in Spain: capital, Seville. 523. Godomar.

525 527. Separation of the Armenian from the Greek Church.

529. The Order of Benedictine Monks instituted at Monte Cassino, near Naples.

533-555. WARS OF JUSTINIAN AGAINST THE VANDALS AND OSTROGOTHS.

535-553. Unsuccessful war with Justinian, the troops revolt and elect Vitiges, 536-541.

536. Witiges, King of the Ostrogoths, surrenders his possessions in Gaul to the Franks. 536. Belisarius takes Rome.

537. Witiges besieges Belisarius in Rome. 537. It endures a long and disastrous siege from Vitiges.

540. Byzantine power established in Italy. 541-552. Totila re-establishes the powers of the Ostrogoths. 544. In the Edict of the Three Chapters, Justinian largely repudiates the work of the Council of Chalcedon.

550

552. Narses, the general of Justinian, invades Italy, overthrows the Gothic monarchy.

558-561. Clotaire sole monarch. 554. Italy under Greek Exarchs.

561. Chilperic I. (the French Nero), King of Neustria, married the beautiful Fredegonda. Many Germanic tribes, particularly the Bavarians and Saxons join the Lombards and Avars in their invasion of Italy. Kingdom of the Lombards 560. Pope John III. The Tritheists maintain the separate existence of the persons of the Trinity.

561-575. Sigebert, King of Austrasia, wife Brunehilda. 568. Italy conquered by the Lombards under Alboin. He later fixes his capital at Pavia.

568-752. The Exarchate of Ravenna established.

575

580. The Latin language ceases to be spoken in Italy, while it supersedes Gothic in Spain.

586-601. Recared good and prosperous reign establishes the Catholic faith throughout Spain—the clergy obtain great authority.

The Latin language supersedes the Gothic. 590-604. GREGORY I. the Great. Canon of the mass established.

600 607-614. Boniface IV.

613-628. Clotaire II., sole monarch, grandson of Clovis, his power extends over all the Gauls to the Pyrenees—the Saxons and Lombards tributary: capital, Paris. The Anglo-Saxons embrace Christianity—as do also, during this century, the Frieslanders, Westphalians, Thuringians, Danes, Swedes, Germans, and Franks.

VIII. FROM THE BEGINNING OF MOHAMMEDAN POWER TO THE TREATY OF VERDUN, 622-843 A. D.

Great Events of Period. 700-800: Christianizing of Germany continues. Hostile caliphates of Bagdad and Cordova. Mohammedan advance in the West checked by Charlemagne, who nominally restores the Western Roman Empire. Norman ravages begin. 800-900: Norman ravages continue. Private wars. Charlemagne’s Empire falls to pieces.

A. D. Britain Spain Franks and Germans Italy and Church Eastern Empire Saracen Empire Persia China, Japan, India A. D.

617-685. The Northumbrian Supremacy: Northumbria, Mercia, and Wessex. 617. Edwin embraces Christianity and becomes powerful. Began a basilica at York. The power of the mayors of the palaces increases by their being appointed regents over the countries conquered by Clotaire. 618-907. China: Dynasty of Tang.

622-625. Successful expeditions of Heraclius against the Persians. 622. The Hegira, or Flight, of MOHAMMED. He enters Medina, and is acknowledged as prophet and military sovereign. 622. Invasion of Heraclius.

623. The Greeks expelled from Spain. 623-632. Conquers all Arabia.

625 625-638. Honorius I. Much money spent in building churches. 627. Victory of Nineveh. 625

628-633. Dagobert I., King of all the Frankish realms. Africa and Asia, with the churches of Jerusalem, Alexandria, and Antioch, lost to the Christian world by the progress of Mohammedanism. 628. Peace with Persia. 628. Conquest of Madain; Chosroes flees; revolution; he is deposed and murdered by his son.

632-1492. SARACEN OR MOHAMMEDAN WARS.

Peace with Constantinople.

632-634. Abu Bekr, Mohammed’s father-in-law, succeeds as Caliph, and reigns from the Euphrates and Tigris to the Mediterranean. 632-651. Yezdejird, the last king.

633-655. Feuds among the Saxon Kings. 633. Death of Dagobert I., and long minority rule of his sons. 633. The Greeks defeated in Syria by the Arabs, under Khaled, who captures Damascus. The Arabs attack Persia and under Othman, completely subdue it.

634-644. Omar. Egypt and part of Syria subdued.

638. Council of Toledo; decree against the Jews. 636-687. Continued decline and final decay of the Merovingians. 636-652. Rotharis. Legislation of Rotharis and gradual formation of the Italian language. Invasion of the Slavs, who are repulsed. 637. Captures Jerusalem. The Christians allowed the exercise of their religion—paying tribute. Omar founds a mosque at Jerusalem, which Moslems consider nearly as sacred as Mecca. 637. Ctesiphon taken and sacked by the Arabs.

640. The Slavs found the kingdom of Servia and Croatia. 640. Alexandria captured by Amru, and its library burned.

641-668. Constans II.

644-655. Othman builds a fleet. 645. Japan: Rise of the famous Fuji Wasa family, influential for 400 years.

647. Amru captures Mauritania and nearly all northern Africa.

649. Pope Martin I. 648. Cyprus captured, and

650 656-675. Mercia, shakes off the yoke of Northumbria. 653. Rhodes—complete destruction of the celebrated colossus. 652. Persia passes under the Saracens. 650

662. Grimoald, Duke of Benevento, comes to aid Gondebert, but kills him and seizes the crown. 661-680. Moawiah makes Damascus his capital, forms a navy; invades Sicily; besieges Constantinople.

Northumbria declines, but Wessex and Mercia increase in power. 664. Roman Christianity triumphs in England at the Council at Whitby. 668-685. Constantine IV. (Pogonatus.) 668-675. First siege of Constantinople by the Arabs—the Greek fire saves the city.

675 680-681. The sixth general council at Constantinople condemns the Monothelites. 680. Kingdom of the Bulgarians founded between the Danube and the Balkan, lasts till 1018, when it is again a Greek province. 675

687-714. Pipin, Mayor of the Palace. 685. Justinian II. breaks the truce with the Saracens, is defeated, and compelled to relinquish Armenia.

The Alemani, Bavarians, Frisons, Thuringians and Saxons, while France is occupied with the dissensions of the mayors of the palace, shake off the Frankish yoke. 697. Venice begins to have its Doges. 696. Armenia subdued, and 697-725. The provinces between the Black and Caspian Sea. 698. Carthage razed, and the north coast of Africa completely subjugated.

700 711. Tarik lands at Gibraltar, gains a decisive victory at Xeres, 712, in which Rhoderic, the last of the Goths is killed. End of Gothic Monarchy of Spain. 710. Emperor Justinian II. confirms the Roman See in its privileges. 711. Battle of Xeres destroyed the kingdom of the Visigoths in Spain. 700

712. Constantine opposes the emperor Philippicus Bardanes in the question of the Monothelite heresy. 712-744. Luitbrand, a great and virtuous prince. Luitbrand takes advantage of the civil broils in Italy, captures Ravenna and several cities from the pope. 712. India: Abab conquest begins.

713-714. Tarik and Musa complete the conquest of Spain. The Christians maintain themselves in the Asturias and Navarre.

715. Death of Pipin, succeeded after a long struggle by his son. 715. Pope Gregory II. engages in controversy with the Emperor Leo the Isaurian over image-worship.

715-741. Charles Martel. Complete master of the French monarchy. 718-741. Leo III., the Isaurian.

720-729. The Arabs invade France, but are several times defeated and driven back by Eudes, Duke of Aquitaine. 722. Boniface consecrated bishop of Germany. 720. India: Parsees settle at Bombay.

725 730. Gregory excommunicates the emperor. 726. Edict forbidding image worship. 725

732. Charles Martel gains the decisive victory of Tours which saves the liberties and religion of Europe. 731. Pope Gregory III. 732. Saracens defeated by Charles Martel at Tours.

739. Alfonso founds the kingdom of Leon which maintains its independence till 1230. Carlovingian Dynasty 749-756. Aistulf.

750 751. With Pipin the Short (741-768), Charles Martel’s son, the Carolingians became kings of the Franks. 752. He defeats the Greek exarchs, and demands a tribute from Rome. 750. Savage civil wars among Saracens. Caliphate of Bagdad under the Abbasides (750-1258). 750

End of the Greek Exarchate

755-794. Offa, King of Mercia, overthrows the armies of Sussex, Kent, Wessex and founds the Abbey of Bath and of St. Albans. 755-1031. Caliphate at Cordova. 754-756. Pipin makes two expeditions into Italy and bestows the exarchate upon the pope, thus laying the foundation of the temporal power of the Papacy. 755. Saracen Empire divided. Abderrahman, escaped to Spain, and founded there the

755-787. Abderrahman having escaped from Bagdad, wrests Spain from the caliphate of the Abbassides—establishes a military government. 756. Commencement of the pope’s temporal power under the auspices of Pipin, who bestows on Stephen the exarchate of Ravenna. Didier, the last king, quarrels with Pope Adrian, 772, at whose request Charlemagne crosses the Great St. Bernard from Geneva, takes Pavia, dethrones Didier, and thus, 774, ends the Kingdom of the Lombards which had lasted 206 years. 756. The exarchate of Ravenna lost. 756. Caliphate of Cordova.

762. Bagdad becomes the seat of Caliphs the center of commerce, and rises to great opulence and splendor. 763-80. China: Incessant Tartar invasion.

768-814. CHARLEMAGNE, and Carloman, the former one of the greatest monarchs, becomes sole ruler upon the death of Carloman, 771. 768. Pope Stephen III.

772. Pope Hadrian I., whom Charlemagne confirms in possession of Pipin’s donation.

775 789. First landing of Northmen in Britain. 787. The seventh general council at Nice, in which the doctrine of the Iconoclasts was condemned. 787. Irene restores the worship of images. 786. Haroun-al-Raschid, Caliph at Bagdad. The Empire broke into a number of separate States at his death. Arab art flourishing, and Arab civilization at its zenith. 775

791-842. Alphonso II., the Chaste, defeats and expels the Arabs, who invade his dominions, and from this time may be dated the real independence of the Christians. 795. Pope Leo III. Image-worship condemned by Synod of Frankfort. 797-802. Irene reigns alone, after killing her own son. 794. Japan: Kioto becomes the capital.

800 800. Charlemagne or Charles the Great crowned Emperor by Pope Leo III. The Holy Roman Empire founded. It included all France, Germany, Spain to the Ebro, Italy to Benevento, several isles of the Mediterranean, and the greater portion of Pannonia. 801. Negotiations with Charlemagne respecting a marriage with him and a union of the two empires. 800-855. India: Rise of the Rajput states. 800

802. Egbert, King of Wessex. 802. Irene is deposed by Nicephorus, and banished to Lesbos—died 803.

802-811. Nicephorus.

803-806. The Saracens defeat the Greeks, ravage Asia Minor, capture Cyprus, and compel Nicephorus to pay a tribute.

806. Charlemagne divides the empire between his three sons, two of whom die, 810, 811.

808. Descent of the Normans or Northmen upon France. Many bishoprics founded—Great increase of monastic institutions. 811. Nicephorus is defeated and killed by Crunnus, King of the Bulgarians.

813. National assembly at Aix. Louis co-ruler. Charlemagne dies there 814. 813-820. Leo, the Armenian. 813-833. Mamun. The reign of this prince may be regarded as the Augustan period of Arabian literature.

814-840. Louis, the Pious, crowned emperor at Rheims, 816, by Pope Stephen IV.

817. Louis divides the empire between his three sons, and, 823, a fourth, Lothaire, is associated in the empire. Immediately after the reigns of Haroun-al-Raschid and Mamun the power of the caliphs began to decline.

820. Second invasion of the Normans. 820-829. Michael II., the Stammerer.

823. Crete lost to the Arabs, and Sicily to the African Aglabites.

825 827. Egbert becomes king of all England. 830. Rebellion of Louis’s three sons, and succession of quarrels between them till Louis’s death—Field of lies at Alsace, 833—Louis is deposed, but soon restored. 829-842. Theophilus. 827. Saracens landed in Sicily and gradually conquered it. 825

833. El Motassem, Caliph. Struggle with Byzantine Empire continued throughout the century. Mohammedan rule firmly established in Egypt.

837. Ethelwolf succeeds to the throne. 841. Battle of Frontenai between Lothaire, Charles and Louis; Louis is defeated. 837. Wars with the Saracens. 840. Arabs sailed up the Tiber to Rome. Sacked St. Peter’s and St. Paul’s. 840. Bhoga master of the country from Gwalior to the Himalayas.

842. Ramiro I., King of Orildo. 843. Partition of the Carlovingian Empire at Verdun, when properly begins the history of France, Germany and Italy as separate states. 842. Empress Theodora restores image worship. Though the political power of the Bagdad Caliphate continued to decline, during the whole of the ninth century the eastern capital continued to be the chief center of learning, literature and culture in striking contrast with the west. Great Stone Temple at Ellora about this period.

The Treaty of Verdun was originally merely a family contract, made without regard to national differences. In Louis’ kingdom, however, the German element was in the majority; in that of Charles the Romance element prevailed. Thus there developed, in the course of the following centuries, from the East Frankish element the German, from the West Frankish the French nationality. The East Franks called their language, in contrast to the Latin used by the educated clergy, the deutsche, i. e. the language of the people, and gradually those who spoke Deutsche came to be called Deutsche, or German.

France Germany Italy

843-987. Carolingian Kings of France. 843-911. Carolingians in Germany. 843-875. Carolingians in Italy.

844. Irruption of the sea kings. 843-877. Charles the Bald obtains France; boundaries: the Meuse, Saone, Rhone, Scheldt and Ebro. 843-876. Louis the German obtains Germany to the Rhine, with Mayence, Spires and Worms. 843-855. Lothaire, Emperor, obtains Italy and Lotharingia, or Lorraine.

The empire, hard pressed by Arabs, Bulgarians, and Magyars. The Emperors Nicephorus Phocas and John Zimisces, whom Theophano, widow of Romanus II. (died 962), placed on the throne, partially reconquered the provinces which the Arabs and Bulgarians had torn from the empire.

The power of the monarchs declines, and the nobles become independent. The empire by the almost universal system of division and subdivision, is broken up into an immense number of feudal states.

A. D. Britain Eastern Empire Saracen Empire Persia China, Japan, India

617-685. The Northumbrian Supremacy: Northumbria, Mercia, and Wessex. 617. Edwin embraces Christianity and becomes powerful. Began a basilica at York. 618-907. China: Dynasty of Tang.

622-625. Successful expeditions of Heraclius against the Persians. 622. The Hegira, or Flight, of MOHAMMED. He enters Medina, and is acknowledged as prophet and military sovereign. 622. Invasion of Heraclius.

623-632. Conquers all Arabia.

625 627. Victory of Nineveh.

628. Peace with Persia. 628. Conquest of Madain; Chosroes flees; revolution; he is deposed and murdered by his son.

632-1492. SARACEN OR MOHAMMEDAN WARS.

Peace with Constantinople.

632-634. Abu Bekr, Mohammed’s father-in-law, succeeds as Caliph, and reigns from the Euphrates and Tigris to the Mediterranean. 632-651. Yezdejird, the last king.

633-655. Feuds among the Saxon Kings. 633. The Greeks defeated in Syria by the Arabs, under Khaled, who captures Damascus. The Arabs attack Persia and under Othman, completely subdue it.

634-644. Omar. Egypt and part of Syria subdued.

637. Captures Jerusalem. The Christians allowed the exercise of their religion—paying tribute. Omar founds a mosque at Jerusalem, which Moslems consider nearly as sacred as Mecca. 637. Ctesiphon taken and sacked by the Arabs.

640. The Slavs found the kingdom of Servia and Croatia. 640. Alexandria captured by Amru, and its library burned.

641-668. Constans II.

644-655. Othman builds a fleet. 645. Japan: Rise of the famous Fuji Wasa family, influential for 400 years.

647. Amru captures Mauritania and nearly all northern Africa.

648. Cyprus captured, and

650 656-675. Mercia, shakes off the yoke of Northumbria. 653. Rhodes—complete destruction of the celebrated colossus. 652. Persia passes under the Saracens.

661-680. Moawiah makes Damascus his capital, forms a navy; invades Sicily; besieges Constantinople.

Northumbria declines, but Wessex and Mercia increase in power. 668-685. Constantine IV. (Pogonatus.) 668-675. First siege of Constantinople by the Arabs—the Greek fire saves the city.

675 680. Kingdom of the Bulgarians founded between the Danube and the Balkan, lasts till 1018, when it is again a Greek province.

685. Justinian II. breaks the truce with the Saracens, is defeated, and compelled to relinquish Armenia.

696. Armenia subdued, and 697-725. The provinces between the Black and Caspian Sea. 698. Carthage razed, and the north coast of Africa completely subjugated.

700 711. Battle of Xeres destroyed the kingdom of the Visigoths in Spain.

712. India: Abab conquest begins.

718-741. Leo III., the Isaurian.

720. India: Parsees settle at Bombay.

725 726. Edict forbidding image worship.

732. Saracens defeated by Charles Martel at Tours.

750 750. Savage civil wars among Saracens. Caliphate of Bagdad under the Abbasides (750-1258).

755-794. Offa, King of Mercia, overthrows the armies of Sussex, Kent, Wessex and founds the Abbey of Bath and of St. Albans. 755. Saracen Empire divided. Abderrahman, escaped to Spain, and founded there the

756. The exarchate of Ravenna lost. 756. Caliphate of Cordova.

762. Bagdad becomes the seat of Caliphs the center of commerce, and rises to great opulence and splendor. 763-80. China: Incessant Tartar invasion.

775 789. First landing of Northmen in Britain. 787. Irene restores the worship of images. 786. Haroun-al-Raschid, Caliph at Bagdad. The Empire broke into a number of separate States at his death. Arab art flourishing, and Arab civilization at its zenith.

797-802. Irene reigns alone, after killing her own son. 794. Japan: Kioto becomes the capital.

800 801. Negotiations with Charlemagne respecting a marriage with him and a union of the two empires. 800-855. India: Rise of the Rajput states.

802. Egbert, King of Wessex. 802. Irene is deposed by Nicephorus, and banished to Lesbos—died 803.

802-811. Nicephorus.

803-806. The Saracens defeat the Greeks, ravage Asia Minor, capture Cyprus, and compel Nicephorus to pay a tribute.

811. Nicephorus is defeated and killed by Crunnus, King of the Bulgarians.

813-820. Leo, the Armenian. 813-833. Mamun. The reign of this prince may be regarded as the Augustan period of Arabian literature.

Immediately after the reigns of Haroun-al-Raschid and Mamun the power of the caliphs began to decline.

820-829. Michael II., the Stammerer.

823. Crete lost to the Arabs, and Sicily to the African Aglabites.

825 827. Egbert becomes king of all England. 827. Saracens landed in Sicily and gradually conquered it.

833. El Motassem, Caliph. Struggle with Byzantine Empire continued throughout the century. Mohammedan rule firmly established in Egypt.

837. Ethelwolf succeeds to the throne. 837. Wars with the Saracens. 840. Arabs sailed up the Tiber to Rome. Sacked St. Peter’s and St. Paul’s. 840. Bhoga master of the country from Gwalior to the Himalayas.

842. Empress Theodora restores image worship. Though the political power of the Bagdad Caliphate continued to decline, during the whole of the ninth century the eastern capital continued to be the chief center of learning, literature and culture in striking contrast with the west. Great Stone Temple at Ellora about this period.

The empire, hard pressed by Arabs, Bulgarians, and Magyars. The Emperors Nicephorus Phocas and John Zimisces, whom Theophano, widow of Romanus II. (died 962), placed on the throne, partially reconquered the provinces which the Arabs and Bulgarians had torn from the empire.

A. D. Spain Franks and Germans Italy and Church

The power of the mayors of the palaces increases by their being appointed regents over the countries conquered by Clotaire.

623. The Greeks expelled from Spain.

625 625-638. Honorius I. Much money spent in building churches.

628-633. Dagobert I., King of all the Frankish realms. Africa and Asia, with the churches of Jerusalem, Alexandria, and Antioch, lost to the Christian world by the progress of Mohammedanism.

633. Death of Dagobert I., and long minority rule of his sons.

638. Council of Toledo; decree against the Jews. 636-687. Continued decline and final decay of the Merovingians. 636-652. Rotharis. Legislation of Rotharis and gradual formation of the Italian language. Invasion of the Slavs, who are repulsed.

649. Pope Martin I.

650

662. Grimoald, Duke of Benevento, comes to aid Gondebert, but kills him and seizes the crown.

664. Roman Christianity triumphs in England at the Council at Whitby.

675 680-681. The sixth general council at Constantinople condemns the Monothelites.

687-714. Pipin, Mayor of the Palace.

The Alemani, Bavarians, Frisons, Thuringians and Saxons, while France is occupied with the dissensions of the mayors of the palace, shake off the Frankish yoke. 697. Venice begins to have its Doges.

700 711. Tarik lands at Gibraltar, gains a decisive victory at Xeres, 712, in which Rhoderic, the last of the Goths is killed. End of Gothic Monarchy of Spain. 710. Emperor Justinian II. confirms the Roman See in its privileges.