A GENERAL FRENCH-ENGLISH DICTIONARY. (continued 12)

dominat-eur, -rice, n. and adj., dominator, ruler, tyrant; ruling, governing, dominant, domineering, arrogant.

domination, n.f., domination; dominion, rule, sway.

dominer, v.n., to rule, to bear rule or sway, to have the mastery; to dominate, to preponderate, to prevail; to domineer, to lord it; to rise above; to command a view of, to look over, to tower above; to command; to predominate. Il faut que la raison domine sur les passions; reason must prevail over the passions. Sa tête domine au-dessus de la foule; his head rises above the crowd. Cette tour domine sur tous les environs; that tower overlooks all the surrounding country.

dominer, v.a., to rule, to govern, to sway, to prevail over, to domineer over; to rise above, to command a view of; to command, to keep in subjection. La citadelle domine la ville; the citadel commands the town.

dominicain, n.m., Dominican, Dominican friar.

dominicain, -e, adj., Dominican.

dominicaine, n.f., Dominican nun.

dominical, -e, adj., dominical. Lettre —e; dominical letter. L’oraison —e; the Lord’s prayer.

dominicale, n.f., Sunday sermon.

domino, n.m., domino. En —; in a domino. Jouer aux —s; to play at dominoes. Faire —; to play out, to win.

dominoterie, n.f., stained papers.

dominotier (-tié), n.m., paper-stainer; dealer in stained papers.

dommage, n.m., damage, injury, hurt, detriment, loss; harm. Cela me porte —; that is a loss to me. Faire du —; to do harm. C’est —; it is a pity. —s et intérêts, —s-intérêts; (jur.) damages.

dommageable (-jabl), adj., hurtful, prejudicial, injurious.

domptable (don-tabl), adj., tameable; governable, manageable.

dompter (don-té), v.a., to subdue, to subjugate, to quell, to tame. — ses passions; to overcome one’s passions. — des animaux; to tame animals. — un cheval; to break in a horse.

se dompter, v.r., to quell, to overcome one’s passions.

dompteur (don-teur), n.m., subduer; tamer; breaker in; vanquisher.

dompte-venin, n.m., (—) (bot.) swallow-wort.

don, n.m., gift, donation, present, endowment; knack, talent. Les —s du ciel; the gifts of heaven. —s de la nature; natural endowments. — gratuit; free gift. Le — de la parole; the gift of speech. Il a le — de plaire; he has the knack of pleasing.

don, n.m., don.

dona, n.f., (—s) dona, donna.

donataire, n.m.f., donee.

donat-eur, n.m., -rice, n.f., donor, giver.

donation, n.f., donation, free gift; deed of gift. —s de la couronne; grants of the crown. Faire — de ses biens; to make over one’s property by deed of gift.

donatisme, n.m., Donatism.

donatiste, n.m., Donatist.

donc, conj., therefore; accordingly, hence; then, consequently; eh, of course, to be sure. Répondez —; answer, I tell you. Qu’ai-je — fait? whatever have I done?

dondon, n.f., (fam., b.s.) plump, jolly, fresh-colored woman or girl.

donjon, n.m., keep, turret, castle-keep; dungeon; pavilion.

donjonné, -e, adj., turreted.

donnant, -e, adj., generous. Il n’est pas —; he is not generous. — donnant; give and take, tit for tat.

donne, n.f., deal (at cards).

donné, -e, part., given.

donnée, n.f.sing., données, n.f.pl., datum, data, principles, facts admitted or known; notion, idea, information; (math.) known quantity, datum; theme of a play, a poem, etc.

donner, v.a., to give, to bestow, to present with, to make a present of; to give away; to cause; to grant, to confer upon; to ascribe; to deal (at cards); to wish (good day, etc.); to devote; (com.) to sell, to let have. — en échange; to give in exchange. — tort à quelqu’un; to blame any one. — sa fille en mariage; to give one’s daughter in marriage. Qui donne tôt, donne deux fois; he gives twice who gives in a trice. — la vie; to grant, to spare life. — le bonjour à quelqu’un; to wish any one good day. — un soufflet à quelqu’un; to box any one’s ears. — rendez-vous; to appoint a place of meeting. — quittance; to give a receipt. — le branle à une affaire; to set an affair going. — le ton; to set the fashion. — la chasse; to pursue. — sa parole; to give one’s word. — du chagrin; to vex. — de la peine; to trouble. — les mains à une chose; to give one’s consent to a thing. — de l’altesse a quelqu’un; to “style” or “dub” any one highness. — une baie; to humbug. — sa voix, son suffrage; to give one’s vote, one’s suffrage. — gain de cause; to decide in favor of. Donnez des sièges; bring chairs. Il en donne à tout le monde; he makes a fool of everybody. Je donne beaucoup au hasard; I attribute a good deal to chance. Donner à boire; to give to drink. Donnez-nous à manger; give us something to eat. — à penser, à réfléchir; to set thinking, to give food for reflection. C’est à vous à —; it is your turn to deal. En — à quelqu’un; to beat, to maul, any one; to cheat any one, to take any one in.

se donner, v.r., to give one’s self; to procure; to take place (of battles); to get; to abandon, to attach, one’s self; to give one’s self out as. Se — à quelqu’un; to abandon, to devote, one’s self to any one. Se — la peine de; to take the trouble to. Se — des airs; to give one’s self airs. Se — de la tête contre les murs; to run one’s head against a stone wall. S’en — à cœur joie; to indulge one’s self to one’s heart’s content; to take one’s fill of anything.

donner, v.n., to give, to give away; to addict one’s self; to give one’s self up; to get into the head (of liquor); to hit, to strike; (milit.) to charge, to be engaged, to attack (of troops); to deal; to yield, to bear, to produce; to look out; to look into, to overlook. — contre un banc de table; to strike on a sand-bank. Mes fenêtres donnent sur la rue; my windows look out into the street. — à penser à quelqu’un; to set any one thinking. — à parler; to furnish matter for talk. — dedans; to fall into a snare. — dans une embuscade; to fall into an ambuscade. — dans le piège, or dans le panneau; to fall into the snare. Le soleil donne dans ma chambre; the sun shines into my room. Ce vin donne dans la tête; that wine gets up into one’s head. Le régiment a donné; the regiment is in action, is under fire.

donneu-r, n.m., -se, n.f., giver, donor. Il n’est pas —; he is not fond of giving; he is close-fisted. — d’eau bénite de cour; man of promises only.

don quichotte, n.m., (— —s) Don Quixote, madcap; lanky fellow.

don quichottisme, n.m., (n.p.) quixotism.

dont, pron., whose, whereof, of which, of whom, for whom, etc. Dieu — nous admirons les œuvres; God whose works we admire. Ce — il s’agit; the business in hand. L’affaire — je vous ai parlé; the business I spoke to you about.

donte, n.f., body (of a lute).

donzelle, n.f., damsel, wench.

dorade, n.f., (astron., ich.) dorado, swordfish.

doradille, n.f. V. cétérac.

doré, -e, part., gilt, gilt over, gilded, golden. Langue —e; silver tongue; winning, deceitful tongue. — sur tranche; gilt-edged or with gilt edges.

dorée, n.f., (ich.) doree, John-Dory; slice of bread and jam.

dorénavant, adv., henceforth, hereafter, for the future, from this time forward.

dorer, v.a., to gild, to gild over. — un pâté; to glaze a pie with the yolk of eggs. — la pilule; to gild the pill.

se dorer, v.r., to gild; to assume a golden hue or tinge.

doreu-r, n.m., -se, n.f., gilder.

dorien (-in), n. and adj. m., Dorian; Doric.

dorine, n.f., (bot.) golden saxifrage.

dorique, n.m. and adj., Doric.

doris, n.f., (conch.) doris (a sort of mollusk).

dorloter, v.a., to cocker, to fondle, to pamper; to coddle, to pet, to make much of.

se dorloter, v.r., to coddle one’s self; to indulge one’s self.

dormant, -e, adj., sleeping, dormant, stagnant; (com.) dull; unemployed (of money). Eau —e; stagnant water. Manœuvre —e; (nav.) standing part of a tackle. Châssis —; fixed sash.

dormant, n.m., (tech., carp.) dormant, dormer, sleeper, post, fixed frame; epergne.

dormeu-r, n.m., -se, n.f., (pers.) sleeper; sluggard.

dormeuse, n.f., easy traveling carriage; lounging chair.

*dormille, n.f., (ich.) loach.

dormir (dormant, dormi), v.n., to sleep, to be asleep; to be supine; to be still; to be dormant (of money); to be stagnant (of water); to do nothing. — d’un bon sommeil, d’un bon somme; to sleep soundly. — trop longtemps; to oversleep one’s self. — la grasse matinée; to lie late in bed. — tout debout; not to be able to keep one’s eyes open. Qui dort, dîne; sleeping is as good as eating. Il dort comme une marmotte or comme un sabot; he sleeps like a top. Il n’y a point de pire eau que l’eau qui dort; still waters run deep. — sur les deux oreilles; to sleep soundly. Qui a renommée de se lever matin peut — jusqu’à midi; a good reputation covers a multitude of sins. Ce sont des contes à — de bout; they are old wives’ tales (i.e., tedious, nonsensical).

dormir, n.m., sleep.

dormiti-f, -ve, adj., soporific, somniferous. Une potion —ve; a sleeping draught.

dormitif, n.m., dormitive. L’opium est un dangereux —; opium is a dangerous sleeping-draught.

doronic, n.m., (bot.) doronicum, leopard’s-bane.

dorsal, -e, adj., dorsal.

dorsténie, n.f., (bot.) dorstenia, contrayerva.

dortoir, n.m., dormitory.

dorure, n.f., gilding; glazing (of pastry).

dos, n.m., back, rear, top, ridge. Sur le —; upon the back, pickaback. — courbé, voûté; bent back. L’épine du —; the spine, backbone. — d’une montagne; ridge of a mountain. Avoir quelqu’un sur le —; to be saddled with somebody. Tourner le —; to take to flight. Tourner le — à quelqu’un; to turn one’s back on or to forsake any one. Avoir bon —; to have a strong back. Faire le gros —; to set up its back (of a cat); to give one’s self airs. — d’âne; shelving ridge. En — d’âne; with a shelving ridge. Le juge les renvoya — à —; the judge non-suited them both. En avoir plein le —; to be sick and tired of anything. Se mettre le juge à —; to make an enemy of the judge, or to set the judge against one.

dosable, adj., measurable.

dosage, n.m., (chem., pharm.) dosing, proportioning; quantitative analysis.

dose, n.f., dose; quantity, portion.

doser, v.a., to dose, to proportion.

dossier, n.m., back (of a seat); brief (of a barrister); bundle of papers. — d’un lit; headboard of a bed, back-board (of a boat).

dossière, n.f., back-band, ridge-band (of harness); back-plate (of a cuirass).

dot (dot), n.f., marriage portion; dowry. La — d’une religieuse; what a nun pays for being admitted into a nunnery. Coureur de —s; fortune-hunter.

dotal, -e, adj., dotal, concerning dowry.

dotation, n.f., endowment, dotation.

doter, v.a., to endow, to give a portion, to give a dowry. — une église; to endow a church.

douaire, n.m., jointure, dower, marriage-settlement. Il lui a assigné dix mille livres de —; he has settled ten thousand francs upon her.

douairi-er, -ère, adj., dowager.

douairière, n.f., dowager; jointress.

douane, n.f., custom-house, custom-duty, duty. Préposé à la —; custom-house officer. Conseil des —s; board of customs. Droit de —; customs duty.

douaner, v.a., to clear goods at the custom-house; to pass through the custom-house.

douanier, n.m., custom-house officer; tide-waiter.

douani-er, -ère, adj., relating to the custom-house, of customs.

doublage, n.m., lining, plating; (nav.) sheathing. — de cuivre; copper-sheathing; (print.) double.

double, adj., double, duplicate; twofold, twice as much, twice as many; strong (of quality); double, deceitful, arrant; downright, regular. Partie —; (com.) double entry. C’est un — coquin; he is a downright, arrant scoundrel.

double, n.m., double; duplicate, replica; counterpart (of a deed), double-faced; (theat.) substitute, understudy; an old French coin worth two deniers; (mus.) a turn. Plus du —; more than the double. Mettre une chose en —; to double a thing. Jouer quitte ou —; to play double or quits. Parier — contre simple; to bet two to one.

double, adv., double. Voir —; to see double.

doublé, n.m., (billiards) doublet.

doubleau, n.m., (carp.) binding joist. V. arc-doubleau.

à double emploi, adv., for a double purpose.

doublement, n.m., doubling.

doublement, adv., doubly, in a double manner.

doubler, v.a., to double; to line (clothes); (arch.) to fur; (milit., nav., print., theat.) to double; to sheathe (a ship). — le pas; to go faster.

doublet, n.m., (billiards, jewelry, trictrac) doublet; (linguistics) doublets.

doublette, n.f., coupler (of organs).

doubleu-r, n.m., -se, n.f., doubler.

doublon, n.m., doubloon, Spanish pistole; (print.) double.

doublure, n.f., lining; (theat.) substitute, understudy.

douce-amère, n.f., (—s-—s) woody nightshade, bitter-sweet.

douceâtre, adj., sweetish.

doucement (doos-mān), adv., slowly, leisurely; gently, softly, tenderly, quietly; blandly; peaceably, calmly, smoothly, placidly; mildly; melodiously; meekly; patiently; comfortably; indifferently, not very well, so so. Aller tout —; to be so so.

doucerette, n.f., bland-looking creature.

doucereu-x, -se, adj., sweetish, mawkish; mealy-mouthed.

doucet, -te, adj., demure, mild, affected. Faire le —; to look demure.

doucette, n.f., (bot.) corn salad, lamb’s lettuce, Venus’s looking-glass.

doucettement (-sèt-mān), adv., (pop.) gently, softly, only so so. Il va tout —; he’s only so so.

douceur, n.f., sweetness; fragrance; softness; mildness; kindness, good-nature; melodiousness, harmony; mellowness; calmness; smoothness; peacefulness; meekness, gentleness; sweet thing; delight, pleasure, comfort; douceur. Employer la —; to use gentle means. Prendre quelqu’un par la —; to treat anyone with kindness. Goûter les —s de la vie; to taste the comforts of life. Les —s de la société; the delights of society. Plus fait — que violence; kindness does more than harshness.

douche, n.f., douche, shower-bath.

doucher, v.a., to give a douche, a shower-bath.

doucine, n.f., (arch.) doucine; (carp.) molding-plane.

doucir, v.a., to polish (looking-glasses).

doucissage, n.m., polishing.

douelle, n.f., (arch.) archivolt, curve; stave (of a cask).

douer, v.a., to endow, to bestow upon, to favor.

*douille, n.f., socket, hose, pipe; case or shell (of cartridges).

*douillet, -te, n. and adj., effeminate, delicate person; soft, downy; nice; tender; effeminate; delicate. C’est un —; he loves to indulge himself.

*douillette, n.f., wadded dress, wadded great coat.

*douillettement (doo-lèt-mān), adv., softly, tenderly, delicately, effeminately.

douleur, n.f., pain; ache; soreness; anguish, pang, grief, sorrow, affliction; woe. — aiguë; acute pain.

☉se douloir, v.r., to grieve, to wail, to lament.

douloureusement (-reûz-mān), adv., grievously.

douloureu-x, -se, adj., painful, tender, smarting, sore; grievous, afflicting, sorrowful; sad. Cri —; mournful cry.

doupion, n.m., double cocoon; coarse, raw silk.

doute, n.m., doubt; scruple, fear, dubiousness; apprehension, misgiving, distrust. Mettre en —; to call in question. Faire naître des —s; to give rise to misgivings. Jeter des —s dans l’esprit; to fill the mind with distrust. Sans —; without doubt, no doubt, doubtless, unquestionably, to be sure. Sans — que; no doubt that. Cela ne fait aucun —; there is no doubt about it.

douter, v.a., to doubt, to question, to hesitate, to suspect, to scruple. Il doute de tout; he doubts everything. Je doute que cela soit; I doubt whether it be so. Je doute qu’il veuille le faire; I doubt whether he will do it. Je ne doute pas qu’il ne le fasse; I do not doubt but that he will do it. Ne — de rien; to be over confident, credulous.

se douter, v.r., to suspect, to surmise, to conjecture; to distrust, to mistrust, to fear. Je m’en doutais bien; I thought as much. Je me doutais qu’il viendrait; I suspected he would come. Pouvais-je me — qu’il dût venir sitôt? could I imagine that he was to come so soon? Ne se — de rien; to suspect nothing; to be unconscious of what is going on.

douteur (doo-), n.m., doubter.

douteusement (doo-teûz-mān), adv., doubtfully.

douteu-x, -se, adj., doubtful, dubious, ambiguous, questionable. D’une manière —se; doubtfully. Il est — qu’il le fasse; it is doubtful whether he will do it.

douvain, n.m., stave-wood.

douve, n.f., stave; trench, moat; salt-marsh; (bot.) spearwort.

dou-x, -ce, adj., sweet; soft, smooth; easy; gentle, mild; fragrant, agreeable, comfortable, charming, pleasant; harmonious; peaceful, calm; unfermented; fresh (of water); mellow. Eau —ce; fresh water, soft water. Poisson d’eau —ce; fresh-water fish. Senteur —ce; sweet smell. Une taille douce; a copper-plate. Un billet —; a love-letter. Faire les yeux —; to cast amorous glances. Il fait bien —; the weather is very mild. —ce rêverie; sweet musing. Mener une vie —ce; to lead an easy, agreeable life. Un — sourire; a gracious smile. Il est — comme un agneau; he is as gentle as a lamb.

doux, adv., gently; submissively. Filer —; to knuckle under; to eat humble pie. Tout —; softly, gently.

douzaine, n.f., dozen. Une demi —; half a dozen. À la —, Par —; by the dozen. C’est un poète à la —; he is a sorry poet, a rhyming hack.

douze, adj., twelve, twelfth. Les — signes du zodiaque; the twelve signs of the zodiac. Charles —; Charles the twelfth. C’est le — aujourd’hui; to-day is the twelfth.

douze, n.m., twelve, twelfth. Le — du mois; the twelfth instant. Un in-—; a duodecimo.

douzième, n.m. and adj., twelfth.

douzièmement, adv., twelfthly, in the twelfth place.

*douzil, n.m., spigot, peg.

doxologie, n.f., doxology.

doyen, n.m., dean; senior, oldest member.

doyenné (doa-ié-né), n.m., deanship, deanery; dean’s-pear.

drachme (drakm), n.f., drachma; dram.

dracocéphale, n.m., (bot.) dragon’s-head.

draconien, -ne (-in, è-n), adj., draconian.

draconte, n.m., (bot.) dragon’s-wort.

dragage, n.m., dragging (of a river).

dragée, n.f., comfit, sugar-plum, sugar-almond; small shot. —s lissées; plain sugar-plums. Grosse —; buck-shot. Avaler la —; to swallow the pill. Tenir la — haute à quelqu’un; to keep in suspense; to make a person pay dearly for.

drageoir (dra-jo-ar), n.m., comfit-dish.

drageon (-jon), n.m., (bot.) shoot, sucker.

drageonner (-jo-né), v.n., to put forth shoots or suckers.

dragme. V. drachme.

dragoman. V. drogman.

dragon, n.m., dragon; vixen; (astron., erpetology) Draco. — ailé; flying dragon. Sa femme est un vrai —; his wife is a regular termagant or virago. — de vertu; great prude.

dragon, n.m., dragoon.

dragonnade, n.f., dragonnade.

dragonne, n.f., sword-knot; violent woman. À la —; cavalierly, unceremoniously; with a high hand.

dragonner, v.a., (l.u.) to dragoon; to worry.

se dragonner, v.r., (l.u.) to worry oneself.

dragonnier, n.m., dragon-tree.

draguage (-gaj), n.m. V. dragage.

drague (drag), n.f., dredge, dredger; dredging-machine, dredge-net; grains (of malt).

draguer (-ghé), v.a., to drag, to dredge. — une ancre; to sweep the bottom for a lost anchor.

draguette (-ghèt), n.f., small dredge or drag-net.

dragueur (-gheur), n.m., dredger.

drain, n.m., drain, draining-pipe.

drainage, n.m., drainage.

draine, n.f., (orni.) missel, missel-thrush.

drainer, v.a., to drain.

dramatique, adj., dramatic.

dramatique, n.m., drama, dramatic style.

dramatiser, v.a., to dramatize.

dramatiste, n.m.f., (l.u.) dramatist.

dramaturge, n.m.f., dramatist. [Often used ironically.]

drame, n.m., drama.

drap (dra), n.m., cloth, sheet, pall. — fin; superfine cloth, broadcloth. Gros —; coarse cloth. Être dans de beaux —s; to be in a fine mess or pickle. — mortuaire; pall. Tailler en plein —; to have abundance of means at command. Il voudrait avoir le — et l’argent; he would like to have his cake and eat it.

drapé, -e, part., covered, clothed; hung with black; (bot.) thick, close; woolen. — à l’antique; clothed after the antique.

drapeau, n.m., flag, standard, ensign, streamer, colors; rag. Se ranger sous les —x de; to serve under, to espouse the cause of. Sous les —x; serving in the army.

draper, v.a., to cover with cloth; to hang (a carriage) with black; to arrange, to ornament with drapery; (paint., sculpt.) to give drapery to; (fig.) to censure, to reflect on.

se draper, v.r., to wrap one’s self up; (fig.) to make a show of; to parade; to assume an air of importance.

draperie (drap-rî), n.f., drapery, woolen cloths; cloth-trade, cloth-making.

drapi-er, n.m., -ère, n.f., draper, woolen-draper, clothier.

drapière, n.f., packing-pin or skewer.

drastique, n.m. and adj., (med.) drastic.

drave, n.f., (bot.) whitlow-grass.

drawback, n.m., (—s) drawback.

drayage, n.m., fleshing (of hides).

drayer, v.a., to flesh (hides).

drayoire, n.f., fleshing-knife.

drayure, n.f., fleshings (of hides).

drêche, n.f., malt; malt-grains. Four à —; malt-kiln. Faiseur de —; maltster.

drelin, n.m., (onomatopœia) tinkling, jingling.

dressage, n.m., training (of horses).

dresse, n.f., underlay (of shoes).

dresser, v.a., to erect, to straighten, to make straight; to raise, to set up; to hold upright; to spread; to lay (a snare); to pitch (camp); to trim (a boat); to lay out, to arrange; to make out (accounts); to draw up (a report); to prick up (the ears); to train (animals). — la tête; to raise the head. Cheval qui dresse les oreilles; a horse that pricks up his ears. — des statues; to erect statues. — un lit; to put up a bed. — une tente; to pitch, to set up, a tent. — un buffet; to lay out a sideboard. — un piège; to lay a trap. — un plan; to draw up a plan. — des arbres; to dress trees. — un cheval; to train a horse. — quelqu’un; to form anyone. Dresse la chaloupe! trim the boat! — la barre du gouvernail; to right the helm.

se dresser, v.r., to stand on end (of the hair); to stand erect; to rear; to form oneself; to be trained.

dresser, v.n., to stand on end. Les cheveux lui dressèrent sur la tête; his hair stood on end.

dressoir, n.m., dresser; sideboard.

*drille, n.m., ☉soldier; fellow. Un bon —; a jolly fellow. Un pauvre —; a poor wretch.

*drilles, n.f.pl., rags; oakum (for paper).

drisse, n.f., (nav.) halyard; yard-rope; gear.

drogman, n.m., dragoman.

drogue (drog), n.f., drug; rubbish; stuff; drogue (a card game). N’être que de la —; to be nothing but trash, rubbish.

droguer (-ghé), v.a., to drug, to physic, to doctor.

se droguer, v.r., to physic, or doctor, oneself.

droguer, v.n., to play at drogue; (pop.) to dance attendance.

droguerie (dro-grî), n.f., drugs, drug-trade.

droguet (-ghè), n.m., drugget.

droguetier (-ghĕ-tié), n.m., drugget-weaver.

droguier (-ghié), n.m., medicine-chest.

droguiste (-ghist), n.m.f., druggist.

droit, -e, adj., straight, right, plumb; direct; upright, erect; just, righteous; stand-up (collars). Ligne —e; straight line. En —e ligne; in a straight line. Remettre quelqu’un dans le — chemin; to put any one in the right way again. Tenir la tête —e; to hold one’s head upright, erect. Il est — comme un cierge; he is as straight as an arrow. Le côté —; the right-hand side. Un col —; a stand-up collar.

droit, n.m., right; equity; law; authority; claim, title; fee; due (tax); duty, custom-duty. Les —s de l’hospitalité; the rights of hospitality. Jouir de ses —s; to enjoy one’s rights. Faire — à chacun; to do every one justice. Le — des gens; the law of nations. Renoncer à ses —s; to give up one’s right. Faire — à la demande de quelqu’un; to accede to any one’s request. Faire son —; to study for the law. — d’aînesse; birthright, primogenitureship. — de péage; toll. À bon —; with good reason. Donner — à; to entitle. Y avoir —; to have a right to.

droit, adv., straight, straight on, directly; honestly, uprightly. À tort ou à —; right or wrong. À qui de —; whom it may concern. Allez tout —; go straight on. Aller — au but; to go straight to the mark. — comme ça; (nav.) right on.

droite, n.f., right hand, right; right side; right-hand side. À —; on the right. Prendre la —; to turn to the right. Tourner à —; to turn to the right.

droitement (droat-mān), adv., uprightly, sincerely; rightly, straightforwardly, judiciously.

droiti-er, -ère (-tié, -tiè-r), adj., right-handed.

droiture, n.f., uprightness, integrity, equity, honesty, rectitude. En —; directly, in a direct manner.

drolatique, adj., amusing, laughable, pleasant, comical, facetious; broad, licentious.

drôle, adj., droll, jocose, ludicrous; comical, strange, funny, curious, odd, queer. Un — de corps; a queer fellow, an odd fish.

drôle, n.m., rogue; rascal, blackguard; scoundrel; sharp fellow.

drôlement (drôl-mān), adv., comically, facetiously, jocosely.

drôlerie (drôl-rî), n.f., drollery, droll thing.

drôlesse, n.f., wench, jade; hussy.

dromadaire, n.m., dromedary.

drome, n.f., float, raft.

dronte, n.m., (orni.) dodo.

drosère, n.f., (bot.) sundew.

drosse, n.f., (nav.) truss, rope.

drosser, v.n., to drive or drift ashore; to drift.

drouine, n.f., tinker’s sack.

drouineur or drouinier, n.m., tinker.

droussage, n.m., carding and oiling (wool).

drousser, v.a., to card and oil (wool).

droussette, n.f., large card for wool.

drousseur, n.m., carder, wool-comber.

dru, -e, adj., fledged (of birds); brisk, lively, smart; close-planted, thick-set.

dru, adv., thick, thickly, fast, hard. Les balles tombaient — comme grêle or comme mouches; the bullets fell as thick as hail.

druide, n.m., druid.

druidesse, n.f., druidess.

druidique, adj., druidical.

druidisme, n.m., druidism.

drupacé, -e, adj., (bot.) drupaceous.

drupe, n.m., (bot.) drupe.

dryade, n.f., Dryad; (bot.) dryas.

du, art.m., (contraction of de le) of the, from the, by the; some, any.

dû, n.m., due, what is owed, what is owing; duty. À chacun son —; give the devil his due.

dû, due, part. (of devoir), due, owed. J’aurais — faire cela; I ought to have done that.

dualisme, n.m., dualism.

dualiste, n.m.f., dualist, manichean.

dualité, n.f., duality.

dubitati-f, -ve, adj., dubitative.

dubitation, n.f., dubitation, doubt.

duc, n.m., duke; (orni.) horn-owl. Grand-—, (—s-—s) grand-duke; great horn-owl.

ducal, -e, adj., ducal. Grand-—, (—-ducaux) grand-ducal.

ducat, n.m., ducat.

ducaton, n.m., ducatoon.

duché, n.m., dukedom, duchy.

duchesse, n.f., duchess; a kind of sofa; a kind of pear. Lit à la —; four-post bedstead.

ducroire, n.m., (com.) del credere.

ductile, adj., ductile.

ductilité, n.f., ductility.

dudit, adj.m., of or from the said.

*duègne, n.f., duenna.

duel, n.m., duel; struggle; (gram.) dual number. Appeler en —; to challenge.

duelliste, n.m., duelist.

☉duire, v.n., to suit, to fit.

duite, n.f., wool of cloth, weft, woof.

dulcification, n.f., dulcification.

dulcifier, v.a., to dulcify.

dulcinée, n.f., dulcinea, sweetheart.

dulie, n.f., dulia (worship of saints).

dûment, adv., duly.

dune, n.f., down; sand-drift, sand-hill.

dunette, n.f., (nav.) poop.

dunkerque, n.m., whatnot, cabinet.

duo, n.m., (—s) (mus.) duo, duet, duetto.

duodécimal, -e, adj., duodecimal.

duodénal, -e, adj., duodenal.

duodénum (-nom), n.m., (anat.) duodenum.

duodi, n.m., duodi (second day of the decade in the calendar of the first French Republic).

dupe, n.f., dupe; gull.

duper, v.a., to dupe, to deceive, to gull, to take in.

duperie (du-prî), n.f., dupery, trickery; trick, take-in, sell.

dupeu-r, n.m., -se, n.f., cheat, trickster.

duplicata, n.m., (—) duplicate.

duplication, n.f., duplication.

duplicature, n.f., (anat.) duplicature.

duplicité, n.f., duplicity; double-dealing, deceit.

☉duplique, n.f., (jur.) rejoinder, rebutter.

☉dupliquer, v.n., (jur.) to rejoin, to put in a rejoinder.

duquel, pron., of which, from which. V. lequel and dont.

dur, -e, adj., hard; tough; obdurate, harsh, merciless, unkind, unfeeling, hard-hearted. Il a les traits —s; his features are hard. Le regard —; a harsh look. Des vers —s; harsh verses. Un esprit —; a dull understanding. Marchandise —e à la vente; goods of slow sale. Avoir l’oreille —e; to be dull of hearing. Le temps est —; the weather is severe. Tableau —; stiff painting; harsh painting.

dur, adv., hardly; firmly. Il entend —; he is hard of hearing.

durabilité, n.f., durableness.

durable, adj., durable, lasting, solid.

durablement, adv., durably, lastingly.

duracine, n.f., sort of peach; duracine.

durant, prep., during. — sa vie, sa vie —e or durant (Littré); during his lifetime.

dur-bec, n.m., (—s-—s) (orni.) hawfinch.

durcir, v.a., to harden, to make hard, to make tough; to indurate.

se durcir, v.r., to harden, to indurate, to grow hard.

durcir, v.n., to harden, to become hard; to stiffen; to indurate.

durcissement (-sis-mān), n.m., hardening, stiffening; induration.

dure, n.f., bare ground; bare floor, bare board. Coucher sur la —; to sleep on the ground, on the bare floor.

durée, n.f., duration, continuance. Être de longue —e; to be durable.

durement (dur-mān), adv., hard; hardly, harshly, sharply, roughly, rigorously.

dure-mère, n.f., (n.p.) (anat.) dura mater.

durer, v.n., to last, to continue; to remain; to endure; to stand, to subsist. Une étoffe qui dure; a stuff that wears well. Le temps lui dure; time hangs heavy upon him. Ne pouvoir — en place; to be unable to sit still. Faire vie qui dure; to take care of one’s money, to think of the morrow. Ne pouvoir — dans sa peau; to be ready to jump out of one’s skin.

duret, -te, adj., (l.u.) somewhat hard, rather tough, toughish.

dureté (dur-té), n.f., hardness, toughness; harshness, austerity, unkindness; stiffness. La — du fer; the hardness of iron. Avoir une — d’oreille; to be hard of hearing. La — de son regard; the sternness of his look. — de cœur; hard-heartedness.

duretés, n.f.pl., harsh, offensive words.

*durillon, n.m., callosity, hard skin; corn.

☉durillonner, v.n., to become hard.

se durillonner, v.r., to become covered with warts, callosities.

duriuscule, adj., (jest.) somewhat hard, tough, hardish.

duumvir (du-om-), n.m., duumvir.

duumvirat, n.m., duumvirate.

duvet, n.m., down; wool, nap.

duveté, -e (duv-té), adj., (of birds) downy.

duveteu-x, -se, adj., (of fruit) downy.

dynamètre, n.m., dynameter.

dynamique, n.f., dynamics.

dynamique, adj., dynamical.

dynamisme, n.m., name given to the doctrine of Newton.

dynamite, n.f., dynamite.

dynamomètre, n.m., dynamometer.

dynaste, n.m., (antiq.) kinglet.

dynastie, n.f., dynasty.

dynastique, adj., dynastic.

dyscole, adj., (l.u.) who departs from an established opinion; difficult to live with.

dyscrasie, n.f., (med.) dyscrasy.

dysenterie (dis-sant-ri), n.f., dysentery.

dysentérique, adj., dysenteric.

dysopie, n.f., (med.) dysopsy, dysopsia.

dysorexie, n.f., dysorexy.

dyspepsie, n.f., dyspepsia.

dysphagie, n.f., dysphagia.

dysphonie, n.f., dysphony.

dysphorie, n.f., dysphoria.

dyspnée, n.f., dyspnœa.

dysurie, n.f., dysury.

dytique, n.m., (ornith.) diver; water-beetle.

E

e, n.m., the fifth letter of the alphabet, e.

e, abbreviation of Eminence, Excellence.

eau, n.f., water; rain, stream, river, pond, flood; perspiration; tea (of herbs); liquid; wash. pl., (nav.) track, wake; luster, gloss; watering-place. — bénite; holy water. — douce; fresh water, soft water. — dure; hard water. — de mer; sea-water. — saumâtre; brackish water. — mère; mother-water (chem.). — de source; spring-water. — courante; running water. — morte; still water. — panée; toast and water. Morte-—, (n.p.) neap-tide. —-forte, (n.p.) aqua fortis. Grandes —x; high flood (of rivers). Grandes —x de Versailles; fountains in full play. Cure d’—x; water cure. Hautes —x; high water. — bénite de cour; empty promises, blarney, soft sawder. — dormante; stagnant water. Aller aux —x; to go to a watering-place. Porter de l’— à la mer; to carry coals to Newcastle. Ils se ressemblent comme deux gouttes d’—; they are as like as two peas. Il n’est pire — que celle qui dort; still waters run deep. Cela s’en est allé en — de boudin; that came to nothing at all. Aller à l’—; to take the water (of a dog). Un jet d’—; a water-spout, fountain. Une pièce d’—, une nappe d’—; a sheet of water; an artificial lake. —x jaillissantes; gushing waters. Passer l’—; to cross the water. Au bord de l’—; at the water’s edge. Nager entre deux —x; to swim under water; to waver between two parties. À fleur d’—; on a level with the water. Faire venir l’— au moulin; to bring grist to the mill. Mettre de l’— dans son vin; to come down a peg or two. Pêcher en — trouble; to fish in troubled water. Cela fait venir l’— à la bouche; that makes one’s mouth water. Lancer un navire à l’—; to launch a ship. Faire de l’—; (nav.) to water, to take in fresh water. Faire une voie d’—; to spring a leak. —-de-vie, (—x-—) brandy. — de rose; rose-water. — d’arquebusade; arquebusade water. Il tombe de l’—; it is raining. Il est tout en —; he is in a bath of perspiration. Suer sang et —; to toil and moil. Donner — à un drap; to give a gloss to a piece of cloth. Maître des —x et forêts; ranger of the woods and forests. —x-fortes; etchings, collection of etchings. L’— va toujours au moulin; money begets money. Tout va à vau l’—; all is going to wreck and ruin. Les —x sont basses chez lui; he is hard up. Une goutte d’— suffit pour faire déborder un vase plein; the last straw breaks the camel’s back. D’ici là il passera bien de l’— sous le pont; it will be a long time before that happens.

ébahi, -e, adj., wondering, aghast, dumfounded.

s’ébahir, v.r., to wonder at, to be amazed, to be aghast.

ébahissement (-is-mān), n.m., wonderment, amazement, astonishment.

ébarbage, n.m., (arts) paring, paring away; (engr.) edging off; scraping.

ébarber, v.a., to pare, to strip (quills); (engr.) to edge off, to scrape; to edge a dish off.

ébarboir, n.m., (arts) parer, scraper.

ébat, n.m., (fam.) diversion, pastime, sport, gambol, frolic. Prendre ses —s; to disport oneself.

ébattement (é-bat-mān), n.m., balancing (of a vehicle); (jest.) diversion, pastime, sport, gambol.

s’ébattre, v.r., to sport, to take one’s pleasure, to gambol, to frolic.

ébaubi, -e, adj., (fam., jest.) amazed, astonished, dumfounded.

ébauchage, n.m., sketching.

ébauche, n.f., sketch, rough draught, drawing, outline.

ébaucher, v.a., to make the first draught, to draw an outline of, to sketch, to rough-hew; to delineate; (mas.) to boast.

ébaucheur, adj., (tech.) roughing.

ébauchoir, n.m., (sculp.) boasting-tool; mortise chisel.

☉s’ébaudir, v.r., (jest.) to frolic, to frisk, to skip about.

☉ébaudissement, n.m., frolicking.

ebbe or èbe, n.m., (nav.) ebb, reflux, low water.

ébène, n.f., ebony, ebony work. Des cheveux d’—; raven locks.

ébéner, v.a., to ebonize.

ébénier, n.m., ebony-tree. Faux —; laburnum.

ébéniste, n.m., cabinet-maker.

ébénisterie, n.f., cabinet-work.

☉éberner, v.a., V. ébrener.

éblouir, v.a., to dazzle; to fascinate. Le soleil nous éblouit; the sun dazzles us. S’—; to be dazzled, fascinated.

éblouissant, -e, adj., dazzling, resplendent.

éblouissement (-is-mān), n.m., dazzling; (fig.) dizziness; fascination, charm.

éborgnage, n.m., nipping off of buds.

*éborgner, v.a., to blind of one eye, to put out an eye; to nip the buds off.

s’éborgner, v.r., to make oneself blind of one eye.

ébouage, n.m., scavenging.

ébouer, v.a., to scavenge.

éboueur, n.m., road-scraper, scavenger.

ébouillanter, v.a., to scald.

*ébouillir, v.n., to boil down, to boil away. Cette sauce est trop ébouillie; that sauce has boiled away too much.

éboulement (é-bool-mān), n.m., falling in, falling down, landslip, sinking. — de terre; landslip.

ébouler, v.n., to fall in, to fall down, to sink.

s’ébouler, v.r., to fall in, to fall down, to sink. Ce rempart s’éboule; the rampart is falling in.

éboulis, n.m., rubbish, fallen ground.

ébourgeonnement (-jo-n-mān), n.m., (hort.) nipping of the buds, disbudding.

ébourgeonner (-jo-né), v.a., (hort.) to nip off the buds.

ébourgeonnoir, n.m., nipping-knife.

ébouriffé, -e, adj., disordered, ruffled, in disorder; in a flutter. Elle arriva tout —e; she came in with her hair all ruffled. Qu’avez-vous donc? vous voilà tout —; what is the matter with you? you are all of a flutter.

ébousiner, v.a., (mas.) to clean off.

ébraisoir, n.m., furnace-shovel.

ébranché, -e, adj., lopped, trimmed, pruned.

ébranchement (é-bransh-mān), n.m., (hort.) pruning, lopping, trimming.

ébrancher, v.a., (hort.) to prune, to lop, to trim.

ébranlement (é-branl-mān), n.m., shock, concussion, shaking; perturbation, disturbance, trouble.

ébranler, v.a., to shake, to move; to disturb. Les vents ont ébranlé cette maison; the winds have shaken that house. — la résolution de quelqu’un; to shake any one’s resolution. Sa fidélité ne fut jamais ébranlée; his fidelity was never shaken.

s’ébranler, v.r., to shake, to be shaken, to be disturbed; (milit.) to move, to get under way, to be set in motion. Quand les deux armées s’ébranlèrent; when the two armies moved forward. La voiture s’ébranla; the coach got under way.

ébrasement (é-brâz-mān), n.m., (arch.) splaying.

ébraser, v.a., (arch.) to splay.

ébrèchement, n.m., notching.

ébrécher, v.a., to notch, to jag, to indent, to impair. Ses folles dépenses ont ébréché sa fortune; his extravagant living has made a gap in his fortune.

s’ébrécher, v.r., to be notched, to break off a piece (of one’s tooth).

ébrener, v.a., (l.ex.) to clean (a child).

ébriété, n.f., ebriety, inebriety.

☉*ébrillade, n.f., (man.) jerk (with the bridle).

ébrouement, n.m., sneezing, snorting.

ébrouer, v.a., (dy.) to wash; to shell or husk.

s’ébrouer, v.r., (man.) to snort; to sneeze.

ébruiter, v.a., to make known, to spread about.

s’ébruiter, v.r., to be made known, to be noised abroad.

ébrun, n.m., horned rye.

ébuard, n.m., wooden wedge.

ébullition, n.f., boiling, ebullition.

écachement, n.m., bruising, crushing.

écacher, v.a., to crush, to squash, to squeeze flat. Nez écaché; flat nose.

*écaille, n.f., scale; shell; chipping (porcelain). Des —s d’huître; oyster-shells. Peigne d’—; tortoise-shell comb.

écaillé, -e, adj., scaly.

*écaill-er, n.m., -ère, n.f., oyster-man, oyster-woman.

*écailler, v.a., to scale.

s’écailler, v.r., to peel off, to scale, to scale off; to chip off.

*écailleu-x, -se, adj., scaly, squamous.

écale, n.f., shell (of peas); hull, husk (of nuts). — de noix; walnut-shell.

écaler, v.a., to shell (beans, peas); to hull, to husk (almonds, nuts).

s’écaler, v.r., to shell, to be shelled.

*écarbouiller, v.a., (pop.) to crush, to squash.

écarlate, n.f. and adj., scarlet.

écarlatine. V. scarlatine.

*écarquillement (-mān), n.m., (fam.) opening wide, spreading out (of one’s eyes, legs).

*écarquiller, v.a., (fam.) to open, to spread out, to open wide. — les jambes; to spread out one’s legs. — les yeux; to open wide, to strain one’s eyes.

écart, n.m., step aside, digression, swerving, error; mistake, fault, deviation; (man.) strain; (at écarté) cards rejected. Il fit un — pour éviter le coup; he stepped aside to avoid the blow. Faire un —; to step aside. Faire un — dans un discours; to make a digression in a speech. Les —s de l’imagination; the flights of the imagination. Ce cheval s’est donné un —; that horse has strained itself. Les —s de la jeunesse; the errors of youth. Faire son —; to discard. A l’—; aside, apart, by one’s self, in solitude, in a lonely place. Mettre à l’—; to put by, to lay aside. Il le prit à l’—; he took him aside. Se mettre, se tenir, à l’—; to keep aloof, to stand aside. Laisser à l’—; to leave aside, to shun, to omit.

écarté, n.m., écarté (cards).

écarté, part., remote, lonely, secluded.

écartelé, -e, adj., quartered, torn to pieces; (her.) quartered.

écartèlement, n.m., tearing to pieces, quartering.

écarteler, v.a., to quarter, to tear to pieces; (her.) to quarter.

écartelure, n.f., (her.) quartering.

écartement, n.m., putting aside; removal, scattering, spreading; separation; (surg.) diastasis.

écarter, v.a.n., to set aside, to remove; to waive; to pass over; to dispel; to widen; to divert; to keep from; to disperse, to scatter, to avert; to discard. — une mauvaise pensée; to dismiss an evil thought. — un coup; to ward off a blow.

s’écarter, v.r., to turn aside; to deviate; to err, to stray; to ramble; to swerve; to remove, to make way. S’— de son sujet; to stray from one’s subject. S’— de son chemin; to go out of one’s way. S’— de son devoir; to swerve from one’s duty. La foule s’écarta; the crowd made way.

*écartillement, n.m. V. écarquillement.

*écartiller, v.a. V. écarquiller.

ecce homo (èk-sé-), n.m., (—) ecce homo; (fig.) thin, pale person.

ecchymose (é-ki-), n.f., (med.) ecchymosis.

ecchymosé (é-ki-), adj., being in a state of ecchymosis, bruised.

ecclésiaste, n.m., Ecclesiastes.

ecclésiastique, adj., ecclesiastic, clerical.

ecclésiastique, n.m., clergyman, priest, ecclesiastic.

ecclésiastiquement (-tik-mān), adv., ecclesiastically.

écervelé, -e, adj., hare-brained, mad-brained, rash, giddy. Une tête —e; a mad-cap.

écervelé, n.m., -e, n.f., mad-cap; hare-brained person. C’est un —; he is not to be relied upon.

échafaud, n.m., scaffold; (arch.) stage; stand, gallows. — de service; temporary stage.

échafaudage, n.m., scaffolding, great preparations; display.

échafauder, v.n., to scaffold, to erect scaffolding; to pile up; to shore up.

échafauder, v.a., to make great preparations for a work; ☉to pillory.

s’échafauder, v.r., to be piled up; to be shored up; (fig.) to raise one’s self, to support one’s self, to find supporters.

échalas, n.m., prop for a vine; vine-stick; hop-pole. C’est un —; he is as thin as a lath.

échalassement, n.m., (hort.) propping.

échalasser, v.a., to prop vines, etc.

échalier, n.m., fence, hurdle, stile.

échalote, n.f., shallot, eschalot.

échampir, v.a., (house paint) to set off. V. réchampir.

échancré, -e, part., hollowed out, indented; (bot.) emarginated; sloped.

échancrer, v.a., to slope, to hollow out, to indent.

échancrure, n.f., hollowing, sloping, slope, indentation; cut, opening.

échange, n.m., exchange, barter. Un — de compliments; an exchange of compliments. Libre —; free-trade.

échangeable (-jabl), adj., exchangeable.

échanger, v.a., to exchange, to barter, to interchange. — une propriété contre une autre; to exchange one property for another.

échangiste (libre), n.m., free-trader.

échanson, n.m., cup-bearer.

échansonnerie (-so-n-rî), n.f., cup-bearers of a prince; a king’s wine-cellars.

*échantillon, n.m., sample, pattern, specimen; tally; (nav.) scantling; (tech.) gauge.

*échantillonnage, n.m., sampling; gauging.

*échantillonner, v.a., to sample, to gauge.

échanvrer, v.a., to hatchel.

échanvroir, n.m., hackle.

échappade, n.f., (engr.) slip, escapade.

échappatoire, n.f., shift, subterfuge, creep-hole, put-off, evasion.

échappé, n.m., -e, n.f., a person who has made his or her escape, a runaway; a horse of mongrel or cross breed. Un — de galères; an escaped convict. Un — des petites-maisons; a madman, a crack-brained fellow.

échappée, n.f., prank; sally, snatch; (arch.) rounding off; space for carriages to turn in. Faire quelque chose par —s; to do a thing by snatches, by fits and starts. — de vue; vista. — de lumière; (paint.) accidental light. À l’—; by stealth.

échappement, n.m., (horl.) escape, escapement. — à recul; recoil-escapement. — à repos; dead-beat escapement. — à ancre; anchor or lever escapement. — de la vapeur; (mec.) puff.

échapper, v.n., to escape, to make one’s escape, to get away, to get out of, to avoid, to shun, to fly, to break out. Laisser —; to overlook, to pass over, to let pass. Faire — un prisonnier; to favor a prisoner’s escape. — au naufrage; to escape shipwreck. — du naufrage; to escape from the wreck. Cela m’est échappé; that has slipped my memory. Cela m’a échappé; it escaped me (i.e. I did not know of it), or I said it inadvertently. Laisser — l’occasion; to let slip an opportunity. Laisser — un mot; to drop a word. [When échapper means to avoid, to be preserved, it requires the preposition à: On échappe à l’orage. When it means to steal away, to leave a place, it requires the preposition de: On échappe de prison.]

échapper, v.a., to escape, to avoid; (man.) to put to the greatest speed. L’— belle; to have a narrow escape. — le danger; to avoid danger. — la côte; to escape stranding.

s’échapper, v.r., to get loose, to get away, to escape, to steal away, to slip out; to vanish, to disappear; to forget one’s self. Il s’est échappé jusqu’à dire; he forgot himself so far as to say.

écharbot, n.m., (bot.) water-chestnut, water-caltrop.

écharde, n.f., prick, prickle (of a thistle); splinter; (piscat.) stickleback.

échardonnage, n.m., clearing of thistles.

échardonner, v.a., to clear of thistles.

échardonnoir, n.m., weed-hook.

écharner, v.a., to excarnate; to flesh.

écharnoir, n.m., fleshing-knife.

écharnure, n.f., scrapings or parings of hides.

écharpe, n.f., scarf; sash; arm-sling; (nav.) shell of a pulley or block; (engineering) surface-table; water-table; (her.) scarp. Changer d’—; to be a turncoat, to change sides, to rat. Avoir le bras en —; to have one’s arm in a sling. Le canon tire en —; the cannon fires slanting. Coup d’épée en —; slanting cut. Avoir l’esprit en —; to be heedless, absent, inattentive. En —; over the shoulder.

écharper, v.a., to slash, to cut; to cut to pieces, to hack. Il lui a écharpé le visage; he gave him a slash across the face. — un régiment; to cut a regiment to pieces.

échars, -e, adj., (coins) light; below the legal standard. Vents —; (nav.) shifting winds, light and variable winds.

écharser, v.n., (nav.) to veer, to shift about, to change often. ☉v.a., to lower the standard of coins.

échasse, n.f., (orni.) stilt-bird. — à manteau noir; long-legged plover.

échasse, n.f., stilt; tressel, trussel (of stages); upher. — d’échafaud; upher, scaffolding-pole. Il est toujours monté sur des —s; he is always on stilts, in buckram.

échassier, n.m., (orni.) long-legged wading bird; —s, grallae.

échauboulé, -e, adj., (med.) full of pimples.

échauboulure, n.f., (med.) pimple, blotch, rash, pustule.

échaudage, n.m., lime-wash; lime-washing.

échaudé, n.m., simnel, cracknel. — au beurre; simnel with butter.

échaudé, -e, part., scalded. Chat — craint l’eau froide; a burnt child dreads the fire.

échauder, v.a., to scald.

s’échauder, v.r., to burn one’s self; to burn one’s fingers. Il s’y est échaudé; he burnt his fingers in that business.

échaudis, n.m., (nav.) triangular shape.

échaudoir, n.m., scalding-house; scalding-tub.

échauffaison, n.f., (med.) overheating, eruption, rash.

échauffant, -e, adj., heating, binding.

échauffe, n.f., heap. Mettre les peaux en —; to heap the hides.

échauffé, n.m., odor (caused by excessive heat). Sentir l’—; to have or exhale a hot smell.

échauffée, n.f., first operation of salt-makers in warming their oven.

échauffement (é-shôf-mān), n.m., heating; over-excitement.

échauffer, v.a., to warm, to beat, to overheat; to excite, to inflame, to irritate, to anger; to vex. Échauffez la chambre; warm the room. Les épices échauffent le sang; spices heat the blood. Cela lui échauffe la bile; that provokes him.

s’échauffer, v.r., to grow warm, to overheat one’s self; to grow angry, to fly into a passion, to chafe, to fume. La chambre s’échauffe; the room is getting warm. Il s’est échauffé à marcher; walking has made him warm. La querelle s’échauffe; the quarrel is running high. Le jeu s’échauffe; they are playing deep. S’— sur la voie; (hunt.) to follow the chase eagerly.

échauffourée, n.f., a rash, headlong, or blundering enterprise; skirmish, affray; blunder.

échauffure, n.f., red pimple, rash.

échauguette (-ghèt), n.f., (milit.) watch-box, watch-tower.

échauler, v.a. V. chauler.

échaux, n.m.pl., channels, furrows, water-course, drains.

échéable, adj., falling due, payable.

échéance, n.f., falling due, expiration, maturity. — commune; average maturity. — prochaine; nearly due. À courte —; at a short date, short-dated. À longue —; at a long date; long-dated. Jusqu’à l’—; until maturity, till due. Payer une lettre de change à l’—; to pay a bill of exchange at maturity.

échéant, part., falling due. Le cas —; if such should be the case; in that case.

échec, n.m., check, repulse, defeat; blow; loss. Donner —; to check. — et mat; check-mate. Être — et mat; to be checkmated. Il a souffert un grand —; he has suffered a dreadful blow. Tenir un homme en —; to have a man under one’s thumb. Tenir une armée en —; to keep an army at bay.

échecs (é-shè), n.m.pl., chess; board and set of chess-men; chess-men. Jouer aux —; to play at chess.

échelette, n.f., rack (for pack-saddles, carts); (orni.) wall-creeper.

échelier, n.m., peg-ladder.

échelle, n.f., ladder; ladder-staircase; scale; degree; (nav.) quarter-deck ladder. — brisée; folding-ladder. — de siège; scaling-ladder. — de corde; rope-ladder. — de meunier; trap-ladder. — à incendie; fire-ladder, fire-escape. — de jardin ou de tapissier; pair of steps. — de dunette; poop-ladder. — de commandement; accommodation-ladder. — campanaire; bell-founder’s diapason. —s du Levant; sea-ports in the Levant. Faire la courte —; to mount upon one another’s shoulders. Faire à quelqu’un la courte —; to give a lift to any one; to help any one through. Sentir l’—; to deserve hanging. Après lui il faut tirer l’—; he has left nothing to be done, or you cannot go one better.

échelon (ésh-lon), n.m., round, rung, step (of a ladder); step, stepping-stone; (milit.) echelon. Descendre d’un —; to come down a step. Marcher en —s; to march in echelons.

échelonner, v.a., to draw up in echelons; to arrange according to gradation. — un corps d’infanterie; to draw up a body of infantry in echelons.

s’échelonner, v.r., to be graduated; to rise gradually; to be arranged or drawn up in echelons.

échenal or écheneau, n.m., gutter, basin.

*échenillage, n.m., clearing, ridding of caterpillars.

*écheniller (ésh-ni-), v.a., to rid plants of caterpillars.

*échenilleur, n.m., caterpillar-destroyer; (ornith.) caterpillar-eater.

*échenilloir, n.m., averruncator.

écheno. V. échenal.

écheoir. V. échoir.

écheveau (ésh-vo), n.m., hank, skein. Dévider un —; to reel, to wind off, a skein.

échevelé, -e (é-shĕv-lé), adj., disheveled; whose hair hangs loose; disordered; romantic, extravagant.

échevette, n.f., small skein.

échevin (ésh-vin), n.m., sheriff, alderman.

échevinage, n.m., shrievalty, sheriffdom, sheriffship.

échidné (é-kid-), n.m., (zoöl.) echidna.

échi-f, -ve, adj., (hunt.) voracious, greedy.

échiffe or échiffre, n.m., (arch.) partition-wall (of a staircase).

*échignole, n.f., (tech.) button-maker’s spindle.

*échillon, n.m., waterspout.

échimose, n.f. V. ecchymose.

échine, n.f., spine, backbone, chine; (arch.) echinus, ovolo. Une maigre —; a thin, lank person. Crotté jusqu’à l’—; bespattered, or splashed, up to the neck (with mud).

échiné, part., adj., broken-backed; belabored; beaten to death; tired out.

échinée, n.f., (cook.) chine, chine-piece.

échiner, v.a., to break the back, to kill, to murder; to beat unmercifully; to knock up, to tire out.

s’échiner, v.r., to knock one’s self up with work; to work one’s self to death; (of things) to get used up.

échinite (é-ki-), n.m., (foss.) petrified sea-hedgehog, echinite.

échinope (é-ki-), n.m., (bot.) echinops, globe-thistle.

échinophore (é-ki-), n.f. and adj., (bot.) prickly samphire; echinophora; (conch.) univalvular shell.

échioïde (é-ki-), n.m. (bot.). V. vipérine.

échiqueté, -e (é-shik-té), adj., checkered; (her.) checky.

échiquier, n.m., chess-board; exchequer; square net. Ouvrage fait en —; checkerwork. En —; in squares; (nav.) in bow and quarter line.

écho (é-ko), n.m., echo. Le jeu des —s; echo-stop (in organs). —s de lumière; (paint.) reverberations of light.

échoir (échéant, échu), v.n., to expire, to fall due, to be out, to lapse, to devolve; to chance, to happen, to fall, to fall out; to fall to. Le premier payement doit — à Noël; the first payment falls due at Christmas. Cette lettre de change est échue; that bill of exchange is due. À —; (of bills) running, not due. Cela lui est échu en partage; that fell to his lot. Si le cas y échoit, s’il y échet, le cas échéant; the case occurring; in such a case.

échomètre (é-ko-), n.m., echometer.

échométrie (é-ko-), n.f., echometry.

échoppage, n.m., edging, scorping.

échoppe, n.f., booth, stall; round or flat graver; scalper; scorper, burin.

échopper, v.a., to scorp, to edge.

échoppi-er, -ère, n.m. and f., stall-keeper.

échouage, n.m., (nav.) beaching, stranding. Lieu d’—; place proper for running a vessel aground.

échouement, n.m., running aground, stranding.

échouer, v.n., to run aground or on shore, to cast away, to run against, to hit, to strand, to be stranded; to miscarry, to fail, to be disappointed. La frégate échoua contre un rocher; the frigate struck upon a rock. — dans un examen; to fail, to be plowed.

échouer, v.n., (nav.) to strand, to run aground.

écimer, v.a., to top, to pollard (trees).

éclaboussement, n.m., splashing, bespattering.

éclabousser, v.a., to splash, to bespatter.

éclaboussure, n.f., splash; (nav.) spoondrift.

éclair, n.m., lightning, flash of lightning, sort of chocolate cake; (chem.) shine. —s de chaleur; heat-lightning. Il a passé comme un —; he shot by like lightning. Faire des —s; to lighten.

éclairage, n.m., lighting, illumination. — au gaz; gas-lighting, gas-light. Gaz d’—; illuminating gas, ethylene.

éclaircie, n.f., glade, vista; opening, rift (in clouds, etc.).

éclaircir, v.a., to clear, to brighten; to clarify; to thin, to make thin; to clear up, to elucidate, to illustrate, to explain, to throw a light on. Cet auteur éclaircit bien des vérités; that author illustrates many truths. — une difficulté; to clear up a difficulty. Le temps éclaircit la vérité; time brings truth to light. — quelqu’un; to enlighten any one, to instruct, to inform, any one. Il faut l’en —; he must be informed of it. — une peau; to gloss a skin.

s’éclaircir, v.r., to clear, to brighten, to become clear or bright, to grow light; to be solved, to be explained, to be elucidated. Le temps s’éclaircit; the weather is clearing up. Son teint commence à s’—; her complexion is becoming clearer. S’— d’une chose; to inquire about or into a business, to inform one’s self about anything, to clear up a matter. Il faut s’— sur cette affaire; that affair must be cleared up.

éclaircissement (-sis-mān), n.m., clearing up, explanation, illustration, elucidation, solution; hint, light, discovery, insight. Avoir un —, en venir à un — avec quelqu’un; to have an explanation, to come to an explanation, with any one.

éclaire, n.f., (bot.) celandine. La grande —; swallow-wort, tetter-wort. La petite —; crowfoot, pilewort.

éclairé, -e, adj. and part., lighted; enlightened; judicious; intelligent, clear-sighted.

éclairer, v.a., to light, to give light to; to illuminate; to carry a light before, to show a light to; to enlighten, to instruct; to observe, to watch; (milit.) to reconnoiter; (paint.) to throw light in, to put light in. Eclairez monsieur; show a light to the gentleman. Les bonnes lectures éclairent l’esprit; the reading of good books enlightens the mind. Il faut l’— de près; he must be watched closely. — une question; to throw light upon a question.

s’éclairer, v.r., to become enlightened; to instruct, enlighten, one another.

éclairer, v.n., to sparkle, to shine, to brighten, to glitter. v.imp., to lighten. Il éclaire; it lightens.

éclaireur, n.m., (milit.) scout. Aller en —; (milit.) to scout.

éclamé, adj., broken-legged; broken-winged.

éclanche, n.f., shoulder of mutton.

éclancher, v.a., to unrumple (stuffs).

éclat, n.m., shiver; splinter (of wood, stone, brick); brightness, refulgence, radiancy, resplendency, glitter, effulgence; clap, crash, noise; luster, pomp, richness, magnificence, glory, gaudiness (of colors); rumor, uproar. Un — de pierre; a fragment of stone. Un — de bombe; a splinter of a shell. On ne saurait soutenir l’— du soleil; there is no bearing the glare of the sun. L’— des yeux; the brilliancy of the eyes. L’— et la pompe de son style; the splendor and pomp of his style. Un — de rire; a burst of laughter. Un grand — de voix; a loud shout. Action d’—; splendid achievement; brilliant action. Des personnes d’—; eminent persons. Cette action a fait —; that action has made a great deal of noise. Voler en —s; to be shivered, to fly into a thousand pieces.

éclatant, -e, adj., bright, sparkling, glittering, brilliant, radiant, dazzling, striking, gorgeous, effulgent, shining, signal, glorious; piercing, loud, shrill. Tout — de lumière; all radiant with light. Son —; shrill sound. Bruit —; crash. Actions —es; brilliant exploits. Vengeance —e; signal vengeance.

éclater, v.n., to split, to shiver, to break in pieces, to burst; to crack, to clap; to cry out, to exclaim against, to fly into, to break out or forth; to blaze out; to shine, to sparkle, to glitter, to flash, to irradiate. Une bombe éclate en tombant; a bomb bursts on falling. Le tonnerre vient d’—; there has just been a clap of thunder. — de rire; to burst out laughing. — en injures; to burst forth into abuse. L’incendie éclata pendant la nuit; the fire broke out during the night. Faire —; to shiver, to shatter; to splinter; to snap, to burst, to cause to explode; to vent, to give vent to; to brighten, to blaze forth; to show, to discover, to make appear.

s’éclater, v.r., to split, to shiver, to fly into fragments, to burst.

éclectique, n.m. and adj., eclectic.

éclectisme, n.m., eclecticism.

écli, n.m., (nav.) splinter.

éclié, -e, adj., splintered, sprung (of masts, etc.).

éclipse, n.f., eclipse, disappearance; absence. Faire une —; to vanish, to disappear.

éclipser, v.a., to eclipse; to throw into the shade.

s’éclipser, v.r., to be eclipsed or darkened, to disappear, to vanish. Il s’éclipsa tout d’un coup; he suddenly disappeared.

écliptique, n.f. and adj., (astron.) ecliptic.

éclisse, n.f., (surg.) splint; splinter; cheese-wattle; stand; rib, side-piece (of violins, pails, tubs, casks, etc.)

éclisser, v.a., (surg.) to splint.

éclogue, n.f. V. églogue.

éclopé, -e, n. and adj., cripple, halt; footsore, lame, badly hurt. Il est tout —; he is quite lame.

écloper, v.a., to lame; to make lame; footsore. S’—, v.r., to become lame, footsore.

éclore, v.n., to hatch; to blow, to open; to break, to dawn. Les poulets commencent à —; the chickens are beginning to pierce the shell. Faire — des oiseaux; to hatch birds; (fig.) to bring to light, to usher in; to give birth to, to produce, to bring out; to blow, open.

éclosion, n.f., hatching; blowing, opening.

écluse, n.f., lock, guard-lock, sluice, dam, mill-dam, wear, weir, flood-gate. — de moulin; mill-gate. — à sas; lift-lock. — à vannes; sliding flood-gate. Déversoir à —; weir. — à marée montante; tide-gate.

éclusée, n.f., sluice-full of water; lockage.

écluser, v.a., to build locks; to take a boat through a lock.

éclusier, n.m., sluice-man, lock-keeper.

écobuage, n.m., (agri.) weeding, burning of weeds.

écobue, n.f., weeder, turfing iron.

écobuer, v.a., to weed a field and burn the weeds.

écœurement, n.m., disgust; sickening; anguish of heart.

écœurer, v.a., to disgust; to sicken; (fig.) to shock; to dishearten.

écofrai or écofroi, n.m., (tech.) cutting-board.

écoinçon or écoinson, n.m., (mas., carp.) diagonal, angle-tie; angle stuff-bead; (carp.) jamb (of doors); (carp.) reveal (of windows).

écolage, n.m., schooling.

écolâtre, n.m., (theol.) doctor, teacher.

école, n.f., school; college; scholastic philosophy; sect; training, practice; blunder. Petite —; day-school. Maître d’—; schoolmaster. Camarade d’—; schoolfellow. — de droit; law-school. — de marine; naval school. — d’équitation, — de natation; riding-school, swimming-school. — communale; parish-school. Cela sent l’—; that savors of pedantry. Faire —; to be at the head of a school or sect; or to be fundamental (of a doctrine); to found a school (of art, literature). Dire les nouvelles de l’—; to tell tales out of school. Faire l’— buissonnière; to play truant. Faire une —; (backgammon) to blunder in pegging one’s points. Envoyer à l’—; to peg. Faire une —; to commit a stupid blunder. Basse —; ordinary horsemanship. Haute —; high horsemanship.

écoli-er, n.m., -ère, n.f., schoolboy, schoolgirl, pupil, scholar, learner, a tyro. En —; boy-like. Prendre le chemin des —s; to go a roundabout way; to loiter. Ce n’est qu’un —; he is but a novice. Tour d’—; schoolboy trick. Papier —; exercise-paper.

écolleter, v.a., to cut off, to round off.

éconduire, v.a., to show out; to bow out; to dismiss; to put off, to refuse, to deny. Il nous éconduit poliment; he gives us a polite refusal.

économat, n.m., stewardship; bursarship; bursary; steward’s or bursar’s office.

économe, adj., economical, saving, thrifty. C’est une femme —; she is a thrifty woman. Être — de louanges; to be sparing of praise.

économe, n.m.f., steward, housekeeper, manager, economist, purser, bursar, treasurer (of colleges, hospitals).

économie, n.f., economy; thrift. Vivre avec —; to live economically. Faire des —s; to put by money, to save money. L’— de l’univers; the disposition of the universe. L’— du corps humain; the harmony of the human body. L’— d’un discours; the management or disposition of a speech. Il n’y a pas de petites —s; a penny saved is a penny earned, or take care of the pence, etc.

économique, adj., economic, economical, cheap. Ménage —; economical housekeeping. [Economique is applied to things only: as, fourneau —; fuel-saving stove.]

économique, n.f., economics.

économiquement (-mik-mān), adv., economically.

économiser, v.a., to economize, to save, to put by, to husband. — ses forces; to husband one’s strength.

économiste, n.m., economist.

écope, n.f., (nav.) scoop, skeet, ladle.

écorce, n.f., bark, rind; peel; shell; outside, surface. Oter l’—; to peel. Cet homme n’a que l’—; he is but a superficial, a shallow man. Juger du bois par l’—; to judge of the inside by the outside. Entre l’arbre et l’— il ne faut pas mettre le doigt; you should not interfere in other people’s quarrels.

écorcement or écorçage, n.m., barking, stripping (of trees).

écorcer, v.a., to bark, to strip, to peel.

écorché, n.m., (paint.) figure without skin (for the study of the muscles).

à écorche-cul, adv., (l.ex.) sliding on the ground; against the grain, unwillingly. V. à rebrousse-poil.

écorchée, n.f., (conch.) conus (striated cone). À l’—; in lots or small parcels.

écorchement, n.m., excoriation; flaying, skinning.

écorcher, v.a., to flay, to skin; to gall, to peel off, to rub off the bark; to take off the skin; to fleece. — l’anguille par la queue; to begin at the wrong end. Cela écorche les oreilles; that grates on one’s ears. Ce procureur écorchait ses clients; that attorney fleeced his clients. — le français; to speak broken French, to murder the French language. Jamais beau parler n’écorcha la langue; civility costs nothing. Il crie avant qu’on l’écorche; he cries out before he is hurt.

s’écorcher, v.r., to tear off one’s skin, to get skinned, to gall or be galled; (fig.) to speak ill of or disparage one’s self.

écorcherie, n.f., knacker’s yard; inn in which travelers are fleeced; expensive place; fleecing.

écorcheur, n.m., knacker; flayer; fleecer.

écorchure, n.f., scratch, excoriation; slight wound.

écorner, v.a., to break the horns, the corners, of; to dog’s ear; to curtail, to impair, to lessen, to diminish. Il fait un vent à — un bœuf; it is blowing great guns.

écornifler, v.a., to sponge upon, to hang on.

écorniflerie, n.f., sponging, hanging on.

écornifleu-r, n.m., -se, n.f., sponger, hanger-on.

écornure, n.f., corner broken off, breaking at the edges, chipping.

écossais, -e, n. and adj., Scotsman, Scotswoman; Scottish.

écossaise, n.f., Scotch plaid, plaid-stuff.

écosser, v.a., to shell, to husk (peas or beans).

écosseu-r, n.m., -se, n.f., sheller.

écot, n.m., share (of a reckoning); reckoning; score; quota; company; stump (of a tree). Payez votre —; pay your share. Parlez à votre —; speak to your own company; mind your own business. De tous —s; meddling with everything.

écôtage, n.m., stemming (of tobacco).

écôter, v.a., to stem.

*écouailles, n.f.pl., coarsest wool, tail wool.

écoulement (é-kool-mān), n.m., flowing, running, draining; (com.) sale, output, outlet. L’— de l’eau; the flowing of water. L’— de nos produits; the sale of our commodities.

écouler, v.a., to pour away; (com.) to drain; to sell.

s’écouler, v.r., to run or flow away; to pass away, to glide away; to slip away; (com.) to go off. L’eau s’écoule; water flows away. L’argent s’écoule; money slips away. Le temps s’écoule; time passes away. Ces marchandises s’écoulent vite; these goods sell fast, or go off well, or have a good sale, or command a ready sale.

écourgeon. V. escourgeon.

écourter, v.a., to shorten, to dock, to crop; to curtail. — un chien; to crop a dog. Cheval écourté; cropped horse. Nez écourté; snub-nose.

écoutant, -e, n. and adj., listener, hearer; listening, attending. Avocat —; briefless barrister.

écoute, n.f., hiding-place for listening; (nav.) sheet, main-sheet (cordage). Être aux —s; to be on the watch, on the look-out; to eavesdrop. Entre deux —s; both sheets aft.

écouter, v.a., to listen; to hearken; to give hearing; to hear; to pay attention to; to mind. — à la porte; to listen at the door. — les avis de quelqu’un; to listen to any one’s advice. — raison; to listen to reason. Ecoutez; hark ye, look here, come! Il n’écoute personne; he heeds nobody. Ne l’écoutez pas! never mind him! Se faire —; to obtain a hearing, to enforce obedience.

s’écouter, v.r., to like to hear one’s self; to be over careful of one’s self; to indulge one’s self. Il s’écoute trop; he nurses himself too much.

écouteu-r, n.m., -se, n.f., listener. C’est un — aux portes; he is an eaves-dropper.

écouteux, adj., skittish, jibbing (of horses).

*écoutille, n.f., (nav.) hatchway. Fermer les —s; to close the hatches.

écoutoir, n.m., ear-trumpet.

*écouvillon, n.m., scovel (of ovens); swab; mop; sponge (of a cannon).

*écouvillonner, v.a., to sweep; to mop; to sponge (of a cannon).

écran, n.m., screen; hand-screen; fire-screen. — de toilette; splash-guard. — en bannière; banner screen.

écrasage, n.m., crushing; bruising.

écrasant, -e, adj., crushing; humiliating; exorbitant, excessive; overwhelming; ruinous.

écrasé, -e, part., crushed, ruined. Nez —; flat nose. Taille —e; squat figure (pers.).

écrasement (é-krâz-mān), n.m., crushing; crush; bruising; squashing; overwhelming; destruction, ruin.

écraser, v.a., to crush; to bruise; to weigh down, to overburden, to overwhelm; to bear down; to run over; to ruin; to squash. — des groseilles; to squash gooseberries. J’ai manqué d’être écrasé par un carrosse; I was near being run over by a coach. Être écrasé de travail; to be overwhelmed with work. — d’impôts; to overburden with taxes. — ses rivaux; to crush one’s rivals.

écraseur, n.m., crusher, bruiser; steam-roller.

écrelet, n.m., gingerbread, nut.

écrémer, v.a., to take off the cream, to skim; to take the best of.

écrémoire, n.f., skimmer; milk-skimmer.

écrêter, v.a., to sweep off the top of a work, to dismantle with shot; to cut off the comb of a cock.

écrevisse, n.f., crayfish; (astron.) Cancer. Une — de mer; a crawfish. Rouge comme une —; as red as a boiled lobster.

s’écrier, v.r., to cry out, to exclaim. V. s’exclamer.

*écrille, n.f., grate (of a fish-pond).

écrin, n.m., casket, jewel-box or case.

écrire (écrivant, écrit), v.a., to write; to spell; to pen, to set down, to write word; to write to ask. — quelque chose sur un registre; to enter anything in a register. Papier à —; writing-paper. — que; to write to say that, to state that.

s’écrire, v.r., to sign one’s self, to write one’s name; to be written, to be spelled; to write to each other.

écrit, n.m., writing, written agreement; pamphlet. Mot d’—; short note; line; word. Mettre, coucher, par —; to set anything down in writing.

écrit, -e, part., writ, written, fated. Cela était — au ciel; that was written above. Il est — que je ne gagnerai jamais; I am fated never to win. C’était —; it was bound to happen.

écriteau, n.m., bill (poster); board; signboard.

écritoire, n.f., ink-horn; inkstand. — portative; pocket inkstand.

écriture, n.f., writing, hand, handwriting; scripture. pl., accounts, papers, documents, lawyer’s bills. — coulée; secretary-hand, running-hand. Mauvaise —; scrawl. L’Ecriture sainte; the Holy Scriptures, the Bible. Commis aux —s; copying clerk.

écriturer, v.n., to do copying work.

écriturier, ère, n.m.f., copying-clerk, copyist.

*écrivailler, v.a., to scribble.

*écrivaillerie, n.f., scribbling.

*écrivailleur, n.m. V. écrivassier.

*écrivain, n.m., writer, author; writing-master; captain’s clerk. — public; public scrivener, petition writer.

écrivassier, n.m., (in the Channel Isles) solicitor; scrivener.

écriveu-r, -se, adj., fond of or always writing, scribbling.

écrou, n.m., screw nut; female screw; jail- or gaol-entry. Livre, registre, d’—; jail- or gaol-book.

écrouelle, n.f., freshwater shrimp.

écrouelles, n.f.pl., king’s evil, scrofula.

écrouelleu-x, -se, adj. and n., scrofulous; person affected with the king’s evil.

écrouer, v.a., to enter in the jail- or gaol-book; to imprison; to lock up.

écroues, n.f.pl., bills of expense of the royal kitchen.

écrouir, v.a., to hard-hammer (metal).

écrouissement, écrouissage, n.m., hammer-hardening.

écroulé, -e, part., fallen down, overthrown. Un mur —; a fallen wall. Un empire —; an overthrown empire.

écroulement (é-krool-mān), n.m., falling in, falling down, crumbling down; wreck, ruin.

s’écrouler, v.r., to fall in, to fall down, to fall to pieces; to break down; to collapse; to perish. Cet édifice vint à s’—; that building fell down. La terre s’écroula; the ground gave way. Faire s’—; to pull or bring down.

écroûter, v.a., to cut off the crust. S’—; to lose its crust (of bread).

écru, -e, adj., unbleached, raw. Fil —, soie —e; raw thread, raw silk. Toile —e; brown holland.

écrues, n.f.pl., wood of new and spontaneous growth.

ectropion, n.m., (med.) eversion of the eyelids.

☉ectype, n.f., ectype.

écu, n.m., shield; ☉crown, an obsolete French coin; ☉half a crown; money, cash; copy-paper. Amasser des —s; to hoard up money. C’est le père aux —s; he is a moneyed man.

écuage, n.m., scutage, land-tax.

écubier, n.m., (nav.) hawse-hole.

*écueil (ékeu-i), n.m., reef, rock; sand-bank; breaker; peril, danger; obstacle; stumbling-block. Donner sur un —; to strike against a rock. Le monde est plein d’—s; the world is full of dangers.

écuelle, n.f., porringer, bowl, basin. Laver les —s; to wash the dishes. Des lavures d’—s; dish-water, hog-wash. Être propre comme une — de chat; to be filthy, very dirty.

écuellée, n.f., porringer-full, bowl-full.

écuisser, v.a., to thin (trees at the foot).

éculer, v.a., to tread down at heel.

s’éculer, v.r., to wear down at the heel.

écumage, n.m., skimming, scumming.

écumant, -e, adj., foaming; frothy, seething.

écume, n.f., froth, foam; scum, dross; dregs; slag; lather. L’— de la mer; the foam of the sea. L’— de certains métaux; the dross of certain metals. L’— d’un cheval; the foam of a horse. Jeter de l’—; to foam. — de mer; white talc; meerschaum; sea-ware.

écuménicité, n.f. V. œcuménicité.

écuménique, adj. V. œcuménique.

écuméniquement, adv. V. œcuméniquement.

écumer, v.n., to foam, to froth. La mer écume; the sea foams. Il écumait de rage; he was foaming with rage.

écumer, v.a., to skim; to pick up; to gather, to collect, rake up. — le pot; to skim the pot. — les marmites; to be a sponger. — les mers; to scour the seas.

écumeur, n.m., skimmer, collector; parasite, plagiarist. — de marmites; sponger, hanger-on. — de mer; sea-robber, sea-rover.

écumeu-x, -se, adj., frothy, foaming.

écumoire, n.f., skimmer, scummer.

écurage, n.m., scouring, cleaning.

écurer, v.a., to scour, to cleanse. — de la vaisselle; to scour dishes.

*écureuil, n.m., squirrel.

écureu-r, n.m., -se, n.f., scourer of kitchen utensils. — de puits; well-cleanser.

écurie, n.f., stable; stabling; mews; stud; equipage. Valet d’—; stable-boy, groom, ostler.

écusson, n.m., escutcheon; shield, coat of arms; (arch.) knob; (hort., nav.) escutcheon.

écussonner, v.a., (hort.) to bud.

écussonnoir, n.m., (hort.) budding-knife.

écuyer, n.m., esquire, squire; equerry; riding-master; rider; wall hand-rail (of a staircase). Il est bon —; he is a good horseman. — tranchant; carver. — de cuisine; head cook; house-steward. Grand —; master of the horse.

écuyère, n.f., horsewoman, female equestrian performer. À l’—; in riding fashion. Bottes à l’—; top boots, riding boots.

eczéma, n.m., (n.p.) (med.) eczema.

edda, n.f., (—s) edda.

éden (é-dè-n), n.m., Eden.

édenté, -e, adj., toothless; (fig.) broken, edentate. Vieille —e; toothless hag. Un peigne —; a broken-toothed comb.

édenter, v.a., to wear out, to break the teeth of objects such as combs, saws, etc.; to deprive of one’s teeth; to cause any one to lose his teeth. La vieillesse nous édente; old age causes us to lose our teeth.

s’édenter, v.r., to lose its or one’s teeth.

édentés, n.m.pl., (zoöl.) edentata.

édicter, v.a., to enact, to decree. Peines édictées par la loi; penalties enacted by law.

édicule, n.f., small edifice, pavillon, kiosk.

édifiant, -e, adj., edifying.

édificateur, n.m., (l.u.) builder, constructor.

édification, n.f., building, erection; edification.

édifice, n.m., edifice, building, pile; structure, fabric.

édifier, v.a., to build, to erect, to construct; to edify, to improve, to instruct, to enlighten, to satisfy. Il m’a édifié sur son compte; he told me all about him.

édile, n.m., edile.

édilité, n.f., edileship.

édit, n.m., edict, decree.

éditer, v.a., to publish, to edit (of books).

éditeur, n.m., publisher.

édition, n.f., edition.

édredon, n.m., eider-down; eider-down quilt.

éducat-eur, -rice, n., educator; teacher; educationalist. adj., educative, instructing.

éducati-f, -ve, adj., educative.

éducation, n.f., education; breeding, rearing (of animals); training; manners. Faire l’— d’un jeune homme; to educate a young man. Tenir une maison d’— de demoiselles; to keep a boarding school for young ladies. Il n’a point d’—; he has no breeding.

édulcoration, n.f., edulcoration; sweetening.

édulcorer, v.a., (pharm.) to edulcorate, to sweeten.

éduquer, v.a., (pop.) to bring up, to educate, children.

éfaufiler, v.a., to reeve out (of textile fabrics).

effaçable, adj., effaceable.

effaçage, n.m., effacing; erasing.

effacement, n.m., effacing, effacement; obliteration, blotting out; disappearance; humility, self-effacement; throwing back (of the shoulders). Homme d’—; man of retiring manner.

effacer, v.a., to efface, to expunge; to wear out; to rub out; to strike out; to blot out; to scrape out, to scratch out; to wash away, to obliterate; to eclipse, to throw into the shade; to throw back (the shoulders); to surpass, to excel, to outdo. — ses péchés par ses larmes; to wash out one’s sins by one’s tears.

s’effacer, v.r., to get obliterated; to wash out; to wear away; to keep in the background; to draw aside; to give way; to straighten one’s self; to throw one’s self well back. Il s’effaça pour éviter le coup; he drew aside to avoid the blow.

effaceu-r, -se, n.m.f., eraser.

effaçure, n.f., blot, blotting out, obliteration, erasure.

effaner, v.a., (agri.) to strip of leaves.

effaré, -e, part., wild; scared; bewildered. Un visage —; a haggard, scared countenance.

effarement, n.m., bewilderment, distraction, terror, affright.

effarer, v.a., to terrify, to scare.

s’effarer, v.r., to be scared, to take fright.

effarouchant, -e, adj., terrifying, startling.

effarouchement, n.m., scare, fright, affright, alarm, umbrage.

effaroucher, v.a., to scare away; to startle, to shock, to give umbrage.

s’effaroucher, v.r., to be scared, to be startled, to take umbrage or alarm; to take fright.

effecti-f, -ve, adj., effective, real, positive; (com.) in cash. C’est un homme —; he is a man of his word.

effectif, n.m., (milit.) effective force; strength.

effection, n.f., (geom.) effection.

effectivement (-tiv-mān), adv., in effect, really, actually, indeed, in fact; and to be sure; yes, so it is.

effectuer, v.a., to effect, to execute, to accomplish; to carry out; to bring about; to work out.

s’effectuer, v.r., to be effected, executed, accomplished; to take place; to take effect; to be carried out.

effémination, n.f., effeminacy.

efféminé, -e, adj., effeminate, womanish. Air —; effeminate look.

efféminer, v.a., to effeminate, to enervate.

effendi or efendi (è-fān-di), n.m., effendi (Turkish title).

effervescence, n.f., effervescence; excitement; ferment.

effervescent, -e, adj., effervescent, effervescing; excited, excitable.

effet, n.m., effect, consequence, result; performance, intent, execution; purpose; power (mec.); bill of exchange, bill. pl., goods; luggage; movables, chattels; funds; stocks. Produire de l’—; to make an impression. Ces choses-là font un vilain —; those things look bad. Souscrire un —; to sign a bill. — à échoir; running bill. Faire les fonds d’un —; to provide for a bill. Faire-honneur à un —; to honor a bill. À double —; double acting (mec.). En —; in reality, indeed. Pour cet —; to that end, for that purpose. À l’— de; to the end that, with a view to. À quel —? to what purpose? to what end? À —; sensational, clap-trap. Cela me fait cet —; it seems so to me. Faire de l’—; to make a show; to be showy. Faire l’— de; to make one think of; to put one in mind. — rétrograde; (at billiards) screwing back. — contraire; screw. — de côté; side.

*effeuillaison, n.f., fall of the leaves.

*effeuillement, n.m., stripping off the leaves; defoliation.

*effeuiller, v.a., to strip of leaves, to pluck; to pick to pieces (a flower).

*s’effeuiller, v.r., to lose or shed its leaves (of a tree, a flower). Les roses s’effeuillent; the roses are shedding their leaves.

efficace, adj., efficacious, effectual, effective.

efficace, n.f., efficacy, efficiency, virtue.

efficacement (-kas-mān), adv., efficaciously, efficiently, effectually.

efficacité, n.f., efficacy, efficiency.

efficient, -e, adj., efficient.

effigie, n.f., effigy. Pendre en —; to hang in effigy.

effigier, v.a., to make an effigy of.

effilé, n.m., fringe.

effilé, -e, adj., slender, slim; sharp, fine, tapering. Avoir la taille —e; to have a thin, slender figure.

effiler, v.a., to unweave, to ravel out, to unravel; to thin (the hair); (hunt.) to tire out the dogs.

s’effiler, v.r., to ravel, to ravel out, to fray out; to taper.

effiloche, n.f., untwisted silk, light refuse silk.

effilocher or effiloquer, v.a., to ravel out, to undo.

effiloque, n.f. V. effiloche.

effilure, n.f., raveled thread.

efflanqué, -e, adj., lean, thin, lank, raw-boned; meager. Style —; meager style.

efflanquer, v.a., to make lean, to emaciate.

effleurer, v.a., to take the surface off; to pick, to pluck (flowers); to skim over, to skim the surface of, to glance at; to grace, to touch upon, to dip into.

effleurir, v.a., (chem.) to effloresce.

s’effleurir, v.r., to effloresce.

efflorescence, n.f., efflorescence.

efflorescent, -e, adj., efflorescent.

effluence, n.f., (phys.) effluence.

effluent, -e, adj., (phys.) effluent.

effluve, n.m., effluvium. pl., effluvia.

effondrement, n.m., (agri.) digging deep; trenching; falling in, sinking.

effondrer, v.a., (agri.) to dig deep, to break in, to weigh down, to sink. — une volaille; to draw a fowl. — du poisson; to gut fish.

s’effondrer, v.r., to fall in; to give way.

*effondrilles, n.f.pl., grounds, sediment, dregs.

s’efforcer, v.r., to strain, to strive, to make an effort, to exert one’s self; to struggle, to endeavor, to attempt.

effort, n.m., effort, exertion, endeavor; force, strength; (nav., vet.) strain, weight; stress. L’— de l’eau a rompu cette digue; the force of the water has broken down that dyke. Ce cheval a un —; that horse is strained. Faire un — sur soi-même; to do one’s self violence, to strive to overcome one’s repugnance. Se donner un —; to overstrain one’s self, to sprain one’s back.

effraction, n.f., breaking, breaking open, house-breaking. Vol avec —; burglary.

effraie, n.f., white barn-owl; screech-owl.

s’effranger, v.r., to become unraveled, to fray at the edges.

effrayant, -e, adj., frightful, fearful, dreadful, terrific; appalling; grim, hideous.

effrayé, -e, part., afraid, daunted, dismayed.

effrayer, v.a., to fright, to frighten, to alarm, to terrify, to dismay.

s’effrayer, v.r., to be frightened, to be startled, to take fright, to take alarm. Il s’effraie de peu de chose; he is soon frightened.

effréné, -e, adj., unbridled, unrestrained, unruly; lawless; wild; frantic. Passions —es; unbridled passions.

effritement, n.m., crumbling to dust; exhaustion (of land).

effriter, v.a., (agri.) to exhaust (land).

s’effriter, v.r., (agri.) to become exhausted; to crumble to dust.

effroi, n.m., fright, terror, consternation; dread, dismay. Porter partout l’—; to carry consternation everywhere.

effronté, -e, n. and adj., shameless, brazen-faced person; shameless, bold, brazen-faced.

effrontément, adv., impudently, boldly, shamelessly.

effronterie (é-front-rî), n.f., effrontery, boldness, impudence, shamelessness. Il est plein d’—; he is full of impudence. Il a eu l’— de me menacer; he had the effrontery to threaten me. Payer d’—; to brazen a thing out.

effroyable, adj., frightful, dreadful, horrid, horrible, awful; downright; shocking; prodigious. Elle est d’une laideur —; she is frightfully ugly.

effroyablement, adv., frightfully, horribly, dreadfully, awfully; shockingly. Elle est — laide; she is frightfully ugly.

effusion, n.f., effusion, pouring out, overflowing, shedding.

éfourceau, n.m., two-wheeled timber-carriage.

égagropile, n.m., (vet.) wool-ball.

égal, -e, adj., equal, uniform, like, alike; even, level, same. Tout lui est —; it is all one to him. Une humeur —e; an even temper. Cela m’est —; it is all the same to me. C’est —, si j’avais su; never mind, if I had only known.

égal, n.m., -e, n.f., equal. À l’— de; in comparison of, as much as, equal to. Traiter d’—; to treat as one’s equal. Sans —; matchless. D’— à —; between equals; on equal terms.

également (é-gal-mān), adv., equally, alike, impartially, uniformly; also, likewise, too.

égaler, v.a., to equal, to make even, level; to come up to, to match, to emulate; to compare, to parallel.

s’égaler, v.r., to render one’s self equal; to compare one’s self to.

égalisation, n.f., equalization.

égaliser, v.a., to equalize, to make level; to square accounts. — un terrain; to level a piece of ground. S’—; to find its own level.

égalitaire, adj., based on equality, or on equal rights; leveling.

égalité, n.f., (geom.) equality, parity; evenness, uniformity; congruity. À — de mérite; where there is equality of merit. — d’âme; equanimity.

égard, n.m., regard, consideration, respect; deference, attentions. Avoir —; to pay regard. Avoir — à quelque chose; to be regardful of anything. Avoir des —s pour; to have consideration for, to pay regard, deference to. En — à; considering. En — à la qualité; considering the quality. Avoir de grands —s pour quelqu’un; to show great deference to any one. Par — pour; out of regard for. Par — pour vous; for your sake. À l’— de; respecting; with regard to. À cet —; in this respect. À tous —s; in all respects.

égaré, -e, part., strayed; misguided, misled, roving, wild; mislaid; disordered, distracted, bewildered. Brebis —es; lost sheep.

égarement (é-gar-mān), n.m., straying, losing one’s way; mistake, error; wildness (of the look); disorder, ill-conduct, excess, frenzy, bewilderment. — d’esprit; mental alienation.

égarer, v.a., to mislead, to misguide; to bewilder; to impair (intellect); to lead astray, to lead into error; to mislay. — quelque chose; to mislay anything.

s’égarer, v.r., to lose one’s way, to stray; to err; to mistake; to be led into error; to go astray; to ramble; to lose one’s self. Il s’est égaré de son chemin; he has lost his way. Il s’égara dans la forêt; he lost himself in the forest.

égarotté, -e, adj., (man.) wither-wrung.

égayer, v.a., to enliven, to divert, to make cheerful, to lighten, to raise (the spirits), to cheer, to cheer up; to thin (trees). — un appartement; to make an apartment lighter.

s’égayer, v.r., to make merry, to be merry, to divert one’s self, to sport, to cheer up. Il faut vous —; you must cheer up. Nous nous égayâmes à ses dépens; we made merry at his expense.

égide, n.f., Ægis (shield of Jupiter, of Pallas); shield, buckler, breast-plate; protector. Il me sert d’—; he is my protector. Sous son —; under his ægis; under his protection.

égilops (-lops), n.m., (med.) egilops.

églantier (-tié), n.m., (bot.) eglantine, woodbine, hip-tree, brier, dog-brier. — odorant; sweet-brier.

églantine, n.f., (bot.) (flower) eglantine, hip, dog-rose, sweet-brier, woodbine.

églefin, n.m., (ich.) haddock.

église, n.f., church; chimney cowl; cowl. L’— anglicane; the church of England. Un homme d’—; a churchman, a clergyman. Gueux comme un rat d’—; as poor as a church mouse.

églogue (-log), n.f., eclogue.

☉égoïser, v.n., to egotize.

égoïsme, n.m., egotism, selfishness; (philos.) egoism.

égoïste, adj., egotistic; selfish, egoistic.

égoïste, n.m.f., egotist; (philos.) egoist. C’est un —; he is an egotist.

égopode, n.m., (bot.) gout-weed, goutwort.

égorger, v.a., to cut the throat of, to slaughter, to butcher, to kill.

égorgeur, n.m., slaughterer, murderer.

*s’égosiller, v.r., to make one’s throat sore, to make one’s self hoarse (with speaking); to bawl out, to strain one’s voice.

égotisme, n.m., (ant.) egotism.

égotiste, n.m., (ant.) (l.u.) egotist.

égout, n.m., running or falling of water; sink, drain, sewer; eaves, projecting roof. — collecteur; main-sewer.

égoutier, n.m., sewer-man.

égouttage, n.m., drainage; draining, dripping.

égoutter, v.n., to drain, to drip.

égoutter, v.a., to drain, to let drop.

s’égoutter, v.r., to drop, to drain.

égouttoir, n.m., drainer, plate-rack.

égoutture, n.f., drainings, drippings.

égrain or égrin, n.m., seedling pear or apple tree.

égrainer. V. égrener.

s’égrainer. V. s’égrener.

égrappage, n.m., picking (of grapes, currants, etc.).

égrapper, v.a., to pick (grapes, currants, etc.) from the bunch.

égrappoir, n.m., grape-picker (instr.).

*égratigner, v.a., to scratch, to claw; (paint.) to stencil. S’il ne mord pas, il égratigne; if he does not bite he scratches.

*égratigneu-r, n.m., -se, n.f., scratcher; (paint.) stenciler.

*égratignure, n.f., scratch; slight wound. Il ne saurait souffrir la moindre —; he cannot bear the least thing or hurt.

*égravillonner, v.a., to ablaqueate.

égrefin, n.m. V. églefin.

égrenage, n.m., shelling, husking (grains); picking (grapes); (arts) ginning.

égrener, v.a., to shell, to husk (grain); to pick from the bunch (grapes); (arts) to gin.

s’égrener, v.r., to shell (of grain); to fall from the stalk; to shed seeds.

*égrillard, -e, adj., sprightly, brisk, lively; free, broad.

*égrilloir, n.m., weir, grate (to keep the fish in a pond).

égrisée, n.f., diamond-dust.

égriser, v.a., to clean, to rough-down, to cut (diamonds).

égrisoir, n.m., diamond-dust box.

égrugeoir (-joâr), n.m., mortar.

égruger, v.a., to pound, to bruise. — du sel; to pound salt.

égueulé, n.m., -e, n.f., adj., (égheulé), broken-mouthed; (pop.) vulgar, foul-mouthed person.

égueulement (é-gheul-mān), n.m., (artil.) breaking at the mouth of a cannon.

égueuler (égheulé), v.a., to break off the mouth or neck (of glass and other vessels).

s’égueuler, v.r., to bawl till one’s throat is sore; (artil.) to break at the mouth (of a gun).

égyptien, -ne (-si-in, -si-èn), adj., Egyptian.

égyptien, n.m., -ne, n.f., Egyptian; gipsy.

eh, int., ah! well! — bien! well! — bien, soit; well, be it so.

éhanché, -e, adj. V. déhanché.

éherber, v.a. V. sarcler.

éhonté, -e, adj., shameless, brazen-faced.

éhouper, v.a., to lop off the top (of a tree).

eider, n.m., (—s) (orni.) eider, eider-duck.

éjaculateur, adj., (anat.) ejaculatory.

éjaculation, n.f., throwing out with force, discharge; ejaculation (fervent prayer).

☉éjaculatoire, adj. V. éjaculateur.

éjaculer, v.a., (anat.) to throw out, to ejaculate, to discharge.

éjarrer, v.a., to remove the coarse hairs (from furs).

éject-eur, -rice, adj., ejecting. Tuyau —; discharge pipe.

élaboration, n.f., elaboration.

élaboré, -e, adj., elaborate, wrought, labored.

élaborer, v.a., to elaborate, to work out.

élagage, n.m., (hort.) lopping; branches lopped off.

élaguer (-ghé), v.a., to lop, to prune; to curtail, to cut down, to cut out. Elaguez ces détails inutiles; cut out those useless particulars.

élagueur, n.m., (hort.) pruner.

élan, n.m., start, spring; dash, rush; sally, flight, glow, soaring; burst, outburst, transport; (mam.) elk, moose-deer. Par —s; by starts. Prendre un —; to take a spring, a flight.

élancé, -e, adj., slender, slim, thin, lank.

élancement (é-lāns-mān), n.m., shooting, twitch, twinge. pl., transports.

élancer, v.a., (l.u.) to launch, to dart, to shoot.

s’élancer, v.r., to bound, to shoot, to shoot or to spring forth, to dart forth, to rush, to dash, to spring; to take one’s flight. Il s’élança sur son cheval; he leapt or sprang on horseback. Il s’élança sur l’ennemi; he rushed upon the enemy. S’— sur quelqu’un; to spring upon any one. Mon âme s’élança vers Dieu; my soul soared up to God.

élancer, v.n., to shoot, to twitch (of pain).

élanion, n.m., (orni.) kite. — martinet; swallow-tailed kite.

élargir, v.a., to stretch, to widen, to make wider, to let out; to enlarge, to release, to set at liberty. — un habit; to let out a coat. — ses quartiers; to extend one’s quarters. — un compas; to open a pair of compasses. — un prisonnier; to set a prisoner at liberty.

s’élargir, v.r., to widen, to become wider; to enlarge; to stretch; to enlarge one’s estate; to set one’s self free.

élargissement (-jis-mān), n.m., widening, enlarging; release, discharge (from prison).

élargissure, n.f., piece let in; eking-piece.

élasticité, n.f., elasticity, springiness.

élastique, adj., elastic, springy.

élastique, n.f., india-rubber; elastic-net; spring-side.

élatine, n.f., (bot.) water-wort.

élavé, adj., (hunt.) soft and discolored.

elbeuf, n.m., Elbeuf-cloth.

eldorado, n.m., (—s) El Dorado.

éléatique, n.m., adj., eleatic.

électeur, n.m., elector.

électi-f, -ve, adj., elective.

élection, n.f., election, return, polling; choice, appointment. Temps, lieu d’—; (surg.) most favorable time, place, for performing an operation. Solliciter des suffrages aux —s; to solicit votes at elections. Aux —s générales; at the general election.

électoral, -e, adj., electoral, elective. Priver du droit —; to disfranchise.

électorat, n.m., electorate.

électrice, n.f., Elector’s consort, Electress.

électricité, n.f., electricity.

électrique, adj., electric. Secousse —; electric shock. Conducteur —; electric conductor.

électrisable, adj., electrifiable.

électrisant, -e, adj., electrifying.

électrisation, n.f., electrification.

électriser, v.a., to electrify.

s’électriser, v.r., to be electrified, to electrify.

électro-aimant, n.m., (—-—s) electro-magnet.

électro-chimie, n.f., (n.p.) electro-chemistry.

électro-dynamique, n.f., (n.p.) electro-dynamics.

électro-magnétisme, n.m., (n.p.) electro-magnetism.

électromètre, n.m., (phys.) electrometer.

électro-négati-f, -ve, adj., electro-negative.

électrophore, n.m., (phys.) electrophorus.

électro-positi-f, -ve, adj., electro-positive.

électroscope, n.m., (phys.) electroscope.

électuaire, n.m., electuary.

élégamment (-ga-mān), adv., elegantly, stylishly.

élégance, n.f., elegance, style.

élégant, -e, n. and adj., gentleman, lady, of fashion; swell, exquisite; elegant, fashionable, stylish.

élégiaque, adj., elegiac.

élégiaque, n.m., elegist.

élégie, n.f., elegy.

élément, n.m., element, hobby, favorite pastime; component part. La chasse est son —; hunting is his hobby. Être dans son —; to be quite at home (in anything).

élémentaire, adj., elementary, elemental.

élémi, n.m., (pharm.) elemi.

éléphant, n.m., elephant.

éléphantiasis (-tia-zis), n.f., (med.) elephantiasis.

éléphantin, -e, adj., elephantine.

élevage, n.m., (agri.) breeding, raising, rearing (of cattle).

élévateur, adj., n.m., (anat.) elevator, elevatory; raising, lifting.

élévation, n.f., elevation, lifting up, raising; rising ground, height, eminence; (persp.) view; exaltation; greatness (of soul); nobleness; (c.rel.) elevation of the host; rise (of prices); raised plan. Il lui doit son —; he is indebted to him for his promotion. Il a beaucoup d’—; he possesses great elevation of mind. — dans le style; loftiness of style. — de côté; side view (of a building).

élévatoire, n.m., (surg.) elevator.

élève, n.m.f., pupil, scholar; student; (nav.) midshipman. — maître (m.), maîtresse (f.); pupil-teacher, pupil, governess. — en chambre; parlor boarder.

élève, n.f., (agri.) breeding (of cattle).

élevé (él-vé), -e, part., raised, grand; heroic, eminent, stately, lofty; high (of prices); exalted. C’est un jeune homme bien —; he is a very well-bred youth.

élever (él-vé), v.a., to raise, to raise up, to exalt, to lift up; to cast up; to ennoble; to erect, to rear up, to set up; to augment, to increase; to run up (of accounts); to bring up, to breed; to rear; to educate, to train up, to nurse, to foster. — quelqu’un jusqu’aux nues; to extol any one to the skies. — la voix; to raise one’s voice. J’ai pris de la peine à — ces plantes; I took some trouble to raise those plants.

s’élever, v.r., to arise, to break out; to ascend, to mount, to go up, to run up; to amount; to be elevated; to increase, to augment; to run up (of accounts); to be started. Une tempête s’éleva; a storm arose. Il s’éleva une querelle; a quarrel broke out. Les vapeurs s’élèvent de la terre; vapors rise from the earth. Celui qui s’élève sera abaissé; he who exalts himself shall be humbled. Les vagues s’élevèrent hautes et menaçantes; the waves rolled high and threatening.

éleveur (él-veur), n.m., elevator; cattle-breeder, grazier.

élevure (él-vur), n.f., pimple, blotch, blain.

elfe, n.m., elf (fairy).

élider, v.a., (gram.) to cut off, to elide.

s’élider, v.r., to be elided, to be cut off. Cette lettre s’élide; that letter is elided.

éligibilité, n.f., eligibility, fitness.

éligible, adj., eligible, fit.

s’élimer, v.r., to wear out, to rub out.

élimination, n.f., elimination, dismissal, expulsion; removal, rejection.

éliminer, v.a., to eliminate, to strike out or off, to expel, to discard, to dismiss, to remove; to delete.

élingue (é-ling), n.f., (nav.) sling, strop.

élinguer (-ghé), v.a., (nav.) to sling.

élire, v.a., to elect, to choose, to return, to appoint, to designate. — domicile; to take up one’s abode.

élision, n.f., elision.

élite, n.f., choice, pick, select few, flower, prime. L’— de l’armée; the pick of the army. J’ai eu l’— de ses livres; I have had the pick of his books. D’—; picked, crack.

élixir, n.m., elixir.

elle, pron., she, her, it; elles, pl., they, them. Je parle d’—; I speak of her. Je reviens à —; I return to her. Je lui parle; I am speaking to her. Je les lui donne à elle-même; I give them to her, place them in her own hands. Je les vois, —s et leur frère; I see them and their brother.

ellébore, n.m., (bot.) hellebore. — noir; Christmas-thorn, black hellebore. Avoir besoin d’—; not to be in one’s right senses.

elléborine, n.f., (bot.) helleborine, bastard hellebore.

ellipse (è-lips), n.f., (gram., geom.) ellipsis; ellipse.

ellipsoïdal, -e, adj., ellipsoidal.

ellipsoïde, n.m., (geom.) ellipsoid.

ellipticité, n.f., ellipticity.

elliptique, adj., elliptical.

elliptiquement, adv., elliptically.

elme (Feu Saint), n.m., corposant, Castor and Pollux.

élocution, n.f., elocution.

éloge, n.m., eulogium, eulogy, panegyric, encomium, praise, commendation. Digne d’—; praiseworthy. Faire soi-même son —; to sound one’s own praises. Faire l’— d’un auteur; to speak in praise of an author. — funèbre; funeral oration.

élogieu-x, -se, adj., full of praise, eulogistic, flattering.

élogiste, n.m.f., (ant.) eulogist, writer of panegyrics.

*éloigné, -e, part., removed, distant, wide, remote, far; absent, foreign. Temps —s; distant times. Cause —e; remote cause. Il est fort — de le croire; he is far from believing it. Se tenir —; to keep away, to stand aloof. D’une manière —e; distantly.

*éloignement (é-loagn-mān), n.m., removal, removing; distance, remoteness; retirement; aversion, dislike; estrangement, unwillingness. On voit Paris dans l’—; Paris is seen in the distance. Avoir de l’— pour le travail; to have an aversion for work.

*éloigner, v.a., to remove, to put away, to send away; to dismiss; to discard; to repudiate; to remove further; to waive; to avert; to banish; to drive away; to put off, to delay, to retard; to alienate, to estrange; to indispose. — un sujet; to waive a subject. — les soupçons; to discard suspicion. — quelqu’un de; to indispose any one (towards). — quelqu’un de son pays; to send any one away from his country. Eloignez de vous ces mauvaises pensées; dismiss such evil thoughts.

s’*éloigner, v.r., to go away, to remove, to recede; to forsake; to withdraw; to ramble; to digress; to swerve; to deviate; to be different, to differ from, to dislike; (paint.) to appear in the distance; to be alienated, to be wanting, to fall off, to fail. Ne vous éloignez pas; don’t go far. S’— de son devoir; to deviate from one’s duty. S’— de son sujet; to digress from one’s subject. Cette opinion s’éloigne de la mienne; that opinion differs from mine.

élongation, n.f., elongation; digression.

élonger, v.a., (nav.) to sheer off, to lay alongside of, to run out a warp.

éloquemment (-ka-mān), adv., eloquently.

éloquence, n.f., eloquence, oratory. — de la tribune; parliamentary eloquence.

éloquent, -e, adj., eloquent.

élu, n.m., -e, n.f., (person) elected, chosen, elect.

élu, -e, part., elected, chosen, elect, appointed, designated, returned.

élucidation, n.f., elucidation.

élucider, v.a., to elucidate.

élucubration, n.f., lucubration.

élucubrer, v.a.n., to lucubrate.

éludable, adj., evadible, eludible.

éluder, v.a., to elude, to evade.

élyme, n.m., (bot.) elymus, lyme-grass.

élysée, n.m., (myth.) Elysium. L’Elysée; the residence (in Paris) of the President of the Republic.

élysée, adj., Elysian. Les champs —s; the Elysian Fields.

élyséen, -ne (-in, -è-n), adj., Elysian.

élysiens (-īn), adj.m.pl., (myth.) Elysian.

élytre, n.m., (ent.) elytron, wing-shell.

elzévir, n.m., Elzevir (edition).

elzévirien, -ne, adj., elzevirian, Elzevir.

émaciation, n.f., emaciation.

émacié, -e, adj., emaciated.

*émail, n.m., enamel; (her.) tincture; (fig.) gloss, brilliancy. — de Hollande; Dutch blue. Peindre en —; to enamel. Peinture en —; enameling, enameled picture. Peintre en —; enameler.

*émailler, v.a., to enamel; (fig.) to adorn, to embellish, to stud, to strew, to covet.

*émailleur, n.m., enameler.

*émaillure, n.f., enameling.

émanation, n.f., emanation.

émancipation, n.f., emancipation.

émanciper, v.a., to emancipate.

s’émanciper, v.r., to gain one’s liberty, to free one’s self; to take too much liberty, to get too free, to go beyond bounds, to forget one’s self, to play pranks. Vous vous émancipez trop; you are getting rather too free.

émaner, v.n., to emanate.

émargement, n.m., writing on the margin; marginal note; signature on the margin.

émarger, v.a., to write, to sign, on the margin; to receipt; (fig.) to draw one’s salary; (tech.) to diminish the breadth of the margin of engravings, etc.

émarginé, -e, adj., (bot.) emarginate.

émasculation, n.f., emasculation.

émasculer, v.a., to emasculate.

embabouiner, v.a., (fam., l.u.) to wheedle; to gammon.

emballage, n.m., packing up, packing; package. Toile d’—; packing-canvas, pack-cloth.

emballer, v.a., to pack up; to wrap up; to pack off; (fam. jest.) to send away, to pack off (any one), to look at, to quod.

emballeur, n.m., packer; (pop.) bragger, bobby, policeman.

embander, v.a., to tie up; to swathe.

embarcadère, n.m., terminus; wharf; pier; steps, landing-stage.

embarcation, n.f., small boat, craft; crew, passengers.

embardée, n.f., (nav.) yaw, lurch.

embarder, v.a. and n., (nav.) to yaw, to lurch.

embargo, n.m., embargo. Lever l’—; to take on an embargo. Mettre un — sur; to lay an embargo on.

*embarillé, -e, adj., barreled up.

*embariller, v.a., to barrel, to barrel up.

embarquement, n.m., embarkation, embarking, shipping, shipment.

embarquer, v.a., to embark, to ship, to put on ship-board; to take on board; to see off. On l’a embarqué dans une méchante affaire; he has been drawn into some bad business.

s’embarquer, v.r., to embark, to go on board, to take shipping; to put to sea, to sail, to set out; to engage.

embarras, n.m., incumbrance, hindrance, impediment; embarrassment, difficulty, trouble, intricacy, fuss; perplexity, puzzle; (med.) derangement. Cet homme fait bien de l’—; that man makes a great fuss. Être dans l’—; to be in difficulties. Se mettre dans l’—; to get into trouble, into a scrape. Je suis dans l’—; I am at a loss. Ce n’est pas l’—; that’s easy enough; I see no objection. Avoir l’— du choix; to have too much to choose from. — de voitures; block of carriages.

embarrassant, -e, adj., embarrassing, puzzling, awkward; perplexing, encumbering, cumbersome, troublesome.

embarrassé, -e, part., embarrassed, entangled, perplexed, obstructed, constrained; out of countenance. Être —; to be at a loss.

embarrasser, v.a., to embarrass, to hamper, to encumber, to obstruct; to clog, to trouble, to confound, to puzzle; to come amiss to, to inconvenience, to incommode; to insnare. Être embarrassé de sa personne; not to know what to do with one’s self. Que cela ne vous embarrasse point; do not trouble yourself about that. Cette question l’a embarrassé; that question puzzled him. Il est embarrassé de répondre; he is at a loss for an answer. — une rue; to obstruct a street.

s’embarrasser, v.r., to entangle one’s self, to be embarrassed, entangled; to be solicitous about, to concern one’s self with; (med.) to be affected. Il ne s’embarrasse de rien; nothing ever troubles him. Sa langue s’embarrasse; his tongue begins to falter; his speech is impeded.

embasement, n.m., (arch.) continuous base; basement.

embastillement, n.m., imprisoning; surrounding with forts.

embastiller, v.a., to imprison; to surround with forts.

embatage, n.f., casing, tiring of wheels.

☉*embatailler, v.a., to embattle.

embâter, v.a., to put on a pack-saddle; to saddle, to encumber. On l’a embâté d’une affaire bien désagréable; they have saddled him with a very disagreeable job.