Volume II.
Reading edition
PAGE
CHAPTER XXII.
MILLING MACHINERY AND MILLING TOOLS.
The Milling Machine; Advantages possessed by 1
The hand milling machine 1
Power milling machine 2
Universal milling machines 2, 3
The Brown and Sharpe Universal Milling Machine, general view of 4
The construction of the bearings and of the head 5
Sectional view of head 6
The dividing mechanism 6
The index plate 7
Table of index holes for gear cutting 7
The automatic feed motion 8, 9
Special index plate for gear cutting 9
The Brainard Milling Machine 9
The various attachments of 10
The rotary vise 10
Universal head and back centre 10
Universal head for gear cutting 11
The head for cutting spirals 12
The cam cutting attachment 12
The Lipe Universal Milling Machine 12
Sectional view of the Lipe machine 13
The feed motions of the Lipe machine 13
The index head of the Lipe machine 14
The adjustable centre rest 14
The Universal Milling Machine for heavy work 15
Construction of the driving gear and feed motion 15
Pratt and Whitney’s double spindle milling machine 16
Milling Cutters or Mills 16 to 24
Cutters with spiral teeth 17
Table of sizes of Brown and Sharpe standard cutters 17
Table of standard sizes of Brainard cutters 17
Face cutters 17
Twin cutters and right and left hand cutters 18
Advantages and disadvantages of face cutters 18
Angular cutters 19
Right and left angular cutters 19
The Brown and Sharpe patent cutters 19
Shank cutters 19
The direction of the feed for shank cutters 20
Applications of shank cutters 21
Sizes of shank cutters 21
Fly cutters 21
Different methods of making fly cutters, and the advantages and defects of each method 21
Circular cutters, and holders for fly cutters 22
Matched cutters; methods of matching cutters 23
Gang or composite cutters; cutters with inserted teeth 24
Cutter Arbors 25
Milling 25 to 30
Comparison of the advantages of end milling, face milling, and twin milling 25
The length of feed in face milling 26
Cutting grooves in cylindrical work 27
Angular cutters for groove cutting 27
The crowding of grooving cutters and how to avoid it 27
The direction of the feed in cutting spiral grooves 27
Setting angular grooving cutters 28
Cutting right and left hand grooves and determining the direction of the feed for the same 29
Fluting twist drills 29
Finding the angle of the cutter in cutting spiral grooves 29
Producing different shaped grooves with the same cutter 29, 30
Holding work on the milling machine; milling taper work 30
Chucks for Milling Machines 31
Vertical Milling Machine 31
Profiling Machine 31, 32
Grinding Machine, for milling cutters 32 to 37
Fixture for grinding parallel cutters 32
Errors in grinding milling cutters 32
Grinding thin cutters 33
Grinding taper cutters 33
Fixture for grinding taper work 33
Fixture for taper cutters and for face cutters 34
The position of the emery wheel and clearance on the cutter 35
Grinding the teeth of spiral cutters 36
Positions of emery wheels in cutter grinding as affecting the strength of the cutting edges 36, 37
CHAPTER XXIII.
EMERY WHEELS AND GRINDING MACHINERY.
Grinding Operations; Classification of 38
The qualifications of emery wheels 38
Cements used in the manufacture of emery wheels 38
Grades of coarseness and fineness of emery wheels 38
Grades of wheels and the work they are suitable for 39
Speeds of emery wheels 39
Balancing emery wheels 39
Emery Grinding Machines 40
The Sellers drill grinding machine 41
The construction of the drill holding chuck 41
Varying the drill position to suit the diameter of the drill, and thus maintain equal conditions for all diameters of drills 41
Errors of construction in ordinary drill grinding machines 41
The construction whereby the Sellers machine maintains an equal degree of clearance from end to end of the cutting edge upon all sizes of drills 41, 42, 43, 44
The Sellers attachment for thinning the points of large twist drills 44
The front rake of twist drills 44
Emery grinder for true surfaces 45
For engine guide bars 45
For car axle boxes 45
Emery grinder with traversing emery wheel 46
For rough work 46
For planing machine knives or cutters 46
Emery wheel swing frame for dressing large castings, &c. 46
Emery belt grinding machine 47
Presenting emery wheels to the work, or the work to the wheels 47
Annular emery wheels 48
Recessed emery wheel 48
The wear of emery wheels 48
Polishing Wheels 49 to 51
The construction of 49
Lapping the leather on 49
Method of keeping them true 50
Charging with emery 50
The speed of 50
Polishing materials for 50
Brush wheels for polishing 50
Speed of brush wheels 50
Polishing materials for brush wheels for brass work 50
Solid leather wheels 51
Rag polishing wheels 51
Polishing materials for rag wheels 51
Polishing device for engravers’ steel plates 51
Grindstones and Tool Grinding 51
The various kinds of 51
Suitable for wood working tools 52
Suitable for saws or iron plates 52
The speeds of 52
The changes of pulley diameter necessary as the diameter of the stone decreases in order to maintain a nearly uniform circumferential speed of grindstone 52
Arrangement of, for saw plates 52
Hacking 53
Device for truing 53
Automatic traversing device for 53
Considerations that determine the position in which the work should be applied to 53
Oil-stones, the various kinds of 54
Truing oil-stones 54
Removing the feather edge left by 54
Oil-stoning edge tools 54
CHAPTER XXIV.
GEAR CUTTING MACHINES.
Gear Cutters—The Brainard Automatic 55
Plan view of the mechanism 55
Method of operating the cutter slide 55
The arrangement of the positive feed shipping motion 55
Arrangement and construction of the dividing mechanism 55
The Brainard half automatic gear cutting machine 56
Gear cutting engine with vertical cutter spindle 56
Gear planing machine 56
Piat’s French gear cutting machine 56 to 61
CHAPTER XXV.
VISE WORK.
Definition of Vise Work 62
The Vise 62
The height of vise jaws 62
The wood-worker’s vise 62
The Stephens vise 62
Swivelling vises 62
The Prentiss vise 62
Leg vise with parallel motion 63
Various forms of vise clamps 64
Hammers 64
The effects of the speed of a hammer blow 65
Experiments by Robert Sabine on the duration of a blow 65
Machinists’ hand hammers 66
Shapes of hammer eyes 66
The proper method of putting handles in 67
Paning of pening hammers 68
The plate straightener’s and saw maker’s hammers 69
The principles involved in straightening plates 69
The dog-head hammer 69
The effects of hammer blows upon plates 69
Saw straightening and saw hammering 70, 71
Machinist’s sledge hammer 71
The file cutter’s hammers 71
Riveter’s hammer 71
The cooper’s hammer 71
The mallet 72
Pening or paning 72
Applications of pening to straighten work or refit it 72
Riveting crank pins 73
Chisels 73
Forms of bar steel for chisels 73
The widths and thicknesses of the cutting ends of 74
Angles of the cutting edges of 74
Shapes of the cutting edges of 74
Chisel holders 74
Cape or cross-cut 74
Round nosed 75
The cow-mouthed 75
Curved or oil groove 76
The diamond point chisel 76
Applications of machinists’ chisels 76
The carpenter’s chisel 77
The angle of presentation of chisels 77
Plane Blades 77
The form of, necessary to produce a given shape of moulding 77
Finding the shape of knives, plane blades, or cutters necessary to produce given shapes upon the work 78 to 83
Scale for marking out the necessary shapes of moulding knives 83
Instruments for 84
Files 85
Shapes of file teeth 85
The cut of files 85
Sizes and kinds of flat files 86
Groubet files 87
Rasps, the kinds and cut of 88
The names of files 88, 89
Round, half-round, and three-square files 90
Knife files, cross files, reaper files, tumbler files 91
The selection of files 91
Putting handles on files 92
Instruction on holding files 92
Slim files 92
The warping of files 93
Using bent files 93
Cross filing 93
Draw filing 94
Cleaning files 94
Filing out round corners 95
Using round files 95
Files for soft metals 95
Resharpening files 95
The Sand Blast process 96
Red Marking for vise work 96
Hack Saw 97
Screw Drivers and their proper shape 97
Scrapers for true surfaces 97
Angles for the facets of scrapers 97
Various forms of scrapers 97
Reamers 98
The spacing of reamer teeth 98
Odd and even numbers of reamer teeth 98
Adjustable reamers 98
Taper reamers 99
Reamers for framing 99
Half-round reamers 99
Square reamers 99
CHAPTER XXVI.
VISE WORK (Continued).
Examples in Vise Work 100 to 113
The use of chisels 100
File cutting 100
Cutting key seats 101
Sinking feathers in shafts 101
Methods of securing feathers 102
Filing up a double eye or knuckle joint 103
Filing pins 103
Blocks for filing pins 104
Hand vise 104
Filing bolt heads and nuts 104, 105
Making outside calipers 105, 106
Fitting keys 107
Cutting keyways by hand 108
Cutting out keyways by drifts 109
Forms of drifts 109
Methods of using drifts 109
Templates 110
Making male and female templates 110 to 112
CHAPTER XXVII.
VISE WORK (Continued).
Examples in Vise Work 113 to 127
The various form of connecting rods 113
Solid ended connecting rods 113
Clip ended connecting rod 114
Strap ended connecting rod 115
Double gibbed connecting rod 115
Locomotive connecting rod 115
Bolted connecting rod straps 115
Marine engine connecting rod 116
Tapered connecting rod ends and their advantages 117
Stepped connecting rod straps and their advantages 117
Fitting up connecting rods 117, 119
Welding up stub ends of connecting rods 118
Aligning welded connecting rods 118
Fitting on connecting rod straps 119
Filing out connecting rod keyways 119
Fitting the keys and gibs 119
Fitting connecting rod brasses to their straps 120, 122
The joint faces of connecting rod straps 121
Disadvantages of joints left open to take up the wear 121
Obviating this disadvantage 121
Marking the lengths of connecting rods 122
Fitting up a fork end connecting rod 122
Aligning fork end connecting rods 123
Repairing connecting rods 124
Setting connecting rod brasses together 125
Lining up connecting rod brasses 126
Adjusting the lengths of connecting rods 126
Setting up the keys of connecting rods 126
Shapes of the crowns of brasses 127
Fitting up a link motion 127
Templates for filing the link slot 127
Case-hardening 128 to 133
Sheehan’s case-hardening process 128
Preparing work for 129
Setting work after 129
Fitting brasses to pillow blocks or axle-boxes 130
Bedding brasses 132
The proper shape for the patterns of brasses 132
Originating a True Plane 133
Finding which of three surfaces is the nearest to a true plane 133
Methods of testing the surfaces 134
A new process of originating surface plates 134
The deflection of surface plates 134
The Friction of Plane Surfaces 135
Oiling True Surfaces 135
CHAPTER XXVIII.
ERECTING.
Spirit-level 136
Plumb-level 136
Joints 136 to 141
Filing or making joints 137
Ground joints 137
Scraped joints 137
Cylinder covered joints 137
Making a scraped joint with the studs in their places 138
Joints for rough surfaces 138
Gauze wire joints 138
Water joints 138
Joints to withstand great heat 138
Rubber joints 139
Boiler fitting joints 139
Easily removable joints 140
Rust or caulked joints; caulking tools 141
Thimble joints 141
Expansion joint 141
Pipes, Cocks and Plugs 141 to 145
Pipe cutters 141
Pipe vises 141
Pipe tongs 143
Erecting pipe work 144
Refitting leaky cocks and plugs 144
Grinding cocks and-plugs 145
Boxes and Brasses 145 to 149
Fitting brasses to their journals 145
Various forms of bearings and brasses or boxes 147
Locomotive axle boxes 148
Lead lined brasses 148
Open brasses 149
Lubrication 149 to 154
Examples of oil cavities and oil grooves for brasses 150
Qualities of lubricants 151
Testing lubricants 151
Best method of using thin oils 152
The influence of the atmosphere on oils 153
Longevity of lubricants 153
Testing oils for salts and acids 153
Swiss watchmakers’ oil tests 153
The blotting paper oil test 154
Friction and Wear 154
Morin’s experiments on 154
Order of the value of metals to resist wear 154
White metal or babbitt metal lined boxes 155
Methods of babbitting boxes 156
The pressure on journals 156
Cranks 156
Placing at right angles 156, 157
Engine Cylinders 158 to 161
Fitting 158
Setting 159
Reboring cylinders in their places 160
Scraping out cylinder ends 161
CHAPTER XXIX.
ERECTING ENGINES AND MACHINERY.
Engine Guide Bars 162
Setting 162
The spring of 162
Testing 163
Setting by stretched lines 163
Heating and Knocking of Engines 164
The ordinary causes of 164, 166
Aligning New Engines 166 to 171
Classification of the errors in engine alignment 166
Testing the alignment of the crank 167
Showing separately the causes of beating and pounding 168
Methods of discovery and determining the errors of alignment 169
Errors of alignment in crank pins 170
Methods of discovering errors of crank pin alignment 170
Remedying errors of crank pin alignment 171, 172
Slide Valves 173 to 175
Finding the dead centre of the crank 173
Taking up the lost motion when setting the valve 174
Measuring the valve lead 174
Finding the dead centre with a spirit level 174
Setting Eccentrics on crank shafts 175
Setting double eccentrics by lines 175
Erecting the Framework of machinery 176, 177
Repairing and Patching broken frames 178
Erecting an Iron Planer 179
Foundations for an iron planer 180
Fitting up and erecting a lathe 181
Testing Lathes 181
Instruments for testing lathes 182
Testing lathe carriages 183
Erecting Line Shafting 184 to 186
CHAPTER XXX.
LINE SHAFTING.
Line Shafting 187 to 190
Sizes of 187
Cold rolled shafting 187
Distance between bearings of line shafting 187
Tests of hot rolled and cold rolled shafting 188
Collars for shafting 189
Diameters of line shafting 189
The strength of line shafting 190
Speeds for shafting 190
Counter Shafts 191
Friction Clutches 192
Shafting Hangers 193
Various forms of 193
Open-sided 193
Wall hangers 194
Pillow Blocks for shafting 194
Couplings 194 to 199
For line shafts 194
With split sleeves 195
Errors in 196
Self-adjusting 196
Plate 196
Clamp 197, 198
For light shafting 199
Universal 199
CHAPTER XXXI.
PULLEYS.
Classification 200, 201
Wood pulleys 200
Solid and split pulleys 200
Expansion pulleys 200
Self-oiling pulleys 200
Crowned pulleys 201
Fastening pulleys to their shafts 201
Balancing pulleys 202
The Transmitting Power of pulleys 204
Size of pulleys for countershafts 205
Calculating the Speeds of pulleys 206
CHAPTER XXXII.
LEATHER BELTING.
Hides 207, 208
The parts of a hide used for belting 207
The thickness and stretch of the parts of a hide 207
Experiments on the strength of the parts of a hide 208
Single and double belts 208
Grain Side of Leather 208
Weakness of the 208
Why the grain side should go next to a pulley 208
Belts 209 to 217
The length of 209
Belt clamp 210
The sag of belts 210
Belt connection at an angle 211
Guide pulleys for belts 211
The tension and creep of belts 212
Methods of joining the ends of belts 213
Forms of belt lacings 214
Covers for belt lacings 215
Lap joints for belts 215
Joining thin belts 215
Bevelled joints for belts 215
Pegged belts 215
Belt hooks and belt screws 216
Angular or V-belts 217
The line of motion of belts 217
Changing or shipping belts 217
Automatic belt replacer 218
Pull of a belt 218
The Sellers experiments on transmission of power 218 to 225
Belt 51⁄2′′ wide by 7⁄32′′ thick 219
Belt 21⁄4′′ wide by 5⁄16′′ thick 219
Rawhide belt 4′′ by 9⁄32′′ 220
Double oak tanned belt 4′′ by 5⁄16′′ 220, 221
Oak tanned belt 2′′ by 3⁄16′′ 222
Coefficient of friction and velocity of slip 222
Torsional moment 223
Increase of tensions 224
CHAPTER XXXIII.
FORGING.
Testing Iron by bending it 226
Testing machines 227, 228
Tools for Blacksmiths 228 to 232
Forges 228, 229
Chisels, &c. 230
Anvils 230
Swages 230, 231
Spring swages 231
Swage blocks 232
Swaging 232, 233
Examples in Welding 233, 235
Iron 233, 234
Steel to iron 234
Best method of 234, 237
Examples in Forging 238 to 252
Device for bolt forging 238
Forging turn buckles 239
Methods of bending iron 240
Device for bending iron 240, 241
Forging steel forks 241
Forging under the hammer 242, 243
Forging rope sockets 243, 244
Forging wrought iron wheels for locomotives 244, 245
Forging rudder frames 245, 246
Welding scrap iron for large shafts 247
Construction of furnace for heating scrap 247
Forging crank shafts 248, 249
Forging large crank shafts 249, 252
Forging machines 252 to 263
Foot-power hammer or Oliver 252, 253
Standish’s foot-power hammer 252, 253
Power hammers and steam hammers 252, 253
Bradley’s cushioned hammer 252, 253
Corr’s power hammer 254, 255
Kingsley’s trip hammer 255
The drop hammer 255, 256
Steam hammers 257, 258
Double frame steam hammer 258
Double frame steam drop hammer 258
Double frame steam drop hammer for locomotive and car axles and truck bars 259
The Edgemore Iron Works’ hydraulic forging press 260
Dies for forging eye bars 260
Nail forging machine 260
Rolls for forming knife blades 261
Machine for forging threads on rods 261, 262
Finishing machine for horseshoes 262, 263
Circular saw for cutting hot iron 263
CHAPTER XXXIV.
WOOD WORKING.
Pattern Making 264, 267
Choice and preservation of wood for 264
Bending Timber 265, 266
The bending block 265, 266
Steaming wood for bending 266, 267
Wood Working Tools 267 to 274
Planes for pattern making 267
Compass planes 268
Stanley’s iron frame block plane 269
Stanley’s bull-nose rabbet plane 269
Bailey’s patent adjustable planes 269
The combination plane 269, 270
The beading bit 270, 271
Tool for cutting material into parallel slips 271
The chisel and chisel handles 271
Firmer and paring chisels and gouges 272
Rip saws 272, 273
Cross cut saw 273
Common gauges for marking off work 274
Mortise gauge 274
Cutting gauge 274
Wood Joints 274, 275
Mortise joint 274
Tenon joint 274
Dovetail joint 275
Mitre joint 275
Half check joint 275
Examples of Pattern Making 275 to 285
Patterns for piston gland 275
Construction of piston gland pattern 276, 277
Rapping small cast gears 277
Casting pillow block 277
Pattern for pillow block 277
Pulley pattern 278, 279
Building up segments for patterns 278, 279
Getting out arms for pulleys 280
Making pipe patterns 280, 281
Globe valve pattern 281, 282
Angle valve pattern 283, 284
Branch pipes 284 to 286
CHAPTER XXXV.
WOOD WORKING MACHINERY.
Classification 287
Circular Saws 287 to 305
Gauges for circular saws 287
Table of diameters 287
Thickness 287
Size of mandrel hole 287
Shingle saw 287, 288
Concave saw 287, 288
Stretching of circular saws by heat 288
The tension of circular saws 288
Causes of alteration of tension and method of discovering the same 288
Truth of circular saws 288
Various effects of circular saws heating 288
Truing circular saws 288
Sharpening the teeth of circular saws 289, 290
The gumming, gulleting or chamfering machine 290
Inserted teeth of saws 290
Chisel teeth saws 290, 291
Inserting teeth in circular saws 290, 291
Swing frame saws 290, 292
Fence for swing frame saws 293
Examples of work done on swing frame machine 293
Swing machine with fixed table 294
Double saw machine 294, 295
Gauges for sawing machine 294
Method of employing the mitre gauge 294
Cropping and gauging gauge 296
Bevel or mitre sawing machines 296, 298
Roll feed circular saw machine 298, 300
Segmental circular saws 300
Fastening saw segments to their disks 301
Gang edging machines 301
Rack feed saw bench 301
Construction of the feed motion 301 to 304
Fibrous packing for circular saw 305
Tubular Saw Machine 305
Cross Cutting or Gaining Machine 305, 306
Scroll Sawing Machine 306
Construction of various scroll sawing machines 306, 307
Band Sawing Machine 308 to 312
Various kinds of teeth for band saws 308, 309
Pitch of teeth for band saws 309
The adjustment of the saws of band saw machines 309, 310
Filing the teeth of band saw machines 309
Re-sawing band saw machine 309, 310
To regulate the tension of band saws 310, 311
Construction of band saw guides 311
Various band saw machines 311, 312
Reciprocating Cross Cutting Saw 312
Construction of 312
Horizontal Saw Frame Machine 312 to 315
Construction of the saw driving mechanism 314
Construction of the feed motion 315
Construction of the saw 315
Planing Machines 315 to 341
Buzz planer 315
Construction of the work table 316
Construction of the cutter head 316
Skew knives 316
Roll feed wood planing machine 317
The construction of the feed rolls 317
Adjustment of the feed rolls 317
Construction of the pressure bars 317
Adjustment of the roll pressure 318
Adjustment of the work table 318
The roll driving mechanism 319
The cutter head 320
Three feed roll wood planing machine 322, 323
Pony planer 323
Construction of the feed mechanism 324
Balancing cutter heads and knives 324, 326
Farrar planing machine 326, 327
Planing and matching machine 328
Construction of the feed rolls 329
Construction of the upper cylinder 329
Construction of the lower cylinder 329
Construction of a matcher hanger 329
The timber planer 330, 331
Construction of parts of the timber planer 331
How the timber planer operates 331, 332
Panel planing and trying up machine 332, 334
Moulding machine 334
Double head panel raiser and double sticker 335, 336
Moulding cutters 336, 337
Cutter heads and circular cutters 337
The Shimer head 337
Head for producing match board grooves 337, 338
Jointing machine 338
Knives of jointing machine 338
Speed of cutter head or disc 338
Stroke jointers 338, 339
Machine for cutting mitre joints 339
Moulding or friezing machines 339
Important points of friezing machines 339
Construction of moulding and friezing machines 340, 341
Shape of cutters for moulding and friezing machine 341
Rotary cutters for all kinds of work, and for edge moulding and friezing machine 341 to 343
Boring Machines 342
Fences for 342
Augers or bits for 342
Boring machines for heavy work 343
Mortising Machines 344
Tools used in mortising machines 344
Motion of chisel bar and auger 344
Construction of bed 344
Adjustment of carriage 344
Tenoning Machines 344, 345
Construction of revolving heads 344, 345
Tenoning machine for heavy work 346
Sand-papering Machines 346, 349
Construction of sand-papering machines 347, 348
Movements of sand-papering machine 347
Cylinder sand-papering machines 348
Self-feeding sand-papering machine 348
Sizes of machines 348
Construction of feed rolls 348
Finishing and roughing cylinders 348
Brush attachment 348
Double wheel sanding machines 348, 349
CHAPTER XXXVI.
STEAM BOILERS.
Strength of Boiler Shells 350
Strength of Boiler Plate 351
Explanation of pressure in steam boilers 351
Boiler Joints or Seams 351 to 357
Forms of rivet joints 351
Single riveted lap joint 351
Double riveted lap joint 352
Single riveted butt joint with straps 352
Double riveted butt joint with straps zigzag riveted 352
Triple riveted lap joint zigzag riveted 352
Lap joint with covering plate 352
Double riveted lap joint chain riveted 353
Double riveted butt joints with double straps 353
Treble riveted butt joint with double straps 353, 354
Rules for spacing the rivets in boiler seams 353
Rule for finding diagonal pitch of riveted joints 353
High percentage joint 353
Rivets unevenly pitched 354
Rule for calculating the percentage strength of joint with unevenly pitched rivets 354
Strength of circumferential seams of stationary engine boilers 354, 355
Table of additions to be made to the factor of safety for various constructions of riveted joints 355
Table of diameter of rivets for single riveted lap joints 356
Rule for making rivet and plate area equal 336
Table of rivet diameter and pitch for single riveted lap joints 356
Rule for finding the pitch for double, diagonal riveted lap joints 356
Example in the use of rule for diagonal pitch of rivets 356
Rule for finding distance V where the diagonal pitch has been found 357
Comparing chain with zigzag riveted joints 357
Interior of Boilers 358 to 364
The internally fired flue boiler 358, 359
Boiler with Field tubes 350
Vertical water tube boiler 360
Construction of field tubes 360
Arrangement of field tubes 360
Vertical boilers with external uptakes 361
Horizontal return tubular boiler 361, 362
Construction of horizontal return tubular boiler 362, 363
Various arrangements of tubes in boilers 364
Setting Boilers 364, 366
Ground plan of brickwork 365
Setting full arch front boilers 365
Table of measurements for setting tubular stationary boilers with full arch front 366
Table of measurements for setting stationary boilers with half arch front 366
The Evaporative Efficiencies of Boilers 366 to 368
Table of the pressure, temperature and volume of steam 367
Calculating the evaporation of a boiler 368
Care and Management of Boilers 368 to 371
Examining safety valves 368
Water gauge glass 368
Gauge cocks 368
Lighting boiler fires 368
The thickness of the fire for boilers 368
Managing the fire 368
Shaking grate bars 369
The slice bar 369
The hoe 369
The poker 369
The clinker hook 369
The rake 369
The quantity of water in a boiler 369
Leaving the fire for the night 369
Leaving the safety valve for the night 369
Regulating the boiler feed 369
Dirty feed water 370
Defective feed pumps 370
Scale in boilers 370
Preventing the formation of scale 370
Feed water heaters 370
Low water in boilers 370
Priming or foaming 370
The known causes of priming 370
Wastefulness of priming 370
The detection of priming 370
To prevent or stop priming 370
Surface blow off cock or mechanical boiler cleaner 370
Blowing off a boiler 370
Blowing down a boiler 370
Washing out a boiler 371
Cleaning a boiler 371
Scaling a boiler 371
Examining a boiler 371
CHAPTER XXXVII.
STEAM ENGINES.
Engine Cylinders 372 to 374
The bores of 372
Sizes of 372
Wear of 372
Counterbore of 372
Clearance in 372
Lubrication of 373
The cocks of 373
Relief valves of 373
The steam ports of 373
Lagging 374
Jacketed cylinders 374
Engine Pistons 374
The speeds of 374
With releasing gears 374
With positive valve gears 374
The rings of 374
The follower 374
Testing the rings of 374
Engine Piston Rods 375
Methods of securing 375
Packing 375
Glands for 375
Engine Cross Heads 375
Engine Guide Bars 375
Engine Connecting Rods 375
Connecting rod keys 375
Angularity of 375
The lengths of 375
Valves 376 to 378
The D-valve 376
The point of cut off 376
Period of expansion of the steam 376
Point of release of the steam 376
Point of compression of the steam 376
Lead of 376
Point of admission of the steam 376
The lip 376
Exhaust lap 376
Steam lap 376
Tracing the action of 376
Double ported valves 377
The Allen valve 377
Webb’s patent valve 377
Balanced valves 377
Circular valves 377
Piston valves 378
Separate cut off valves 378
Meyer’s cut off valves 378
Gonzenback’s cut off valve 378
Eccentrics 378
Shifting eccentrics 378
The action of 378
The angular advance of 378
Designing Slide Valves 380
Valve Motions 381
Diagram for designing 381
Link Motion 383
In full gear forward 383
In full gear backward 383
The action of 383
Setting the valves 383
Governors 384
Fly ball or throttling 384
Isochronal 384
Dancing 384
Speed of 384
Spring adjustment of 384
Sawyer’s valve for 384
Speeder for 384
Starting a Slide Valve Engine 384
Crank position in 384
Examination of an Engine 385, 387
Adjusting connecting rod brasses 385
Adjusting main bearing 386
Taking a lead 386
Squaring a valve 386
Heating, to avoid 386
Setting a valve 386
Leaky throttle valves 386
Freezing an engine, prevention of 386, 387
Pumps 387, 388
Lift and force 387
Plunger 387
Rotary 387
Single-acting 387
Double-acting 387
Displacement of 387
Principles of action of 387, 388
Speed of 388
Capacity of 388
Air chamber of 388
Belt 388
CHAPTER XXXVIII.
THE LOCOMOTIVE.
Modern Freight Locomotive 389, 390
General construction 389
Course of steam from boiler to smoke stack 389
Boiler feed 389
Position of parts for starting 389
Steam supply to injectors 389
Oil supply to slide valve and cylinder 389
Control of safety valve 389
Pop valve 389
Automatic air brake 390
Draught of fire 390
Sand valves 390
American Passenger Locomotive 390 to 393
General construction 390
Steam reversing gear 390, 391
Link motion in full gear forward 391
In mid gear 392
In full gear backward 392
Reversing gear 392
Changing gear of link motion 393
Running forward 393
Running backward 393
Special Operations 394
Setting the slide valves 394
Getting the length of eccentric rods 394
Setting the lead 394
Backward eccentric 394
Marking sector notches 394
Setting Allen valves 395
Special Parts 395 to 400
The injector 395 to 397
Westinghouse automatic air brake 398 to 400
Locomotive Running 400 to 404
General discussion 400
Getting the engine ready 400
Laying the fire 400
Banking the fire 401
Starting up a banked fire 401
Examining the engine 401
Oiling the engine 401
Starting the engine 401
Saving fuel 402
Methods of firing 402
Examples of trips 402
Accidents on the Road 402
Knocking out cylinder heads 402
Heating of piston rods 403
Throwing off a wheel tire 403
Throwing off a driving wheel 403
Breaking a spring 403
Bursted tubes 403
Slipping eccentrics 403
Hot axle boxes 403
Breaking a lifting link 403
Breaking the saddle pin 403
Adjusting the wedges of the axle boxes 404
CHAPTER XXXIX.
THE MECHANICAL POWERS.
Power 405
Lever 405
The principles of 405
Wheels and pulleys considered as levers 405, 406
Power transmitted by gear wheels and pulleys combined 407
Horse Power 407
Calculating the horse power of an engine 407
Testing the horse power of an engine 408
Safety Valve Calculations 409
Heat 410
Latent heat 410
Water 410
Steam 410
Saturated 410
Superheated 410
Expansion of 411
Absolute pressure of 411
Weight of 411
Volume and pressure of 411
Heat 411
Conversion of heat into work 411
Joule’s equivalent 411
Mechanical equivalent of heat 411
Mariotte’s law 411
Radiation of heat 412
Conduction of heat 412
Convection of heat 412
CHAPTER XL.
THE INDICATOR.
Computations from Indicator Diagrams 413
Indicators 413
Description of 413
Thompson indicator 413
Tabor indicator 413
Diagrams 414
Admission of steam to indicator 414
Expansion line or curve 414
Exhaust line 414
Back pressure line 414
Atmospheric line 414
Theoretical diagram 414
Compression line or curve 415
Condensing engine diagram 415
Vacuum line of indicator diagram 415
(Barometer, construction of) 415
(Barometer, graduation of) 416
Indicator springs 416
Tables of springs for indicators 416
Attachment of indicators to an engine 416, 417
Pantagraph motions 417
Expansion curve, testing of 417, 418
Theoretical expansion curve 417, 418
Calculations from diagrams 418 to 421
Horse power 418, 419
Area 419
Rule for calculating horse power 419
Mean effective pressure 420
Steam used in engines 420
Water consumption 420, 421
Defective diagrams of engines 421
Excessive lead of engines 421
Theoretical compression curve of engines 422
CHAPTER XLI.
AUTOMATIC CUT-OFF ENGINES.
Definition 423
Corliss Automatic Cut-off Engine 423, 424
Valve gear of 424, 425
Governor of 425, 426
Admission of steam into 426
Lap of valve of 426, 427
High Speed Automatic Engines 427, 428
Speed of 427
Wheel governors for 427, 428
Straight Line Automatic Engine 428, 429
Important details of 429, 430
Steam Fire Engine 430, 431
Boilers of 430, 433
Pumps 431, 432
Heaters for 432, 433
CHAPTER XLII.
MARINE ENGINES.
Various Kinds of Marine Engines 434 to 451
High pressure engines 434
Compound condensing engines 434, 435
Triple expansion engines 436
Donkey engines 442
Trunk engines 446
Oscillating engines 446
Geared engine 446
Compound engine of the steamship Poplar 447, 450, 451
Arrangement of Marine Engine Pumps 436
Boilers of Marine Engines, Arrangement of 436, 437
Various Parts of Marine Engines, etc. 438 to 449
Valve for intermediate cylinder of triple expansion engines 438
Link motions for triple expansion engines 438
Auxiliary or by-pass valve 438, 439
Oiling apparatus 439, 440
Surface condensers 440
Circulating pumps 440
The snifting valve 440
The blow-through valve 440
Air pumps 441
The air chamber 441
Feed escape or feed relief valve 441
Bilge injections for marine engines 441, 442
Surface condensing, advantages of 442
Valves of the surface condensing engine 442
Case hardening 442
Link motion for marine engines 443
The separate expansion valve 443
Friction of slide valves 443
Double beat valves 443
The siphon 443
Steam lubricators 444
Marine engine valves that are worked by hand 444
Vacuum gauge 444
Condenser, to find the total pressure in the 444
Paddle wheels 444, 445
Screw propeller 445
The thrust bearing 445
Marine engine, the principal parts of 445
Lagging marine engines 446
Propeller cylinders 446
Fuel required 446
Freezing of pipes 446
Failure of engine to start, causes of 446, 447
Defective vacuum, causes of 447
Heating, causes of 447
Construction of a triple expansion engine 447 to 449
CHAPTER XLIII.
MARINE BOILERS.
Plates for Marine Boilers 452
Iron 452
Steel 452
Strength of 452
Boiler Stays 452
Methods of securing 452
Boiler Tubes 452
Methods of securing 452
Causes of leaks 452
Repairing leaks 452
The Up-take 453
The Receiver 453
The Fittings and their Uses 453, 454
Valves 453, 454
Gauges 453, 454
Cocks 454
Important Features and Facts 454, 455
Boiler scale 454
The salinometer 454
Priming, the prevention of 454
Supplemental parts 454, 455
The superheater 454
The draught 455
Wasting of plates 455
Fuel, the quantity of 455
To Relieve the Boiler in Case of Accident 455
Steel Marine Boiler 456
The “Martin” Boiler 456
Testing and Examining Boilers 456 to 459
Hydraulic tests 456
Related to stays 456, 457
On new and old boilers 456, 457
Internal examinations 458
Preparation for 458
Safety valves 458
Bottom of the boiler 458
Bottom and sides of the furnace 458
Boxes and stays 458
Use of chipping hammer 458
Pit holes in the bottom of a furnace 458
Drilling through the plates 458
Flanges of furnaces 458
Deposits on the necks of stays 458
Man-hole door 458
Superheater 459
Proportions for grate surface 459
Outside examination 458
Cement beds for boilers 458
Proportions for circular tubular boilers 459
CHAPTER XLIV.
HARDENING AND TEMPERING.
Purposes 460
To resist wear 460
To increase elasticity 460
To provide a cutting edge 460
Manufacturer’s Temper 460
Blacksmith’s Temper 460
Color Tempering 460
Practical Processes 461 to 464
The muffle 461
Warping 461
Rapidity of reduction of temper 461
Brown and Sharpe’s practice 461
Waltham Watch Co.’s practice 461
Pratt and Whitney Co.’s practice 461
Morse Twist Drill Co.’s practice 461
Outside hardening 462
Heating in fluxes 462
Monitor Sewing Machine Co.’s practice 462
Hardening saws 462
Drawing the temper 462
1. Lying in an open furnace 462
2. Stretched in a frame 462
3. Between dies 462
Stiffening saws 463
Tomlinson Carriage Spring Co.’s practice 463
Columbia Car Spring Co.’s practice 463
New Haven Clock Co.’s practice 464
APPENDIX.
Part I.—Test Questions for Engineers 467
Part II.—Dictionary of Workshop Terms 473
List of plates Vol. I.