Volume I.
Reading edition
CHAPTER I.
THE TEETH OF GEAR-WHEELS.
PAGE
Gear-Wheels. Spur-wheels, bevel-wheels, mitre-wheels, crown-wheels, annular or internal wheels 1
Trundle-wheels, rack and pinion-wheel and tangent screw, or worm and worm-wheel 1
The diameter of the pitch circle of 1
Gear-Wheel Teeth. The face, the flank, the depth or height 1
The space, the pitch line, the point, the arc pitch, the chord pitch, the line of centres 2
Rules for finding the chord pitch from the arc pitch; table of natural sines; diametral pitch; finding the arc from the diametral pitch; table of arc and diametral pitches 3
Gear-Wheels. The driver and follower, a train of gears 3
Intermediate gears 3
The velocity of compounded wheels 4
Finding the diameters of the pitch circles of 4
Considered as revolving levers 5
Calculating the revolutions of, and power transmitted by 5
The angular velocity of 6
Gear-Wheels. Hunting tooth in, stop motion of 7
Gear-Wheel Teeth. The requirements and nature of the teeth curves 7
Cycloidal curves for the faces of; epicycloidal and involute curves; the hypocycloidal curve; method of forming or generating the epicycloidal and hypocycloidal curves for the faces and flanks of gear teeth 8
Applications of the epicycloidal and hypocycloidal curves in the formation of gear teeth 9
The diameter of the circle for generating the epicycloidal and hypocycloidal curves; graphical demonstration that the flank curves are correctly formed to work with the face curves of the other wheel 10
Graphical demonstration that the curves are correct independent of either the respective sizes of the wheels, or of the curve generating circles 11
Gear-Wheels. Hand applications of the rolling or generating circle to mark the tooth curves for a pair of wheels 12
Gear-Wheel Teeth. The variation of curve due to different diameters of wheels or of rolling circles 12
Tracing the path of contact of tooth upon tooth in a pair of gear-wheels; definition of the “arc of approach;” definition of the “arc of recess;” demonstration that the flanks of the teeth on the driver or driving-wheel have contact with the faces of the driven wheel during the arc of approach, and with the flanks of the driven wheel during the arc of recess 13
Confining the action of the teeth to one side only of the line of centres, when motion rather than power is to be conveyed 13
Demonstration that the appearance or symmetry of a tooth has no significance with regard to its action 14
Finding how many teeth will be in constant action, the diameter of the wheels, the pitch of the teeth, and the diameter of the rolling circle being given 15
Example of the variation of tooth form due to variation of wheel diameter 15
Gear Teeth. Variation of shape from using different diameters of rolling circles 16
Thrust on the wheel shafts caused by different shapes of teeth 16
Gear-Wheels. Willis’ system of one size of rolling circle for trains of interchangeable gearing 16
Conditions necessary to obtain a uniform velocity of 16
Gear Teeth. The amount of rolling and of sliding motion of 16
The path of the point of contact of 16
The arcs of approaching and of receding contact 16
Lengths of the arcs of approach and of recess 16
The influence of the sizes of the wheels upon the arcs of contact 17
Influence of the size of the rolling circle upon the amount of flank contact 18
Demonstration that incorrectly formed teeth cannot correct themselves by wear 18
The smaller the diameter of the rolling circle, the less the sliding motion 18
Influence of the size of the rolling upon the number of teeth in contact in a given pair of wheels 19
Demonstration that the degrees of angle the teeth move through exceed those of the path of contact, unless the tooth faces meet in a point 19
Influence of the height of the teeth upon the number of teeth in contact 20
Increasing the arc of recess without increasing the arc of approach 20
Wheels for transmitting motion rather than power 21
Clock wheels 21
Forms of teeth having generating or rolling circles, as large or nearly as large as the diameters of the wheels 21
Gear-Wheels. Bevel 21
The principles governing the formation of the teeth of bevel- wheels 22
Demonstration that the faces of the wheels must be in line with the point of intersection of the axis of the two shafts 22
Gear Teeth. Method of finding the curves of, for bevel gear 22
Gear-Wheels. Internal or annular 23 to 27
Demonstration that the teeth of annular wheels correspond to the spaces of spur-wheels 23
Gear-Wheels Internal. Increase in the length of the path of contact on spur-wheels of the same diameter, and having the same diameter of generating or rolling circle 23
Demonstration that the teeth of internal wheels may interfere when spur-wheels would not do so 23
Methods of avoiding the above interference 23
Comparison of, with spur-wheels 23
The teeth of: demonstration that it is practicable to so form the teeth faces that they will have contact together as well as with the flanks of the other wheel 24
Intermediate rolling circle for accomplishing the above result 24
The application of two rolling circles for accomplishing the above result 24
Demonstration that the result reached by the employment of two rolling circles of proper diameter is theoretically and practically perfect 24
Limits of the diameters of the two rolling circles 25
Increase in the arc of contact obtained by using two rolling circles 25
Demonstration that the above increase is on the arc of recess or receding contact, and therefore gives a smooth action 25
Demonstration that by using two rolling circles each tooth has for a certain period two points of contact 25
The laws governing the diameters of the two rolling circles 25
Practical application of two rolling circles 26
Demonstration that by using two rolling circles the pinion may contain but one tooth less than the wheel 26
The sliding and rolling motion of the teeth of 27
CHAPTER II.
THE TEETH OF GEAR-WHEELS (Continued).
Worm and Worm-Wheel, or wheel and tangent screw 28 to 31
General description of 28
Qualifications of 28
The wear of 28
Worm-Wheel Teeth, the sliding motion of 28
When straight have contact on the centres only of the tooth sides 28
That envelop a part of the worm circumference 28
The location of the pitch line of the worm 28
The proper number of teeth in the worm-wheel 29
Locating the pitch line of the worm so as to insure durability 29
Rule for finding the best location for the pitch line of the worm 29
Increasing the face of the worm to obtain a smoother action 29
Worms, to work with a square thread 29
Worm-Wheels, applications of 30
Gear-Wheels with involute teeth 31 to 34
Gear Teeth. Generating the involute curve 31
Templates for marking the involute curve 32
Involute Teeth, the advantages of 34
Gear Teeth, Pratt and Whitney’s machine for cutting templates for 35
CHAPTER III.
THE TEETH OF GEAR-WHEELS (Continued).
Gear Teeth, revolving cutters for 37
Pantagraph engine for dressing the cutters for 38
Numbers of cutters used for a train of wheels 39
Gear-Wheel Teeth. Table of equidistant value of cutters 41
Depth of, in the Brown and Sharpe system 42
Cutting the teeth of worm-wheels 42
Finding the angle of the cutter for cutting worm-wheels 43
The construction of templates for rolling the tooth curves 43
Rolling the curves for gear teeth 43
Forms of templates for gear teeth 44
Pivoted arms for tooth templates 44
Marking the curves by hand 45
Former or Template of the Corliss bevel gear-wheel engine or cutting machine 45
The use of extra circles in marking the curves with compasses 46
Finding the face curves by geometrical constructions 47
The Willis odontograph for finding the radius for striking the curves by hand 47
The method of using the Willis odontograph 48
Professor Robinson’s odontograph 49
Method of using Professor Robinson’s odontograph 49
Application of Professor Robinson’s odontograph for trains of gearing 51
Tabular values and setting numbers for Professor Robinson’s odontograph 51
Walker’s patent wheel scale for marking the curves of cast teeth 51
The amount of side clearance in cast teeth 53
Filleting the roots of epicycloidal teeth with radial flanks 53
Scale of tooth proportions given by Professor Willis 54
The construction of a pattern for a spur-wheel that is to be cast with the teeth on 54
Template for planing the tooth to shape 54
Method of marking the curves on teeth that are to be glued on 55
Method of getting out the teeth of 56
Spacing the teeth on the wheel rim 56
Methods of accurately spacing the pattern when it has an even number of teeth 58
Method of spacing the wheel rim when it has an odd number of teeth 58
Gear-Wheels, Bevel Pinion, drawings for 59
Getting out the body for a bevel-wheel 59
Template for marking the division lines on the face of the wheel 59
Marking the lines of the division on the wheel 60
Gear-Wheels, Pinion, with dovetail teeth 60
Testing the angle of bevel-wheels while in the lathe 60
Gear-Wheels, Skew Bevel. Finding the line of contact 61
Marking the inclination of the teeth 61
Gear-Wheels, Bevel, drawing for built up 61
Gear-Wheels, Worm, or endless screw 62
Constructing a pattern from which the worm is to be cast 62
Tools for cutting the worm in a lathe 62
Cutting the teeth by hand 62
Gear-Wheels, Mortise or cogged 63
Methods of fastening cogs 63
Methods of getting out cogs for 63
Gear-Wheel Teeth, calculating the strength of epicycloidal 64
Factors of safety for 64
Tredgold’s rule for calculating the strength of 65
Cut, calculating the strength of 65
Gear-Wheel Teeth. The strength of cogs 66
The thickness of cogs 66
The durability of cogs 66
Table for calculating the strength of different kinds of 67
The contact of cast teeth 67
Table for determining the relation between pitch diameter, pitch, and number of teeth in gear-wheels 68
Examples of the use of the above table 68
With stepped teeth 69
Angular or helical teeth 69
End thrust of angular teeth 69
Herring-bone angular teeth 69
For transmitting motion at a right angle by means of angular or helical teeth 69
Cutting helical teeth in the lathe 69
For wheels whose shaft axes are neither parallel nor meeting 70
Elliptical 70
Elliptical, marking the pitch lines of 70
Elliptical, drawing the teeth curves of 73
For variable motion 74
Form of worm to give a period of rest 74
Various applications of 74
Gear-Wheels, arrangement of, for periodically reversing the direction of motion 75
Watt’s sun and planet motion 75
Arrangements for the rapid multiplication of motion 75
Arrangement of, for the steering gear of steam fire-engines 75
Various forms of mangle gearing 79
Gear-Wheel and Rack, for reciprocating motion 77
Friction Wheels. 77
The material for 77
Paper 78
For the feed motion of machines 78
The unequal wear upon grooved 79
Form of, for relieving the journals of strain 79
Cams, for irregular motion 80
Finding the pitch line of 80
Finding the working face of 80
The effect the diameter roller has upon the motion produced by a cam 80
Demonstration of the different motion produced by different diameters of rollers upon the same cam 80
Diagram of motion produced from the same cam with different diameters of rollers 81
Return or backing 82
Methods of finding the shape of return or backing 82
Cam Motion, for an engine slide valve without steam lap 83
For a slide valve with steam lap 83
Groove Cams, proper construction of 84
The wear of 84
Brady’s improved groove cam with rolling motion and adjustment for wear 84
CHAPTER IV.
SCREW-THREADS.
Screw Threads, the various forms of 85
The pitch of 85
Self-locking 85
The Whitworth 86
The United States standard 86
The Common V 86
The requirements of 86
Tools for cutting 87
Variation of pitch from hardening 87
The wear of thread-cutting tools 88
Methods of producing 88
Alteration of shape of, from the wear of the tools they are cut by 89
Screw Thread Cutting Tools. The wear of the tap and the die 89
Improved form of chaser to equalize the wear 90
Form of, to eliminate the effects of the wear in altering the fit 90
Originating standard angles for 91
Standard micrometer gauge for the United States standard screw thread 91
Standard plug and collar gauges for 91
Producing gauges for 92
Table of United States standard for bolts and nuts 93
Table of standard for the V-thread 93
United States standard for gas and steam pipes 93
Taper for standard pipe threads 95
Tables of the pitches and diameters at root of thread, of the Whitworth thread 95
Table of Whitworth’s screw threads for gas, water, and hydraulic piping 96
Whitworth’s standard gauges for watch and instrument makers 96
Screw-cutting hand tools 96
Thread-Cutting Tools. American and English forms of stocks and dies 97
Adjustable or jamb dies 98
The friction of jamb dies 98
The sizes of hobs that should be used on jamb dies 99
Cutting right or left-hand thread with either single, double, or treble threads with the same dies 99
Hobs for hobbing or threading dies 100
Various forms of stocks with dies adjustable to take up the wear 101
Dies for gas and steam pipes 101
Thread-Cutting Tool Taps. The general forms of taps 102
Reducing the friction of 102
Giving clearance to 102
The friction of taper 103
Improved forms of 103
Professor J. E. Sweet’s form of tap 104
Adjustable standard 104
The various shapes of flutes employed on taps 105
The number of flutes a tap should have 105
Demonstration that a tap should have four cutting edges rather than three 106
The position of the square or driving end, with relation to the cutting edges 106
Taper taps for blacksmiths 106
Collapsing taps for use in tapping machines 107
Collapsing tap for use in a screw machine 107
The alteration of pitch that occurs in hardening 108
Gauging the pitch after the hardening 108
Correcting the errors of pitch caused by the hardening 109
For lead 109
Elliptical in cross section 109
For very straight holes 109
Tap wrenches solid and adjustable 110
Thread-Cutting. Tapping 110
Appliances for tapping standard work 111
CHAPTER V.
FASTENING DEVICES.
Bolts, classification of, from the shapes of their heads 112
Classification of, from the shapes of their bodies 112
Countersunk 112
Holes for, classification of 112
For foundations, various forms of 113
Hook bolts 113
The United States standard for finished bolts and nuts 113
The United States standard for rough bolts and nuts, or black bolts 114
The Whitworth standard for bolts and nuts 114
Screws 114
Studs 115
Set Screws 115
Bolts for quick removal 116
That do not pass through the work 117
That self-lock in grooves and are readily removable 117
Heads and their bedding 117
Nuts, the forms of, when they are to be steam tight 118
Various forms of 118
Jamb nuts and lock nuts 119
Differential Threads for locking purposes 119
For fine adjustments 119
Nuts, taking up the wear of 120
Securing devices 120
Securing by taper pins 121
Securing by cotters 121
Securing by notched plates 121
Pins. Securing for exact adjustments 121
And double eyes fitting 121
Fixed 122
Working 122
Bolts, removing corroded 122
Nuts, removing corroded 122
Washers, standard sizes of 122
Wrench, the proper angles of 123
Box 124
Monkey 125
Adjustable, various forms of 125
Sockets 125
Novel for carriage bolts 125
Pin 126
Improved form of 126
Keys, the various kinds of 126
The bearing surfaces of 126
Set Screws, application of, to hubs or bosses 127
Keys, with set-screws 127
The draught of 127
Feathers, and their applications 127
Keys, for parallel rods 128
Taper Pins, proper position of, for locking purposes 128
Improved method of fitting 128
CHAPTER VI.
THE LATHE.
Lathe, the importance and advantages of 129
Classification of lathes 129
Foot 130
Methods of designating the sizes of 130
Bench 130
Power 130
Hand 130
Slide Rest for 131
American form of, their advantages and disadvantages 132
English forms of 132
For spherical work 132
Methods of taking up lost motion of 133
Engine Lathe, general construction of 133
The construction of the shears of 134
Construction of the headstock 134
Construction of the bearings 134
Construction of the back gear 135
Means of giving motion to the feed spindle 135
Construction of the tailstock 135
Method of rapidly securing and releasing the tailstock 136
Lathe Tailstock, setting over for turning tapers 136
Engine Lathe, construction of carriage 137
Feed motion for carriage or saddle 137
Lathe Apron, Construction of the feed traverse 138
Construction of the cross-feed motion 138
Engine Lathe, lead screw and change wheels of 139
Feed spindle and lead screw bearings 139
Swing frame for lead screw 139
Lead screw nuts 140
With compound slide rest 140
Construction of compound slide rest 141
Advantages of compound slide rest 141
For taper turning 142
Taper-turning attachments 142
With compound duplex slide rest 143
Detachable slide rest 143
Three-tool slide rest for turning shafting 143
With flat saddle for chucking work on 143
The Sellers Lathe 143
Construction of the headstock and treble gear 144
Construction of the tailstock and method of keeping it in line 145
Construction of the carriage and slide rest 145
Methods of engaging and disengaging the feed motions 146
Car Axle Lathe, with central driving motion and two slide rests 147
The feed motions of 148
Self-Acting Lathe, English form of 148
Pattern Maker’s Lathe 148
Brake for cone pulley 149
With wooden bed 149
Slide rest for 149
Chucking Lathe, English 149
Feed motions of 150
Pulley Lathe 150
Gap or Break Lathe 151
Extension Lathe 151
Wheel Lathe 151
Chucking Lathe for boring purposes 152
Lathe for turning crank axles 152
Construction of the headstock 153
Construction of the feed motions 154
For turning crank, Arrangements of the slide rests 154
Application of the slide rest to a crank 155
CHAPTER VII.
DETAILS IN LATHE CONSTRUCTION.
Live Spindle of a lathe, the fit of 157
With coned journals 157
Methods of taking up the end motion of 158
Arranging the swing frame for the change gears 158
Taking up the wear of the back bearing 158
The wear of the front bearing of 158
The Taper for the live centre 159
Methods of removing the lathe centres 159
Tapers for the live centres 159
Methods of removing the dead centre 159
Driving Cone, arranging the steps of 159
Requirements of proportioning the steps of 159
Rules for proportioning the diameters of the steps of, when the two pulleys are exactly alike and are connected by an open belt 159 to 161
When the two pulleys are unlike 161 to 164
Back Gear, methods of throwing in and out 165
Conveying motion to the lead screw 165
Attaching the swing frame 166
Feed Gear. Arrangement for cutting worm threads or tangent screws 167
Feed Motion for reversing the direction of tool traverse in screw cutting 168
For lathe aprons 168
Slide Rest, weighted elevated 168
Double tool holder for 169
Gibbed elevating 169
Examples of feed motions 170
Feed Regulators for screw cutting 171
The star feed 172
Ratchet Feeds 173
Tool Holding devices, the various kinds of 173
Tool Rest swiveling 174
Tool Holder for compound slide rests 174
For octagon boring tools 175
Lathe Lead and Feed Screws 175
Lead screws, supporting, long 176
Position of the feed nut 177
Form of threads of lead screws 177
The effect the form of thread has in causing the nut to lock properly or improperly 177
Example of a lead screw with a pitch of three threads per inch 177
Example of a lead screw with five threads per inch 178
Example with a lead screw of five threads per inch 179
Device for correcting the errors of pitch of 179
Table for finding the change wheels for screw cutting when the teeth in the change wheels advance by four 180
For finding the change wheels when the teeth in the wheels advance by six 180
Constructing a table to cut fractional threads on any lathe 181
Finding the change wheels necessary to enable the lathe to cut threads of any given pitches 181
Finding the change wheels necessary to cut fractional pitches 181
Determining the pitches of the teeth for change wheels 182
Lathe Shears or beds 182
Advantages and disadvantages of, with raised V-guide-ways 182
Examples of various forms of 183
Lathe Shears with one V and one flat side 183
Methods of ribbing 184
The arrangement of the legs of 184
Lathe Tailblock 185
With rapid spindle motion 185
With rapid fastenings and releasing devices 185
The wear of the spindles of 185
Spindles, the various methods of locking 186
Testing, various methods of 187
CHAPTER VIII.
SPECIAL FORMS OF THE LATHE.
Watchmaker’s Lathes 188
Construction of the headstock 188
Construction of chucks for 188
Expanding chucks for 188
Contracting chucks for 188
Construction of the tailblock 189
Open spindle tailstocks for 189
Filing fixture for 189
Fixture for wheel and pinion cutting 189
Jewelers’ rest for 189
Watch Manufacturers’ Lathe 190
Special chucks for 190
Pump centre rest 190
Lathe, hand 191
Screw slotting 192
With variable speed for facing purposes 192
Cutting-off machine 193
Grinding Lathes 193
With elevating rest 194
Universal 195
Special chucks for 196
The Morton Poole calender roll grinding lathe 196
The construction of the bed and carriages 197
Principles of action of the carriages 197, 198
Construction of the emery-wheel arbors and the driving motion 198, 199
The advantages of 199
The method of driving the roll 200
Construction of the headstock 200
The transverse motion 200
The Brown and Sharpe Screw Machine, or screw-making lathe 200
Threading tools for 203
Examples of the use of 203
The Secor Screw Machine, construction of the headstock 204
The chuck 205
The feed gear 205
The turret 205
The cross slide 205
The stop motions 206
Pratt and Whitney’s Screw Machine 206
Parkhurst’s wire feed, construction of the headstock, chuck and feed motion 207
Box tools for 208
Applications of box tools 208
Threading tool for 208
Cutting-off tool for 208
Special Lathe for wood working 208
The construction of the carriage and reducing knife 209
Construction of the various feed motions 209
Construction of the tailstock 209
Lathes for irregular forms 210
Axe-handle 210
Back knife gauge 210
Special, for pulley turning 211
Boring and Turning mill or lathe 211
Construction of the feed motions 213
Construction of the framing and means of grinding the lathe 214
Construction of the vertical feed motions 215
The Morton Poole roll turning lathe 215
Construction of the slide rest 216
The tools for 216
Special Lathes for brass work 216, 217
Boring Lathe with traversing spindle 218
For engine cylinders 219
Cylinder, with facing slide rests 219
With double heads and facing rests 220
Lathe for turning Wheel hubs 221
CHAPTER IX.
DRIVING WORK IN THE LATHE.
Drivers, carriers, dogs, or clamps, and their defects 222
Lathe clamps 222
Equalizing drivers 223
The Clements driver 223
Driver and face plate for screw cutting 223
Forms of, for bolt heads 224
Adjustable, for bolt heads 224
For threaded work 225
For steady rest work 225
For cored work 225
For wood 225
Centres for hollow work 226
For taper work 226
Lathe Mandrels, or arbors 227
Drivers for 227
For tubular work 227
Expanding mandrels 227
With expanding cones 228
With expanding pieces 228
Expanding, for large work 228
For threaded work 228
For nuts, various forms of 229
For eccentric work 229
Centring devices for crank axles 230
The Steady Rest or back rest 231
Steady rest, improved form of 232
Cone chuck 232
Steady rest for square and taper work 233
The cat head 233
Clamps for 233
Follower rests 234
Chucks and Chucking 234
Simple forms of chucks 234
Adjustable chucks for true work 235
Two-jawed chucks 236
Box body chucks 237
Reversible jawed chucks 237
Three and four-jawed chucks 237
Combination chucks 237
The wear of scroll chuck threads 237
Universal chucks 238
The wear of chucks 240
Special forms of chucks 241
Expanding chucks for ring-work 241
Cement chuck 241
Chucks for wood-working lathes 242
Lathe Face Plates 243
Face plates, errors in, and their effects 243
Work-holding straps 244
Face plate, clamping work on 245
Forms of clamps for 245
Examples of chucking work on 246, 247
For wood work 247
Special Lathe Chuck for cranks 248
Face Plate Work, examples of 249
Errors in chucking 250
Movable dogs for 250
The angle plate 251
Applications of 251
Angle plate chucking, examples of 251
Cross-head chucking 251-253
CHAPTER X.
CUTTING TOOLS FOR LATHES.
Principles governing the shapes of lathe tools 254
Diamond-pointed, or front tool 254
Principles governing use of tools 254
Front rake and clearance of front tools 254
Influence of the height of a tool upon its clearance and keenness 255
Tools with side rake in various directions 256
The effect of side rake 256
The angle of clearance in lathe tools 257
Variation of clearance from different rates of feed and diameters of work 257
Round-nosed tools 258
Utmost Duty of cutting tools 258
Judging the quantity of the tool from the shape of its cutting 259
Square-nosed tools 260
The height of lathe tools 260
Side tools for lathe work 261
Cutting-off or grooving tools 262
Facing tools or knife tools 262
Spring tools 263
Brass Work, front tools for 264
Side tools for 264
Threading tools 264
Internal threading tools 264
The length of threading tools 265
The level of threading tools 265
Gauges for threading tools 266
Setting threading tools 266
Circular threading tools 267
Threading tool holders 267
Chasers 268
Chaser holders 268
Setting chasers 268
Square Threads, clearance of tools for 269
Diameter at the roots of threads 269
Cutting coarse pitch square threads 269
Dies for finishing square threads 269
Tool Holders for outside work 270
For circular cutters 272
Swiveled 273
Combined tool holders and cutting-off tools 273
Power Required to drive cutting tools 273
CHAPTER XI.
DRILLING AND BORING IN THE LATHE.
The Twist Drill 274
Twist drill holders 274
The diametral clearance of twist drills 274
The front rake of twist drills 275
The variable clearance on twist drills as usually ground 275
Demonstration of the common error in grinding twist drills 276
The effects of improper grinding upon twist drills 276
Table of speeds and feeds for twist drills 277
Grinding twist drills by hand 279
Twist drills for wood work 279
Tailstock Chucks for drilled work 279
Flat Drills for lathe work 280
Holders for lathe work 281
Half-round bit or pod auger 281
With front rake for wrought iron or steel 281
With adjustable cutter 281
For very true work 281
Chucking Reamer 281
The number of teeth for reamers 282
Spacing the teeth of reamers 282
Spiral teeth for reamers 282
Grinding the teeth of reamers 282
Various positions of emery-wheel in grinding reamers 282
Chucking reamers for true work 283
Shell reamers 283
Arbor for shell reamers 283
Rose-bit or rose reamers 283
Shell rose reamers 284
Adjustable reamers 284
Stepped reamers for taper work 285
Half-round reamers 285
Reamers for rifle barrels 285
Boring Tools for lathe work 285
Countersinks 285
Shapes of lathe boring tools 285
Boring tools for brass work 286
The spring of boring tools 286
Boring tools for small work 287
Boring tool holders 287
Boring Devices for Lathes 288
Boring Heads 288
Boring Bars 289
Boring bar cutters 289
Three versus four cutters for boring bars 290
Boring bars with fixed heads 290
With sliding heads 290
Bar cutters, the shapes of 291
Boring head with nut feed 291
Boring bars for taper work, various forms of 292
Boring double-coned work 293
Boring bar, centres for 293
Cutting Speeds and feeds for wrought iron 294
Examples of speeds taken from practice 295
CHAPTER XII.
EXAMPLES IN LATHE WORK.
Technical Terms used in the work 296
Lathe Centres 296
Devices for truing 297
Tools for testing the truth of, for fine work 298
Shapes of, for light and heavy work 299
Centre Drilling, attachment for lathes 300
The error induced by straightening work after 300
Machine 300
Combined centre-drill and countersink 300
Countersink with adjustable drill 300
Centring square 300
Centre-punch 300
Centre-punch guide 301
Centring work with the scribing block 301
Finding the centre of very rough work 301
Centre-drill chuck 302
The proper form of countersink for lathe work 302
Countersinks for lathe work 302
Various forms of square centres 303
The advantage of the square centre for countersinking 303
Novel form of countersink for hardened work 303
Chucks for centre-drilling and countersinking 303
Recentring turned work 304
Straightening Work. Straightening machine for bar iron 304
Hand device for straightening lathe work 305
Chuck for straightening wire 305
Cutting Rods into small pieces of exact length, tools for 305
Roughing cuts, the change of shape of work that occurs from removing the surface by 306
Feeds for 306
Rates of feed for 307
Finishing Work, the position of the tool for 307
Finishing cast-iron with water 307
Specks in finished cast-iron work 307
Scrapers for finishing cast-iron work 307
Method of polishing lathe work 308
Filing lathe work 308
The use of emery paper on lathe work 308
The direction of tool feed in finishing long work 309
Forms of laps for finishing gauges or other cylindrical lathe work 310
Forms of laps for finishing internal work 311
Grinding and polishing clamps for lathe work 311
Burnishing lathe work 311
Taper Work, turning 312
The wear of the centres of 312
Setting over the tailstock to turn 312
Gauge for setting over 313
Fitting 313
Grinding 313
The order of procedure in turning 313
The influence of the height of the tool in producing true 314
Special Forms. Curved work 314, 315
Standard gauges for taper work 316
Methods of turning an eccentric 317
Turning a cylinder cover 318
Turning pulleys 318
Chucking device for pulleys 318
Cutting Screws in the lathe 319
The arrangement of the change gears 319
The intermediate wheels 319
The compounded gears 320
Finding the change wheels to cut a given thread 320
Finding the change wheels for a lathe whose gears are compounded 321
Finding the change gears for cutting fractional pitches 321
To find what pitch of thread the wheels already on the lathe will cut 322
Cutting left-hand threads 322
Cutting double threads 322
Cutting screws whose pitches are given in the terms of the metric system 322
Cutting threads on taper work 323
Errors in cutting threads on taper work 324
CHAPTER XIII.
EXAMPLES IN LATHE WORK (Continued).
Ball Turning with tubular saw 325
With a single tooth on the end of a revolving tube 325
With a removable tool on an arbor 325
Tool holder with worm feed 325
By hand 325
Cams, cutting in the lathe 326
Improved method of originating cams in the lathe 326
Motions for turning cams in the lathe 326, 327
Application of cam motions to special work 327
Cam chuck for irregular work 328
Milling or knurling tool 328
Improved forms of 328
Winding Spiral Springs in the lathe 329
Hand Turning 330
The heel tool 330
The graver and its applications 330, 331
Hand side tools 331
Hand round-nosed tools for iron 331
Hand finishing tool 331
Hand Tools, for roughing out brass work 332
Various forms and applications of scrapers 332, 333
Clockmakers’ hand tool for special or standard work 334
Screw cutting with hand tools 334
Outside and inside chasers 334
Hobs and their uses 335
The application of chasers, and errors that may arise from the position in which they are presented to the work 336
Errors commonly made in cutting up inside chasers 337
V-tool for starting outside threads 337
Starting outside threads 338
Cutting taper threads 338
Wood turning hand tools 338
The gauge and how to use it 338
The chisel and its use 339
The skew chisel and how to use it 339
Wood turners’ boring tools for lathe work 340
CHAPTER XIV.
MEASURING MACHINES, TOOLS AND DEVICES.
Standards of Measurements, in various countries 341
Use of, by sight and by the sense of feeling 341
Variations in standard gauges 341
The necessity for accurate standards 341
The Rogers Bond standard measuring machine 342
Details of construction of 343, 344
The principle of construction of 344
The methods of using 345
The Whitworth measuring machine 345
The Betts Machine Company’s measuring machine 346
Professor Sweet’s measuring machine 347
Measuring machine for sheet metal 348
Circle, division of the 348
Troughton’s method of dividing the circle 348, 349
Ramsden’s dividing engine 349
The construction of 350, 351
Pratt and Whitney’s dividing device 352
Practical application of 353
Index wheel, method of originating, by R. Hoe & Co. 353
Application of the index wheel (Hoe & Co.’s system) 353
Classification of the measuring tools used by workmen 354
Micrometer Caliper and its principle of construction 354, 355
Gauges. Standard plug and collar gauges 356
Methods of comparing standard plug and collar gauges 356
The effects of variations of temperature upon standard gauges 356
Plug and collar gauges for taper work 357
The Baldwin standards for taper bolts 359
Workmen’s gauges for lathe work 359
Calipers, outside, the various forms of 360
Inside calipers 360
Calipers with locking devices 360
Spring calipers 360
The methods of holding and using 361, 362
Keyway calipers 363
The advantages of calipers 363
Fitting. The four kinds of fit in machine work 363
The influence of the diameter of the work in limiting the application of standard gauges 363
The wear of tools and its influence upon the application of the standard gauge system 364
The influence of the smoothness of the surface upon the allowance to be made for drilling or hydraulic fits 365
Examples of allowance for hydraulic fits 365
Parallel holes and taper plugs for hydraulic fits 365
Fitting. Practicable methods of testing the fit of axle brasses forced in by hydraulic pressure 366
Shrinkage or contraction fits 366
Allowances for 366
Gauge for 367
The shrinkage system at the Royal Gun Factory at Woolwich 367
Experiments by Thomas Wrightson upon the shrinkage of iron under repeated heatings and coolings 368 to 374
Shrinking work, to refit it 374, 375
CHAPTER XV.
MEASURING TOOLS.
End Measurements of large lathe work 376
Template gauges for 376
Trammels or Trains 377
Adjustable gauges for 377
Compasses—Dividers 377
Compass calipers 378
Key Seating rule 378
Surface Gauge 378
Pattern makers’ pipe gauge 379
Squares. The try square 379
The T square 379
Various methods of testing squares 379, 380
Bevel squares 380
Bevel Protractors 380
Hexagon Gauge 381
Straight Edge and its applications 381, 382
Winding strips and their application 382
Surface Plate or planimeter 383
Templates for curves 384
Wire Gauges, notch 384
Standard gauges for wire, &c. 384, 386
Gauge for music wire 386
Brown and Sharpe wire gauge 387
Birmingham wire gauge for rolled shell silver and gold 387
Sheet iron gauge, Russian 387
Galvanized iron 387
Belgian sheet zinc 387
American sheet zinc 387
Rifle Bore gauge 387
Strength of Wire, Kirkaldy’s experiments 387, 388
CHAPTER XVI.
SHAPING AND PLANING MACHINES.
General description of a shaping machine 389
Construction of swivel head 389
Slide 390
Vice chuck 390
Feed motion 390
Hand shaping machine 392
Quick Return Motion, Whitworth’s 392
Vice Chucks, the principles of construction of plain, for planing machine 392
The proper methods of chucking work in 393
Holding taper work in 394
Various forms of 394
Swiveling 395
Rapid motion 396
For vice work 396
Centres for shaping machines 397
Traveling Head in shaping machine 397
Planer Shapers or shaping machines, having a tappet motion for reversing the direction of motion 398, 399
Quick Return Motion shaping machines, link 399
The Whitworth 400
Comparisons of the link motion and Whitworth 401
Simple Crank, investigating the motion of 401
Planing Machines, or planer 402
The various motions of 402, 403
The table driving gear 404
Planing machine with double heads 404
Rotary planing machine 405
CHAPTER XVII.
PLANING MACHINERY.
The Sellers planing machine 406
The belt shifting mechanism 406, 407
The automatic feed motions 408
Sliding Head 408
Cross Bar 409
Slides of Planers, the various forms of construction of 410
Wear of the Slides of planer heads, various methods of taking up the 410
Swivel Heads 411
Tool Aprons 411
Swivel Tool-holding devices for planers 411
Planer Heads, graduations of 412
Safety devices for 413
Feed motions for 414
V-guideways for 414
Flat guideways for 415
Oiling devices for 415
Planing Machine Tables 415
Slots and holes in planing machine tables 416
Forms of bolts for planer tables 417
Supplementary tables for planer tables 417
Angle plates for planer tables 418
Chucking devices for planer tables 418
Planer Centres 418
Planer Chucks 419
For spiral grooved work 419
For curved work 420
Chucking machine beds on planer tables 420
For large planing machines 422
Chucking the halves of large pulleys on a planer 423
Gauges for planing V-guideways in machine beds 421
Planing guideways in machine beds 422
Gauge for planer tools 424
Planer Tools, the shapes of 424
For coarse finishing feeds 424
The clearance of 424
For slotted work 424
Planer Tool Holder, with tool post 425
Various applications of 425
Simple and advantageous form of 426
Examples of application of 426
CHAPTER XVIII.
DRILLING MACHINES.
Drilling Machines. General description of a power drilling machine 428
Lever feed 428
With automatic and quick return feed motions 428
Improved, with simple belt and uniform motion, two series of rates of automatic feed, and guide for boring bar 429, 430
Radial 430, 431
For boiler shells 436
Cotter or keyway 438
Drilling Machine, three-spindle 434
Four-spindle 434
Drilling and Boring machine 431
Feed motion of 432
Combined Drilling Machine and lathe 433
Boring Machine, horizontal 433
For car wheels 438
For pulleys 438
Quartering Machine 434
Drilling and Turning Machine for boiler makers 435
Feed motions of 436
CHAPTER XIX.
DRILLS AND CUTTERS FOR DRILLING MACHINES.
Jigs or Fixtures for drilling machines 439
Limits of error in 439
Examples of, for simple work, as for links, &c. 440
Considerations in designing 440
For drilling engine cylinders 440 to 441
For cutting out steam ports 441
Drills and Cutters for drilling machines 442
Table of sizes of twist drills, and their shanks 442
Flat drills for drilling machines 442
Errors in grinding flat drills 443
The tit-drill 443
The lip drill 443
Cotter or keyway drills 446
Drilling holes true to location with flat drills 444
Drilling hard metal 444
Table of sizes of tapping holes 445
Drill Shanks and sockets 445
Improved form of drill shank 446
Square shanked drills and their disadvantages 446
Drill Chucks 446
Stocks and Cutters for drilling machines 447
Tube plate cutters 448
Stocks and Cutters. Adjustable stock and cutter 448
Facing tool with reamer pin 449
Counterbores for drilling machines 449
Drill and counterbore for wood work 449
Facing and countersink cutters 449
Device for drilling square holes 450
Device for drilling taper holes in a drilling machine 451
CHAPTER XX.
HAND-DRILLING AND BORING TOOLS, AND DEVICES.
The Brad-awl 452
Bits. The gimlet bit 452
The German bit 452
The nail bit 452
The spoon bit 452
The nose bit 453
The auger bit 453
Cook’s auger bit 453
Principles governing the shapes of the cutting edges of auger bits 453
Auger bit for boring end grain wood 453
The centre bit 454
The expanding bit 454
Drills. Drill for stone 454
The fiddle drill 455
The fiddle drill with feeding device 455
Drill with cord and spring motion 455
Drill stock with spiral grooves 455
Drill brace 455
Drill brace with ratchet motion 456
Universal joint for drill brace 456
Drill brace with multiplying gear and ratchet motion 456
Breast drill with double gear 456
Drilling levers for blacksmiths 457
Drill cranks 457
Ratchet brace 457
Flexible shaft for driving drills 458
Drilling device for lock work 459
Hand drilling machine 459
Slotting Machine 459
Sectional view of 460
Tool holders 460, 461
Tools 461, 462
CHAPTER XXI.
THREAD-CUTTING MACHINERY AND BROACHING PRESS.
Pipe Threading, die stock for, by hand 463
Die stock for, by power 463
Pipe threading machines, general construction of 463
Bolt Threading hand machine 464
With revolving head 465
Power threading machine 465
With automatic stop motion 466
Construction of the head 466
Construction of the chasers 466
Bolt threading machine with back gear 467
Single rapid bolt threading machine 467
Double rapid bolt threading machine 467
Construction of the heads of the rapid machines 468
Bolt threading machinery, the Acme 468
Construction of the head of 468 to 470
Capacity of 470
Cutting Edges for taps, the number of 471
Examples when three and when four cutting edges are used, and the results upon bolts that are not round 471, 472
Demonstration that four cutting edges are correct for bar iron 472
Positions of Dies, or chasers in the heads of bolt cutting machine 473
Dies, methods of hobbing, to avoid undue friction 473
The construction of, for bolt threading machines 473
Method of avoiding friction in thread cutting 474
Hob for threading 474
Cutting speeds for threading 474
Nut Tapping machine 475
Automatic socket for 475
Rotary 475
Three-spindle 475
Pipe Threading Machine 475 to 477
Tapping Machine for steam pipe fittings 478
Broaching Press 478
Principles of broaching 478
Examples in the construction of broaches 479
List of plates Vol. II.