A CYCLOPÆDIA OF PRACTICAL RECEIPTS, PROCESSES, AND COLLATERAL INFORMATION (continued 38)

2. (O’Shaughnessy.) The dried resinous tops of Indian hemp (‘GUNJAH’) are boiled in rectified spirit until all the resin is taken up, when most of the spirit is distilled off, and the evaporation completed by the heat of a water bath. 1 cwt. yields about 7 lbs.

3. (Robertson). By slowly acting on the ‘gunjah’ with the vapour of alcohol, by a species of percolation; the spirit of the resulting tincture is partly removed by distillation, and the rest by slow evaporation at a temperature not above 150° Fahr. 1 cwt. yields about 8 lbs.—Dose of the last two, 1 to 3 gr., gradually increased.

4. (Messrs Smith.) The bruised ‘gunjah’ is exhausted with tepid water, then with a solution of carbonate of soda (1 of carbonate to 2 of gunjah), and next with pure water; it is then pressed, dried, and exhausted by displacement with rectified spirit; the tincture is agitated with a milk of lime (containing 1 oz. of lime for every lb. of gunjah), and, after filtration or decantation, any retained lime is precipitated by a little sulphuric acid in slight excess; the tincture is next agitated with animal charcoal, and again filtered; most of the spirit is now removed by distillation, and 3 or 4 times its bulk of water being added, the remaining spirit is removed by a gentle heat; lastly, the remaining water is poured off, and the resin remaining washed with fresh water, and dried. Product, 6%.—Commencing dose, ¹⁄₄ gr.

3. (Purified; Extractum cannabis Indicæ purificatum, L.—Ph. D.) From the crude extract of Indian hemp, as imported (‘CHURRUS’), 1 oz.; rectified spirit, 4 fl. oz.; dissolve, and after defecation, decant, and evaporate.

Obs. The preparations of Indian hemp are said to be anæsthetic, anodyne, hypnotic, stimulant, phrenic, and aphrodisiac, and, in overdoses, to produce catalepsy. They have been recommended in hysteria, hydrophobia, cholera, rheumatism, chorea, convulsions, and various other painful spasmodic and nervous affections of a serious character. According to the observations of Dr O’Shaughnessy, 1 gr. of the extract produced catalepsy in a rheumatic patient. The extract prepared with the plant grown in our botanic gardens has quite a different effect to that of the Indian plant; and it also appears that the inhabitants of this country are less susceptible to its action than those of India, and consequently bear the drug in larger doses. This hemp is known in India as the ‘increaser of pleasure,’ the ‘exciter of desire,’ the ‘cementer of friendship,’ the ‘causer of a reeling gait,’ the ‘laughter-mover,’ &c. See Extract of Hemp (above), Hemp, &c.

Extract of Ipecac′uanha. Syn. Extractum ipecacuanha, L. Prep. 1. (P. Cod.) From ipecacuanha, as EXTRACT OF BOX.—P. Cod.

2. (Ph. Bor.) As Extract of henbane seeds. Expectorant and emetic.—Dose, 1¹⁄₂ to 8 gr.

Extract of I′ron. Syn. Extractum ferri, E. martis, L. Prep. 1. From tincture of tartarised iron.—Dose, 2 to 10 gr.; as a chalybeate tonic.

2. (Compound.) See Extract of Apple.

Extract of Jabor′andi (Fluid). (F. V. Greene, ‘Amer. Journ. Pharm.,’ 1877.) Prep. Jaborandi leaves in moderately fine powder, 16 troy oz.; alcohol (50 per cent.), a sufficient quantity. Moisten the powder thoroughly with the menstruum, pack in a conical glass percolator, place a layer of two inches of well-washed sand on the top of the cloth covering the material, add menstruum until the liquid begins to drop from the percolator, when the lower orifice is to be closed with a cork, and the percolator securely covered; set aside in a moderately warm place for four days. At the expiration of this time remove the cork, and add more menstruum by degrees until the material is exhausted. The first 14 ounces (old measure) of the percolate are to be reserved, and the remainder evaporated on a water bath, with constant stirring towards the close, to 2 fluid ounces (old measure), which are to be added to the reserved portion. If the percolation and evaporation have been properly performed the fluid extract will not be required to be filtered.

Extract of Jal′ap. Syn. Extractum jalapæ (B. P.), E. sive resina jalapæ (Ph. E.), L. Prep. 1. (B. P.) Jalap in coarse powder, 1; rectified spirit, 5; distilled water, 10; macerate the jalap in the spirit for seven days, press out the tincture, then filter, and distil off the spirit, leaving a soft extract; again macerate the residual jalap in the water for four hours, express, strain through flannel, and evaporate by a water bath to a soft extract; mix the two extracts, and evaporate at a temperature not exceeding 140° F. to a proper consistence for forming pills.—Dose, 5 to 15 gr.

2. (Ph. L.) Jalap (powdered) 2¹⁄₂ lbs.; rectified spirit, 1 gall.; digest four days, and express the tincture; boil the ‘marc’ in water, 2 galls.; until reduced to ¹⁄₂ gall.; filter the tincture and decoction separately, and let the one distil and the other evaporate until each thickens; lastly, mix the two and complete the evaporation.—Product. About 66% = 16% of alcoholic and 50% of aqueous extract. (Brande.) 18 lbs. yield 12 lbs. of extract. (Lab. Journ.)—Dose, 6 to 15 gr.

3. (Ph. E.) From tincture of jalap prepared by displacement with rectified spirit. It consists of impure resin of jalap. It is more active than the last.—Prod. 16%.—Dose, 2 to 6 gr.

4. (Ph. Ed. 1744, Extractum jalapæ alkalinum.) As extract jalap (B. P.) adding for every pound of jalap, 1 oz., or q. s. of carbonate of potash.

Obs. Extract of jalap is an active purgative. It should be well beaten up with a little sulphate of potassa, sugar, or some aromatic powder, to prevent it griping. The substance commonly sold as extract of jalap in the shops is prepared by boiling jalap root for 3 or 4 hours in water, when it is taken out, and well bruised or sliced, and again boiled with water until exhausted of soluble matter. The mixed decoctions are then allowed 12 or 14 hours for defecation, after which the supernatant portion is decanted and evaporated.

Extract of jalap “should be kept in the soft state (EXTRACTUM JALAPÆ, E. J. MOLLE), so as to form pills; and in the hard state (HARD EXTRACT OF JALAP; EXTRACTUM JALAPÆ DURUM), that it may be rubbed to powder.” (Ph. L.)

Extract of Jasmine (Yellow). Syn. Extractum Gelsemii fluidum. (Ph. U. S.) Prep. Yellow jasmine in very fine powder, 16 oz. (troy); rectified spirit, 16 oz. (old measure). Proceed as for fluid extract of cubebs. (Ph. U. S.)

Extract of Ju′niper. Syn. Extractum juniperi, E. baccarum j., L. Prep. (P. Cod.) Macerate juniper berries in water at 77° to 86° Fahr., for 24 hours, strain, repeat the process with a fresh quantity of water, mix the liquors, filter, and evaporate.—Dose, 20 gr. to 1 dr.; as a stimulant diuretic, in dropsy, &c.; and also as a pill-basis.

Extract of Kalada′na. Syn. Extractum kaladanæ, L. Prep. (Bengal Disp.) From the tincture of the seeds of kaladana (Pharbitis Nil). Purgative said to be equal to EXTRACT OF JALAP, and of double the strength.

Extract of Lettuce. Syn. Inspissated juice of lettuce; Extractum lactucæ (B. P.), L. Prep. 1. (B. P.) The inspissated juice evaporated to a pillular consistence, according to the directions given for EXTRACTUM BELLADONNÆ.

2. (Ph. L.) From the fresh leaves of garden lettuce (Lactuca sativa), as EXTRACT OF ACONITE—Ph. L. Anodyne, sedative, hypnotic, and antispasmodic.—Dose, 3 to 10 gr. 1 cwt. of lettuce yields 4 lbs. to 5 lbs. of extract.

3. (Probait.) From the external parts of the stalks and the old and yellow leaves, after the plants have flowered, by maceration in water for 24 hours, and decoction for 2 hours; the expressed liquid is first evaporated by a gentle heat, and afterwards spread on shallow dishes, and dried by exposure to a current of air. Stronger than the last.—Dose, 1 to 5 gr.

4. (E. of wild lettuce, Inspissated juice of w. l.; Extractum lactucæ virosæ, Succus spissatus l. v.—Ph. E., L.)—a. (Ph. E.) From the leaves of strong-scented wild lettuce (Lactuca virosa).[295]

b. (P. Cod.) As ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF ACONITE.—P. Cod.

c. (Ph. Baden.) As EXTRACT OF FOXGLOVE—Ph. Baden. See Lactucarium.

Extract of Liq′uorice. Syn. Extractum glycyrrhizæ (B. P.), L. Prep. 1. (Soft e. of l.; Extractum glycyrrhizæ molle, L.)—a. (Ph. L.) From fresh liquorice root, as EXTRACT OF HOPS—Ph. L.

b. (Ph. E.) From the fresh root, cut into slices, dried, and powdered, as EXTRACT OF GENTIAN—Ph. E. The form of the Ph. Baden is very similar.

c. (Ph. D.) As ordered for simple extracts (EXTRACTA SIMPLICIORA—Ph. D.).

d. (B. P.) Liquorice root in coarse powder, 1; cold distilled water, 5; macerate the root in half the water for twelve hours, strain, and press; again macerate the pressed marc with the remainder of the water for 6 hours, strain and press, mix the strained liquors, heat to 212° F., strain, and evaporate to a pill consistence.—Dose, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.

e. (B. P. Extractum glycyrrhizæ liquidum.) Prep. Liquorice root in coarse powder, 1 lb.; distilled water, 4 pints. Macerate the liquorice with two pints of water for twelve hours, strain, and press; again macerate the pressed marc with the remainder of the water for six hours, strain, and press. Mix the strained liquors, heat to 212° Fahr., and strain through flannel; then evaporate by a water bath until it has acquired, when cold, a specific gravity of 1·160; add to this one eighth of its volume of rectified spirit; let the mixture stand for twelve hours and filter.

f. (U. S. Disp.) Crude liquorice (Spanish juice), q. s. is dissolved in water, and the solution filtered and evaporated. To produce a good article (EXTRACTUM GLYCYRRHIZÆ PURIFICATUM) in this way, the solution should be allowed some hours for defecation, and should not be decanted and strained until quite cold.

Obs. Soft extract of liquorice is often employed as a pill-basis, and the hard extract (Spanish juice, &c.) is used as a lozenge to allay tickling cough. The principal portion of the latter is, however, consumed by the porter brewers and brewers’ druggists. The product of the last formula, evaporated until it is quite solid when cold, and made into small pipes, sticks, or rolls, forms the BEST REFINED LIQUORICE or REFINED JUICE of the shops.

2. (Hard e. of l., Spanish juice, S. liquorice, Glycyrrhizin, Black sugar; Extractum glycyrrhizæ simplex, E. g. durum, Succus g., S. g. spissatus, L.) This is seldom prepared by the English druggists, being principally imported in the dry state from Spain and Italy. That from Solazzi (Solazzi juice) is the most esteemed. A great deal of the foreign extract is mixed with fecula, or the pulp of plums, hence its inferior quality. It also frequently contains copper, derived from the boilers in which it is prepared. The extract prepared from the fresh root is usually preferred to the best foreign, as the latter has a less sweet and agreeable taste. Refined juice is prepared by dissolving the foreign juice in water, filtering and evaporating. See Liquorice, and above.

Extract of Lobe′lia. Syn. Acetic extract of Indian tobacco; Extractum lobeliæ, E. l. inflatæ, L. Prep. (W. Proctor.) Lobelia seeds (bruised), 8 oz.; dilute alcohol (sp. gr. ·935), 4 pints; acetic acid, 1 fl. oz.; by maceration for 24 hours, and subsequent displacement. Expectorant and diaphoretic, in small doses; emetic and narcotic, in larger ones. It is principally used in asthma and other chest diseases.—Dose, ¹⁄₄ gr. to 5 gr.

Extract of Log′wood. Syn. Extractum hæmatoxyli (B. P.), E. h. Campechiani, (Ph. E.), L. Prep. 1. (B. P.) Logwood in chips, 1; boiling distilled water, 10; macerate 24 hours, boil to 5, strain, and evaporate to an extract, but not in iron vessels.

2. (Ph. L.) From cut logwood (logwood chips), as EXTRACT OF HOPS—Ph. L.

3. (Ph. E.) As the last (nearly).

4. (Ph. D. 1826 and Wholesale.) From the decoction.

Obs. The Ph. U. S. 1841 orders the wood to be rasped. The Ph. Baden directs displacement with cold water. On the large scale, this extract is prepared solely by decoction. 1 cwt. of wood yields about 20 lbs. of extract (Brande); 80 lbs. yield 14 lbs. of extract (Gray.) It is kept in two states—hard (EXTRACTUM HÆMATOXYLI DURUM) and soft (E. H. MOLLE). The dose of the first is 10 to 20 gr., dissolved in wine, or any cordial water; as an astringent, after each motion in diarrhœa; the second is often employed as a lozenge in the same disease, and is an inexpensive and agreeable remedy for simple relaxation of the bowels.

Extract of Lov′age. Syn. Extractum levistici, L. Prep. (Ph. Baden.) From lovage (Levisticum officinale), as EXTRACT OF BISTORT—P. Cod. Aromatic, stomachic, and diaphoretic.—Dose, 5 to 15 gr.

Extract of Lu′puline. Syn. Extractum lupulinæ, L. Prep. 1. From lupuline (the powder separated from hops by rubbing and sifting), by infusion in cold water, or by displacement.

2. (Extractum lupulinæ coctione paratum.) From the decoction. Both similar to extract of hops, but stronger. The first is the most aromatic; the last the most bitter.

Extract of Mad′der. Syn. Extractum rubiæ. L. Prep. (Ph. Hamb.) From the tincture of dyer’s madder (Rubia tinctorum), made with rectified spirit, 1 part, and water, 3 parts.—Dose, 10 gr. to 30 gr.; as a diuretic, emmenagogue, and parturifacient; and in jaundice, &c.

Extract of Mahog′any. Syn. Extractum swieteniæ, L. From the chips and sawdust of mahogany (Swietenia Mahogoni). It is astringent, and is frequently sold for kino. It is also employed in tanning.

Extract of Male Fern. Syn. Alcoholic extract of male fern; Extractum filicis, B. P. Prep. 1. (Dr Ebers.) From the tincture of the dried root of male fern (Lastræa Filix-mas), made with rectified spirit. In tape-worm.—Dose, 20 gr. to ¹⁄₂ dr., twice a day, made into an electuary with powdered sugar, and followed by a strong dose of castor oil.

2. (Ethereal.) B. P. (Extractum filicis liquidum.) Fern root, in coarse powder, 1; ether, 2¹⁄₂, or a sufficiency. Pack closely in a percolator with 1 of the ether, add the rest at intervals, until it passes through colourless, distil off the ether, and the liquid extract remains.—Dose, 30 to 60 minims. See Oil of Male Fern.

Extract of Malt. Syn. Extractum malti, E. Bynes, L. Prep. 1. From the infusion made with water at a temperature ranging between 160° and 170° Fahr., drained off, without pressure, and evaporated to the consistence of honey. Nutritious and laxative.—Dose. A table-spoonful, or more, ad libitum.

2. Extract of malt, ferrated. (Ph. G.) Extract of malt, 47¹⁄₂ oz., mixed with 1 oz. of pyrophosphate of iron and citrate of ammonia, dissolved in 1¹⁄₂ oz. of water.

Extract of Ma′′rygold. Syn. Extractum calendulæ, L. Prep. 1. (Guibourt.) By maceration of the herb and flowers of the common marygold (Calendula officinalis) in tepid water for 24 hours, and subsequent coction for 15 or 20 minutes.

2. (Ph. Baden.) As EXTRACT OF ANGELICA—Ph. Baden.—Dose, 2 to 10 gr.; cordial, diaphoretic, alterative, and emmenagogue; in dyspepsia, and scirrhous and cancerous affections.

Extract of May-apple. Syn. Extractum podophylli. L. Prep. (Ph. U. S. 1841.) From the tincture of the root (rhizomes) of may-apple (Podophyllum peltatum).—Dose, 5 to 15 gr.; as a substitute for extract of jalap. See Podophyllin.

Extract of Mea′dow Saf′fron. See Extract of Colchicum.

Extract of Meat. Syn. Extract of flesh; Extractum carnis, L. Prep. (Liebig.) The lean of recently killed meat (chopped very small), 1 part; cold water, 8 parts; agitate it well together for 10 minutes; then heat it gradually to the boiling-point, let it simmer gently for a few minutes, and strain through a hair sieve whilst still hot; lastly, evaporate to a soft mass. 1 lb. of meat yields barely 1 oz. See Essence of Beef, Tea (Beef), &c.

Extract of Mezere′on. Syn. Mezereon resin; Extractum mezerei, Resina mezerei, L. Prep. 1. (Alcoholic; E. m. alcoholicum, L.)—a. (Ph. Hamb.) By distilling off ⁵⁄₆ths of the tincture made with rectified spirit, and filtering the residue, retaining what is left on the filter.

b. By the simple distillation of the tincture.

Obs. Green or brownish green; insoluble in water. ¹⁄₂ oz. mezereon root-bark yielded 1¹⁄₂ oz. (Hamb. Disp.) It is chiefly used in preparing blistering ointments and plasters.

2. (Ethereal; Green oil of mezereon; Extractum mezerei æthereum. B. P.)—a. B. P. Mezereon bark cut small, 1 lb.; rectified spirit, 8 pints; ether, 1 pint. Macerate the mezereon in 6 pints of the spirit for 3 days, with frequent agitation, strain, and press. To the residue of the mezereon add the remainder of the spirit, and again macerate for 3 days, with constant agitation, strain, and press. Mix and filter the strained liquors, recover the greater part of the spirit by distillation, evaporate what remains to the consistence of a soft extract, put this in a stoppered bottle with the ether, and macerate for 24 hours, shaking them frequently; decant the etherial solution, recover part of the ether by distillation, and evaporate what remains to the consistence of a soft extract.

b. (Ph. Bor.) By digesting alcoholic extract of mezereon in ether for some days with agitation, reducing the tincture to 1-4th by careful distillation, and evaporating the residuum by a gentle heat to the consistence of an extract.

c. (Ph. U. S. Extractum mezerei fluidum.) Mezereon in moderately coarse powder, 16 oz. (troy); alcohol (·817), 16 oz. (old measure); proceed as for fluid extract of cubebs. (Ph. U. S.)

Obs. Both the alcoholic and ethereal extract of mezereon must be kept in stoppered bottles. The latter, like the former, is used as an external irritant.

Extract of Mil′foil. Syn. Extractum millefolii, E. Achiliæ m., L. Prep. From the herb milfoil or yarrow (Achillea millefolium), as EXTRACT OF HOPS—Ph. L. Astringent, tonic, and alterative.—Dose, 10 gr. to ¹⁄₂ dr.

Extract of Mimo′sa Bark. Syn. Extractum corticis mimosæ, L. Prep. From the bark of several Australian species of Acacia or Mimosa (Acacia mollissima, A. decurrens, A. melanoxylon, &c.). It is chiefly imported from Van Diemen’s Land. Astringent. Said to be superior to oak bark for tanning.

Extract of Mone′sia Bark. Syn. Extractum monesiæ, E. m. purificatum, L. Prep. From the monesia or buranheim bark (bark of Chrysophyllum Buranheim); or from commercial monesia, as EXTRACT OF CATECHU. Astringent.—Dose, 4 to 8 gr.

Extract of Mug′wort. Syn. Extractum artemisiæ, L. Prep. From the tops of the common mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris), as EXTRACT OF BOX,—P. Cod. An active emmenagogue.

Extract of Myrrh. Syn. Extractum myrrhæ, L. Prep. 1. (Aqueous; Extractum myrrhæ aquosum, L.)—a. From the strained decoction.

b. (Ph. Bor.) As EXTRACT OF ALOES—Ph. Bor., afterwards reducing it to a fine powder. The formula of the Ph. Baden is similar.—Dose, 6 to 15 gr., or more.

2. (Alcoholic; Resin of myrrh; Extractum myrrhæ alcoholicum, E. m. resinosum, L.) From the tincture. Tonic and stimulant.—Dose, 5 to 10 gr., or more.

3. (Compound; Extractum myrrhæ compositum, L.—Swediaur.) Myrrh, 2 oz.; gum arabic (in powder), 2 dr.; triturate, add water, q. s. to form a thick emulsion, and add extract of couch grass, 4 oz. Much recommended in phthisis and uterine ulcerations.—Dose, 1 to 2 dr. in water, twice or thrice daily.

Extracts, Narcotic, with Sugar. Syn. Extractum narcotica cum saccharo. (Guager.) Prep. Dissolve 6 oz. of alcoholic extract of the plant in 14 dr. or 2 oz. of strong alcohol by trituration in a porcelain mortar, and mix with it 30 oz. of powdered white sugar, gradually added, with constant stirring. Set the mixture in a warm situation until dry. Add sugar q. s. to make up 36 oz. These preparations are less liable to lose their efficacy than the simple extracts. 6 gr. represent one of the extract.

Extract of Net′tles. Syn. Extractum urticæ, L. Prep. (P. Cod.) From the juice of nettles (Urtica dioica), as EXTRACT OF ACONITE—Ph. L. Antiscorbutic, diuretic, and narcotic.

Extract of Nose′gay. Syn. Essence of nosegay; Extrait de bouquet, Fr. Prep. Flowers of benzoin, 1 dr.; essence of ambergris, 2 fl. oz.; spirits of jasmine and extract (esprit) of violets, of each 1 pint; spirits of cassia, roses, orange flowers and gillyflowers, of each ¹⁄₂ pint; mix. A delightful perfume.

Extract of Nux Vom′ica. Syn. Extract of koochla nuts; Extractum nucis vomicæ, B. P. Prep. 1. (Aqueous; E. n. v. Aquosum, L.—Ph. Bor.) From the powdered nut, as EXTRACT OF HOPS—Ph. L. (nearly.)—Dose, 1 to 5 gr.

2. (Alcoholic; Extractum nucis vomicæ—Ph. L. E. and D., E. n. v. alcoholicum, L.)—a. (B. P.) Soften nux vomica by steam, dry rapidly, and reduce to fine powder; boil with rectified spirit until exhausted, strain, distil off the spirit, and evaporate to the consistence of a soft extract.—Dose, ¹⁄₂ to 2 gr.

b. (Ph. L.) Koochla or poison nuts (seed or fruit of Strychnos Nux-vomica), 8 oz.; rectified spirit, 3 pints; expose them to steam until softened, then bruise, slice, and dry them, and macerate them in 2-3rds of the spirit for 7 days; express the tincture, and repeat the maceration with the remaining 1-3rd of the spirit; again express the liquid; lastly, filter the mixed tinctures, distil off the greater part of the spirit, and complete the evaporation by a gentle heat. The formula of the P. Cod. is similar, but using spirit sp. gr. ·863 (=41 o. p.).

c. (Ph. E.) The sliced and dried nuts are to be ground in a coffee-mill, and either exhausted by percolation with rectified spirit or by boiling the powder in repeated portions of the menstruum. The formulæ of the Ph. Baden and U. S. are similar.

d. (Ph. D. 1826.) From a tincture of the rasped nut made with proof spirit, observing that the extract, whilst thickening, should be properly stirred.

Obs. This extract consists chiefly of impure igasurate of strychnia, and is exhibited in similar cases to that alkaloid. Used as a stimulant of the nervous system in paralysis.—Dose, ¹⁄₂ gr., gradually and cautiously increased to 2 gr. It is very poisonous. On the large scale, the nuts are ground in a drug-mill.

Extract of Oak Bark. Syn. Extractum quercûs, E. corticis quercûs, L. Prep. (Ph. D. 1826.) From the decoction. Astringent.—Dose, 10 gr. to ¹⁄₂ dr. Now seldom used.

Extract of O′pium. Prep. 1. (Aqueous extract of opium, Simple e. of o.; Extractum opii (B. P.), E. o. aquosum (Ph. D.), E. o. purificatum, L.)—a. (B. P.) Opium in thin slices, 1 lb.; distilled water, 6 pints. Macerate the opium in 2 pints of the water for 24 hours, and express the liquor. Reduce the residue of the opium to a uniform pulp, macerate again in 2 pints of the water for 24 hours, and express. Repeat the operation a third time. Mix the liquors, strain through flannel, and evaporate by a water bath to a proper consistence for forming pills.—Dose, ¹⁄₂ to 1 gr., or more.

b. (Ph. L.) Opium (powdered), 1¹⁄₂ lb.; distilled water (cold), 2¹⁄₂ pints; mix gradually, and macerate for 24 hours, frequently stirring with a spatula; (press), strain, and repeat the maceration for 24 hours with a fresh quantity (2¹⁄₂ pints) of water; lastly, evaporate the (mixed) strained liquors to a proper consistence. The formulæ of the Ph. E. D. and Baden, and P. Cod., are essentially the same.

c. (Ph. D. 1826.) As the last, but using boiling water, and exposing the mixed liquors to the air for 2 days, before filtering, and evaporating them. Inferior to the last.

d. (Purified.) The extract, prepared with cold water, is evaporated to dryness, powdered, and redissolved in cold water; after 48 hours’ exposure, and defecation, it is decanted from the dregs, filtered, and gently evaporated, as before. Superior to any other extract of opium made.

Obs. Good opium yields from 60% to 70% of its weight of extract, but much depends upon the variety used.—Dose, ¹⁄₄ gr. to 2 gr., as an anodyne, sedative, and hypnotic. It is less stimulating than ordinary opium. That prepared by the third formula is, indeed, scarcely inferior in its action to the salts of morphine.

This extract is kept in both the hard and soft state (EXTRACTUM OPII DURUM, E. O. MOLLE). A solution of the former, in distilled water, with the addition of a little spirit to keep it, forms Battley’s ‘LIQUOR OPII SEDATIVUS,’ The Dublin formula is that adopted by the wholesale druggists.

Besides the aqueous extract, there are the following preparations:—

2. (Extractum opii liquidum, B. P.; Extract of opium.) Distilled water, 16; rectified spirit, 4. Digest the extract of opium in the water for an hour, stirring frequently; filter, and add the spirit. The product should measure 20.—Dose, 10 to 30 minims.

3. (Acetic; Extractum opii aceticum, L.—Soubeiran.) Opium, 1 oz.; distilled vinegar, 1 quart; digest 2 days (with heat), decant, filter, and evaporate.

4. (Alcoholic; Extractum opii alcoholicum, L.—Ph. Antwerp.) From the tincture.

5. (Aqueo-alcoholic; E. opii aquo-alcoholicum, L.—Taddei.) The opium, exhausted by spirit, is digested in warm water, and the infusion and tincture, separately filtered, are mixed and evaporated.

6. (De-narcotised; Extractum opii absque narcotina, L.—a. (P. Cod.) The aqueous extract is reduced with hot water to the consistence of a syrup, and when cold this is mixed with 8 times its volume of ether, and the whole is frequently shaken for a day or two; the ethereal solution is then decanted, and the process repeated with fresh ether, as long as it dissolves anything. The original form of Robiquet is similar. Said to consist entirely of impure MURIATE OF MORPHINE, GUM, and EXTRACTIVE.

b. (M. Lamousin-Lamothe.) Aqueous extract, 4 parts; resin, 1 part; beat well together; add boiling water, 16 parts; boil to one half; add cold water, 8 parts, filter, and evaporate.

7. (By fermentation; Extractum opii per fermentationem, L.)—a. Opium and sugar, of each 4 oz.; water, 1 quart; rub together, and keep the mixture, loosely covered, in a warm situation (about 70° Fahr.), for 10 days or more; then add of cold water, 1 quart, and the next day filter and evaporate.

b. (Duyeux.) From an unstrained mixture of opium, 1 part, with water, 8 parts, and a little yeast; left for a week at a temperature of 68° to 77° Fahr., and then diluted, filtered, and evaporated. Some parties have recommended quince juice as the menstruum.

8. (Roasted; Extractum opii torrefacti, L.—Guibourt.) Powdered opium is heated on a flat dish over a moderate fire, with constant stirring, as long as fumes are given off; it is then exhausted by treating it twice with 6 times its weight of water, and the mixed liquor, after filtration, is evaporated.

9. (Vinous; Extractum opii vino paratum, L.—P. Cod.) From wine of opium. The above extracts of opium (excepting the alcoholic) are regarded as less exciting than the other preparations of the drug. The dose of each is similar to that of the aqueous extract.

Extract of Or′ange Peel. Syn. Extractum corticis aurantii, L. Prep. 1. From the thin yellow peel, as EXTRACT OF MADDER.

2. See Aurantii.

Extract of Ox-gall. Syn. Inspissated ox-gall; Extractum fellis bovini, L. Prep. 1. (P. Cod.) From ox-gall, strained, and evaporated in a water bath.—Dose, 5 to 15 gr.; in pills.

2. (Hunter Lane.) As the last, but reducing the gall to dryness, and then powdering it. It must be preserved in well-corked bottles.—Dose, 3 to 12 gr.

Extract of Parei′ra. Syn. Extractum pareiræ (B. P.), L. Prep. 1. (B. P.) Pareira root in coarse powder, 1; boiling distilled water, 10, or a sufficiency; digest the pareira with 1¹⁄₂ of water for twenty-four hours, then pack in a percolator, and water till by slow percolation 10 has passed through; evaporate in a water bath to a pilular consistence.—Dose, 13 to 20 gr.

2. (Ph. L.) From the root of velvet leaf or pareira brava (Cissampelos Pareira), as EXTRACT OF HOPS—Ph. L.

3. (P. E.) As EXTRACT OF LIQUORICE—Ph. E. The P. Cod. formula is similar. Alterative, tonic, and diuretic.—Dose, 10 gr. to ¹⁄₂ dr.; chiefly in affections of the bladder.

4. Extractum pareira liquidum (B. P.). Pareira in coarse powder, 16; boiling distilled water, 160, or a sufficiency; rectified spirit, 3; macerate in 20 of water for twenty-four hours; pack in a percolator, adding more of the water; allow the liquor slowly to pass until 160 has been collected, or the pareira is exhausted; evaporate to 13, and, when cold, add the spirit; filter and make up to 16.—Dose, ¹⁄₂ dr. to 2 dr.

Extract of Par′sley. Syn. Extractum Petroselini, L. Prep. (P. Cod.) From the root, as EXTRACT OF BISTORT—P. Cod.

2. (M. Peraibe.) From the fresh leaves, as EXTRACT OF ACONITE. Febrifuge and tonic.—Dose, 5 to 10 gr.

Extract of Pasque Flower. Syn. Extractum anemonis, L. Prep. (P. Cod.) From the recent or dried flower, as either of the EXTRACTS OF ACONITE—P. Cod.—Dose, 1 to 4 gr.

Obs. Several species of Anemone have been used in medicine, especially Anemone pratensis and A. pulsatilla. According to Baron Stoerck, the former is resolvent, and is an effectual remedy in various chronic diseases, particularly in amaurosis, cataract, opacity of the cornea, nocturnal pains, suppressions, &c. ¹⁄₂ to 1 gr., combined with sugar of milk, has been highly recommended in hooping-cough.

Extract of Pa′tience Dock. Syn. Extractum patientiæ, L. Prep. From the root of Rumex Patientia or garden patience, as EXTRACT OF HOPS. Aperient and stomachic. Used in double doses in lieu of extract of rhubarb.

Extract of Paullin′ia. See Extract of Guarana.

Extract of Peach Blos′som. Prep. From essence of lemons, 1 oz.; pure balsam of Peru, 2 dr.; essence (oil) of bitter almonds, 1 dr.; rectified spirit, 3 pints; spirit of orange flowers, 1 pint; spirit of jasmin, ¹⁄₄ pint; mix. A pleasant and powerful perfume.

Extract of Pel′litory. Syn. Extractum pyrethri, E. p. æthero-alcoholicum, L. Prep. (W. Procter.) Alcohol (rectified spirit), 1 pint; ether, ¹⁄₂ pint; mix, and pour it gradually on root of pellitory (Anacyclus Pyrethrum), 1 lb., placed in a percolator; afterwards pour on alcohol, 1 pint; and subsequently sufficient dilute alcohol (proof spirit) to displace 2¹⁄₂ pints of tincture (ESSENCE OF PELLITORY, TOOTHACHE ESSENCE); the latter is either suffered to evaporate spontaneously, or by a very gentle heat, until a soft extract is attained. Used to destroy the sensibility of the nerves of the teeth, previous to plugging, and for toothache.

Extract of Pep′per. Syn. Extractum piperis, E. p. nigri, L. Prep. 1. From decoction of black pepper (bruised). Stimulant; stronger tasted than the berries, but less aromatic.—Dose, 10 gr. to 1 dr.; in agues.

2. (Fluid; Extractum piperis fluidum, L.)—Ph. U. S. From black pepper, as FLUID EXTRACT OF CUBEBS—Ph. U. S., separating the PIPERINE by expression through a cloth, and keeping the fluid portion for use.

Extract of Pimpinel′la. Syn. Extractum pimpinellæ, L. Prep. From the root of burnet saxifrage (Pimpinella saxifraga), as EXTRACT OF HOPS. Astringent.—Dose, 10 to 20 gr.

Extract of Pink′root. Syn. Extract of worm grass, E. of wormseed root; Extractum spigeliæ, L. Prep. 1. From Carolina pinkroot (Spigelia Marylandica), as EXTRACT OF BOX—P. Cod.—Dose, 5 to 20 gr.

2. (Fluid; Essence of pinkroot, Liquor of p.; Extractum spigeliæ fluidum, L.) Pinkroot, 1 lb.; proof spirit, 3 pints; make a tincture, evaporate to 10 fl. oz., add sugar, ³⁄₄ lb., and rectified spirit, q. s. to make the whole measure exactly a pint.—Dose. For a child, beginning with ¹⁄₂ a teaspoonful.

3. (Compound; Compound liquor of pinkroot; Extractum spigeliæ fluidum comp., L.)—a. (Estlack.) Carolina pinkroot or spigelia (bruised), 4 oz.; senna, 3 oz.; savine, 1 dr.; pour on boiling water, 1 quart; when cold, add rectified spirit, ¹⁄₂ pint; digest 24 hours, express (or percolate), filter, evaporate to 12 fl. oz., in which dissolve, manna, 1 oz.; sugar, 8 oz. Every fl. oz. is equal to 2 dr. of pinkroot and 1¹⁄₂ dr. of senna.—Dose. For a child, ¹⁄₂ to 1 teaspoonful; for an adult, a tablespoonful.

b. (W. Procter.) Pinkroot, 16 oz.; senna, 8 oz. (both in coarse powder); dilute alcohol (sp. gr. ·935), 2 pints; macerate for 2 days, then proceed by displacement, adding fresh spirit, until 4 pints have passed through; filter, evaporate to 20 fl. oz., and add carbonate of potassa, 1 oz.; next add oils of caraway and aniseed, of each ¹⁄₂ dr.; (previously triturated with) powdered sugar, 24 oz.; lastly, apply a gentle heat to dissolve the sugar.

c. (Extractum spigeliæ et sennæ fluidum—Ph. U. S.) As the last (nearly).—Dose. As above. All the above preparations of pinkroot are regarded as powerful and certain anthelmintics; particularly the last two.

Extract of Pipsis′sewa. See Extract of Winter-green.

Extract of Poi′son Oak. Syn. Extractum rhois toxicodendri, L. Prep. (P. Cod.) From the expressed juice of the leaves of Rhus toxicodendron. Narcotic, stimulant, and alterative.—Dose, ¹⁄₂ gr. to 1 gr., gradually increased; in chronic rheumatism, obstinate skin diseases, &c.

Extract of Pomegran′ate. Syn. Extractum granati, L. Prep. 1. (Soubeiran, & P. Cod.) From the root-bark of pomegranate, as EXTRACT OF BOX. In tapeworm.—Dose, 10 to 20 gr.; followed by a purgative.

2. (E. g. corticis fructus, L.) From the decoction of the fruit-rind. As the last.

Extract of Pop′pies. Syn. Extractum papaveris (B. P.), E. p. albi, L. Prep. 1. (B. P.) Capsules coarsely powdered, 16; rectified spirit, 2; distilled water, a sufficiency; mix the poppy capsules with 40 of the water, stirring them frequently during 24 hours; then pack in a percolator, and pass water slowly through them until about 160 have passed through; evaporate the liquor by a water bath to 20; when cold, add the spirit. After 24 hours filter the liquor, and evaporate to a pilular consistence.—Dose, 2 or 5 grains.

2. (Ph. L.) Bruised poppy-heads (without the seeds), 15 oz.; boiled distilled water, 1 gall.; macerate 24 hours, boil to one half, strain, and complete the evaporation.

3. (Ph. E.) As the last, with “capsules not quite ripe.”

Obs. The medical action of extract of poppies, for the most part, resembles that of opium; but it is considerably weaker, and is generally regarded as less prone to produce headache and delirium.—Dose, 2 to 12 gr. It is usually prepared by the large manufacturers, by exhausting the capsules, by coction with water; hence the inferior quality of the extract of the shops, which contains a considerable quantity of inert matter.

The principal consumption of this extract is among the brewers, brewers’ druggists, and wine merchants. For this purpose it is evaporated until it becomes hard on cooling, when it is formed into half-pound rolls, and covered with paper, like lead plaster. One of these rolls added to a hogshead of ale, stout, or sherry, materially increases the ‘headiness’ or apparent strength of these beverages.

Extract of Pota′to. Syn. Extractum Solani tuberosi, L. Prep. (Dr J. Latham.) From the stem and leaves of the potato plant, as EXTRACT OF ACONITE—Ph. L. Narcotic.—Dose, 2 to 10 gr.

Extract of Pur′ging Flax. Syn. Extractum lini cathartici, L. Prep. (Dr B. Lane.) From the dried herb, as EXTRACT OF HOPS—Ph. L. Aperient and diuretic—Dose, 5 to 10 gr.; 14 lbs. yielded 2¹⁄₄ lbs. of extract.

Extract of Quas′sia. Syn. Extractum quassiæ (B. P.), Ex. q. ligni, L. Prep. 1. (B. P.) Quassia scraped, 1 lb.; distilled water, a sufficiency; macerate the quassia in 8 oz. of water for 12 hours; pack in a percolator; add water till the quassia is exhausted; evaporate, filter before it becomes thick, and again evaporate in a water bath to a proper consistence for pills.—Dose, 2 to 5 gr.

2. From the decoction of quassia chips. Product, 5% to 6%.

3. (Ph. E.) From the rasped wood, as EXTRACT OF BISTORT—P. Cod. Bitter and stomachic.—Dose, 5 to 10 gr., or more.

Obs. This extract is almost universally prepared by coction, and is principally consumed by the brewers, who employ it as a substitute for hops, in large quantities. The bark is frequently substituted for the wood, but is considerably less bitter. The Ph. Baden has an extract prepared with spirit of ·944.

Extract of Quince Seeds. Syn. Extractum cydoniæ, E. c. seminum. Prep. From the decoction. Sucked as a lozenge, in hoarseness, &c.

Extract of Ragwort. Syn. Extractum JacobϾ. The inspissated juice of rag-wort.

Extract of Rha′tany. Syn. Extractum rhataniæ; E. krameriæ (B. P.), L. Prep. 1. (B. P.) Rhatany in coarse powder, 1; cold distilled water, 15; macerate 24 hours in 2 of the water, then percolate the whole; evaporate by water bath to dryness.—Dose, 5 to 20 grains.

2. (Ph. E. Baden and U. S.) From dried rhatany root (Krameria triandria), as EXTRACT OF BISTORT—P. Cod.

3. (Ph. Bor.) By two successive macerations in boiling water of 24 hours each, and evaporating at a temperature not exceeding 165° Fahr.

Obs. Extract of rhatany is astringent and tonic.—Dose, 10 to 20 gr. A large quantity of this extract, of very inferior quality, is imported from Brazil, and other parts of South America. It is kept in two states, hard and soft; the former resembles KINO, and is often sold for it; the latter is chiefly consumed by the manufacturers and ‘improvers’ of port wine.

Extract of Rhu′barb. Syn. Extractum rhei (B. P.), L. Prep. 1. (B. P.) Rhubarb (sliced or bruised), 8 oz.; rectified spirit, 5 oz.; distilled water, 50 oz.; macerate 4 days, strain, and set it aside, that the fæces may subside; next decant the clear portion, strain, mix, and evaporate to a proper consistence over a water bath at 160° F.

2. (Ph. L.) As EXTRACT OF CINCHONA—Ph. L. (nearly). “The extract is obtained of finer quality by evaporation in a vacuum with a gentle heat.” The Baden formula is similar.

Obs. This extract is usually prepared by decoction from inferior and damaged rhubarb, picked out from the chests on purpose; hence the inferior quality of the extract of the shops. When made of good Turkey, or even East India rhubarb, it is a very valuable preparation.—Dose. As a stomachic, 5 to 10 gr.; as a purgative, 10 gr. to ¹⁄₂ dr. It is seldom exhibited alone. Product. 5%.

3. (Fluid; Liquor of rhubarb, Essence of r.; Liquor rhei, Extractum rhei fluidum, L.)—a. (W. Procter.) Rhubarb (in coarse powder), 8 oz.; mix it with an equal bulk of coarse sand, and moisten it with dilute alcohol (sp. gr. ·935, = 13 u. p.) to form a pasty mass; in a short time introduce it into a percolator, shake it until uniformly settled, and cover it with cloth or paper; then pour on the rest of the spirit (the remainder of 2 pints) until the product has little odour or taste of the root; next gently evaporate the tincture to 5¹⁄₂ fl. oz., and add sugar, 5 oz., when the whole should measure 8 fl. oz.—Dose, 15 to 30 drops.

b. (Ph. U. S.) As the last, adding of oils of fennel and anise, of each 4 drops; (dissolved in) tincture of ginger, 4 fl. dr.

4. (Compound; Extractum rhei compositum, E. panchymagogum, L.—Ph. Bor.) Extract of rhubarb, 3 dr.; extract of aloes, 1 dr. (softened with) water, 4 dr.; mix, and add of soap of jalap, 1 dr. (dissolved in) proof spirit, 4 dr.; lastly, evaporate to an extract, dry this in a warm place, and powder. Stomachic and purgative.—Dose, 4 to 20 gr.

Extract of Rue. Syn. Extractum rutæ, E. foliorum rutæ, L. Prep. 1. From rue leaves (Rutæ graveolens), as EXTRACT OF HOPS—Ph. L.

2. (Alcoholic—P. Cod.) As ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF ACONITE—P. Cod. (nearly.) The formula of the Ph. Wert. is similar.

Obs. This extract is stomachic, carminative and emmenagogue.—Dose, 10 to 20 gr., twice a day. It is usual to add a little of the essential oil to the extract, just before taking it out of the evaporating-pan, and when nearly cold. The first is the form adopted in trade in this country.

Extract of Saf′fron. Syn. Polychroite, Extractum croci, L. Prep. 1. From hay saffron, as EXTRACT OF COLOCYNTH—Ph. L.

2. (P. Cod.) From the tincture. Superior to the last.

Obs. The first is used chiefly as a colouring and flavouring substance by cooks, confectioners, wine and cordial brewers, &c.—Dose, 5 to 15 gr.; as an excitant, antispasmodic, and emmenagogue.

Extract of Sarsaparil′la. Syn. Extractum sarzæ, E. sarsaparillæ, L.; Extrait de salsepareille, Fr. Prep. 1. (Ph. L. 1836.) From sarsaparilla, as EXTRACT OF HOPS—Ph. L. The Ph. D. 1826 is similar.—Dose, 10 gr. to 1 dr. Product. (From Jamaica sarsaparilla) 32% to 36%.

2. (Alcoholic; Extractum sarzæ alcoholicum, L.)—a. From a tincture of the root-bark, prepared with proof spirit, either by digestion or percolation.

b. (P. Cod. and Ph. U. S.) From sarsaparilla root (powdered), as ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF ACONITE—P. Cod. Superior to the aqueous extract.—Dose, 10 to 20 gr.

3. (Fluid; Liquor of sarsaparilla, Essence of s.; Liquor sarzæ, Essentia sarsaparillæ, Extractum sarzæ liquidum—Ph. L., E. s. fluidum—Ph. E. & D., L.); Extractum sarzæ liquidum—(B. P.) a. Jamaica sarsaparilla cut transversely, 16; distilled water (temp. 160° Fahr.), 280; rectified spirit, 1. Macerate in half the water for 6 hours, and decant the liquor; digest the residue in the remainder of the water for 6 hours more, mix the liquors, express and filter; evaporate by water bath to 7, or until it has a sp. gr. of 1·130; when cold add the spirit. Sp. gr. should be about 1·025.—Dose, 1 to 4 dr.

b. (Ph. L.) Sarsaparilla, 3¹⁄₂ lbs.; distilled water, 3 galls.; boil to 12 pints, pour off the liquor, and strain whilst hot; again boil the sarsaparilla in water, 2 galls., to one half, and strain; evaporate the mixed liquors to 18 fl. oz.; and when cold, add of rectified spirit, 2 fl. oz. Each fl. oz. represents 2¹⁄₈ oz. of the root (nearly).

c. (Ph. E.) Sarsaparilla, 1 lb.; boiling water, 4 pints; digest 2 hours, then bruise the root, boil it for 2 hours, filter, and express the liquid; repeat the coction with water, 2 pints, as before; evaporate the mixed liquors to the consistence of a thin syrup, and, when cold enough, add of rectified spirit q. s. to make up 16 fl. oz. Each fl. oz. represents 6 dr. of the root, and 6 fl. oz. of the decoction.

d. (Ph. D.) Sarsaparilla, 1 lb. (avoir.); proceed as before, and add of rectified spirit, q. s. to make the product up to 20 fl. oz. Strength, as the last (nearly). In the Ph. D. 1826 the decoction of sarsaparilla, 1 lb. (troy), was ordered to be evaporated to 30 oz., which with the spirit (2 oz.) made the preparation only half the strength of the present one.

4. (Compound; Extractum sarzæ compositum, E. sarsaparillæ comp., L.) There is no form for this preparation in the Pharmacopœias, but it is nevertheless in immense demand, from its great convenience in dispensing. The following formulæ are employed by one of the wholesale houses that does largest in this preparation:—

a. Guaiacum shavings (from which the small has been sifted), 30 lbs., Italian juice, 24 lbs., mezereon root, 6 lbs., are boiled with water q. s., for 1 hour; the decoction is then drawn off, and the boiling repeated with fresh water a second and a third time; the mixed decoctions are allowed to deposit for 6 or 8 hours, or longer, and the clear portion decanted and strained through flannel; the liquid is now reduced to the consistence of treacle, when extract of sarsaparilla, 9 lbs., is added, and the evaporation conducted at a considerably lower temperature until near its completion, when the source of heat is removed, and the remaining evaporation conducted at the expense of that retained by the metal of the ‘pan,’ when nearly cold, and just before removing the extracts to the ‘pots’ or ‘jars,’ essential oil of sassafras, 2 dr., dissolved in rectified spirit, 1 quart, is added, and quickly but completely stirred in. The product is a very showy article, if well managed, and weighs about 45 lbs., the precise quantity depending on the quality of the juice employed. It is labelled ‘Ext. Sarzæ Comp.’

b. As the last, but only using 15 lbs. of juice, and that Solazzi. Prod. About 35 lbs. It is labelled and sent out as ‘Ext. Sarzæ Co. Opt.’

c. By any of the forms given under Compound Decoction of Sarsaparilla, either common or concentrated, by continuing the evaporation.—Dose. Same as that of the simple extract.

5. (Fluid Compound; Compound liquor of sarsaparilla.)—a. From any of the preceding formulæ by arresting the evaporation when the fluid has acquired the consistence of a thin syrup, and adding to each pint, when cold, rectified spirit, 4 fl. oz.

b. (Alcoholic—W. Hodgson.) Sarsaparilla (bruised), 16 oz.; liquorice root (bruised), guaiacum wood (rasped), and sassafras bark (sliced), of each 2 oz.; mezereon (sliced), 6 dr.; spirit, sp. gr. ·935 (= 13 u. p.) 7 pints; digest 14 days, express, filter, evaporate to 12 fl. oz.; add of sugar, 8 oz., and as soon as this is dissolved, withdraw the heat. Stronger than the last.—Dose, 1 fl. dr.

c. (Ph. U. S. Extractum Sarsaparillæ Compositum fluidum.) Prep. Sarsaparilla in moderately fine powder, 16 oz. (troy); liquorice root in moderately fine powder, 2 oz. (troy); sassafras in moderately fine powder, 2 oz. (troy); mezereon in moderately fine powder, 360 grains; glycerin, 4 oz. (old measure); rectified spirit, 8 oz. (old measure); water, 4 oz. (old measure). Macerate in a closed percolator for 4 days, and then let the percolation commence, and finish it by adding diluted alcohol (equal volumes of alcohol at ·835, and water), until 2 pints (old measure) have been obtained. Reserve the first 12 oz., having added 4 oz. (old measure) of glycerin to the remainder of the percolate, which evaporate to 6 oz. (old measure), and mix with the reserved portion.

6. (From the root-bark; Extractum corticis sarzæ, L.) From the decoction or tincture of the root-bark. The cortical portion of sarsaparilla yields fully 50% of aqueous extract. “Five times as much as the meditullium.” (Pope.)

Obs. Each of the above extracts of sarsaparilla (simple, fluid, and compound), when of good quality, dissolves in water, forming a deep reddish-brown solution, perfectly transparent, and depositing little sediment, even by standing some days. See Sarsaparilla.

1. Extract of Savine. Syn. Extractum Sabinæ. (Ph. L. 1788.) By evaporating a decoction of dry savine.

2. (Ph. U. S. Extractum Sabinæ fluidum.) As fluid extract of cubebs. (Ph. U. S.)

Extract of Scam′mony. Syn. Resin of scammony; Resina Scammonii, E. s. alcoholicum, E. sive resina scammonii (Ph. E.), L. Prep. 1. From powdered scammony, exhausted with proof spirit, and the resulting tincture distilled until little but water passes over; the remaining water is then poured from the resin, which is next well washed in boiling water and dried at a temperature below 240° Fahr. Brown; impure.

2. As the last, but using either alcohol of 90% or ether, and animal charcoal. White; pure.

Obs. Scammony resin is translucent, fusible, and combustible; and freely soluble in alcohol, ether, and oil of turpentine. It is frequently adulterated with jalap resin, a fraud readily detected by its insolubility in the last two menstrua.—Dose, 5 to 10 gr. “When pure or virgin scammony can be procured it is an unnecessary preparation.” (Pereira.)

Extract of Scurvy-grass. Syn. Extractum cochleariæ, L. Prep. (P. Cod.) From the clarified juice of fresh scurvy-grass, by exposure to warm air. Anti-scorbutic, stimulant, anti-rheumatic, and diaphoretic.—Dose, 1 to 2 dr. The valuable principles of the juice are dissipated by much heat.

Extract of Sen′ega. Syn. Extractum senegæ, L. Prep. 1. (P. Cod.) From seneka or snake-root (Polygala Senega), as EXTRACT OF BOX—P. Cod.

2. Compound; Extractum senegæ, COMPOSITUM, E. s. et scillæ, L.—Ecky.) From equal parts of squills and senega, as the last, but by displacement. Both the above are stimulant, expectorant, sudorific, and diuretic.—Dose, 1 to 12 gr.

3. (Ph. U. S. Extractum senegæ fluidum.) As EXTRACT OF COTTON-ROOT. (Ph. U. S.)

Extract of Sen′na. Syn. Extractum sennæ, L. Prep. 1. (Extractum sennæ aquosum, L.)—a. As EXTRACT OF COLOCYNTH—Ph. L.

b. (P. Cod.) As EXTRACT OF BISTORT—P. Cod.

c. (Ph. Bor.) From senna leaves, by maceration in tepid water (104° Fahr.) for 24 hours, and expression and filtration; the operation is repeated with fresh water, and the strained liquors evaporated to a thick extract (at 149° to 157° Fahr.), which is dissolved in water, 4 parts, the solution filtered, and again evaporated.—Dose, 10 to 20 gr. It is principally used as a basis for purgative pill. When prepared by decoction it is nearly inert. A better extract is prepared from the common tincture made with proof spirit.

2. Alcoholic; Extractum sennæ alcoholicum, L.—(Guibourt.) Senna (in powder), 1 part; rectified spirit, 5 parts; heat gradually to boiling, let it cool; in 24 hours express, strain, and repeat the process with fresh spirit; lastly, distil and evaporate. Proof spirit answers for this purpose.

3. (Fluid; Extractum sennæ fluidum, L.—Ph. (U. S.) Senna (in coarse powder), 2¹⁄₂ lbs.; spirit (at or near proof), 64 fl. oz.; macerate 24 hours, then act by displacement, subsequently adding weak spirit (1 of rectified spirit to 3 of water) until 10 pints of tincture are obtained; evaporate to 1 pint, filter, add sugar, 20 oz., and oil of fennel, 1 fl. dr. (dissolved in) compound spirit of ether, 2 fl. dr. Every fl. oz. represents 1 oz. of senna.

Extract of Smoke. Syn. Extractum fuliginis, L. Prep. 1. (Aqueous.) Wood-soot, 2 oz.; water, 1 pint; boil to 16 fl. oz., filter, and evaporate.

2. (Acetic.) Wood-soot, 2 oz.; distilled vinegar and water, of each, ¹⁄₂ pint; as the last. Formerly reputed antispasmodic, alterative, &c.—Dose, 3 to 6 gr., 2 three times a day; in dyspepsia, hysteria, cancer, scrofula, and various syphilitical affections.

Extract of Snake-root. See Extract of Senega.

Extract of Black Snake-root (fluid). Syn. Extractum cimicifugæ fluidum (Ph. U. S.). Prep. As FLUID EXTRACT OF CUBEBS. (Ph. U. S.)

Extract of Soap′wort. Syn. Extractum saponariæ, L. Prep. (P. Cod. & Ph. Bad.) From the dried roots of soapwort (Saponaria officinalis), as EXTRACT OF BISTORT—P. Cod. Aperient and alterative.—Dose, 15 gr. to ¹⁄₂ dr.

Extract of Spruce. See Essence of Spruce.

Extract of Squills. Syn. Extractum scillæ, L. Prep. 1. (Aqueous; E. s. aquosum.—a. (Ph. Baden.) From squills, as EXTRACT OF COLOCYNTH—Ph. L. (nearly).

b. (Ph. Bor.) From squills, as EXTRACT OF SENNA—Ph. Bor. (nearly), but using boiling water, avoiding ebullition during the evaporation, and powdering the residuum.—Dose, 1 to 5 gr.

2. (Alcoholic; Extractum scillæ alcoholicum, L.—P. Cod.) From the tincture prepared with proof spirit, by distillation and evaporation.—Dose, ¹⁄₂ to 3 gr., as an expectorant and diuretic, twice or thrice a day. In larger doses it is nauseant and emetic.

3. (Acetic; Extractum scillæ aceticum.) Digest powder of squills, 1 lb., in acetic acid, 3 oz.; and distilled water, 1 pint, with a gentle heat, for 48 hours.

Express strongly, and without straining; evaporate to a proper consistence. (One grain of this is said to equal three of the powder.)

Extract (fluid) of Stillingiæ. Syn. Extractum stillingæ fluidum (Ph. U. S.). Prep. Stillingia, in fine powder, 16 oz. (troy); macerate with 12 oz. (old measure) of rectified spirit; 3 oz. (old measure) of glycerin; and 1 oz. (old measure) of water, for four days in a closed percolator, and proceed as for FLUID EXTRACT OF COTTON-ROOT. (Ph. U. S.)

Extract of Stor′ax. See Styrax.

Extract of Stramo′′nium. Syn. Extract of thorn-apple; Extractum Stramonii, (Ph. L. & D.), L. Prep. 1. (B. P.) Pack stramonium seeds, coarsely powdered, in a percolator, and pass about their own weight of washed ether slowly through them, remove the ether, and set aside. Now pour over them proof spirit until the seeds are exhausted; distil off the spirit, and evaporate the residue by a water bath to a proper pill consistence.—Dose, ¹⁄₄ gr., gradually increasing.

2. (Ph. L.) Seeds of thorn-apple (Datura stramonium), 15 oz.; boiling distilled water, 1 gall.; macerate for 4 hours in a vessel lightly covered, near the fire; afterwards take out the seeds, bruise them in a stone mortar, and return them to the liquor; then boil down to 4 pints, strain whilst hot, and evaporate. The Ph. D. is similar. Product. (About) 12%, Anodyne and narcotic.—Dose, ¹⁄₄ gr. to ¹⁄₂ gr., gradually increased, twice or thrice a day; neuralgia, rheumatism, tic doloureux, spasmodic asthma, epilepsy, worms, &c.

3. (P. Cod. & Ph. U. S.) From the expressed juice of the fresh leaves, heated to boiling, and filtered. The P. Cod. also orders it to be prepared as EXTRACT OF ACONITE—Ph. L. Anodyne and narcotic.—Dose, ¹⁄₂ gr. to 1 gr.

Obs. On the large scale, this extract is prepared by expressing the juice of the fresh herb, and boiling the remainder in water; the juice and decoction are then mixed, filtered, and evaporated. 1¹⁄₂ cwt. of stramonium yielded 37 lbs. of juice, and this, with the decoction, gave 31 lbs. of extract. (Gray.)

4. (Alcoholic; Extractum stramonii—Ph. E., E. s. alcoholicum, L.)—a. (Ph. E. & Ph. U. S.) From the seeds (ground in a coffee-mill), by percolation with proof spirit. Product. (About) 14%; 1 lb. yielded 2¹⁄₄ oz. (Recluz.)

b. (P. Cod.) From the leaves, as EXTRACT OF ACONITE—P. Cod.—Dose, ¹⁄₄ gr. gradually increased. (See above.)

Extract of Suc′cory. Syn. Extractum chicorii, L. Prep. (Guibourt.) From the fresh root, as EXTRACT OF ACONITE—Ph. L. Aperient, deobstruent, and tonic.—Dose, 10 gr. to ¹⁄₂ dr.

Extract of Sweet Flag. Syn. Extractum acidi, E. calami aromatici, L. Prep. From the rhizomes, as EXTRACT OF RHUBARB—Ph. L. See Sweet Flag.

Extract of Tan′sy. Syn. Extractum tanaceti, L. Prep. 1. From the herb (Tanacetum vulgaris), as EXTRACT OF HOP—Ph. L.

2. (Giordano.) As EXTRACT OF HOREHOUND—Ph. Lusitan.

Obs. This extract is said to be tonic, stomachic, anthelmintic, emmenagogue, and febrifuge. Dr Clark says that in Scotland it was found to be serviceable in various cases of gout. The infusion is, however, preferable.—Dose, 5 gr. to 20 gr.

Extract of Taraxacum. Syn. Extract of dandelion; Extractum taraxaci (Ph. L. & E.), E. t. herbæ et radicis (Ph. D. 1826), L. Prep. 1. (B. P.) Crush fresh dandelion root, press out the juice, and allow it to deposit; heat the clear liquor to 212° F., and maintain the temperature for 10 minutes; then strain and evaporate by a water bath, at a temperature not exceeding 160° F. to a proper consistence.—Dose, 5 to 15 grains.

2. (Ph. L.) From the recent root of dandelion (Leontodon Taraxacum), as EXTRACT OF HOP—Ph. L. The formulæ of the Ph. E. & U. S. are nearly similar.

3. (Ph. D.) From the herb and root, as the other simple extracts (EXTRACTA SIMPLICIORA).

4. (P. Cod.) From the expressed juice, as EXTRACT OF STRAMONIUM—P. Cod.)

5. (Ph. Bor.) As EXTRACT OF SENNA—Ph. Bor. (nearly).

6. (Ph. Baden.) By displacement with cold water.

7. (Wholesale.) From the decoction.

8. (Fluid.) See Liquor of Taraxacum.

Obs. The extract of the shops is usually prepared by exhausting the root by coction with water. The products of the first two of the above formulæ, when recent, have a faint and agreeable odour, and a sweet bitter taste; those of Nos. 4, 5, and 6, smell strongly of the recent root, have a pale and lively brownish-yellow colour, and a bitter acidulous taste, without any trace of sweetness; that of the last one is devoid of odour, and possesses a coffee-brown colour, and a sweetish, burnt taste, not much unlike a solution of burnt sugar. The medicinal virtue of this extract is greatest when the aroma and bitter taste of the recent root is well developed; and when sweet, its efficacy as a remedy is impaired. (Squire.)

Taraxacum root should be gathered during the winter months, when the quantity of the product is looked at; as then a given weight of the juice yields more extract; but in summer and autumn it possesses more bitterness and aroma. 4 lbs. of juice from roots gathered in November and December yielded 1 lb. of extract, while it took from 6 to 9 lbs. of juice from the root, gathered in spring or summer, to yield a like quantity. (Squire.) The herb yields by the evaporation of its expressed juice about 5% of extract. According to Mr Jacob Bell, the average yield of 1 cwt. of root is about 7¹⁄₈ lbs. (‘Pharm Journ.,’ x, 446.)

Good extract of taraxacum should be wholly soluble in water.—Dose, 10 gr. to ¹⁄₂ dr.; as a resolvent, aperient, and tonic, in liver and stomach complaints, &c.

Extract of Tea. Syn. Extractum theæ, L. Prep. 1. From an infusion of any of the rougher kinds of black tea. Astringent. Has been recommended in diarrhœa; formed into pills.—Dose, 10 gr. to ¹⁄₂ dr. A hard, black-looking substance, smelling and tasting faintly of tea, is imported under the same name from China.

2. (Pidding’s.) The joint products of distillation and infusion combined. Proposed to be made in China, and exported as a condensed preparation of tea. (Essence of tea; Essentia theæ); to be used as a substitute for the leaves, in order to save the expense of freight, &c.

Extract of Thorn-Apple. See Extract of Stramonium.

Extract of Tobac′co. Syn. Extractum tabaci, E. Nicotianæ, L. Prep. 1. (Chippendale.) From decoction of tobacco. Proposed as an external application in neuralgia, &c.

2. (Alcoholic; Extractum tabaci alcoholicum, L.—Ph. Bor.) Tobacco leaves, 1 lb.; spirit (sp. gr. ·900), 2 lbs.; digest in a warm place for some days, express strongly, and again digest in a mixture of water and spirit (·900), of each, 1 lb., for 24 hours; again press out the liquor, and evaporate the strained and mixed liquors into a vapour bath, at a temperature not exceeding 167° Fahr.

Extract of Tor′mentil. Syn. Extractum tormentillæ, L. Prep. (Ph. Amst.) From the root of Potentilla Tormentilla, as EXTRACT OF HOPS—Ph. L. The Ph. Baden directs its preparation by displacement with cold water. Astringent and febrifuge.—Dose, 15 to 30 gr.; in diarrhœa. It was formerly regarded as a specific in syphilis. (Lindley.)

Extract of U′va Ur′si. See Extract of Whortleberry.

Extract of Valer′ian. Syn. Extractum valerianæ, L. Prep. 1. From valerian root, as EXTRACT OF HOP—Ph. L.; but using a covered vessel.

2. (Ph. Bor. and Baden.) As EXTRACT OF CINCHONA—Ph. L. (nearly), employing strong force in the expression of the liquor, and only evaporating to the consistence of syrup.

Obs. It is usual to add to this extract a little of the ESSENTIAL OIL OF VALERIAN, dissolved in a small quantity of rectified spirit, just before removing it from the evaporating-pan, and when nearly cold. Anti-spasmodic and nervine.—Dose, 10 gr. to ¹⁄₂ dr. In hysteric and spasmodic diseases. Valerian yields about 40% of soft extract.

3. (Alcoholic; Extractum valerianæ alcoholicum, L.—P. Cod.) As EXTRACT OF BOX.—P. Cod.

4. (Fluid; Extractum valerianæ fluidum, L.—Ph. U. S.). Rectified spirit, 12 fl. oz.; mix, add of valerian (in coarse powder), 8 oz. digest and percolate, adding, subsequently, spirit (at or near proof) until 16 fl. oz. of tincture have passed through; let this evaporate spontaneously, in a shallow vessel, until reduced to 5 fl. oz.; in the meantime add fresh spirit to the mass in the percolator, until 10 fl. oz. more of tincture are obtained, which add to the above residuum of the evaporation, observing to dissolve any oleo-resinous deposit in a little rectified spirit, and add to it to the rest; lastly, filter, and add of rectified spirit, q. s. to make the whole measure 16 fl. oz.

Extract of Vanil′la. See Liquor of Vanilla.

Extract of Wall Pel′litory. Syn. Extractum parietariæ, L. Prep. From fresh wall-pellitory (Parietaria officinalis), as EXTRACT OF ACONITE—Ph. L. Aperient, diuretic, and pectoral.—Dose, 10 gr. to ¹⁄₂ dr.

Extract of Wal′nut. Syn. Extractum juglandis immaturæ, L. Prep. 1. From unripe walnuts (Juglans regia), as EXTRACT OF ACONITE—Ph. L.

2. From the decoction of the green shells. Vermifuge.—Dose, 20 to 30 gr. in cinnamon water.

Extract of Walnut Leaves. Syn. Extractum juglandis foliorum, L. Prep. 1. From the decoction of dried walnut leaves.

2. (Soubeiran.) By displacement with tepid water. Diaphoretic and alterative.—Dose, 2 to 4 gr., twice or thrice a day; in scrofula, scirrhus, &c.

3. (Alcoholic; Extractum juglandis foliorum alcoholicum, L.—Ph. Bor.) From walnut leaves (cut), as ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF TOBACCO—Ph. Bor. (nearly).

Extract of Wa′ter-dock. Syn. Extractum rumicis aquatici, L. Prep. From the root, as EXTRACT OF HOPS, Ph. L. Astringent and antiscorbutic.—Dose, 15 gr. to 1 dr.; in skin diseases, &c.

Extract of Whor′tleberry. Syn. Extract of bearberry; Extractum uvæ ursi. (Ph. L.), L. Prep. 1. From the dried leaves of the bearberry (Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi), as EXTRACT OF HOPS—Ph. L.—Dose, 5 to 15 gr., twice or thrice a day; in chronic diseases of the bladder and kidneys, attended with increased secretion of mucus, without inflammation.

2. (Ph. U. S. Extractum uvi-ursi eluidum.) As fluid extract of cotton-root. (Ph. U. S.)

Extract of Willow Bark. Syn. Extractum salicis. (Ph. Par.) From Powdered willow bark, as EXTRACT OF RHATANY.

Extract of Win′ter Cher′ry. Syn. Extractum alkekengi, L. Prep. From the berries of Physalis alkekengi, as EXTRACT OF ELDER. Aperient, detergent, and diuretic. Dose, 2 to 4 dr.

Extract of Win′ter-green. Syn. Extract of pipsissewa; Extractum chimaphilæ, L. Prep. From the herb winter-green or pipsissewa (Chimaphila umbellata), as EXTRACT OF HOPS—Ph. L.—Dose, 10 gr. to ¹⁄₂ dr.; in dropsy, scrofula, and chronic affections of the urinary organs.

Extract of Wood Sor′rel. Syn. Extractum acetosellæ, L. Prep. (Pideret.) From the expressed juice of the fresh herb (Oxalis acetosella.) Acid, bitter, and antiscorbutic.—Dose, 15 gr. to ¹⁄₂ dr.

Extract of Worm Grass. See Extract of Pinkroot.

Extract of Worm′seed. Syn. Extractum cinæ æthereum, E. seminum c. æ., L. Prep. (Hamb. Cod. 1845.) Wormseed, 1 oz.; ether, 4 oz.; digest 3 or 4 days, press, filter, distil off 4-5ths, and evaporate the residuum to a proper consistence. Prod. 25% to 30%. Vermifuge.—Dose, 3 to 10 gr., night and morning, for 2 or 3 successive days, followed by a brisk purge.

Extract of Worm-wood. Syn. Extractum absinthii; Extractum artemesiæ absinthii, L. Prep. 1. (Ph. D., 1826.) From the dried flowering tops of wormwood, as the other simple extracts (EXTRACTA SIMPLICIORA—Ph. D.)

2. (Ph. Bor.) As EXTRACT OF RHATANY—Ph. Bor.

3. (P. Cod. and Ph. Baden.) By displacement by cold water.

Obs. Bitter, stomachic, tonic, and vermifuge.—Dose, 10 gr. to 20 gr., 2 or 3 times daily; in dyspepsia, loss of appetite, gout, &c. It is usual to add a few drops of the oil of wormwood to the extract before taking it from the pan.

4. (Alcoholic; Extractum absinthii alcoholicum, L.— Guibourt.) From a tincture prepared from the dried tops of wormwood boiled in proof spirit. More active than the last.

Extract of Yew. Syn. Extractum taxi, L. Prep. 1. (Loder.) From the inspissated juice of the fresh leaves of the yew (Taxus baccata). Its action on the circulation greatly resembles that of digitalis, but is more manageable.—Dose, 1 to 7 gr.; in epilepsy, &c.

2. (Alcoholic,—Ph. Baden.) From the dried leaves, as ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF ACONITE—Ph. Baden.

Obs. In addition to the preparations given above, there are many others which are often called ‘EXTRACTS,’ These may be grouped under the following heads:—

Extracts, Concentra′ted. Syn. Resinoids. Pharmaceutical preparations of more or less value, largely employed by the American physicians who style themselves ‘ECLECTICS,’ They are supposed to present in the most concentrated form the medicinal virtues of the plants from which they are derived. See Resinoids.

Extracts, Fluid. Syn. Extracta fluida, Extracta liquida, L. This name has been applied in modern pharmacy to various preparations differing materially from each other in their degree of fluidity and concentration. Some of these have been already noticed, and others will be found under one or other of their synonyms. Much confusion would be avoided by confining the name ‘FLUID EXTRACT’ to those preparations only which differ from the ordinary officinal extracts in being in the liquid form; whilst others of a like character, but of less consistence or concentration, might be conveniently classed under the general denomination of ‘LIQUORS’ (LIQUORES, L.). The various condensed preparations of vegetable substances, now common in trade, professedly several times stronger than the common DECOCTIONS, INFUSIONS, and TINCTURES, might be simply and advantageously distinguished by the addition of ‘CONCENTRATED’ to their names. Tinctures made with rectified spirit, and of (say) at least 8 times the usual strength, might be appropriately termed ‘ESSENCES,’ See Decoction, Essence, Extract, Infusion, Oleo-resin, Syrup, Tincture, &c.

Extracts, Perfu′matory. See Extrait.

Extracts, Pulver′ulent. Syn. Dried extracts, Desiccated e.; Saccharated e.; Extracta pulverata, E. sicca, E. cum saccharo, L. Prep. 1. Ordinary soft extract of the drug, 4 parts; white sugar (in powder), 1 part; mix, and dry by exposure in a warm situation; lastly, reduce the mass to powder, and if it weighs less than 4 parts, triturate it with more powdered sugar until its weight is equal to the original weight of the extract used in its preparation. The strength of the extract thus continues unchanged.

2. (Ph. Bor.) As the last, but using powdered sugar of milk, in lieu of cane sugar.

3. (Gauger.) Alcoholic extract, 3 parts, rectified spirit, 1 part, are triturated together in a porcelain mortar until thoroughly incorporated, when white sugar (in powder), 15 oz., is gradually added, and the two carefully and completely blended together; the mixture is dried as before, and more sugar added until the whole weighs exactly 18 oz. Six grains represent one grain of the unprepared extract.

Obs. The above are admirable preparations, intended chiefly to render the perishable extracts of the narcotic plants (EXTRACTA NARCOTICA) less liable to suffer by age. See Extract of Aconite (Saccharated), &c.

EXTRAC′TIVE. Syn. Extractive principle. Fourcroy entertained the belief that all vegetable extracts contained a common basis of definite composition, to which he gave the name of extractive. Chevreul and other chemists have shown, however, that Fourcroy’s extractive is not a chemical compound but a heterogeneous mixture, varying in composition with the plant from which it is obtained. Extractive has a brown colour, or one becoming so in the air; it speedily putrefies, and becomes oxidised, and is rendered insoluble by long exposure to air, and by repeated solutions and evaporations. In its unaltered state it is soluble in water and in alcohol, is nearly insoluble in ether, and is precipitated from its solutions by the acids and metallic oxides. With alumina it forms the basis of several brown dyes.

EXTRAIT. [Fr.] Literally an extract. Among perfumers, extraits are mostly spirituous solutions of the essential oils or odorous principles of plants and other fragrant substance. The French commonly apply the term to any concentrated spirit, either simple or compound. In the shops of the Parisian perfumers upwards of 60 preparations of the kind are distinguished by this name. The extracts of JASMINE, JONQUIL, MAY-LILY, ORANGE BLOSSOMS, VIOLETS, and other like flowers of delicate perfume, are obtained by agitating and digesting the ‘huiles’ and ‘pomades’ of the flowers with the purest rectified spirit in the manner described under Scented Spirits (‘esprits’). This process is repeated with fresh oil or pomade until the spirit is rendered sufficiently fragrant. The other extracts (both simple and compound) are made by the common methods of infusion and distillation. See Essence, Extract, Spirit, &c.

EYE. In anatomy and physiology, the organ of vision. In order that vision may be distinct, it is necessary that the pencil of rays diverging from each point of the object and entering the pupil should converge to a focus on the retina. Near-sightedness (‘MYOPIA,’ L.) is due to the too great convexity of either the ‘lens’ or ‘cornea,’ causing the rays to converge to a focus before reaching the retina. The spectacles worn by myopic persons have concave glasses, which, by increasing the divergence of the rays falling upon the eye, have the effect of carrying back each focal point towards the retina. In the long sight of old people (‘PRESBYOPIA,’ L.) the foci of the refracted pencils are situated behind the retina, the ‘lens’ or the ‘cornea’ being not sufficiently convex. This defect is corrected by convex glasses, which increase the convergence of the incident rays.

Foreign Bodies in the Eye.—Particles of dust, small insects, hairs, and such like minute bodies frequently get under the eyelid, and thus become a source of considerable discomfort, and very frequently of great pain. Hence the necessity of their prompt removal. In order to effect this the inside of the lids should be so exposed as to reveal the intruding substance. The lower lid may be easily turned down so as to show the inner surface, but the upper lid cannot be so easily manipulated. The end, however, may be attained by taking firm hold of the lid with the finger and thumb, drawing it downward and forward, placing a quill or a small pencil-case on the outer upper part, and turning the lid backwards over it. When the annoying particle is seen it should be removed by gently drawing over it, with a wiping motion, a piece of rag or linen handkerchief, wrapped round the finger, or by means of a camel-hair brush, if this latter be at hand.

If these means fail to remove it, and it should be imbedded too firmly in the membrane, it may be picked off with a tooth-pick, the end of a pair of tweezers, a fine ivory paper-knife, or with a stiff hair from a clothes-brush bent at right angles. If lime-dust has blown into the eye it is only the larger particles that can be removed in this manner; the finer particles may be dissolved out by washing the eye with a lotion made of one part of common vinegar and two parts of water. A drop or two of pure sugar syrup will also frequently dissolve the lime. When a powerfully destructive substance, such, for instance, as sulphuric acid or oil of vitriol, is, as sometimes happens, thrown by some person into the eye, the best course is to wash it out with a solution containing four grains of washing soda in an ounce of water. This should be done as quickly as possible, and pending the time the soda lotion is being got ready, the eye, being kept open, should be diligently washed with cold water. Grains of gunpowder should be carefully removed. Hot fluid, such as melted fat or pitch, may be got rid of by putting into the eye a few drops of almond or olive oil.

Upon removal of the foreign body the pain generally subsides; but it sometimes happens that the membranes may be lacerated, in which case more or less inflammation may ensue. Under these circumstances a medical practitioner should be consulted. For animals the same treatment may be followed. See Blindness, Colour Blindness, Vision, &c.

Eye Balsam, Vegetable (Martin Reichel, Würzburg). Opium, 5 parts; oxide of mercury, 5 parts; camphor, 2 parts; wax cerate, 52 parts. (Hager.)

Eye Drops. See Water (Eye).

Eye Essence (Dr Romershausen). A tincture prepared from fennel seeds and fresh young fennel. (Hager.)

Eye Powder (Laeyson, Paris), also known as Odorous Powder. For the strengthening, restoration, and preservation of the sight. A powder composed of—Burnt chalk, 100 parts; ammonia, 50 parts; charcoal, 6 parts; oxide of iron, 2 parts; cinnamon bark, 2 parts. (P. L. Geiger.)

Eye Pow′ders. See Collyria.

Eye Salt. Powdered alum. (G. Graefe.)

Eye Salve. See Ointment (Eye).

Eye Snuff. See Snuff.

Eye Water (Biedermann, Annaberg). 2 grms. sulphate of zinc in 60 grms. distilled water, with a little infusion of cloves.

Eye Water (Brun) is a solution of 4 parts of aloes in 32 parts of white wine, with 32 parts of rose water, and 1¹⁄₂ part of tincture of saffron.

Eye Water (Chantomelanus) “makes spectacles superfluous.” A turbid yellow-brownish liquid, consisting of a weak extract of lavender flowers in diluted spirit, in which some oil of lavender has also been dissolved. (Opwyrda.)

Eye Water, Dr Graefe’s (L. Roth, Berlin). Sulphate of zinc, 1·5 grms.; fennel water, 100 grms., slightly coloured with fennel seed tincture. (Schädler.)

Eye Water (J. P. H. Hette). A solution of ethereal oils of lavender, bergamot, rosemary, and tincture of opium in spirits of wine, 50 per cent. (Wittstein.)

Eye Water (Bernhard Kraft, Calbe) for acute inflammation of the eyes and for strengthening the sight. Seven grammes of an impure muddy sediment-leaving spring water containing half a gramme of native sulphate of zinc containing iron. (Schädler.)

Eye Water (Inspector Stroinski, Neisse). One part of sulphate of zinc dissolved in 500 parts of common river water. (Schreiber.)

Once a trace of patchouli perfume was added to this water. (Hager.)

Eye Water, Dr White’s (T. Ehrhard, Altenfeld, Thuringia). Four cloves, a piece of cinnamon the size of a large pea, 2 teaspoonfuls of rose water, 1 drop of vinegar, 10 drops of arnica tincture. Digest for an hour and filter. Dissolve in the filtrate some white vitriol of the size of a pea. (Hager.)

Sulphate of zinc, 3 parts; honey, 4 parts; water, 80 parts; perfumed with oil of cloves and a trace of mustard oil. (Wittstein.)

Eye Waters. See Water.

FACE A′GUE. The common name for the intermittent form of facial NEURALGIA or TIC DOULOUREUX. See Neuralgia.

FACE PAINTS. Syn. Fards, Fr. See Bloom, Carmine, Pearl White, Rouge, &c.

FAC-SIM′ILE. An exact imitation of an original in all its traits and peculiarities. The term is chiefly used in relation to copies of old manuscripts, or of the handwriting of famous men, or of interesting documents, produced by engraving or lithography. See Signatures.

FACTI′′TIOUS. Syn. Factitius, L. Artificial; made by art, in distinction from that produced by nature. Numerous illustrations of the application of this word occur in the pages of the present work.

FÆCES. Excrement. In the laboratory, the ‘settling’ or sediment deposited by a liquor. See Defecation, Excreta.

FAINT′ING. Syn. Swooning; Syncope, Deliquium animi, L. In pathology, a state in which the respiration and circulation are apparently suspended for a time, or are extremely feeble. The symptoms are too well known to require description. The causes are supposed to be—diminished energy of the brain, and organic affections of the heart or neighbouring vessels. This has led nosologists to divide syncope into two varieties:—

1. Occasional (syncope occasionalis, s. accidentalis, L.), primitively induced by sudden and violent emotions of the mind, powerful odours, derangement of the stomach or bowels, constrained position of the body, tight-lacing, pressure, loss of blood, debility from disease, &c. This variety is frequently followed by vomiting, and, occasionally, by convulsions or epileptic fits. The recovery is accelerated by the horizontal position, without the head being the least elevated, by which the arterial blood is more vigorously thrown upon the brain, and thereby stimulates it to resume its usual functions. Pungent substances (smelling-bottle, vinaigrette, &c.) may be applied to the nostrils, and cold water sprinkled on the face and chest. In all cases the dress (corset, waist-band, neck-cloth, &c.) should be instantly loosened, and indeed this is the first assistance which should be given, either in syncope or apoplexy. As soon as the patient can swallow, a little brandy-and-water, or wine, or a few drops of ether or spirit of sal volatile, may be given.

2. Cardiac (syncope cardiaca, L.), arising without any apparent cause, with violent palpitation during the intervals, and altogether of a more formidable character than the preceding. The subsequent treatment must here be directed to the cure or alleviation of the original disease.

FAINTS. The first and last runnings of the whiskey-still. The one is technically termed the ‘strong faints,’ the other, the ‘weak faints.’ They are both purified by rectification, &c. See Distillation.

FAITH. Dr Pereira remarks, that “faith in the beneficial agency of remedies, and confidence in the skill of the medical attendant, are important adjuvants in the treatment of disease. To them both the physician and empiric owe part of their success.”

FAL′LING SICK′NESS. See Epilepsy.

FAMILIENSALBE, Family Ointment (Göring). 16 grammes of a hard yellow salve in a round box; a mixture of 9 parts wax, 3 parts fat; 2 parts turpentine, 2 parts inspissated juice of Ornithogalium scilloides Jacquin, or O. candatum Aiton. These plants are known to the public as Meerzwiebel (sea onion or squill), but they are only related to that plant in appearance. (Hager.)

FAR′CY. See Glanders.

FARDEL-BOUND. Syn. Clue-bound, Wood-evil. An affection of the third stomach of cattle, induced by their unduly partaking of coarse indigestible food. Cattle are most commonly attacked by fardel in summer and autumn, when they are able to get at tough, strong, and hard grass. It is also frequently caused by rye-grass in seed and ripe vetches, as well as by eating largely of the shoots of trees or the cuttings of hedges, a circumstance which has given rise to the disease being called ‘wood-evil.’ Sometimes an attack may be brought on through over-feeding, combined with a deficiency of water. The symptoms vary greatly in intensity, and are often some days before they definitely manifest themselves. The animal ceases to ruminate, refuses food, and, if a cow, the secretion of milk is stopped. Then, after a day or two fever (indicated by heat and dryness in the nose and mouth) comes on, with somewhat quickened circulation and breathing, the breathing by the second or third day being accompanied by a grunt at the beginning and end of respiration, which is very noticeable when an attempt is made to move the animal.

In all attacks the animal suffers from obstinate constipation. The first stomach is frequently much distended, and if any fæces are passed they are caked, dark coloured, and of variable consistence.

When the disease is attended with most of these symptoms, the animal may live ten days or a fortnight; but unless relief is afforded, nausea very frequently sets in, and continues to increase, the pulse at the same time getting gradually weaker, and the strength failing. In some instances the animal has an epileptic fit, and in others death is preceded by great stupor; whilst in others, again, if it be a horse, it is attacked with stomach staggers.

“The treatment consists in removing the obstinate constipation by powerful purgatives, advantage being taken to gain their utmost efficacy by combining several together, and giving them along with plenty of fluid.

“Three-quarters of a pound each of Epsom and of common salt, twenty croton beans, and a drachm of calomel, will suffice for a full-grown, middle-sized ox or cow, and must be administered in three or four bottles of water or very thin gruel. In this disease there is little fear of giving too much medicine.

“The action of the purgatives is greatly expedited by the use of occasional stimulants, which in diseases of the digestive organs of cattle may be given without fear of engendering or aggravating inflammation. Every encouragement must be used to get the animal to drink, for large quantities of fluid are obviously most essential in washing out the obstruction which causes the evil. The cessation of the grunt, the passage of some hard cakes of dung, with the subsequent abatement of the fever, are the signs of amendment for which we watch; but even after the first movement of the bowels considerable attention, a sloppy diet, and several doses of purgative medicine, are requisite to empty the canal and prevent the recurrence of the obstruction. If twenty hours elapse after the administration of the above combination without any action of the bowels, the same dose may be repeated, along with a good quantity of some stimulant, such as a bottle of ale, with two ounces of oil of turpentine and two ounces of ginger. Half the quantity of the purgative may be given at the end of a like interval, if no effect be produced; but the further employment of purgatives is injurious, inasmuch as it increases the nausea without expediting the action of the bowels.

“A week will sometimes elapse without any alvine evacuation; in some cases I have known ten or eleven days, and in some fifteen days. Yet even in these recovery took place; and so long as stupor and frenzy are staved off, there is always hope of a cure. After the prompt and energetic adoption of the treatment recommended, little further remains to be done except to withhold all solid indigestible food, administer frequent quantities of water, or any simple fluid, which must be horned over if the beast will not take it; allow also plenty of treacle, and encourage the action of the medicine by clysters, scalding the belly, and occasional exercise. Blood-letting is not only useless, but even injurious.” (Finlay Dun.)

FAR′INA. The flour of any species of corn, pulse, tuber, or starchy root. The most important kinds of farina are noticed under their respective heads. The following dietetic articles of a farinaceous character are extensively advertised:—

Baker’s Alimentary Compound. Fine flour (pastrycook’s), 2 parts; finely ground rice, 1 part.

Baster’s Compound Farina. Wheat flour, 14 oz.; white sugar, 2 oz.

Braden’s Farinaceous Food. Similar to Hard’s (below).

Bright’s Nutritious Farina. Rice flour and potato starch, equal parts.

Bright’s Breakfast Powder. Chocolate, 1 part; nutritious farina (Bright’s) 2 parts.

Bullock’s Semola. Wheat flour, from which a portion of the starch has been removed, so as to leave an excess of gluten.

Denham’s Farinaceous Food. Wheat flour, 3 parts; barley meal, 1 part; the mixture is slightly baked, and again ground and sifted. Said to be slightly laxative.

Duryea’s Maizena. Indian corn starch prepared for food.

Gardiner’s Alimentary Preparation. Pure rice flour, very finely ground.

Hard’s Farinaceous Food. Wheat flour, slightly baked, and resifted.

Kingsford’s Oswego Prepared Corn. An excellent preparation of Indian corn.

Leath’s Alimentary Farina. Wheat flour (baked), with some sugar, Indian corn meal, and tapioca. According to some, it also contains potato starch.

Maidman’s Nutritious Farina. Potato starch tinged with beet-root or other pink colouring matter.

Plumbe’s Farinaceous Food. South-sea arrow-root, with about 1-3rd its weight of pea flour.

Polson’s Corn Flour. The starch of Indian corn or maize prepared with great care. It is much used as a substitute for arrow-root, and for custards, puddings, &c.

Smith’s Nursing Farina. Equal parts of baked wheat flour and rice flour.

Obs. Many of the above compounds are deficient in the nitrogenous elements of nutrition, and all of them nearly destitute of the mineral and saline matters which are absolutely necessary to the formation of the bones and tissues, and the support of the body in health, and are consequently utterly unsuitable as an exclusive article of diet, especially for young children. Unfortunately, it has been too much the fashion of medical men of late years to recommend these compounds, and even to furnish testimonials as to their excellence, apparently relying solely on the representation of their proprietors or vendors. We deem it, however, to be a public duty to caution parents and nurses against their injudicious use. As mere adjuvants or auxiliaries, when the natural food supplied by the mother may be insufficient for the nutrition of the infant, some of them may doubtless be of value; but in all other cases they should be largely combined with pure cow’s milk, beef tea, meat broths or gravies, eggs, or other substances rich in the nitrogenous and saline elements of nutrition.

FARM′ING. The business or management of a FARM. Formerly farming was looked upon as a profession easily understood, and successfully pursued only by an empiric. It is now, however, regarded in a different light, and the farmer, to succeed, not only requires perseverance and observation, but also a sound knowledge of natural sciences. See Butter, Cheese, Implements, Manures, Soils, &c.

FARMS, SEWAGE. See Sewage Farms.

FAT. Syn. Adeps, L. The fat of animals is a concrete oil contained in the cellular membrane of their bodies, more especially round the kidneys, in the folds of the omentum, at the base of the heart, upon the surface of the intestines, and among many of the muscles. Fat varies in consistence, colour, and odour, with the animal from which it is obtained. That of the carnivora is usually soft and rank-flavoured; that of the ruminantia solid and nearly scentless. It is generally whitest and most copious in the well-fed young animal, and yellowish and more scanty in the old. That under the skin and surrounding the kidneys (suet) is also more solid than that in the neighbourhood of the movable viscera. In the cetacea, or whale tribe, the fatty secretion assumes the form of oil. These variations in consistency depend upon the relative proportions of solid stearin and liquid olein present in the fat.

The vegetable fats are found in various parts of certain plants, but are generally most abundant in the seeds. They are extracted by simple pressure or else by boiling. Two kinds of vegetable fat, namely, palm-oil and cocoa-nut oil, are extensively employed in the useful arts.

All fats are lighter than water. They are all soluble in ether, benzol, and turpentine, and may be mixed with each other in any proportion.

In former times the fats of many animals were employed in pharmacy, but at present those principally used are lard and suet. In perfumery, in addition to these, beef marrow and bear’s grease are employed. For both these purposes the crude material is cut into small pieces, and freed as much as possible from all extraneous membranes; after which it is placed in a boiler with water, and heated until it is completely fused, when the whole is strained, and allowed to cool very slowly. By this means a cake of cleansed fat is obtained, which may be readily separated from any adhering water.

Fats and the fat oils are best preserved by being run into glazed jars, and secluded from the action of the air. A little benzoic acid or gum-benzoin, dissolved in them by heat, will generally prevent, and in all cases greatly defer, the accession of rancidity. We introduced this method into the laboratory in our early days of manipulation, and ourselves, and others to whom we have made it known, have since employed it with undeviating advantage in the manufacture of cerates, ointments, and other preparations containing fatty matter or the fixed oils. It has been shown by Dr Griesler that nitric ether, and its alcoholic solution, act in the same manner. A few drops are not only sufficient to prevent rancidity, but, it is said, will even destroy the disagreeable odour of rancid fat. When heated to remove the alcohol, they immediately become bright, clear, and scentless. See Oil, Glycerin, Olein, Palmitin, Stearin, Tallow, &c., also below.

Fat, to melt down. Let all the small pieces of fat cut off joints, &c., be collected, divided into small pieces, put in a stew pan (a little water being added to prevent their burning), and placed on the fire. This must be stirred carefully at intervals to prevent any of the pieces of fat sticking to the bottom.

When thoroughly melted (which it will be in about an hour and a half) pour through a strainer into a basin with some cold water in it. Thus prepared, dripping or fat may be used instead of suet, and there are few who would know any difference between them. Dripping, if clarified as above, may be used over and over again for frying, provided it has not been previously employed in dressing fish, in which case it will impart a fishy taste. But it can be used repeatedly for fish if it is kept for that purpose only. The skimmings off the top of the saucepans, while a piece of meat is boiling, will also do capitally for light puddings.[296]

FAT′TY ACIDS. In chemistry, compounds having acid properties derived from the various fats and oils. The radicals of these acids exist in the natural fats combined with a base called glyceryl. When fats are saponified by an alkali, stearate, palmitate, and oleate of potassa or soda, as the case may be, are produced and glycerin is set free. On decomposing either of these compounds with sulphuric acid a sulphate of the alkali is formed, and the fatty acid is precipitated. Some of the fatty acids, as stearic, cerotic, palmitic, and lauric, are solid at ordinary temperatures; others, as oleic, are liquid. The hard fatty acids are extensively used as candle materials, being superior in every respect to the natural fats from which they are derived.

FAT′TENING. Until comparatively a recent date, the plan used to fatten domestic animals was to prevent their taking exercise, and to gorge them with food. The excessive fat produced by these means was, however, found to be far from wholesome, and was less delicate than that arising in the natural way. This system was therefore gradually abandoned in favour of the present one, which consists in supplying the animal with abundance of wholesome food, and with the means of taking exercise as far as the disposition or feelings dictate. Hence the farmers “in the most enlightened districts, such as Berwickshire, East Lothian, &c., instead of tying up their fattening cattle in stables like horses, and placing their food before them, put two or three together in small yards with sheds attached, in which they can run about, eat when they choose, and take shelter from the rain, or cold, or the sun, at pleasure, under the open shed. Swine are treated in the same manner, and also spring lambs that are fattened for the market. Poultry are no longer kept in coops and crammed, or rabbits in hutches; but the former are allowed to take exercise in fields sown with various herbs, and the latter are kept in a species of artificial warren, where they can take exercise by burrowing.” (Loudon.)

FAVOURITE PRESCRIPTION (Dr Pierce’s) for the cure of those chronic weaknesses and complaints peculiar to females. 280 grammes of a turbid greenish-brown fluid with a bulky deposit of the same colour, made according to the following recipe:—Savin tops, 10 grammes; larch agaric and cinnamon, of each 5 grammes; China Jaën (ash cinchona bark), 10 grammes; boil with sufficient water to make 220 grammes when strained. Dissolve in the filtrate gum Arabic, 10 grammes; white sugar, 5 grammes; and add tinct. digitalis and tinct. opii, of each 2 grammes; star anise oil, 8 drops; 90 per cent. spirit, 45 grammes. (Hager.)

FEAR. Although fear is a depressing and debilitating emotion, and sometimes acts prejudicially on the health, it frequently acts as a curative or preventive of disease. It is a well-known fact that females who are the most faint-hearted and desponding during the period of their sex’s trial, generally experience a more rapid convalescence than those who are more confident and resolute. During the raging of an epidemic fear generally induces temperance, cleanliness, and the adoption of other precautions which tend powerfully to prevent disease. Boerhaave, according to Pereira, is said to have prevented the occurrence of epileptic attack (brought on by the sight of a person falling down in a fit in the sight of the hospital patients), by directing a red-hot iron to be applied to the person who should next be affected.

FEA′THERS. Ostrich feathers are those most esteemed as articles of personal decoration, and goose feathers for beds; but the feathers of other birds are commonly used for both purposes.

Feathers are prepared for ornamental purposes by scouring them with white soap-and-water (1 oz. to the pint), used hot; they are next well rinsed in several successive portions of pure water, and after being drained and shaken, are, lastly, passed through water slightly blued with pure indigo, and dried out of the dust. When dry, the ribs are generally rubbed with a piece of glass, having a curved notch in it, for the purpose of increasing their pliancy, and the filaments are curled by drawing them, between the edge of a blunt knife and the ball of the thumb of the hand which holds it.

Feathers, Bleaching of:—

A new trade has sprung up within the past ten years, by which black, brown, or grey feathers are bleached sufficiently to enable them to be dyed any required colour.

The process is as follows:—The feathers are first thoroughly washed with soap-and-water, to free them from any oil they may contain. They are next transferred to a bath composed of bichromate of potash dissolved in water, to which has been added a few drops of nitric or sulphuric acid. In this bath they rapidly lose their black, brown, or grey colour, and become almost white. On being removed from this bath they are well rinsed in water, and are then fit to be dyed, even the most delicate colour. Great care is required in the process, as the flue of the feather is apt to be destroyed, if kept too long in the bath. A bleached feather may be readily known by the yellow colour of its stem.

Other methods have been adopted, such as a bath of chloride of lime, peroxide of hydrogen, or sulphurous acid, &c., but the bichromate bath gives the best results.

Feathers, Dyeing of:—

Black. By immersion for 2 or 3 days in a bath (at first hot) of logwood, 8 parts, and copperas or acetate of iron, (about) 1 part.

Blue. With the indigo vat.

Brown. By any of the brown dyes for silk or woollen.

Crimson. A mordant of alum, followed by a hot bath of brazil wood, and afterwards by a weak one of cudbear.

Pink or Rose. With safflower and lemon juice.

Plum. The red dye, followed by alkaline bath.

Red. A mordant of alum, followed by a hot brazil-wood bath.

Yellow. From an alum mordant, followed by a bath of turmeric or weld. Other shades may be obtained by a mixture of the above dyes.

Feathers may also be dyed by simple immersion, for two or three minutes, in a bath of any of the aniline colours.

Goose feathers for BEDS are generally PURIFIED by simply exposing them to the sun or in a stove until perfectly dry, and then beating them to remove loose dirt. When carelessly collected and dirty, they are sometimes first cleansed with lime water, or, better still, with a weak solution of carbonate of soda, or water to which a little solution of chloride of lime has been added; after which they are rinsed in clean water, and dried or stoved as before. Old feathers are cleansed or purified in the same way.

FEB′RIFUGES. Syn. Febrifuga, L. In pharmacy, substances or agents which cure or alleviate fever. The term is more particularly applied to medicines used against the ague, as CINCHONA BARK and ARSENIOUS ACID, and their preparations. The extreme value of cold water, as a drink in ardent fever, has been known in all ages. In 1723 Dr Hancocke published a work entitled—‘Febrifugum Magnum, or Common Water the best Cure for Fevers, and probably for the Plague,’ which in a short time ran through several large editions, but appears to have been overlooked by the hydropaths of the present day.

FEC′ULA. Syn. Fæcula, L. The matter which subsides from cold water in which bruised or rasped vegetable substances have been washed. The fecula obtained from the seeds of the cereals and leguminosæ, and from tuberous or bulbous roots, consists of nearly pure STARCH. In some cases the starch is associated with the green colouring matter (CHLOROPHYLL) and the narcotic principles of the vegetables which yield it. The green fecula obtained by straining the expressed juices of the leaves and herbaceous parts of plants is of this character.

The fecula of all the amylaceous roots, rhizomes, and tubers, may be easily obtained, on the small scale, by rasping them, pressing, and working the pulp in cold water, and after straining the resulting milky liquid through a hair sieve, allowing it to settle. The sediment may be again washed by diffusion through clean cold water, and must be, lastly, collected, and dried out of the dust, and, without artificial heat.

The fecula of narcotic plants for medicinal purposes is obtained by allowing the expressed juice to repose for 24 hours, and then decanting the clear portion, and drying the residue. Sometimes heat is employed. See Arrow-root, Starch, &c.