Volume 2 / Part 3 — CHAPTER XXXIV. AND LAST (continued 3)

8.—La Couvade. (Vol. ii. p. 91.)

Mr. H. Ling Roth has given an interesting paper entitled On the Signification of Couvade, in the Journ. Anthropological Institute, XXII. 1893, pp. 204–243. He writes (pp. 221–222):—“From this survey it would seem in the first place that we want a great deal more information about the custom in the widely isolated cases where it has been reported, and secondly, that the authenticity of some of the reported cases is doubtful in consequence of authors repeating their predecessors’ tales, as Colquhoun did Marco Polo’s, and V. der Haart did Schouten’s. I should not be at all surprised if ultimately both Polo’s and Schouten’s accounts turned out to be myths, both these travellers making their records at a time when the Old World was full of the tales of the New, so that in the end, we may yet find the custom is not, nor ever has been, so widespread as is generally supposed to have been the case.”

I do not very well see how Polo, in the 13th and 14th centuries could make his record at a time when the Old World was full of the tales of the New, discovered at the end of the 15th century! Unless Mr. Ling Roth supposes the Venetian Traveller acquainted with the various theories of the Pre-Columbian discovery of America!!

9.—Alacan. (Vol. ii. pp. 255 and 261.)

Dr. G. Schlegel writes, in the T’oung Pao (May, 1898, p. 153): “Abakan or Abachan ought to be written Alahan. His name is written by the Chinese Ats’zehan and by the Japanese Asikan; but this is because they have both confounded the character lah with the character ts’ze; the old sound of [the last] character [of the name] was kan and is always used by the Chinese when wanting to transcribe the title Khan or Chan. Marco Polo’s Abacan is a clerical error for Alacan.”

10.—Champa. (Vol. ii. p. 268.)

In Ma Huan’s account of the Kingdom of Siam, transl. by Mr. Phillips (Jour. China B. R. A. S., XXI. 1886, pp. 35–36) we read: “Their marriage ceremonies are as follows:—They first invite the priest to conduct the bridegroom to the bride’s house, and on arrival there the priest exacts the ‘droit seigneurial,’ and then she is introduced to the bridegroom.”

11.—Ruck Quills. (Vol. ii. p. 421.)

Regarding Ruck Quills, Sir H. Yule wrote in the Academy, 22nd March, 1884, pp. 204–405:—

“I suggested that this might possibly have been some vegetable production, such as a great frond of the Ravenala (Urania speciosa) cooked to pass as a ruc’s quill. (Marco Polo, first edition, ii. 354; second edition, ii. 414.) Mr. Sibree, in his excellent book on Madagascar (The Great African Island, 1880) noticed this, but said:

“‘It is much more likely that they [the ruc’s quills] were the immensely long midribs of the leaves of the rofia palm. These are from twenty to thirty feet long, and are not at all unlike an enormous quill stripped of the feathering portion’” (p. 55).

In another passage he describes the palm, Sagus ruffia (? raphia):

“The rofia has a trunk of from thirty to fifty feet in height, and at the head divides into seven or eight immensely long leaves. The midrib of these leaves is a very strong, but extremely light and straight pole.... These poles are often twenty feet or more in length, and the leaves proper consist of a great number of fine and long pinnate leaflets, set at right angles to the midrib, from eighteen to twenty inches long, and about one and a half broad,” etc. (pp. 74, 75).

When Sir John Kirk came home in 1881–1882, I spoke to him on the subject, and he felt confident that the rofia or raphia palm-fronds were the original of the ruc’s quills. He also kindly volunteered to send me a specimen on his return to Zanzibar. This he did not forget, and some time ago there arrived at the India Office not one, but four of these ruc’s quills. In the letter which announced this despatch Sir John says:—

“I send to-day per s.s. Arcot ... four fronds of the Raphia palm, called here ‘Moale.’ They are just as sold and shipped up and down the coast. No doubt they were sent in Marco Polo’s time in exactly the same state, i.e. stripped of their leaflets, and with the tip broken off. They are used for making stages and ladders, and last long if kept dry. They are also made into doors, by being cut into lengths, and pinned through. The stages are made of three, like tripods, and used for picking cloves from the higher branches.”

The largest of the four midribs sent (they do not differ much) is 25 feet 4 inches long, measuring 12 inches in girth at the butt, and 5 inches at the upper end. I calculate that if it originally came to a point the whole length would be 45 feet, but, as this would not be so, we may estimate it at 35 to 40 feet. The thick part is deeply hollowed on the upper (?) side, leaving the section of the solid butt in form a thick crescent. The leaflets are all gone, but when entire, the object must have strongly resembled a Brobdingnagian feather. Compare this description with that of Padre Bolivar in Ludolf, referred to above.

“In aliquibus ... regionibus vidi pennas alae istius avis prodigiosae, licet avem non viderim, Penna illa, prout ex formâ colligebatur, erat ex mediocribus, longitudine 28 palmorum, latitudine trium. Calamus vero a radice usque ad extremitatem longitudine quinque palmorum, densitatis instar brachii moderati, robustissimus erat et durus. Pennulae inter se aequales et bene compositae, ut vix ab invicem nisi cum violentiâ divellerentur. Colore erant valdê nigro, calamus colore albo.” (Ludolfi, ad suam Hist. Aethiop., Comment., p. 164.)

The last particular, as to colour, I am not able to explain: the others correspond well. The palmus in this passage may be anything from 9 to 10 inches.

I see this tree is mentioned by Captain R. F. Burton in his volume on the Lake Regions (vol. xxix. of the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, p. 34),[1] and probably by many other travellers.

I ought to mention here that some other object has been shown at Zanzibar as part of the wings of a great bird. Sir John Kirk writes that this (which he does not describe particularly) was in the possession of the Roman Catholic priests at Bagamoyo, to whom it had been given by natives of the interior, who declared that they had brought it from Tanganyika, and that it was part of the wing of a gigantic bird. On another occasion they repeated this statement, alleging that this bird was known in the Udoe (?) country near the coast. These priests were able to communicate directly with their informants, and certainly believed the story. Dr. Hildebrand, also, a competent German naturalist, believed in it. But Sir John Kirk himself says that “what the priests had to show was most undoubtedly the whalebone of a comparatively small whale.”

12.—A Spanish Edition of Marco Polo.

As we go to press we receive the newly published volume, El Libro de Marco Polo—Aus dem vermächtnis des Dr. Hermann Knust nach der Madrider Handschrift herausgegeben von Dr. R. Stuebe. Leipzig, Dr. Seele & Co., 1902, 8vo., pp. xxvi.–114. It reproduces the old Spanish text of the manuscript Z-I-2 of the Escurial Library from a copy made by Señor D. José Rodriguez for the Society of the Spanish Bibliophiles, which, being unused, was sold by him to Dr. Hermann Knust, who made a careful comparison of it with the original manuscript. This copy, found among the papers of Dr. Knust after his death, is now edited by Dr. Stuebe. The original 14th century MS., written in a good hand on two columns, includes 312 leaves of parchment, and contains several works; among them we note: 1°, a Collection entitled Flor de las Ystorias de Oriente (fol. 1–104), made on the advice of Juan Fernandez de Heredia, Grand Master of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem (1377), of which Marco Polo (fol. 50–104) is a part; 2° and Secretum Secretorum (fol. 254 r-fol. 312 v.); this MS. is not mentioned in our List, App. F., II. p. 546, unless it be our No. 60.

The manuscript includes 68 chapters, the first of which is devoted to the City of Lob and Sha-chau, corresponding to our Bk. I., ch. 39 and 40 (our vol. i. pp. 196 seqq.); ch. 65 (p. 111) corresponds approximatively to our ch. 40, Bk. III. (vol. ii. p. 451); chs. 66, 67, and the last, 68, would answer to our chs. 2, 3, and 4 of Bk. I. (vol i., pp. 45 seqq.). A concordance of this Spanish text, with Pauthier’s, Yule’s, and the Geographic Texts, is carefully given at the beginning of each of the 68 chapters of the Book.

Of course this edition does not throw any new light on the text, and this volume is but a matter of curiosity.

13.—Sir John Mandeville.

One of the last questions in which Sir Henry Yule[2] took an interest in, was the problem of the authorship of the book of Travels which bears the name of Sir John Mandeville, the worthy Knight, who, after being for a long time considered as the “Father of English Prose” has become simply “the name claimed by the compiler of a singular book of Travels, written in French, and published between 1357 and 1371.”[3]

It was understood that “Johan Maundeuille, chiualer, ia soit ceo qe ieo ne soie dignes, neez et norriz Dengleterre de la ville Seint Alban,” crossed the sea “lan millesme ccc^me vintisme et secund, le iour de Seint Michel,”[4] that he travelled since across the whole of Asia during the 14th century, that he wrote the relation of his travels as a rest after his fatiguing peregrinations, and that he died on the 17th of November, 1372, at Liège, when he was buried in the Church of the Guillemins.

No work has enjoyed a greater popularity than Mandeville’s; while we describe but eighty-five manuscripts of Marco Polo’s, and I gave a list of seventy-three manuscripts of Friar Odoric’s relation,[5] it is by hundreds that Mandeville’s manuscripts can be reckoned. As to the printed editions, they are, so to speak, numberless; Mr. Carl Schönborn[6] gave in 1840, an incomplete bibliography; Tobler in his Bibliographia geographica Palestinae (1867),[7] and Röhricht[8] after him compiled a better bibliography, to which may be added my own lists in the Bibliotheca Sinica[9] and in the T’oung-Pao.[10]

Campbell, Ann. de la Typog. néerlandaise, 1874, p. 338, mentions a Dutch edition: Reysen int heilighe lant, s.l.n.d., folio, of which but two copies are known, and which must be dated as far back as 1470 [see p. 600]. I believed hitherto (I am not yet sure that Campbell is right as to his date) that the first printed edition was German, s.l.n.d., very likely printed at Basel, about 1475, discovered by Tross, the Paris Bookseller.[11] The next editions are the French of the 4th April, 1480,[12] and 8th February of the same year,[13] Easter being the 2nd of April, then the Latin,[14] Dutch,[15] and Italian[16] editions, and after the English editions of Pynson and Wynkin de Worde.

In what tongue was Mandeville’s Book written?

The fact that the first edition of it was printed either in German or in Dutch, only shows that the scientific progress was greater and printing more active in such towns as Basel, Nuremberg and Augsburg than in others. At first, one might believe that there were three original texts, probably in French, English, and vulgar Latin; the Dean of Tongres, Radulphus of Rivo, a native of Breda, writes indeed in his Gesta Pontificum Leodiensium, 1616, p. 17: “Hoc anno Ioannes Mandeuilius natione Anglus vir ingenio, & arte medendi eminens, qui toto fere terrarum orbe peragrato, tribus linguis peregrinationem suam doctissime conscripsit, in alium orbê nullis finibus clausum, lōgeque hoc quietiorem, & beatiorem migrauit 17. Nouembris. Sepultus in Ecclesia Wilhelmitarum non procul à moenibus Ciuitatis Leodiensis.” The Dean of Tongres died in 1483;[17] Mr. Warner, on the authority of the Bulletin de l’Inst. Archéol. Liégeois, xvi. 1882, p. 358, gives 1403 as the date of the death of Radulphus. However, Mandeville himself says (Warner, Harley, 4383) at the end of his introduction, p. 3:—“Et sachez qe ieusse cest escript mis en latyn pur pluis briefment deuiser; mes, pur ceo qe plusours entendent mieltz romantz qe latin, ieo lay mys en romance, pur ceo qe chescun lentende et luy chiualers et les seignurs et lez autres nobles homes qi ne sciuent point de latin ou poy, et qount estee outre meer, sachent et entendent, si ieo dye voir ou noun, et si ieo erre en deuisant par noun souenance ou autrement, qils le puissent adresser et amender, qar choses de long temps passez par la veue tornent en obly, et memorie de homme ne puet mye tot retenir ne comprendre.” From this passage and from the Latin text: “Incipit itinerarius a terra Angliæ ad partes Iherosolimitanas et in ulteriores transmarinas, editus primo in lingua gallicana a milite suo autore anno incarnacionis Domini m. ccc. lv, in civitate Leodiensi, et paulo post in eadem civitate translatus in hanc formam latinam.” (P. 33 of the Relation des Mongols ou Tartars par le frère Jean du Plan de Carpin, Paris, 1838). D’Avezac long ago was inclined to believe in an unique French version. The British Museum, English MS. (Cott., Titus. C. xvi.), on the other hand, has in the Prologue (cf. ed. 1725, p. 6): “And zee schulle undirstonde, that I have put this Boke out of Latyn into Frensche, and translated it azen out of Frensche into Englyssche, that every Man of my Nacioun may undirstonde it....”[18]

But we shall see that—without taking into account the important passage in French quoted above, and probably misunderstood by the English translator—the English version, a sentence of which, not to be found in the Latin manuscripts, has just been given, is certainly posterior to the French text, and therefore that the abstract of Titus C. xvi, has but a slight value. There can be some doubt only for the French and the Latin texts.

Dr. Carl Schönborn[19] and Herr Eduard Mätzner,[20] “respectively seem to have been the first to show that the current Latin and English texts cannot possibly have been made by Mandeville himself. Dr. J. Vogels states the same of unprinted Latin versions which he has discovered in the British Museum, and he has proved it as regards the Italian version.”[21]

“In Latin, as Dr. Vogels has shown, there are five independent versions. Four of them, which apparently originated in England (one manuscript, now at Leyden, being dated in 1390) have no special interest; the fifth, or vulgate Latin text, was no doubt made at Liège, and has an important bearing on the author’s identity. It is found in twelve manuscripts, all of the 15th century, and is the only Latin version as yet printed.”[22]

The universal use of the French language at the time would be an argument in favour of the original text being in this tongue, if corrupt proper names, abbreviations in the Latin text, etc., did not make the fact still more probable.

The story of the English version, as it is told by Messrs. Nicholson and Warner, is highly interesting: The English version was made from a “mutilated archetype,” in French (Warner, p. x.) of the beginning of the 15th century, and was used for all the known English manuscripts, with the exception of the Cotton and Egerton volumes—and also for all the printed editions until 1725. Mr. Nicholson[23] pointed out that it is defective in the passage extending from p. 36, l. 7: “And there were to ben 5 Soudans,” to p. 62, l. 25: “the Monkes of the Abbeye of ten tyme,” in Halliwell’s edition (1839) from Titus C. xvi. which corresponds to Mr. Warner’s Egerton text, p. 18, l. 21: “for the Sowdan,” and p. 32, l. 16, “synges oft tyme.” It is this bad text which, until 1725,[24] has been printed as we just said, with numerous variants, including the poor edition of Mr. Ashton[25] who has given the text of East instead of the Cotton text under the pretext that the latter was not legible.[26]

Two revisions of the English version were made during the first quarter of the 15th century; one is represented by the British Museum Egerton MS. 1982 and the abbreviated Bodleian MS. e. Mus. 116; the other by the Cotton MS. Titus C. xvi. This last one gives the text of the edition of 1725 often reprinted till Halliwell’s (1839 and 1866).[27] The Egerton MS. 1982 has been reproduced in a magnificent volume edited in 1889 for the Roxburghe Club par Mr. G. F. Warner, of the British Museum;[28] this edition includes also the French text from the Harley MS. 4383 which, being defective from the middle of chap. xxii. has been completed with the Royal MS. 20 B. X. Indeed the Egerton MS. 1982 is the only complete English manuscript of the British Museum,[29] as, besides seven copies of the defective text, three leaves are missing in the Cotton MS. after f. 53, the text of the edition of 1725 having been completed with the Royal MS. 17 B.[30]

Notwithstanding its great popularity, Mandeville’s Book could not fail to strike with its similarity with other books of travels, with Friar Odoric’s among others. This similarity has been the cause that occasionally the Franciscan Friar was given as a companion to the Knight of St. Albans, for instance, in the manuscripts of Mayence and Wolfenbüttel.[31] Some Commentators have gone too far in their appreciation and the Udine monk has been treated either as a plagiary or a liar! Old Samuel Purchas, in his address to the Reader printed at the beginning of Marco Polo’s text (p. 65), calls his countryman! Mandeville the greatest Asian traveller next (if next) to Marco Polo, and he leaves us to understand that the worthy knight has been pillaged by some priest![32] Astley uses strong language; he calls Odoric a great liar![33]

Others are fair in their judgment, Malte-Brun, for instance, marked what Mandeville borrowed from Odoric, and La Renaudière is also very just in the Biographie Universelle. But what Malte-Brun and La Renaudière showed in a general manner, other learned men, such as Dr. S. Bormans, Sir Henry Yule, Mr. E. W. B. Nicholson,[34] Dr. J. Vogels,[35] M. Léopold Delisle, Herr A. Bovenschen,[36] and last, not least, Dr. G. F. Warner, have in our days proved that not only has the book bearing Mandeville’s name been compiled from the works of Vincent of Beauvais, Jacques of Vitry, Boldensel, Carpini, Odoric, etc., but that it was written neither by a Knight of St. Albans, by an Englishman, or by a Sir John Mandeville, but very likely by the physician John of Burgundy or John a Beard.

In a repertory of La Librairie de la Collégiale de Saint Paul à Liège au XV^e. Siècle, published by Dr. Stanislas Bormans, in the Bibliophile Belge, Brussels, 1866, p. 236, is catalogued under No. 240: Legenda de Joseph et Asseneth ejus uxore, in papiro. In eodem itinerarium Johannis de Mandevilla militis, apud guilhelmitanos Leodienses sepulti.

Dr. S. Bormans has added the following note: “Jean Mandeville, ou Manduith, théologien et mathématicien, était né à St. Alban en Angleterre d’une famille noble. On le surnomma pour un motif inconnu, ad Barbam et magnovillanus. En 1322, il traversa la France pour aller en Asie, servit quelque temps dans les troupes du Sultan d’Egypte et revint seulement en 1355 en Angleterre. Il mourut à Liège chez les Guilhemins, le 17th Novembre, 1372. Il laissa au dit monastère plusieurs MSS. de ses œuvres fort vantés, tant de ses voyages que de la médecine, écrits de sa main; il y avait encore en ladite maison plusieurs meubles qu’il leur laissa pour mémoire. Il a laissé quelques livres de médecine qui n’ont jamais été imprimés, des tabulae astronomicae, de chorda recta et umbra, de doctrina theologica. La relation de son voyage est en latin, français et anglais; il raconte, en y mêlant beaucoup de fables, ce qu’il a vu de curieux en Egypte, en Arabie et en Perse.”

Then is inserted, an abstract from Lefort, Liège Herald, at the end of the 17th century, from Jean d’Outremeuse, which we quote from another publication of Dr. Bormans’ as it contains the final sentence: “Mort enfin, etc.” not to be found in the paper of the Bibliophile Belge.

In his introduction to the Chronique et geste de Jean des Preis dit d’Outremeuse, Brussels, F. Hayez, 1887 (Collection des Chroniques belges inédites), Dr. Stanislas Bormans writes, pp. cxxxiii.–cxxxiv.: “L’an M.CCC.LXXII, mourut à Liège, le 12 Novembre, un homme fort distingué par sa naissance, avant de s’y faire connoître sous le nom de Jean de Bourgogne dit à la Barbe. Il s’ouvrit néanmoins au lit de la mort à Jean d’Outremeuse, son compère, et institué son exécuteur testamentaire. De vrai il se titra, dans le précis de sa dernière volonté, messire Jean de Mandeville, chevalier, comte de Montfort en Angleterre, et seigneur de l’isle de Campdi et du château Perouse. Ayant cependant eu le malheur de tuer, en son pays, un comte qu’il ne nomme pas, il s’engagea à parcourir les trois parties du monde. Vint à Liège en 1343. Tout sorti qu’il étoit d’une noblesse très-distinguée, il aima de s’y tenir caché. Il étoit, au reste, grand naturaliste, profond philosophe et astrologue, y joint en particulier une connoissance très singulière de la physique, se trompant rarement lorsqu’il disoit son sentiment à l’égard d’un malade, s’il en reviendroit ou pas. Mort enfin, on l’enterra aux F. F. Guillelmins, au faubourg d’Avroy, comme vous avez vu plus amplement cydessous.”

It is not the first time that the names Jean de Mandeville and Jean à la Barbe are to be met with, as Ortelius, in his description of Liège, included in his Itinerary of Belgium, has given the epitaph of the knightly physician:[37(1)]

“Leodium primo aspectu ostentat in sinistra ripa (nam dextra vinetis plena est,) magna, & populosa suburbia ad collium radices, in quorum iugis multa sunt, & pulcherrima Monasteria, inter quae magnificum illud ac nobile D. Laurentio dicatum ab Raginardo episcopo, vt habet Sigebertus, circa ann. sal. M.XXV aedificatum est in hac quoq. regione Guilelmitarū Coenobium in quo epitaphiū hoc Ioannis à Mandeuille excepimus: Hic iacet vir nobilis Dn̄s Ioēs de Mandeville al Dcvs ad barbam miles dn̄s de Cāpdi natvs de Anglia medicīe pfessor devotissimvs orator et bonorvm largissimvs paupribus erogator qvi toto qvasi orbe lvstrato leodii diem vite sve clavsit extremvm āno Dni M CCC° LXXI°[37(2)] mēnsis novēbr die XVII.[37(3)]

“Haec in lapide, in quo caelata viri armati imago, leonem calcantis, barba bifurcata, ad caput manus benedicens, & vernacula haec verba: vos ki paseis sor mi pour lamovr deix proies por mi. Clypeus erat vacuus, in quo olim laminam fuisse dicebant æream, & eius in ea itidem caelata insignia, leonem videlicet argenteum, cui ad pectus lunula rubea, in campo caeruleo, quem limbus ambiret denticulatus ex auro, eius nobis ostendebāt & cultros, ephippiaque, & calcaria, quibus vsum fuisse asserebat in peragrando toto fere terrarum orbe, vt clarius eius testatur itinerarium, quod typis etiam excusum passim habetur.”[37]

Dr. Warner writes in the National Biography:

“There is abundant proof that the tomb of the author of the Travels was to be seen in the Church of the Guillemins or Guillelmites at Liège down to the demolition of the building in 1798. The fact of his burial there, with the date of his death, 17th November, 1372, was published by Bale in 1548 (Summarium, f. 149 b), and was confirmed independently by Jacob Meyer (Annales rerum Flandric., 1561, p. 165) and Lud. Guicciardini. (Paesi Bassi, 1567, p. 281.)”

In a letter dated from Bodley’s Library, 17th March, 1884, to The Academy, 12th April, 1884, No. 623, Mr. Edward B. Nicholson drew attention to the abstract from Jean d’Outremeuse, and came to the conclusion that the writer of Mandeville’s relation was a profound liar, and that he was the Liège Professor of Medicine, John of Burgundy or à la Barbe. He adds: “If, in the matter of literary honesty, John a Beard was a bit of a knave, he was very certainly no fool.”

On the other hand, M. Léopold Delisle,[38] has shown that two manuscripts, Nouv. acq. franç. 4515 (Barrois, 24) and Nouv. acq. franç. 4516 (Barrois, 185), were part formerly of one volume copied in 1371 by Raoulet of Orleans and given in the same year to King Charles V. by his physician Gervaise Crestien, viz. one year before the death of the so-called Mandeville; one of these manuscripts—now separate—contains the Book of Jehan de Mandeville, the other one, a treatise of “la preservacion de epidimie, minucion ou curacion d’icelle faite de maistre Jehan de Bourgoigne, autrement dit à la Barbe, professeur en médicine et cytoien du Liège,” in 1365. This bringing together is certainly not fortuitous.

Sir Henry Yule traces thus the sources of the spurious work: “Even in that part of the book which may be admitted with probability to represent some genuine experience, there are distinct traces that another work has been made use of, more or less, as an aid in the compilation, we might almost say, as a framework to fill up. This is the itinerary of the German knight William of Boldensele, written in 1336 at the desire of Cardinal Talleyrand de Perigord. A cursory comparison of this with Mandeville leaves no doubt of the fact that the latter has followed its thread, using its suggestions, and on many subjects its expressions, though digressing and expanding on every side, and too often eliminating the singular good sense of the German traveller. After such a comparison we may indicate as examples Boldensele’s account of Cyprus (Mandeville, Halliwell’s ed. 1866, p. 28, and p. 10), of Tyre and the coast of Palestine (Mandeville, 29, 30, 33, 34), of the journey from Gaza to Egypt (34), passages about Babylon of Egypt (40), about Mecca (42), the general account of Egypt (45), the pyramids (52), some of the particular wonders of Cairo, such as the slave-market, the chicken-hatching stoves, and the apples of Paradise, i.e. plantains (49), the Red Sea (57), the convent on Sinai (58, 60), the account of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre (74–76), etc.”

He adds: “It is curious that no passage in Mandeville can be plausibly traced to Marco Polo, with one exception. This is (Halliwell’s ed., p. 163) where he states that at Ormus the people, during the great heat, lie in water,—a circumstance mentioned by Polo, though not by Odoric. We should suppose it most likely that this fact had been interpolated in the copy of Odoric used by Mandeville; for, if he had borrowed it direct from Polo, he would have borrowed more.” (Encyclopædia Britannica, p. 474.)

“Leaving this question, there remains the more complex one whether the book contains, in any measure, facts and knowledge acquired by actual travels and residence in the East. We believe that it may, but only as a small portion of the whole, and that confined entirely to the section of the work which treats of the Holy Land, and of the different ways of getting thither, as well as of Egypt, and in general of what we understand by the Levant.” (Ibid. p. 473.)

Dr. Warner deals the final blow in the National Biography: “The alphabets which he gives have won him some credit as a linguist, but only the Greek and the Hebrew (which were readily accessible) are what they pretend to be, and that which he calls Saracen actually comes from the Cosmographia of Æthicus! His knowledge of Mohammedanism and its Arabic formulæ impressed even Yule. He was, however, wholly indebted for that information to the Liber de Statu Saracenorum of William of Tripoli (circa 1270), as he was to the Historiæ Orientis of Hetoum, the Armenian (1307), for much of what he wrote about Egypt. In the last case, indeed, he shows a rare sign of independence, for he does not, with Hetoum, end his history of the sultanate about 1300, but carries it onto the death of En-Násir (1341), and names two of his successors. Although his statements about them are not historically accurate, this fact and a few other details suggest that he may really have been in Egypt, if not at Jerusalem, but the proportion of original matter is so very far short of what might be expected that even this is extremely doubtful.”

With this final quotation, we may take leave of John of Mandeville, aliàs John a Beard.H. C.

INDEX

Aas, Asu, see Alans

Abacan, a Tartar general, ii. 255, 261n, 596n

Ábah, see Ávah

Abaji, Kúblái’s son, i. 361n

Ábáká (Abaga), Khan of Persia, i. 33n, 36n, 91n, 103n, ii. 465–467, 474, 475, 477n, 495n

Abano, Pietro of, his notice of Polo, 119

Abash (Ḥabsh), see Abyssinia

Abba Gregory, ii. 433n

Abbás, Sháh, i. 90n

Abbott, Consul Keith E., i. 81n, 82n, 89n, 92n, 96n, 99n, 106n, 111n, 113n, 114n, 125n

Abdul Kuri islands, ii. 405n

—— Mejid, i. 175n

Abeskun (Baxon), on the Caspian, i. 59n

Abher, i. 38n, 82n

Abkashian forests, boxwood of the, i. 57n

Abnús, ebony, ii. 272n

Abraha, ruler of Yemen, ii. 434n

Abraiaman, see Brahmans

Abubakr, Atabeg of Fars, i. 85n, ii. 348n

—— Ibrahim, and Mahomed, engineers employed by Kúblái, ii. 168n

Abu’l Abbas Ahmed VII., Khalif of Baghdad, i. 69n

—— Fázl, i. 103n, 168n, 169n, ii. 367, 374n

Abulfeda, his geography, 4, i. 3n, 6n, 9n, 53n, 57n, 58n, 75n, 81n, 110n, 385n, ii. 237n, 286n, 367n, 377n, 486n, 489n;

at the siege of Acre, 165n

Abulfiez Khan, king of Bokhara, i. 88n

Abu Nasr Mohammed IX., Khalif of Baghdad, i. 69n

—— Saïd, i. 86n, ii. 347n

Abyssinia (Abash), ii. 427 seqq., 431n;

its king’s punishment of Soldan of Aden, 428–430;

dominion on the coast, mediæval history and chronology, 434n–437n;

table of kings, 435n;

wars with Mahomedan states, 436n

Acbalec Manzi, “White City of the Manzi frontier,” ii. 33, 34n, 35n

Acbalec or Acbaluc (Cheng-ting fu), ii. 13, 14n

Accambale, king of Champa, ii. 267, 270n

Achan, i. 66n

Achin, Acheh, Achem, ii. 283n, 286n, 295n, 296n, 300n, 303n, 305n, 307n;

its gold and lign-aloes, 287n;

conversion of, 288n;

its great power at one time, 289n;

elephants at, 289n

—— Head, ii. 300n, 307n

Achmath, the Bailo, see Ahmad

Acomat Soldan (Ahmad Sultan), seizes throne of Tabriz, ii. 467;

goes to encounter Argon, 468;

rejects his remonstrance, 469;

defeats and takes him, 470;

hears of Argon’s escape, is taken and put to death, 473;

notes on the history, 470n, 474n

Acorn bread, i. 122n

Acqui, Friar Jacopo d’, his notice of Polo, 54, 67, 119

Acre, i. 17, 22;

Broils at, between Venetians and Genoese, 42;

plan of, 18n;

captured by Saracens, ii. 165n, 441n;

wickedness of, 442n;

Polos at, 593n

Adam, Bishop and Pope of China, ii. 28n

—— Seth, and the Tree of Life, legend of, i. 135n

Adamodana, Castle of, i. 58n

Adam’s Apple, i. 99n

—— sepulchre on mountain (Adam’s Peak) in Ceylon, ii. 316, 328n;

rubies, 316n;

his teeth, hair, etc., 319–320;

the footmark, 321n–322n

Adel, apparently confused with Aden, ii. 433n, 435n, 440n

Aden, Horse and other Trade with India, ii. 340, 348n, 390, 407, 427, 431, 438;

Soldan’s treatment of a bishop, 428;

Vengeance of King of Abyssinia on him, 430;

confused with Adel, 433n;

account of Kingdom, 438, 439n–440n;

the Sultan, 438–439, 440n;

intercourse and trade with China, tanks, 440n;

view of, 441

Adoration of the Emperor, i. 391

Adulis, ii. 432n;

inscription of, 434n

Aegae, Ayas on the site of ancient, i. 16n

Aepyornis and its eggs, ii. 416n–417n

Aëtius, his prescription of musk, i. 279n, ii. 302n;

of camphor, 302n

Afghans, their use of the fat-tailed sheep, i. 100n

Africa, Sea surrounding to the South, ii. 415n

Agassiz, Professor, i. 100n

Agathocles, Coins of, i. 163n

Ἀγαθοῦ δαίμονος, island, ii. 310n

Agha Ali Sháh, present representative of the Old Man of the Mountain, i. 148n

—— Khan Meheláti, late representative of the Old Man, i. 147n

Aghrukji or Ukuruji, Kúblái’s son, i. 361n

Agricola, Governor of Cappadocia, etc., i. 45n

Aguil, Mongol general, ii. 136, 138n

Ahmad (Achmath), the Bailo, of Fenaket, his power, oppressions, death, etc., i. 415 seqq., 421n

—— Sultan, Khan of Persia, see Acomat

Ahwaz, province, i. 65n

Aidháb, ii. 439n

Aidhej, or Mal-Amir, i. 85n

Aijaruc, Kaidu’s daughter, ii. 463;

her strength and prowess, 463 seqq.;

her name, 463

Aikah Nowin, Engineer in Chief of Chinghiz, ii. 168n

Ai-lao (afterwards Nan-chao), ancient name of the Shans, ii. 79n

Aín Akbari (Ayeen Akbery), i. 65n, 99n, 101n, 103n, 409n, ii. 116n

Ajmir, ii. 426n

Akbar and Kúblái, a parallel, i. 349n

Ak Bulák salt mines, i. 154n

Akhaltziké (Western Georgia), i. 58n

Akhtuba River, i. 5n, 6n

Ak-khoja, ii. 470n

Aksarai, or Ghori River, i. 152n

Aksu River, i. 172n, 175n

Aktár, i. 96n

Aktásh Valley, i. 172n, 175n

Alabastri, ii. 432n

Alacou, see Hulákú

Aladja, striped cotton cloth, i. 44n

Alamút, Castle of the Ismailites, i. 141n, 142n, 145n, 148n

Alan country, Alania, i. 57n, ii. 490, 491n

Alans, or Aas, massacre at Chang-chau of, ii. 178;

employed under Mongols, 179n

Alaone, the name, 56

Alarm Tower, at Cambaluc, i. 375, 378n;

at Kinsay, ii. 189

Alatcha, cotton stuff with blue and red stripes, i. 190n

Alau, see Hulákú

Aláuddin (Alaodin), see Old Man of the Mountain

—— (Alawating of Mufali), an engineer in Kúblái’s service, ii. 167n

—— Khilji, Sultan of Delhi, i. 104n, ii. 163n, 169n, 333n, 398n, 400n

Albenigaras, Mt., ii. 362n

Al Biruni, i. 104n, 174n, ii. 400n

Alboquerque, see D’Alboquerque

Alchemy, Kúblái’s, i. 423

Aleppo, i. 23n

Alexander the Great, allusions to legends and romances about, 113, i. 14n, 129n–133n, ii. 322n, 485n;

his rampart (Iron Gate), i. 50, 53n, 56n, 57n;

the curtains at a banquet given by, 66n;

and the ferrum candidum, 93n;

site of his battle with Darius, 128, 138n;

his wife Roxana, 151;

kills a lion, 152n;

Princes claiming descent from (Zulcarniain), 157, 160n;

his horse Bucephalus, 158;

fixes chains on Adam’s Peak, ii. 322n;

said to have colonised Socotra, 409n;

his tower on the border of Darkness, 485n

Alexander III., Pope, i. 231n

Alexander IV., Pope, i. 8n

Alexandria, 9, ii. 235;

trade from India to, 390, 438

Alhinde, Alfinde, Alinde, Al-hint, i. 93n

’Ali and Aliites, i. 140n–141n

Alidada, i. 452n

Alihaiya, Kúblái’s general, ii. 167n

Alinak, ii. 474n

Alligator, in Carajan, ii. 76, 81n;

mode of killing, 77;

eaten, 78, 81n;

prophecy of Bhartpúr about, 149n

Almalik, ii. 462n

Almanacs, Chinese (Tacuin), i. 447, 448n

Almonds, i. 153, 155n

Aloes, Socotrine, ii. 409n

—— wood, see Lign-aloes

Alor, war cry, 43

Al-Ramni, Al-Ramin, see Sumatra

Altai (Altay) Mountains, i. 212, 215n;

the Khan’s burial-place, 246, 269;

used for the Khingan range, 247n, 306n

Altun-Khan, Mountain, i. 247n

—— sovereign, ii. 19n

Amazons, fable of, ii. 405n

Ambergris, ii. 308n, 406, 411, 423, 424n;

how got, 408n

Amber-rosolli, i. 114n

Amda Zion, king of Abyssinia, his wars v. Mahomedans, ii. 435n seqq.;

not the king mentioned by Polo, 436n

Ament, Rev. W. S., i. 361n, 421n, ii. 6, 11, 12

Ameri, a kind of Brazil wood, ii. 301n, 380n

Amhara, ii. 436n

Amien, Mien (Burma), ii. 98, 99n

Amita Buddha, i. 460n

Ammianus Marcellinus, ii. 180n

Amoy, ii. 231n, 232n;

harbour, ii. 240n, 241n;

languages, 244n

Amphora, Anfora, ii. 417n

Amu, Aniu, see Anin

Amuki, devoted comrades of the king, ii. 347n

Anamis (Minao) River, i. 114n

Ananda, Kúblái’s grandson, ii. 29n, 31n

Anár, i. 90n

Anaurahta, king of Burma, ii. 99n, 329n

Ancestor Worship, ii. 85, 96n

Anchors, Wooden, ii. 386, 388n

Andaine, andena, andanicum, see Ondanique

Andaman (Angamanain) islands, ii. 306;

described, 307n, 309–312n;

people, 308n, 309, 311n;

form of the word, 310n

Andan, andun, Wotiak for steel, i. 94n

Andragiri, ii. 301n

Andreas, king of Abyssinia, ii. 435n, 436n

Andrew, Bishop of Zayton, ii. 237n

—— Grand Duke of Rostof and Susdal, i. 7n

Andromeda ovalifolia, poisonous, i. 218n

Angamanain, see Andaman

Angan, or Hanjám, i. 115n

’Angka, gryphon, see Ruc

Angkor, ruins of, 13

Ani in Armenia, i. 234n

Animal Patterns, see Patterns

Anin, province, ii. 119, 120n, 122n, 123, 128n, 129n, 266n

Annals of the Indo-Chinese States, ii. 106n

’An-nam, or Tong-king, ii. 120n

Anselmo, Friar, i. 131n

Anthropoides Virgo, the demoiselle, i. 297n

Antioch, i. 24n

Antongil Bay, Madagascar, ii. 414n

Aotonomoff, Spasski, his ascent of Ararat, i. 49n

Apostoille, word used for Pope, i. 12n

Apples of Paradise (Konars), i. 97, 99n, ii. 365

Apricots, ii. 210n

’Apuhota (Kapukada?), ii. 380n

Apushka (Apusca), Tartar envoy from Persia, i. 32, 33n

Arababni, ii. 436n

Arab geography, 132

—— colonies in Madagascar, ii. 414n

—— horses, early literary recognition of, ii. 349n;

trade in, see Horses

—— merchants, in Southern India, ii. 376

—— Seamen’s Traditions about Java, ii. 274n

Arabi (Arabs), i. 60

Arabia, ii. 438–451

Arabic character, i. 29n

Arachosia, arachoti, ii. 329n, 402n

Araines, ii. 461, 462n

Arakan, ii. 100n, 286n, 290n, 298n

Aram (Harám), Place of the, i. 139, 141n

Ararat, Mount, i. 46;

ascents of, 49n

Arblasts, crossbows, ii. 78, 82n, 161n

Arbre Sol, or Arbre Sec, Region of the (Khorasan), 113, i. 38n, 83, 127, 128n–139n, ii. 466, 474, 475;

tree described—Chínár or Oriental plane, i. 127, 128n–138n;

various readings, 129n;

Arbre seul, a wrong reading, i. 129n, 138n;

Tree of the Sun legend, 129n–131n;

Christian legend of the Dry Tree, 131n;

engrafted on legends of Alexander, 132n;

Trees of Grace in Persia, 134n;

Dry Trees in Mahomedan legend, 135n;

in Rabbinical and Buddhist stories, and legends of the Wood of the Cross, 135n–136n;

Polo’s Arbre Sec to be sought near Damghan, 138n;

Sabaean apologue, 138n;

clue to the term Arbre Sec, 148n

Arcali, Arculin, see Erculin

Architectural remains in Indo-China, 13

Ardeshír Bábekán, first Sassanian king, i. 91n

Ardeshír, last sovereign of Shabánkára, i. 86n

Areca, ii. 309n, 374n

Areng Saccharifera, ii. 297n

Arezzo, i. 21n

Argaeus, Mount, i. 44n

Argali, ii. 483n

Arghún, Khan of Persia (Polo’s Argon, Lord of the Levant), 23–24, i. 14n, ii. 50, 466–467;

sends an embassy to Kúblái for a wife, i. 32, 33n;

is dead when she arrives, 35, 36n, 38n, 101n;

his unhappy use of the elixir vitae, ii. 369n;

advances against his uncle Ahmad, 467;

harangues his chiefs, 468;

sends Ahmad a remonstrance, 469;

is taken prisoner, 470;

released by certain chiefs, 471;

obtains sovereignty, 472;

his death, 474;

his beauty, 478n

Argons (Arghún), half-breeds, i. 101n, 284, 290n

Arii, Ariana, ii. 402n

Arikbuga, Kúblái’s brother, i. 334n

Arimaspia, ii. 419n

Arimaspian gold, ii. 419n

Ariora-Keshimur, i. 86n, 98, 104n;

meaning of Ariora, 104n

Ariosto, i. 17n

Aripo, ii. 335n, 337n

Aristotle, 130, i. 87n, 130n, ii. 409n

Arjish (Arzizi), i. 45, 49n

Arkasun Noian, ii. 474n

Arkhaiun, applied to Oriental Christians or their Clergy, i. 290n

Armenia, Greater, i. 45, 98

Armenia (Hermenia), Lesser or Cilician, 10, i. 16, 20, 22, 23n, 41

Armenian Christians, i. 290n

Armenians, i. 43, 45, 75

Armillary Zodiacal Sphere, i. 450n

Armour of boiled leather, see Cuirbouly

Arms of Kerman, i. 90, 96n;

of the Tartars, i. 260, 263n, ii. 460

Arredon River, i. 54n

Arrow Divination, i. 243n

Arrows, Tartar, ii. 460

Artacki, i. 281n

Arts, the Seven, i. 13, 14n

Aru, Cumahā, ii. 303n

Arucki, i. 281n

Aruk, ii. 474n

Arulun Tsaghan Balghasun (Chagan-Nor), i. 297n, 306n

Arya Chakravarti, ii. 316n

Aryavartta, the Holy Lands of Indian Buddhism, i. 104n

Arzinga (Erzingan), i. 45, 46n

Arziron (Erzrum), i. 45, 48n

Arzizi (Arjish), i. 45, 49n

Asbestos, and the Salamander, i. 212, 216n–217n

Asceticism of the Sensin, i. 303;

of the Jogis, ii. 365

Asedin Soldan (Ghaiassuddin Balban, Sultan of Delhi), i. 99, 104n, 105n

Ashar (Asciar), king of Cail, ii. 370, 373n

Ashishin, see Assassins

Ashod, founder of the Bagratid dynasty, i. 53n

Ashurada, i. 59n

Asikan, Mongol general, ii. 260n

Aṣoka, ii. 328

Asper, or akché, about a groat, ii. 22, 23n

Assai River, i. 54n

Assassins (Ashishin, Hashíshin), Ismailites, i. 84n, 140;

how the Old Man trained them, 142;

murders by, 144n;

their destruction, 145;

survival and recent circumstances of the sect, 146n

Asses, in Persia, i. 83, 87n, 88, 89n, 123, 225n;

in Mongolia, 224, 225n, 397;

in Madagascar, ii. 413, 421n;

in Abyssinia, 431;

in Far North, 479, 481n

Asterius, Bishop of Amasia in Pontus, i. 66n

Astrakhan (Gittarchan), i. 5n, 6n

Astrolabe, i. 446

Astrology, -ers, in Tangut, i. 205;

of Chinghiz, 241;

at Kúblái’s Court, 301, 391;

at Cambaluc, 446;

of Tibet, ii. 49;

at Kinsay, 191, 203;

in Maabar, 344;

in Coilum, 376

Astronomical instruments, ancient Chinese, i. 378n, 449n–454n

Atabegs, of Mosul, i. 61n;

of Lúr, 85n;

of Fars, 85n, 121n;

of Yezd, 88;

of Kerman, 91n

Atjeh, see Achin

Atkinson’s Narratives, and their credibility, i. 214n, 215n

Atlas, Chinese, in Magliabecchian Library, ii. 193n

Ἀτταγὰς (Black Partridge), i. 99

Attalus, King, i. 66n

At-Thaibi family, i. 121n

Auberoche, Siege of, ii. 163n, 165n

Audh (Oudh), ii. 427n

Aufat, Ifat, ii. 435n

Augury, see Omens

Aung Khan (Unc Can), see Prester John

Aurangzíb, i. 168n

Aurora, Ibn Fozlán’s account of, i. 8n

Aussa, ii. 435n

Ávah, Abah, Ava, one of the cities of the Magi, i. 80, 81n

Avarian, epithet of S. Thomas, ii. 353, 355n–356n

Avebury, Lord, on couvade, ii. 93n

Avicenna’s classification of Iron, i. 94n

Avigi, ′afçi (falco montanus), i. 50, 57n

Axum, Inscription, ii. 432n;

Church of, 433n;

Court of, 434n

Ayas (Layas, Aiazzo, etc.), port of Cilician Armenia, 19, i. 16, 17n, 20, 22, 41;

Sea fight at, 43, 46, 54

Ayuthia, 13, ii. 278n, 279n

Azumiti, ii. 432n

Azure, Ultramarine (lapis armenus) Mines in Badakhshan, i. 157, 162n;

in Tenduc, 284;

ore, 365, 370n

Baba Buzurg, worshipped by the Lurs, i. 85n

Baber, E. C., on Ch’êng-tú, ii. 38n;

on wild oxen of Tibet, 52n;

Lolos, 61n–63n;

Gold River (Brius), 67n;

the word Caindu, 70n;

Talifu, 80n;

Mekong River 88n;

Zardandan, 89n;

site of battle between Kúblái and king of Mien, 105n;

descent of Mien, 108n

Baboons, etymology, ii. 385n, 431

Báb-ul-abwáh, “The Gate of Gates,” Pass of Derbend, i. 53n

Babylon, Babylonia (Cairo or Egypt), i. 22, 24n, ii. 226, 230n;

Sultan of, i. 22, ii. 439, 473

Babylonish garments, i. 66n

Baccadeo, indigo, ii. 382n

Baccanor, ii. 386n

Bacon, Roger, i. 94n, 426n;

as geographer, 114, 131

Bacsi, see Bakhshi

Bactria, its relation to Greece, i. 160n

Bacu, Sea of (Caspian), i. 59n

Badakhshan (Badashan), i. 98, 104n, 154, 157;

its population, 155n, 160n;

capitals of, 156n;

Mirs of, 156n, 160n;

legend of Alexandrian pedigree of its kings, 157, 160n;

depopulation of, 156n, 163n;

scenery, 158n;

dialects, 160n;

forms of the name, 161n;

great river of (Upper Oxus), 170

Badáún, ii. 427n

Badger, Rev. Dr. G. P., i. 65n, ii. 444n

Badghís, i. 150n, ii. 467

Badgír, Wind-catchers, ii. 452, 453n

Badruddín Lúlú, last Atabeg of Mosul, i. 61n

Báfk (Báft), i. 89n, 111n, 122n

Baghdad (Baudas), Baldac, taken by Alaü, Hulákú, i. 63;

its Khalif, 63, 64;

the miracle of the mountain, 69

—— Archbishop of, ii. 407

—— its indigo (baccadeo), ii. 382n

Bagratidae, of Armenia, i. 42n;

of Georgia, 52n

Bagration-Mukransky, Prince, i. 53n

Bahár, ii. 427n

Bahárak, plain, i. 156n

Bahá-uddin Ayaz, Wazir of Kalhát, i. 120n

Bahá-ul-hakh, the Saint of Multán, ii. 82n

Bahrámábád, i. 90n, 122n

Bahrámjird Village, i. 113n

Bahrein, ii. 348n

Baiberdon, i. 49n

Baiburt (Paipurth), Castle of, i. 48n, 49n

Baidu Khan, i. 14n, ii. 475n;

seizes throne of Persia, 476;

displaced and killed by Gházán, 476;

alleged to be a Christian, 476, 477n

Bailo, the title, i. 417;

etymology of, 421n

Bakhshi (Bacsi), Lamas, i. 414, 445;

their enchantments, 301, 302, 314n–318n;

various meanings of the word, 314n

Bakhtyáris of Lúristán, the, i. 87n

Baku, oil fields of, i. 46, 49n;

Sea of (Caspian), i. 59n

Balad-ul-Falfal (Malabar), ii. 377n

Baladi, ii. 381n

Balalaika, a two-stringed Tartar instrument, i. 339n

Balánjaríyah, devoted lieges, ii. 347n

Bala-Sagun, i. 232n

Balas rubies, i. 157, 161n, ii. 362n

Baldac, see Baghdad

Baldacchini (Baudekins), brocades made at Baghdad, i. 63, 65n

Baldwin II. (de Courtenay), last Latin Emperor of Constantinople, i. 2, 3n

Bali, Island of, ii. 287n

—— in Abyssinia, ii. 436n

Balios, i. 421n

Balish (a money of account), ii. 218n

Balista, always a crossbow in mediæval times, ii. 161n

Balkh (Balc), i. 151

Balkhash Lake, ii. 459n

Ballads, Genoese, on sea-fights at Ayas and Curzola, 43 seqq.

Ballard, Mr., ii. 382n, 387n

Balor, Balaur, Bilaur, Malaur, Bolor, i. 172, 178n–179n

Bâlos, Malacca boats with two rudders, i. 119n

Balsamodendron Mukul, ii. 397n

Balthazar, of the Magi, i. 78, 82n

Bálti, i. 160n, 178n

Balustrade, etymology of the word, 38

Bamboo (always called canes by Polo), its multifarious uses, i. 299, 307n;

Kúblái’s Chandu Palace made of, 299, 306n;

great, on banks of Caramoran river, ii. 220;

explode loudly when burning, 42, 43, 46n;

large in Tibet, 48n;

ropes of, 171, 174n;

in Che kiang, 221n

Bamian, caves at, i. 156n;

huge recumbent image at, 221n

Bám-i-Duniah, “Roof of the World,” i. 171, 174n

Bamm, i. 113n

Bandar Abbás (Bandar-Abbási), i. 86n, 89n, 106n, 122n

Bandith, i. 98, 100n, 151

Bangala, see Bengal

Banzaroff, Dorji, on Shamanism, i. 258n

Baptism, accompanied by branding, in Abyssinia, ii. 427, 432n

Bara, ii. 305n

Barac (Borrak), Khan of Chagatai, i. 9, 10n, 103n;

his war with Arghún, ii. 458n, 467

Baradaeus, Jacob, or James Zanzale, Bishop of Edessa, i. 61n

Barbaro, Josafat, i. 49n, 53n, 100n, 426n, 427n

Barbarossa, Frederic, 36, i. 82n

Barberino, Francesco da, 36, 118, i. 117n

Barda’at, saddle-cloths, i. 61n

Bardesir, i. 112n

Bardshír, Bardsír, Bard-i-Ardeshír, i. 92n

Bargu (Barguchin Tugrum, or Barguti), plain, i. 269, 270n

Barguerlac, Syrrhaptes Pallasii, a kind of sand grouse, i. 269, 272n;

its migration into England, 273n

Barguzinsk, i. 270n

Barin, Mongol tribe, ii. 148n

Bark, money made from, 108, i. 423;

fine clothes from, ii. 124, 127n

Barka (Barca), Khan, ruler of Kipchak, i. 4, 5n, 103n, ii. 491;

his war with Hulákú, i. 4, ii. 494 seqq.

Barkul, i. 345n

Barkút, búrgút (bearcoote), eagle trained to the chase, i. 397, 399n

Barlaam and Josaphat, Story of Saints, from Legend of Buddha, ii. 323n seqq.

Barley, huskless, i. 158, 162n

Baroch, ii. 367n

Baron-tala, name applied by Mongols to Tibet, i. 214n

Barons (Shieng or Sing), Kaan’s twelve, ii. 430

Barozzi, Nicolo, 30, 70

Barros, John de, i. 110n, 120n;

geography of, 3

Barsauma (St. Barsamo), i. 77

Barskul (Barscol), “Leopard Lake,” i. 343, 345n

Bartizan, Kúblái’s wooden, i. 337, 339n

Barus, Barros (Sumatra), its camphor, ii. 302n–303n, 304n

Barussae insulae, ii. 310n

Barygaza, ii. 397n, 408n

Bashai (Pashai), i. 165n

Bashkirds (Hungarians), i. 57n; ii. 492n

Bashpah, Lama, and the Mongol character called after him, i. 28n, 353n, ii. 46n

Basma, see Pasei

Basmuls (Guasmuls), half-breeds, i. 284, 292n

Basra (Bastra), noted for its date-groves, i. 63, 65n

Bathang, ii. 45n, 48n, 56n, 67n, 70n

Baths, natural hot, near Hormuz, i. 110–122n;

in Cathay, 442;

public at Kinsay, ii. 189, 198n

Batigala, Batticalla, ii. 426n, 443n

Batochina, ii. 302n

Bats, large, in India, ii. 345

Battas of Sumatra, and cannibalism, ii. 288n, 298n

Batthála, Bettelar (Patlam in Ceylon), ii. 337n

Battles, Kúblái v. Nayan, i. 336;

Tartars v. king of Mien, ii. 101;

Caidu v. Khan’s forces, 461;

Borrak and Arghún, 467;

Arghún and Ahmad, 470n;

Hulákú and Barka, 496;

Toktai and Nogai, 499

Bátú, Khan of Kipchak, founder of Sarai, 11, i. 5n, 6n, 245, 247n;

invades Russia, 490, 493n;

made by Polo into two kings—Sain and Patu, 491, 492n;

his character and cruelty, 492n

Baudas, see Baghdad

Baudekins (baldacchini), brocades made at Baghdad, i. 63, 65n

Bauduin de Sebourc, 121 seqq., ii. 141, 144, 189, 216

Bavaria, Duke Ernest of, a mediæval Romance, ii. 418n

Bawárij, corsairs, ii. 410n

Bayan Chingsian, Kúblái’s greatest Captain, i. 10n, 334n, 361n, ii. 138n, 208n, 462n;

prophecy connected with his name, 145, 150n;

his conquest of Manzi or South China, 146;

his history and character, 148n, 149n;

his exceptional cruelty at Chang-chau, 179, 145n

Bayan, Khagan of the Avars, ii. 148n

Bayan (Baian), Kúblái’s Master of the Hounds, i. 400, 401n

Bayan, son of Násruddin, ii. 104n

Bayezid Ilderim, i. 45n

Bdellium, ii. 397n

Beads, Hindu, ii. 338, 347n

Bears, i. 396, 397, 401, ii. 31, 37, 42, 78, 382, 411, 431;

white in Far North, 479, 481n

Beast and bird patterns, see Patterns

Beaten gold, i. 387, 388n

Beaujeu, William de, Master of the Temple, i. 25n

Beauty of—Georgians, i. 50, 53n;

Khorasan women, 128;

Kashmir women, 166;

Sinju women, 276;

Argons, or half-breeds, 284;

the Ungrat or Kungurat tribe, 357;

people of Coloman, ii. 122;

Kinsay women, 186;

Kaidu’s daughter, 463;

Arghún Khan, 478;

the Russians, 487

Beds, their arrangement in India, ii. 346, 352n

Beef, not eaten in Maabar, except by the Govi, ii. 341, 350n;

formerly eaten in India, 350n

Bejas of the Red Sea Coast, ii. 425, 432n, 434n

Belgutai, Chinghiz’s stepbrother, i. 334n

“Belic” for “Melic,” ii. 470n

Bell at Cambaluc, great, i. 375, 378n, 414

Bellál Rajas, ii. 367n

Belledi, balladi, ginger so called, ii. 381n;

Spanish use of the word, ib.

Benares, brocades of, i. 66n

Bendocquedar, see Bundúkdári, Bíbars

Benedict XII., Pope, ii. 179n

Bengal (Bangala), 12,

king of Mien (Burma) and, ii. 98;

why Polo couples these, 99n;

relations between Burma and, 99n, 114;

claim asserted by king of Burma to, 100n;

alleged Mongol invasion of, 115n;

its distance from Caugigu, 120;

its currency, 123;

confused with Pegu by Polo, 128n, 131n

Beni Búya dynasty, i. 91n

Benjamin of Tudela, on Alexander’s Rampart, i. 54n;

on the Gryphon, ii. 418n

Benzoin, etymology of, ii. 286n, 396n

Berard, Thos., Master of the Temple, i. 23, 24n

Berbera, Sea of, ii. 415n

Berchet, G., 27, ii. 507n

Bereké, Bátu Khan’s brother, i. 5n

Bernier, on Kashmir women’s beauty, i. 169n

Berrie, the Arabic Băríya, a desert, i. 237n

Bettelar, rendezvous of Pearl Fishers, ii. 331, 337n

Beyamini, wild oxen of Tibet, ii. 50, 52n

Bezant, i. 405, 424, 425, 426n, 427n, 444, ii. 41n, 186, 218n, 346n, 349n, 479;

value of, 592n

Bhagavata, ii. 346n

Bhamó, and River of, ii. 70n, 105n, 107n, 108n, 113n

Bhartpúr, prophecy about, ii. 149n

Bhattis, the, i. 104n

Bháwalpúr, i. 104n

“Bhim’s Baby,” colossal idol at Dhamnár caves, i. 221n

Bianco’s, Andrea, maps, i. 133n

Biar, ii. 305n

Bibars Bundúkdári, see Bundúkdári

Bielo Osero, ii. 486n

Bigoncio, a firkin, i. 384n

Bilúchis, i. 101n;

their robber raids, 106n;

Lumri or Numri, 114n

Binh Thuan (Champa), ii. 268n

Binkin, ii. 230n

Bintang (Pentam), ii. 280, 284

Birch-bark vessels, i. 309n;

books, ii. 124, 127n

Bír-dhúl, or Bujardawal, cap. of Ma’bar, ii. 335n

Bird-hunts, i. 269, 272n

Birdwood, Sir G., ii. 396n, 446n, 449n

Birhōrs of Chuta Nagpúr, ii. 298n

Bir-Pandi, or Pira-Bandi, ii. 333n, 334n

Birthday, celebration of Kúblái’s, i. 387

Bishbalik (Urumtsi), i. 214n, 440n

Bishop, of Male Island, ii. 404;

story of an Abyssinian, 428

Bitter bread, i. 110, 122n

—— water, i. 110, 122n, 194

Blac, Blachia (Lac, Wallach), ii. 489n

Black-bone, Chinese name for Lolos, ii. 63n

Black Crane (Kará Togorü), i. 296, 297n

—— Saints, White Devils in India, ii. 355, 359n

—— Sea, M. Maurum v. Nigrum, i. 2, 3n, 57n

—— Sect of Tibet, i. 324n

Blacker, the more beautiful, ii. 355

Blaeuw, map, i. 102n

Blochmann, Professor H., i. 114n, ii. 116n

Block-books, supposed to have been introduced from China, 139

Block-printing in Persia, i. 429n

Blood-sucking, Tartar, i. 261, 264n

Blous, bloies, i. 327n

Boar’s tusks, huge (Hipp.), ii. 413

Boccassini, i. 62n

Bode, Baron de, i. 85n

Bodhisatva Avalok., ii. 265n

Bodleian MS. of Polo, 18, 92, 94;

list of miniatures in, ii. 528n

Boeach, mistake for Locac, and its supposed position, ii. 280n

Boemond, Prince of Antioch and Tripoli, letter of Bibar to, i. 24n

Boga (Bukā), a great Mongol officer, delivers Arghún, ii. 471, 472, 474n

Boghra Khan, i. 188n

Bohea country, ii. 222n, 224n

Bohra, sect of W. India, i. 148n

Boikoff, Russian Envoy, i. 218n

Bokhara (Bocara), i. 9, 10

Boleyn, Anne, her use of buckram, i. 47n

Bolgana, Queen, see Bulughán

Bolgarskoye (called also Uspenskoye), i. 7n

Bolghar, borgal, borghal, Russia leather, i. 6n, 394, 395n

Bolghar (Bolgara), on the Volga, i. 4, 6n, ii. 481n, 486n, 493n;

ruins of, i. 7n;

court of, 384n

Bolivar, Padre, S. J., his account of the Condor (Rukh) of Africa, ii. 420n, 597n

Bolor, i. 172, 178n, 179n

Bombay, ii. 396n, 449n

Bonaparte, Prince Roland, Recueil des Documents de l’Époque Mongole, i. 14n, 28n

Bonga, ii. 96n

Bonheur, Rosa, i. 277n

Boniface VIII., Pope, 44, 52, 54, i. 23n

Bonin, C. E., i. 203n, 249n, 276n, 282n, 286n

Bonocio di Mestro, 67

Bonpos, old Tibetan Sect, i. 314n, 321n, 323n

Bonús, ebony, ii. 268, 272n

Bonvalot, i. 200n

Book of Marco Polo, its contents, 80;

original language, French, 81;

oldest Italian MS., 82;

“Geographic Text,” in rude French, 83 seqq.;

various types of Text—(1) “Geographic,” 90;

(2) Pauthier’s MSS., 92;

(3) Pipino s Latin, 95;

Preface to, ii. 525n;

Grynæus’ Latin, 95;

Müller’s reprint, 96;

(4) Ramusio’s Italian edition, its peculiarities, 96–101;

probable truth about it, 99;

bases of it, 100;

MS. and some of its peculiarities, 101;

general view of the relations of the texts, 101;

notice of an old Irish version, 102;

geographical data, 109;

how far influenced in form by Rustician, 112;

perhaps in description of battles, 113;

diffusion and number of MSS., 116;

basis of present version, 141 seqq.;

specimens of different recensions of text, ii. 522n–524n;

distribution of MSS., 526n;

miniatures in, 527n, 529n;

list of MSS., 532n–552n;

Tabular view of the filiation of chief MSS., 552;

Bibliography, 553n–582n;

titles of works cited, 582n–590n;

Spanish edition, 598n

Bore in Hang-chau Estuary, ii. 208n

Borgal, see Bolghar

Bormans, Stanislas, ii. 602n, 603n

Born, Bertram de, 44

Borneo, camphor, see Camphor

—— tailed men of, ii. 302n

Boro Bodor, Buddhist Monument, Java, 13, ii. 275n

Borrak, Amir, Prince of Kerman (Kutlugh Sultan?), i. 91n

—— Khan of Chaghatai, see Barac

Borús, the, ii. 310n

Bostam, i. 138n

Boswellia thurifera, ii. 396n, 446n, 448n;

serrata, 446n;

Carterii, 448n;

Bhauda-jiana, 448n;

papyrifera, 448n;

Frereana, 448n;

glabra, 396n

Bouqueran, see Buckram

Bourne, F. S. A., ii. 60n, 131n

Boxwood forests in Georgia, i. 50, 57n

Bozzí, i. 212n

Bra, the word, 45

Bracelets, in Anin, ii. 119

Bragadino, Marco, husband of Marco Polo’s daughter, Fantina, 76

—— Pietro, 76

Brahmanical thread, ii. 363

Brahmans (Abraiaman), fish-charmers to the pearl fishery, ii. 332, 337n;

their character and virtues, 363, 367n;

their king, 364;

their omens, 364, 368n, 369n;

longevity, 365;

Chughi, 365;

Palladian legend of, 405n

Brahma’s temple, Hang-chau, ii. 212n, 213n

Brahuis, i. 101n

Brakhimof, early capital of Bulgaria, i. 7n

Brambanan, ruins at, 13

Bran (Tibetan tsamba), parched barley, i. 303, 321n

Brazil wood, in Locac, ii. 276, 279n;

in Sumatra, 299;

manner of growth, ib., 309n;

in Ceylon, 313, 315n;

in Coilum (Coilumin), 375, 380n;

different kinds, ib.;

vicissitudes of the word, 380n;

its use prohibited by Painters’ Guild, 382n

Bread, bitter, i. 110, 122n

Brephung monastery, i. 319n

Bretesche, i. 339n

Bretschneider, Dr. Emil (Medical Researches), ruins of Bolghar, i. 7n;

the Uíghúr character, 28n;

Caucasian Wall, 54n;

use of muslin in Samarkand, 62n;

on nakh and nachetti, 65n;

Hulákú’s expedition to West Asia, 66n, 85n, 146n, 148n;

an extract from the Yüan Si, 115n;

Badakhshan, 161n;

Kashgar, 183n;

Shachau, 206n;

Kamul, 211n;

Chingintalas, 214n;

the Stipa inebrians, 219n;

the Utikien Uigúrs, 227n;

Erdenidso Monastery, 228n;

Belasagun, 232n;

death of Chinghiz, 248n;

tung lo or kumiz, 259n;

Kúblái’s death, 334n;

Peking, 366n, 368n, 370n, 372n, 376n–378n, ii. 5n, 6n, 8n;

verniques, i. 384n;

clepsydra, 385n;

the Bularguchi, 408n;

Achmath’s biography, 421n;

paper-money, 430n;

post stations, 437n;

Chinese intoxicating drinks, 441n;

regulations for time of dearth, 444n;

Lu-Ku-K’iao Bridge, ii. 8n;

introduction of plants from Asia into China, 16n;

morus alba, 25n;

Tibet, 46n;

bamboo explosions, 46n;

the Si-fans, 60n;

Cara-jang and Chagan-jang, 73n;

Nasr-uddin, 104n;

the Alans, 180n;

rhubarb in Tangut, 183n;

Polo’s “large pears,” 210n;

on galangal, 229n;

on sugar, 230n;

on Zayton, 238n;

on wood-oil, 252n;

on ostrich, 437n;

on Si-la-ni, 316n;

on frankincense, 449n;

on Magyars, 492n;

on Mongol invasion of Poland and Silesia, 493n

Brichu (Brius, the Upper Kiang), ii. 67n

Bridges of Pulisanghin, ii. 3;

Sindafu (Ch’êngtu), 37;

Suchau, 181;

Kinsay, 185, 187, 194n, 201, 212;

Kien-ning fu, 225, 228n;

Fuchau, 233n, 234n;

Zayton, or Chinchau, 241n

Brine-wells, see Salt

Brius River (Kin-sha Kiang, Gold River), ii. 36, 40n, 56, 67n

Brown, G. G., ii. 35n

—— Sir Thomas, ii. 420n, 424n;

on Polo, 115

Bruce’s Abyssinian Chronology, ii. 435n seqq.

Brunetto Latini’s Book, Li Tresor, 88, 117

Brunhilda, ii. 466n

Bruun, Professor Ph., of Odessa, i. 6n, 54n, 232n–235n

Bucephala, of Alexander, i. 105n

Bucephalus, breed of, i. 158, 162n

Buckrams, of Arzinga, i. 45;

described, 47n;

etymology, 48n;

at Mardin, 61, 62n;

in Tibet, ii. 45;

at Mutfili, 361, 363n;

Malabar, 389, 395, 398, 431

Buddha, see Sakya Muni

Buddhism, Buddhists, see Idolatry, Idolaters

Buddhist Decalogue, i. 170n

Buffaloes in Anin, ii. 119

Buffet and vessels of Kúblái’s table, i. 382, 384n

Bugaei, ii. 432n

Buka (Boga), a great Mongol chief, ii. 471, 472, 474n

Buka Bosha, 1st Mongolian Governor of Bokhara, i. 10n

Búkú Khan, of the Hoei-Hu, or Uighúrs, i. 227n

Bularguji (Bularguchi), “The Keeper of Lost Property,” i. 403, 407n

Bulgaria, Great, ii. 286n

Bulughán (Bolgana), Queen, 23, i. 32, 33n, 38n, ii. 474n

—— another, ii. 475n

Bundúkdár, Amír Aláuddín Aidekín (“The Arblasteer”), i. 24n

Bundúkdári, Malik Dáhir Ruknuddín Bíbars (Bendocquedar), Mameluke Sultan of Egypt, i. 22, 23n–25n, 145n, ii. 424n, 433n, 436n, 494n;

killed by kumiz, 259n

Buraets, or Burgats, the, i. 258n, 283n

Búrkán Káldún, i. 247n

Burma (or Ava), King of, ii. 98, 99n.

(See also Mien.)

Burnell, Arthur, ii. 335n, 359n, 386n

Burning the Dead, see Cremation

—— heretical books, i. 321n

—— paper-money, etc., at funerals, i. 204, 208n, 267, 268n, ii. 191

—— Widows in South India, ii. 341, 349n

Burrough, Christopher, i. 9n

Burton, Captain R. F., ii. 597n

Bushell, Dr. S. W., his visit to Shang-tu, i. 26n, 304n, 305n, 412n;

on the Khitan Scripts, 28n;

Tangut rulers, 205n;

orders for post-horses, 353n

Butchers, in Kashmir, i. 167;

Tibet, 170n;

S. India, ii. 342

Butiflis (Mutfili), ii. 362n

Butler, Hudibras, ii. 92n

Buyid dynasty, i. 86n

Ca’ Polo, Ca’ Milion, Corte del Millioni, the house of the Polos at Venice, 4, 26 seqq., 53, 70, 77

Caaju, castle of, i. 244

Cabs, Peking, ii. 211n

Cacanfu (Hokiang-fu), ii. 127, 132

Cachanfu (P’uchau-fu, Ho-chung-fu), ii. 22, 25n

Cachar Modun, i. 404, 408n

Cachilpatnam, ii. 387n

Cadmia, i. 126n

Caesalpinia, ii. 380n;

and see Brazil

Caesarea of Cappadocia (Casaria, Kaisaríya), i. 43, 44n

Caichu, castle of (Kiai-chau, or Hiai-chau?), ii. 17, 19n, 26n

Caidu, see Kaidu

Caiju, on the Hwang-Ho, ii. 142

—— on the Kiang, Kwachau, ii. 171, 174

Cail (Káyal), ii. 370, 372n–373n;

a great port of Commerce, 370, 373n;

the king, ib.;

identified, 372;

meaning of name, ib.;

remains of, ib.

Caindu (K’ien-ch’ang), a region of Eastern Tibet, ii. 53, 70n

Caingan (Ciangan, Kiahing), ii. 184n, 185n

Cairo, ii. 439n;

museum at, 424n;

ventilators at, 452n.

(See Babylon.)

Caiton, see Zayton

Cala Ataperistan (Kala’ Atishparastán), “Castle of the Fire Worshippers,” i. 78

Calachan (Kalaján), i. 281, 282n

Calaiate, Calatu, see Kalhát

Calamanz, the word, ii. 272n

Calamina, city, ii. 357n

Caldwell, Rev. Dr. R., on devil-dancing among the Shanars, ii. 97n;

on name of Ceylon, 314n;

on Shahr-Mandi and Sundara Pandi, 333n;

on the Tower at Negapatam, 336n;

etymology of Chilaw, 337n;

on Pacauta, 346n;

Govis, 349n;

singular custom of arrest, 350n–351n;

rainy season, 351n;

food of horses, ib.;

Shanar devil-images, 359n;

choiach, 368n;

Cail, or Kayál city, 372n, 373n;

Kolkhoi, 373n;

King Ashar of Cail, ib.;

Kollam 377n;

Pinati, 380n;

etymology of Sapong, ib.;

Cape Comorin, 383n

Calendar, Ecclesiastical Buddhist, i. 220, 222n;

the Tartar, 447, 448n;

of Brahmans, ii. 368n–369n;

of Documents relating to Marco Polo and his family, 505n seqq.

Calicut, ii. 380n, 381n, 388n, 391n, 440n;

King of, and his costume, 346n

Calif, see Khalif

Caligine, Calizene (Khalíj, a canal from Nile), ii. 439n

Camadi (City of Dakiánús), ruined, i. 97, 113n

Cambaluc (Khanbaligh, or Peking), capital of Cathay, 12, i. 38n, ii. 3, 132, 213n, 320;

Kúblái’s return thither after defeating Nayan, i. 348;

the palace, 362;

the city, 374;

its size, walls, gates, and streets, the Bell Tower, etc., 375n–378n;

period of khan’s stay there, 411;

its suburbs and hostelries, 412;

cemeteries, women, patrols, 414;

its traffic, 415;

the Emperor’s Mint, 423;

palace of the Twelve Barons, 431;

roads radiating from, 433;

astrologers of, 446

Cambay (Cambaet, Cambeth, Kunbáyat), kingdom of, ii. 394n, 397, 398n, 403n, 426n, 440n, 443n

Cambuscan, of Chaucer, corruption of Chinghiz, i. 247n

Camel-bird, see Ostrich

Camels, mange treated with oil, i. 46;

camlets from wool of, 281, 284;

white, 281, 283n;

incensing, 309n;

alleged to be eaten in Madagascar, ii. 411;

really eaten in Magadoxo, 413n;

ridden in war, 423, 425n

Camexu, Kamichu, see Campichu

Camlets (cammellotti), i. 281, 283n, 284

Camoens, ii. 266n

Camphor (Laurus Camphora) trees in Fo-kien, ii. 234, 237n

—— of Sumatra, ii. 287n;

Fansuri, 299, 302n;

earliest mention of, 302n;

superstitions regarding, 303n;

description of the tree, Dryabalanops Camphora, 303n–304n;

value attached by Chinese to, 304n;

recent prices of, ib.;

its use with betel, 371, 374n

—— oil, ii. 304n

Campichu (Kanchau), city of, i. 219, 220n

Camul (Kamul), province, i. 209, 211n, 214n

Camut, fine shagreen leather, i. 394, 395n

Canal, Grand, of China, ii. 132, 139, 140, 141n, 143n, 152n, 154n, 209n, 222n;

construction of, 174, 175n

Canale, Cristoforo, MS. by, 34, 37

—— Martino da, French Chronicle of Venice by, 88

Cananor, kingdom, ii. 388n

Cananore, ii. 386n, 387n

Canara, ii. 390n, 397n

Cancamum, ii. 397n

Canela brava, ii. 390n

Canes, Polo’s name for bamboos, q.v.

Cannibalism, ii. 293, 294, 298n, 311n, 312n;

ascribed to Tibetans, Kashmiris, etc., i. 301, 312n, 313n;

to Hill-people in Fo-kien, ii. 225, 228n;

to islanders in Seas of China and India, 264;

in Sumatra, 284, 288n;

regulations of the Battas, 288n;

ascribed to Andaman islanders, 309, 311n

Cannibals, i.e. Caribs, ii. 311n, 405n

Canonical Hours, ii. 368–369n

Cansay, see Kinsay

Canton, 3, ii. 199n, 237n

Cape Comorin, see Comari, Temple at, 76

—— Corrientes (of Currents), ii. 415n, 417n, 426n

—— Delgado, ii. 424n

—— of Good Hope, ii. 417n

Capidoglio (Capdoille), sperm-whale, ii. 414n

Cappadocian horses, i. 44n

Capus, G., i. 129n 162n

Caracoron (Kará Korum), i. 66n, 226, 227n, 269, ii. 460, 462n

Carajan (Caraian, Karájang, or Yun-nan), province, 21, ii. 64, 66, 67n, 72n, 76, 86

Caramoran River (Hwang-Ho), ii. 142, 143n, 144n, 151

Carans, or Scarans, i. 100n

Caraonas (Karaunahs), a robber tribe, i. 98, 101n, 121n

Carats, i. 359n

Carbine, etymology of, i. 101n

Cardinal’s Wit, i. 21n

Caribs, i.e. cannibals, ii. 311n, 405n

Carpets, of Turcomania (Turkey), i. 43, 44n;

Persian, 66n;

Kerman, 96n

Carriages, at Kinsay, ii. 205, 206;

Chinese, 211n

Carrion, shot from engines, ii. 163n

Carta Catalana, Catalan Map of 1375, 134, i. 57n, 59n, 82n, 161n, ii. 221n, 243n, 286n, 362n, 386, 396n, 494n

Carte, à la, ii. 486n

Carts, Mongol, i. 254n

Casan, see Gházán Khan

Casaria (Caesarea of Cappadocia), i. 43, 44n

Cascar (Kashgar), i. 180, 182n;

Chaukans of, 193n

Casem, see Kishm

Caspian Sea (Sea of Ghel or Ghelan), ancient error about, 2, 129;

its numerous names, i. 52, 58n, 59n, ii. 494n

Cassay, see Kinsay

Cassia, ii. 59n, 60n, 390n, 391n

—— buds, ii. 59n, 391n

—— fistula, ii. 398n

Castaldi, Panfilo, his alleged invention of movable types, 139–140

Castambol, i. 45n

Castelli, P. Cristoforo di, i. 52n, 53n

Casvin (Kazvín), a kingdom of Persia, i. 83, 84n, 101n, 141n

Catalan Navy, 38–39

Cathay (Northern China), 3;

origin of name, 11, 15, i. 60, 76n, 285, 414, 418, 441, ii. 10, 127, 132, 135, 139, 140, 192, 391n, 457;

coal in, i. 442;

idols, ii. 263;

Cambaluc, the capital of, see Cambaluc

Cathayans, v. Ahmad, i. 415 et seqq.;

their wine, 441;

astrologers, 446;

religion, 456;

politeness, filial duty, gaol deliveries, gambling, 457

Catholics, ii. 407;

Catholicos, of Sis, i. 42n;

of the Nestorians, 61n, 62n

Cators (chakors), great partridges, i. 296, 297n

Cat’s Head Tablet, i. 356n

Cats in China, ii. 350n

Caucasian Wall, i. 53n, 54n

Caugigu, province, ii. 116, 120, 123, 128n, 131n

Caulking, of Chinese ships, ii. 250, 251n

Cauly, Kauli (Corea), i. 343, 345n

Causeway, south of the Yellow River, ii. 153n

Cauterising children’s heads, ii. 432n

Cave-houses, i. 154, 156n, ii. 150n

Cavo de Eli, ii. 386n

—— de Diab, ii. 417n

Cayu (Kao-yu), ii. 152

Celtic Church, ii. 370n

Census, of houses in Kinsay, ii. 192;

tickets, ib.

Ceremonial of Mongol Court, see Etiquette

Ceylon (Seilan), ii. 312–314;

circuit of, 310n;

etymology of, 314n;

customs of natives, 315;

mountain of Adam’s (alias Sagamoni Borcan’s) Sepulchre, 316, 321n;

history of Buddha, 317;

origin of idolatry, 318 seqq.;

subject to China, 392n

Ceylon, King of, his pearl-ponds, ii. 337n

Chachan (Charchan, Charchand), i. 192n, 194, 195n, 196n

Chagatai (Sigatay), Kúblái’s uncle, son of Chinghiz, 10, i. 10n, 14n, 98, 102n, 183, 186n, ii. 457, 458n, 459

Chaghán-Jáng, ii. 72n, 73n

Chaghan-Kuren, ii. 23n

Chaghan-Nor (“White Lake”), N.E. of Kamul, i. 214n

—— (Chaghan, or Tsaghan Balghasun), site of Kúblái’s palace, i. 296, 297n, 306n, 422n, ii. 14n

Chairs, silver, i. 351, 355n

Chakor (cator), great partridges, i. 296, 297n

Chalcedony and jasper, i. 191, 193n

Chalukya Malla kings, ii. 336n

Champa (Chamba), kingdom of, ii. 266, 268n, 424, 426n, 596n;

Kúblái’s expedition v., 267;

the king and his wives, 268, 271n;

products, 268, 271n–272n;

locality, 269–270n;

invaded by king of Lukyn, 279n

Chandra Banu, ii. 315n

Chandu (Shangtu), city of peace of Kúblái, i. 25, 298, 304n, 410–411, 435

Changan, ii. 182, 184n

Chang-chau (Chinginju), ii. 178, 179n

—— in Fo-kien, ii. 233n, 238n;

Zayton(?), 238n;

Christian remains at, 240n–241n

Ch’ang Ch’un, travels, i. 62n

Changgan (Chang-ngan), ii. 27–29n

Chang-kia-Kau, the gate in the Great Wall, i. 56n

Chang K’ien, ii. 16n

Chang-shan (Changshan), ii. 198n, 199n, 219, 221n, 222n, 224n

Ch’ang Te (the Chinese traveller), Si Shi Ki, i. 64n, 66n

Chang Te-hui, a Chinese teacher, i. 309n

Chang-y (Chenchu), i. 417–419, 422n

Chang Yao, Chinese general, i. 211n

Cháo de Bux (Cavo di Bussi), boxwood, i. 57n

Chaohien, Sung Prince, ii. 150n

Cháo-Khánahs, bank-note offices in Persia, i. 429n

Cháo Naiman Sumé Khotan, or Shangtu, “city of the 108 temples,” i. 304n

Cháo, paper-money, i. 426n, 429n

Cháo, title of Siamese and Shan Princes, ii. 73n

Chaotong, ii. 130n

Chapu, ii. 199n

Characters, written, four acquired by Marco Polo, i. 27;

one in Manzi, but divers spoken dialects, ii. 236

Charchan (Chachan of Johnson, Charchand), i. 192n, 194, 195n, 196n

Charcoal, store in Peking, palace garden of, i. 370n

Charities, Kúblái’s, i. 439, 443, 444;

Buddhistic and Chinese, 446n;

at Kinsay, ii. 188, 198n

Charles VIII., of France, i. 398n

Chau dynasty, i. 347n

Chaucer, quoted, i. 3n, 5n, 17n, 161n, 247n, 386n, ii. 11n

Chaukans, temporary wives at Kashgar, i. 193

Chaul, ii. 367n

Cheapness in China, ii. 202

Cheetas, or hunting leopards, i. 397, 398n

Cheh-kiang, cremation common during Sung dynasty in, ii. 135n;

roads into Fo-kien from, 224n

Cheinan, Gulf of, ii. 266

Chenchau, or Iching hien, ii. 173n, 174n

Chenching (Cochin-China), ii. 268n–269n, 277n

Chenchu (Chang-y), conspires with Vanchu v. Ahmad, i. 417–419, 422n

Ch’eng-ting fu, ii. 13, 14n

Ch’êng-Tsu (Yung-lo), Emperor, ii. 392n

Ch’êng-tu (Sze-ch’wan), ii. 32n, 34n, 35n

Ch’êngtu-fu (Sindafu), ii. 36, 37n

Cheu, the Seven, ii. 277n

Chibai and Chiban, ii. 459, 462n

Chichiklik Pass, i. 172n, 175n

Chien-ch’ang (Caindu), ii. 70n.

(See K’ien-ch’ang.)

Chihli, plain of, ii. 14n

Chilaw, ii. 337n

Chiliánwála, battlefield of, i. 105n

Chilu-ku, last Karakhitai king, ii. 20n

Chin, Sea of, ii. 264, 265, 266n, 270n

China, 134;

Imperial Maritime Customs Returns for 1900, ii. 173n;

Dominicans in, 240n;

paved roads in, 189, 198n;

relations with Korea and Japan, 262n;

the name, 265n;

king of Malacca at Court of, 282n;

trade from Arabia to, 348n;

from Sofala in Africa, 400n.

(See also Cathay and Manzi.)

Chinangli (T’sinan-fu), ii. 133, 135, 137n

Chínár, Oriental planes, i. 128n, 138n

Chinchau, Chincheo, Chinchew, Chwanchew, Tswanchau, see Zayton

Chinese, Polo ignorant of the languages, 110, i. 29n;

epigrams, 170n;

funeral and mourning customs, 207n, ii. 191;

feeling towards Kúblái, i. 421n;

religion and irreligion, 456, 458n;

their politeness and filial piety, 457, 462n;

gambling, 457;

character for integrity, ii. 204, 210n;

written character and varieties of dialect, 236;

ships, 249 seqq.;

pagodas at Negapatam and elsewhere, 336n;

coins found in Southern India, 337n;

pottery, 372n–373n;

trade and intercourse with Southern India, 373n, 378n, 386, 390, 392n

Chinghian-fu (Chinkiang-fu), ii. 175, 176, 177n

Chinghiz Khan, 10, 11, i. 5n, 10n, 12n, ii. 458n, 479, 481n;

reported to be a Christian, i. 14n;

Aung Khan’s saying of, 27n;

his use of Uíghúr character, 28n;

Erzrum taken by, 49n;

harries Balkh, 151n;

captures Talikan, 154n;

ravages Badakhshan, 163n;

his respect for Christians, 186n, 242n, 243n;

subjugates Kutchluk Khân, 189n;

his campaigns in Tangut, 206n, 218n, 225n, 281n;

Rubruquis’ account of, 237n, 239n;

made king of the Tartars, 238;

his system of conquests, 238;

and Prester John, 239–241;

divining by twigs—presage of victory, 241;

defeats and slays Prester John, 244;

his death and burial-place, 244, 245n, 249n;

his aim at conquest of the world, 245n;

his funeral, 250n;

his army, 262, 265n;

defeats the Merkits, 270n;

relations between Prester John’s and his families, 284, 288n;

the Horiad tribe, 300, 308n;

his prophecy about Kúblái, 331n;

rewards his captains, 351n;

captures Peking, ii. 8n;

defeats and slays Taiyang Khan, 20n;

his alleged invasion of Tibet, 46n;

his mechanical artillery, 168n;

his cruelty, 181n;

Table of Genealogy of his House, 505n

Chinghiz Tora, ii. 481n

Ching-hoang tower at Hangchau-fu, ii. 214n

Chinginju (Chang-chau), ii. 178

Chingintalas, province, i. 212;

its identification, 214n, 215n

Chingkim, Chinkin, Chimkin, Kúblái’s favourite son and heir-apparent, i. 38n, 359, 360n, 418, 422n;

his palace, 366, 372n

Chingsang, Ching-siang (Chinisan), title of a Chief Minister of State, i. 432n, ii. 145, 148n, 150n, 218n

Chingting-fu (Acbaluc), ii. 13, 14n

Chingtsu, or Yung-lo, Emperor, ii. 392n

Chíní, coarse sugar, ii. 230n

Chinju (Tinju), ii. 153, 154n

Chin-tan, or Chínasthána, Chinese etymology of, ii. 119n

Chinuchi, Cunichi, Kúblái’s Masters of the Hounds, i. 400, 401n

Chipangu (Japan), ii. 253, 256n;

account of Kúblái’s expedition v., 255, 258;

its disasters, 255–256;

history of expedition, 260n seqq.;

relations with China and Korea, 262n

Chitral, i. 154n, 160n, 165n, 166n

Chloroxylon Dupada, ii. 397n

Cho-chau (Juju), ii. 10, 11n, 131n

Choiach, the term, ii. 364, 368n

Chola, or Sola-desam (Soli, Tanjore), ii. 335n, 336n, 364, 368n

Chonka (Fo-kien), kingdom of, ii. 231, 232n, 236;

explanation of name, 232n

Chonkwé, ii. 232n

Chorcha, see Churchin

Christian, astrologers, i. 241, 446;

churches in China, early, ii. 27n;

inscription of Singanfu, 28n;

Alans in the Mongol service, ii. 178, 179n

Christianity, attributed to Chinghizide princes, i. 14n, ii. 476, 477n;

Kúblái’s views on, i. 344n

—— former, of Socotra, ii. 410n

Christians, of the Greek rite, Georgians, i. 50;

and Russians, ii. 486;

Jacobite and Nestorian, at Mosul, i. 46, 60, 61n;

among the Kurds, 60, 62n;

and the Khalif of Baghdad—the miracle of the mountain and the one-eyed cobbler, 68–73;

Kashgar, 182, 183n;

in Samarkand, 183, 186n;

the miracle of the stone removed, 185;

Yarkand, 187;

Tangut, 203, 207n;

Chingintalas, 212;

Suh-chau, 217;

Kan-chau, 219;

in Chinghiz’s camp, 241;

Erguiul and Sinju, 274;

Egrigaia, 281;

Tenduc, 285;

Nayan and the Khan’s decision, 339, 344;

at Kúblái’s Court, 388;

in Yun-nan, ii. 66, 74n;

Cacanfu, 132;

Yang-chau, 154n;

churches at Chin-kiang fu, 177;

at Kinsay, 192;

St. Thomas’, 353–354;

Coilum, 375;

Male and Female Islands, 404;

Socotra, 406;

Abyssinia and fire baptism, 427, 432n;

of the Girdle, 432n;

in Lac (Wallachia), 487

Chrocho, the Rukh (q.v.), ii. 415n seqq.

Chronology and chronological data discussed, first journey of the Polos, i. 3n;

war between Barka and Hulákú, 8n;

Polos’ stay at Bokhara, 10n;

their departure and their second journey from Acre, 23n;

their return voyage and arrival in Persia, 38n;

story of Nigudar, 103n;

Hormuz princes, 120n;

destruction of Ismailites, 146n;

history of Chinghiz, 239n, 242n, 247n;

Kúblái’s birth and accession, 334n;

Nayan’ rebellion, 334n, 346n;

Polo’s visit to Yun-nan, ii. 81n;

battle with the king of Mien, 104n;

wars between China and Burma, 104n–106n, 111n, 114n;

value of Indo-Chinese, 106n;

conquest of S. China, 148n, 149n;

capture of Siang-yang, 167n;

Kúblái’s dealings with Japan, 260n–261n;

with Champa, 270n;

Marco’s visit to Japan, 271n;

Kúblái’s Java expedition, 275n;

review of the Malay, 282n;

events in Ma’bar, 333n;

King Gondophares, 357n;

cessation of Chinese navigation to India, 391n;

Abyssinia, 434n seqq.;

Kaidu’s wars, 462n, 467n;

Mongol revolutions in Persia, notes from, 470n–475n;

wars of Toktai and Noghai, 497.

(See also Dates.)

Chrysostom, i. 81n

Chuchu, in Kiang-si, ii. 224n, 229n

Chughis, see Jogis

Chung-Kiang, ii. 40n

Chungkwé, “Middle Kingdom,” ii. 232n

Chung-tu, or Yen-King (Peking, see Cambaluc)

Ch’ura, i. 265n

Churches, Christian, in Kashgar, i. 182;

Samarkand, 185;

Egrigaia, 281;

Tenduc, 287n;

early, in China, ii. 27n;

Yang-chau, 154n;

Chin-kiang fu, 177;

Kinsay, 192;

Zayton, 238n, 240n;

St. Thomas’s, 354–355, 356n;

Coilum, 377n;

Socotra, 409n–410n

Churchin, or Niuché, Churché, Chorcha (the Manchu Country), i. 231n, 343, 344n

Cielstan, Suolstan (Shúlistán), i. 83, 85n

Cinnamon, Tibet, ii. 49, 52n;

Caindu, 56, 59n;

Ceylon, 315n;

story in Herodotus of, 363n;

Malabar, 389, 390n

Circumcision of Socotrans, ii. 409n;

forcible, of a bishop, 429;

of Abyssinians, 432n

Cirophanes, or Syrophenes, story of, ii. 328n

Civet, of Sumatra, ii. 295n

Clement IV., Pope, i. 17, 18n, 21n

Clepsydra, i. 378n, 385n, ii. 214

Cloves, ii. 272, 306;

in Caindu, 56, 59n

Coal (Polo’s blackstone), i. 442;

in Scotland in Middle Ages, 443n;

in Kinsay, ii. 216

Cobbler, the one-eyed, and the miracle of the mountain, i. 70

Cobinan (Koh-Banán), i. 125

Cocachin (Kúkáchin), the Lady, 23–24, i. 32, 33n, 36, 38n

Cochin-China, the mediæval Champa (q.v.)

Coco-nut (Indian nut), i. 108, ii. 293, 306, 308n, 309n, 354, 389

Coco Islands, of Hiuen T’sang, ii. 307n

Cocos Islands, ii. 309n

Cœur de Lion, his mangonels, ii. 165n, 166n

Coffins, Chinese, in Tangut, i. 205, 209n

Cogachin (Hukaji), Kúblái’s son, King of Carajan, i. 361n, ii. 76

Cogatai, i. 419

Cogatal, a Tartar envoy to the Pope, i. 13, 15

Coiganju (Hwaingan-fu), ii. 142, 148, 151

Coilum (Kollam, Kaulam, Quilon), kingdom of, ii. 375, 382n, 403n, 413n, 426n, 440n;

identity of meaning of name, 377n;

Church of St. George at, 377n;

modern state of, 377n;

Kúblái’s intercourse with, 378n

Coilumin, columbino, colomní, so-called Brazil-wood, ii. 375;

ginger, 375, 381n

Coins of Cilician Armenia, i. 42n;

of Mosul, 61n;

Agathocles and Pantaleon, 163n;

Seljukian with Lion and Sun, 352n;

found at Siang-Yang, ii. 169n;

King Gondophares, 357n;

Tartar heathen princes with Mahomedan and Christian formulæ, 477n

Coja (Koja), Tartar envoy from Persia to the Khan, i. 32–33n, 38n

Cold, intense, in Kerman, i. 91, 111n, 113n;

in Russia, ii. 487

“Cold Mountains,” i. 114n

Coleridge, verses on Kúblái’s Paradise, i. 305n

Coloman, province, ii. 122, 128n–131n

Colombino, see Coilumin

Colon, see Coilum

Colossal Buddhas, recumbent, i. 219, 221n

Columbum, see Coilum

Columbus, Polo paralleled with, 3;

remarks on, 105–106

Comania, Comanians, i. 50, ii. 382, 383n, 490, 491n

Comari, Comori (Cape Comorin, Travancore), ii. 333n, 382, 384, 385, 403n, 426n;

temple at, 383n

Combermere, Lord, prophecy applied to, ii. 149n

Comercque, Khan’s custom-house, ii. 37, 41n

Compartments, in hulls of ships, ii. 249, 251n

Compass, Mariner’s, 138

Competitive Examinations in beauty, i. 359n

Conchi, King of the North, ii. 479

Concubines, how the Khan selects, i. 357

Condor, its habits, ii. 417n;

Temple’s account of, 417n;

Padre Bolivar’s of the African, 420n

Condur and Sondur, ii. 276, 277n

Condux, sable or beaver, i. 410n

Conia, Coyne (Iconium), i. 43

Conjeveram, ii. 334n

Conjurers, the Kashmirian, i. 166, 168n;

weather-, 98, 105n, 166, 168n, 301, 309n–311n;

Lamas’ ex-feats, 315n–318n.

(See also Sorcerers.)

Conosalmi (Kamasal), i. 99, 106n

Constantinople, i. 2, 19n, 36, ii. 165n, 487;

Straits of, 488, 490

Convents, see Monasteries

Cookery, Tartar horse-, i. 264n

Cooper, T. T., traveller on Tibetan frontier, ii. 45n, 48n, 52n, 59n, 67n

Copper, token currency of Mahomed Tughlak, i. 429n;

imported to Malabar, ii. 390;

to Cambay, 398

Coral, valued in Kashmir, Tibet, etc., i. 167, 170n, ii. 49, 52n

Corea (Kauli), i. 343, 345n

Corn, Emperor’s store and distribution of, i. 443

Coromandel (Maabar), see Mabar

Corsairs, see Pirates

Corte del Milione, see Ca’ Polo

—— Sabbionera at Venice, 27 seqq.

Cosmography, mediæval, 130

Costus, ii. 397n

Cotan, see Khotan

Cotton, stuffs of, i. 44n, 45, 47n, 48n, 60, ii. 225, 228n, 361, 363n, 395, 398, 431;

at Merdin, i. 60;

in Persia, 84;

at Kashgar, 181;

Yarkand, 187;

Khotan, 188, 190n;

Pein, 191;

Bengal, ii. 115;

bushes of gigantic size, 393, 394n

Counts in Vokhan, i. 171, 173n;

at Dofar, ii. 444

Courts of Justice, at Kinsay, ii. 203

Couvade, custom of, ii. 85, 91n–95n, 596n

Cow-dung, its use in Maabar, ii. 341, 365

Cowell, Professor, i. 105n

Cowries (porcelain shells, pig shells), used for money, etc., ii. 66, 74n, 76, 123;

procured from Locac, 276, 279n

Cralantur, its meaning(?), i. 71n

Cramoisy (quermesis), i. 44n, 63, 65n

Cranes, five kinds of, i. 296, 297n

Crawford, John, ii. 277n

Cremation, i. 204, 208n, ii. 122, 132, 134n, 135, 140, 141, 151, 152, 191, 218, 221n;

in Middle Ages, ii. 133n

Cremesor, Hot Region (Garmsir), i. 75, 99n, 112n, 114n

Çrībhôja (Çribhôdja), country, ii. 283n

Crocodiles, see Alligators

Cross, legend of the Tree of the, i. 135;

gibes against, on Nayan’s defeat, 343;

on monument at Singanfu, ii. 27n

Crossbows, ii. 78, 82n, 161n

Cruelties, Tartar, i. 151n, 265n, 266n, ii. 180n

Crusca MS. of Polo, 82, i. 18n, 38n, 85n, 297n, 358n, 384n, ii. 34n, 72n

Cubeb pepper, ii. 272, 391n

Cubits, astronomical altitude estimated by, ii. 382, 389, 392

Cublay, see Kúblái

Cucintana, ii. 396n

Cudgel, Tartars’ use of, i. 266, 267n, 414

Cuiju (Kwei-chau), province, ii. 124, 127n

Cuinet, Vital, on Turkman villages, i. 44n;

on Mosul Kurds, 62n

Cuirbouly, i. 260, 263n, ii. 78, 82n

Cuju, ii. 219, 221n, 224n

Cuncun (Han-Chung) province, ii. 31, 32n

Cunningham, General A., i. 12n, 104, 156n, 173n, 178n, 283n, 290n, ii. 357n

Cups, flying, i. 301, 314n, 349n

Curds and Curdistan, i. 9n, 60, 62n, 83n, 84n, 85n, 102n, 143n, 145n

Currency, copper token, in India, i. 429n;

salt, ii. 45, 54, 57n;

leather, i. 429n;

Cowrie, see Cowries

Currency, paper, in China, i. 423, 426n;

attempt to institute in Persia, 428n;

alluded to, ii. 124, 127, 132, 135, 138, 140, 141, 152, 154, 170, 174, 176, 178, 181, 187, 218

Current, strong south along East Coast of Africa, ii. 412, 415n

Currents, Cape of, or Corrientes, ii. 415n, 417n, 426n

Curtains, Persian, i. 66n

Curzola Island, Genoese victory at, 6, 45 seqq.;

Polo’s galley at, 49;

map of, 50

Curzon, Lord, i. 64n, 84n, 86n, 128n;

list of Pamirs, ii. 594n

—— Hon. R., on invention of printing, 138, 139

Customs, Custom-houses, ii. 37, 41n, 170, 204, 215, 216

Cutch pirates, ii. 410n

Cuxstac, Kuhestec, i. 110n

Cuy Khan (Kuyuk), i. 14n, 245, 247n

Cycle, Chinese, i. 447, 454n

Cynocephali, the, ii. 228n, 309, 311n

Cypresses, sacred, of the Magians, i. 131n

Cyprus, i. 65n

Cyrus, his use of camels in battle near Sardis, ii. 104n

Dabul, ii. 443n

Dadian, title of Georgian kings, i. 53n

Da Gama, ii. 386n, 391n

Dagroian, kingdom of, in Sumatra, ii. 293;

probable position of, 297n

Dailiu (Tali), ii. 81n

Daïtu, Taidu, Tatu (Peking), Kúblái’s new city of Cambaluc, i. 305n, 306n, 374, 375n

Dakiánús, city of (Camadi), i. 113n

Dalada, tooth relique of Buddha, ii. 329n–330n

Dalai Lama, with four hands, ii. 265n

D’Alboquerque, ii. 281n, 382n, 409n, 451n

Dalivar, Dilivar, Diláwar (Lahore), a province of India, i. 99, 104n, 105n

Dalmian, ii. 297n

Damas, i. 65n

Damascus, i. 23n, 143;

siege of, ii. 166n

Damasks, with cheetas in them, i. 398n;

with giraffes, ii. 424n.

(See also Patterns.)

Damghan, i. 138n, 148n

Dancing dervishes, ii. 97n

Dancing girls, in Hindu temples, ii. 345, 351n

Dandolo, Andrea, Admiral of Venetian fleet at Curzola, 6, 46;

his captivity and suicide, 48;

funeral at Venice, 50

D’Anghieria, Pietro Martire, 36, 120

Dantapura, ii. 329n

Dante, number of MSS., 117;

does not allude to Polo, 118;

Convito, i. 14n

D’Anville’s Map, i. 25n, 88n, 155n, 224n, 228n, 297n, 408n, ii. 69n, 72n, 141n

Darábjird, i. 86n

Darah, ii. 436n

Dárápúr, i. 104n, 105n

Dardas, stuff embroidered in gold, i. 65n

Dariel, Pass of (Gate of the Alans), i. 53n, 54n

Darius, i. 128, 138n, 151, 157;

the Golden King, ii. 17

Dark Ocean of the South, ii. 417n

Darkness, magical, i. 98, 105n, 166

—— land of, ii. 484, 485n;

how the Tartars find their way out, 484;

the people and their peltry, 484;

Alexander’s legendary entrance into, 485;

Dumb trade of, 486n

Darráj, black partridge, its peculiar call, i. 99n

Darúná, salt mines, i. 154n

Darwáz, i. 160n

Dasht, or Plain, of Bahárak, i. 156n

Dashtáb, hot springs, i. 122n

Dasht-i-Lut (Desert of Lút), i. 124n, 127, 128n

Dashtistan tribe and district, i. 86n

Dates (chronology) in Polo’s book, generally erroneous, i. 2, 17, 36, 63, 145, 238, 332, ii. 98, 114, 145, 177, 259, 267, 268, 319, 354, 428, 459, 464, 474, 494

—— (trees or fruit), Basra, 63, 65n;

Báfk, 88, 89n;

Reobarles, province, 97, 111n;

Formosa Plain, 107;

Hormos, 109, 116n;

wine of, 107, 115n;

diet of fish, etc., 107, 116n, ii. 450

Daughters of Marco Polo, 69, 71, 73, 76, ii. 506n

D’Avezac, M., i. 23n, 48n, 66n, 231n, 271n

David, king of Abyssinia, ii. 435n, 436n

David, king of Georgia (Dawith), i. 50, 53n

Davids, Professor T. W. Rhys, Buddhist Birth Stories, ii. 326n

Davis, Sir John F., ii. 139n, 142n, 152n, 173n, 175n, 176n, 182n

Dawaro, ii. 435n, 436n

Daya, ii. 300n, 305n

Dead, disposal of the, in Tangut, i. 205, 209n;

at Cambaluc, 414;

in Coloman, ii. 122;

in China, 133n;

in Dagroian, 293;

by the Battas, 298n

—— burning of the, see Cremation;

eating the, see Cannibalism

De Barros, ii. 239n, 283n, 287n, 300n, 410n;

on Java, 274n;

Singhapura, 281n;

Janifs, 286n

Debt, singular arrest for, ii. 343, 350n

Decima, or Tithe on bequest, 71

Decimal organisation of Tartar armies, i. 261, 264n

Decius, Emperor, i. 113n

Degháns, Dehgáns, i. 152n

Dehánah, village, i. 152n

Deh Bakri, i. 111n, 112n

De la Croix, Pétis, i. 9n, 155n, 183n, 239n, 243n, 281n, 410n

Delhi, Sultans of, 12, ii, 426n

D’Ely, Mount, see Eli

Demoiselle Crane, anthropoides virgo, i. 297n

Deogir, ii. 426n

Derbend, Wall of, i. 53n, ii. 495.

(See also Iron Gate of.)

Deserts, haunted, i. 197, 201n, 274

Deserts of Kerman or of Lút, i. 123, 124n;

of Khorasan, 149;

of Charchan, 194;

Lop (Gobi), 196, 197, 198n–203n, 210, 212, 214n, 223;

Karakorum, 224, 226, 237n

Desgodins, Abbé, ii. 57n

Despina Khatun, ii. 477n

Devadási, ii. 351n

Devapattan, ii. 400n

Devéria, G., i. 29n, 225n, 291n, ii. 60n, 63n, 70n, 89n, 108n, 122n, 124n

Devil-dancing, i. 315n, ii. 86, 97n

Devil trees, i. 136n

Devils, White, ii. 355, 359n

D’Evreux, Father Yves, ii. 94n

Dhafar (Dofar, Thafar), ii. 340, 348n, 444;

its incense, 445;

two places of the name, 445n–446n

Dhárani, mystic charms, i. 315

Dhúlkarnain (Alex.), see Zulkarnain

Dialects, Chinese, ii. 236, 243n–244n

Diamonds in India, how found, ii. 360–361;

mines of, 362n;

diffusion of legend about, ib.

“Diex Terrien,” i. 141n

Diláwar, Polo’s Dihar, i. 104n

Dimitri II., Thawdadebuli, king of Georgia, i. 53n

Dínár, see Bezant

Dinar of Red Gold, ii. 348n, 349n

Dinh Tiên-hwàng, king of An-nam, i. 264n

Diocletian, i. 14n

Dioscorides insula, ii. 408n

Dir, chief town of Panjkora, i. 104n, 164n, 165n

Dirakht-i-Fazl, i. 135n, 138n

Dirakht-i-Kush, i. 135n

Diráwal, ancient capital of the Bhattis, i. 104n

Dirhem-Kub, Shah Mahomed, founder of Hormuz dynasty, i. 115n, 121n

Dish of Sakya or of Adam, ii. 328n, 330n

Diu City, ii. 392n

Diul-Sind, Lower Sind, i. 86n

Divination by twigs or arrows, i. 241, 242n

Dixan, branding with cross at, ii. 433n

Dizabulus, pavilion of, i. 384n

Dizfúl River, i. 85n

Djao (Chao) Namian Sumé (Kaipingfu), i. 25n

Djaya, turquoises, ii. 56n

Doctors at Kinsay, ii. 203

Dofar, see Dhafar

Dogana, i. 151;

conjectures as to, 152n, 156n

Doghábah River, i. 152n

Dog-headed races, ii. 309, 311n

Dogs, the Khan’s mastiffs, i. 400;

of Tibet, ii. 45, 49, 52n;

fierce in Cuiju, 126

Dog-sledging in Far North, ii. 480, 481n, 482;

notes on dogs, 483n

Dolfino, Ranuzzo, husband of Polo’s daughter, Moreta, 76

Dolonnúr, i. 26n

Dominicans, sent with Polos but turn back, i. 22, 23

D’or plain, the expression, i. 269n

Doráh Pass, i. 165n

Doria, family at Meloria, 56

—— Lampa, 6;

Admiral of Genoese Fleet sent to Adriatic, 45;

his victory, 48;

his tomb and descendants, 51;

at Meloria with six sons, 56

—— Octaviano, death of, 48

—— Tedisio, exploring voyage of, 51

Dorjé, i. 360n

D’Orléans, Prince Henri, i. 200n, 277n

Douglas, Rev. Dr. C., ii. 232n, 237n, 240n, 241n, 244n

Doyley, Sir Fulke, ii. 166n

Dragoian (Ta-hua-Mien), ii. 297n, 306n

Draps entaillez, i. 392

Drawers, enormous, of Badakhshan women, i. 160, 163n

Dreams, notable, i. 305n

Drums, sound of in certain sandy districts, 197, 202n

Dryabalanops Camphora, ii. 303n

Dua Khan, i. 121n, ii. 459n, 462n

Du Bose, Rev. H. C., ii. 182n–184n

Ducat, or sequin, i. 426n, ii. 591n

Dudley, Arcano del Mare, ii. 266n

Duel, mode in S. India of, ii. 371

Dufour, on mediæval artillery, ii. 161n, 163n

Duhalde, Plan of Ki-chau, ii. 26n;

or T’si-ning chau, ii. 139n

Duḳuz Khatun, i. 288n

Dulcarnon (Zulkarnain), i. 161n

Dulites, ii. 432n

Dumas, Alexander, i. 53n

Dumb trade, ii. 486n

Duncan, Rev. Moir, ii. 28n

Dungen (Tungăni), or converts, i. 291n

Duplicates in geography, ii. 409n

Dupu, ii. 397n

Dürer’s Map of Venice, so-called, 29, 30

Durga Temple, ii. 383n

Dursamand, ii. 427n

Dúsháb, sweet liquor or syrup, i. 87n

Dust-storms, i. 105n

Duties, on Great Kiang, ii. 170;

on goods at Kinsay and Zayton, 189, 215, 216, 235;

on horses, 438;

at Hormuz, 450.

(See also Customs.)

Dutthagamini, king of Ceylon, i. 169n

Dwara Samudra, ii. 294n, 367n, 427n

Dzegun-tala, name applied to Mongolia, i. 214n

Dzungaria, i. 214n

Eagle mark on shoulder of Georgian kings, i. 50

Eagles, trained to kill large game, i. 397, 399n

—— white, in the Diamond Country, ii. 360–361

Eagle-wood, origin of the name, ii. 271n.

(See Lign-aloes.)

Earth honoured, ii. 341

East, its state, circa 1260, 8 et seqq.

Ebony (bonus), ii. 268, 272n

Edkins, Rev., ii. 199n

Edward I., 59, 62, 63, i. 21n, ii. 593n

Edward II., correspondence with Tartar princes, i. 36n, ii. 477n

Effeminacy, in Chinese palaces, ii. 17, 20n, 145, 207, 208

Eggs of Ruc and Aepyornis, ii. 416n, 417n

Egrigaia, province, i. 281, 282n

Ela (cardamom), ii. 388n

Elchidai, ii. 471, 474n

Elenovka, i. 58n

Elephantiasis, i. 187, 188n, ii. 350n

Elephants, Kúblái carried on a timber bartizan by four, i. 337, 404, 408n;

Kúblái’s, 391, 392n, ii. 104;

the king of Mien’s, 99;

numbers of men alleged to be carried by, 100n;

how the Tartars routed, 102;

wild, 107, 111, 117, 119n;

in Caugigu, 117;

Champa, 268, 271n;

Locac, 276, 279n;

Sumatra, 285, 289n, 290n;

Madagascar and Zanghibar, 411, 422;

trade in teeth of, ib.;

carried off by the Ruc, 412, 417n, 419n, 421n;

in Zanghibar, 422, 423;

used in war, 429, 433n–434n;

an error, 433n;

Nubian, 424n;

fable about, ib.;

not bred in Abyssinia, 431;

training of African, 434n;

war of the, ib.

Eli, Ely, Elly (Hili), kingdom of, ii. 385, 386n seqq., 403n, 426n

Elias, Ney, i. 215n, 225n, 278n, 288n, 291n, ii. 23n, 144n

Elixir vitae of the Jogis, ii. 365, 369n

Elliot, Sir Walter, i. 38n, 48n, 56n, 65n, 96n, 102n, 104n, 105n, 121n, 165n, 265n, ii. 295n, 333n, 334n, 336n, 350n, 367n, 369n, 370n, 372n, 400n, 410n, 419n

Emad, Ed-din Abu Thaher, founder of the Kurd dynasty, i. 85n

Embroidery of silk at Kerman, i. 90, 96n;

leather in Guzerat, ii. 394, 395n

Empoli, Giovanni d’, ii. 239n

Empusa, the Arabian Nesnás, i. 202n

Enchanters, at Socotra, ii. 407

Enchantments, of the Caraonas, i. 98.

(See also Conjurers, Sorcerers.)

Engano Island, legend, ii. 406n

Engineering feat, 50

Engineers, their growing importance in Middle Ages, ii. 166n

England, Kúblái’s message to king of, i. 34;

correspondence of Tartar princes with kings of, 36n, ii. 477n

English trade and character in Asia, ii. 368n

Enlightenment, Land of, i. 460n

Erba, poisonous plant or grass, i. 217, 218n

Erculin, Arculin (an animal), ii. 481, 483n, 484, 487

Erdeni Tso (Erdenidsu), or Erdeni Chao Monastery, i. 228n–230n

Eremites (Rishis), of Kashmir, i. 166, 169n

Erguiul, province, i. 274, 282n

Erivan, i. 58n

Erkeun (Ye li ke un), Mongol for Christians, i. 291n

Ermine, i. 257, 405, 410n, ii. 481, 484, 487

Erzinjan, Erzinga, Eriza (Arzinga), i. 45

Erzrum (Arziron), i. 45, 48n

Eschiel, the word, ii. 390n

Esher (Shehr, Es-shehr), ii. 442;

trade with India, incense, Ichthyophagi, 442, 443, 444n;

singular sheep, 443, 444n

Essentemur (Isentimur), Kúblái’s grandson, king of Carajan, ii. 64, 80n, 98

Estimo, Venetian, or forced loan, 47, 76

Etchmiadzin Monastery, i. 61n

Ethiopia and India, confused, ii. 432n

Ethiopian sheep, ii. 422, 424n

Etiquette of the Mongol Court, i. 382, 385n, 391, 393n, 457

Etymologies, Balustrade, 38;

buckram, i. 47n–48n;