Volume 2 / Part 3 — SER MARCO POLO (continued 4)

The best books on the Nicobars are Man’s Nicobarese Vocabulary, published in 1888, and Man’s Dictionary of the Central Nicobarese Language, published in 1889. I am still publishing Mr. Man’s Dictionary of the South Andaman Language in the Indian Antiquary.

Recent information has so superseded old ideas about both groups of islands that I suggest several of the notes in the 1903 edition of Marco Polo be recast in reference to it.

With reference to the Census Report noted above, I may remark that this was the first Census Report ever made on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and according to the custom of the Government of India, such a report has to summarise all available information under headings called Descriptive, Ethnography, Languages. Under the heading Descriptive are sub-heads, Geography, Meteorology, Geography, History, so that practically my Census Report had to include in a summarised form all the available information there was about the islands at that time. It has a complete index, and I therefore suggest that it should be referred to for any point on which information is required.

NICOBARS.

P. 307. No king or chief.—This is incorrect. They have distinct village communities, governed each by its own chief, with definite rules of property and succession and marriage. See Census Report. pp. 214, 212.

Pp. 307–308, Note 1. For Pulo Gomez, see Bowrey, Countries Round the Bay of Bengal, ed. Temple, Hakluyt Society, p. 287 and footnote 4. Bowrey (c. 1675) calls it Pullo Gomus, and a marine journal of 1675 calls it Polo Gomos.

Origin of the name Nicobars.—On this point I quote my paragraph thereon on p. 185, Census Report.

“The situation of the Nicobars along the line of a very ancient trade has caused them to be reported by traders and sea-farers through all historical times. Gerini has fixed on Maniola for Car-Nicobar and Agathodaimonos for Great Nicobar as the right ascription of Ptolemy’s island names for this region. This ascription agrees generally with the mediæval editions of Ptolemy. Yule’s guess that Ptolemy’s Barussæ is the Nicobars is corrected by Gerini’s statement that it refers to Nias. In the 1490 edition of Ptolemy, the Satyrorum Insulæ placed to the south-east of the Malay Peninsula, where the Anamba islands east of Singapore, also on the line of the old route to China, really are, have opposite them the remark:—qui has inhabitant caudas habere dicuntur—no doubt in confusion with the Nicobars. They are without doubt the Lankhabalus of the Arab Relations (851 A.D.), which term may be safely taken as a misapprehension or mistranscription of some form of Nicobar (through Nakkavar, Nankhabar), thus affording the earliest reference to the modern term. But there is an earlier mention of them by I-Tsing, the Chinese Buddhist monk, in his travels, 672 A.D., under the name of the Land of the Naked People (Lo-jen-kuo), and this seems to have been the recognised name for them in China at that time. ‘Land of the Naked’ translates Nakkavaram, the name by which the islands appear in the great Tanjore inscription of 1050. This name reappears in Marco Polo’s Necuveran 1292, in Rashiduddin’s Nakwaram 1300, and in Friar Odoric’s Nicoveran 1322, which are the lineal ancestors of the 15th and 16th Century Portuguese Nacabar and Nicubar and the modern Nicobar. The name has been Nicobar since at least 1560. The fanciful story of the tails is repeated by the Swede Kjœping as late as 1647.”

Nicobar clearly means the Land of the Naked, but that does not correctly describe the people. I have never seen either a naked man or woman in the Nicobars. The men are nearly naked, but they wear a string round the waist with a very small loincloth. The string is so tied as to leave two long streamers behind, which have very much the appearance of a tail as the man walks along, and no doubt this gave rise to the idea that they were tailed men. The women wear a petticoat coming below the knees, generally red.

The Nicobarese are not savages and live in well-built clean villages, are born traders, and can calculate accurately up to very high figures. They deliberately do not cultivate, because by using their cocoanuts as currency they can buy from Chinese, Malay, Burmese, Indian, and other traders all that they want in the way of food and comforts. They are good gardeners of fruit. They seem to have borne their present characteristics through all historical times.

Pp. 307–308, Note 1.—Nancowry is a native name for two adjacent islands, now known as Camorta and Nankauri, and I do not think it has anything to do with the name Nicobar. For a list of the geographical names of the islands, see Census Report, pp. 179–180.

Race and Dialect.—The Nicobarese are generally classed as Malays, i.e., they are “Wild Malays,” and probably in reality an overflow of Mon tribes from the mainland of the Malay Peninsula (Census Report, p. 250). They are a finely built race of people, but they have rendered their faces ugly by the habit of chewing betel with lime until they have destroyed their teeth by incrustations of lime, so that they cannot close their lips properly.

I think it is a mistake to class the Nicobarese as Rakshasas or demons, a term that would apply in Indian parlance more properly to the Andamanese.

The Nicobarese are all one race, including the Shom Pen, for long a mysterious tribe in the centre of Great Nicobar, but now well known. They speak dialects of one language, though the dialects as spoken are mutually unintelligible. There is no Negrito tribe in the Nicobars. A detailed grammar of the language will be found in the Census Report, pp. 255–284.

The Nicobarese have long been pirates, and one of the reasons for the occupation of their islands by the Indian Government was to put down the piracy which had become dangerous to general navigation, but which now no longer exists.

P. 309.—The great article of trade is the cocoanut, of which a detailed account will be found in the Census Report, pp. 169–174, 219–220, 243. I would suggest the recasting of the remarks on the products of the Nicobars in your note on p. 309 in view of the statements made in those pages of the Report, bearing in mind that the details of the Nicobar Islands are now practically as well known as those relating to any other part of the East.

P. 312.—The Nicobarese tradition is that they are descended from a man and a dog, but this is only one phase of the ordinary Far Eastern animal-descent story.

The projecting teeth mentioned by Colonel Man are common in the Nicobars in the case of adults only, usually confined to men and women advanced in life. They are not natural, but caused, as stated above, by the excessive use of betel and lime, which forms a dark unsightly incrustation on the teeth and finally destroys them. Children and youth of both sexes have good white normal teeth.

P. 312.

NARCONDAM.

Narcondam, an island I know well, has a separate bibliography of its own. It belongs to the Sunda group of volcanoes, but it has been so long extinct that there are no obvious signs now of its ever having been active. It has a species of hornbill which I have captured and shot that has differentiated itself from all others. I do not think, therefore, it can have been recognised as a volcano by mariners in historical times, and consequently the derivation of Narakakundam is to my mind doubtful. The obvious volcano in the neighbourhood is Barren Island, which is still alive.

ANDAMANS.

Pp. 309–310, Note 1.—The Andamanese are not an ill-looking race, and are not negroes in any sense, but it is true that they are Negritos in the lowest known state of barbarism, and that they are an isolated race. Reasons for the isolation will be found in the Census Report, p. 51, but I should not call their condition, mentally or physically, degraded. The mental characteristics of the race will be found on pp. 59–61 of the Census Report, and for your information I here extract from my remarks thereon the section on character.

“In childhood the Andamanese are possessed of a bright intelligence, which, however, soon reaches its climax, and the adult may be compared in this respect with the civilised child of ten or twelve. He has never had any sort of agriculture, nor until the English taught him the use of dogs did he ever domesticate any kind of animal or bird, nor did he teach himself to turn turtle or to use hook and line in fishing. He cannot count, and all his ideas are hazy, inaccurate, and ill-defined. He has never developed unaided any idea of drawing or making a tally or record for any purpose, but he readily understands a sketch or plan when shown him. He soon becomes mentally tired, and is apt to break down physically under mental training.

“He retains throughout life the main characteristics of the child: of very short but strong memory, suspicious of but hospitable to strangers, ungrateful, imitative and watchful of his companions and neighbours, vain, and under the spur of vanity industrious and persevering, teachable up to a quickly reached limit, fond of undefined games and practical jokes, too happy and careless to be affected in temperament by his superstitions, too careless indeed to store water even for a voyage, plucky but not courageous, reckless only from ignorance or from inappreciation of danger, selfish but not without generosity, chivalry or a sense of honour, petulant, hasty of temper, entirely irresponsible and childish in action in his wrath, and equally quick to forget, affectionate, lively in his movements, and exceedingly taking in his moments of good temper. At these times the Andamanese are gentle and pleasant to each other, considerate to the aged, the weakly or the helpless, and to captives, kind to their wives and proud of their children, whom they often over-pet; but when angered, cruel, jealous, treacherous and vindictive, and always unstable. They are bright and merry companions, talkative, inquisitive and restless, busy in their own pursuits, keen sportsmen and naturally independent, absorbed in the chase from sheer love of it and other physical occupations, and not lustful, indecent, or indecently abusive.

“As the years advance they are apt to become intractable, masterful, and quarrelsome. A people to like but not to trust. Exceedingly conservative and bound up in ancestral custom, not amenable to civilisation, all the teachings of years bestowed upon some of them having introduced no abstract ideas among the tribesmen, and changed no habit in practical matters affecting comfort, health, and mode of life. Irresponsibility is a characteristic, though instances of a keen sense of responsibility are not wanting. Several Andamanese can take charge of the steering of a large steam launch through dangerous channels, exercising then caution, daring, and skill though not to an European extent, and the present (1901) dynamo-man of the electric lighting on Ross Island is an Andamanese, while the wire-man is a Nicobarese, both of whom exhibit the liveliest sense of their responsibilities, though retaining a deep-rooted and unconquerable fear of the dynamo and wires when at work. The Nicobarese shows, as is to be expected, the higher order of intellect. Another Andamanese was used by Portman for years as an accountant and kept his accounts in English accurately and well.

“The intelligence of the women is good, though not as a rule equal to that of the men. In old age, however, they frequently exhibit a considerable mental capacity which is respected. Several women trained in a former local Mission Orphanage from early childhood have shown much mental aptitude and capacity, the ‘savagery’ in them, however, only dying down as they grew older. They can read and write well, understand and speak English correctly, have acquired European habits completely, and possess much shrewdness and common sense: one has herself taught her Andamanese husband, the dynamo-man above mentioned, to read and write English and induced him to join the Government House Press as a compositor. She writes a well-expressed and correctly-spelt letter in English, and has a shrewd notion of the value of money. Such women, when the instability of youth is past, make good ‘ayas,’ as their menkind make good waiters at table.

“The highest general type of intelligence yet noticed is in the Jarawa tribe.”

P. 310. The name Andaman.—To my mind the modern Andaman is the Malay Handuman = Hanuman, representing “monkey” or savage aboriginal antagonist of the Aryans = also the Rakshasa. Individuals of the race, when seen in the streets of Calcutta in 1883, were at once recognised as Rakshasas. It may amuse you to know that the Andamanese returned the compliment, and to them all Orientals are Chauga or Ancestral Ghosts, i.e., demons (see Census Report, pp. 44–45 for reasons). I agree with you that Angamanain is an Arabic dual, the Great and the Little Andaman. To a voyager who did not land, the North, Middle, and South Andaman would appear as one great island, whereas the strait separating these three islands from the Little Andaman would be quite distinctly seen.

P. 311. Cannibalism.—The charge of cannibalism is entirely untrue. I quote here my paragraph as to how it arose (Census Report, p. 48).

“The charge of cannibalism seems to have arisen from three observations of the old mariners. The Andamanese attacked and murdered without provocation every stranger they could on his landing; they burnt his body (as they did in fact that of every enemy); and they had weird all-night dances round fires. Combine these three observations with the unprovoked murder of one of themselves, and the fear aroused by such occurrences in a far land in ignorant mariners’ minds, century after century, and a persistent charge of cannibalism is almost certain to be the result.”

The real reason for the Andamanese taking and killing every stranger that they could was that for centuries the Malays had used the islands as one of their pirate bases, and had made a practice of capturing the inhabitants to sell as slaves in the Peninsula and Siam.

P. 311. Navigation.—It is true that they do not quit their own coasts in canoes, and I have always doubted the truth of the assertions that any of them ever found their way to any Nicobar island.

Andamanese men go naked, but the only Andamanese women that I have ever seen entirely naked in their own jungles are of the inland tribe of Jarawas.

R. C. Temple.

Nov. 29, 1919.

INDEX

Names of Persons in Capital Letters.—Subject Names in thick Letters.—Title of Books in italics.

Aas (The Alans), 95

Ab-i-Panja, 38

Abraham, 94

Achmed, 6, 7, 8

Acre, 4

Adam of Bremen, 110

Aden, 124

Afghanistan, 20, 24, 33, 112

Africa, 19, 20, 21

Aghrukji, 68

Agror, 22, 24

Ahmed, 6, 7, 8

Ahmed Shibab Eddin, 71

Aibuga, 92

Ain-i-Akbari, 105

Ai-ya-ch’ih, 68

Aksu, 39

A-kuo, 85, 88

A-la-han, 103

Alans, 95–96

A-la-pu-tan, 95

Alashan, 62

A-la-wa-ting, 95

Albiruni, 41

Alfaric, P., 112

Al Fakhri, 17

Aloes, 105, 125

A-lo-sz’, 129

A-lu, 108

Amar, E., 17

Amb, 24

Ambergris, 121, 124, 125

Amoy, 108

A-nan, 115

Andaman, 109, 144 seq.

Angamanain, 109

An-hsi-hsiang, 125

An-si-tsio, 122

Antwerp, 134

Arabia, 19, 20

Arakan, 87

Aranzadi, Telesforo de, 86

Arbre sec, arbre seul, arbre sol, 31

Arghún Khan, 5, 8

Arhat, 8, 9, 10, 11

A-r-hun, 8

Ariora, 22, 24

Ärkägün, 62, 94

Arménie, 24

Arnawal, 24, 36

Arsacie, 18

Arslan, 95

Aru, 108

Asedin Soldan, 22

Ashreth, 24

Asia Minor, 20

Asiot, 20

Asmar, 23, 24

A-ta-hai, 103

Atyugrapura, 24

Avicenne, 105

Aymonier, 119

Azoo, R. F., 69

Badakhshan, 22, 23, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 42

Badghis, 32

Baghdad, 5, 17

Bahabad, 28, 29, 30

Bahārak, 38

Baikal, 61

Bajistan, 30

Bājkatta, 36

Bakhsh, Maula, 21

Balkh, 33

Baltistán, 42

Baluchi, 29

Baluchistan, 29

Balur, 42, 43

Baluristán, 42

Bamian, 112

Barbary, 20

Barbosa, 116

Bargu, Lake, 61

Barguchin, 61

Bargut, 61

Bark of Trees, 70, 71

Barlaam, 111

Baroghil, 41

Barros, 107

Bashgol, 22, 23

Bastra, 17

Baudas, 17

Beal, 106

Beazley, C. R., 137, 141

Beha ed-Din Ayaz Seyfin, 24

Belucha, 28, 29

Bend i-Turkestan, 33

Bent, Theo., 122

Bentam, 105

Benzoin, 125

Berbera, 122, 123

Be Tūmah, 105

Beyamini, 83

Bhamo, 87

Bhuwaneka Bahu I., 111

—— Bahu II., 111

Binshi Pass, 24

Bintang, 106

Blāgden, C. O., 104

Blows, Scale of, 60

Bolod, 8

Bolor, 34, 42

Boussac, H., 69

Bowrey, 145

Brandt, Otto St., 137

Bretschneider, E., 4, 25, 56, 70, 75, 81, 82, 95, 123, 130

Brown, Dr. Robert, 20

Bruce, C. D., 141

Buckram, 80–81

Buddha, 10

Bujnurd, 21

Buner, 22, 24

Burch, 28, 29

Bürck, 137

Burkhan, 111

Burma, 85, 87–90

Bushell, S. W., 63, 67

Cabaton, Ant., 119

Cachar Modun, 70

Cain, John, 86, 87

Caiju, 93

Cail, 118

Caindu, 81, 82, 83

Cairo, 20

Cala Ataperistan, 18

Calamina, 118

Calicut, 125

Camadi, 21

Cambalu, 7

Cambodia, 115

Camel crane, 122

Camelot, 83

Camels, 17

Camphor, 114

Campichu, 52

Camul, 51

Canal, Grand, 91–93

Canton, 8, 31

Cape of Good Hope, 20

Cape Sheep, 20

Caraonas, 21

Cardamom, 114

Caroline Islands, 31

Carpini, Plano, John of, 109

Casem, 34

Cashmeer, 36

Caspienne, 105

Caswin, 18

Cathay, 114

Catherine of Courtenay, 11

Caugigu, 90

Ceylon, 110, 111, 112

Chagan jang, 68

Chagan nor, 6

Chaghataï, 21, 22

Chah Khushab, 26

Chah Kuru, 26

Cha-i-beluch, 29

Chakdara, 36

Chakmak, Lake, 39

Chamba, Champa, 103, 104

Chande, 121

Changan, 96

Ch’ang Chau, Ch’angchou, 96, 100

Ch’ang lu, 91

Chan tao, 78

Charchan, 44, 46, 47, 48

Chardin, A., 139

Charklik, 47, 49

Charles de Valois, 11

Chasma Sufid, 29

Chau Chi, 76

Chau Ju-kwa, 17, 19, 25, 104, 107, 109, 110, 112, 115, 116, 118–125, 142

Chavannes, Ed., 73, 74, 76, 77, 106

Che Ch’an, 48

Cheeta, 69

Chehel Pai, 26

Chen Ch’ao, 96

Cherchen, 44; see Charchan

Chichiklik Pass, 39

Chi Chou, 92

Chien-tao, 78

Chih-li, 91, 92

Chingintalas, 51

Chingiz Khan, 7, 21, 32, 54, 57, 60

Ch’ing siang, 73

Chin Kin, 68

Chinuchi, 69

Chi-pi T’ie-mu-r, 82

Chi p’u, 71

Chira, 45, 46

Chitral, 22, 24, 35, 42

Ch’ö-k’ü, 109

Chou Shu, 58

Christians, 62

Chuan sha, 97

Chu fan chí; see Chau Ju-kwa

Ch’ui lan, 108

Chu lién, 112

Ch’ung K’ing, 79

Chung li, 121

Chun Yuen, 49

Ciang lu, 91

Cloves, 114

Coats of Mail, 58 seq.

Coilum, 119

Cophene, 19

Cordier, H., 6, 7, 11, 39, 40, 136, 142

Coromandel Coast, 112

Cosquin, Em., 112

Cotes, Everard, 10

Cotton, 118, 120

Couvade, 85–86

Cowries, 82

Crawfurd, 106

Çri Parameçvara, 107

Cunichí, 69, 70

Cycle, 73, 74

Cypress of Zoroaster, 31

Cyprus, 81, 83

Dahlmann, J., 116

Dambadenia, 111

Darbana, 26

Darband, 26, 36

Dardic, 23

Darugachi, 6

Dates, 17, 114

Defrémery, 17

Delhi, 22

Dennys, N. B., 9, 106

Denucé, J., 134

Derenbourg, H., 136

Deva-dāsī, 115

Devéria, G., 77, 82, 95

Diet of the Gulf People, 25

Digargand, 38

Dilivar, 22

Dir, 22, 24, 35, 36

Dirakht i sol, 31

Djambi, 107

Djur djān, 105

Dog-headed Barbarians, 109–110

Dogana, 34

Dolonor, 6

Dominick, St., 25

Dragon’s blood, 125

Dudgeon, J., 75

Dúdhá, 30, 31

Dufar, 125

Duhuk, 26, 27, 28

Dulaurier, 110

Dutreuil de Rhins, 45

Edward, King, 4

Edrisi, 104

Egypt, 19, 20, 21

Elephants’ tusks, 124

Elias, Ney, 21, 42

Elliott, Sir Walter, 113

Endereh, 45

Eptals, 34

Eracles, 4

Erukalavandlu, 86

Escurial, 136

Esher, 125

Essen Temur, 68

Etzina, 53, 54

Faeul la, 108

Fahanunch, 28, 29

Fa li la, 108

Fa li lang, 108

Fandaraina, 119

Fang pu, 118

Fang Ts’ien-li, 86

Fan kuo chi, 19

Fan Wen-hu, 103

Fat-tailed sheep, 19

Fellows, 21

Ferguson, Donald, 24, 25

Ferguson, John C., 141

Ferlec, 108

Ferrand, Gabriel, 100, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 123, 124, 142

Ferrier, 32

Firuz Kuh, 33

Fleet, J. F., 41, 111, 117

Florence, 135

Fong Joen hien, 91

Foochow, 98, 100

Forsyth, Sir D. T., 50

Fou ning hien, 91

Francisque-Michel, 17, 18, 81, 83

Frankincense, 125

Fraser, 32

Friedmann, Ed., 13

Fuh lin, 25

Fujita, 114

Fu Kien, 98

Gabar Castle, 18

Galcha, 39

Gaubil, 57

Gengis Khan; see Chingiz Khan

George, Prince, 62

Gerini, Col., 105, 109, 144

Géukju, 68

Gez, Defile, 39, 40

Ghiasuddin, 22

Giles, H. A., 79, 140

Gilgit, 42

Gill, Capt., 84, 95

Ginger, 120

Giraffes, 123, 124, 125

Glasgow, 133

Goblins, 48

God, 28

God Hashtaki, 29

God-i-shah-taghi, 28, 29

Goëz, Benedict, 40

Goklán Turkomans, 21

Gold, coins, 125;

native, 124;

value of, 72–73

Gondophernes, 117

Gozurat, 116, 120

Gray, Archdeacon, 9

Great Desert, 48, 49

Great Wall, 57

Gregory X., 4

Grenard, F., 45

Grierson, Sir George, 23

Groeneveldt, W. P., 107

Gurgán, 21

Gurun, 62

Guzerat, 116, 120

Ha ch’a mu touen, 70

Hadhramaut, 125

Haji Sumutrabhūmi, 107

Ha-la T’u, 57

Hallberg, Ivar, 141

Hami, 19, 51

Han chung, 78

Hang Chau, 11, 93, 96, 97

Han Lin-eul, 8

Han mo, 45

Ha pi ch’i, 92

Harlez, C. de, 63

Harmuz; see Hormuz

Hasanábad, 26

Hata, 81

Hauz-i-Haji-Ramazan, 27

Hayam Wuruk, 105

Hazāra, 22, 24, 36

Hedin, Sven, 26, 32, 46, 49, 141

Heikel, 58

Hei Shui, 53, 55

Hei tiao, 69

Herat, 32

Herodotus, 20

Hethum, King, 110

Heyd, W., 5

Hia, 61

Hia lah, 18

Hien Fung, 73

Hien yang, 19

Hiersemann, Karl W., 137

Hindu Kush, 23, 35, 43

Hirth, F., 19, 90, 109, 112, 115, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 125, 142

Hist. litt. de la France, 4, 143

Hiuan Tsang, 34, 41, 43, 45, 46, 47

Hiu Heng, 74

Hiung Nu, 41, 58

Hoang, P., 73, 92

Ho Kien, 91

Holm, Frits V., 76, 77

Ho Nan, 31

Ho Ni, 85

Hormos; see Hormuz

Hormuz, 5, 24, 25

Horses, 114

Ho Se-hui, 75

Ho sim, 34

Ho T’ien-tsio, 85

Ho ts’z mi, 34

Hou Han shu, 122

Houtum-Schindler, 31, 141

Hsen-wi, 89

Hsien nü miao, 94

Hsi hsia, 54

Hsin Chin Hsien, 78

Huber, Ed., 85, 87, 88, 90

Hu Chou, 96

Huet, 18

Hui jen, 89

Hui kiang chi, 72

Hukaji, 68

Hulagu, 95

Humang, 25

Hu Nan, 6

Hung Fu, 96

Hung Ts’a-kiu, 103

Hunting Leopard, 69

Huntington, E., 45, 46, 49, 141

Hunza, 39, 42

Hu Peh, 6

Hussot, 51

Hu Tu, 88

Hu yang, 19

Ibn al Baytar, 105

Ibn Bâbawaih, 112

Ibn Batuta, 120

Ibn Kustrajim, 69

Indigo, 120

Indo-Scythy, 19

Indravarman VI., 103

Indus, 22, 23, 24, 36, 41

Irrawaddy, 90

Ishkáshm, 37, 38

Islands, Male and Female, 120

Ismaelites, 32

Ivanov, 55

Ivory, 107

Jack, R. Logan, 79, 80, 85

Jackson, A. W. W., 18, 141

Jade, 46

Japan, 119

Japanese War, 103

Jatah, 21

Jaya Sinhavarman, 103

Jhelam, 22, 24, 36

Joanno dos Sanctos, 121

Johnson, 44

Josaphat, 111

Jou jan, 3, 63

Ju hiang, 125

Kabul, 23, 42

Kachins, 85

Kademgah, 33

Kafchi kué, 90

Kafir Valley, 23

Kafiristan, 23, 35, 42

Kafirs, 22

Kai, 36

Ka-i-lêh, 118

Kain, 26, 33

K’ai p’ing fu, 6

Kal’ah-i Atashparastān, 18

Kam chau, 53; see Kan chau

Kam pei, 108

Kan Chau, 4, 53, 54, 62

K’ang Hi, 31, 73

Kang ngai, 85

Kang Yu-chi, 60

Kan pai, 108

Kan Su, 53, 54, 76

Kao ch’ang, 44, 45, 76

Kao ch’ê, 58

Kao Hsien-chih, 41

Kao yu, 94

Kapisa, 36

Karajang, 68, 84, 95

Kara Khitai, 56

Kara Khodja, 75

Kara Khoto, 53, 54, 55

Karakorum, 54, 95

Kara Kul, 39

Kara Shahr, 48

Karáwánás, 21

Kárnás, 21

Kasanna, 41

Kashan, 5, 18

Kashgar, 37, 39, 41, 42, 43, 50

K’a shi mih, 36

Kashmir, 22, 23, 24, 35, 36, 42

Kätäk, 48

Kaungsi, 85

Kaung sin, 87

Kaveripattanam, 112

Kayal, 118

Keirabad, 29, 56

Kenan, 45, 46

Keriya, 44, 45

Kerman, 5, 24, 26, 27, 28, 56

Kerulen, 57

Keshikten, 69

Keshimur, 36

Kevir, 27, 29, 30

Khanfu, 98

Khanikoff, 32

Khakhan, 3, 4

Khan Balig, 94

Khara Khoto; see Kara Khoto

Kheirabad, 29, 56

Khitán, 14, 93

Khorasan, 5, 21, 33

Khori, 61

Khotan, 4, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 72

Khoten; see Khotan

Khudafrin, 29

Khumdan, 77

Khurma, 25

Kiang si, 97

Kiao chi kwe, 90

Kia yu kwan, 52

Kieh sha, 41

Kieh shwang na, 41

Kien ch’ang, 82

Kien Kang, 79

K’ien Lung, 73

Kien tu, 81, 82, 83

K’ié t’ai, 48

Ki Han, 119

Kila Panja, 38

K’i lien, 57

K’i lien shan, 57

K’i lin, 124

Kin, 56, 60

King Shan, 68

Kingsmill, T. W., 94

King tchao fu, 77

Ki ning, 75

Kin Kargalai, 36

Kinsay, 96, 97, 98

Ki pe, 118

Ki pu, 118

Kirste, John, 48

Kisi, 17

Kitab u’l-Bazyarah, 69

K’i-t’ah-t’êh Pu-ha, 32

K’itan, 14, 94

Kiu chen, 119

Kiung tu, 83

Klaproth, 72, 110

Kloss, 144

Koh Tralàch, 104

Koko Nor, 62

Ko-ku-lo, 118

Ko-pu-che-ma, 118

Korano, 24

Košano, 24

Kou kuo, 109

K’ou wai, 62

Kozloff, Col., 53, 54, 55

Kretschmer, K., 137

Kuang yü hsing shêng, 93

Kuang yü t’u, 97

Kuba Sabz, 56

Kúblái, 5, 6, 34, 68, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95

Kubunán, 26; see Kuh-benan

Kuche, 4, 19

Kudatku Bilik, 14

Kuh-benan, Kuh Banan, 26, 27, 28, 30

Ku li, 125

K’u lu ma, 25

K’u lun, 62

Kumagusu Minakata, 49, 50, 59

Kunar, 23, 24, 36

Kunicke, Hugo, 85

Kúnkú, 67

K’un lun ts’öng ti, 122

Kurit, 28, 29

Kurun, 62

Kwa Chau, 93

Kwang Chau, 98

Kwei Chau, 86

K’wei t’eng, 79

Lahawar, 22

Lahore, 22

Lambri, 109

La meng, 89

Landjun, 73

Langar Kisht, 38

Langlois, C. V., 4

Langszi, 86

Laṅkāçoka, 104

Lankhabalus, 145

Lan wu li, 109

Lao, 86

Laufer, B., 8 et seq., 10, 20, 55, 58, 61, 69, 70, 75, 76, 81, 83, 84, 98, 111, 119, 142

Lawáki, 105

Leary, Mrs. George, 77

Le Coq, 111

Lei pien, 89

Lemke, Hans, 137

Leo Africanus, 19, 20, 21

Leopards, 69, 125

Levi, C. A., 140

Lévi, Sylvain, 117

Liang Shu, 109

Liao, 56

Li Chou, 82

Lien-yün, 41

Ligor, 105

Ling pei, 95

Ling-wai-tai-ta, 122

Ling ya ssi kia, 104

Lin Ngan, 94, 96

Li T’an, 92

Litton, 89

Livar, 22

Loan tcheou, 91

Lob Nor, 44, 47, 48, 49, 62

Locac, 104

Lo-ch’a, 108, 109

Lochac, 109

Lo-han, 8, 9, 10, 11

Lo hing man, 109

Lo lan, 112

Lo lo, 81

Lop; see Lob Nor

Lopou, 47

Lo t’ing-hien, 91

Louis, St., 4

Loulan, 45, 47

Loureiro, J. de, 119

Lovek, 105

Lowarai, 24

Lowes, J. L., 140

Luang Prabang, 90

Lu kü River, 57

Lulan, 45, 47

Lumghán, 42

Lut, 5, 26, 28

Maabar, 114, 115

Mackinder, H. J., 137

Madrolle, C., 9

Maga, 29

Magadha, 99

Magi, 18

Mahratta, 115

Mājapāhit, 105

Malabar, 118, 119

Malacca, 107

Ma-la-hi, 32

Malaiur, 105

Malaria, 84

Malaya, 105

Malayu, 107

Malāyur, 107

Ma lo pa, 125

Maluir, 105

Man, E. H., 144

Mána, 21

Mandal Pass, 23

Mangalai, 68

Mang-ku-tai, 81

Mangu, 95

Mansur Khán, 42

Manuscripts of Marco Polo, 135–136

Man Waing, 85

Mao Shan, 108, 109

Mare’s Milk, 63

Marquart, J., 77, 110

Marriage, 58

Marriage of the Dead, 58–60

Mar Sarghis, 96

Marsden, W., 22, 138

Masálak al Absár, 73

Masefield, John, 138

Maspero, G., 90, 103

Maspero, H., 13

Mastūj, 39

Mas’ud, 24

Ma Tuan-lin, 48, 112

Mauro, Fra, 13

Mayers, W. F., 9, 79, 139

Mazār-tapa, 38

Medlycott, A. E., 116

Mekrit, 61

Melibar, 80

Mescript, 61

Meshed, 21, 32, 33

Michelant, H., 4

Mien, Mien Kwé, 87, 88

Minakata, Kumagusu, 49, 50, 59

Ming, 71, 73, 82, 94

Ming Shi, 8

Mirza Haïdar, 21, 42

Mi t’ang tsiu, 119

Moghu, 28

Moghul, 21

Mohammed I. Dirhem Kub, 24

Monte Corvino, John de, 62

Mong Ch’ang, 80

Mong Chi-siang, 80

Mongez, 17

Mongols, 24

Montalto de Jesus, C. A., 9

Morley, Henry, 138

Morrison, R., 73

Mostas’im, 17

Mongol Imperial Family, 68–69

Moule, A. C., 91, 92, 93, 96, 143

Moule, G. E., 139

Mu bu pa, 78

Muhammad, 25

Mu hu pa, 78

Muh Pang, 89

Muh pieh tzŭ, 125

Mukden, 68

Mu-la-i, 32

Mu lan p’i, 19

Mu-lei, 32

Müller, F. W. K., 18

Müller, Max, 77, 86

Mu mién, 118

Murābit, 19

Murgab, 33

Muzart, 49

Muztāgh-Ata, 39, 40

Muzzaffarabad, 24

Myin Saing, 88

Myrobolans, 120

Myrrh, 125

Nac, 17

Nan fang ts’ao mi chuang, 119

Na-fo-po, 45, 47

Naft, 30

Nafún, 103

Nagar, 42

Nāgarakretāgama, 105, 106

Naiband, Naibend, 26, 27, 28, 30

Negapatam, 113, 114

Necuveran, 108

Naïn, 18

Nakh, 17

Nam hkam, 85

Nam Ti, 85, 87, 88

Nan Chao, 86

Nan King, 79

Nan p’i, 118, 119

Nan Shan, 52

Nan Shi, 109, 110

Nan Sung, 90

Nan tien, 90

Narasīhapati, 87, 88

Narcondam, 147

Nasich, 17

Nasr ed-Din, 87, 88

Nassit, 17

Nayan, 67

Nga-çaung-khyam, 87, 88, 90

Nga Singu, 90

Ngan chen kue, 90

Ngan tung, 93

Ngao-la-han, 94

Nicholas, Alan Prince, 95

Nicobar, 108, 109, 144 seq.

Nigūdar, 21, 22, 23, 34, 35, 36

Nilus, 20

Ning Yuan, 81, 82, 83

Nipon, 103

Nishapur, 32, 33

Niu Wang, 89

Niya, 45, 46, 47, 48

Nogodar, 21, 22, 23, 34, 35, 36

None, 37

Nüchen, 57

Nu-fa, 125

Nuksán Pass, 35

Numugan, 68

Nuntuh, 62

Nuremberg, 136

Nutuk, 62

O’Connell, Col., 113

Odoric, 5, 18, 94, 133, 134

Oeljaitu, 5

Ogdai, Okkodai, 79, 95

Oldenbourg, S. d’, 112

Old Man of the Mountain, 32

Olivieri, Dante, 137

Olopun, 76

Ondanique, 19

Öngut, 62

Ormus; see Hormuz

Oros, 129

Ostriches, 125

Ottewill, H. A., 85, 89, 90

Ouigour; see Uighúr

Oxen of Tibet, Wild, 83

Oxus, 23, 37, 38, 41

Pachaturunza, 25

Pagan, 87, 88

Pagan Yazawin, 87

P’ai tzŭ, 67

Palembang, 106, 107

Palladius, 51, 52, 57, 81, 139

Pálor, 42

Pamier, 38; see Pamir

Pamir, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40

Pandita Prakrama Bahu II., 111

Panjkora River, 22, 35

Panjkora Valley, 24

Panjshir Valley, 23, 35

Pan-shê, 36

Panyál, 42

Pao, 95

Paonano Pao, 41

Pao tch’e hien, 91

Paper Money, 71–72

Paris, 134

Parker, E. H., 4, 5, 7, 8, 18, 19, 25, 31, 32, 34, 36, 41, 42, 45, 51, 55, 56, 57, 58, 62, 63, 67, 73, 78, 79, 86, 89, 91, 94, 95, 99, 100, 103, 118, 119, 130, 140

Paropamisus, 33

Pashai, 3, 22, 23, 34, 35, 36

Pashai-Dir, 22

Pa tan, 114

Pa ta shan, 34

Pa tsz, 82

Pauthier, 5, 6, 7, 8, 22

Pearls, 107, 114, 118

Pegolotti, 13

Peh Shi, 99

Pein, 44, 45, 46

Pelliot, 7, 8, 13, 14, 18, 24, 48, 51, 52, 55, 57, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 67, 70, 75, 76, 77, 78, 81, 83, 84, 85, 92, 94, 96, 98, 104, 106, 107, 108, 114, 120, 142

Pentam, 105

Pen ts’ao kang mu, 25, 75, 123

Pepper, 120

Peri, N., 94

Persia, 5, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 27, 30, 31, 33

Persian, knowledge of, 74

Peshawar, 22

Pétis de la Croix, 60

Petit, Joseph, 11, 139

Petroleum, 30

Pharaoh’s rat, 58

Philip the Fair, 11

Philipps, W. R., 116, 118

Phillips, G., 108, 109

Phillott, Col. D. C., 69

Philostrate, 17

P’iao tien, 85

Pie-li-la, 108

P’i mo, 44, 45, 46

Pin Iron, 19

Pin t’ieh, 19

Pi p’a lo, 122, 123

Pipino, F., 133

Pir Moral, 29

Pisaca languages, 23

Pi ssï lo, 17

Poh lo, 6, 7

Poh lo, 34

Polo, Marco, Notes, 3;

Statue at Canton, 8 seq.;

MSS., 133 seq.

Po-lo, 8

P’öng birds, 122

Po sze tao, 25

Po Yi, 85

Pozdneiev, A,, 13

Prakama Bahu III., 111

Prapañca, 105

Prjevalsky, 49

Pudenum, 28

Puh hai, 93

Puh-lan Hi, 7

Puh-lo, 5, 6, 7

Puh-lo Hi, 7

Puh-lo Kadei, 7

Pulad Chinsang, 8

Pulau Kundur, 104

Pulo Condor, 104

Pumpkin Island, 104

Punjab, 35

Purchas, 122

Qamul, 51

Qara Khodja; see Kara Khodja

Quinte-Curce, 17

Radloff, W., 61, 111

Rāmjani, 115

Ramme, African, 19

Ramstedt, 24

Ramusio, 3, 6

Rashid ud-Din, 8, 90, 145

Rávar, 26

Rawlinson, G., 20

Raynaud, G., 4

Reid, Gilbert, 141

Reobarles, 19, 21

Rezu, 29

Rhinoceros, 107

Rhio Strait, 106

Rhubarb, 52

Riāu, 106

Richthofen, 49

Rizab, 28

Robert d’Artois, 11

Rockhill, W. W., 3, 19, 55, 56, 90, 109, 110, 112, 115, 119, 121, 122, 124, 125, 142

Rokn ed-Din Mahmud III. Kalhaty, 24

Ross, E. D., 42

Rubruck, G. de, 109, 110

Ruge, S., 139

Rukh, 122

Ruomedan Ahomet, 24

Russia, 129

Rusticiano, 3, 4

Saba, 18

Sadfe, 27

Sad Ishtragh, 38

Sad Khandūt, 38

Sado, 36

Sad Sipang, 38

Saffron, 98

Sagamoni Borcan, 111

Sagatu, 103

Saghlat, 62

Sago tree, 108

Sa-ha-la, 62

Saianfu, 95

Said Khán, 42

Saint Omer, 11

Sakya Muni Burkhan, 111

Salt, 91–92, 123

Salwen, 84, 85, 89

Sam, 18

Samarcand, 36

Sandal Wood, 124

San fo ts’i, 126

Sangon, 92

San Ta, 85

Sappan, 119

Sapurgan, 32, 33

Säracanco, 13

Sarai, 13

Sarhad, 36, 40, 41

Sarikol, 39, 40

Sar-i-Sar-hadd, 38

Sar i Sher, 67

Sati, 115

Sa-tō, 99

Schefer, Ch., 71

Schlegel, G., 103, 108, 109

Scotra, 121

Scott, Sir G., 89

Sebsevar, 30, 32, 33

Sefid-ab, 28, 29

Seïf ed-Din Nusrat, 24

Selat Tebrau, 106

Selenga, 62

Sendi Foulat, 104

Sêng, 18

Seng-i-Kal-i-deh, 33

Ser-i-julge, 28, 29

Serindia, 21

Sha Chou, 44, 47, 49, 50

Shah Rukh, 52, 53

Shamu Hust, 51

Shang Tu, 6, 13, 63, 96

Shan chu tsun che, 10

Shan Haï King, 19

Shan Tung, 91

Shan Si, 75

Shao Hing, 96

Sha t’ang, 99

Shaw, E. B., 42

Sheep, 17, 19, 20

Shehr, 125

Shemiakin, 138

Shen Chou, 61

Shen shen, 62

Shen yü, 58

Shibirkhan, 33

Shien Tchu, 10

Shi Ho, 125

Shikamparast, 21

Shikári, 21

Shï-k’i-ni, 34

Shik-nih, 34

Shi lang, 86

Shi T’ien-tse, 92

Shu, Kingdom of, 79, 80

Shu-mih fu shi, 6

Shu ngan, 62

Shurab, 33

Siāh pōsh, 35

Siang wu ta eul, 87

Si Chou, 4

Sien pi, 55

Si fan, 80, 81

Sīhasūra, 88

Si Hia, 55

Si lan, 109, 112

Si lan ch’ï kuo, 112

Si li ju eul su la, 107

Silky Fowls, 98–99

Sinclair, William F., 24

Sindafu, 78, 79

Si-ngan fu, 76, 77

Singapore, 105

Sing ch’a shêng lan, 125

Singphos, 85

Singtaur, 87, 88

Si ning, 61

Sinju, 61

Sinjumatu, 92

Siri Paramisura, 107

Sita river, 41

Si yang ch’ao kung tien lu, 72, 124

Si yih kien wan luh, 49

Slieptsov, A., 139

Smyrna, 20

Soling river, 62

Somali Coast, 121

Sorcerers, 121

So Tu, 103

Sounds, 48, 49

Spain, 19

Stein, Sir Aurel, 3, 21, 22, 23, 34, 36, 37, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 50, 52, 53, 55, 72, 140

Stewart, C. E., 26

Storax, 125

Stuart, 75

Süan wei shi, 6, 82

Su Chou, 52

Sugar, 119, 123

Sui, 62

Sukchur, 52

Sultania, 5

Sumatra, 106, 107, 109

Sundar Fūlāt, 104

Sung, 19, 31, 61, 93, 96

Sung Shí, 112

Sung Yun, 45

Sun tree, 31

Suttee, 115

Swat, 22, 24

Syghinan, 34

Sykes, Major P. M., 4, 5, 25, 27, 28, 56, 140

Syria, 20

Sze Chw’an, 79, 81, 83

Sze-ma Ts’ien, 76

Szi lang, 86

Tabas, Tabbas, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30

Tabriz, 5; see Tauris

T’a-ch’ar Hu-nan, 8

Tagaung, 90

Tagharma, 39, 40

Ta Hsien, 78

Taichow, 94

T’ai hang Mountain, 75

Táilgan, 57

Tái lin,57

T’aï p’ing yu lan, 76

T’aï Yuan fu, 75

Ta-la-kien, 34

Talāsh, 22

Talecan, 32, 34

Ta-li, 68

Tamasak, 105

Ta Ming yi t’ung che, 90

Tanah, 106

Tanah Malaya, 105, 106, 107

T’ang, 18, 19, 25, 34

T’ang hsi, 96

T’ang Shu, 112

Tangut, 6, 50, 51, 54, 61

Tanjore, 112, 115

Tanjore inscription, 104, 145

Tanner, P. von, 97

Tao yi chi lio, 114, 120, 123

Tao Koang, 73

Ta Ping, 85

Tárikh-i-Rashidi, 21, 42, 48, 139

Tarim, 41

Tarsa, 62

Ta Shi, 19, 120, 123, 125, 126

Tash Kurghán, 39, 40, 42

Tāshmalik, 39, 40

Ta sz nung, 6

Tatar, 55

Ta Ts’in, 120

Ta tu, 7, 129

Ta tu k’ou, 89

Ta T’ung, 57

Tauris, 5, 17, 18

Tch’ang, 91

Tch’eng Tu, 78, 79, 80

Tebbes, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30

Ṭeir al djamal, 123

Teixeira, Pedro, 24

Telugu, 86

Temple, Sir R. C., 144 seq.

Tenasserim, 87, 105

Tenduc, 62

Teng-i-Tebbes, 28

Tengri (Heaven), 58

Tengri kudu, 58

T’eng Yueh, 89, 90

Termed, 31

Thardwehch, 17

Thibaut de Chepoy, 4, 11

Thomas, St., 116–118

Thordeman, B., 138

Thornhill, Clarke, 31

Three Kings, 18

Thus, 34

Tiao men, 82

Tiao yü shan, 79

Tibet, 80, 83

Tibetans, 41

T’ie leh, 56

T’ien chu, 120

T’ien ning temple, 11

T’ien pu ma, 85

T’ien Shan, 57

T’ien tö, 62

T’ien Tsin, 91

Tiju, 94

Tirandáz, 21

Tob Timur, 129

Toba, 4, 30, 31

Tokhara, 34

Tokuk Dawān, 40

Tölös, 56, 58

Tomaschek, W., 77, 104

Tomlinson, C., 49

Tonocain, 25 seq., 26, 28, 31

Tononi, G., 4

Torunxa, 25

Tou iron, 30

Tou lo mién, 118

T’oung Pao, 123, 124, 142

T’ou-ore, 30

Tourfan, 92; see Turfan

T’ou shih, 30

T’ou t’ieh, 30

Tribut, 93

Trotter, Col., 38

Ts’an chêng, 7

Ts’ang Chou, 91

Ts’ao mu tse, 75

Ts’eng yao lo, 123

Tsiang kiun, 92

Ts’ien Wu-su, 97

Tsin, 93

Ts’i nan, 92

Ts’ing, 94

Tsing hai hien, 91

Ts’ing ki hien, 82

Ts’ing shui, 57

Ts’i Ning chau, 92

Tsoh mung luh, 59

Ts’öng pa, 124

Ts’uän Chou, 100

Tsuboi Kumazo, 123

Tsui lan, 108

Tsu la, 123

Tsu la fa, 125

T’u fan, 81, 82

Tu-ho-lo, 34

T’u kuh hun, 4

Tu li, 32

Tumat, 61

Tun, 26, 27, 28, 30, 33

T’ung kwan, 57

Tung-si-yang-k’au, 19

Tun huang, 49, 50

Tunis, 20

Tunocain, Tunokain, 25 seq., 26, 28, 31

Tun-o-Tabbas, 26

Tun va Kain, 26

Tun t’ien, 112

Turfan, 44, 76, 92, 111

Turshiz, 30

Tutia, 30, 31

Tu Tsung, 114

Uighúr, 14, 19, 58, 63

Ulug Beg, 21

Ulug Mazar, 45

Ulug Ziārat, 45

Ulus Arbaa, 21

Urasa, 24

Urga, 51, 58, 62

Uriangkut, 61

Uryangkit, 61

Ushi, 49

Uzun Tati, 45

Vacca, Giovanni, 135, 136

Valentyn, 25

Vardoj river, 37, 38

Victoria, Lake, 38, 39

Vijaya Bahu IV., 111

Vijayanagar, 114

Vines, 75–76

Vinson, 86

Visconti, Tedaldo, 4

Visdelou, 88

Vissière, 96, 97

Vochan, 34, 88

Vociam, 82

Vokhan, 36, 37, 38

Vughin, 96

Vuju, 96

Wakhan, 36–40

Walkenaer, 139

Wa lo sz’, 129

Wang Chu, 6, 7

Wang Kien, 79

Wan Li, 73

Wan nien tsao, 25

Wan sui shan, 69

Warai, 36

Weather Conjuring, 63

Wei, 93

Wei, river, 57

Wei Shu, 122

Whibley, Ch., 137

Wiesner, J., 72

Wine, 75–76, 119

Wok-k’an, 34

Wo tuan, 48

Wright, T., 138

Wu, 79

Wu chên, 96

Wu chiang, 96

Wu Hi, 79

Wu hwan, 55

Wu Kiai, 79

Wu Kiën-hwang, 72

Wu K’ung, 37

Wu Lin, 79

Wylie, A., 72

Ya chou fu, 82

Yaci, 82

Yamān yār river, 40

Yang Chau, 7, 94, 99

Yangi Hisar, 39

Yang Kiang, 98

Yanju, 94

Yap Island, 31

Yarkand, 40, 42, 44

Yasin, 41, 42

Ya tsui tan fan, 124

Ye-li-k’o-wen, 62, 94

Yemen, 24,

Yen Chan hien, 91

Yen Kwang-ta, 96

Yen Temur, 130

Yen t’o man, 109

Ye Tse-k’i, 75

Yezd, 5, 30

Ying yai shêng lan, 124, 125

Yin shan cheng yao, 75

Yin tu, 112

Yisun Timur, 88

Yi tsi nai, 55

Yi wu chi, 86

Yotkan, 44, 45

Young, John, 133

Ysemain, 95

Y-sz-ma-yin, 95

Yuan, 71, 75, 93

Yuan kien lei han, 76

Yüan shi, 5, 7, 8, 32, 47, 56, 57, 61, 63, 69, 70, 81, 82, 84, 85, 92, 94, 95, 108, 119, 120, 129

Yueh Chi, 19, 41

Yuen tien chang, 94

Yu Ho, 93

Yule, Sir Henry, 7, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 31, 32, 34, 35, 108, 115, 118, 142

Yung ch’ang, 82, 88, 89, 90, 103

Yung chia chong, 78

Yun Nan, 6, 68, 83, 86, 87, 95

Yü shi ta fu, 6

Yu t’ien, 45

Zaitun, 100

Zakhama Pass, 24

Zanghibar, 123

Zanzibar, 121

Zardandan, 68, 84, 85

Zarew, 13

Zebak, 38

Zenagan, 26

Zimmé, 87

Zoroaster, 31