INDEX

Abbott, 422 Abdomen (= third chamber of Monaxonic Radiolarian shell), 84 Abdominal cirrhi, 139 f. Aboral, blood-ring, of Asterias rubens, 452; of Ophiothrix fragilis, 490; of Echinus esculentus, 529; coelom, of Antedon rosacea, 585; nervous system, of Antedon rosacea, 584; sinus, of Asterias rubens, 449; of Ophiothrix fragilis, 490; of Echinus esculentus, 528, 529 Abortive nuclei, of Myxosporidiaceae, 107 Abyla, 307 Abylinae, 307 Abyssal, Radiolaria, 76; Sponges, 239 f. Acamptogorgia, 356 Acanella, 353; A. simplex, 353 Acantharia (Actipylaea), 76, 78, 78, 80; myophrisks in, 80; Zooxanthella in, 80; reproduction of, 86 n.; skeleton of, 82 Acanthaster, 458, 462 Acanthin, 71 n., 75, 76 Acanthocephala, nutrition of, 38 Acanthoconia barrandei, 207, 207 Acanthocystis, 71; budding of, 73; habitat, 75 Acanthogorgia, 355 Acanthometrids (= Acantharia, q.v.), parasitic Amoebophrya in, 161 Acanthonida, 78 Acanthotrochus, 577 Acarnus, 223 Accumulative anabolism, growth, 9, 13, 15 f.; in relation to brood-formation, 32 f. Acephalinidae, 97 Acineta, 159, 160 Acinetina = Suctoria, 158 f. Acontia, 369 Acrasieae, 90 f. Acrophytum, 333, 349 Actine, 183 Actinelida, 78 Actinia, 381; A. cari, 378; A. equina, sense organ of larva of, 373; A. mesembryanthemum, 379, 381; longevity of, 375 Actiniaria, 377 f.; viviparity of, 373; symbiosis of, 377; colours of, 379 Actiniidae, 381 Actiniina, 380 Actinobolus, 137; tentacles and trichocysts of, 152 Actinocrinus, 594 Actinodendron, 384; A. arboreum, 384; A. glomeratum, 366; A. plumosum, 366, 384 Actinoloba (= Metridium), 371, 372, 381; A. dianthus, 379, 381; A. marginata, 378 Actinolophus, 70; habitat of, 75 Actinometra, 588, 589, 594 Actinomma, 77; A. asteracanthion, skeleton of, 77 Actinomonas, 70, 73, 75 n. Actinomyxidiaceae, 98 Actinophrys, 70 f., 96 n.; A. sol, 71; habitat of, 75 Actinopoda, 570 Actinosphaerium, 70, 72 f.; endogamy of, 73 f., 75; regeneration of, 35; A. eichornii, 72 Actinostola (usually placed in Hertwig's family Paractidae, allied to Bunodidae, 382), 379 Actinotryx, 371, 383; A. mussoides, 383 Actinozoa = Anthozoa, 326 f. Actipylaea (= Acantharia), 76 Actissa, 77, 83 Acystosporidae, 97, 102 f.; active zygote of, 34 Adambulacral, ossicle, of Asterias rubens, 434; of Ophiothrix fragilis, 479; of Asteroidea compared to covering-plates of Crinoidea, 589; spine, of Asterias rubens, 434 Adamsia, 377; A. palliata, 378, 381; A. rondeletii, 378 Adaptation to fresh water, 176 f. Adelea ovata, syngamy of, 101 Adelocodonic, 265 Adhesion of species, 174 n. Adinidae, 130 n. Adoral, band of cilia in Dipleurula larva, 605; membranellae, 145; trichocysts, 145; wreath, 137 f.; wreath of Vorticella, 156, 157 Aegina, 296 Aeginidae, 296 Aeginopsis, 296 Aeolis, nematocysts of, 248 Aequorea, 278 Aequoreidae, 278 Aerotaxy, 23 Aethalium septicum (= Fuligo varians), 92 f. Afferent canal of contractile vacuole, of Stylonychia, 139, 140; of Stentor, 156 Africa, Tropical, antimalarial measures in, 106; Trypanosomic diseases of, 120 f. Agalma, 300, 307 Agalminae, 307 Agaricia, 403 Agaricoides, 350 Agassiz, 258, 312, 319; on classification of Endocyclica, 533; of Clypeastroidea, 548 Aggregate, formation, in Microgromia, 59; social, of Vorticella, 158; (rosette) of Treponema, 120 Aggregation of plasmodia into aethalium, 92 f. Agitation, stimulus of, 19 f. Aglaophenia, 276, 279 Aglaophenopsis (Plumulariidae, 279), 277 Aglaura, 294 Aglauridae, 294 Aiptasia couchii, 382 Air, presence of Flagellate spores in dust of, 118 Air-borne germs in relation to putrefaction, etc., 43 Alate, 185 Alcock, 268 Alcyonacea, 346 f. Alcyonaria, 329 f., 340; colour, 337; dimorphism, 333; food, 339; mesenteric filaments, 333; nematocysts, 247; phosphorescence, 338; reproduction, 340; skeleton, 334; spicules, 334; zooids, 330 Alcyoniidae, 349 Alcyonium, 330 f., 332, 349; nematocyst of, 247; A. digitatum, 332, 338 f., 347, 349; larva, 341; A. glomeratum, 349; A. palmatum, 340; A. purpureum, 338 Aleurone, 37 Algae, related to holophytic colonial Flagellata, 109, 130 Algeria, dourine disease in, 119 Alicia mirabilis, 382 Aliciidae, 382 Alimentary canal, of Asterias rubens, 438; of Ophiothrix fragilis, 485; of Echinus esculentus, 516; of Echinarachnius parma, 546 f.; of Echinocardium cordatum, 551; of Antedon rosacea, 583; of Hyocrinus, 589; of Actinometra, 589; development of, in Eleutherozoa, 604, 605; in Antedon rosacea, 618, 619 Allen, on food of Echinus esculentus in Plymouth Sound, 516 Allman, 246, 265, 267, 273, 274; on Cystoflagellates, 135 Allogromia, 59 f., 65 Allogromidiaceae, 58; habitat of, 48, 59 Allopora, 287; A. nobilis, 287 Alpheus, 351 Alternating modes of brood-formation in Sporozoa, 48 Alveolar, structure (fine) of cytoplasm, 6; system (coarse) in relation to skeleton of Radiolaria, Dreyer's scheme of, 84 Alveolate ectoplasm, of pelagic Foraminifera, 61; of Heliozoa, 71 f.; of Actinosphaerium, 72 f.; of Radiolaria, 79; pedicellaria of Leptogonaster, 456 Alveole (= minute cavity in cytoplasm), 5 f.; in Ciliata, 142; in Stylonychia, 140; (= large vacuole of Radiolaria, etc.), 76, 79, 84 Alveolina, 59 Alveolus, of Echinus esculentus, 526 Alveopora, 397 Amalthea (Fam. Corymorphidae, 273), 266 Ambulacral area, of Echinarachnius parma, 544; of Echinocardium cordatum, 550 Ambulacral groove, of Asteroidea, 432; representative in Ophiuroidea, 481; representative in Echinoidea, 515; of Pelmatozoa, 579; of Antedon rosacea, 581, 582, 587; of fossil Crinoidea, 595; of Thecoidea, 596; of Carpoidea, 596; of young Ophiuroid, 613 Ambulacral ossicle, of Asteroidea, 432; of Asterias rubens, 434; of Ophiothrix fragilis, 481; compared to auricula of Echinus esculentus, 526; to inner plates of Palaeodiscus, 557; to side-plates of Crinoidea, 589 Ambulacral plate, of Echinus esculentus, 511; of Cidaridae, 533; of Sphaerechinus, 539; of Strongylocentrotus, 539; of Echinarachnius parma, 544 Amines, 15 Ammodiscus, 59 Amnion, 613 Amniotic cavity, 613 Amoeba, 4 f.; reactions of, 7 f.; devouring a plant cell, 9; excretion of, 14 f.; motion of, 17 f.; respiration of, 17 f.; taxies of, 22 Amoeba, 51; habitat of, 57; posterior disc or sucker, 53; A. binucleata, 30, 52; A. coli, habitat, 57; A. limax, 5; form of amoebulae of Acrasieae, 90; motions of, 47 n., 52; A. polypodia in fission, 10; A. proteus, 5; brood-divisions of, 56 n. Amoeboid, motion, 5; stages of Acystosporidae, 97, 103 f.; zoospores of Trichosphaerium, 54, 56; gametes of Flagellata, 116 n. Amoebophrya, 86, 159, 161 Amoebula, 31, 51; of Myxomycetes, 91, 92; of Didymium, 92; of fever parasites, 104 Amphiaster (an aster in which the actines form a whorl at each extremity of the axis, which is straight), 222 Amphibia, hosts of Opalinidae, 111, 123 Amphiblastula, 226 Amphicaryoninae, 306 Amphidisc, 176, 177 f., 202 Amphidiscophora, 203 f. Amphihelia, 399 Amphileptus, 137 Amphimonadidae, 111 Amphimonas, 111 Amphinema, 273 Amphiprion percula, 378 Amphiura, 497; A. squamata (= elegans), 485 n., 497, 601 Amphiuridae, 497 Amphizonella, 51; test of, 53 Amphoriscidae, 192 Ampulla, of Millepora, 259, 260; of Stylasterina, 284, 285; of tube-foot of Asterias rubens, 441, 443; synonym of axial sinus of Ophiothrix fragilis, 487; of stone-canal of Echinus esculentus, 517; of tube-foot of Echinus esculentus, 517; of respiratory trees of Holothuria nigra, 563; of podia of Holothuria nigra, 566; of feelers of Aspidochirota, 568, 570; of Pelagothuria, 568, 570; of Molpadiida, 568; of Synaptida, 568; of Elasipoda, 571 Anabolic, 12 f. Anabolism, 12 f.; modes of, 15 f. Anal, cirrhi, 139 f.; papilla (tube) of Antedon rosacea, 581, 583; of Eucalyptocrinus, 596 Ananchytidae, 554, 559 Anapta, 577 Anatomy, of a starfish (Asterias rubens), 432 f.; of Ophiothrix fragilis, 479 f.; of Echinus esculentus, 504 f.; of Echinarachnius parma, 542 f.; of Echinocardium cordatum, 549 f.; of Holothuria nigra, 561 f.; of Antedon rosacea, 581 f. Anatriaene (a triaene of which the cladi or branches point backwards, in the same direction as the rhabdome or shaft), 224 Anchoring flagella, 114; of Dallingeria, 112; of Bodo saltans, 117 Ancistrum, 137 Anemonia, 381; A. sulcata, 381 Animal-feeding Protista, 38 Animals, defined, 39 f.; and plants, discussion on, 35 f.; Higher, 31, 38 Anisochela (a chela of which the two ends are unequally developed), 222, 234 Anisonema, 110 Anisospores of Radiolaria, 76, 85; of Collozoum inerme, 76 Anochanus, 554 Anopheles, intermediate host of malarial parasite, 103 f.; enemies of, 106; precautions against, 106 Antedon, 594; A. rosacea, 581, 582; external features, 581; skeleton, 582; alimentary canal, 583; water-vascular system, 583; nervous system, 583 f.; coelom, 585; genital organs, 586; muscles, 587; blood-system, 587; development of, 617 f.; A. eschrichtii, 594 Antennularia, 279; A. antennina, 279; A. ramosa, 279 Anterior, dorsal process, of ciliated band of Bipinnaria, 606; of Auricularia, 608; median process, of ciliated band of Bipinnaria, 606 Antero-lateral process, of ciliated band of Echinopluteus, 607 Anthea cereus, 381 Antheneidae, 471 Anthocaulus, 389 Anthocodia, 330 Anthocyathus, 388, 389 Anthomastus, 333, 349 Anthomedusae, 262 f. Anthophysa (Flagellata), 111, 112 f.; (Siphonophora, Physophorinae), 308, 302 Anthoptilidae, 362 Anthoptilum grandiflorum, 362 Anthozoa, 326 f.; commercial importance, 328 Antipatharia, 407 f. Antipathella, 408; A. gracilis, 408 Antipathes, 408; A. ternatensis, 409 Antipathidea, 367, 371, 407 f. Antiseptic properties of "aromatic" compounds, 36 n. Anuncinataria, 203 Anus, of Ciliates, 143 f.; of Stylonychia, 139 f.; of Carchesium, 147; of Vorticella, 156; of Asterias rubens, 434; of Echinus esculentus, 516; of Echinarachnius parma, 546; of Pygastrides relictus, 548; of Euclypeastroidea, 549; of Echinolampas, 554; of Neolampas, 554; of Holothuria nigra, 560; of Antedon rosacea, 582; of Dipleurula larva, 604; of Asterina gibbosa, 611 Aphodal, 210 Aphrothoraca, 70 Aplanospore, 31 Aplysilla, 196 Aplysina, 225 Apocyte, 30, 32 Apocytial, condition, 32; forms among Myxosporidiaceae, 107 f.; Rhizopoda, 52 Apolemia, 308 Apoleminae, 307 Apopyle, 170 Aporosa, 397 Appendicularia, host of Gymnodinium pulvisculus, 132 Aquatic organisms, minute, distribution of, 47 n. Arachnactis, 373, 411; A. albida, 411; A. americana, 411; A. lloydii, 411 Arachnoides, 549 Arbacia, 520, 538 Arbaciidae, 530, 531, 532, 538, 558 Arbacioid type of ambulacral plate, 531, 538 Arcadomyaria, 324 Arcella, 51, 53; A. vulgaris, 55 Archaeocidaridae, 557, 558 Archaeocyte, 171 Archaster, 467; A. bifrons, 467 Archasteridae, 456, 466 Archenteron, definition of, 604 Archer, on Protozoa, 45; on Heliozoa, 71 Archicoel, 450 Arcuothrix, 52; transition between pseudopodium and flagellum in, 47 n. Arenaceous Foraminifera, 58 f.; Carpenter on, 63 f.; labyrinthine structure in, 66 Argas persica, 121 Aristocystis, 599, 599 Aristotle, 166 Aristotle's lantern, of Echinus esculentus, 515, 516, 524, 525; variations of, in Endocyclica, 531; of Echinarachnius parma, 546, 547; absent in Echinocardium cordatum, 550 Arm, of Asteroidea, 431, 432, 453; of Ophiothrix fragilis, 479; of Ophiuroidea, 481, 491; of Crinoidea, 580, 589; of Antedon rosacea, 581; of Antedon (other species), 594; of Hyocrinus, 590; of Rhizocrinus, 591; of Bathycrinus, 591; of Pentacrinidae, 592; of Holopus, 594; of Eudiocrinus, 594; of Inadunata, 595; of Articulata, 595; of Camerata, 595; development of, in Asterina gibbosa, 611; in Antedon rosacea, 620 Arm-spines, of Ophiothrix fragilis, 479; of Ophiuroidea, 491; of Ophiothrix, 492; of Ophiacantha, 492; of Ophiopteron 492 Aromatic compounds in relation to nutrition and antisepsis, 36 Arthropods, hosts of Gregarines, 97 f. Articulata, 595 Ascitic dropsy, Leydenia associated with, 91 Ascon, 185 Asconema setubalense, 221 Asexual reproduction of Asteroidea, 459; of Linckia, 459; of Asterina wega, 459 Ashworth, 331 n. Asiphonacea, 347 Asphyxia, its effect on contractile vacuole, 143 Aspidochirota, 568, 569, 570 f., 577, 578 Aspidosoma, 476 Aspirotrichaceae, 137, 148, 151, 153, 154 Assimilation, assimilative anabolism, growth, 9, 13, 15 f. Association, in Gregarines, 95, 98 f.; in Lankesteria ascidiae, 95 f. Astasia, 110, 112 Aster (= centrosome of mitotically dividing cell and peripheral rays), 25, 27; (a polyaxonid spicule), 184 Asterias, 473, 475; A. rubens, 432; external features, 432; pedicellariae, 433; skeleton, 434; coelom, 437; alimentary canal, 438; food, 439; water-vascular system, 441; nervous system, 444; perihaemal spaces, 448; blood-system, 449; genital organs, 451; A. glacialis, 473; pedicellariae, 434; A. hispida, 474; A. muelleri, 473; A. murrayi, 473; A. ochracea, 474; A. polaris, 474; A. spirabilis, 601, 602; A. tenuispina, 453 Asteriidae, 453, 458, 473 Asterina, 454, 456, 459, 461, 463; A. gibbosa, number of arms, 453; eggs of, 463; development of, 609, 610 f., 617; A. wega, 459 Asterinidae, 455, 458, 463 Asternata, 554 Asteroid stage in the development of Ophiuroidea and Echinoidea, 613, 622 Asteroidea, 430, 431 f.; compared with Ophiuroidea, 477 f.; compared with Echinoidea, 503, 558; mesenchyme of larva of, 602; development of, 605, 608, 609, 610 f.; phylogeny of, 621 Asteropsis, 471 Asterosmilia, 401 Asthenosoma, 536; A. hystrix, 536, 537; A. urens, 536 Astraeidae, 387, 399 Astraeopora, 390 Astrangia, 400; A. solitaria, 374, 400 Astrocnida, 501 Astrogonium, 472 Astroides, 404 Astronyx, 501 Astropecten, 455, 459, 467; fossil, 475; A. irregularis, 468; movements, 468; burrowing habits, 469 Astropectinidae, 454, 458, 459, 467, 470 Astrophyton, 491, 501 Astropyle, 81 Astrorhiza, 59 Astrorhizidaceae, 59 Astroschema, 501; vertebra, 481 Astroschemidae, 501 Astrosclera willeyana, 194, 194 Astroscleridae, 194 Astylus, 287 Atelecrinus, 588, 594 Athoria (usually placed in a subfamily Athoriinae of the Physonectidae, 307), 300 Atolla, 322; A. bairdi, 322; A. gigantea, 322; A. valdiviae, 322 Atollidae, 322 Atoll, 390 f. Atorella, 314, 322 Atrophy, of oral apparatus of Ciliata during conjugation, 151 Attached, Foraminifera, 64; Flagellata, 112 f.; Ciliata, 152; Suctoria, 160 f., 162 Attachment, temporary, of Stentor, 155; permanent, of Rhizocrinus, 591; of Bathycrinus, 591; of young Pentacrinidae, 592; of Thecoidea, 596; of Cystoidea, 597; — temporary, of larva of sterina gibbosa, 610; of Brachiolaria larva, 612; of larva of Antedon rosacea, 619 Aulactinium, 79; A. actinastrum, 82 Aulena, 220 Aulocystis grayi, 208 Aurelia, 310, 314, 324; A. aurita, 312 Aureliania heterocera, 383 Auricula, of Echinus esculentus, 526; of Cidaridae, 531; of Arbaciidae, 531; of Echinarachnius parma, 546; represented by radial pieces of calcareous ring of Holothuroidea, 566 Auricularia, 607; metamorphosis of, 614, 615 Auronectidae, 301, 308 Aurophore, 308 Autodermin, 523 Automatic processes, so-called, 12 Autotrophic, 37 Autozooids, 333 Axial filament, of Heliozoan pseudopodia, 49, 71, 72, 74; of Actinophrys sol, 71; of Actinosphaerium eichornii, 72; of Radiolaria Acantharia, 80 Axial sinus, of Asterias rubens, 448; of Ophiothrix fragilis, 487; of Echinus esculentus, 517, 528; of Echinocardium cordatum, 552; of Holothuroid larva, 564; of larva of Antedon rosacea, 583; development of, in Asterina gibbosa, 609 Axifera, 353 Axinella, 216, 222, 225; A. erecta, 216 Axinellidae, 217 Axon, 444 Axoniderma, 216 Axopora, 262 Azoosporeae, 89 Babesia (= Piroplasma), 120 Bacteria, food of Myxomycetes, 92 f.; nutrition of, 36 Bactronella, 193 Baker, H., on organisms of putrefaction, 43; on Protozoa, 45; on Noctiluca, 134 f. Balanoglossus, larva and affinities of, 616 Balantidium, 137; habitat of, 152 Balbiani, on Protozoa, 45; on regeneration, 35 n.; on "Pébrine" (Nosema bombycis), 107 Barbados, Miocene deposit of Radiolaria, 87 Barotaxy, 20 Barrier reef, 390 f. Bary, A. de, on methods of culture of lower organisms, 44; on nature of Myxomycetes, 91 Basal granules, of cilia, etc., 138 n., 141 —see also Blepharoplast Basal plates, of Antedon rosacea, 584; of Crinoidea, 588; of Hyocrinus, 588, 590; of Atelecrinus, 588, 594; of Rhizocrinidae, 588, 590; of Thaumatocrinus, 588, 594; of Pentacrinidae, 591; of Holopus, 592; of Cystoidea, 598; of Blastoidea, 599 Bastian, H. Charlton, on spontaneous generation, 44 n. Bateson, 174 Bath sponge, 221 Bather, on Sympterura, 502; on classification of Crinoidea, 589; on phylogeny of Echinodermata, 622 Bathyactis, 404 Bathyanthus, 411 Bathycrinus, 589, 591 Bathypathes, 408 Bebryce, 356 Bell, F. J., 406 n.; on classification of Ophiuroidea, 494; of Endocyclica, 533 on relationships of Holothuroidea, 430 n., 622 Bell-animalcules, 155 f.; feeding of, 145 —see also Carchesium, Epistylis, Peritrichaceae, Vorticella, Zoothamnium Beloidea, 77 Beneden, E. van, on Sporozoa, 94; on pelagic Anthozoa, 411 Bernard, F., 241 n. Bernard, H. M., 386 n., 397 Beroe, 413, 423; B. cucumis, 416, 417; B. ovata, 416, 423 Beroidae, 414, 423 Berthold, on protoplasmic movements, 16 n. Bezzenberger, list of species of Opalina, 124 n.; on parasitic Ciliata, 152 n. Bicoeca, 111 Bicoecidae, 111 Bidder, 168, 172 n., 186 n., 235 n. Biemma, 224 Bigelow, 304, 420 n. Bile, 13 Biloculina, 59, 67 Biloculine, 66 Binary sex (= syngamy with marked inequality between the pairing cells), 33 f.; in Centropyxis, 57; in Stylorhynchus, 99; in Pterocephalus, 99; in Coccidiaceae, 100 f.; in Sarcocystis tenella, 108 n.; in Volvocidae, 127 f.; in Eudorina, 129; in Peritrichaceae, 151 f. Biomyxa, 58 Bionomics of Protistic life, 43 Bipinnaria, 605 f., 608; metamorphoses of, 612 Bipocillus (a microsclere consisting of a curved shaft, terminated by a cup-shaped expansion at each end, characteristic of the genus Iophon), 222 Birds, hosts of Acystosporidae, 103 Birth-pore, of brood-cavity of Suctoria, 161 Bisexual differentiation—see Binary sex Bivium, of Echinarachnius parma, 543; of Holothuria nigra, 561 Black Corals (= Gerardia, 406, and Antipatharia, 407) Bladder, of Rotifers and Platyhelminthes, 14 n. Blanchard, on Sporozoa, 94 Blastocoel, 603 Blastoidea, 580, 599 f. Blastomere, 603 Blastostyles, 265 Blasts of Coccidiaceae, morphology of, 120; of Acystosporidae, 104 f. Blastula, definition of, 603 Blepharoplast, 19; of Heliozoa, 72; of Flagellata, 109, 115; of Trypanosoma, 121; of nuclear origin in Trypanosoma, 109 n.; of T. noctuae, 120 f.; of Ciliata, 141 Block-musculature, of spines of Echinus esculentus, 506 Blood, Acystosporidae and Haemosporidae parasitic in, 97, 102 f.; Protomastigaceae parasitic in, in fever, 119 f. Blood-corpuscle, entered by Haemosporidae and Acystosporidae, 102 f., 104 f.; by Treponema and Trypanosoma, 120 Blood-system, of Asterias rubens, 449 f.; of Echinus esculentus, 529; of Holothuria nigra, 567; of Antedon rosacea, 587 Bloody rain, 125 Blowflies, alleged spontaneous generation of, 42 Bodo, 111, 119; B. caudatus, 116 n.; B. saltans, 114, 116 n., 117 f. Bodonidae, 111; movements of, 114 n. Body-cavity—see Coelom Bohemura, 502 Bolina, 419; B. infundibulum, 416 Bolinidae, 419 Bolinopsis, 419 Bolocera tuediae, 381 Borchgrevink, 310 n. Borgert, on Dictyochidae, 87; on fission in Aulacantha, 85; on phaeodium in Radiolaria, 81 n. Botanists, contributors to knowledge of Flagellates, 119 Bothriocidaris, 557, 561 Botryoidea, 79 Bougainvillia, 263, 264, 266, 269; B. ramosa, 269 Bougainvilliidae, 269 Boulenger, 294 n. Bourne, G. C., 246, 337, 338 n., 347 Bourrelet, 553 Boveri, on functions of chromatin, 28 n. Bowerbank, 168, 169, 234 n. Brachial ossicle, of Antedon rosacea, 582; of fossil Crinoidea, 595 Brachiolaria, 612, 613 Brachionus, often found with Euglena viridis, 124 Brachiopoda, 428, 579 Brachyenemic, 405 Brachyeneminae, 405 Brady, classification of Foraminifera, 58 f. Brain-Coral, 401 Branched, endoplasm, of Noctiluca, Trachelius, and Loxodes, 133, 153; meganucleus, of Dendrosoma, 160; theca, of Dinobryon, 112; of Schizotricha, 152 Branching colony, of Carchesium, Epistylis, Zoothamnium, 158 Brandt, Karl, on commensals and parasites of Radiolaria, 87 n.; on Radiolaria, 88 Breeding temperature of Protozoa, 47 Breeze Flies, intermediate hosts of Trypanosoma evansii, 119 Briareidae, 350 Brisinga, 474 Brisingidae, 453, 454, 474 Brissidae, 556 Brissopsis, 556; B. lyrifera, 556 Brittle Star—see Ophiuroidea Brood-cavity, in Suctoria, 160 f., 162 Brood-cell, 31 Brood-cyst, of Proteomyxa, 88 f. Brood-division, brood-formation, 30 f.; in Rhizopoda, 56 f.; in Foraminifera, 67 f.; in Radiolaria, 85 f.; in Proteomyxa, 49, 88 f.; in Sporozoa, 48, 94 f.; in Flagellata, 109, 115, 117 f.; in Polytomeae, 115; in Chlamydomonadidae, 115; in Paramoeba eilhardii, 116 n.; in Choanoflagellates, 122; in Proterospongia, 122; in Volvocidae, 127 f.; in Ciliata, 147; in Colpoda cucullus, 147, 153; of male Peritrichaceae, 151 f., 157; retarded, 31 f. Brood-mother-cell, 31 Brood-pouch, of Pteraster, 465, 466; of Hemiaster philippi, 556, 602; of Anochanus, 554; of Cucumaria laevigata, 602; of Psolus ephippifer, 602 Brooks, 288, 290, 308 n. Brown colour of lakes or ponds often due to Dinoflagellates, 131 Browne, 273, 281 n., 291 n., 312 Bruce, Col. and Mrs., on Trypanosomic fever and sleeping sickness, 120 Bubbles of carbon dioxide formed in Arcella, etc., 53 Buccal sinus of Holothuria nigra, 566 Buccal tentacle—see Buccal tube-foot Buccal tube-foot (and tentacle), of Ophiothrix fragilis, 486; of Echinus esculentus, 518; of Echinocardium cordatum, 551, 561; of Holothuria nigra, 561; of Spatangoidea, 577; development of, in Holothuroid pupa, 615 Budding, in Trichosphaerium, 54; in Rhizopoda, 56; in Acanthocystis, 73; in Acantharia, 86 n.; in Spirochona, 147; in Suctoria, 160, 162; in Sponges, 177 f., 228, 229, 230; in Hydrozoa, 250 f., 263, 275; in Medusae, 270, 296; in Scyphistoma, 317; in Alcyonaria, 340; in Zoantharia, 371 Bud-fission in testaceous Rhizopoda, 55; in Euglypha, 29 Buffon, on organisms of putrefaction, 43 Bulimina, 59 Bulk and surface of organism, ratio between, 14 Bunodactis gemmacea, 378 Bunodeopsis, 382 Bunodes, 378, 382; B. gemmacea, 382 Bunodidae, 382 Burrowing habits, of certain Asteroidea, 461; of Astropecten, 469; of Paxillosa, 469; of Porcellanasteridae, 471; of Strongylocentrotus lividus, 541; of Echinarachnius parma, 546; of Echinocardium cordatum, 549; of Spatangus purpureus, 555; of Molpadiida, 575; of Synaptida, 576; of Synapta inhaerens, 577 Burrowing Urchins, 529 Bursaria, 137, 155 Bury, on primary axial sinus of Holothuroid larva, 564; on change in position of mouth during metamorphosis of Auricularia, 614 Bütschli, on protoplasm, 16 n.; on paramylum, 95 n.; on Protozoa, 46; on Cystoflagellates, 135; on classification of Ciliata, 137; on Strombidium and Torquatella, 155 n.; on Sponges, 168, 172 n. Caecum (diverticulum), of alimentary canal of Echinocardium cordatum, 551; of alimentary canal of Elasipoda, 569, 571 Caenomorpha, 137, 141 n., 154; C. uniserialis, 155 Cake-urchins = Clypeastroidea, q.v. Calcaire Grossier, 70 Calcarea, 184 f. Calcareous ooze, 114 Calcareous ring, of Holothuria nigra, 566; of H. cinerascens, 567; of Phyllophorus rugosus, 567 Calcaromma calcarea, 83 Calcituba, 59; growth of, 64; pylomes of, 64 Calices of Madreporaria, 371 Calicoblasts, 385 Calkins, on nucleus in Protozoa, 25 n.; on Protozoa, 46; on rhythm in life-cycle of Ciliata, 148 n. Calliactis (family Sagartiidae, 381); C. parasitica, 378 Callianira, 418 Callianiridae, 417 Calthrop, 184; of Radiolaria, 83 Calycophorae, 300 f. 305 Calymma, 79, 82 Calymma, 420 Calymmidae, 420 Calyptoblastea, 275 f. Calyx, of Echinus esculentus, 513; of Echinarachnius parma, 545; of Pelmatozoa, 579; of Crinoidea, 580, 588 f.; of Carpoidea, 580; of Cystoidea, 580, 598; of Blastoidea, 580, 599; of Holopus, 592; of fossil Crinoidea, 595 Camerata, 595 Campanularia, 280 Campanulariidae, 280 Campascus, 52; test of, 55 Camptolithus, 346 Camptonema, 70, 73 Canalaria, 201 Canals, "feeding," afferent, or replenishing of contractile vacuole system in Ciliata, 14, 143, 146; of Stylonychia, 139 f.; of Stentor, 156 Cannopora, 283 Cannopylaea (= Phaeodaria), 76 Cannotidae, 278 Capillitium of Myxomycetes, 90 f., 92 Capnea sanguinea, 383 Capria, 321 Caravella, 308 Carbohydrates, formation of, 33 Carbon dioxide, attracts Paramecium, 23; excretion of, 8, 13 f.; secreted by Arcella, etc., 53 Carchesium, 138; feeding of, 145, 158 Carinal ossicle of Asteroidea, 436 Carlgren, 378 n. Carmarina, 295 Carpenter, P. H., on the classification of the Crinoidea, 589 Carpenter, W. B., classification of Foraminifera, 58; on their true nature, 62; on their structure, 63 f.; on Arenacea, 65 f.; on the nervous system of Antedon rosacea, 585 Carpoidea, 580, 596 f. Carter, on Protozoa, 45; on Sponges, 167, 180, 208, 237 n.; on fossil Hydrozoa, 270 n. Caryophyllia, 386, 398 Cash, on Rhizopoda, 58 n. Cassidulidae, 554 Cassidulina, 59 Cassiopea, 324 Cassiopeidae, 324 Castellani, on Trypanosomic fever and sleeping sickness, 120 Catabolic, catabolism, 13 f., 24 Cataclysmal metamorphosis of Dipleurula, 613 Catallacta, 89 Catostylidae, 325 Cattle, Trypanosomic diseases of, 119 f. Caudal cirrhi, 139 f. Caudina, 575 Caullery and Mesnil, on Actinomyxidiaceae, 98 n. Cavernularia, 359, 364; C. obesa, 364 Cell, 3 f.; definition of, 3; nutrition of, 15 f., 35 f.; -membrane of ovum of Sea-urchin, 7; -wall, 3; in Flagellates, 109, 113; in Dinoflagellates, 130; -boundary in Flagellates, 113; -division, 24 f., 25, 27; Spencerian division, 31 f.; -unions in Volvox, 126, 127; collar-, of Choanoflagellates, 121, 122; of Sponges (= choanocytes), 171, 176, 186 Cellular relationship explained, 10 Cellulose, 37; cell-wall of holophytic Flagellates, 113; in Dinoflagellates, 130 Central blood plexus—see Heart Central capsule, 49, 76, 77, 82, 84; its functions in regeneration, 35; of Collozoum inerme, 76 Centrifugal force, stimulus of, 19 f. Centriole, 25, 27 Centripetal canals, 289 Centro-dorsal ossicle, of Crinoidea, 580; of Antedon rosacea, 582; of Actinometra, 588, 594; of Atelecrinus, 594 Centrogenous (used of spicules = meeting in a common centre and growing outwards), 76 Centropyxis, 51; test of, 55; C. aculeata, reproduction of, 57 Centrosome, 19, 26 f.; of Heliozoa, 72; (= blepharoplast) in Flagellates, 115 Centrosphere, 25 f., 27 Centrostephanus, 522, 539; C. longispinosus, 522, 532, 539 Cephalis (= uppermost chamber of monaxonic Radiolarian shells), 83 Cephalodiscus, 617 Cephalont of Gregarines, 98 Cephalopoda, erroneous reference of Foraminifera to, 62 Cephea, 325 Cepheidae, 324 Ceratella, 263, 271; C. fusca, 271 Ceratellidae, 271 Ceratium, 110; habitat of, 131 Ceratosa, 211, 220 Cercomonas, 116 n., 119; C. dujardini, gametes of, 116 n. Cereactis (family Actiniidae, 381); C. aurantiaca, 378 Cerianthidea, 367, 373, 377, 409 Cerianthus, 328, 366, 409; nematocyst of, 247; C. americanus, 411; C. bathymetricus, 411; C. lloydii, 411; C. membranaceus, 370, 410, 411; C. oligopodus, 411; C. vogti, 411 Cestidae, 420 Cestoidea, 413, 414, 416, 420 Cestus, 420; C. pectenalis, 420; C. veneris, 417, 420 Chaetetidae, 346 Chalarothoraca, 71 Chalina, 217, 223 Chalk, Foraminifera, etc., in, 69 f. Challengeridae (a family of Phaeogromia, 79); shells, skeleton of, 84, 85 Chambered organ, of Antedon rosacea, 584; of Pentacrinidae, 592 Chambers, of Foraminiferal shell, 62 Chapman, on Foraminifera, 58 n., 70 Charistephane, 417 Charybdea, 311, 314, 319; C. xaymacana, 310, 319; C. marsupialis, 319; C. grandis, 319 Charybdeidae, 318 Cheilostomella, 59 Cheilostomellaceae, 59 Chela (a complex microsclere derived from a sigma and consisting of a curved shaft bearing recurved processes), 234 Chemical, reactions, of protoplasm and of vacuoles, 13; substances in solution, 19, 22 f.; rays of spectrum in relation to plant pigments, 36 n. Chemiotaxy, 23; its rôle in syngamy, 34; of Coccidians, 100 Chirodropidae, 319 Chirodropus, 319 Chironephthya, 349; C. variabilis, 338 Chiropsalmus, 319 Chitin, 37 Chlamydomonadidae, 111, 125, 126; brood-division of active, 115 Chlamydomonas, 111, 125 f.; barotaxy of, 20; conjugation of, 115 f.; Dill on, 119 n. Chlamydophora, 71 Chlamydophrys, 52; C. stercorea, reproduction of, 57; habitat of, 57 f. Chloramoeba, 110 Chloromonadaceae, 110; trichocysts in, 113 n. Chlorophyll, 36 n.; in Flagellates, 115 n.; bodies of Euglenaceae, 124 f. Chloroplasts (= chlorophyll bodies), of Eutreptia viridis, 124 f. Choanocytes, 171, 176, 186, 200, 237 —see also Collar-cells Choanoflagellata, Choanoflagellates (= Craspedomonadidae, 111), 121, 122 f.; in relation to Sponges, 41, 171, 181 Choanophrya, 159 f., 162; C. infundibulifera, 162 Choanosome, 170 Chondrilla, spicules of, 233 Chondrioderma, 90; C. diffusum, 93 Chondrocladia, 216 Chondrophoridae, 301, 308 Chone, 213, 214 Choristida, 212 Chromatin, 6 f.; function of, in cell-division, 24 f.; of ovum of Sea-urchin, 7; of Radiolaria, 81; -granules, 7, 24 Chromatophore, 13, 21, 36 f., 113, 115; of Sphaerella, 126 —see also Chromoplastid, Chlorophyll, Plastid Chromidia, 30; of Rhizopoda, 51; of Foraminifera, 67 f. Chromoplastid, 21, 36 f.; of Zooxanthella, 86 —see also Chromatophore Chromosomes, 25 f., 27; functions of, 28 f. Chromulina, 110 Chrysamoeba, 110 Chrysaora, 312, 315, 316, 323; C. isosceles, 311, 314, 323 Chrysogorgia, 355 Chrysogorgiidae, 355 (= Dasygorgiidae, 333) Chrysomitra, 302, 309 Chrysomonadaceae, 110; external plasmic layer of, 113; symbiotic, 86, 125 Chun, 197 n., 300, 307 n., 308, 414 n. Chunella, 360, 363 Chytridieae, movements and affinities of, 114 n.; relations of, 40, 48, 119 Cidaridae, 530, 531, 532, 533, 558 Cidaris, 533, 534; C. (Dorocidaris) papillata, 534 Cienkowsky, on Monadineae (= Flagellates and Proteomyxa), 40, 89; on Radiolaria, 88; on Zooxanthella, 86; on Cystoflagellates, 135 Cilia, 17, 18; of Protozoa, 47; paroral, 156 n.; preoral, 139; of Trichonymphidae, 123; of Opalina, 123; of Maupasia, 124; of Ciliata, 141; organs formed of combined, 138, 141, 413; sensory, of Stylonychia, 138; Schuberg, A., on, 141 n. Ciliary motion, 18; mechanism of, 18 n. Ciliata, 18, 41, 137 f., 181; animal nutrition, 40; conjugation, 149 f.; contractile vacuole, 14 f., 143; encystment, 147 f.; feeding, 145; fission, 147 f.; form of body, 141; galvanotaxy, 22; infested by Suctorian parasites, 160 f.; gut, 146; mouth, 145; nuclear apparatus, 144 f.; parasitic, 152; pharynx, 145; pellicle, 141; regeneration, 35, 145; relations to Metazoa, 41; rheotaxy, 21; Suctoria allied to, 159; thigmotaxy of, 20; tubicolous, 152; Zooxanthella symbiotic with, 125 Ciliated, buds of Suctoria, 159, 160 f., 162; epaulette, 607 Cilioflagellata (= Dinoflagellata, given by misinterpretation of transverse flagellum), 130. Ciliophrys, 75 n., 89 Cilium of Noctiluca, 133 Cinachyra, 212, 215; C. barbata, 212 Cinclides, 369 Cinetochilum, 137 Ciocalypta, 225 Cirripathes, 408; C. spiralis, 408 Cirrus, of Crinoidea, 430, 580; of Antedon rosacea, 581, 585; of Rhizocrinidae, 588, 590; of Pentacrinidae, 588, 591, 592; of Rhizocrinus, 591; of Comatulidae, 594; of Actinometra, 594; of Antedon, 594; development of, in A. rosacea, 620; of fossil Crinoidea, 595 Cladocarpus, 279 Cladocora, 373, 400 Cladocoryne, 272 Cladocrinoidea, 595 Cladonema, 266, 270; C. radiatum, 267 Cladonemidae, 270 Cladopathes, 408 Cladophiurae, 491, 494, 502 Cladorhiza, 216 Cladotyle (a rhabdus on which one actine is branched, the other tylote or knobbed at the extremity), 222 Claparède and Lachmann on Protozoa, 45; on Suctoria, 162 Clark—see James-Clark Classification, of Protozoa, 48 f., 50; of Rhizopoda, 51 f.; of Foraminifera, 58 f.; of Heliozoa, 70 f.; of Radiolaria, 76 f.; of Proteomyxa, 90; of Sporozoa, 97; of Flagellata, 109 f.; of Protomastigaceae, 111; of Volvocaceae, 111; of Infusoria, 136; of Ciliata, 137; of Suctoria, 159; of Sponges, 183 f.; of Coelenterata, 249 f.; of Ctenophora, 417 f.; of Eleutherozoa, 430 f.; of Asteroidea, 459 f.; of Ophiuroidea, 491 f.; of Echinoidea, 529 f.; of Endocyclica, 532; of Clypeastroidea, 548 f.; of Spatangoidea, 552; of Holothuroidea, 567 f.; of Pelmatozoa, 580; of Crinoidea, 589 f. Clathria, 225 Clathrina, 186, 221, 231; C. blanca, larva of, 227 Clathrinidae, 185 f. Clathrissa, 223 Clathrozoon, 277, 279; C. wilsoni, 279 Clathrulina, 71, 73, 74 Clava, 272; C. squamata, 263 Clavatella, 267, 270 Clavatellidae, 270 Clavidae, 272 Clavularia, 330, 334, 344; C. viridis, 329, 337, 343 f., 344 Clavulariidae, 344 Clearing of tissues, physical explanation of, 11 Climacograptus, 282 Cliona, 219, 224 Clionidae, 218 Cloaca of Holothuria nigra, 563 Clypeaster, 548, 549 Clypeastridae (= Echinanthidae), 549 Clypeastroidea, 529, 542 f., 556, 559, 566 Clytia, 280; C. johnstoni, 275, 280 f. Cnidoblast, 247, 248 Cnidocil, 248 Cnidopod, 248 Cnidosac, 300 Coalescence of individual Rhizopods during bud-fission, 55 Coccidiaceae, 97, 99 f.; relations to Trypanosoma, 120 Coccidiidae, 97, 99 f., 101 Coccidiosis, 102 Coccidium, 99 f., 101 f.; C. cuniculi, 102; C. lacazei, syngamy of, 101; C. schubergi, 99 f., 101 Coccolithophora, 110 Coccolithophoridae, in Chalk, 70; wall of, 114 Coccoliths, 83, 110, 114, 242 Coccoseridae, 346 Coccospheres, 83, 114 Cockroach, Lophomonas parasitic in gut of, 123 Codaster, 599 Codosiga, 111 Coelenterata, 243 f.; definition, 245; almost all immune from Gregarines, 99 Coeliac canal of Antedon rosacea, 586 Coelogorgia, 349 Coelogorgiidae, 349 Coelom (including body-cavity), 428; of Asterias rubens, 437; of arm of Ophiothrix fragilis, 480; of Echinus esculentus, 516; of Holothuria nigra, 562; of Antedon rosacea, 585; development of first rudiment in larva, 605; subsequent development in Dipleurula, 608, 609; in Asterina gibbosa, 611; in Antedon rosacea, 618, 619 Coelomic nervous system, of Asterias rubens, 448; of Ophiothrix fragilis, 488; of Echinus esculentus, 524; of Holothuria nigra, 566; of Antedon rosacea, 584, 585 Coeloplana, 412, 422; C. mitsukurii, 422 Coeloplanidae, 422 Coenocyte, 30 Coenograptus, 282 Coenopsammia, 404 Coenosteum, 371, 387 Coenothecalia, 344 Cohn, Ferdinand, on cultures of Schizomycetes, etc., 44 Cold-blooded Vertebrates, as hosts of Haemosporidae, 102 Coleps, 137; mail-like pellicle of, 141, 152; C. hirtus, group feeding, 150 Collar, of Choanoflagellates, 121 f., 122; of peristome of Vorticella, etc., 156 Collar-cells, in Choanoflagellates, 121 f., 122, 171, 237; of Calcarea, 186; of Non-Calcarea, 176, 200 —see also Choanocytes Collencyte, 171 Colletocystophores, 320 Collida, 77 n. Colloblasts, 414 Collodaria, 77 Colloidea, 77 Collosphaera, 77; symbiotic Diatoms in, 86 Collosphaeridae, 85 Collozoidae, 85 Collozoum, 77; C. inerme, 76 Collyritidae, 559 Colobocentrotus, 532, 542 Colonial, cells, 31; Protista, 31 Colony, 31; of Collozoum inerme, 76; -formation in Polycyttarian Radiolaria, 84 f.; in Flagellata, 113; of Choanoflagellates, 121, 122; in Vorticellidae, 158; of Volvocidae, 126 f.; of Pandorina, 128 f.; of Eudorina, 129 Colour, red, of lakes and ponds, often due to Dinoflagellata, 131 Coloured vegetal nutrition, 36 f. Colouring matter of chromatophores of Flagellates, 115 n. Colpidium, 137; C. colpoda, diagram of conjugation, 149; nuclear relations in conjugation, 151 Colpoda, 137; C. cucullus, 153; brood-fission in cyst, 147 Columella, 370, 385 Columnals, 619 (= Stem-ossicles, q.v.) Columnaria, 344 Comatula = Antedon, q.v. Comatulidae, 594 Combs of Ctenophora, 141, 412 Comitalia, 201 Commensals, of Heliozoa, 73; of Radiolaria, 80, 86 f.; of Infusoria, 153 f.; —see also Zoochlorella, Zooxanthella, and Symbiosis Comminator muscles of Aristotle's lantern, 526 Commissure of radial cords of aboral nervous system of Antedon rosacea, 585 Compasses (or radii) of Aristotle's lantern, 526 Conant, 319 Conaria larva, 302 Conchophtheirus, 137 Conchula, 380 Confervaceae, related to green Flagellates, 48 Confervoid form of Hydrurus, 113 Conjugatae, syngamy of, compared to certain Chlamydomonads, 126 Conjugation, 33 f.; of Rhizopoda, 54, 56 f.; of Trichosphaerium, 54, 56 f.; exogamous, in Foraminifera, 68 f.; of Heliozoa, 72, 73 f.; of Sporozoa, 95 f.; of Lankesteria, 95 f.; of Monocystis, 96; of Gregarines, 97, 100; of Stylorhynchus, 99; bisexual, of Sarcocystis tenella, 108 n.; of Flagellates, 115; of Bodo saltans, 117; of Trypanosoma, 120; by a fertilising tube in Chlamydomonas, 125; of Volvocaceae, 127 f.; of Volvox, 127 f.; isogamous and endogamous, of Stephanosphaera, 128; in Dinoflagellates, 131 n.; of Noctiluca, 133; of Ciliata, 148 f.; of Paramecium caudatum, 148; of Colpidium colpoda, diagram, 149; of Peritrichaceae, 151 f., 157; of Vorticella, 157; of Suctoria, 161; of meganucleus in Dendrocometes, 161, 162 —see also Syngamy, Fertilisation Conoclypeus, 558 Constancy of type in Protista, 42 f. Conte, 292 n. Contractile vacuole, 5, 10, 14 f.; of Amoeba polypodia, 5, 10; of fresh-water and brackish Protozoa, accessory spaces and canals, 47; of Rhizopods, 52; of fresh-water Allogromidiaceae, 60; of Microgromia socialis, 60; of Heliozoa, 71, 72, 74; of zoospore of Clathrulina, 74; of Myxomycetes, 92; of Flagellata, 110, 112, 115; of Cryptomonas, 112; of Diplomita, 112; of Oikomonas, 112; of Tetramitus, 112; of Trachelomonas, 112; of Bodo saltans, 117; of Choanoflagellates, 122; absent from Opalinidae, 123; of Euglenaceae, 125; of Volvox, 126; of Ciliata, 143 f.; in fission, 147; of Stylonychia, 139 f. of Stentor, 156; of Vorticella, 157; of Suctoria, 160 f., 162 Contractility, 8, 9; muscular mechanism of, 14 f. Contraction, of Amoeboid cell, 16 f. Copepoda, infested by Epistylis, 158 —see also Cyclops Coppinia, 280; C. arcta, 280 Coprolites, Radiolaria in, 87 Copromyxa, 90 Coral, 326, 365; Organ-pipe, 343; Precious (= Red), 326, 352; Flexible (= various Alcyonaria), 326; Stony (= Madreporaria), 326, 384 f.; Brain-, 401; Black (= Gerardia, 406, and Antipatharia, 407); -Reefs, 390 f.; Reef-, 389 f. Coralliidae, 335, 352; commercial importance, 328 Corallimorphidae, 383 Corallimorphus, 383 Corallium, 333, 350, 352; C. boshuensis 352; C. confusum, 352; C. elatius, 352; C. inutile, 352; C. japonicum, 352; C. johnsoni, 352; C. konojoi, 352; C. nobile, 340 n., 341, 352; C. pusillum, 352; C. reginae, 352; C. stylasteroides 352; C. sulcatum, 352 Corbula, 276 Cordylophora, 269, 272 Cormidia, 301, 305 Cornularia, 334, 344 Cornulariidae, 344 Cornuspira, 59; shell of, 64 Corona, of Echinus esculentus, 504, 511; of Endocyclica, 530; of Cidaridae, 530; of Echinothuriidae, 530, 535; of Temnopleurinae, 539 Coronaster, 474 Coronata, 314, 321 Cortex, 190, 191, 213; gastral cortex, 188 Corticata, 49 n. Corydendrium (family Tiaridae, 273); C. parasiticum, 269 Corymorpha, 263, 265, 266, 273; C. nutans, 273 Corymorphidae, 273 Corynactis, 372, 383; C. viridis, 383 Coryne, 272 Corynidae, 272 Cosmiolithus, 346 Costae, 385, 387; of Ctenophora, 413, 416 n. Costia, 111; C. necatrix, produces epidemics in fresh-water fish, 119 Cothurnia, 138, 158 Cotte, 218 n. Cotton-spinner, 564 Cotylorhiza, 325 Coupled cell, 31, 33 f.; in Flagellates, 116 f. —see also Zygote Covering-plates, of arms of Ophiuroidea, 491; of arms of Crinoidea, 589; of Hyocrinus, 589, 590; of Rhizocrinidae, 589, 591; of Pentacrinidae, 589; of Antedon, 589, 594; of Thecoidea, 596; of Blastoidea, 599 Crambessa, 325 Crambione, 325 Craniella, 213, 213, 214; C. cranium, 222 Craspedomonadidae, 111, 115 n., 121 f., 122; transverse division in, 115 n. —see also Choanoflagellata Crescent (gametocyte of Laverania), 104 f. Cretaceous firestone of Delitzet contains Peridinium, 132 Cribrella, 457, 462; C. (Henricia) sanguinolenta, 462, 463; C. laeviuscula, 462 Cribriform organs, 470 Cricket, Mole-, Lophomonas parasitic in gut of, 123 Crinoidea, 430, 580 f.; development of, 617 f. Crinorhiza, 212, 216 Cristellaria, 59 Crotalocrinus, 595; C. pulcher, 595 Crustacea, small, rheotaxy of, 21 Cryptabacia, 404 Cryptogams, Higher, spermatozoa of, 38 Cryptoglena, shell of, 113 Cryptohelia, 284, 287; C. ramosa, 285 Cryptomonadaceae, 110 Cryptomonas, 110 Cryptozonate, 454 Crystals, in isospores of Collozoum inerme, 76; proteid, 37 Ctenocella, 357 Ctenodiscus, 458, 471 Ctenophora, 412 f.; comb-plates of, 141 Ctenophoral plates, 141, 412 Ctenoplana, 416, 421 Ctenoplanidae, 421 Cubomedusae, 310, 316, 318 f. Cucumaria, 573; C. crocea, 573, 602; C. laevigata, 602 Cuénot, on Sporozoa, 94; on reproduction of Monocystis, 96 n. Culcita, 453, 472; C. tetragona, 453 Culex, host of Haemoproteus or Proteosoma, 103; intermediate host of a Trypanosoma, 120 Cultures, pure, 43 Cunanthidae, 296 Cunarcha, 296 Cunina, 296; C. proboscidea, 296; C. rhododactyla, 296 Cunoctantha, 296; C. octonaria, 295 Cup (= theca), of Flagellates, 113; of Salpingoeca, 122; of Acineta, 159, 160 —see also Theca, Tube Cupulita, 307; C. sarsii, 304 Current, 169, 171, 234 f.; electric, stimulus of, 19, 22; in liquid, relation of protoplasmic movements to, 7, 19, 21 Cuticle, of Dinoflagellata, 130; of Gregarines, 96; of Noctiluca, 133 —see also Membrane, Pellicle Cuticular shell of Flagellates, 113 Cuvier, 245, 246 Cuvierian organs of Holothuria nigra, 564 Cyanaea, 311, 312, 324; C. capillata, 311, 324; C. lamarcki, 324 Cyanaeidae, 324 Cyathaxoniidae, 394 Cyatholiths, 114 Cyathophyllidae, 394 Cyathophyllum, 394 Cycads, spermatozoa of, 38 Cyclidium, 137 Cyclocnemaria, 397 Cyclomyaria, 325 Cyclops, host of Choanophrya, 159; of Rhyncheta and other Suctoria, 159 f., 162; of Vorticellidæ, 158 Cycloseridae, 404 Cydippidea, 417 Cydippiform stage of Lobata and Cestoidea, 414 Cydonium milleri, 222 Cymbonectes, 306 Cymbonectinae, 306 Cyphoderia, 52 Cyrtoidea, 79 Cyst (a closed membrane distinct from the cytoplasm around a resting-cell or apocyte), 37, 39; cellulose-, 37; chitinous, 37; growth of vegetal cell in, 37; of Protozoa present in dust, 47; of Centropyxis aculeata, 57; of Chlamydophrys stercorea, 57; of Amoeba coli, 57; of Actinophrys sol, 72; of Actinosphaerium, 73 f.; of Flagellata, 109, 117 f.; brood-, of Paramoeba eilhardii, 116 n.; of Bodo saltans, 117; of Opalina, 123 f.; of Volvocaceae, 128; of Dinoflagellates, 131; of Pyrocystis, 131, 132; of Ciliata, 147; of Colpoda cucullus, 147, 153; temporary (hypnocyst) of Rhizopoda, 57; of Proteomyxa, 88; of Myxomycetes, 91; -wall, of Acystosporidae, 104 f. Cystiactis, 382 Cystid—see Cystoidea Cystiphyllidae, 394 Cystoflagellata, 110, 132 f. Cystoidea, 580, 597 f. Cytogamy, 33 f. Cytoplasm, 6; of ovum of Sea-urchin, 7; granular, nutritive, of muscle cell, 19; in cell-division by mitosis, 26 f.; during syngamy, 34 Dactylometra, 311, 323; D. lactea, 312 Dactylopores, 257 Dactylozooids, 264; of Hydractinia, 264; of Millepora, 259; of Siphonophora, 299 Dale, on chemiotaxy, 22 Dallinger, W. H., and Drysdale, C., on Protozoa, 44, 45; on organisms of putrefaction, 44, 116 f.; on life-histories of Flagellates, 116 f. Dallingeria, 111, 112, 119; anchoring flagella of, 114; D. drysdali, gametes of, 116 n. Dalyell, 317 n., 375 Dangeard, on brood-division in active Chlamydomonadidae, 115; on Flagellata, 119 n. Dantec, Le, on protoplasmic movements, 16 n.; on peptic digestion in Protozoa, 16 Darwin, 328 n., 360, 391 Darwinella, 221 Dasygorgiidae, 333 (= Chrysogorgiidae, 355) Davenport on protoplasmic movements, 16 n., 19 n. Dawydoff, 423 Dead men's fingers (= Alcyonium digitatum, 349) Death, 11; by diffluence, granular disintegration or solution, 14 f.; by desolution, 15; necessary, of colonial cells of Volvox, 128; in Volvox and in Metazoa, compared, 130 Deep-sea deposits (Foraminifera), 70 Degen, on functions of contractile vacuole, 15 n. Degeneration, senile, among Ciliata, 148 Deglutition in Podophrya trold, 159 —see also Ingestion of food Deiopea, 419 Deiopeidae, 419 Delage, on protoplasm, 3 n.; on syngamy, 34 n.; on motion of flagella, 114 n.; on Sponges, 168, 174, 226; and Hérouard, on Protozoa, 46 Delap, M. J., 311 n. Deltoid plate of Blastoidea, 599 Demospongiae, 195, 209 f. Dendoryx, 224 Dendrite, 444 Dendrobrachia, 409 Dendrobrachiidae, 409 Dendroceratina, 209, 220, 221 Dendrochirota, 568, 569, 572, 577, 578 Dendrocometes, 159, 160, 161 f. Dendrograptidae, 281 Dendrograptus, 281 Dendrophyllia, 404 Dendy, 188 n., 192, 274, 275 Depastrella, 321 Depastridae, 320, 321 Depastrum cyathiforme, 321 Depressor muscles of compasses of Echinus esculentus, 527 Dercitus bucklandi, 221 Dermal, gill—see Papula; membrane, 170 Dermalia, 201 Dermasterias, 471 Desma (the megasclere which forms the characteristic skeletal network of the Lithistida, an irregular branched spicule), 215, 224 Desmacella, 224 Desmacidon, 222 Desmophyes, 307 Desmophyinae, 307 Desmothoraca, 71 Desolution of protoplasm, 11 f. Deutomerite, 98 Development, of Sponges, 226; of Scyphozoa, 316; of Alcyonaria, 341; of Zoantharia, 373; of Echinodermata, 601 f. Dextrin, 15 Diadematidae, 531, 532, 538 f., 558 Diadematoid type of ambulacral plate, 531, 539 Dialytinae, 192 Diancistra (a spicule resembling a stout sigma, but the inner margin of both hook and shaft thins out to a knife edge and is notched), 222 Diaphorodon, 59; shell of, 60 Diaseris, 404; asexual reproduction, 388 Diatomaceae, skeleton of, 84; symbiotic with Collosphaera, 86 Diatomin, 86; (?) in coloured Flagellates, 115 n. Dichoporita, 598, 599 Dicoryne, 268, 270 Dictyoceratina, 220 Dictyocha, 110 Dictyochida (= Silicoflagellata, 110), 79; in Phaeocystina, 86 f. Dictyocystis, 137; test of, 152 Dictyonalia, 201 Dictyonema, 281 Dictyonina, 202 Dictyostelium, 90 Dicyclica, 594 Dicymba, 308 Dicystidae, 97 Didinium, 137; trichocysts of, 143 Didymium, 90; D. difforme, 92 Didymograptus, 282 Diffluence, 14 f. Difflugia, 52; D. pyriformis, 55; test of, 55 Digestion, 9, 15 f.; of reserves in brood-formation, 33; in Carchesium, 147; in Starfish, 440 Digestive system—see Alimentary Canal Dileptus, 137, 152 n. Dill, on Chlamydomonas, etc., 119 n. Dimorpha, 70, 73, 75 n., 112 Dimorphism of chambered Foraminifera, 67 f. Dinamoeba, 51; test of, 53 Dinenympha, 111, 115; undulating membranes of, 123 Dinobryon, 110, 112 Dinoflagellata, 110, 113, 130, 131, 132; plastids of, 40; nutrition of, 113 Dinoflagellate condition of young Noctiluca, 134 Diphyes, 303, 307 Diphyidae, 306 Diphyopsinae, 307 Diplacanthid, 457 Dipleurula, definition, 605; forms of, 605-608 Diplocyathus, 277 Diplodal, 210 Diplodemia, 223 Diploëpora, 346 Diplograptus, 281, 282 Diplomita, 111 Diplopore, 597, 599 Diploporita, 598, 599 Diprionidae, 282 Directives, 367 Disc, of Vorticellidae, 155, 158; of Ophiothrix fragilis, 484 Discalia, 309 Discohexaster, 200 Discoidea, 77 Discoidea, 558 Discomedusae (= Ephyropsidae, 322 + Atollidae, 322 + Discophora, 323) Discomorpha, 137 Discooctaster, 200 Discophora, 310, 316, 323 f. Discorbina, 59, 63; reproduction of, 69 Discosomatidae, 383 Diseases, produced by Coccidiidae, 102; by Acystosporidae, 103 f.; by Flagellates, 119 f.; by Trypanosomes, 119 f.; Protozoic organisms of, 43 f. Dissepiments, 385, 387 Dissogony, 419 Distichopora, 284, 286 Distomatidae, 110 Distribution of Protozoa, 47; of Sponges, in space, 239 f.; in time, 241 Disyringa dissimilis, 209, 214, 215 Diverticulum—see Caecum Division, binary, 10; reduction-, 75 n. Dixon and Hartog on pepsin in Pelomyxa, 16 Dobie, 167 Doederlein, 193 n. Doflein, 46; on parasitic and morbitic Protozoa, 94 n.; on syngamy of Cystoflagellates, 135 Dohrn, on carnivorous habits of Sphaerechinus, 516 Dolichosporidia (= Sarcosporidiaceae), 98, 108 Doramasia, 306; D. picta, 303 Dorataspis, 78; skeleton, 80 Dorocidaris—see Cidaris Dorsal elastic ligament of Antedon rosacea, 587 Dorso-central plate of Echinarachnius parma, 543 Dourine, disease of horses and dogs, 119 Drepanidium (= Lankesterella), 97, 102 Dreyer, on genera and species of Radiolaria, 87 f.; on skeleton of Radiolaria, 82 n. Dropsy, ascitic, associated with Leydenia, 91 Drysdale and Dallinger, on organisms of putrefaction, 44 f., 116 f. Dual force of dividing cell, 26 f. Duboscq, Léger and, sexual process in Sarcocystis tenella, 108 n. Duerden, 261, 369 n., 371, 373, 374, 389, 397 n., 400 n., 403, 405, 406 Dujardin, on sarcode (= protoplasm), 3; on Protozoa, 45; on true nature of Foraminifera, 62 f.; on Sponges, 167 Dust, containing cysts of Protozoa, 47; of Flagellata, 118 Dysentery, in Swiss cattle, caused by Coccidium, 102; tropical, caused by Amoeba coli, 57 Dysteria, 137, 153; oral apparatus, 145; shell, 141 Earthworm, Monocystis parasitic in, 95 Echinanthidae, 549 Echinarachnius, 548, 549; E. parma, 542 f., 543, 544, 545, 547; shape, 542; sphaeridia, 545; internal skeleton, 545; habits, 546; alimentary canal, 546; Aristotle's lantern, 546; tube-feet, 547 Echinaster, 439, 462 Echinasteridae, 455, 458, 462 Echinating, 217 Echinidae, 539, 558 Echininae, 539 Echinocardium, 549; E. cordatum, 549 f., 551, 552; habitat, 549; shape, 550; spines, 550; sphaeridia, 551; alimentary canal, 551; tube-feet, 551; habits, 552; stone-canal, 552; E. flavescens, 555; E. pennatifidum, 555 Echinoconidae, 558 Echinocyamus, 548, 549; E. pusillus, 549 Echinocystites, 557 Echinodermata, 425 f. Echinoid stage in the development of a Holothuroid, 615 Echinoidea, 431, 503 f.; compared with Holothuroidea, 560; with Blastoidea, 580; mesenchyme of larva, 604; development of, 607, 608, 609, 613, 614; phylogeny of, 622 Echinolampas, 554 Echinometra, 542 Echinomuricea, 356 Echinoneus, 553, 553 Echinonidae, 553 Echinopluteus, 607, 608; metamorphosis of, 613, 614 Echinosphaerites, 598; E. aurantium, 598 Echinothuriidae, 530, 531, 532, 535, 558, 560 Echinus, 533, 539; E. esculentus, 504 f. 505, 507, 511-515; locality, 504; spines, 506; pedicellariae, 506; corona, 511; periproct, 513; peristome, 513; alimentary canal, 516; water-vascular system, 516 f.; nervous system, 518 f.; sphaeridia, 524; perihaemal spaces, 524 f.; genital system, 528; blood-system, 529; larva, 507; E. acutus, 540; pedicellariae, 509; E. alexandri, pedicellaria, 510; E. elegans, 539, 540; pedicellariae, 510; E. microtuberculatus, 540; E. miliaris, 540, 542, 549; E. norvegicus, 539, 540 Economic uses of Foraminifera, 69 f. Ectocoele, 367 Ectoderm, 246 Ectoplasm (= ectosarc), 6, 46 f., 50; of Amoeba, 5; of Rhizopoda, 51 f.; of Heliozoa, 71 f.; of Radiolaria, 79 f. (see also Extracapsular protoplasm); regeneration of, in Radiolaria, 35; of Collozoum inerme, 76; of Gregarines, 96 f.; of Ciliata, 141 f.; of Stylonychia, 140; of Suctoria, 159; of Trachelius ovum, 153; of Vorticella, 156 Ectopleura, 268 Ectosarc—see Ectoplasm Ectosome, 170 Ectyoninae, 217 Edrioasteroidea, 580, 596 Edwardsia, 328, 366, 368, 376; E. allmani, 377; E. beautempsii, 376, 377; E. carnea, 377; E. goodsiri, 377; E. tecta, 377; E. timida, 376, 377 Edwardsia stage of Zoantharia, 367 Edwardsiidae, 377 Edwardsiidea, 367, 371, 375, 395 Egg, fertilised, 31; of Metazoa, 32 f.; of bird, 32; various meanings of, 34; of affected Silkworm moths transmitters of pébrine, 107 Ehrenberg, on Protozoa, 45 f.; on skeletons of Radiolaria, 87 f.; on Ciliata, 146; on Suctoria, 162 Eimer and Fickert, on classification of Foraminifera, 58 n. Elasipoda, 569, 571, 577, 578 Electric, currents, stimulus of, 19, 22; shock, action on Amoeba, etc., 7 Eleutheria, the medusa of Clavatella, 265 Eleutheroblastea, 253 Eleutheroplea, 279 Eleutherozoa, 430, 560, 577, 579, 583; development of, 602 f.; larva of, 605; phylogeny of, 621, 622 Elevator muscles of compasses of Echinus esculentus, 527 Ellipsactinia, 283 Ellis, 167 Embryonic type of development, 601 Encystment, 37, 39; of animal cells, 37; of vegetal cells, 37, 39; growth during, 37; of zygote, general in Protista, 34; of Rhizopoda, 57; temporary, of Rhizopoda, 57 (see also Hypnocyst); of Heliozoa, 72 f.; of Actinophrys, 72; of Actinosphaerium, 73 f.; of Proteomyxa, 88, 89 of Myxomycete zoospores, 90 f.; of Sporozoa, 96 f.; of zygote of Sporozoa, 95 f.; of Gregarines, 95 f., 98; of Lankesteria, 95; of Monocystis, 96; of Coccidiidae, 97 f.; of Coccidium, 100, 101; of archespore or pansporoblast of Myxosporidiaceae, 107; of Flagellates, 115, 117 f.; of zygote of Bodo saltans, 117; of Opalina, 123 f.; of oosperm of Volvocaceae, 127 f., 129 f.; of Dinoflagellates, 131; of Ciliata, 147; of Colpoda cucullus, 147, 153 Endocyclica, 529, 530 f., 556, 559 Endoderm, 246 Endogamy, in Amoeba coli, 57; in Actinosphaerium, 73 f., 75 (diagram); in Stephanosphaera, 128 Endogenous budding in Suctoria, 160 f., 162 Endoparasitic Suctoria, 86, 160 f. Endoplasm (= endosarc, q.v.), 6 —see also Intracapsular protoplasm (Radiolaria) Endoral, cilia, 139; undulating membrane, 139 Endosarc (= endoplasm), 6; of Gregarines, 95 f.; branching, of Noctiluca, 110, 133; of Loxodes and Trachelius, 144, 153; of Ciliata, 143 f.; of Stylonychia, 140; of Suctoria, 161 Endosphaera, 159, 161 Energy, changes of, in living organism, 8, 13; sources of, 13 f. Entocnemaria, 394 Entocoele, 367 Entosolenia, 66 Entz, Geza, on Choanoflagellates, 121 n.; on structure of Vorticella, 157 n. Eocene Foraminifera, 70 Eolis (= Aeolis), 248 Eophiura, 501 Eozoon, 70 n. Epaulettes, 315 Epenthesis, 281 Ephelota, 159, 160; E. bütschliana, cytological study of, 162 Ephydatia, 217, 225; E. fluviatilis, structure, etc., 174 f., 176, 177, 178, 179 Ephyra, 317 Ephyropsidae, 322 Epiactis (usually placed in the order Zoanthidea, 404); E. marsupialis, 379; E. prolifera, 379 Epibulia, 308 Epidemic, of pébrine among Silkworms, 107; among Fish, due to Costia necatrix, 119; to Myxosporidiaceae, 107; to Icthyophtheirius, 152 —see also Diseases, Fever Epigonactis fecunda, 379 Epimerite of Gregarines, 97, 98 f. Epineural canal, of Ophiothrix fragilis, 481; of Echinus esculentus, 515 Epiphysis, of jaw, of Echinus esculentus, 526; of jaws of Diadematidae, 531; absent in Cidaridae and Arbaciidae, 531 Epiphytic Protozoa, 48 Epiplasm (= cytoplasm of a brood-mother-cell remaining over unused in brood-formation), 96 Epistrelophyllum, 403 Epistylis, 138, 158; E. umbellaria, nematocysts of, 249 Epitheca, 386 Epizoanthus, 406; on Hyalonema, 204; E. glacialis, infested by Gregarines, 99; E. incrustatus, 406; E. paguriphilus, 406; E. stellaris, 406 Epizoic, Protozoa, 48; Ciliata, 158; Suctoria, 158, 162 —see also Symbiosis Equatorial plate (= the collective chromosomes at the equator of the spindle in mitosis), 25, 27 Equiangular, 185 Errina, 284, 286; E. glabra, 286; E. ramosa, 286 Ersaea, 306; E. picta, 303 Esperella, 225, 231 Esperiopsis, 225 Euaster (a true aster in which the actines proceed from a centre, contrasting with the streptaster), 184 Eucalyptocrinus, 596 Eucharidae, 420 Eucharis, 420; E. multicornis, 416, 418 f., 420 Enchlora, 417 Eucladia, 502 Euclypeastroidea, 549 Eucopidae, 277, 280 Eudendrium, 269, 270 Eudiocrinus, 594 Eudorina, 111, 128 f. Eudoxia, 306; E. eschscholtzii, 303 Euglena, 110; barotaxy of, 20; nutrition of, 113; E. viridis, 124 Euglenaceae, 110, 124; pellicle of, 113 Euglenoid motion, 124; of Sporozoa, 50 Euglypha, 52; in fission, 29; test, 29, 54 Eunicea, 356; spicules, 335, 336 Eunicella, 356; spicules, 335, 336; E. cavolini, 356 Eupagurus prideauxii, 378, 381; E. bernhardus, 378 Eupatagus, 553 Euphyllia, 401 Euplectella, 204; E. aspergillum (Venus's Flower-Basket, 197); E. imperialis, 206; E. suberea, 202, 204, 205, 221 Euplexaura, 356 Euplokamis, 418 Euplotes, 138 Eupsammiidae, 402, 404 Eurhamphaea, 419 Eurhamphaeidae, 419 Euryalidae, 501 Eurypylous, 210 Euspongia, 221 Eutreptia, 110; E. viridis, 124 Evacuation of faeces by mouth in Noctiluca, 133 Evans, 179 n., 217 Excretion, 13 f.; in Sponges, 172; in Asterias rubens, 437; in Echinus esculentus, 527, 528; in Antedon rosacea, 587 Excretory, granules, 6; of Ciliata, 144; pore of contractile vacuole of Flagellates, 110; of Trachelius ovum, 153 Exogametes of Trichosphaerium, 54 Exogamy, 34 n.; in Rhizopoda, 56 f.; in Foraminifera, 68 f. Expansion of Amoeboid cell, 16 f. Exsert, septa, 398, 399 Extracapsular protoplasm, of Phaeodaria, 76; of Radiolaria, 79 f. (see also Ectoplasm) Eye of Asterias, 445 f., 446; of Echinoidea, 512 Eye-spot of coloured Protista, 21, 125 f. Fascicularia, 348 Fasciole, of Echinocardium, 550, 555; of Spatangoidea, 553; of Spatangus, 553; of Eupatagus, 553; of Spatangidae, 555 Fats, fatty acids, 15; in Flagellates, 110, 115; formation of, 36 Fauré-Fremiet, on attachment of Peritrichaceae, 141 n. Faurot, 368 Favia, 373, 401 Favosites, 344 Favositidae, 344 Feather-star, 581 Feeding, of Noctiluca, 133, 144; of Peritrichaceae, 145 —see also Food Feeler, of Holothuria nigra, 561 f., 566; of Holothuroidea, 568; of Dendrochirota, 568, 572; of Synaptida, 568, 575; of Molpadiida, 568, 575 Female gamete, 33; of Pandorina, 128 f.; of Acystosporidae, 104 f.; of Peritrichaceae, 151, 157 —see also Megagamete, Oosphere Ferment, required for germination, brood-formation, etc., 32 f. —see also Zymase Fermentation, organisms of, 43 f. Fertilisation, 33 f.; "chemical," 32 n. Fertilised egg, 31 —see also Oosperm, Zygote Fertilising tube of Chlamydomonas, 125 Fever, intermittent, malarial, 103 f.; relapsing, 121; remittent, 105; Texas-, Tick, 120; Trypanosomic, 119 f. Fewkes, 268 n. Fibularidae, 549 Fibularites, 559 Fickert, Eimer and, on classification of Foraminifera, 58 n. Ficulina, 219, 224, 230; F. ficus, 219 Filoplasmodieae, 90 f. Filopodia, 47 n. Filosa, 29, 50, 52 f.; resemblance to Allogromidiaceae, 59 Finger, 580; of Cystoidea, 597; of Blastoidea, 599, 600 Firestone of Delitzet contains fossil Peridinium, 132 Fischer, on fixing reagents, 11; on structure of flagellum, 114 Fish, rheotaxy of, 21; epidemics of, due to Myxosporidiaceae, 107; to Costia necatrix, 119; to Ichthyophtheirius, 152 Fission, 10, 23 f.; equal, 10; Spencerian, 23; multiple, 30 f. (see also Brood-division); of Heliozoa, 72 f.; of Radiolaria, 84 f.; radial, in Volvocaceae, 110; transverse, in Craspedomonadidae, 115 n.; longitudinal and transverse, of Bodo saltans, 117; of Opalina, 123; of Euglenaceae, 124; of Eutreptia viridis, 124; of Noctiluca, 133; of Ciliata, 147 f.; of Stentor polymorphus, 156; of Vorticellidae, 157 f. —see also Bud-fission Fissiparantes, 387, 400 Fixing protoplasm, 15 Flabellum, 375, 386, 398; protandry of, 370 Flagella, flagellum, 17 f., 47; of Protozoa, 47; formed by altered pseudopodia in Microgromia, 60; of Heliozoa, 73; of sperms of Coccidiidae, 102; of Acystosporidae, 105; of Flagellata, 109, 114 f.; of Trichonymphidae, 114; Delage on mechanism of, 114 n.; of Bodo saltans, 117; of Trypanosoma, 121; of Euglenaceae, 124 f.; of Maupasia, 124; of Eutreptia viridis, 124; of Sphaerella, 126; of Dinoflagellata, 130, 131; of Peridinium, 131; of Polykrikos, 132; of Noctiluca, 132, 133 f. —see also Sarcoflagellum Flagellar pit, in Flagellates, 110, 124 f. Flagellata, 17 f., 40, 48 f., 50, 109 f.; barotaxy of, 20; galvanotaxy of, 22; chemiotaxy of, 23; nutrition of, 40, 113; of putrefying liquids, 44, 116 f.; studied by botanists, 45; as internal parasites, 48, 119 f.; relations with Acystosporidae, 106; shell of, 113; stalk of, 113; life-history of, 116 f.; literature of, 119; saprophytic, 119 f. Flagellate stage, of Sarcodina, 56 f., 60, 109; of Heliozoa, 74; of Radiolaria, 85 f. —see also Flagellula Flagellated chamber, 170 Flagellula, 31; of Proteomyxa, 88, 89; of Myxomycetes, 91, 92; of Didymium, 92 —see also Zoospores Flagellum—see Flagella Fleming, 168 n. Flexible Corals, 326 Flint, 219, 241 Floricome, 203 Floscelle, of Echinocardium cordatum, 551; of Cassidulidae, 554 Flowering plants, male cells of, 38 Flowers of tan (= Fuligo varians), 92 f.; peptic ferment in, 16 Foam structure, 6 Folliculina, 137; tube of, 152 Food, 35 f. (see also Ingestion); of Higher Animals, 38; absorption of, by Plants, 38; in relation to life-cycle of Ciliata, 147 f.; of Sponges, 237; of Hydra, 256 and n.; of Millepora, 261; of Siphonophora, 304; of Charybdea, 319; of Alcyonium, 339; of Zoantharia, 373; of Asterias rubens, 439; of Ophiothrix fragilis, 486; of Ophiolepididae, 496; of Echinus esculentus, 516; of Echinarachnius parma, 546; of Echinocardium cordatum, 552; of Holothuria nigra, 561; of Dendrochirota, 572; of Synapta inhaerens, 577; of Antedon rosacea, 583 Food-vacuole, of Actinosphaerium eichornii, 72; of Ciliata, 145 f.; of Carchesium, 146 Foot-plate, of young Pentacrinidae, 592; of larva of Antedon rosacea, 619 Foraminifera, 40, 49, 50, 58 f.; relations of, 49; shell of, 49, 59 f., 60, 61, 63, 65; habitat of, 59 f.; literature of, 58 n.; marine, 60 f.; nuclei of, 62, 67 f.; nutrition of, 40, 62; streaming of granules in, 17; chromidia of, 62, 68 f.; collection of, 62; dimorphism of, 66, 67; reproduction of, 67 f.; economic uses of, 69 f.; palaeontology of, 69 f. Forbes, 338 Force, dual, of dividing-cell, 26 n. Forcepia, 223 Forceps, 222 Forcipulata, 462, 473 f. Forcipulate pedicellaria, 456, 473 Formative vacuole of contractile vacuole, in Flagellata, 110, 115; in Ciliata, 143 Fossil, Foraminifera, 69 f.; Radiolaria, 87 f.; Dinoflagellata, 132; Peridinium, 132; Sponges, 192 f., 207 f., 215, 241; Coelenterates, 270, 281 f., 343 f., 346, 393 f., 406; Asteroidea, 475 f.; Ophiuroidea, 501 f.; Echinoidea, 556 f.; Crinoidea, 594 f.; Thecoidea, 596; Carpoidea, 596 f.; Cystoidea, 597 f.; Blastoidea, 599 f. Fowler, 293 n., 382, 400, 404 Framboesia, 121 n. France, epidemic of pébrine in, 107 Francé, on structure of funnel of Choanoflagellates, 115 n., 121 n.; monograph of Choanoflagellates, 123, 182 n.; on Polytomeae, 119 n. Freetown, prophylaxis of malaria at, 106 Fringing reef, 390 f. Frog's blood, Lankesterella in, 102 Frondicularia, 59, 63 Fructification, of Mycetozoa, 90 f.; of Acrasieae, 90; of Myxomycetes, 49, 91 f. Fry, E. and A., on Myxomycetes, 93 n. Fuligo, 90; F. varians, 92 f.; pepsin in, 16 Fungacea, 402 Fungi, cell connexions in, 37 f.; in relation to Protista, 40; Gasteromycetous, 91 Fungia, 403; asexual reproduction of, 388, 389; F. crassitentaculata, 403 Fungiidae, 403 Funiculina, 359, 362; F. quadrangularis, 362 Funiculinidae, 362 Funnel, of Craspedomonadidae or Choanoflagellates, 111, 121, 122, 182; of Phalausteridae, 111; of choanocytes of Sponges, 171 Fusion of larval Sponges, 174 Fusion-nucleus of Ciliata, 150 —see also Reproduction, Syngamy, Zygotonucleus Fusulina, 59 Galaxea, 400; G. esperi, 400 Galeolaria, 307; G. biloba, 304 Galeolarinae, 307 Galerites, 558 Gamble, 312 n.; and Keeble, 175 n. Gametes, 33 f.; of Trichosphaerium, 54; of certain Protomastigaceae, 116 n.; of Volvocidae, 127 f.; of Pandorina (of three sizes), 128, 129 Gametocyte of Acystosporidae, 104 f. Gametogonium (= parent-cell of gametes), male, of Acystosporidae, 105 Gametonuclei (= nuclei capable of syngamous fusion), 34 Ganeria, 464 Ganeriidae, 454, 464 Gardiner, 345, 370, 375, 392 n., 404 Garveia, 270 Gasteromycetous fungi, 91 Gastral layer, 171 Gastralia, 201 Gastropores, 257, 258 Gastrozooids, of Millepora, 259, 260; of Hydractinia, 264; of Siphonophora, 299; of Antipatharia, 408 Gastrula, definition of, 603 Gaule, misinterpretation of nature of Haemosporidae, 102 Gegenbaur, 302 Gellius 217, 223; G. varius, development, 172 f., 173, 174 Gemmantes, 400 Gemmaria, 405 Gemination = Budding, q.v. Gemmiform, pedicellariae, of Echinus esculentus, 506; of E. acutus, 509; of E. elegans, 510; of Cidaridae, 534; of Echinarachnius parma, 544; of Echinocardium cordatum, 550 Gemmule, 177, 178, 179, 230 Generation, spontaneous, 42 f. Generations, alternation of, 44, 250 Genital base of Holothuria nigra, 567 Genital bursa, of Ophiothrix fragilis, 485 compared with hydrospires of Blastoidea, 600 Genital canal of Antedon rosacea, 586 Genital organs (including ducts), of Asterias rubens, 451 f.; of Ophiothrix fragilis, 490; of Ophiarachna, 491; of Ophiuroidea, 494; of Amphiura squamata, 494; of Echinus esculentus, 528; of Echinocardium cordatum, 552; of Hemiaster philippi, 552; of Holothuria nigra, 567; of Antedon rosacea, 586 Genital plate, of Ophiothrix fragilis, 485; of Echinus esculentus, 512, 513 Genital rachis, of Asterias rubens, 452; of Ophiothrix fragilis, 490; of Echinus esculentus, 528; of Antedon rosacea, 586 Genital scale of Ophiothrix fragilis, 485 Genital stolon, of Asterias rubens, 451; of Ophiothrix fragilis, 489; of Echinus esculentus, 528; of Holothuria nigra, 567; of Antedon rosacea, 585, 586; of larva of A. rosacea, 619 Geodia, 211 Geographical distribution of Protozoa, 47 Geotaxy (= barotaxy), 20 Gephyra dohrnii, 382, 408 Gephyrea, 577 Gerarde, 167 Gerardia savalia, 406 Gerbillus indicus infested by a Haemosporidian, 102 n. Germinal spot (= nucleole of ovum), 7 Germinal vesicle (= nucleus of ovum), 7 Germination, 32; of Myxosporidian spores, 107 Germ-plasm, 28 f.; continuity of, 172 Germ theory, 44 Germs, invisible air-borne, 43 Geryonia, 290, 295 Gilchrist, 338 Gill of Echinus, 514, 527 Gill-cleft, of Echinus, 514; of Sphaerechinus, 540 f.; of Strongylocentrotus, 541 Ginkgo, spermatozoa of, 38 Glaucoma, 137, 153; G. scintillans, rate of fission of, 147 f. Glauconite, 70 Globiceps, 272 Globiferae of Centrostephanus longispinosus, 532 Globigerina, 59, 63, 242; spines of, 61, 66; -ooze, 61 f.; G. bulloides, 68, 69 Glossina morsitans, intermediate host of Trypanosoma brucei, 119; G. palpalis, intermediate host of T. gambiense, 120 Glossograptus, 282 Glycerin, 15 Glycogen, of Ciliata, 144; -vesicles of Pelomyxa palustris, 53 Gnat (Anopheles), intermediate host of Haemamoeba and Laverania, 103 f.; (Culex) intermediate host of Haemoproteus, 103; of Trypanosoma, 120 Golgi, on relation of Acystosporidian life-cycle and stages of intermittent fever, 103 Gonactinia, 371, 372, 377 Gonangium, 276 Goniaster, 471; fossil, 475 Goniastraea, 375, 401 Goniocidaris, 534; G. canaliculata, 535 Gonionema, 288, 291; G. murbachii, 232, 290, 291, 292 Gonium, 111 Gonophore, of Gymnoblastea, 265; of Calyptoblastea, 277; of Stylasterina, 284; of Siphonophora, 302 Gonotheca, 276, 281 Gonozooids, of Siphonophora, 302; of Antipatharia, 408 Gorgonacea, 350 f. Gorgonella, 357; spicule, 336 Gorgonellidae, 337, 357 Gorgonia, 356; G. cavolinii, 340; G. flabellum, 357; G. verrucosa, 356 Gorgoniidae, 334, 337, 356 Gorgonocephalus, 491, 501 Gosse, 273 Goto, 291, 293; on development of Bipinnaria, 612 Grammaria, 278 Granatocrinus, 599; G. norwoodi, 600 Grant, 167 Grantiidae, 192 Grantiopsis, 191 Granular disintegration of Protista, 14 f. Granules, in protoplasm, 6; excretory, 6, 144; aleurone, 37; basal, of cilia, etc., 138 n., 141 (see also Blepharoplast); proteid, of Suctoria, 161 Graphiohexaster, 203 Graptolitoidea, 281 Grassi, on malarial parasites, 103 Gravity, stimulus of, 19 f. Greasy film, outer clear layer of protoplasm behaves like, 17 Greeff, on Protozoa, 46 Green Flagellates, relations of, 48 Greensand, 70; Cambridge, 208 Green water often due to Euglena viridis, 124 Greenwood, M., on peptic digestion in Protozoa, 16; on feeding of Carchesium polypinum, 45 f., 146 f. Gregarina, 97, 98, 99; G. blattarum, 98 Gregarines, habitat, 99; syngamy, 99 Gregarinidaceae, 95 f., 97 f. Gregory, 346 Grew, 166 Grey chalk, 61 Gromia, 52; G. oviformis, 59 n. —see also Allogromia Grooves, longitudinal and transverse, of Dinoflagellata, 110, 130, 131, 132; of Peridinium, 131; of Polykrikos, 132; oral, of Noctiluca, 133 Grosvenor, 249 n. Growth, 19 f.; Spencer's limit of, 23, 31 Gruber, on regeneration in Protozoa, 35 n.; on diffused nucleus in marine Ciliata, 144 n.; on tubicolous marine Ciliata, 152 Gruppe, deposit of Radiolaria, 87 Guinea Coast, 106 Gullet (= pharynx) of Paramecium caudatum, 151 Gut, supposed, of Ciliata, 145 —see also Alimentary canal Gutter, oral, of Vorticellidae, 156, 158 Gymnamoebae, 51 n. Gymnasteridae, 471 Gymnoblastea, 262 f. Gymnodinium, 110; G. pulvisculus, parasitic in Appendicularia, 132 Gymnomyxa, 49 n. Gymnophrys, 58 Gymnosphaera, 70, 73 Gymnostomaceae, 137; predaceous, trichocysts of, 143; mouth and pharynx of, 145; noteworthy members of, 152 Gyractis, 380 Häcker, on skeleton of Radiolaria, 82 n. Haddon, 382 Haeckel, 168, 185, 192, 237, 308; on Monera, 4 n., 89 n.; on Protista, 40 f.; on Protozoa, 46; on Heliozoa, 71; on classification of Radiolaria, 76; on functions of porocone in Radiolaria, 81; on enumeration of Radiolaria, 87 f.; on Myxobrachia, 83; on Sponges, 168, 192; on phylogeny of Echinodermata, 622 Haeckeliana, 79, 85 Haemamoeba, 97, 103 f.; H. malariae, parasite of quartan fever, 104 f.; H. vivax, parasite of tertian fever, 104 f. Haematochrome, 125 Haematococcus (= Sphaerella, 111), 125, 126 Haemoflagellates (= Trypanosoma, etc., q.v.), 119 n. Haemoglobin, 103; in water-vascular system of Ophiactis virens, 499 Haemogregarina, 97 Haemomenas (Ross's name for parasite of pernicious fever = Laverania, 97), 105 Haemoproteus, 97; parasitic in birds, 103 Haemosporidae, 97, 102 Haimea hyalina, 342; H. funebris, 342. Haimeidae, 342 Halcampa, 366, 380; H. chrysanthellum, 380 Halcampidae, 375, 380 Halecium, 277, 280 Haleremita, 256 Halicalyx, 291 Halichondria, 217, 223; H. panicea, structure, etc., 168 f., 169, 170, 211 Halichondrina, 216, 217 Haliclystus, 320, 321; H. auricula, 320 Halicnemia, 216, 224 Haliomma, 77 Haliphysema, 59 Halisarca, 196, 225 Halomitra, 404 Halteria, 137, 152, 155 Halteridium, 97; sexual fusion in, 103, 105; regarded by Schaudinn as a state of Trypanosoma, 103 n., 120 Hamacantha, 223 Hamann, on supposed cavities in the body-wall of Asteroidea, 449; on classification of Zygophiurae, 495 n. Hanitsch, 168 n. Hapalocarcinus, 402 Hardy, on structure of protoplasm and clearing, 11, 12 n. Hartea elegans, 342 Hartlaub, 269 n., 274, 297 n. Hartog, on Protozoa, 1 f.; on structure of protoplasm, living and dead, 11; on function of contractile vacuole, 15 n.; on intracellular digestion, 16; on brood-division (multiple cell-division), 16 n.; on dual force of dividing cell, 26 n.; on syngamy, etc., 34 n.; and Dixon, on pepsin in Pelomyxa, 16 Harvey, "omne vivum ex ovo," 42 Hastigerina, 59, 66 Hauerina, 59 Heart, of Asterias rubens, 450 Heart-urchins = Spatangoidea, q.v. Heat—see Temperature Heat-rigor, 22 Heleopera, 52; test of, 55 Heliaster, 474 Heliasteridae, 453, 454, 474 Heliolites, 346 Heliolitidae, 346 Heliopora, 330, 334, 337, 345 f. Helioporidae, 346 Heliozoa, 50, 70 f.; streaming of granules, 17; regeneration, 35; habitat, 48; locomotion, 73; various forms of, 74; marine, 75; distribution of, 75; resemblance of Suctoria to, 159 Hemiaster, 556; H. philippi, 552, 555, 602, 603 Hemichordata, 616 Henneguy, on protoplasm, 3 n.; on syngamy, 34 n. Henneguya, 98 Henricia—see Cribrella Hérouard, Delage and, on Protozoa, 46 Herpetolitha, 404 Herpetomonas, 115 Hertwig, R., on Protozoa, 46; on chromidia in Sarcodina, 52 n.; on Heliozoa, 71; on Radiolaria, 88; on Suctoria, 161 n., 162 Heteractinellida, 208 Heterastridium, 283 Heterocentrotus, 532, 542 Heterocoela, 187 f. Heterophrys, 71 Heteropidae, 192 Heterotrichaceae, 137, 153 f.; fission of, 147 Heteroxenia, 333, 335, 348 Hexactine (a triaxon in which all six actines are developed), 184 Hexactinellida, 194, 195, 197 f., 228, 240 Hexadella, 196 Hexamitus, 115 Hexaster (a hexactine with secondary or terminal rays = Carter's "rosette"), 203 Hexasterophora, 203 f. Hickson, on interchange of cytoplasm in conjugating Infusoria, 149 n.; on conjugation in Suctoria, 161 f.; on Coelenterata, 243 f.; on Millepora, 259 n.; on Stylasterina, 286 n.; on Alcyonaria, 329 n., 351 n., 352 n., 359 n.; on Antipatharia, 408 n.; on Ctenophora, 412 f. Hieronymus on Chlamydomyxa, 90 n. Hincks, 268 n. Hinde, 193, 207 Hippasterias, 471 Hippopodius, 307 Hippospongia, 221 Holectypoidea, 558 Holophytic, Algae and Fungi, zoospores of, 5; nutrition, 37; Flagellates, 113 Holopodidae, 592 Holopus, 588, 589, 594 Holothuria, 570; H. nigra, 561 f.; shape, 561; feelers, 561; body-wall, 562; alimentary canal, 562; respiratory trees, 563; water-vascular system, 564; nervous system, 566; calcareous ring, 566; blood system, 567; genital organs, 567; H. cinerascens, 567; H. fusco-rubra, 567; H. aspera, 570; H. intestinalis, 570; H. tremula, 570 Holothuroidea, 431, 537, 560 f., 583; mesenchyme of larva, 604; development of, 609, 614, 615; phylogeny of, 622 Holotrypasta (= Porulosa), 76 Holozoic, 35 f.; Flagellates, 113; Dinoflagellates, 131 Holt, 311 n.; on burrowing habits of Strongylocentrotus lividus, 541 n. Homaxonic (= symmetrical about a centre along an indefinite number of equivalent axes), 76 Homocoela, 185 f. Homoeonema, 294 Homostichanthus anemone, 383 Honey-bees, alleged spontaneous generation of, 42 Hormiphora, 418; H. plumosa, 413 Human diseases, produced by Coccidiaceae, 102 f.; by Amoeba histolytica, 57; by Trypanosomids, 119 f. Huxley, on Protozoa, 45; first description of a living Radiolarian, 88; on Cystoflagellates, 135 Hyalonema, 203, 204; H. sieboldi, 206; H. thomsoni, 204, 221 Hyalopus, 52; H. dujardini, 59 n. Hyalosphenia, 52; H. lata, 55 Hyboclypus, 558; H. gibberulus, 558 Hybocodon (Corymorphidae, 273), 265 Hydatina senta, often found with Euglena viridis, 124 Hydra, 253 f., 255; nematocysts of, 247; species of, 256; specific gravity of, 13 n.; host of Kerona and Trichodina, 158; Zoochlorella in, 126, 256; H. oligactis (= fusca), 253, 256; H. pallida, 256 n.; H. viridis, 253, 256; H. vulgaris, (= grisea), 253, 256; nematocyst, 247 Hydractinia, 263, 265, 268, 270 Hydrallmania falcata, 278 Hydrichthys mirus, 268 Hydroceratinidae, 279 Hydrocladia, 276 Hydrocoel (including left hydrocoel), 428; of Antedon rosacea, 585; development of, 608 f., 609; development in Asterina gibbosa, 611; in Auricularia, 615; in Antedon rosacea, 619 Hydroctena salenskii, 423, 424 Hydrolaridae, 273 Hydrophyllium, 297, 300 Hydrorhiza, 262 Hydrosome, 250, 251 Hydrospire, of Blastoidea, 580, 599; of Codaster, 599; of Pentremites, 599; of Granatocrinus, 599 f. Hydrotheca, 275 Hydrozoa, 249 f.; hydrosome, 250; life-history, 250; medusome, 250, 251 f.; sense-organs, 252 Hydrurus, 110; theca of, 113 Hymedesmia, 222 Hymenaster, 466; H. pellucidus, 465 Hymeniacidon, 224 Hymeraphia, 223 Hyocrinidae, 590 Hyocrinus, 588, 589, 590, 590; H. bethellianus, 590 Hyperia (Amphipod), parasitic in Radiolaria, 87 Hyphalaster, 471; H. moseri, 459 Hypnocyst, of Rhizopoda, 57; of Proteomyxa, 88 f.; of Pseudospora, 89; of Myxomycetes, 90 f. Hypolytus peregrinus, 262, 271 n. Hypophare, 210 Hypostome, 250 Hypotrichaceae, 137, 138 f., 158 n. Ianthella, 220 Ichthyophtheirius, 137; noxious parasite of fish, 152 Iciligorgia, 351 Idioplasm, 29 Ijima, 199, 206, 231, 234 Ileonema, 137, 152 Ilyanthus mitchellii, 380 Ilyodaemon, 571, 572; I. maculatus, 571 Imperforate, Foraminifera, 58 f.; Corals, 371 Inadunata, 595 Incurrent canal, 170 India, diseases of Trypanosomic origin, 119 f. Induction shocks, action on Protozoa, 7, 22 Infero-marginal ossicle of Asteroidea, 436 Inflammation, 8 Infra-basal plate, of Crinoidea, 588; of fossil Crinoidea, 594; of larval Antedon rosacea, 619 Infundibulum, 415 Infusions, appearance of organisms in, 42 f.; organisms of, 136 Infusoria, 40, 48, 50, 136 f.; specific gravity of, 13 n.; zygote does not encyst, 34. Ingestion, of food, by Amoeba limax, 9; by Choanoflagellates, 122; by Dinoflagellates, 131; by Carchesium, 146; by Coleps, 150 —vacuole of, in Flagellates, 113; in Oikomonas, 112; in Choanoflagellates, 122 Inner perihaemal ring-canal, of Asterias rubens, 448; development of, in Asterina gibbosa, 612 Inoculation of malarial fever in man through a mosquito, 105 f. Insectivorous plants, 38 Insects, metamorphoses of, 44; as hosts of Trichonymphidae, 123 Interambulacral area, of Echinarachnius parma, 544; of Echinocardium cordatum, 550 Interambulacral plate, of Echinus esculentus, 511; of Cidaridae, 533 f.; of Echinarachnius parma, 544 f. Interbrachial septa—see Interradial septa Interchanges between cell and medium, 14 Intermediate dorsal process of ciliated band of Auricularia, 608 Intermediate (= supplemental) skeleton of Perforate Foraminiferal shell, 63, 66 Intermittent fever, malarial, produced by Acystosporidae, 103 f. Internal budding of Suctoria, 160 f., 162; of Ephydatia, 177 Internal gills—see Stewart's organs Internal movements of protoplasm, 17 Interradial plates, of calcareous ring of Holothuria nigra, 566; of Holothuroidea, 569; of Synaptida, 569; of Dendrochirota, 569; of calyx of Crinoidea, 589; of Thaumatocrinus, 589; of Hyocrinus, 590; of Rhizocrinidae, 591; of corona of Echinoidea—see Interambulacral plate Interradial septa, of Asterias rubens, 437; of Heliasteridae, 474; absent in Brisingidae, 475 Interradius, 428; of Asterias rubens, 434; of Echinus esculentus, 504; of Holothuria nigra, 562 Interstitial growth, 10 Intestine, 415; of Echinus esculentus, 516; of Holothuria nigra, 563; of Antedon rosacea, 583; of Actinometra, 589; of Dipleurula, 605; of Protocoelomata, 616 Intracapsular protoplasm of Radiolaria, 80 f. Intramolecular respiration, 14 n. Intranuclear spindle of Euylypha, 29 Invertebrata, hosts of Gregarines, 97 f. Iodine, 239 Iophon, 223 Iridogorgia, 355 Isaurus, 405 Ischadites, 207 Ischikawa, on syngamy of Cystoflagellates, 135; on structure of Ephelota, 162 Isidae, 337, 353 Isidella, 354 Isis, 353 Ismailia, prophylaxis of malaria at, 106 Isochela (a chela divisible by each of two planes into two equal parts, the two ends being equally developed), 222 Isocrinus—see Pentacrinus Isogamy, 33 f.; of Rhizopoda, 56 f.; of Stephanosphaera, 128 —see also Syngamy Isospores, 85; of Radiolaria, 76; of Collozoum inerme, 76 Jaekel, on Silurian Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea, 501; on classification of Crinoidea, 589, 595; on classification of Cystoidea, 598 James-Clark, on Protozoa, 46; on Choanoflagellates, 121, 123; on Sponges, 167 Jaw, of Ophiothrix fragilis, 482; of fossil Ophiuroidea, 502; of Echinus esculentus, 526 Jelly, forming theca in Flagellates, 113 Jelly-fish, 249, 297, 323 Jennings, on protoplasmic movements, 4 n., 16 n.; reaction of Protista to repellent stimuli, 20 n., 21 n. Jensen, on density of living protoplasm, 13 n.; on protoplasmic movements, 16 n. Joblot, on organisms of putrefaction, 43; on Protozoa, 45 Joenia, 111 Johnson, 352 n. Juncella, 330, 335, 357 Jung, 253 n. Jungersen, 359 n. Karyogamy, 34 n. —see also Syngamy of Ciliata Karyokinesis, 25, 26, 27; function of, 28 f.; of micronuclei of Ciliata, 144 f. —see also Mitosis Karyolysus, 97 Karyosome, 24 Keeble, 175 n. Keller, 233 Kemna, on stylopodium of Foraminifera, 60 Kent, Saville, on Choanoflagellates, 122 f., 182; on Infusoria and Flagellates, 136 n. Keroeides, 351 Kerona, 138; K. polyporum, 158 n. Kieselguhr, 87 Kirkpatrick, 215 Kishinouye, 313 n., 321 n., 333, 352 Klebs, on Flagellates, 119; on Dinoflagellates, 130 Koch, von, on methods of cultivation of lower organisms, 44; on malarial parasites, 103 Kölliker, on Sporozoa, 94 f. Kophobelemnon, 362 Kophobelemnonidae, 362 Köppen, on Sticholonche and its parasite, Amoebophrya, 87 n. Korethraster, 453, 463 Kowalevsky, 341, 422 Krukenberg, on pepsin in a Myxomycete, 16 Kükenthal, 363 Labbé, on Protozoa, 45; monograph of Sporozoa, 102 n. Labial plexus of Antedon rosacea, 587 Labyrinthine shell-wall of arenaceous Foraminifera, 59, 66 Labyrinthula, 90 f. Lachmann, Claparède and, on Protozoa, 45; on Suctoria, 162 Lacrymaria, 137, 152 n.; encystment, 147 Lafoea, 280; L. dumosa, 280 Lafoëina (Campanulariidae, 280), 277 Laganum, 548, 549 Lagena, 59, 63, 66 f.; fossil, 70 Lagenaceae, 59 Lagoon, 390 f. Lamblia, 111; L. intestinalis, conjugation, 116 n. Lampetia, 418 Lancet-plate, 599 Lang, on syngamy, etc., 34 n.; on Protozoa, 46; on distinctions of pseudopodia, 47 n. Lankester, on Protozoa, 45 f.; on classification of Protozoa, 49 n.; on Proteomyxa, 89; on Sporozoa, 94; on Haemosporidae, 102; on pigment of Stentor coeruleus, 154 n.; on Torquatella, 155 n.; on chlorophyll of Ephydatia, 175; on Limnocodium, 292 Lankesterella, 97, 102 Lankesteria, 97; L. ascidiae, life-cycle of, 95 Lantern-coelom of Echinus esculentus, 524; represented by buccal sinus of Holothuria nigra, 566 Lanuginella pupa, 198 Lar, 273; L. sabellarum, 266, 267, 268 Larcoidea, 77 Larva, of sponges, 180, 226, 227; "asexual," 228; of Tubularia, 271; of Stylasterina, 284; of Trachomedusae, 290; of Narcomedusae, 295; of Velella, 302; of Scyphozoa, 317; of Alcyonaria, 341; of Renilla, 360; of Zoantharia, 373; of Zoanthidae, 405; of Cerianthidea, 411; of Ctenophora, 416, 419; of Cribrella, 462; of Luidia, 605; of Asterina gibbosa, 463, 610, 611, 612; of Ophiuroidea, 606; of Echinus, 607; of Synapta, 608; of Antedon rosacea, 618, 619, 620 Larval brain, of Echinopluteus, 607; of Antedon rosacea, 619 Larval type of development, 601 Lateral mouth-shields of Ophiothrix fragilis, 485 Lauterborn, on sapropelic organisms, 48; on budding in Rhizopods, 56 n. Laveran, on Sporozoa, 94; on Acystosporidae, 102 Laverania, 97; parasite of bilious or pernicious fever, 104 f. Lebrunia, 382; L. coralligens, 373 Lecqueureusia, 52; L. spiralis, test of, 55 Lee, A. Bolles, on action of clearing reagents, 11 n. Leech, host of Haemogregarina, for sexual process, 102 Leeuwenhoek, on organisms of putrefaction, 42 f. Léger, on Protozoa, 45; on Sporozoa, 94; on sperms of Pterocephalus, 99 n.; and Duboscq, on Sarcocystis tenella, 108 n. Leidy, on Protozoa, 46 Leiopathes, 368, 409 Leiopathidae, 409 Leiosella, 225 Leipoldt, on the madreporic vesicle of Echinoidea, 528 Lelapia australis, 192 Lembadion, 137; caudal cilia of, 141 n. Lembus, 137; caudal cilia of, 141 n. Lemnalia, 349 Lendenfeld, von, 218, 220, 220 n. Lepidogorgia, 355 Leptobrachiidae, 325 Leptodiscus, 110, 132, 134 Leptogonaster, 456, 467 Leptogorgia, 340, 357 Leptopenus, 404 Leptophyllia, 404 Lesser, Hertwig and, on Heliozoa, 71 Lesueuria, 419 Lesueuriidae, 419 Leucandra, 191, 192, 209, 221 Leucilla, 191, 191 Leucin, 15 Leuckart, 245 Leucocyte, 4 f.; movements of, 7 f. Leucophrys, 137 Leucosin, 115 Leucosolenia, 221; collar-cell, 186; larva, 227 f.; spicule, 232; L. botryoides, buds, 228, 229 Leucosoleniidae, 185 f. Levander, on Caenomorpha, Metopus, etc., 154 n. Leydenia, 90 f. Liberation of sporozoites of Acystosporidian parasite in relation to fits of fever, 103 Lice, supposed spontaneous generation of, 42 Lichen compared to Radiolarian with symbiotic holophytic organisms, 86 Lichnophora, 138; adoral wreath, 138 n. Lieb, Calkins and, on rhythm in life-cycle of Ciliata, 148 n. Lieberkühn, 167, 178, 237 n. Lieberkühnia, 59, 61 Life-cycle, life-history, of Trichosphaerium sieboldi, 54, 56; of Polythalamic Foraminifera, 67 f.; of Lankesteria ascidiae, 95 f.; of Coccidium schubergi, 99 f., 101; of malarial parasites, 103, 104 f.; of Flagellata, 116 f.; of Ciliata, 147 f. Light, stimulus of, 19, 21 f.; function of, in carbohydrate formation, 36; effect on Euglena, 125 Lillie, on regeneration in Protozoa, 35 n. Limicolous Protozoa, 48 Limit of growth, Herbert Spencer's, 23 f., 31 Limnocnida, 293; L. tanganyicae, 293 Limnocodium, 293; L. sowerbyi, 292 Linantha, 322 Linckia, 459, 471 Linckiidae, 461, 471 Lindström, 346 Linerges (allied to Atollidae, 322), 316 Linin, 6, 24 f.; of ovum of Sea-urchin, 7 Linuche, 322 Lionotus, 137, 152 n. Lipochrome, 39 Liriantha appendiculata, 291, 295 Liriope, 288, 290, 295; L. rosacea, 289 Lissodendoryx, 224 Lissomyxilla, 225 Lister, A., on Myxomycetes, 93 n. Lister, J. J., on Foraminifera—reproduction, 67 f.; dimorphism, 67; palaeontology, 70; classification, 58 f.; on Astrosclera, 194 n. Lithistida, 194, 212, 215 Lithobius forficatus, host of Coccidium schubergi, 99 Lithocercus, 78; L. annularis, 82 Lithoninae, 193 f. Lithostrotion, 394 Littoral Protozoa, 48 Lituaria, 364 Lituola, 59 Lituolidaceae, 59 Living beings, characters of, 16 f.; criterion of, 11 Lizzia, 265, 270 Lobata, 414, 416, 418 f. Lobophytum, 333, 347, 349 Lobopodia, 47 n. Locomotion, in Heliozoa, 73 Loeb, Jacques, on "chemical" fertilisation, 32 n.; on polarity in regeneration, 229 f. Loftusia, 59, 70, 283 Lohmann, on Silicoflagellates, 114 n. Loisel, 237, 238 Longitudinal band of cilia of Dipleurula, 604; of Tornaria, 616 Longitudinal fission of Eutreptia viridis, 124; of Flagellates, 109, 115; of Bodo saltans, 117 f.; of Craspedomonadidae, 122 Longitudinal flagellum and groove in Dinoflagellata, 130, 131 Longitudinal section, of a young Asteroid, 445; of a young Ophiuroid, 486; of a Holothuroid, 563; of Antedon, 584; of free-swimming larva of Antedon, 618 Lophocalyx philippensis, 229 Lophoctenia, 418 Lophohelia, 399; L. prolifera, 399 Lophomonas, 111, 123 Lophophore, 579 Lophophyllum, 406 f. Louse, host for sexual process, etc., of Haemosporidian, 102 n. Loxodes, 137, 144, 152 n. Loxophyllum, 137, 152 Lucernaria, 320, 321; L. campanulata, 321 Lucernariidae, 320 Ludwig, on the blood-system of Asteroidea, 449; on the axial sinus of Ophiuroidea, 487; on the classification of Holothuroidea, 570 Lühe, figures of Lankesteria, 95 Luidia, 467 f., 471, 477; fossil, 475; larva of L. ciliaris, 605 Luminosity or phosphorescence of sea, due to Cystoflagellata, 132, 134 f.; to Dinoflagellata, 132 Lunule, 548 Lychnorhiza, 325 Lychnorhizidae, 325 Lytocarpus (Plumulariidae, 279), 277 Maas, 168, 189 n., 228 n., 230, 231 n., 232 n., 233, 324 MacBride, E. W., on Echinodermata, 425 f. MacBride, Massee, on Myxomycetes, 93 n. MacCallum, on malarial parasites, 103 M‘Dougall, on motile reaction of Protozoa, 19 n. M‘Intosh, 370 n. MacMunn, 169 Macrocnemic, 405 Macrocneminae, 405 Macrogonidia of Volvox, 126, 127 Macro-, prefix misused to mean "large," usually replaced here by "mega," q.v. Madrepora, 368, 373, 387, 389, 395; M. forma cervicornis, 395; M. forma palmata, 395; M. forma prolifera, 395 Madreporaria, 369, 371, 384 f. Madrepores, 326 = Madreporaria, q.v. Madreporic vesicle (or right hydrocoel) of Asterias rubens, 448; of Ophiothrix fragilis, 490; of Echinus esculentus, 528; development in Dipleurula, 609 Madreporidae, 395 Madreporite, 428; of Asterias rubens, 434; of Ophiothrix fragilis, 487; of Ophiuroidea, 493; of Cladophiurae, 493; of Echinus esculentus, 512, 517; of Echinocardium cordatum, 562; of Holothuria tubulosa, 564; of Elasipoda, 571; of Pelagothuriida, 572; in older fossil Pelmatozoa, 583; in Thecocystis sacculus, 596 Magosphaera, 89 Maidenhair tree, spermatozoa of, 38 Malacogorgia, 334, 357 Malarial fever produced by Acystosporidae, 103 f. Mal de Caderas (= falling sickness of cattle), 119 Male gamete, 33; motile in Lower Plants, Higher Cryptogams, Cycads, and Ginkgo, 38; of Pandorina, 128 f.; of Eudorina, 129; of Peritrichaceae, 151 —see also Sperm, Spermatozoon Malignant tumour, associated with Leydenia, 91 Mammals, syngamy in, 34; contain Sarcosporidiaceae in muscles, 108 Man, host of Amoeba, 57; of Coccidiaceae, 102 f.; of Sarcocystis tenella, 108 n.; of Trichomonas vaginalis, 119; of Trypanosomes, 119 f.; of the Ciliata Nyctotherus and Balantidium, 152 Manicina (Fam. Astraeidae, 399), 373; M. areolata, 370, 389 Mann, on function of nucleus, 24 n. Manson, on relation of Filarial disease to gnats or mosquitos, 103 Manson, the subject of inoculation experiments with malarial parasites, 106 Manubrium, 251 Margelis ramosa, 269 Margelopsis, 270, 274 f. Marginal, anchors, 320; cirrhi, 139 f. Marginaster, 464 Marine, Foraminifera, 60 f.; Heliozoa, 75 Marrow, red, of bones, habitat of resting states of malarial parasites, 106 n. Marshall, on amphidiscs, 179 Marshall, on Pennatulacea, 359 n.; on the physiology of the nervous system of Antedon rosacea, 585 Marsigli, 167 Marsupifer valdiviae, 379 Marsupites, 588 Maryna, 137; M. socialis, tube, 152 Massee, on Myxomycetes, 93 n. Mastigamoeba, 109, 112 Mastigophora (Bütschli's name for Flagellata), 109 Mastigophrys, 71, 75 n. Maturation of schizont of Acystosporidian parasite in relation to fever-fit, 103 Maupas, on Protozoa, 45; on life-cycle of Ciliata, 147 f. Maupasia, 111, 124 Mayer, 312 Meandrina, 388, 401; M. labyrinthica, 370 Mechanical stimuli, 19 f. Median dorsal process of ciliated band of Bipinnaria, 606 Medium gametes in Pandorina, 128 f. Medusa, 250; of Millepora, 259 f.; of Gymnoblastea, 262 f.; of Calyptoblastea, 277 f.; in Trachomedusae, 288 f.; in Narcomedusae, 295 f.; fresh-water, 292 f.; of Siphonophora, 302, 309; in Scyphozoa, 310 f. Medusome, 250, 251, 252 Megagamete, 33; see also Female gamete, Oosphere Megalactis griffithsi, 384 Megalosphere, megalospheric, 67 f. Megamastictora, 183, 184 f. Meganucleus, 136, 139 f., 144, 149 f.; degeneration of, in conjugation, 148 f.; new formation of, in conjugation, 148, 151; of Stylonychia mytilus, 139 f.; of Carchesium, 146; of Paramecium caudatum, 148, 151; of Trachelius ovum, 153; of Stentor, 154; of S. polymorphus, 156; of Suctoria, 160 f., 162; conjugation of, in Dendrocometes, 161 Megazooid of Vorticella, 157 Megazoospores, 85 Meissner, on classification of Spatangoidea, 554 n. Melanin, 103 Melitodes, 333, 351, 353; M. chamaeleon, 338; M. dichotoma, 338, 351 Melitodidae, 337, 351 Mellita, 548, 549 Melobesia, 422 Melonitidae, 557 Membrana reticularis, 199, 200 Membrane, undulating, of Flagellata, 110, 115, 123; of Trypanosoma, 115; of Trichonymphidae, 123; of Ciliata, 137, 139 f., 145, 156 f.; of Stylonychia mytilus, 139; of Pleuronema, 145; of P. chrysalis, 153, 154; of Caenomorpha uniserialis, 155; of Vorticella, 156, 157 Membranella, 137, 139 f., 145; of Stylonychia mytilus, 139 f.; of Metopus sigmoides, 154; of Caenomorpha uniserialis, 155; of Vorticella, 156 Meresjkowsky, 238, 274 Merozoite, 97; of Coccidium schubergi, 99 f., 101; of Haemosporidae, 102; of Acystosporidae, 103, 104 f. Mertensia, 417; M. ovum, 417; stage of Lobata and Cestoidea, 414 Mertensiidae, 417 Mesenchyme, 604 Mesenteric filaments, Alcyonaria, 331, 333; Zoantharia, 369 Mesenteries, of Alcyonaria, 329, 334; of Zoantharia, 329, 366 f., 368; of Asterias rubens, 439; of Holothuria nigra, 562; of Antedon rosacea, 585, 586 Mesnil, on Sporozoa, 94; Caullery and, on Actinomyxidiaceae, 98 n. Mesodinium, 137, 152 Mesogloea, 246; of Alcyonaria, 330 Metabolic, metabolism, 13 Metacnemes, 367 Metacrinus, 588, 591 Metallogorgia, 355 Metamorphosis, of Insects, 44; of Dipleurula, 610 f. Metamp, 168, 169 Metaphytes, 41 —see also Plants, Higher Metazoa, 40 f.; rheotaxy of, 21; origin of, from Protozoa, 40 f.; flagellate sperms of, 109; hosts of Polymastigidae, 111 —see also Animals, Higher Method of study of the life-cycle, of organisms of putrefaction, etc., 44; of Flagellata, 116; of Ciliata, 147 Metopus, 137; M. pyriformis, 154; M. sigmoides, 154 Metridium, 381 (= Actinoloba, q.v.) Metschnikoff, 167, 178, 237 n., 296 Microbes, 44 Microciona, 225 Microgamete, 33; of certain Coccidiaceae, 101 —see also Sperm, Spermatozoon Microgromia socialis, 59 f., 60 Microhydra, 256 Micromastictora, 183, 195 f. Micronuclei, micronucleus, 136, 139, 144 f., 148 f., 151 f., 155, 157, 159, 160 f.; of certain Flagellata, a blepharoplast, 109 n.; relations of Trypanosomic blepharoplast to, 121; of Stylonychia mytilus, 139; of Paramecium caudatum, 148, 151; in conjugation, 148 f.; numerous, of Stentor, 154; of Vorticella, 157; of Suctoria, 160 f.; of Podophrya, 160; of Acineta jolyi, 160 Micropyle, 230 Microscleres, 176 Microsolena, 404 Microsphere, microspheric, 67 f. Microzooid of Vorticella, 157 Microzoospores, 85 Miescher's tubes, 108 Migratory pairing nucleus, 149 f.; of Peritrichaceae, 151 f. Miliola (Quinqueloculina), 65 Miliolidaceae, 59 Miliolina, 59, 66, 70 Milleporina, 257 f., 258, 260, 282; nematocysts of, 247, 259 Milleporina, 257 Mimicry among Gymnostomaceous Ciliata, 152 n. Minchin, on Sporozoa, 94 f.; on Sponges, 168, 172 n., 185, 186 n., 227 n., 232, 316 n. Minnows prey on Anopheles, 106 Minous inermis, 268 Minyadidae, 328, 366, 377, 383 Miserly cells, 32 f. Mithrodia, 464 Mithrodiidae, 464 Mitosis, 25, 26, 27 f.; functions of, 28 f.; of micronuclei in Ciliata, 144 Mitrophanow, on trichocysts, 142 n. Mitrophyes, 306 Miyajima, 273 Mnemia, 420 Mnemiidae, 420 Mnemiopsis, 420 Mnestra (position undetermined), 269 Mohl, von, on protoplasm, 3 Mole-cricket, host of Lophomonas, 123 Molluscs, hosts of Gregarines, 98 Molluscum contagiosum, 102 Molpadiida, 568, 569, 575, 576, 577, 578 Monacanthid, 457 Monadidae, 111 Monadineae, applied to Proteomyxa by Cienkowsky and Zopf, 89 Monads, a name for the lowest, simplest Flagellata, 109, 116 n. Monas, 111, 119; M. dallingeri, gametes of, 116 n. Monaxon, 183, 184, 232 Monaxonic (= symmetrical about one single axis), 76 Monaxonida, 211, 216 f. Moniliform meganucleus of Stentor, 156 Monobrachiidae, 274 Monobrachium, 274 Monocaulus, 263, 273; M. imperator, 269, 273 Monocyclica, 594 Monocystis, 97 f. Monograptus, 282 Monophyes, 303, 306 Monophyidae, 306 Monoprionidae, 282 Monopylaea (= Nassellaria), 76 Monorhaphis, 197 Monosiga, 111, 122 Monosiphonic, 275 Monotrypasta (= Osculosa), 76 Monoxenia darwinii, 342 Monstrous Foraminiferal shells, possible formation of, 69 Montipora, 390, 396 Moore, 293 Mopsea, 353 Morgan, on regeneration, 35 n. Morphological contrast of Animals and Plants, 38 f. Mortensen, on classificatory value of pedicellariae, 532; on classification of Cidaridae, 534; of Echinothuriidae, 536 Moseley, 258, 333, 338, 345, 411 Mosquito (= gnat), 103 f.; dappled-wing-, intermediate hosts of Acystosporidae, 103 Mosquito-netting, a prophylactic against malarial fever, 103 Moss-dwelling Protozoa, 48 Mosser, F., 418 n. Motile organs, 17 f. Motile reactions of Protozoa, 19 f. Motility, 9 Motion, ciliary, 18; gliding, of protoplasm, 47 n. Moulting of cuticle or cell-wall in Dinoflagellata, 130; of Dendrocometes, 161 Mouth, of Flagellata, 113; absent from Opalinidae, 123; of Maupasia, 124; excreta expelled by, in Noctiluca, 133; of Ciliata, 137, 145 f.; of Gymnostomaceae, 137, 143, 145, 152; of Stylonychia mytilus, 139 f.; of Dysteria, 145; of Pleuronema, 145; of P. chrysalis, 153; of Paramecium caudatum, 148, 151; trichocysts of, in Gymnostomaceae, 143; of Trachelius ovum, 153 Mouth-angle of Ophiothrix fragilis, 482 Mouth-frame, of Asteroidea, 436, 483; of Ophiothrix fragilis, 482; of Ophiuroidea, 483, 492 f.; of Ophiarachna incrassata, 484; of Ophiacantha, 492; of Ophioscolex, 492; of Ophiothrix, 492 Mouth-papilla, of Ophiuroidea, 483, 492; of Ophiocoma, 493 Movements, amoeboid, 5 f., 125 n.; of Protista, 16 f.; of Higher Plants, how produced, 38; springing, of Bodo saltans, 114; of Euglena, 124 f.; euglenoid, 125 f.; metabolic, 125 n.; of Sporozoa, 125 n.; of Stylonychia, 138; springing, of tailed Ciliata, 141 n.; of Halteria, 155; of Suctorian tentacles, 159 f. Muggiaea, 306; M. atlantica, 304; M. kochii, 303 Müller, J., on recognition of Echinoid larva, 518; on the name Pluteus, 607 Müller, O. F., on Protozoa, 45 Multicilia, 109 Multinucleate Amoeba (Pelomyxa), 16; Protozoa, regeneration of, 35 Multiple budding, in Suctoria, 160 f. Multiple fission, 30 f. —see also Brood-division Murbach, 248 n., 288 Muricea, 356 Muriceidae, 330, 355 Muscle of Vorticella, 157 Muscle-cell, 19 Muscular contraction, physical explanation of, 19 —see also Myonemes Mussa, 401 Mycetozoa (= Myxomycetes, q.v.), 50, 90 f.; in relation to Fungi, 40; studied by botanists, 45; relations of, 49 Myocyte, 96, 98 Myonemes, 19, 96; of Trypanosoma, 120 f. of Stylonychia, 140; of Ciliata, 142; of Vorticella, 157 Myophrisks, 80 Myriophrys, 71 Myriothela, 269, 274 Myriothelidae, 274 Myxaster, 466 Myxasteridae, 464 Myxastrum, 70, 73 Myxidium, 98; M. lieberkühnii, 107 Myxilla, 225 Myxobolus, 98; spores of, 107 Myxobrachia, 83 Myxogasteres, Myxogastres, 90 f. Myxoidea, 89 Myxomycetes, 90 f.; rheotaxy of plasmodium in, 21 —see also Mycetozoa Myxospongiae, 196 Myxosporidiaceae, 98, 106 f.; spores, 107 Nagana disease of hoofed quadrupeds, 119 Naked Protozoa, 51 n. Narcomedusae, 288, 295 f. Nardoa, 455, 456, 471 Nassellaria, 76, 78; skeleton of, 83; geological occurrence of, 88 Nassoidea, 78 Nausithoe, 322; Scyphistoma of (= Spongicola fistularis), 317; N. punctate, 322; N. rubra, 322 Nectocalyces, 297, 298, 305 Needham on spontaneous generation, 43 Nematocyst, 246 f., 247; of Actinomyxidiaceae, 98; of Myxosporidiaceae, 98, 107; of Myxobolus mülleri, 107; of Polykrikos, 131, 249; of Epistylis, 249; of Aeolis, 248; of Hydra, 247; of Millepora, 247, 259; of Siphonophora, 300; of Scyphozoa, 312; of Alcyonium, 247; of Sarcophytum, 248; of Cerianthus, 247 Nematodes parasitic in blood, 103 Nematophores, 277 Nemocera (= gnats or mosquitos), 103 n. Neohelia, 399 Neolampas, 554 Neosporidia, 97, 106 Nephthya, 341, 349 Nephthyidae, 349 Neresheimer, on neurophane fibrils in Ciliata, 143 n. Nerve-ring, of Asterias rubens, 444, 447; of Ophiothrix fragilis, 488; of Echinus esculentus, 518, 521, 527; of Antedon rosacea, 583; outer, of A. rosacea, 585 Nervous fibrils in Ciliata, 143 Nervous system, in Animals, not in Plants, 39 f.; of Asterias rubens, 444 f.; of Ophiothrix fragilis, 488; of Echinus esculentus, 518 f.; of Holothuria nigra, 566; of Antedon rosacea, 583 f. Neuron, 444 Neurophane (= supposed nervous fibrils in Ciliata), 143 n. Newts, Trichodina parasitic in, 158 Nitriles in relation to nutrition, 36 Noctiluca, 110, 132 f.; endosarc, 144; N. miliaris, 133 Nodosaria, 59, 63, 66 f. Nosema, 98; N. bombycis, 107; organism of pébrine, 107 Nubecularia, 59 Nuclear apparatus, of Infusoria, 48, 136; of Ciliata, 139 f., 144 f.; of diffused granules, in marine Ciliata, 144 n.; of Suctoria, 159 —bipartition in Trichosphaerium, 54 —reduction of Actinosphaerium, 75 n.; of Monocystis, 96; of Coccidiaceae, 100, 104 f.; of Acystosporidae, 104 f.; of Myxosporidiaceae, 107; of Flagellates, 116 n. —divisions, in spores of Lankesteria, 95 —see also Mitosis, Karyokinesis Nuclearia, 70 Nuclein mass (= karyosome), 24 Nucleinic acid, 7 n. Nucleole, nucleolus, 7, 24, 25 f., 27; of Sea-urchin ovum, 7; of Sphaerella, 126 Nucleolidae, 554 Nudeolites, 554 Nucleoplasm, 6 Nucleoproteids, 12 Nucleus, 6; of cell, 6 f.; of Amoeba, 5 f.; of A. polypodia, 10; resting, function of, 24 n —in mitosis, 25 f., 27 f.; —of Euglypha, 29; of Paramecium caudatum, 148 —pairing state of, 34; of Ciliata, 150 f.; of Paramecium caudatum, 148 —of Rhizopods, 52; of Pelomyxa, 52; of Microgromia socialis, 60; of Foraminifera, 62; of mega- and microspheric forms of Foraminifera, 68 f.; of Heliozoa, 71, 72, 74; of Clathrulina, 74; of Radiolaria, 76; of Collozoum inerme, 76; of Myxomycetes, 92; of Sporozoa, 95 f.; of Gregarines, 95 f., 98 f.; of Bodo saltans, 117; kineto-, of Trypanosoma noctuae, 120, 121; trophic, of T. noctuae, 120; of Choanoflagellates, 122; of Opalina, 123; of Maupasia, 124; of Sphaerella, 126; of Volvox, 126; of Noctiluca, 133 —fusion- or zygote-, 150; of Paramecium caudatum, 148 —see also Meganucleus, Micronucleus, Gametonuclei, Nuclear apparatus Nuda, 423 Nummulitaceae, 59 Nummulites, 59, 63, 70 Nussbaum, on regeneration in Protozoa, 35 n.; on Hydra, 254 Nutrition, 9; animal and vegetal, 35 f.; of Flagellates, 110 f., 113; of Dinoflagellates, 130 f.—see Holozoic, Holophytic, Saprophytic —of Alcyonaria, 339 Nutritive function of granular cytoplasm of muscle-cell, 19 Nuttall, history of discoveries on Acystosporidae, 103 Nutting, 276, 280 n. Nyctotherus, 137; habitat of, 152 Obelia, 280 Oceanapia, 223 Ocellus, 252 Octactine, 200 Octactinellida, 208 Octotremacis, 346 Ocular plate of Echinus esculentus, 512 Oculina, 399 Oculinidae, 399 Ocyroe, 420; O. crystallina, 419 Ocyroidae, 420 Odinia, 474, 475 Oecology of Protista, 43 Oesophagus, of Asterias rubens, 438; of Echinus esculentus, 516; of Holothuria nigra, 562; of Antedon rosacea, 583; of Dipleurula, 605 Ogilvie, M., 401 n. Oikomonadidae, 111 Oikomonas, 111, 112 Oil-drops, of Radiolaria, 79 f.; luminous, 80 Oil-globules, 37; of Ciliata, 144 Oleocyst, 305 Oligotrichaceae, 137, 155 Olindias, 291; O. mülleri, 291 Olindiidae, 289, 291 Olindioides, 291; O. formosa, 291 Olynthus, 185 Omne vivum, ex ovo, 42; ex vivo, 44 Onychaster, 203 Onychaster, 502 Oocyte (a cell which by unequal divisions or mere nuclear divisions becomes converted into an oosphere), 100 Oogamete of Coccidiaceae, 100 f. Ookinete (active zygote) or oosperm, of Acystosporidae, 104 f.; of Trypanosoma noctuae, 120 Oolitic limestones, nucleus of concretions of, 70 Oosperm, 34; of Sporozoa, 96 f.; of Volvox globator, 127 f. Oosphere, 31; formation of, in Metazoa, 75 n.; of Gregarinidaceae, 99, 100; of Coccidiaceae, 100 f.; of Acystosporidae, 104 f. Oospore (= zygotospore), from bisexual syngamy, 100; of Volvox globator, 127 f. Ooze, Globigerina, 61; Radiolarian, 87 Oozooid, 358 Opalina, 111; galvanotaxy, 22; ciliiform flagella, 114; species, 124 n.; nuclei, 144 n.; systematic position of, 144 n., 145 n.; O. ranarum, 123 Opalinidae, 111, 123 f. Opalinopsidae, 145 n. Opercularia, 138, 158 Operculum of central capsule of Phaeodaria, 76, 82 Ophiacantha, 492, 499; mouth-frame, 492; O. chelys, 499 Ophiactis, 498; O. balli, 498; O. virens, 491, 498 Ophiarachna, 481, 499 Ophicephalous pedicellariae, of Echinus esculentus, 508; of E. acutus, 509; of E. elegans, 510; absent in Cidaridae, 534; of Echinarachnius parma, 544 Ophidiaster, 471 Ophiocoma, 493, 499; O. nigra, 499 Ophiocomidae, 499 Ophiodermatidae, 495 n. Ophiodes, 277, 280 Ophiogeron, 494 Ophioglypha—see Ophiura Ophiohelus, 481, 491, 494; O. umbella, skeleton, 493 Ophiolepididae, 495 Ophiomusium, 497; O. pulchellum, 497, 498 Ophiomyxa, 493, 494; O. pentagona, 494 Ophiopholis, 491, 499; O. aculeata, 499 Ophiopluteus, 606, 608; metamorphosis of, 613 Ophiopsila, 499 Ophiopteron, 492, 500 Ophiopyrgus, 493, 497 Ophioscolex, mouth-frame, 492 Ophioteresis, 481, 491, 494 Ophiothrix, 493, 499; mouth-frame, 492; O. fragilis (pentaphyllum), 478, 479; arm of, 479; vertebra, 480, 491; podia, 479; mouth-frame, 482; disc, 484; genital bursa and respiratory movements, 485; alimentary canal, 485; water-vascular system, 486; axial sinus, 487; perihaemal spaces, 488; nervous system, 488; genital organs, 489 Ophiura (Ophioglypha), 496; O. albida, 497; O. bullata, 495, 496; O. ciliaris, 485 n., 497 Ophiuroidea (Brittle Stars), 431, 477 f., 561; mesenchyme of larva, 604; development of, 606, 606, 608, 613; phylogeny, 622 Ophlitaspongia, 225 Ophrydium, 138, 158 Ophryocystis, 97 Oplorhiza (Campanulariidae, 280), 277 Oractis, 377 Oral apparatus, of Ciliata, its atrophy and regeneration during conjugation, 151 Oral blood-ring, of Asterias rubens, 450; of Ophiothrix fragilis, 488; of Holothuria nigra, 567 Oral cleft or groove of Noctiluca, 132 f. Oral coelom of Antedon rosacea, 585 Oral plates, of Crinoidea, 588; of Thaumatocrinus, 589; of Hyocrinus, 588, 590; of Holopus, 588, 592; of Rhizocrinus, 589, 591; absent in adult Antedon, 589; of Rhizocrinidae, 590, 591; of Bathycrinus, 591; of Cystoidea, 598; of Blastoidea, 599; of young Antedon rosacea, 619 Oral spots of Protomastigaceae, 110 Oral valves, of Antedon rosacea, 581; of young A. rosacea, 619 Orbicella, 373, 375, 400 Orbiculina, 59, 66 Orbigny, A. d', on Foraminifera, 62 Orbitoides, 59 Orbitolites, 59, 66; pylomes, 64; dimorphism, 67; monstrous shell, 69 Orbulina, 59, 66; O. universa, 68 Orbulinella, habitat, 75 Organ-pipe Coral, 343 Organella, 44 n. Organic compounds, their function in nutrition, 35 f. Organoid, 44 n. Oriental sore, 121 Ornamentation of shell-wall in Foraminifera, 66 Oscarella, 196, 213, 225; A. lobularis, 230 Osculosa (Monotrypasta), 76 Osculum, of Radiolaria, 76; of Phaeodaria, 76, 82; of Sponges, 169, 171, 174, 188, 189 Ossicles of Holothuroidea, 569 Ostium, 169 Otocysts, of Elasipoda, 571; of Synaptida, 576 Outer perihaemal ring, of Asterias rubens, 448; development of, in Asterina gibbosa, 612; represented by lantern-coelom of Echinus esculentus, 524; by buccal sinus of Holothuria nigra, 566 Ovary of gnat infected by Trypanosoma germs, 120 Ovoid gland of Ophiothrix fragilis, 489 Ovum of Sea-urchin, 7; of Sarcocystis tenella, 108 n.; of Volvox globator, 127 f. —see also Oosphere, Oosperm, Egg Owl, blood parasites of, 120 Oxea, 183, 224 Oxyaster (an aster with a small centrum and oxeate actines), 222 Oxytricha, 138 Oxytylote (a rhabdus of which one actine is oxeate, the other tylote or knobbed, the latter directed towards the surface of the Sponge), 224 Pachychalina, 223 Pachymatisma, 215; P. johnstonia, 215, 222; P. normani, 215 Pairing in Trichosphaerium, 54 Pairing-cells, 31, 33 f.; in Lankesteria, 95 —see also Gametes, Syngamy Pairing nuclei, state of, 34; of Ciliata, 150; of Paramecium, 148 Palaeaster, 476 Palaeocoma, 476 Palaeodiscus, 557 Palaeoechinoidea, 556 Palaeoechinus, 557 Palephyra, 322 Pali, 370, 385, 387 Palmella state of Zooxanthella, 86 Palmipes, 461, 464; P. membranaceus, 464 Pamphagus, test of, 59 f. Panceri, 339 Pandorina morum, 111, 129 Pansporoblast of Myxosporidiaceae, 107 Pantostomata, 109 Papula (including dermal gill), 432, 457; compared to diplopore of Cystoidea, 599 Paractinopoda, 570 Paragaster, 187 Paragastric canals, 416 Paraglycogen (= paramylum), 95 Paragorgia, 333, 336, 351 Paralcyonium, 349 Paramecium, 137, 143 n., 151, 153; specific gravity of, 13 n.; thigmotaxy of, 20; reaction to repellent stimuli, 21 n.; thermotaxy of, 22; galvanotaxy of, 22; chemiotaxy of, 23; trichocysts of, 143, 151; contractile vacuoles of, 143 n., 151; P. bursaria, 153; P. caudatum, 151; in conjugation, 148 Paramoeba, 51 n., 110; nutrition of, 113; formation and regeneration of chromatophores in, 115; P. eilhardii, 116 n.; reproduction of, 116 n. Paramuricea, 356; spicule, 336 Paramylum (= paraglycogen), 37, 95, 115; in Gregarines, 95; in Flagellates, 115; in Ciliata, 144 Parangi, 121 n. Parapyle, 81 Pararchaster, 466 Parasites, in relation to brood-formation, 33; internal, belonging to Metazoa, nutrition of, 38; of man, 57, 103 f., 108 n., 119 f., 152; of Radiolaria, 86 f.; of Sticholonche, 86, 161; of plants, 88 f.; of Acantharia, 86, 161; of Crucifers, 89; of Crustacea, 89; of earthworm, 95; of centipedes, 99; of Epizoanthus glacialis, 99; of Lithobius forficatus, 99; of cold-blooded Vertebrates, 102; of rabbit, 102; of cattle, 102, 119 f.; of frog, 102, 124; of birds, 103; of fish, 107; of silkworm, 107; of fish, 107, 119, 152; of sheep, 108 n.; of insects, 111, 123; of Amphibia, 111, 123 f., 158; of dog, 119; of horse, 119; of ox, 119; of Rodents, 119; of owl, 120 f.; of cockroach, 123; of mole-cricket, 123; of Termites, 123; of Metazoa, 152; of Ruminants, 152; of Heliozoa, 155; of Raphidiophrys, 155; of Hydra, 158; of newts, 158; of Ciliata, 159 Parasitic, Proteomyxa, 48, 88 f.; Sporozoa, 48, 94 f.; Flagellata, 48, 111, 119 f., 123; Rhizopoda, 57; Ciliata, 152, 158; Suctoria, 161; Hydrozoa, 268 f. Parasmilia, 401 Parazoa, 181 Parazoanthus, 406; P. anguicomus, 406; P. separatus, 406; P. tunicans, 406 Parenchymalia, 201 Parenchymula, 227 Parisis, 351 Parker, 371 Parkeria, 283 Paroral cilia, 139; of Vorticella, 156 n. Parthenogenesis, of malarial parasites, conjectured, 106 n. Pasteur, on organisms of fermentation and putrefaction, 43; on nature of pébrine (Nosema bombycis), 107 Patellina, 59; reproduction of, 69 Patina, 580; of Antedon rosacea, 582; of Thaumatocrinus, 589; of Hyocrinus, 590; of Rhizocrinidae, 590; of Pentacrinidae, 591 Paulinella, 52; test of, 54; pylome of, 54 Pavonia (Fungiidae, 403), 390 Paxilla, 455; evolution of, 466; relation to granules of Valvata, 471 Paxillosa, 461, 466 f.; restriction of papulae to dorsal surface, 469 Peachia, 366, 380; P. hastata, 370 Pébrine, 107 Pectinate pedicellariae, 456, 466 Pectyllidae, 294 Pectyllis, 294 Pedal laceration, 372 Pedal nerve, of Asterias rubens, 455; of Ophiothrix fragilis, 488; of Echinus esculentus, 518; of Holothuria nigra, 566 Pedicellaria, of Asterias rubens, 432; of A. glacialis, 434; of Asteroidea, 456; alveolate, 456; pectinate, 456; pincer-shaped, 456; valvate, 456; forcipulate, 433, 434, 456, 462; representatives in Ophiuroidea, 492; in Ophiothrix fragilis, 492; in Ophiohelus, 492, 493; of Echinus acutus, 509; of E. esculentus, 506 f., 507; tridactyle, 506, 509, 510; gemmiform, 506, 509, 510; trifoliate, 508, 509, 510; ophicephalous, 508, 509, 510; function of, 508 f.; of Endocyclica, 532; of Cidaridae, 532; of Echinothuriidae, 532, 535; of Centrostephanus longispinosus, 532; of Echinarachnius parma, 544, 545; of Echinocardium cordatum, 550; absent in Pelmatozoa, 582 Pedicellaster, 474 Pedicellasteridae, 456, 474 Pegantha, 296 Peganthidae, 296 Pekelharing, 187 n., 234 n., 237 Pelagia, 311, 312, 315, 316, 323; P. noctiluca, 311; P. perla, 323; P. phosphora, 311, 323 Pelagic, Foraminifera, 61, 66, 69; Radiolaria, 76; Dinoflagellates, 131 Pelagiidae, 323 Pelagohydra, 263, 274; P. mirabilis, 274 Pelagohydridae, 274 Pelagothuria, 568, 569, 572; P. natans, 572 Pelagothuriida, 572, 577, 578 Pellicle, of Protozoa, 46; of Flagellates, 109 f., 113; of Noctiluca, 133; of Ciliata, 139, 141, 142; of Coleps, 141, 152; of Dysteria, 153; of Vorticella, 157; of Suctoria, 159; of tentacles of Suctoria, 161 —see also Cuticle Pelmatozoa, 430, 579 f.; phylogeny of, 621 Pelomyxa, 51; P. palustris, 52 f.; pepsin in, 16 Penard, on Heliozoa, 71; on Rhizopoda, 58 n. Peneroplis, 59, 66; pylomes of, 64 Peniagone, 572 Pennaria, 272 Pennariidae, 272 Pennatula, 361; P. grandis, 361; P. murrayi, 359, 362; P. naresi, 362; P. phosphorea, 338, 361 Pennatulacea, 333, 335, 337, 358, 358, 359, 363 f. Pentaceros, 472 Pentacerotidae, 457, 458, 459, 471 Pentachogon, 294 Pentacrinidae, 588, 589, 591 f. Pentacrinoidea, 595 Pentacrinus (Isocrinus), 591 f.; P. asteria, 592; P. maclearanus, 593 Pentagonaster, 471; P. japonicus, 472 Pentagonasteridae, 455, 471 Pentremites, 599 Pepsin, 16 Peptic, digestion, 16; juice in Carchesium, 147 Peptones, 15 Perforate, Corals, 371; Foraminifera, 58 f. Peribolaster, 453, 463 Peribranchial spaces of Asterias rubens, 449 Pericolpa, 322 Peridiniales, synonym of Dinoflagellata used by Schütt, 119, 132 Peridinium, 110; fossil, 132; P. divergens, 131 Perigonimus, 265, 266, 269 Perihaemal spaces (or canals), of Asterias rubens, 448; of Ophiothrix fragilis, 481, 488; of Echinus esculentus, 524; of Holothuria nigra, 566 Peripatus, segmentation of, 32 n. Periphylla, 311, 314, 322; P. regina, 322 Periphyllidae, 310, 322 Periproct, of Echinus esculentus, 504, 507, 512, 513, 534; of Endocyclica, 530, 534, 538; of Cidaridae, 530, 533, 534; of Arbaciidae, 530; of Echinothuriidae, 535; development of, in young Echinoid, 613 Peripylaea (= Spumellaria), 76 Perisarc, 251, 263 Perisiphonia, 277, 280 Peristalsis of intestine of Holothuria nigra, 563 Peristome, of Ciliata, 137 f.; in fission, 147; of Peritrichaceae, 155 f.; of Vorticellidae, 155 f., 157; of Asterias rubens, 434; of Echinus esculentus, 505, 513, 514; of Asteroidea, 514; of Cidaridae, 514, 530, 533; of Endocyclica, 530; of Echinothuriidae, 535; of Asthenosoma hystrix, 537; of Saleniidae, 537; of Arbaciidae, 538; of Diadematidae, 538; of Echinidae, 539; of Echinocardium cordatum, 550; of Spatangoidea, 553; of Palaeostomatidae, 554 Peristomial area, 139; of Caenomorpha and Metopus, 154; of Bursaria, 155 Peristomial collar, 142, 156, 157 Peristomial plate, of Ophiothrix fragilis, 483; of Endocyclica, 530; of Cidaridae, 530, 533; of Echinothuriidae, 530, 535; of Saleniidae, 537; of Arbaciidae, 538; of Echinus microtuberculatus, 540 Peritoneum, of Asterias rubens, 437; of Holothuria nigra, 567 Peritrichaceae, 138; pellicle, 141; myonemes, 142; trichocysts, 143; contractile vacuole and reservoir, 145; pharynx, vestibule, mode of feeding, 145; fission, 147; conjugation, 151; peristomial collar, 156, 157 Perkins, 232 n., 290 Peronella, 549 Peronium, 295 Perrier, on classification of Asteroidea, 461 Persian Tick, 121 Petal, of Echinarachnius parma, 545; of Fibularidae, 549; of Echinanthidae, 549; of Echinocardium cordatum, 551 Petalocrinus, 595 Petasidae, 294 Petasus, 294 Peters, 414 n. Petrostroma, 193; P. schulzei, 193 Pfeiffer, on Sporozoa, 94 Phacella, 314 Phacotus, 111; shell, 113 Phaeoconchia, 79, 85 Phaeocystina, 79, 82, 87 Phaeodaria (Cannopylaea, Tripylaea), 76, 79; skeleton, 82, 84, 85; central capsule, 82, 84; fission, 85 Phaeodium, 76, 81, 82 Phaeogromia, 79 Phaeosphaeria, 79 Phakellia, 224 Phalangopora, 284, 286 Phalansteridae, 111 Phalansterium, 113 Phanerocodonic, 253, 265 Phanerozonate, 454 Pharetronidae, 192 Pharyngella, 79, 85 Pharynx, of Stylonychia mytilus, 139; of Ciliata, 145; of Gymnostomaceae, 145; of Paramecium caudatum, 151; of Caenomorpha uniserialis, 155; of Peritrichaceae, 145; of Carchesium polypinum, 146 f.; of Vorticella, 156, 157 Pharynx-tube of Euglenaceae, 124 f. —see also Flagellar Pit Pheronema, 204; P. carpenteri, 204, 205, 221 Phialidium temporarium, 281 Pholidaster, 474 Phoriospongia, 220 Phosphorescence, of Dinoflagellata, 132; of Cystoflagellata, 132, 134; of Noctiluca, 132, 134; of Scyphozoa, 311; of Alcyonaria, 338; of Pennatulids, 361; of Ctenophores, 414 Phosphorescent oil-drops in Radiolaria, 80 Photopathy, 21 Phototaxy, 21; of Euglena, 125 Phycochromaceae, 39 Phycomycetes Zoosporeae related to Flagellata, 109 Phycomycetous Fungi, relations of, 48 Phylactocarp, 276 Phyllactidae, 382 Phyllangia, 400; P. americana, 374 Phyllode, 553 Phyllograptus, 282 Phyllophorus, 573; P. rugosus, 567; P. urna, 574 Physalia, 300, 302, 304, 308 Physiological contrast of Animals and Plants, 38 Physiology, of cell and protoplasm, 3 f.; of Sponges, 234 f.; of nervous system of Echinoidea, 519 f. Physonectidae, 301, 307 Physophora, 301, 308; P. borealis, 304 Physophorae, 307 Physophorinae, 308 Pigment, of Stentor, 154; of Sponges, 169, 238; -granules, of Phaeodaria, 76, 80 f. Pinacocyte, 170, 213, 237 Pincer-shaped pedicellariae, 456 Pineau, on spontaneous generation, 43 Pinnule, of Antedon rosacea, 581, 583; of A. eschrichtii, 594; of Hyocrinus, 590; of Metacrinus, 592; of fossil Crinoidea, 595 Pinulus (a pentactine triaxon in which the unpaired actine bears lateral spines and projects beyond the bounding surface), 204 Piroplasma, 120 f. Placosmilia, 401 Placospongia, spicules of, 233 Plakina, 212, 213; P. monolopha, 210, 212, 213 Plankton, Protozoa of, 48; Foraminifera of, 61; Radiolaria of, 75 Planorbulina, 59, 63 Plant(s), definition, 39; Animals and, discussion on, 35 f.; Higher, movements of, 38; insectivorous, 38; -Protists, relations of, 48; -cells, wall of, 37; protoplasmic connexions of, 37 —see also Metaphytes Planula, 341 Plasmodiophora, 89 Plasmodium, 30; rheotaxy, 21; of Myxomycetes, 50, 90 f.; of Proteomyxa, 88; of Didymium, 92 Plasmodium, a generic name given to Acystosporid Coccidiaceae producing malarial fever, 103 f.—see Haemamoeba, Laverania Plastid, 21, 36 f.; of Paulinella, 54 n.; of Flagellates, 110, 112 f.; of Trachelomonas, 112 —see also Chromoplasts, Chromatophore, Chromoplastid Plastogamy, 30, 34 n.; of Rhizopods, 56; of Foraminifera, Discorbina and Patellina, 69; temporary, in Actinophrys sol, 72; of Myxomycetes, 90 f. Plastron, of Echinocardium cordatum, 550; of Sternata, 554 Plate, on Dendrocometes, 162 Plates, siliceous, of shell of Rhizopods, 29, 53 f.; ctenophoral, 141, 412 f. Platt, Julia B., on density of living protoplasm, 13 n. Platybrissus, 554 Platyctenea, 413, 416, 421 Platyhelminthes, bladder of, 14 n. Plectinia, 193 Plectoidea, 78 Plectroninia, 193, 193; P. halli, 193 Plesiofungiidae, 403 Plesioporitidae, 404 Pleurobrachia, 418; P. pileus, 416, 417, 418; P. rhodopis, 418 Pleurobrachiidae, 418 Pleurocorallium, 352 Pleurocoralloides, 352 Pleurogorgia, 355 Pleuronema, 137; P. chrysalis, 153, 154 Plexaura, 356 Plexauridae, 356 Plimmer and Rose Bradford, on Trypanosoma, 121 Pliobothrus, 284, 286 Plocamia, 223 Plumohalichondria, 225 Plumularia, 279; P. echinulata, 276; P. halecioides, 276; P. profunda, 275; P. setacea, 276 Pluteus, 607 Pneumatophore, 300 f., 307 f. Pneumatopyles, 309 Pneumotaxy, 23 Pocillon, 223 Pocillopora, 375, 402, 402; P. septata, 402 Pocilloporidae, 401 Podium, 428; of Ophiothrix fragilis, 479 f., 487; of Holothuria nigra, 561; of Elasipoda, 571 f.; of Molpadiida, 575; of Antedon rosacea, 582 Podocoryne, 270 Podocorynidae, 270 Podoplast, 19 n. —see also Blepharoplast Podostoma, 52; transition between pseudopodium and flagellum in, 47 n. Poecillastra compressa, 213, 222 Polar body, in Heliozoan syngamy, 72, 74 Polar fields, 415 Polian vesicle, of Asteroidea, 458; of Ctenodiscus, 458; of Solasteridae, 463; of Ophiothrix fragilis, 487; of Echinus esculentus, 525; of Holothuria nigra, 566 Polyaxon, 184 Polycanna, 278 Polycystineae (= Radiolarian skeletons), 87 Polycyttaria (= colonial Radiolaria), 76, 84 f. Polygastrica (Ehrenberg's name for Ciliata), 146 Polykrikos, 110, 113 n., 131 f. Polymastia, 224 Polymastigidae, 111 Polymitus form of male gametogonium of Acystosporidae liberating sperms, 104 f. Polymorphina, 59 Polyoeca, 111; stalk of, 113 Polyorchis, 278 Polyphyes, 307 Polyphyidae, 307 Polypodium, 257 Polyps, 245, 246; alternation of generations in, 44, 250 Polysiphonic, 276 Polystomella, 59; dimorphism and life-history of, 67 f. Polythalamia (= Foraminifera with more than one chamber to shell), 64 Polytoma, 111; brood-division of active, 115; P. uvella, gametes of, 116 n. Polytomeae, Francé on, 119 n. Polytrema, 59; shell substance of, 62 Polytremacis, 346 Polyzoa, 428, 579; Entoprocta, 621 Pontosphaera, 110 Porania, 455, 464; P. pulvillus, 464 Poraniidae, 464 Porcellanaster, 471; P. pacificus, 459; P. caeruleus, 470 Porcellanasteridae, 455, 459, 470 Porcellanous Foraminifera, 58, 59, 62 Pore(s), in test of Foraminifera, 64; in central capsule of Radiolaria, 76; of contractile vacuole, 14; of Ciliata, 143; of Trachelius ovum, 153; of embryonic cavity of Suctoria, not seen in Choanophrya, 161 n.; of Sponges, 186, 187, 188, 189, 198 Pore-canal, of Asterias rubens, 441; of Ophiothrix fragilis, 486, 487; of Echinus esculentus, 517; of Echinocardium cordatum, 552; of a larval Holothuroid, 564; of Elasipoda, 571; of Antedon rosacea, 583; of its larva, 619; of Dipleurula, 608; of larva of Asterina gibbosa, 612; of Balanoglossus, 617 Pore-plate, of Echinus esculentus, 512; of Strongylocentrotus droëbachiensis, 512; of Endocyclica, 530 f.; of petals of Echinarachnius parma, 544 Pore-rhomb, 597, 598 Porifera, 163 f.; definition, 180; systematic position, 181 —see also Sponges Porites, 368 f., 373, 387, 388, 397 Poritidae, 396 Porocone, 81 Porocyte, 186, 199, 231 Porosphaera, 193, 282 Porpita, 309 Porta, on reproduction of Radiolaria Acantharia, 86 n. Porulosa (Holotrypasta), 76 f. Portuguese Man-of-War, 300, 308 Post-abdomen = fourth chamber of Monaxonic Radiolarian shell, 84 Posterior dorsal process, of ciliated band, of Bipinnaria and Ophiopluteus, 606; of Echinopluteus, 607; of Auricularia, 608 Posterior lateral process, of ciliated band, of Bipinnaria, Ophiopluteus, and Ophiothrix fragilis, 606; of Echinopluteus, 607 Posterior wreath, of Peritrichaceae, 138; of Vorticella, 156, 157; of Trichodina, 158 Post-oral process, of ciliated band, of Bipinnaria and Ophiopluteus, 606; of Echinopluteus, 607 Potato, rest and germination of, 32 Poteriodendron, 111 Potts, 180 Pouchet (the elder), on spontaneous generation, 43 Pouchet, Georges, on Protozoa, 45 Pouchetia, 110 Pourtalesia, 554; P. jeffreysi, 554 Pourtalesiidae, 554 n. Prae-oral process, of ciliated band, of Bipinnaria and Ophiopluteus, 606; of Echinopluteus, 607 —see also Pre-oral Pratt, E. M., 339, 348 n., 399 n. Praya, 300, 306. Prayinae, 306 Pre-Cambrian Echinodermata, 623 Precious Corals, 326, 352 Pre-oral, cilia, 139; ridge, 139; undulating membrane, 139 —see also Prae-oral Preyer, on the response of Asteroidea to stimuli, 446 f.; on the intelligence of Ophiuroidea, 488 f. Primary spine, of Echinus esculentus, 506; of Cidaridae, 532; of Arbaciidae, 532; of Echinothuriidae, 532, 535; of Colobocentrotus, 532; of Heterocentrotus, 532; of Echinocardium cordatum, 550 Primnoa, 354; P. lepadifera, 338 Primnoidae, 330, 335, 354 Pringsheim, on exogamy in Pandorina, 34 n. Prionastraea (Astraeidae, 399), 375 Proboscis, of central capsule of Phaeodaria, 76 Progamic brood-division (= a brood-division to produce gametes), 96, 100 Proheliolites, 346 Promachocrinus, 594 Proper wall of Perforate Foraminiferal shell, 59, 63, 66 Prophylaxis, against mosquitos and malarial fever, 103, 106; against pébrine in silkworms, 107 Prosodus, 210 Prosopyle, 170 Prostalia, 201 Protanthea, 377 Protantheidae, 377 Protaspidochirota, 578 Protechinoidea, 623 Proteid(s), 12; digestion of, 15; formation of, 36; crystals, 37; reserves in Flagellates, 110; granules or spherules of Ciliata, 144; of Suctoria, 161 Proteleia, 218 Proteomyxa, 48 f., 50, 88, 89 f.; relations of, 40; studied by botanists, 45; parasitic in plant-cells, 48; distinctions from Flagellates, 109 Proteoses, 15 Proterospongia, 111, 113, 122, 181 f.; P. haeckeli, 182 Protista, 3 f.—see Protozoa Protoalcyonacea, 329, 342 Protoclypeastroidea, 548 Protocnemes, 367 Protocoelomata, 616, 617 Protodendrochirota, 578 Protoholothuroid, 577 Protoholothuroidea, 578 Protohydra, 256 Protomastigaceae, 110 f., 112; external plasmatic layer of, 113 Protomerite, of Gregarines, 97, 98 Protomyxa, 89 Protopelmatozoa, 623 Protophytes, 3 n. Protoplasm, 3 f.; structure of, 6; refractive index of, 6, 11 n.; movements of, 7; specific gravity of, 13 n.; of Protozoa, 46 f.; of Radiolaria, 79 f.; of Stylonychia, 140 Protospongia fenestrata, 207, 207 Prototheca, 385, 386 Protozoa, 1 f., 44 f.; characters, 40; parasitic, 40, 46; literature, 45 f.; geographical distribution, 47 f.; habitat, 47; classification, 50 Protractor muscles of Aristotle's lantern, 526 Protriaene (a triaene in which the cladi [branches] point forwards or in the opposite direction to the rhabdome or shaft), 224 Prouho, on transverse fission in Gonactinia, 371 n.; on gemmiform pedicellariae of Echinoidea, 509; on habits of Dorocidaris papillata, 535 Prunoidea, 77 Prunophracta, 78 Psammocora (Fungiidae, 403), 390 Pseudambulacrum, 599 Pseudaxonia, 350, 353 Pseudomonocyclic, 594 Pseudonavicella, 96 Pseudophellia arctica, 379 Pseudopodia (um), 4 f., 17, 47, 49, 50 f.; streaming of granules in, 17; Lang's classification of, 47 n.; transition to flagella, 47 n.; of Rhizopoda, 49, 50 f., 52; of Foraminifera, 49, 50, 60, 61, 65; of Microgromia, 59, 60; of Lieberkühnia, 61; of Allogromia, 65; of Miliola, 65; of Rotalia, 65; of Squamulina, 65; of Heliozoa, 49, 50, 71, 72 f.; of Radiolaria, 49, 50, 79, 80; of Lankesteria, 96 n.; of Flagellates, 109, 110; transitory, in Flagellates, 109; of Stentor, 152, 154; of young Gellius varius, 173, 174 Pseudopodiospores, 68 f. Pseudospora, 89; P. lindstedtii, 89 Psilaster, 470; P. acuminatus, 469 Psolus, 569, 573; P. ephippifer, 574, 575, 602 Psychropotes, 572 Pteraster, 455, 466; P. stellifer, 465; P. militaris, 466 Pterasteridae, 455, 466 Pterocephalus, 97 Pteroeides, 359, 361 Pteroeididae, 361 Puffballs, 91 Pulsatile vacuole, 14; = Contractile vacuole, q.v. Pulsellum, 18, 114 Punjab, dourine disease in, 119 Pupa, of Holothuroidea, 615 Pure cultures, 43 Putrefaction, organisms of, 42 f., 116 f. Pycnolithus, 346 Pycnopodia, 453, 474 Pygaster, 558, 559 Pygastrides, 548, 558; P. relictus, 548 Pylome, 53; of Rhizopods, 53 f.; double, in monstrous Rhizopods, 55; of Diaphorodon, 60; of Foraminifera, 64; of Radiolaria, 83; of Sphaeropylida, 77 n.; of Nassellaria, 83 Pyloric caeca (and duct), of Asterias rubens, 439; of Porcellanaster pacificus, 459; absent in Hyphalaster moseri, 459 Pyloric sac of Asterias rubens, 438 Pyramids, building-stone of, 70 Pyrenoid, 37, 115; of Sphaerella, 126 Pyrocystis, 110; P. fusiformis, 132 Pyrsonympha, 111; flagella of, 114 Pytheas, 223 Pythonaster, 464 Pythonasteridae, 464 Pyxicola, 138, 158 Quadrula, 52; Q. symmetrica, 55; test of, 54 Quartan fever, a parasitic disease, 104 f. Quartzites, Radiolarian, 87 Quasillina, 224 Quatrefages, de, 376 Quelch, 280 Quinqueloculina, 59, 65 f. Quinqueloculine type, 67 Radial blood-strand (or vessel), of Asterias rubens, 450; of Ophiothrix fragilis, 488 Radial canal, of water-vascular system, 428; of Asterias rubens, 441; of Ophiothrix fragilis, 480, 486; of Echinus esculentus, 517; of Echinarachnius parma, 547; of Holothuria nigra, 560; of Pelagothuria, 572; of Cystoidea, 580, 597; of Carpoidea, 580; of Thecoidea, 580; of Crinoidea, 580; of Blastoidea, 580, 599; of Antedon rosacea, 583; development of, in Asterina gibbosa, 611; in Holothuroidea, 615; in Antedon rosacea, 619 Radial fission in Volvocaceae, 110 f. Radial nerve-cord, of Asterias rubens, 444, 445, 446, 447; of Ophiothrix fragilis, 488; of Echinus esculentus, 518, 519, 522; of Holothuria nigra, 566; of oral system of Antedon rosacea, 584; of coelomic system of A. rosacea, 584, 585 Radial ossicle—see Radial Plate Radial perihaemal canal, of Asterias rubens, 448; of Ophiothrix fragilis, 488; of Echinus esculentus, 518, 524; of Holothuria nigra, 566 Radial plate, of Ophiothrix fragilis, 484; of Cladophiurae, 500; of calcareous ring in Holothuria nigra, 566; in Holothuroidea, 567, 569; in Elasipoda, 569; in Molpadiida, 569; in Dendrochirota, 569; of calyx in Antedon rosacea, 582, 584, 585; in Crinoidea, 588; in Hyocrinus, 588, 590; in Rhizocrinidae, 588, 590; in Metacrinus, 588, 591; in Pentacrinus, 588, 591; in Holopus, 592; in Blastoidea, 599; development, in Antedon rosacea, 619 f. Radiolaria, 49, 50, 75 f.; streaming of granules, 17; brood-formation, 33, 85 f.; regeneration, 35; animal nutrition of, 40; relations of, 49; freshwater (= Heliozoa), 71; shells and skeletons of, 77, 78, 80, 82 f., 84, 85; symbiosis of Diatoms and yellow cells (= Zooxanthella) in, 82, 86 f., 125; parasites in, 86 f., 161; Dreyer's scheme of skeletal forms in meshes of an alveolar system, 84; habitat, 87; census of, 87; palaeontology, 87; students of, 88 Radiolarian ooze, 87 Radiomyaria, 324 Radius, of Echinus esculentus, 503; synonym of compass, 526; of a Holothuroid, 562; of Spatangoidea, 553; of Antedon rosacea, 582; of Promachocrinus, 594 Rain, bloody, 125 Rainey's tubes, 108 Ramulina, 59 Raphidiophrys, 71, 74 Raspailia, 225 Rastrites, 282 Ratarula larva, 302 Rathkea, 265, 270 Ratio (Spencer's) between bulk and surface of organism, 14, 23 f., 31 f. Reactions, chemical, of protoplasm and of vacuoles, 13; motile, of Protozoa, 19 f. Receptaculites, 207 Receptaculitidae, 207 Rectal caeca, of Asterias rubens, 439; of Asteroidea, 459; of Astropecten, 459; of Asterias, 459; of Asterina, 459; of Echinasteridae, 459; of Astropectinidae, 459 Rectum, of Asterias rubens, 439; of Holothuria nigra, 563 Red colour of sea, due to Dinoflagellata, 132 Red Corals (= Coralliidae, 352) Red marrow of bones, habitat of resting states of malarial parasites, 106 n. Red snow, 125 Redi, on reproduction of Blowflies, 42 Reduction divisions, 75 n.; of nucleus, 116 n.; in Monocystis, 96; in Coccidium, 100; in Acystosporidae, 104 f. Reef Corals, distribution of, 389 Reefs, Coral-, 390; barrier-, 390 f.; fringing, 390 f.; atolls, 390 f. Regeneration, 35; of Stentor, 35; of Thalassicolla nucleata, 79 n.; of Infusoria after division, 145; of oral apparatus of Ciliata during conjugation, 151 Regular Urchins, 529, 530 = Endocyclica, q.v. Relapses of malarial fevers explained, 106 Relapsing fever, inoculated by Zambezian Tick, 121 n. Relationship, cellular, explained, 10 Reniera, 217, 223 Renilla, 340, 359, 360, 363; R. reniformis, 363 Renilleae, 363 Renillidae, 363 Reophax, 59 Repellent stimuli, response to, 20 f. Reproduction, 10, 23 f.; of Actinophrys sol, 72; of Radiolaria, 84 f.; of Flagellata, 107; of Choanoflagellates, 122; of Opalina, 123 f.; of Volvocidae, 126, 127 f., 129 f. —see also Brood-division, Spore, Syngamy Reproductive cells, 31 —see also Gametes, Brood-cell Reproductive organs—see Genital organs Reserve(s), 16, 37; accumulation of, 9, 13, 32 f.; digestion of, 16; consumption of, in brood-formation, 24, 32 f.; of Flagellates, 110, 115; -products, of brood-mother-cell, 32 Reservoir of contractile vacuole, of Flagellates, 110, 115; in Euglenaceae, 125; of Vorticella, 157 Respiration, 8, 14; intramolecular, 14 n.; in Asteroidea, 432; in Asterias rubens, 437; in Astropecten, 469; in Luidia, 469, 470; in Porcellanasteridae, 470; in Ophiothrix fragilis, 485; in Echinus esculentus, 517, 527; in Echinarachnius parma, 544, 547; in Echinocardium cordatum, 551; in Holothuria nigra, 563, 564, 566; in Molpadiida, 575; in Synaptida, 576; in Antedon rosacea, 582; in Cystoidea, 597 f.; in Blastoidea, 600 Respiratory tree, of Holothuria nigra, 563; of Holothuroidea, 569; of Aspidochirota, 569; of Dendrochirota, 569, 572; of Molpadiida, 569; represented by caecum of Elasipoda, 569; absent in Synaptida, 576; in Pelagothuria, 572 Response, 8 Rest, of cell, 32; vegetative and absolute contrasted, 37 —see also Cyst, Encystment, Hypnocyst Resting state of malarial parasites, 106 n. Reticulate, structure of protoplasm, 6; endoplasm of Cystoflagellates, 110; of Loxodes and Trachelius, 144, 153 f. Retiograptus, 282 Retiolites, 282 Retiolitidae, 282 Retractor muscles, of Aristotle's lantern, 526; of anterior part of body of Holothuroidea, 568; of Dendrochirota, 568, 572 Reusenapparat, 145 Rhabdocrepid, 215, 224 (Crepis is the term applied to the fundamental spicule by deposition of silica upon which a desma is formed. A desma of which the crepis is uniaxial is called a rhabdocrepid desma) Rhabdoliths, 110, 114 Rhabdopleura, 617 Rhabdosphaera, 110 Rhabdospheres, 114 Rhabdus, 183, 184 Rhagon, 209, 213 Rheotaxy, 20 f.; its rôle in syngamy of Mammals and Sauropsida, 34 Rhipidaster, 453, 463 Rhipidodendron, 111, 112 f. Rhizocrinidae, 588, 589, 590 f. Rhizocrinus, 588, 591 Rhizophysaliidae, 302, 308 Rhizopoda, 50, 51 f.; formation of chromidia, 29 f.; relations, 48 f.; shell, 49, 51 f.; Filosa, 50, 52 f.; Lobosa, 50, 51 f.; test-bearing, 53 f., 55; literature, 58 Rhizostoma, 325; R. pulmo, 312, 325 Rhizostomata, 310, 323, 324 Rhizostomatidae, 325 Rhodactidae, 383 Rhodactis (Rhodactidae, 383); R. sancti-thomae, 373 Rhodalia, 308 Rhodophysa (sub-family Physophorinae, 308), 300 Rhodophyton, 349 Rhodopsammia, 404 Rhopilema, 325; R. esculenta, 312; R. verrucosa, 312 Rhumbler, on Foraminifera, classification, 58 n.; shell, 66 f.; monstrous shells, 69 n. Rhyncheta, 159 f., 160, 162 Rhythm, of cell-life and reproduction, 30 f.; of contractile vacuoles in Paramecium, 143 n.; in life-cycle of Infusoria, 148 n. Ricordea, 371 Ridley, 216 n., 352 n. Riisea, 355 Ring-canal, of water-vascular system, 428; of Asterias rubens, 441; of Echinus esculentus, 517; of Holothuria nigra, 566 Robertson, on the habits of Echinocardium cordatum, 552 Rock-urchins, 529 Rodents, hosts of Trypanosoma lewisii, 119 Roemer, 199 n. Romanes, on physiology of Echinoidea, 519, 521 Rompel, on Spirochona, 144 n. Rosette, -aggregate, of Treponema, 120; of Antedon rosacea, 584 Ross, on intermediate host of malarial parasites, 103 Rotalia, 59, 65 Rotaliaceae, 59 Rotifers, bladder of, 14 n.; rheotaxy of, 21; distribution of, 48; associated with Euglena viridis, 124; formerly included under Infusoria, 136; vibratile styles of, 141 Rotula, 548, 549 Rotula of Echinus esculentus, 526 Rotula muscles of Aristotle's lantern, 526 Roule, 408 Royal Society, early publications on Protozoa, 45 Ruminants, infested by Trypanosoma evansii, 119; parasitic Ciliata in paunch of, 152 Rumphius, 360 Saccammina, 59, 63 Sacculus, of Antedon rosacea, 587; of other species of Antedon, 588 Sagartia, 372, 375, 381; S. troglodytes, 378 Sagartiidae, 381 Sagittal, 185 Sagittal ring, 78, 83; plane, 414; costae, 416 n. Salenia, 538; S. varispina, 538 Saleniidae, 530, 537, 558 Salivary gland of gnat in relation to malarial parasites, 105 Salpingoeca, 111, 122 Sand from sponges, a source of Foraminiferal tests, 62 Sand, René, on Suctoria, 162 Sand-dollar, 542 Sand-urchin, 529 Sanidaster (a modified euaster in which a slender rod-like axis bears spines at intervals along its length), 222 Sapropelic Protozoa, 48 Saprophyte, 33, 37, 90, 113, 119; relation to brood-formation, 33 Saprophytic, nutrition, 33, 37; Flagellata, 113, 119 Sarasin, C. F. and P. B., on the madreporic vesicle and axial sinus of Echinoidea, 528; on the relationships of the Echinothuriidae and Holothuroidea, 537 Sarcocystis, 98; S. tenella, 108 n. Sarcocyte, 96, 98 Sarcode (Dujardin's term for protoplasm), 3 f. Sarcodictyon, 344; S. catenatum, 342 Sarcodictyum, 79 Sarcodina, relations of, 48 f., 49, 50 f.; distinction from Flagellata, 109 Sarcoflagellum, 80 Sarcolemma of stalk-muscle of Vorticella, 157 n. Sarcophyllum (Pennatulidae, 361), 360 Sarcophytum, 248, 330, 333, 347, 349 Sarcosporidiaceae, 98, 108 Sarsia, 265, 272; S. prolifera, 272; S. siphonophora, 272 Sauropsida, egg of, 34 Scaphiodon, 137, 141 n. Schäfer, on mechanism of ciliary action, 18 n. Schaudinn, on exogamy in Foraminifera and Trichosphaerium, 34 n.; on Protozoa, 46; Archiv für Protistenkunde, 46; on chromidia in Sarcodina, 52 n.; on Trichosphaerium sieboldi, 54, 56 f.; on bud-fission in Rhizopoda, 55; on syngamic processes of Rhizopoda, 57; on reproduction in Foraminifera, 67, 69 n.; on Heliozoa, 71; on Sporozoa, 94; on life-cycle of Coccidiidae, 99, 101; on relations of Halteridium and Trypanosoma, 103 n., 116 n., 120; on relations of Acystosporidae, 106; on conjugation in Flagellates, 116 n.; on Trypanosoma, 120; on Treponema, 120; Fauna Arctica, 199 n.; on Haleremita, 257 Schaudinnia arctica, 200 Scheel, on brood-formation in Amoeba proteus, 56 n. Schewiakoff, on protoplasmic granules, 6 n.; on geographical distribution of fresh-water Protozoa, 47 n. Schiemenz, on the way in which Starfish open bivalves, 440 Schizaster, 556 Schizogony, of Coccidiaceae, 99 f., 101 f.; of Haemosporidae, 102; of Acystosporidae, 104 f. Schizogregarinidae, 97 Schizomycetes, 36 f., 44 Schizont, 99; of Acystosporidae, 103, 104 f. Schizopathes, 408 Schizophytes, relations of, 48 Schizotricha (Ciliata), 138; S. socialis, branched tube of, 152; S. dichotoma (Plumulariidae, 279), 276 Schlumberger, on dimorphism of Foraminifera, 67 Schneider, on Sporozoa, 94 Schrammen, 215 n. Schröter, on Myxomycetes, 93 n. Schuberg, on cilia and ciliary motion, 18 n., 141 n. Schultze, Max, on Protozoa and on protoplasm, 46; on structure of Foraminifera, 62 Schulze, F. E., on Heliozoa, 71; on Sponges, 167, 197 n., 199, 200; on Spongicola, 318 Schütt, on Dinoflagellata ("Peridiniales"), 119, 132 Sclerobase, 371, 407 Scleroblast, 171, 330 Scleroderm, 371 Sclerogorgiidae, 351 Sclerophytum, 330, 336, 348, 349; S. querciforme, 348 Scopula, 141 n. Scuta buccalia, of Ophiothrix fragilis, 485 Scutellidae, 549 Scyphidia, 138, 158; S. scorpaenae, Zooxanthella symbiotic in, 125 Scyphistoma, 317 Scyphomedusae, 310 f. Scyphozoa, 310 f.; colour, 310; food, 311; phosphorescence, 311; reproduction, 316; size, 310; structure, 312; symbiosis, 311 Scytophorus, 380 Sea, luminosity or phosphorescence, produced by Cystoflagellata, 132, 134; by Dinoflagellata, 132; red colour of, due to Dinoflagellata, 132 Sea-anemones, 326, 365, 377 Sea-cucumbers (= Holothuroidea), 561 Sea-fans (= species of Gorgonacea), 350 Sea-lilies (= Crinoidea), 580 f. Sea-pens, 326, 358 Sea-pansy, 364 Sea-urchins(= Echinoidea), 503; ovum of, 7 Secondary body-cavity (= Coelom, q.v.) Secondary spines, of Echinus esculentus, 506; of Cidaridae, 532; of Colobocentrotus, 532; of Heterocentrotus, 532; of Echinocardium cordatum, 550 Secretion, 13 Segmentation, 32 n.; of schizont of Acystosporidae, 104; of oosperm, 104 f.; of zygotomeres, 104 f.; of reproductive cells of Volvox, 126, 127; telolecithal, 133 n. Semaeostomata, 323 Semon, on the phylogeny of Echinodermata, 622 Semper's larva, 405 Senility in life-cycle of Ciliata, 148 Senn, on Flagellates, 119 Sense-organs of Metazoa, 40 Sensory cilia, 141 Septum, protoplasmic, in Dicystic Gregarines, 97, 98 f.; calcareous, of Madreporaria, 370 Seriatopora, 401 Sertularia, 278; S. abietina, 278 Sertulariidae, 278 Serumsporidium, 89 Sex, binary (= syngamy with marked inequality between the pairing-cells), 33 f.; of Pterocephalus, 99; of Stylorhynchus, 99, 100; of Coccidiaceae, 97 f., 99 f.; of Haemosporidae, 102 f.; of Sarcocystis tenella, 108 n.; of Volvocaceae, 128 f.; of Eudorina, 129; of Peritrichaceae, 151 f. Sex, ternary, of Pandorina, 128 f. Sexual fusion of Halteridium, 103, 105 Sheath, tentacular, of Suctoria, 159 Sheep, host of Sarcocystis tenella, 108 n. Shell, of Diatomaceae, 84; of Foraminifera and of Rhizopoda—see Test; of Radiolaria—see Skeleton; cuticular, of Flagellates, 113—see Theca; siliceous reticulate, of Silicoflagellates, 110; -substance of Foraminifera, 62; of Polytrema, 62 Shipley, 197 n. Sickle-cells, sickle-germs, 48, 94 f., 97, 101; of Lankesteria, 95; of Sarcosporidiaceae, 108 Side-plates, of arms of Crinoidea, 589; of Pentacrinidae, 591; of Comatulidae, 594 Siderastraea, 373, 375, 403; S. sideraea, 403 Siebold, v., on Sporozoa, 94 Siedlecki, on Sporozoa, 94; on reproduction of Lankesteria, 96 n.; on life-cycle of Coccidiidae, 99 Sierra Leone, prophylaxis of malaria at, 106 Sigma (a slender rod-like spicule curved in the shape of the letter C), 220, 222 Sigmaspire (a slender rod-like spicule twisted through about a single revolution of a spiral, and consequently having the form of a C or an S according to the direction in which it is viewed), 222 Siliceous plates, of test of Rhizopods, 29, 53 f. Siliceous skeleton of Heliozoa, 71, 74; of Radiolaria, 76 f.; of Silicoflagellata, 110; of Sponges, 171 f., 175 f., 195 f. Silicified cell-wall of some Dinoflagellates, 130 Silicispongiae, 195, 197 Silicoflagellata, 86, 110, 114 Silkworm infested by disease pébrine, due to Nosema bombycis, 107 Simpson, on life-cycle of Ciliata, 148 n. Siphon, of Echinus esculentus, 516; of Echinarachnius parma, 546, 547 Siphonia, 215 Siphonoglyph, 334, 334, 369, 410 Siphonogorgia, 349 Siphonogorgiidae, 349 Siphonophora, 297 f.; dactylozooids, 299; food, 304; gastrozooids, 299; gonozooids, 302; hydrophyllia, 300; life-history, 302; nectocalyces, 298; pneumatophore, 300, 307 f.; stolon, 301 Siphonozooids, 332; of Pennatulacea, 359 Sipunculidae, 576 Sipunculus, 563 Skeleton, intermediate or supplemental of Perforate Foraminifera, 59, 63, 66; of Heliozoa, 71, 74; of Raphidiophrys, 74; of Radiolaria, 76 f., 77 f., 81 f., 84; of Spumellaria, 77, 77, 83; of Actinomma asteracanthion, 77; of Acantharia, 76 f., 78, 80, 82; of Xiphacantha, 78; of Dorataspis, 80; of Nassellaria, 76, 78, 82, 83; of Lithocercus annularis, 82; of Theoconus, 80; of Phaeodaria, 76, 79, 82, 84, 85; of Aulactinium actinastrum, 82; of Challengeridae, 85; of Pharyngella, 85; of Haeckeliana, 85; of Tuscarora, 85; of Diatomaceae, 84; gelatinous, of Volvox, 126; —see also Shell, Test, Theca —of Asterias rubens, 434 f.; of disc of Ophiuroidea, 493; internal, of Echinarachnius parma, 545, 548; of Clypeastroidea, 548; of Laganum, 548; of Clypeaster, 548; of Echinocyamus, 548; of Echinanthidae, 549; of Laganidae, 549; of Holothuria nigra, 560; of Holothuroidea, 569; of Aspidochirota, 569; of Dendrochirota, 569; of Elasipoda, 569; of Molpadiida, 569; of Synaptida, 569; calyx and arm in Crinoidea, 588 Sladen, on classification of Asteroidea, 460 Sleeping-sickness, 120 Snow, red, 125 Solaster, 453, 455, 463; fossil, 475; S. endeca, 463; S. papposus, 463 Solasteridae, 453, 455, 458, 462, 466 Solenocaulon, 350 Sollas, I. B. J., on Sponges, 163 f. Sollas, W. J., on Sponges, 165 n., 168, 172 n., 176 n., 183 n., 207 n., 208, 212 n., 215 n., 216, 219 n., 233 n., 234 n., 238 n.; on Palaeodiscus, 557 Solmaridae, 296 Solmaris, 296, 297 Soluble substances in greater or less concentration, effect on protoplasm, 7 f., 22 f. Sore, Oriental, 121 Spallanzani, on origin of organisms of putrefaction, 43 Spanioplon, 223 Sparshall's discovery of Noctiluca, 135 Spatangidae, 554, 559 Spatangoidea, 529, 549 f., 556, 559, 561, 577 Spatangus, 553, 555; S. purpureus, 555; S. raschi, 555 Specialisation in Metazoa and Volvox compared, 129 f. Specific gravity of living protoplasm, 13 n. Spencer, Herbert, on limit of growth, 23 Spencer, W. B., on Hydroids, 271 n., 279 Spencerian, fission at limit of growth, 23; rhythm, 30 f. Sperm, Spermatozoon, 17, 31, 33 f.; = spermogametes, 33; penetration of ovum by, 34; rheotaxy of, in Mammals and Sauropsida, 34; of Sporozoa, 18; of Pterocephalus, 99, 108 n.; of Stylorhynchus, 99, 100; of Coccidium, 100, 101 f.; of Acystosporidae, 104 f.; of Sarcocystis tenella, 108 n.; of bisexual Protozoa and most Metazoa comparable with Flagellata, 109; of Volvox globator, 127 f.; of Eudorina, 129 Spermatogone (= a brood-mother-cell, whose offspring are sperms) of Coccidiaceae, 100 f.; of Volvox globator, 127 f.; of Eudorina, 129; of Acystosporidae, 104 f. Spermatozoon, 17, 18 —see also Sperm Sperosoma, 536 Sphaeractinia, 283 Sphaerechinus, 539, 540, 541; S. granularis, 541 Sphaerella, 111; S. lacustris, 126; S. nivalis, 125; S. pluvialis, 125 f., 126 Sphaerellaria, 77, 77; geological occurrence of, 88 Sphaeridium, of Strongylocentrotus, 523; of Echinus esculentus, 524; of Echinarachnius parma, 545; of Echinocardium cordatum, 551 Sphaeroidea, 77, 77 f. Sphaeronectes, 306 Sphaeronectinae, 306 Sphaerophracta, 78, 80 Sphaerozoea, 77 n. Sphaerozoidae, 85 Sphenopus, 404 Spheraster (an aster in which the centrum is large, with a diameter equal to or greater than one-third the length of the actines), 233 Sphere, 184 Spicatae, 362 Spicules, calcareous, of Coccolithophoridae, 114; siliceous, of Heliozoa, 71, 74; of Radiolaria, 83; of Silicoflagellata, 110; of Sponges, 170 f.; composition, 170; structure, 171, 172; classification, 183; forms of, 184, 222, 224; development, 232; of Alcyonaria, 334 f., 336 Spindle, in cell-division by mitosis, 25 f.; intranuclear, of Euglypha, 29 Spines, of pelagic Foraminiferal shell, 66, 69; of Globigerina bulloides, 69; of Asteroidea, 454; of arms of Ophiothrix fragilis, 479; of arms of Ophiuroidea, 491; of Echinus esculentus, 505 f.; of Endocyclica, 531 f.; of Cidaridae, 532; of Arbaciidae, 532; of Echinothuriidae, 532; of Colobocentrotus, 532; of Heterocentrotus, 532; of Echinarachnius parma, 543; of Echinocardium cordatum, 550 Spinipora, 284, 286 Spintharophora, 216, 217 f. Spinulosa, 461, 462 f. Spiral, of stalk and stalk-muscle in Vorticella, 156 f.; ridge on tentacles of Suctoria, 160 f., 162 Spiraster (a spire of one or more turns, produced on the outside into several spines), 222 Spirillina, 59, 64 Spirochaeta (= Treponema, 111), 120 f.; "S." zeemannii, 120 f.; S. obermeieri, 121 Spirochona, 138; adoral wreath of, 138 n.; bud-fission of, 147 Spiroloculina, 59, 63 Spirostomum, 137, 153 f.; supposed nervous fibrils in, 143 Spongelia, 225 Spongelidae, 220 Sponges (= Porifera), 163 f.; spicules, 170, 171, 172, 177 f., 183, 184, 187 f., 198 f., 222, 224, 231 f., 232; canal system, 170, 171, 191, 198, 210, 235 f.; physiology, 234 f.; distribution, in space, 239; in time, 241; history, 166; reproduction, 172, 226 f.; nervous system, 39; immune from Gregarines, 99; relations to Protista, 41; to Choanoflagellates, 122 f., 168, 181 Sponge-sand, a source of Foraminiferal tests, 62 Sponge-spicules, in arenaceous shell of Foraminifera, 64 —see also Spicules Spongicola (= Nausithoe), 206, 318; S. fistularis, 317; (a Decapod Crustacean), 206; S. venusta, 206 Spongidae, 220 Spongilla, 217, 225, 230, 232, 237, 238; S. lacustris, spicule, 232 Spongin, 176, 217, 239 Spongioderma, 351 Spongocardium gilchristi, 215 Spongodes, 330, 335, 348, 349 Spongophare, 210 Spontaneous, generation, 42 f.; rendered improbable by life-histories of Flagellates, 118; —movements of Protista, 23 Sporadopora, 284, 285 Sporange (= a sac containing spores), of Myxomycetes, 91 f.; of Didymium, 92; of Actinomyxidiaceae, 98 Spore, 31; of Actinophrys, 72; of Actinosphaerium, 73 f.; of Acantharia, 86 n.; of Myxomycetes, 90 f.; of Didymium difforme, 92; of Sporozoa, 94 f.; of Gregarinidaceae, 97 f.; of Lankesteria, 95; of Gregarina blattarum, 98; of Stylorhynchus, 100; of Coccidiaceae, 97; of Coccidiidae, 97; of Coccidium schubergi, 101; of malarial parasites, 104; of Acystosporidae, 97; of Myxosporidiaceae, 98, 107; of Myxobolus mülleri, 107; of Actinomyxidiaceae, 98; of Sarcosporidiaceae, 98, 108; of Bodo saltans, 117; of Flagellates highly resistant to heat, 118 —see also Oospore, Zoospores, Zygotospore Sporocyst, 88, 89; of Proteomyxa, 88; of Bodo saltans, 117 f. Sporoducts of Gregarina blattarum, 98 f. Sporogony, 296 Sporont of Gregarines, 98 f. Sporozoa, 31, 33, 40, 48, 50, 94 f.; formation of chromidia, 29 f.; habitat, 48; relations, 48 f.; movements, 50, 125 n.; Acystosporidae most primitive group of, 106; distinction from Flagellata, 109 Sporozoite, 95 f.; of Lankesteria, 95; of Coccidiaceae, 99 f., 101; of Haemosporidae, 102; of Acystosporidae, 104 f. Sporulation, 31; in Noctiluca, 133 f.; = Brood-formation, q.v. Springer, on classification of Crinoidea, 589 Springing movements, of Flagellates Dallingeria, 114, and Bodo saltans, 114, 117; of tailed Ciliata, 141 n.; of Pleuronema, 154 Spumellaria (Peripylaea), 76, 76 f., 77; skeleton, 77, 83 Spyroidea, 78 Squamulina, 59, 65 Stalk or stem, of Clathrulina, 74; of Flagellates, 112 f.; of Anthophysa, 112; of Diplomita, 112; of Choanoflagellates, 121, 122; of Monosiga, 122; of Polyoeca, 113, 122; of Peritrichaceae, 141 n.; of Schizotricha socialis, 152; of Vorticella, 157; of Carchesium, 158; of Epistylis, 158; of Zoothamnium, 158; of Suctoria, 159, 160, 162; of Pelmatozoa, 430, 579; of Crinoidea, 580; of Carpoidea, 580, 596; of Cystoidea, 580, 597; of Blastoidea, 580, 599; of Antedon rosacea, 581, 585; of Actinometra, 588; of Rhizocrinidae, 588, 590; of Holopus, 588, 592; of Hyocrinus, 588, 590; of Pentacrinidae, 588, 591, 592; of larva of Asterina gibbosa, 610; of Brachiolaria, 612; of larva of Antedon rosacea, 619; of ancestral Crinoidea, 600; of ancestral Echinodermata, 621 Starch, 15, 37; in Zooxanthella, 86; in Flagellata, 110, 115 Starfish = Asteroidea, q.v. Stationary pairing-nucleus, 150 Statocysts, 252, 288 Statolith, 252, 289 Statoplea, 279 Statorhab in Geryonia, 252 Stauractin, 234 Stauromedusae, 310, 316, 320 Steganophthalmata, 314 Steganopora, 284, 286 Stein, von, on Protozoa, 45 f.; misinterpretation of parasitic Suctoria in Ciliata, 161; on Suctoria, 162 Stelechotokea, 347 Stelletta, 213, 214, 222 Stem—see Stalk Stem-ossicles, of Pentacrinidae, 588, 591; of Hyocrinus, 588, 590; of Rhizocrinidae, 588, 590; of larva of Antedon rosacea, 619 Stenoscyphidae, 321 Stenoscyphus inabai, 321 Stentor, 137, 154; regeneration, 35; supposed nervous fibrils, 143; meganucleus, 144; conjugation, 149; attachment, 152; S. coeruleus, 154; S. igneus, 154; S. polymorphus, young, and adult in fission, 156 Stentorin, blue, 154 n. Stephalia, 308 Stephanophyes, 300, 307; S. superba, 307 Stephanophyinae, 307 Stephanophyllia, 404 Stephanoscyphus, 318; S. mirabilis, 206 Stephanosphaera, 111, 128 Stephoidea, 78 f. Stereoplasm, 394 Stereosoma, 331, 334, 337, 344 Stereotaxy, 20 Sterilisation of colonial cells in Volvox, 129 Sternata, 554 Sternum = Plastron, q.v. Sterraster (an aster with very numerous actines soldered together by subsequently deposited silica, which extends almost to their extremities), 224 Sterrula, 341 Stewart's organs, of Cidaridae, 531; of Echinothuriidae, 531; of Arbaciidae, 531, 539; of Diadematidae, 538 Stichaster, 474 Stichasteridae, 456, 474 Stichodactylina, 380, 383 Sticholonche, 86; host of Amoebophrya, 161 Stichopathes, 407, 408 Stichopus, 570 Stichotricha, 138 Sticklebacks, prey on Anopheles, 106 Stimuli, 8 f.; inducing responsive movements, 19 f. Stoichactis kenti, 378, 383 Stolč, on Pelomyxa, 53 n. Stolon, 301 Stolonifera, 342 Stomach, present in Metazoa, 38; of gnats, seat of syngamy of Acystosporidae, 103, 104 f.; of Asterias rubens, 438; of Echinus esculentus, 516; of Holothuria nigra, 562; of Antedon rosacea, 583; of Dipleurula, 605; absent in Hyocrinus, 589 Stomatoca (Tiaridae, 273), 415 Stomatograptus, 282 Stomodaeum, of Anthozoa, 327; of Ctenophora, 415; of Echinus esculentus, 516; of Dipleurula, 605; of metamorphosing Auricularia, 615; of larva of Antedon, 619 Stomolophus, 325 Stony Corals, 326 Strain-figure of cell dividing by mitosis, 25, 26, 27 Strained condition of cytoplasm during syngamy, 34 Streaming of granules in protoplasm, 17 Streptocaulus, 277 Streptophiurae, 491, 494, 500, 502 Strobila, 317 Stromacystis, 596 Stromatopora, 283 Stromatoporidae, 283 Strombidium (Torquatella), 137, 155 n. Strongyle, 183, 224 Strongylocentrotus, 512, 522, 533, 540; S. droëbachiensis, 512, 523, 541; S. lividus, 541; S. purpuratus, 542 Stryphnus ponderosus, 222 Studer, 340 Stylactis, 268, 270; S. abyssicola, 268; S. minoi, 268; S. vermicola, 268, 269; S. spongicola, 268 Stylaster, 285, 286 Stylasteridae, 285 Stylasterina, 283 Stylatula darwinii (Virgulariidae, 362), 360 Style, 284 Stylocordyla stipitata, 216 Stylonychia, 138 f.; meganucleus of, 144; S. mytilus, 138, 139 f. Stylopodium, 60, 61 Stylorhynchus, 97, 99; syngamy of, 100 Stylostichon, 225 Stylus, 183, 184 Sub-costal canals, 415 Sub-tentacular canal of Antedon rosacea, 586 Suberites, 219, 224, 230; S. domuncula, 219 Suberogorgia, 351 Sucker(s), of Mesodinium, 152; of Trachelius, 153 n. Suction mechanism in Choanophrya, 159, 161 Suctoria, 158 f., 160, 162; animal nutrition of, 40 Sugar, 15 Sulculus, 369 Sulcus, 369 Supero-marginal ossicle of Asteroidea, 436 Supplemental skeleton of Foraminifera, 63, 66 Surface, protoplasmic movements in relation to a, 20—see Thigmotaxy, Stereotaxy; ratio of mass to, 14, 23 f.; -tension in relation to protoplasmic movements, 17; to penetration of ovum by sperm, 34 Surra disease, 119 Swarmers of Foraminifera, 67 f.; of Dinoflagellates, 131 —see also Zoospores Sycettidae, 187 Sycon, 187, 221; S. carteri, 187; S. coronatum, 187; S. setosum, development, 188, 189, 231; S. raphanus, development, 190, 226 Symbiosis, 86, 125, 219; Pelomyxa, 53; Heliozoa, 73; Radiolaria, 80, 86; Acantharia, 80; Ophrydium, 158; Paramecium bursaria, 153; Scyphidia scorpaenae, 125; Stentor polymorphus, 154; Vorticella sertulariae, 125; Ephydatia fluviatilis, 175; Hydra viridis, 126, 256; Turbellaria, 73, 126; Convoluta, 73; Millepora and Zooxanthellae, 261; in Gymnoblastea, 268; Lar and Sabella, 273; Cannopora and Aulopora, 283; in Scyphozoa, 311; Alcyonaria and Zooxanthellae, 339; Solenocaulon and Alpheus, 350; Eunicella and Cirripede, 356; Verrucella and Ophiurid, 357; Pteroeides and Crab, 361; Ptilosarcus and Hydroid, 361; Zoantharia and Zooxanthellae, 373 f.; Adamsia and hermit crabs, 377, 381; Melia and Sea-anemone, 378; Stoichactis and Amphiprion, 378; Pocilloporidae and Hapalocarcinus, 402; in Zoanthidae, 405 —see also Zoochlorella, Zooxanthella Sympodium, 583 Sympodium, 344; S. coralloides, 341 Sympterura, 502 Synalcyonacea, 342 Synapta, 577; S. similis, 429; S. digitata, 576; its larva, 608; its pupa, 615; S. inhaerens, 577 Synapticula, 402; of Eupsammiidae, 404 Synaptida, 568, 569, 577, 578 Syncoryne, 265, 272, 297 Syncrypta, 110, 112 Syngamy (= Conjugation), 33 f.; Rhizopoda, 56 f.; Radiolaria, 85; Flagellates, 115 f.; Chlamydomonadidae, 115 f., 125; between resting-cells, 115 f.; by a fertilising tube, 125; Volvocaceae, 128 f.; Suctoria, 161 —Equal, exogamous, Trichosphaerium sieboldii, 54, 56; Chlamydophrys stercorea, 57; Foraminifera, 68 f.; Actinophrys sol, 72; Gregarines, 97 f.; Lankesteria, 95; Monocystis, 96; Cercomonas dujardinii, 116 n.; Lamblia, 116 n.; Polytoma uvella, 116 n.; Tetramitus rostratus, 116 n.; Trichomonas, 116 n.; Chlamydomonadidae, 125; Dinoflagellates, 131; Noctiluca, 133; Ciliata, 148 f. —Equal, endogamous, Amoeba coli, 57; Actinosphaerium, 73 f.; Stephanosphaera, 128 —Unequal (binary, bisexual), Centropyxis aculeata, 57; Radiolaria (?), 85; Stylorhynchus, 99, 100; Pterocephalus, 99; Coccidiaceae, 97, 100 f.; Coccidium, 100, 101 f.; Adelea ovata, 101; Acystosporidae, 97, 104 f.; Sarcosporidiaceae, 108; Dallingeria drysdali, 116 n.; Monas dallingeri, 116 n.; Bodo saltans, 116 n., 117 f.; B. caudatus, 116 n.; Halteridium, 120; Chlamydomonadidae, 125; Volvox, 127 f.; Pandorina morum (ternary), 128, 129; Eudorina, 129; Peritrichaceae, 151, 157; Vorticella, 157 Syphilis in relation to Treponema pallidum, 121 Syringolites, 344 Syringopora, 283, 329, 343, 344 Syzygy (= association) of Gregarines, 99; in Crinoids, 582, 587 Tabulae, 257, 345, 385, 387 Tail-like appendages, of certain Ciliata, 141 n.; (spine) of Caenomorpha uniserialis, 154, 155 Tamoya punctata, 319 Tan-pits infested by Fuligo varians, 92 Tapeworms, nutrition of, 38; alternation of generations in, 44 Tarsaster, 474 Tealia = Urticina, q.v. Tedania, 223 Tegmen, of Crinoidea, 580; of Antedon rosacea, 581, 585; of Hyocrinus, 590; of Articulata, 595; of Camerata, 595 Telestidae, 348 Telesto, 346, 348; T. prolifera, 347; T. rubra, 336, 347 Telolecithal (= segmentation limited to one region of the oosperm owing to excess of yolk), 133 n. Telosporidia, 97 f. Temnopleurinae, 539 Temperature, in relation to protoplasmic movements, 7; to breeding, 47; to fission of Ciliates, 148; changes of, stimulus of, 19, 22; maximum (Dallinger and Drysdale's experiments), 118 Tension, surface-, 17, 34 Tentacles, of Actinobolus and Ileonema, 152; of Suctoria, 158 f., 160, 162; of Hydrozoa, 251 f.; of Scyphozoa, 311 f.; of Anthozoa, 327; of Alcyonaria, 331 f.; of Zoantharia, 366 f.; of Ctenophora, 414 f.; of Holothuroidea, 561 f.; of Pelmatozoa (= podia), 579 f. Tentacle-scale, of Ophiothrix fragilis, 480 Tentacular (= transverse) plane, 414 Tentaculata, 417 Tentaculifera (= Suctoria), 159 f., 160, 162 Tentaculozooids, 265 Tentilla, 299 Termites, Trichonymphidae parasitic in, 123 Terrestrial Protozoa, 48 Tertian fever, a parasitic disease, 104 f. Tessera, 320, 321 Test, classificatory value of, 51 n.; of Euglypha, 29; of Rhizopoda, 29, 53, 54, 55; of Trichosphaerium sieboldii, 54; of Arcella vulgaris, 55; of Diffugia pyriformis, 55; of Hyalosphenia lata, 55; of Quadrula symmetrica, 55; of Foraminifera, 58 f., 61, 63, 65, 67, 68, 69; of Allogromidiaceae, 60; of Microgromia socialis, 60; of Lieberkühnia, 61; of marine Foraminifera, 62 f.; of Discorbina, 63; of Frondicularia, 63; of Globigerina, 63; of Lagena, 63; of Nodosaria, 63; of Nummulites, 63; of Planorbulina, 63; of Saccammina, 63; of Spiroloculina, 63; of Allogromia, 65; of Miliola, 65; of Quinqueloculina, 65, 67; of Rotalia, 65; of Squamulina, 65; of Biloculina, 67; (gelatinous) of Nuclearia, 74; of Chrysomonadaceae, 110, 113 f.; (chitinous) of Tintinnidae, 152, 155 —see also Shell, Skeleton, Theca Tethya, 211, 218, 222; gemmule, 230; scleroblasts, 233, 233; T. lyncurium, 218 Tetilla, 212, 213, 218, 233; T. casula, 212; T. pedifera, 211, 213 Tetracoralla, 394 Tetracrepid, 215—see Rhabdocrepid Tetractinellida, 211 f., 218, 231 Tetramitus, 111, 119; T. rostratus, gametes of, 116 n. Texas fever, 120 f. Textularia, 59; in chalk, 70, 242 Textulariaceae, 59 Thalassianthidae, 383 Thalassicolla, 77, 83; T. nucleata, regeneration, 79 n. Thalassophysa, 77; reproduction, 86 n. Thamnograptus, 281 Thamnostylus, 270 Thaumactis, 382 Thaumantias, 278 Thaumantiidae, 278 Thaumatocrinus, 588, 589, 594 Thaumatomastix, 110 Theca, of Flagellata, 112 f.; of Dinobryon, 112; (branched) of Rhipidodendron, 112; (stalked) of Diplomita, 112; of Salpingoeca, 122; of Acineta, 159, 160; of Corals, 370 —see also Shell, Skeleton, Test Thecamoebae, 51 n. Thecidae, 346 Thecocarpus (Plumulariidae, 279), 276 Thecocystis, 596, 596 Thecoidea, 580, 596 Thélohan, on Sporozoa, 94 Thenea wyvillei, 212 Theoconus, 79, 80 Thermotaxy, 22 Thigmotaxy, 20 Thomson, Wyville, on Calcaromma, 83 Thorax = second chamber of Monaxonic Radiolarian shell, 84 Thyone, 573 Tiara, 273 Tiarechinidae, 557 Tiarechinus, 557 Tiaridae, 273 Tick, intermediate host of Karyolysus, 102; of Piroplasma, 120; of Treponema, 121 n.; Persian, 120; Zambezian, 121 n. Tick fever, 120 Tiedemann's bodies, 442, 444, 458; represented by so-called Polian vesicles of Echinus esculentus, 516 Tinctin bodies, 161 Tinerfe, 417 Tintinnidae, 155; tests of, 152 Tintinnus, 137 Tissues (definition), 3 Tolerance, induced, of a higher temperature, 118 Tone, 519 Tooth, of Ophiothrix fragilis, 482; of Echinus esculentus, 505, 524, 525; of Echinarachnius parma, 546 Tooth-papilla, of Ophiothrix fragilis, 482; of Ophiocoma, 493; of Ophiocomidae, 499 Topsent, 196, 218 n. Tornaria, 616 Torquatella typica (= Strombidium), 155 n. Torus angularis, of Ophiothrix fragilis, 482 Toxa (= a bow-shaped spicule without spiral twist), 222 Toxaspire (a spiral rod in which the twist a little exceeds a single revolution. The pitch of the spiral being great the spicule appears bow-shaped), 222 Trabeculae, traversing ampullae of tube-feet of Echinus esculentus, 517; traversing coelom of Echinarachnius parma, 545; traversing coelom of Antedon rosacea, 585 Tracheae of Chondrophoridae, 309 Trachelius, 137, 152 n.; T. ovum, 153; endosarc of, 144 Trachelomonas, 110, 112; galvanotaxy of, 22 Trachomedusae, 288 f. Trachynema, 294; T. funerarium, 294 Trachynemidae, 294 Tractellum, 18, 114 Tragosia, 224 Transverse fission, of Flagellata, 109 f.; of Dinoflagellata, 110, 131; of Polykrikos, 131; of Ciliata, 147; of Suctoria, 161 Transverse flagellum and groove, in Dinoflagellata, 110, 130 f.; multiple, in Polykrikos, 132 Transverse (= tentacular) plane, 414 Transverse section, of the arm of an Asteroid, 443; of the arm of an Ophiuroid, 480; of the radius of an Echinoid, 518; of the radius of a Holothuroid, 562; of body of a Holothuroid, 563; of arm of Antedon, 586 Trembley, 254, 255 Trepang, 571 Treponema, 111, 121; T. obermeieri, 121; T. pallidum, 121; T. zeemannii, 120 Triaene, 183, 224, 233 Triaxon, 184 Trichaster, 501 Trichasteridae, 501 Trichites (hair-like spicules often occurring in sheaves or clusters), 234 Trichocysts, 142 f.; of Chloromonadaceae, 113 n.; Mitrophanow on, 142 n.; adoral, of Gymnostomaceae, 145 Trichodina, 138, 158 Trichodragmata (a sheaf of straight spicules of hair-like fineness), 222 Trichogorgia, 355 Trichomonas, 111, 115; conjugation, 116 n.; T. vaginalis, 119 Trichonympha, 111 Trichonymphidae, 111, 123 f.; flagella, 114 Trichosphaerium, 51, 53 f.; test, 53; life-cycle, 54, 56 Trichostemma, 216 Trichostomata, 137 Tridactyle pedicellariae, of Echinus esculentus, 506, 507; of E. acutus, 509; of E. elegans, 510; of Echinarachnius parma, 544 Trifoliate pedicellariae, of Echinus esculentus, 507, 508; of E. acutus, 509; of E. alexandri, 510; of Echinocardium cordatum, 550; absent in Cidaridae, 534 Trigonocidaris arbacina, 539 Triloculina, 59, 66 Trimastigidae, 111, 112 Tripedalia cystophora, 319 Tripedaliidae, 319 Triplechinoid type of ambulacral plate, 531, 539 Tripod, 83; -shaped spicule of Radiolaria, 76 Tripolis, 87 Tripylaea, 76 Trivium, of Echinarachnius parma, 543; of Holothuria nigra, 561 Trochammina, 59 Trochocyathus, 399; T. hastatus, 398 Trochocystis, 597; T. bohemicus, 597 Trochoderma, 577 Trochodota, 577 Trochosmilia, 401 Trochostoma, 575; T. violaceum, 575 Trophodisc, 284 Trophozooid, 388 Tropical Africa, Trypanosomic diseases of, 119 f. Trout, black-spotted, destroyed by Hydra, 256 n. Trypanosoma, 111, 115 f., 119 f., 120; podoplast or blepharoplast of, 19 n., 109 n.; undulating membrane of, 115; Halteridium, a supposed state of, 103 n., 120; affinities to Acystosporidae, 106; morphology of, 120, 121; T. brucei infests hoofed quadrupeds, 119; T. evansii causes Surra disease in Ruminants, 119; T. gambiense, cause of sleeping-sickness, 120; T. lewisii, infests Rodents, 119; T. noctuae, 120; conjugation in, 116 n. Trypanosomoid character of blasts of Acystosporidae, 106 Tsetse Flies, intermediate hosts of Trypanosomes of Nagana and sleeping-sickness, 119 f. Tube, of Phalansterium, 113; of certain Ciliates, 152; of Maryna socialis, 152; of Schizotricha socialis, 152; of Stentor, 154; of Vorticellidae, 158; fertilising in Chlamydomonas, 125 Tube-foot, 428; of Asterias rubens, 441 f.; of Echinus esculentus, 517 f.; of Endocyclica, 532; of Arbaciidae, 532; of Cidaridae, 532; of Diadematidae, 532; of Echinothuriidae, 532; of Echinocardium cordatum, 551; of Echinarachnius parma, 545, 546, 547; of Palaeodiscus, 557; of Holothuria nigra, 561 Tubipora, 329, 336, 343, 344; T. musica, 338, 343 Tubiporidae, 344 Tubularia, 268, 271; T. larynx, 263; T. parasitica, 268 Tubulariidae, 271 Tumour, malignant, associated with Leydenia, 91 Tunicata, 621 Tuning-fork, 192, 193 Turbellaria, fresh-water, distribution of, 48; symbiotic with Zoochlorella, 126 Turbinaria, 396 Turbinolia, 399 Turbinoliidae, 398 Turritopsis, 273, 295 Tuscarora, 79, 85 Tylostyle (a style in which a knob surrounds the origin), 224 Tylote, 183, 224 Tylotoxea (a rhabdus of which one actine is tylote or knobbed, the other oxeate, the latter directed towards the surface of the Sponge), 224 Tyrosin, 15 Uexküll, on function of pedicellariae of Echinus, 508; on physiology of nervous system of Echinoidea, 519; on vision of Echinoidea, 522; on respiratory function of Aristotle's lantern, 527; on pedicellariae of Sphaerechinus, 541 Uintacrinus, 588 Ulmaridae, 324 Ulmaris, 314, 324; U. prototypus, 315, 324 Umbellula, 331, 359, 360, 363; U. gracilis, 359 Umbellulidae, 362 Umbrella of Medusae, 251 Uncinataria, 203 Under arm-plate of Ophiuroidea, 491 Under basal-plate of Crinoidea—see Infra-basal plate Undulating membrane, of Flagellata, 111, 115, 123; of Trypanosoma, 121; of Dinenympha, 123; of Stylonychia mytilus, 139 f.; of Ciliata Trichostomata, 137 f., 145; of Glaucoma, 153; of Pleuronema chrysalis, 153, 154; of Caenomorpha uniserialis, 155; of Vorticella, 156, 157 Unequal fission in Spirochona, 147 Upper arm-plate, of Ophiuroidea, 491; of Ophioteresis, 491; absent in Cladophiurae, 491, 500 Urechinidae, 554 n. Urine, 13 Urocentrum, 137, 141 n. Uronema, 137, 141 n. Urticina, 379, 382; U. crassicornis, 379, 382 Ussov, 257 n. Ute, 189, 190, 192, 221 Vacuole, 5 f.; of Collozoum inerme, 76; of Oikomonas, 112; contractile or pulsatile, 14 f.—see Contractile vacuole; formative, 14 f.—see Alveole, Food-vacuole, Formative vacuole, Ingestion, vacuole of Vaginicola, 138, 158 Valvata, 461, 471 f. Valvate, pedicellariae, of Antheneidae, 456, 471 Vampyrella, 89 Vaney, 292 n. Variation in character of Foraminiferal shell at different stages of growth, 66 Vegetative, growth, in coloured Flagellates, 115; rest, 37 Velata, 461, 464 f., 466 Velella, 301, 302, 309; V. spirans, 304 Veley, Lilian, on Pelomyxa, 53 n. Ventriculites, 208, 208 Venus's Flower-basket (= Euplectella aspergillum), 197 Venus's girdle, 420 Veretilleae, 364 Veretillum, 364 Vermicles, of Gaule, a name for Lankesterella, 102 Verrucae, 331 Verrucella, 357; V. guadaloupensis, 357 Vertebra, of Ophiuroidea, 481, 491; of Streptophiurae, 491, 494; of Ophioteresis, 481, 491; of Ophiohelus, 491, 493; of Zygophiurae, 491; of Ophiothrix fragilis, 480; of Ophiarachna, 481; of Cladophiurae, 491, 500; of Astroschema, 481; of Gorgonocephalus, 491; of Astrophyton, 491; of fossil Ophiuroidea, 501, 502 Vertebrates, cold-blooded, hosts of Haemosporidae, 102 Verticilladeae, 363 Verworn, on general physiology and protoplasm, 3 n.; on protoplasmic movements, 16 n., 17; on regeneration, 35 n.; of Thalassicolla nucleata, 79 n. Vesicular nucleus, 25 Vestibule, of Peritrichaceae, 145; of Carchesium, 146; of Vorticella, 156, 157 Vexillum, 421 Vibratile styles of Rotifers, 141 Villogorgia, 356 Virgularia, 339, 362; V. juncea, 360; V. mirabilis, 362; V. rumphii, 330, 360 Virgulariidae, 362 Vision, of Asteroidea, 446; of Echinoidea, 522 Vital forces, 12 f.; processes, 11 f. Vitreous Foraminifera, 58, 62 Voluntary muscles of Mammals infested by Sarcosporidiaceae, 108 Volvocaceae, 110, 111, 125 f.; literature of, 119 Volvocidae, 111, 126 f., 127, 129; theca, 113 Volvox, plasmic cell connexions of, 37 n.; a true vegetable Protist, 130; V. globator, 127 f. Vorticella, 138, 155 f., 157; V. sertulariae, symbiotic Zooxanthella in, 125 Vorticellidae, 157 f.; fission, 158; colonies, 158 Vosmaer, 187 n., 212, 234 n., 237 Wager, on Euglenaceae, 125 Wagner, 256 n. Wallich, on Protozoa, 45 Walteria, 199, 202; W. flemmingi, 206; W. leuckarti, 206 Wasielewski, on Sporozoa, 94 n. Water in protoplasm, 12 Water-Fleas, Vorticellidae found on, 158; rheotaxy of (small Crustacea), 21 Water-vascular system, 428; of Asterias rubens, 441; of Asteroidea, 457; of Ophiothrix fragilis, 486; of Echinus esculentus, 516; of Echinarachnius parma, 546; of Echinocardium cordatum, 551; of Holothuria nigra, 564; of Holothuroidea, 568; of Synaptida, 568; of Molpadiida, 568; of Elasipoda, 568; of Psolus, 569; of Antedon rosacea, 583; of Carpoidea, 597 Weltner, 177, 178 White Ants, hosts of Trichonymphidae, 123 White Man's Grave, 106 Wille, on Volvocaceae, 119 Willey, 194 n., 248, 421, 422 Williams, on density of living protoplasm, 13 n. Williamson, on structure of Foraminifera, 62 Wilson, on protoplasm, 3 n.; on syngamy, 34 n. Wilson, on Sponges, 171, 231 Woltereck, 302 Wolters, on reproduction of Monocystis, 96 n. Woodcock, on association and conjugation in Gregarines, 99 n.; on Haemoflagellates (= Trypanosomidae), 119 n. Worms, Earth-, hosts of Monocystis, 95 Wreath, adoral, peristomial, of cilia or membranellae of Ciliata Trichostomata, 137 f.; of Stylonychia mytilus, 139 f.; of Metopus, 154; of Caenomorpha uniserialis, 155; of Vorticella, 156, 157; posterior, of Vorticella, 156, 157 Wrightella, 351 Wrisburg, on organisms of putrefaction, 43 Würmchen, of Gaule, a name for Lankesterella, 102 Xenaster, 476 Xenia, 331, 335, 346, 348 Xeniidae, 348 Xenospongia patelliformis, 216 Xiphacantha, 78, 78 Xiphigorgia, 357 Yaws, 121 n. Yellow-cells (= Zooxanthella), 80, 86, 125, 261, 373, 396 Yolk-granules of ovum of Sea-urchin, 7 Young state of one pairing-nucleus essential, 34 Yvesia, 224 Zambezian Tick, infects man with Treponema, 121 n. Zaphrentidae, 406 Zaphrentis, 407 Zederbauer, on syngamy in Dinoflagellates, 131 n. Zittel, 241 n. Zoantharia, 329, 365 f.; age, 375; food, 373; form, 366; gonads, 369; mesenteries, 366 f., 368; mesenteric filaments, 369; reproduction, 371; skeleton, 370; stomodaeum, 369; tentacles, 366 Zoanthidae, 404 Zoanthidea, 370, 404 f. Zoanthus, 405; Z. macgillivrayi, 406; Z. sulcatus, 406 Zonarial Radiolaria, 75 Zoochlorella, 111; a Chlamydomonad, 126; symbiotic, in Heliozoa, 73; in Paramecium bursaria, 153; in Stentor polymorphus, 154; in Ophrydium, 158; in Ephydatia, 175; in Hydra viridis (= chlorophyll corpuscles), 256 Zooids of Volvox globator, 127 Zoosporeae, 89 Zoospores, of Algae and Fungi, possess contractile vacuole, 15; of Lower Plants, 17 f.; of Sarcodina, 49; of Trichosphaerium, 54; of Microgromia socialis, 60; of Foraminifera, 67 f.; of Clathrulina, 73; of Radiolaria, 85 f.; of Zooxanthella, 86; of Acrasieae, 90; of Didymium, 92; of Paramoeba eilhardii, 116 n. Zoothamnium, 138, 158 Zooxanthella, 110; a Chrysomonad, 125; in Radiolaria, 80, 86; in Vorticella sertulariae, 125; in Millepora, 261; in Zoantharia, 373 f.; in Madrepores, 396 Zopf, on Monadineae (Flagellates and Proteomyxa), 40 Zoroaster, 474 Zoroasteridae, 454, 474 Zostera, 422 Zygophiurae, 491, 494, 495 f., 502 Zygophylax, 280 Zygote, 37 f.; Amoeba coli, 57; Centropyxis aculeata, 57; Chlamydophrys stercorea, 57; Foraminifera, 69; Actinophrys sol, 72; Actinosphaerium, 75; Gregarinidaceae, 95 f., 97; Coccidiaceae, 97, 100 f.; Coccidium, 100, 101 f.; Acystosporidae, 97, 104 f.; Flagellata, 116 n., 117 f.; Bodo saltans, 117 f.; Dinoflagellata, 131 n.; Ciliata, 148 f. —see also Coupled cell, Fertilised egg, Ookinete, Oosperm, Oospore, Zygotospore Zygotoblasts of Acystosporidae, 104 f. Zygotomeres (= naked spores of Acystosporidae), 104 f. Zygotonucleus (= Fusion-nucleus, a nucleus formed by fusion of two gametonuclei), 33 f. Zygotospore (= resting zygote), 97 Zykoff, 178 Zymase (= chemical ferment), 15; in relation to brood-division, 32 f.