Part 15 — INDEX

A B C D E F G H I J K L M

N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

A

Abbas Hilmi, Khedive of Egypt, pro-Turkish attitude, vi: 68.

Abbatiale Farm, captured by 28th Div., Oct, 4, '18, v: 239.

Abbeville agreement, on U. S. military participation in War, v: I28, 284; text, v: 378.

Abi Dinas, Sudanese leader, defeated at Eli Tasher, iii: 191.

Abo, occupied by Germans, Mar. 16, '18, i: 395.

Aboukir, British cruiser, sunk by U-9, Sept. 22, '14, iv: 205, x: 274-280, xi: 234.

Absinthe, sale forbidden in France, Jan. 7, '15, i: 378.

Acceleration, in projectiles viii: 111.

Achi Baba, key to southern Gallipoli, iii: 170; see also Gallipoli Campaign.

Acre taken by British, Sept. 23, '18, iii: 199.

Activism, Swedish pro-German movement, vi: 394.

Adana, British objective in Turkish Campaigns, ii: 90.

Adler, Friedrich, kills Austrian Premier, Count Carl Sturgkh, Oct. 21, '16, vi: 312.

Adkinson, Sgt. Joseph B., gets Congressional Medal ofHonor, x: 395.

Admiral Charner, French cruiser torpedoed, Feb. 13, '16, i: 384.

Ador, Gustave, becomes head of Swiss Foreign Office, vi: 380.

Adramyti Gulf of, British bombard Turks, Mar. 3, '15, iv: 44.

Adrian barracks, description, v: 8.

Adriatic coast, disputed territory between Latin and Slav, vi: 359.

Advisory Labor Council, U. S., activities, xii: 71.

A. E. G. bombing airplanes, viii: 221.

Aerial photography, in range-finding, ii: 126, viii: 14; gun cameras, description, viii: 216; value, viii: 226, 331; diffculties, viii: 228; U. S. photographers in War, viii: 228-235; future, viii: 234; see also Photography.

Aeronautics: Airplanes, conditions for effectiveness, ii: 123; use of depth bombs by, iv: 332; torpedo planes, iv: 335; number shot down by U. S. pilots, v: 309; as war weapon, viii: Intro., xi: 214; detection by sounds rangers, viii: 20; machine-gun mountings on, types, viii: 86, 189-192, 196, 208-216; Allied and German equipment at start of War, viii: 189; Farman plane, viii: 189; utility in scouting, viii: 189; albatross pursuit planes, viii: 192; Nieuport scout planes, viii: 192; Allied and German types compared, viii: 194; Spad biplanes, viii: 194; General utility planes, viii: 196; Gotha biplanes, viii: 196; Handley-Page bombers, viii: 196, 204, 223; aero engines, development of, vii: 198-200; Liberty motor, viii: 199; construction, essentials in, viii: 200; maneuvering, types of, viii: 200; Allied strength at end of war, viii: 201; French types, viii: 202, 206; British types, viii: 203-206; British planes, viii: 203; D. H. 10 British bombers, viii: 204; German equipment, viii: 206; Pre-War record flights, viii: 206; National supremacy, viii: 207; Machine-gun fire synchronizer, viii: 208; aerial marksmanship, viii: 210; "C. C. Gear," for timing gunfire through propeller blades, viii: 214-216; navigating instruments, viii: 217-221; bombing planes, types, viii: 221-224; A. E. G. bombing planes, viii: 221; Gotha bombers, viii: 221; Lizenz bombing planes, viii: 222; Caproni triplanes, viii: 223; Caudron bombers, viii: 223; Letord bombers, viii: 223; Voisin bombers, viii: 223; Breguet bombers, viii: 224; spruce in aircraft construction, viii: 308; signals for landing in dark, viii: 335; value in directing artillery fire, viii 337, xi: 277; ambulance planes, viii: 379; U. S., in War, xi: 218; development, xi: 219; Use against submarine, xi: 239; commercial uses xii: 103. Aviators, duties, iii: 392; kinds of patrol, iii: 392; fitness test by orientator, viii: 356-358; qualifications, xi: 215. Balloons, development for war use, iv: 288; in naval operations, iv: 289; number shot down by U. S. pilots, v: 309; functions and handling of captive balloons, viii: 257-264; parachutes use by military balloonists, viii: 260-263; hydrogen, use in inflation of, viii: 263. Dirigibles, use in coast patrol, iv: 290; compared with airplanes, viii: 241-245; in long-distance transportation, Pg531 243-245; British types, viii: 245; R-34, description, viii: 245, 254; R-34, crosses Atlantic, viii: 2445; U. S. types, viii: 245, 255-257; U. S. "Blimps," viii: 245, 255-257; U. S. C-class, viii: 245, 255-257; mooring masts, viii: 245; development in different countries, iii: 254; R-33, sister ship of R-34, viii: 254; Zeppelins, see below under Aeronautics. Navigation, rules for, Peace Treaty provisions, xii: 246. Observation, in range-finding, ii: 126, viii: 337, xi: 277; uses of captive balloons, viii: 257-264; utility in War, xi: 216. Seaplanes, in battle of Jutland, iv: 107; for submarine spotting, iv: 285; U. S. N-C-4 first to cross Atlantic, iv: 288, viii: 240; N-C flying boats, desription, viii: 236-240. Zeppelins, progress in construction, '14—'18, viii: 241; use during War, viii: 24-246-248; description, viii: 248-254; number in crew, viii: 254. See also under each country.

Airplane see Aeronautics, Airplane.

Afghanistan, put outside Russian sphere by Anglo-Russian agreement, '07, i: 104; friendly to England during War, vi: 78; changed attitude toward British, '19, vi: 80; border warfare with India, '19, vi: 81.

Africa, dark continent, i: 10; European pennetration, i: 48; "spheres of influence," i: 96.

African campaigns, iii: 250-256; tropical peculiarities, iii: 250; German handicaps, iii: 252; Operations in Cameroons (Kamerun), iii: 252; in Togoland, iii: 252; in German Southwest Africa, iii: 253; in Gernan East Africa, iii: 255.

Agirdir incident, Germany creates Moroccan crisis, July, '11, i: 104, 203.

Agamemnon, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31; hit by gun fire, iv: 43.

Agram, suppression of Jugoslav National Congress at, Mar., '18, vi: 363.

Ahmed Fevzi Trurkish commander at Erzerum, iii: 262.

Aincreville, captured by 90th Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 262.

Air raids, Ludendorff's plan to burn Allied capitals, ii: 333; use of Zeppelins in vii: 246; success of xi: 216; on: England, Aug. 9, '15, i: 381; Aug. 17, '15, i: 381; Sept. 8, '15, i: 381; Oct. 13, '15, i: 382; Jan. 31, '16, i: 384; Mar. 1, '16, i: 384; Mar. 5, '16, i: 384; Mar. 19, '16, i: 384; Apr. 1—3, '16, i: 385; Apr. 24, '16, i: 385; Aug. 9, '16, i: 386; Sept. 23, '16, i: 388; Sept. 25, '16, i: 388; Oct. 1, '16, i: 388; attacks on undefended coast towns, ii: 266, vi: 4; first attack on London, iii: 41. Paris, Jan. 30, '16, i: 384; Mar. 11, '18, i: 395.

Air Speed Indicator, for airplanes, viii: 220.

Aircraft, see Aeronautics.

Aire valley, description, v: 73; scene of action in Meuse-Argonne offensive, v: 225.

Airships, see Aeronautics.

Aisne, battles of: Sept., '14, i: 375, 376, iii: 36. Apr.—Nov., '17, iii: 73-76; French start offensive, iii: 73; early French success, iii: 73; battle for Chemin des Dames, iii: 73; Germans driven from Chemin des Dames, iii: 76. May 27—June 5, '18, iii: 92-95, v: 129-135; situation before German offensive, iii: 92; Soissons-Rheims salient, iii: 93; Germans cross Vesle River, iii: 93; Soissons captured by Germans, May 29, iii: 93; Château-Thierry captured by Germans, June 1, iii: 93; Germans reach Marne, iii: 93; American troops check enemy, iii: 94.

Aisne-Marne offensive, v: 130, 158-183; artillery, important feature, v: 171; A. E. F. casualties, v: 179, 181.

Aisne-Meuse sector, Franco-American offensive, Nov, 1—11, '18, iii: 103.

Aisne-Ourcq sector, struck by Foch, '18, ii: 84.

Aix-les-Bains, A. E. F. leave area, "Y" work in, vii: 269.

Akabah, occupied by British, Nov. 3, '14, i: 376.

Ala, captured by Italians, May 29, '15, iii: 234.

Aland Island, occupied by Germans, Nov. 9, '17, i: 392.

Alaska, acquisition by U. S., i: 52.

Albania, primitiveness of people, i: 92; William of Wied becomes ruler, i: 206; Allied offensive in, July, '18, i: 397; Serbians retreat into, iii: 160; Italy takes possession, Dec. '14, vi: 120; promised to Italy, '15, vi: 361.

Albatross pursuit planes, viii: 192.

Albert, captured by British, ii: 157, iii: 98; captured by Germans in second Somme battle, iii: 89.

Albert, Dr. Heinrich, German propagandist in U. S., i: 133, x: 327.

Albert, King of Belgians, biography, ix: 385-391, xi: 128-131.

Albert of Belgium, poem by Dana Burnet, i: 228; by Dorothy S. Phillips, ix: 391.

Albion, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31.

Albrecht, Grand Duke of Württemberg, army commands, ii: 184, iii: 10.

Alcantara, British armed liner, sinks German Greif, iv: 200.

Alcedo, American ship torpedoed, Nov. 6, '17, i: 392.

Aldis Optical Sight, use in aerial marksmanship, viii: 211.

Aleppo, captured by British, Oct. 25, '18, iii: 200.

Alexander, Crown Prince of Serbia, re-enters Belgrade, Dec. 15, '14, iii: 397; foreign policy, vi: 355; head of united Jugoslavs, vi: 366.

Alexanderson alternator, for generation of radio waves, viii: 316-318.

Alexandria, captured by Germans, Nov., '16, i: 389, iii: 222.

Alexieff, Gen. Michael Vassilivitch, commands Russian forces in Poland, iii: 140; biography, ix: 238.

Algeciras Conference, '06, i: 86, 99, 203.

Algeria, French occupation of, i: 37.

Algonquin, American steamer sunk by U-boat, Mar. 2, '17, i: 349.

All-American (82nd) Division, see U. S., Army.

All-Russian Congress of Workmen's and Soldiers' Delegates, convention of, '17, vi: 164.

All-Russian Government of Siberia, formation, vi: 191; collapse, vi: 193.

Allen, Corp. Jake, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.

Allen, Maj.-Gen. Henry T., commands 90th Div., v: 196; in St. Mihiel drive, v: 202.

Allenby, Gen. Sir Edmund H. H., British commander in Palestine, ii: 90, iii: 193; defeats Turks, ii: 92, 218, v: 213; captures Jerusalem, ii: 92, iii: 322, xi: 48; strategy of Palestine campaign, ii: 93; at first battle of Ypres, ii: 171; commands British cavalry at Mons retreat, iii: 25; biography, ix: 194-199.

Allenstein, Russians defeated at, Aug. 26, '14, i: 375; occupied by Russians, iii: 111.

Alliances, Holy Alliance, formation, i: 33; conflict of European, i: 93-101; Three Emperors' League, i: 95; Triple Alliance, i: 95, 208, 255, ii: 4, 48, vi: 115; Entente Cordiale, between France and Russia, i: 98; Triple Entente, i: 98, 103, 106, 146, 218, 220, ii: 2; Anglo-Japanese, '05, '11, i: 104, 107; Balkan League, i: 204; see also under name of alliance.

Allied Home for Munition Workers, vii: 108.

Allies, superiority in inventiveness, i: Intro. ix; agree not to make separate peace, i: 146; defensive policy compared with German aggression, ii: 1; lack unity of command, ii: 22, 40, 58, 230, iii: 55; unsuccessful in all theaters of War during '15, ii: 36, 50; unite command under Foch, ii: 40, 218, v: 120, 214; man-power, ii: 82, 115, 154, iii: 403; "Will to win" vs. German efficiency, ii: 100; underestimate German strength, ii: 101; propaganda among German troops, ii: 321; plan of campaign against German invasion of France, iii: 8; Balkan blunder, iii: 156; fail to support Rumania, iii: 214; casualties, iii: 404; prisoners of war, iii: 404; war aims, iv: 6; military position, '17, iv: 10; lack aggressive plan in Mediterranean, iv: 13; gain superiority in air for first time, Sept., '18, v: 206; make simultaneous attacks on all fronts, Sept., '18, v: 213; appeal for U. S. troops, v: 373-375, 378; secret treaty with Italy, Apr., '15, vi: 122, 361; send troops to Russia, vi: 187; intervene in Siberia, vi: 192; intervene in Austria, '19, vi: 320; occupy Hungary, '19, vi: 325; secret treaties, '16—'17, dispose of Asiatic Turkey, vi: 334; overcome German superiority in artillery, viii: 36; war cost, xii: 27, xii: 107; plan of economic boycott against Germany, xii: 102; rise in national debts, xii: 114; list of "Allied and Associated Powers" against Germany, xii: 179.

Allworth, Capt. Edward S., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 391.

Almereyda, traitorous editor of Bonnet Rouge, vi: 105.

Alnwick Castle, British ship sunk without warning, Mar. 19, '17, iv: 230.

Alpini, description, ii: 242.

Alsace-Lorraine, early history, i: 210-212; annexed by Germany, 1871, i: 212; formed into Reichsland, i: 213; German dictatorship in, i: 213; fidelity to France during War, i: 215; German immigration into, i: 215; German constitution for, '11, i: 215; French invasion of, during War, i: 375, 376, iii: 14-21; Peace Treaty provisions for return to France, xii: 194-197; exempt from share in German national debt, xii: 226.

Altimeter, airplane altitude indicator, viii: 220.

Altkirch, taken by French Aug. 7, '14, iii: 16.

Alvensleben, G. C. A. von, German financier and spy, sensational career, x: 363-368.

Amalfi, Italian cruiser sunk by Austrian U-boat, July 7, '15, i: 380, iv: 369.

Amara, taken by British, May, '15, iii: 181.

Ambrine, use in treatment of burns, viii: 290.

Ambulance, first use, vii: 9; Red Cross companies, location, vii: 30-31; difficulties of transporting wounded, viii: 376; improved types of stretchers, viii: 377; drawn by dogs, viii: 379; airplane ambulances, viii: 379; hospital trains, viii: 380; perils of driving, x: 92.

American Committee for Armenian and Syrian Relief, vii: 92.

American Committee for Devastated France, vii: 92.

American Committee for Relief of Belgian Prisoners in Germany, vii: 88.

American Escadrille, see Lafayette Escadrille.

A. E. F., see U. S., Army.

American Fund for French Wounded, vii: 89.

American Jewish Committee, relief for Belgium, vii: 350; relief for Palestine, vii: 350; organization, vii: 354.

American Relief Administration, for feeding newly liberated peoples, xii: 141; Herbert Hoover director-general, xii: 141.

American Students' Committee of École des Beaux Arts, vii: 108.

American Women's War Relief Fund, vii: 89, 91.

Amerongen, residence of Kaiser after abdication, vi: 278.

Ames, Winthrop, helps start Over-There Theater League, vii: 339.

Amiens, strategic importance, ii: 69; German attacks on, unsuccessful, Apr., '18, ii: 152, 314, iii: 389; British offensive, Aug. 8, '18, ii: 281.

Aminullah Khan, murders father and succeeds to throne of Afghanistan, vi: 81.

Ammunition: Bullets, component parts, viii: 1; steel-piercing, viii: 60-64; Clay armor-piercing, description, viii: 60-63; advantages of sharp-nosed, viii: 93; types used in aerial fighting, viii: 211-214; U. S. war output of rifle ammunition, xii: 284. Explosives, function, viii: 1; detonation compared with explosion, viii: 1; explosive compound and explosive mixture compared, viii: 2; black powder, viii: 2; guncotton, viii: 2; nitrogen necessary in, viii: 2; driving power of gunpowder, viii: 2; smokeless powder, viii: 4; primers, viii: 6; composition and properties of different kinds, viii: 6; cordite, viii: 6; trinitrotoluol (T.N.T.), viii: 6; ballistic tests, viii: 7; muzzle flash, viii: 7; manufacture, xi: 282-284; U. S. war production, of smokeless powder, xii: 285; of high explosives, xii: 285; of T.N.T., xii: 285. Shells, high explosive, compared with shrapnel, ii: 288; non-ricochet, iv: 333; star, iv: 334, viii: 77; gas, U. S. production, v: 324; kinds, viii: 8; used by U. S. 3-in. field guns, viii: 23; structure of "Big Bertha" shells, viii: 46; illuminating shells and bombs, viii: 74; rifle lights, viii: 75; reason for rotating motion in flight, viii: 110; forces determining path of flight, viii: 111-112; computation of air resistance, viii: 113; U. S. war production of artillery ammunition, xii: 284; shrapnel, see below. Shrapnel, compared with high explosive shell, ii: 287; invention, viii: 72; description, viii: 72; manufacture, viii: 72-74.

Amputation, new method of, viii: 367.

Anatolia, area, xii: 279; population, xii: 279.

Anatolian Railway Co., gets concessions in Turkey, 1888, ii: 292.

Ancona, Austria-Hungary promises reparation for sinking, i: 326, 384; controversy between U. S. and Austria-Hungary over sinking, summary, i: 361; torpedoed by Austrian U-boat, i: 382, iv: 223.

Ancre sector, British offensive, ii: 212, iii: 64, 66.

Anderson, Sgt. Johannes S., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.

Andrassy, Count Julius, member Hungarian Independence Party, vii: 311; statement on Communist Government, vii: 328.

Andrews, Brig.-Gen. Avery D., Chief of G-1, G. H. Q., A. E. F., Sept., '17, v: 102.

Anglo-French Loan, floated in U. S., xii: 111.

Annunzio, Gabriele D', see D'Annunzio.

Anti-aircraft guns, range, ii: 264; effectiveness, v: 308.

Anti-din compound, amount issued by U. S. Army, v: 324.

Antilles, U. S. transport torpedoed, Oct. 17, '17, i: 392, iv: 337; eye-witness account, iv: 337.

Antioch, captured by British, Jan. 30, '18, i: 393.

Antivari, surrender to Austrians, Jan. 20, '16, i: 384.

Antwerp, Belgian Government moves to, Aug. '17, '14, i: 375; captured by Germans, Oct. 8, '14, i: 376, ii: 143, 168, iii: 15; strategic value controlled by Dutch, vi: 375.

Anzac Cove, landing place of British troops at Gallipoli, ii: 30, iii: 170.

Anzacs, see Gallipoli Campaign.

Apponyi, Count Albert, advocates war, vi: 307; leader of Hungarian Independence Party, vi: 311.

Aprémont, location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199; captured by 28th Div., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229.

Arabia, revolt against Turkey, iii: 196, vi: 333.

Arabia, British steamer sunk by U-boat, Nov. 6, '16, i: 334.

Arabic, British steamer sunk by U-boat, Aug. 19, '15, i: 323, 381, iv: 223, xi: 20; loss of life in sinking, i: 323; controversy between U. S. and Germany on sinking, summary, i: 361.

Arabs, with Turkish forces invading Egypt, iii: 190.

Arbitration, Tribunal established by First Hague Conference, i: 94; international treaties of, i: 103.

Archangel, Allies land forces at, Apr. 21, '18, i: 395; limited value as port, iii: 161; A. E. F. sent to fight Bolsheviki, v: 394, vi: 187.

Archangel, Mt., French attack Bulgars, Nov. 9—19, '15, iii: 204.

Ardahan, Turks defeated by Russians at, Jan. 3—4, '15, i: 378.

Ardennes, strategic importance, ii: 6; topography, ii: 87, v: 73; French retire from, Aug., '14, iii: 20.

Arditi, description, ii: 240.

Arethusa, British cruiser sunk by mine, Feb. 14, '16, i: 384; in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240; sinks German Blücher at Dogger Bank, iv: 247.

Argentine, German population of, i: 79; ultimatum to Germany, Sept. 22, '17, i: 390; neutrality, vi: 389; soviet riots, '19, vi: 389.

Arges River, Rumanian stand at, iii: 222.

Argonne Forest, military topography, v: 73, 217, 234; battle of, see Meuse-Argonne Offensive.

Ariadne, German cruiser in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240; sunk, iv: 241.

Arietal Farm, taken by 26th Inf., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.

Ark Royal, mother-ship for British aircraft at Gallipoli, iv: 43.

Armaments, international movement for reduction, i: Intro. xi; battleships, xi: 280-282.

Armenia, military operations in, iii: 260-263; massacres in, by Turks, iii: 405, vi: 331; early history, vi: 231; fate under secret treaties of '16—'17, vi: 334; independent government established. Aug., '18, xii: 279; area, xii: 279; population, xii: 279.

Armenian and Syrian Relief, American Committee for, vii: 92.

Armentières, occupied by Germans, Apr., '18, i: 395, ii: 75, iii: 359; recaptured by British, Oct. 2, 18, i: 399, iii: 101.

Armies, see under name of country.

Armies of Occupation, Allied, expense to be paid by Germany, xii: 226; conditions for withdrawal, xii: 261.

Armistice, with Bulgaria, Sept. 30, '18, i: 399, vi: 347; with Germany, Nov. 11, '18, i: 399, iii: 402, iv: 142-144, v: 391, vi: 271, xi: 54; false report in U. S., of signing, Nov. 7, i: 399, iii: 400; terms extended, Dec. 11, '18, i: 399; with Austria-Hungary, Nov. 3, '18, iii: 400; celebrations, iii: 402; with Turkey, Oct. 31, '18, vi: 334.

Armor, use in modern warfare, viii: 59, 69.

Army Educational Commission, American Y. M. C. A., vii: 282.

Army of Occupation, see U. S., Army.

Army schools, U. S., see U. S., Army.

Arnim, Gen. von, commander 6th German Army Corps, iii: 14; launches last attack on Ypres, iii: 360.

Arras, battle of, Apr., '17, ii: 341, iii: 70-72; Vimy Ridge captured by Canadians, iii: 70; British capture "Oppy Line," iii: 72; German casualties, iii: 72; results, iii: 72.

Arras-Roye sector, British offensive, Mar., '17, iii: 68.

Arsiero, captured by Austrians, May 28, '16, i: 385, iii: 238; retaken by Italians, June 27, '16, i: 386.

Artificial eyes, for war blind, viii: 391.

Artificial limbs, for war cripples, viii: 384-390.

Artillery: Anti-aircraft, v: 308. Bore, explained, viii: 7, 111; bore pressure in modern guns, viii: 7; rifling, viii: 7, 111. Durability, viii: 7, 26, xi: 280. Field, French 75-mm. gun, ii: 287; German and Austrian, viii: 22; structure and operation, viii: 22; U. S. pre-War equipment, viii: 22-25; U. S. 3-in. gun, viii: 23; U. S. 2.95-in. mountain gun, viii: 24; U. S. 4.7-in. gun, viii: 24; development of light guns to accompany infantry, viii: 140; French 37-mm. quick firers, viii: 140. Heavy, mobile German guns, ii: 287; German superiority, ii: 288; U. S. Naval Batteries on Western Front, iv: 323, viii: 42-45; use in offensive, v: 304; French 155-mm. G. P. F. gun, v: 308; U. S. railway-mount guns, viii: 36-39; U. S. caterpillar-mount guns, viii: 39; long-range bombardment of Paris, viii: 45-47, xi: 271-274; structure of shells hitting Paris, viii: 46; super-range guns impractical, viii: 47; U. S. 121-mile range super-gun, viii: 48-51; British naval super-guns, viii: 53; manufacture of big guns, viii: 54-58; shell velocity of, viii: 314; destructive power of 16-in. gun, viii: 336; kinds used during War, xi: 274; naval, xi: 280-282. Howitzers, Skoda, viii: 22, xi: 278; U. S. pre-War types, viii: 24; U. S. railway-mount types, viii, 38, 39; French 520-mm. (21-in.) gun, viii: 51-53; use against forts and trench systems, xi: 274. Importance, Field Marshal Haig's report on, ii: 123-131. Mortars, limitations, viii: 30; range of latest U. S. types, viii: 31; German 11-in. siege mortars, viii: 34-36; absence of rifling in bore, viii: 112; device for rotating shell during flight, viii: 112; functions, viii: 118; Stokes mortar, viii: 141; trench mortars captured by A. E. F., xii: 288. Range-finding, muzzle velocity, viii: 7; by sight, viii: 8-14; telescopic range-finder, viii: 9; problem of marksmanship, viii: 10-13; use of aircraft in, viii: 13; by sound, viii: 14-16; use of photography in, viii: 14; direct and indirect fire, viii: 28; zones of fire, viii: 32; altering range by change of projectile and powder charge, viii: 32; air-resistance to flying projectile, viii: 113. See also under each country.

Artistic rights, Peace Treaty provisions for re-establishment of, xii: 244-246.

Artois, Allied offensive in, '15, ii: 148, iii: 46; battle of, May, '14, iii: 42.

Asiago, Austrians reach, May 28, '16, i: 385, iii: 238.

Asir, Principate of, established, '18, xii: 279.

Askold, Russian cruiser at Gallipoli, iv: 41.

Asquith, Herbert Henry, responsibility for Gallipoli disaster, ii: 198, 200, 202, 204; biography, ix: 30-35.

Association of Highland Societies of Edinburgh, viii: 95.

Astor, Mrs. Vincent, "Y" worker in Paris, vii: 267.

Asturias, British hospital ship torpedoed, Mar. 20, '17, iv: 232.

Athletics, for A. E. F., see Sports.

Atkins, Tommy, nickname for British soldier, origin of, vi: 230; fighting qualities, xi: 181-189.

Atrocities, German, summary of crimes, i: 400; Ludendorff's explanation, ii: 346; burning of Louvain, iii: 273-277; in Marne district, iii: 297-300; at Senlis, iii: 334-337; in Belgium, vi: 84; destruction of Rheims Cathedral, vi: 97.

Aubers Ridge, battle of, iii: 42.

Audacious, British battleship sunk by U-boat, Oct. 27, '14, i: 376.

Audenarde, taken by 91st Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 279.

Auffenberg, Gen. von, commands Austrian army invading Poland, iii: 118.

Augustovo, battle of, German defeat at, iii: 118.

Australia, war casualties, iii: 404, 405; army strength, iii: 405; naval strength, iv: 58; history prior to '14, vi: 37; area and population, vi: 37; pro-War platform of Liberal Party, vi: 39; recruiting opposed by Socialists, vi: 40; conscription opposed by Labor Party, vii: 41, 42; conscription defeated by referendum, Oct., '16, vi: 41; labor unrest, '16, vi: 42; Labor Party split on conscription, vi: 42; coalition government formed, Feb., '17, vi: 42; "Commonwealth War Government" takes office, Feb., '17, vi: 42; Australian Workers' Union, similar to American Federation of Labor, vi: 45; "One Big Union" movement, vi: 45; labor vote defeats conscription referendum second time, '17, vi: 45; war legislation by Nationalists, vi: 45; soviet government favored by labor, vi: 46; war cost, Aug., '14—Mar., '19, xii: 107; rise in public debt, xii: 114; Peace Conference delegates, xii: 179.

Austria, Republic established, Nov. 13, '18, vi: 318; Germany acknowledges independence of, '19, xii: 197; area and population, xii: 279.

Austria-Hungary: Army, German estimate of effectiveness, ii: 4; pre-War organization, iii: 7, 105; requirements reduced, '15, vi: 311; for military operations, see name of campaign. Blockade of, vi: 253; food shortage due to, vi: 312. Casualties, total in War, ii: 116, iii: 404; battle deaths, v: 363; Aug., '14—Aug., '15, vi: 311; money equivalent of manpower lost, xii: 25. Coal, production, '13—'17, xii: 48. Cost of living, per cent. rise during War, Intro. x. Declarations of war, ultimatum to Serbia, July 23, '14, i: 112, 375, vi: 306, 357, xi: 4; on Serbia, July 28, '14, 1: 115, 375; reasons for war on Serbia, i: 243; on Russia, Aug. 6, '14, i: 375; by Great Britain, Aug. 12, '14, i: 375; on Belgium, Aug. 28, '14, 1: 375; by Rumania, Aug. 27, '16, 1: 386; diplomatic relations broken with U. S., Apr. 8, '17, i: 389; by China, Aug. 14, '17, i: 390; by U. S., Dec. 7, '17, i: 393. Food shortage, vi: 312, 314, 317, 321; forces demand for peace, vi: 314, 317; cause of revolt, Apr., '19, vi: 321. Foreign policy, German foreknowledge of ultimatum to Serbia, i: 8, 133-136, 252; not a colonizing nation, i: 37; Austro-Prussian War, 1866, i: 41; world position in 1871, i: 47; gets control of Bosnia-Herzegovina, i: 50; subservience to Germany, i: 79, 133; joins Triple Alliance, i: 95; annexes Bosnia-Herzegovina, i: 109; ultimatum to Serbia, July 23, '14, i: 112, 375, vi: 306, 357, xi: 4; during last days before War, i: 126; unity of Austro-German interests, i: 208; reasons for war on Serbia, i: 243; antagonism to Russia, vi: 306; antagonism to Italy, vi: 308; ambition to incorporate Jugoslavs in Empire, vi: 355; opposition to Serbian aspirations, vi: 356; anti-Slav policy, vi: 360; suppression of Czechoslovak nationalism, vi: 396. Internal conditions, race rivalries, i: 21, ii: 63, vi: 306; loyalty of German elements, vi: 307; revolution suppressed, '14, vi: 308; effect of Italian declaration of war, vi: 309; parliamentary disturbances, '15—'16, vi: 311; labor troubles, vi: 311, 314; revolution threatened, '16, vi: 313; revolution breaks out, '18, vi: 317; Republic established, Nov. 13, '18, vi: 318; Bolshevism, vi: 319. National anthem, xi: 332. Navy, development, iv: 364; surrender to Jugoslavs, vi: 364; Monarch sunk, x: 290; Wien sunk, x: 290; Viribus Unitis sunk by Italians in Pola harbor, x: 297-303. Peace negotiations, proposal to U. S. through Swedish minister, Sept. 16, '18, i: 397; appeal to U. S., Oct. 7, '18, i: 399; asks U. S. for armistice, Oct. 27—29, '18, i: 399; Emperor Charles' secret peace offer, '17, ii: 63, vi: 315; asks Italy for armistice, ii: 252; armistice signed, Nov. 3, '18, iii: 400, vi: 271, xi: 52; Peace Treaty terms, vi: 321; armistice terms, vi: 364. Population, in 1860, i: 40; German, i: 79, vi: 306; Hungarian, i: 79; Slav, i: 79. Press, Tageblatt demands war, '14, vi: 306; attack on Italy, '15, vi: 310; attitude on labor strikes, '18, vi: 314; Arbeiter Zeitung preaches radicalism, vi: 315; comment on peace terms, vi: 322. Prisoners of war, iii: 404. War cost, money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25; value of property loss, xii: 26; average daily war cost, xii: 106; total war cost, July, '14—Oct., '19, xii: 107; rise in national debt, xii: 114.

Authe, seized by 79th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.

Autocracy, destruction of, by War, i: Intro. x.

Autrecourt, captured by 77th Div., Nov. 6, '18, v: 269.

Averescu, Gen., Rumanian commander in Wallachia, iii: 222.

Aviators, see Aeronautics.

Avlona, occupied by Italy, Dec., '14, vi: 120.

Avocourt Woods, French retire from, Mar. 21, '16, i: 384; scene of fierce battle at Verdun, iii: 51.

Ayesha, S. S., Emden's landing party escapes from Keeling Island in, iv: 186, 191; abandoned, iv: 192.

Aylmer, Gen., commands British force sent to relieve Kut-el-Amara, iii: 184.

Ayres, Col. Leonard P., extracts from The War with Germany—a Statistical Summary, by, xii: 280-289.

B

Babtie, Surg.-Gen. responsibility for lack of medical service in Mesopotamia, iii: 367.

"Babushka," pet name of Catherine Breshkovsky, q.v., ix: 348.

Baccarat sector, assigned to A. E. F., v: 11; training area for 42nd Div., v: 118.

Bacteriology, in disease prevention, vii: 253.

Badonviller, German attack at, v: 21, 28.

Bagdad, captured by British, Mar. 11, '17, i: 389, ii: 92, iii: 187, xi: 29, 48; description, iii: 332.

Bagdad Railway, German plan for connecting Berlin with Bagdad, i: 80; Anglo-German agreement for joint control, '14, i: 200, ii: 13, 295; menaced by Serbia, ii: 33; "largest single factor in bringing on the War," ii: 290; beginnings, 1871, ii: 291; Anatolian Railway Co. gets concessions in Turkey, 1888, ii: 292; Germans get concession to build road from Haidar Pasha to Angora, 1888, ii: 292; British oppose German concessions, ii: 292; German Emperor visits Sultan, 1898, ii: 292; La Société Impériale Ottomane du Chemin de Fer de Bagdad, terms of concession to, ii: 292; Germans get privilege to extend line to Bagdad, ii: 292; clash of European interests, ii: 292; compromise of clashing interests, ii: 294; sections finished, Aug., '14, ii: 294; Pan-German policy, ii: 296; internationalization, ii: 297; cut by fall of Nish, Oct., '18, iii: 213; opened, '15, vi: 258; route, xi: 4.

Bagley, Lieut.-Com. David W., commander of U. S. destroyer Jacob Jones, sunk by U-boat, iv: 346.

Bailey, Maj.-Gen. Charles J., commands 81st Div., v: 197.

Bailleul, captured by Germans, iii: 360.

Bainsizza Plateau, Italian offensive, Aug., '17, ii: 58, iii: 240.

Baker, Newton D., biography, ix: 323-326; conference with Marshal Foch at Trois Fontaines, xii: 285.

Bakeries, constructed by A. E. F. in France, v: 333, 400.

Bakhireff, Vice-Adm., commands Russians in battle of Riga Gulf, iv: 366.

Balance of Power, early wars for, i: 28.

Balfour, Rt. Hon. Arthur James, biography, ix: 40-44; visits America, ix: 44.

Balkan League, i: 204.

Balkan Wars, '12—'13, i: 109, 204; unsatisfactory peace settlement, i: 110; Sir Edward Grey's efforts to prevent general European war, i: 198; London Ambassadorial Conference, i: 204; London Peace Conference, i: 204; war between Bulgaria and rest of Balkan Allies, i: 206; Rumanian intervention, i: 206; peace terms, i: 206; German incitement, i: 207, ii: 27.

Balkans, conflagration center of World War, i: 1, 89; international position in '14, i: 62; area, i: 90, 92; independent states in, i: 92; population in '14, i: 92; racial mixtures, i: 92; policy of Great Powers, i: 92, 114; German dynasties in, i: 96; German designs on, ii: 27; civilian deaths from disease and famine, iii: 405.

Ball, Capt., air duel with Capt. Immelmann, x: 209-211, xi: 228.

Ballin, Herr, head of Hamburg-American Line, i: 264.

Ballistics, computation of air resistance to flying projectile, viii: 113.

Balloons, see Aeronautics.

Ballou, Maj.-Gen. Charles C., commander 92nd Div., v: 145.

Baltic Provinces, early history, vi: 226; Russian duplicity in, vi: 226; under domination of German landlords, vi: 226; revolt, '05, vi: 227; form Lettish Legion, vi: 227; Bolshevik propaganda in, vi: 228; overrun by Germans, vi: 230; ask recognition by Peace Conference, vi: 238.

Baltimore, U. S. cruiser used in laying North Sea mine barrage, iv: 326.

Bamberg, seat of Bavarian Government during Spartacide revolution, Mar.—May, '19, vi: 300.

Bamford, Brig.-Gen., commander 1st Div., v: 250; of 26th Div., v: 252.

Banitza, occupied by Bulgars, Aug. 19, '16, iii: 208.

Banking Indicator, on airplanes, viii: 221.

Bantheville, captured by 90th Div., Oct. 22, '18, v: 252.

Bapaume, taken by British, Aug. 28,'18, i: 397, ii: 157; British objective in Somme battle, iii: 55; captured by British, Mar. 17, '17, iii: 68.

Bar-sur-Aube, rest area for 26th Div., v: 118.

Barbed wire, French use in trench defense, v: 13; impenetrable cloth as protection against, viii: 68; value as defensive barrier, viii: 136, 152; French devices for destruction of, viii: 152-155; Breton-Prepot cutter, viii: 152; Gabet-Aubriot electric torpedo for destruction of, viii: 154.

Barger, Pvt. Charles D., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 400.

Barkeley, Pvt. David B., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.

Barkley, Pvt. John L., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 390.

Barracks, Adrian type, v: 8; constructed in France by A. E. F., v: 332, 400.

Barrage, North Sea, Allied mine, iv: Intro. xi, 324-330, viii: 274; artillery, viii: 136-140, x: 162.

Barrett, Sir Arthur, commands British troops in Mesopotamia, iii: 180.

Barricourt Wood, taken by 89th Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 262; heights captured by Fifth Corps, v: 391.

Barrow, Sir Edmund, responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364.

Bart, Pvt. Frank J., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 388.

Barth, Brig.-Gen. Charles H., commander 81st Div., v: 197.

Bartlett, Brig.-Gen., commander, Expeditionary Brigade, Coast Artillery Corps, v: 305.

Barton, Clara, mother of American Red Cross, vii: 12.

Baruch, Bernard M., Chairman, U. S. War Industries Board, xii: 72; member Advisory Commission, U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 116.

Base hospitals, see Hospitals; Red Cross.

Bases, German, in France, ii: 86.

Basra, occupied by British Nov. 21, '14, i: 376, iii: 180; British base for Mesopotamian expedition, ii: 91, iii: 330.

Battalion of Death, Russian women's, x: 183-185, xi: 205.

Battles: Aisne, Sept., '14, i: 375, 376, iii: 36; Apr.—Nov., '17, iii: 73-76; May 27—June 5, '18, iii: 92-95, 129-135. Allenstein, Aug. 26, '14, i: 375. Amiens, ii: 152, 281, 314, iii: 389. Ardahan, Jan. 3—4, '15, i: 378. Argonne, see Meuse-Argonne Offensive. Arras, Apr. 9, '17, ii: 341, iii: 70-72. Artois, May 9, '14, iii: 42. Augustovo, iii: 118. "Battle of France," Sept.—Nov., '18, iii: 100-103. Belleau Wood, iii: 94, v: 135-139, 192, 382, xi: 43. Cambrai, Nov., '17, i: 392, 393, ii: 280, iii: 80-82, 337-340, viii: 142, 156; Sept.—Oct., '18, ii: 281, iii: 101, v: 213, xi: 52. Cantigny, May 28, '18, i: 395; '18, iii: 94, v: 31-34, 122, 124-128, 141, 380. Champagne, Sept., '15, i: 382, ii: 25, iii: 46; July 15—17, '18, v: 47, 129, 148-158. Château-Thierry, May 31—June 3, '18, v: 35, 130, 134-135, 381-382, xi: 43. Chemin des Dames, May 27, '18, i: 395, ii: 76, 154, v: 132. Coronel, '14, i: 376, iv: 64-68, ix: 308. Ctesiphon, iii: 182, 367, 384. Dogger Bank, Jan. 24, '15, iv: 246-253. Falkland Islands, Dec. 8, '14, i: 376, iv: 69-85, ix: 308. Flanders, June—July, '17, ii: 56, 343, iii: 38, 40, viii: 299; see also Yser. Heligoland Bight, i: 375, iv: 240-243, xii: 205. Isonzo, see Italian Front. Jadar, '14, ii: 32, iii: 152. Jutland, May 31, '16, iv: 99-136, 144-156, 256, 258, xi: 29. Kars, '15, iii: 260. Kut-el-Amara, i: 382, 385, 389, iii: 181-183, 318-320, 364, xi: 29. Le Cateau, '14, ii: 162, 174, 176-182, iii: 23. Liége, i: 143, 375, ii: 348, iii: 10, xi: 9. Lys, iii: 91. Marne, Sept., '14, i: 375, ii: 9, 82, 103, 138, 140-142, 182-184, 220, 227, 258, iii: 30-34, xi: 12; July—Aug., '18, ii: 77, 154, 322-324, 326, iii: 95, v: 47-61, 129, 148-183, 382, viii: 148, x: 381-387. Mazurian Lakes, i: 378, iii: 113-116, 130. Messines Ridge, i: 395, ii: 56, iii: 74, 76, 77, 360. Mons-Charleroi, Aug. 21—23, '14, i: 375, ii: 162, iii: 277-281, xi: 10. Neuve Chapelle, Mar., '15, iii: 41, 375. Passchendaele Ridge, i: 392, 395, ii: 56, iii: 79, 360, v: 377. Passenheim, Aug., '14, iii: 116. Ravaruska, Sept. 4—10, '14, iii: 122. Riga, Oct. 18, '17, i: 392. St. Mihiel, Sept. 20, '14, iii: 37; Sept. 12, '18, ii: 84, iii: 99, v: 65-72, 199-212, 309, 384-386, xi: 46. San, May 15—17, '15, i: 380, iii: 136. Sarre, Aug., '14, iii: 18. Somme, July, '16, i: 386, ii: 44-47, 126, 148, iii: 55-68, 314; Mar., '18, iii: 86-90, xi: 24; Aug., '18, ii: 331, xi: 46. Tannenberg, Aug. 26, '14, i: 375, ii: 24, 228, 353, iii: 112-116. Vaux, i: 385, ii: 189, iii: 52, 54, 62, 306, 313, 327-329; see also Verdun. Verdun, i: 268, 376, 384, 388, 390, ii: 36-39, 47, 67, 186-189, iii: 46-55, 61, 62, 79, 302-315, 327-329, viii: 289-291, xi: 22. Vimy Ridge, i: 46, 47, 70, iii: 343-349. Ypres, Nov., '14, i: 376, ii: 144, 170, iii: 41; Apr., '15, ii: 170, 222, iii: 42, 320; July—Sept., '17, ii: 128; Apr., '18, ii: 153, iii: 359-363. Yser, Oct., 14, i: 376, ii: 220, iii: 40; July, '17, iii: 77. See also under name of engagement.

Bauer, Herr Gustav, chosen head of German cabinet, June, '19, vi: 304.

Bauer, Otto, leader of Austrian Maximalists, vi: 314; activities, '18, vi: 318; becomes Minister of Foreign Affairs, '19, vi: 319.

Baulny, captured by 35th Div., Sept. 28, '18, v: 227.

Bavaria, socialist republic proclaimed, Nov., '18, vi: 273, 280; revolt against Kurt Eisner, Feb., '19, vi: 298; soviet republic proclaimed, Feb., '19, vi: 298, 300; Revolutionary Tribunals in control of Munich, Mar., '19, vi: 300; Peasants' Union declares food blockade against Munich, Mar., '19, vi: 300.

Bavarian Digging Song, xi: 339.

Bayonet fighting, use in modern warfare, viii: 105-110.

Bayonville, captured by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.

Beatty, Adm. Sir David, at battle of Jutland, iv: 99; British commander at battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240; at battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246; arranges for surrender of German fleet, iv: 383; biography, ix: 283-287.

Beauclaire, captured by 89th Div., Nov. 3, '18, v: 265.

Beaucourt, captured by British, Nov. 14, '16, i: 388; British gain control of valley, Jan., '17, iii: 64.

Beaufort, taken by 89th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.

Beaulencourt-Loupart line, captured by British, Mar., '17, iii: 64.

Beaumont, taken by Germans, Feb. 23, '16, iii: 48; Germans driven from, by British, iii: 64; captured by 2nd and 80th Divs., Nov. 5, '18, v: 266.

Beaune, A. E. F. University at, v: 106, vii: 282.

Beauquesne, training area for 27th Div., v: 290.

Bebel, Herr, personal sketch, vi: Intro. ix.

Bedouins, join Turks invading Egypt, iii: 190.

Beersheba, captured by British, Oct. 31, '17, iii: 194.

Beirut, taken by French, Oct. 10, '18, iii: 199.

Beit Lekia, taken by British Nov. 19, '17, iii: 194.

Bela Kun, Hungarian Bolshevik leader, activities, vi: 324-326.

Belfort, defenses of, iii: 2, v: 215; bombarded by Germans, Jan., '16, iii: 48.

Belgian Relief, see Belgium; War Relief.

Belgian Prince, S. S., sunk by U-boat, July 31, '17, iv: 232.

Belgium, 1918, poem by Sheril Schell, xi: 84.

Belgium: Army, increase in, '09—'12, i: 144; dependence on Germany for munition supply, i: 234; German estimate of effectiveness, ii: 4; escapes from Antwerp, Oct. 9, '14, ii: 143; pre-War organization, iii: 4; mobilized, June 28, '14, iii: 378; strength of air service at end of War, viii: 202; for military operations, see under name of campaign. Casualties, total in War, iii: 404; money equivalent of manpower lost, xii: 25; battle deaths, xii: 289. Coal production '13—'15, xii: 48. Food, see Relief, below. Neutrality, guaranteed by European Powers, 1831, 1839, i: 141, 229; British policy, history of, i: 141, 222, 224; defense arrangement with British, '06, i: 143; German violation, Aug. 4, '14, i: 144, 223, ii: 8, iii: 8-16, 380, xi: 4; Bethmann-Hollweg's "Scrap of paper" statement, i: 146; France pledges to respect, Aug., '14, i: 223, iii: 380; King Albert appeals to England, i: 223; violation menace to Great Britain, i: 224; Sir Edward Grey urges British intervention, Aug. 3, '14, i: 224; German ultimatum, Aug. 2, '14, i: 227, iii: 380; German reasons for violation, i: 229, 231, xi: 9; Bismarck's pledge of guarantee, i: 229; German admission of injustice of violation, i: 230; German ultimatum rejected, i: 230. iii: 378-381; German charge of secret Anglo-Belgian agreement, i: 231; British offer of help, i: 232; appeal to England, Aug. 4, '14, i: 233; German charge of unneutral conduct denied, i: 234; evidences of trust in German good faith, i: 234; Lloyd George denounces violation, i: 236; German disregard of, in planning campaign against France, ii: 4; military topography of German border, ii: 6; French consider German invasion improbable, ii: 8; effect of invasion on result of War, ii: 206; Ludendorff's justification of violation, ii: 346; composition of invading forces, iii: 10; French defenders retire, Aug., '14, iii: 20; invasion creates national unity, vi: 84; Bryce Report on atrocities, vi: 84; deportation of civilian population, vi: 84; for invasion and military operations, see name of engagement. Peace Conference, delegates, xii: 180. Peace Treaty, claims against Holland, vi: 89; acquires Moresnet, xii: 188; acquires Eupen, xii: 188; acquires Malmédy, xii: 188; reparation by Germany, xii: 218. Prisoners of war, iii: 404. Relief, Commission for, in Belgium, vii: 116-144; famine conditions, vii: 117; early relief organization, vii: 118; Herbert Hoover's activities, vii: 119, 124, 136; Comité Nationale Belge, de Secours et d'Alimentation, vii: 120; overcoming blockade difficulties, vii: 120-127; care of children, vii: 134; American contributions, vii: 139-144; dependence on imports for existence, xii: 136. Royal family, ix: 388, xi: 143-145. War cost, debt to U.S., xii: 18; money equivalent of manpower lost, xii: 25; value of property loss, xii: 26; war cost, Aug., '14—Oct., '18, xii: 107; rise in national debt, xii: 114.

Belgrade, captured by Austrians, Dec. 2, '14, i: 376, vi: 357; recaptured by Serbians, Dec. 15, '14, iii: 155, 394, 397; retaken by Austrians, Oct. 6—8, '15, i: 382, vi: 357.

Belikamen, Serbs rout Austrians at, ii: 32.

Bell, Maj.-Gen. George, Jr., commander 33rd Div., v: 144; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 219.

Belleau Wood, battle of, June, '18, 2nd Div. at, iii: 94, v: 135-139, 382, xi: 43; strategic importance, v: 138; renamed "Bois de la Brigade Marine," v: 139; Gen. Degoutte's praise of A. E. F. at, v: 192.

Bellicourt, position on Hindenburg Line, v: 290.

Below, Gen. Otto von, commands 17th German Army, ii: 149.

Benedict XV, Pope, makes peace plea, Aug. 15, '17, i: 390; offer accepted by Germany, Sept. 21, '17, i: 390; biography, ix: 405.

Benes, Edward, seeks Allied aid for Bohemia, vi: 397; member of Czechoslovak provisional government, vi: 399.

Benet-Mercier machine gun, description, viii: 80.

Benson, Admiral William S., biography, ix: 296-298.

Bentinck, Count, Kaiser's host after abdication, Nov., '18, vi: 278.

Berat, occupied by Italians, July 11, '18, i: 397.

Berbers, with Turkish forces invading Egypt, iii: 190.

Berchtold, Count A. J. S. J. K., biography, ix: 143.

Berehaven, Ireland, U. S. naval base, iv: 356.

Bergson, Henri, French philosopher, on German doctrine of force, i: 152.

Berlin, revolution, Nov., '18, vi: 273-276, 284; Spartacide uprising, Jan., '19, vi: 287; Spartacides suppressed by Ebert, vi: 289; second Spartacide revolution, Mar., '19, vi: 299.

Berlin-Bagdad Railroad, see Bagdad Railway.

Berlin Conference, '85, divides Africa into "spheres of influence," i: 96.

Berlin, Congress of, 1878, Russian ambitions in Near East checked, i: 48, 93; terms of settlement at, i: 93; defects of settlement, i: 93.

Bernhardi, Gen. Friedrich von, expounds German Kultur in Germany and the Next War, i: 67; on desirability of a European war, i: 131; striking quotations from, i: 179.

Bernstein, Herr, German Socialist leader, opposes war, vi: Intro. xii.

Bernstorff, Count Johann von, activities as head of German spy system in U. S., i: 8, x: 326; biography, ix: 133.

Berny, taken by French, Sept. 17, '16, i: 388.

Bersaglieri, description, ii: 240.

Berthelot, Gen., drives Germans from Vesles to Aisne, '18, ii: 214.

Berzy-le-Sec, captured by 1st Div., July 21, '18, v: 55, 179, 383.

Bessarabia, Russian offensive in, starts, Dec. 24, '15, i: 382; invaded by Bolsheviki, vi: 350.

Béthincourt, captured by Germans, Mar. 6, '16, i: 384.

Bethmann-Hollweg, Dr. Theobold von, German Chancellor, justification of Germany, i: 117; "scrap of paper" statement on Belgian neutrality, i: 146; statement of reasons for unrestricted submarine warfare, i: 344; proposes compromise peace, '17, vi: 262; resigns as Chancellor, July, '17, vi: 266; biography, ix: 121-126; admission of German guilt, ix: 121; opposition to ruthless warfare, ix: 126.

"Big Bertha," German long-range gun, bombards Paris, viii: 45-47, xi: 271-274.

Birdwood, Lieut.-Gen. Sir William, personality, iii: 375.

Births, decrease due to War, statistics, iii: 406.

Bishop, Col. Wm. A., British ace, story of, x: 215-221, xi: 229.

Bismarck, Prince Otto von, builder of German Empire, i: 41; Near East policy, i: 48; forced to resign Chancellorship, 1890, i: 73, 97, ix: 359; forms Triple Alliance, i: 95; colonial policy, i: 97; representative of Junker class, i: 258; plan for universal empire, ii: 2; publishes von Moltke's views on German strategy, ii: 14.

Bismarck, Major von, German military attaché in Switzerland, vi: 380.

Bissell, Lieut., commands detachment defending bridge at Château-Thierry, May 31, '18, v: 134.

Bissolati, Signor, Italian political leader, advocates Jugoslav conciliation, vi: 362; against policy of aggrandizement, vi: 366.

Bistritz, taken by Rumanians, Sept. 4, '16, iii: 218.

Bitlis, captured by Russians, Mar. 2, '16, iii: 263; evacuated by Russians, Aug. 8, '16, i: 386; recaptured by Russians, Aug. 26, '16, i: 386.

Bitur, taken by British, Nov., '17, iii: 194.

"Black Cobra Bill," nickname of "Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of India," vi: 78.

Black Prince, British warship lost at battle of Jutland, iv: 121.

Black Sea, Russia gains freedom of action in, 1871, i: 47; Turkish bombardment of ports, Oct. 28, '14, i: 376.

Blackwell, Pvt. Robert L., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.

Blanc Mont, captured by French and Americans, Oct. 5, '18, v: 241, 255, 257.

Blankets, for U. S. Army, v: 358.

Bligny, German repulse at, July 15, '18, v: 51.

"Blimps," U. S., scout dirigibles, viii: 245, 255.

Blind, Committee for Men Blinded in Battle, activities, vii: 99; Permanent Relief War Fund, activities, vii: 255-259; Red Cross Institute for, vii: 259; number blinded in War, vii: 260.

Blinkers, use of, in action, v: 319.

Bliss, Gen. Tasker H., U. S. representative on Supreme War Council, iii: 84.

Blockade, of Allies by Germany, see Submarine Warfare; of Germany by Allies, see Germany, Blockade of.

Blücher, German cruiser sunk at Dogger Bank, eye-witness account, iv: 247.

Blue and Gray (29th) Division, see U. S., Army.

Blue Ridge (80th) Division, see U. S., Army.

Bobo, Capt. Stephen N., story of his band of "rough-neck" weaklings, x: 49.

Boehm-Ermolli, Gen., commands Austrians relieving Przemysl, iii: 132.

Boers, rebel against British, '14, vi: 49; Gen. Hertzog leader of rebellion, vi: 49; aid Germans in Southwest Africa, '14, vi: 50; see also South Africa, Union of.

Bohemia, Diet suppressed by Austria-Hungary, '15, vi: 311; early history, vi: 396; oppression by Austria-Hungary, vi: 396; press comment on Czech loyalty, '14, vi: 396; formation of army, '17, vi: 398; National Council, vi: 399; see also Czechoslovakia.

Boirault tank, viii, 153.

Boiselles, taken by French, Jan. 17—18, '15, i: 378.

Bolivia, severs diplomatic relations with Germany, Apr. 13, '17, i: 389; Peace Conference, delegate to, xii: 180.

Bolo Pasha, French traitor, pro-German plots, vi: 105, x: 340-344.

Bolshevism, fallacy of, i: Intro. xi.; doctrines, vi: 148, ix: 112, xi: 33; as product of high cost of living, Intro. xiii; in: Australia, revolutionary spirit among labor, vi: 45. Austria, rise and overthrow, '19, vi: 319. Bulgaria, outbreak in, vi: 346. Czechoslovakia, anti-Bolshevik feeling, vi: 400. Finland, provisional government established, Nov., '17, vi: 198; suppressed by Mannerheim, '18, vi: 200. Germany, see Spartacides. Hungary, riots, Jan.—Feb., '19, vi: 324; success, Mar., '19, vi: 325. India, propaganda stirs unrest, vi: 77. Poland, spread in, vi: 223. Russia, peace of Brest-Litovsk with Germany, Mar. 3, '18, ii: 272, VI: 183; propaganda among German troops, '18, ii: 322; Russian troops incited to desert and revolt, iii: 269, vi: 155, 164; doctrines, vi: 148, ix: 112, xi: 33; navy demoralized, vi: 155, 164; Kornilov rebellion defeated, vi: 169; movement against Kerensky spreads, Oct., '17, vi: 173; arguments used to win populace, vi: 175; Bolsheviki call on Soviets to seize government, Nov. 2, '17, vi: 175; increasing power of movement, Oct., '17, vi: 177; overthrow Kerensky and seize government, vi: 177-183; Lenin announces platform, Nov. 8, '17, vi: 179; dictatorship of proletariat, vi: 181; Bolshevik land program, vi: 181; opposition of middle class functionaries, vi: 181; Russian secret treaties made public, vi: 183; Constituent Assembly dissolved, Jan. 18, vi: 185; Red Army raised, vi: 185; reign of terror, vi: 187; state of war declared with Entente, vi: 187; Princes' Island Conference proposed by Peace Conference, vi: 188; Finland used as base of operations. '15, vi: 198; progress in Letvia, vi: 228; financing German Spartacides, vi: 281; connection with Maximalists, vi: 314; Lenin's defense of tyrannical methods, ix: 115; currency inflation, xii: Intro. xiii. Siberia, opposition in, vi: 189.

Bombs: Aerial, viii: 221-225. Depth, evolution of, iv: 307; for combating U-boats, iv: 317; development by U. S. Navy, iv: 330; launching mechanism, iv: 331; invention of "Y" gun, iv: 332; description, viii: 281, xi: 239. Illuminating, drop bombs, viii: 76.

Bona, bombarded by Breslau, Aug. 4, '14, iv: 14.

Bone, Fl.-Com. R. J., battle with German planes invading England, x: 237.

Bonnet Rouge, traitorous French newspaper, vi: 105.

Books, demand for, in A. E. F. schools, vii: 282.

Bordeaux, French government moves to, Sept. 3, '14, i: 375; embarkation port for returning A. E. F., v: 395.

Borden, Sir Robert, Premier of Canada, vi: 24; urges increase of Foreign Service Army, Jan., '16, vi: 27.

"Bore" of gun, defined, viii: 111.

Boris, Czar of Bulgaria, succeeds to throne following abdication of Ferdinand, '18, vi: 347.

Boselli, Signor, forms coalition Italian cabinet, June, '16, vi: 127.

Bosnia-Herzegovina, annexed by Austria, '08, i: 109, vi: 356; devastated, '18, vi: 363.

Bosphorus, bombarded by Russian warships, Mar. 28, '15, i: 378.

Botchkareva (Butchkareff), Ensign Vera, commander of Battalion of Death, x: 183-185, xi: 205.

Botha, Gen. Louis, commander of British South African troops, iii: 253; policy as Prime Minister of Union of South Africa, vi: 47; biography, ix: 191-193.

Bott, Capt. Alan, British ace, experiences as Turkish prisoner, x: 235-237.

Bourassa, Henri, Canadian Nationalist leader, vi: 30; opposition to Canadian participation in War, vi: 30.

Bouresches, objective in Belleau Wood action, v: 37, 133, 137.

Bourgeois, Leon, advocate of League of Nations, xii: 155.

Bourmont, training area for 2nd Div., v: 6.

Bouvet, French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31; sunk by mine, Mar. 18, '15, iv: 35, 47, 375.

Bovington, U. S. Tank School at, v: 314.

Boy-Ed, Capt. Karl, German Naval Attaché in U. S., dismissed, i: 276; share in passport frauds, i: 315; German arch-spy in U. S., x: 329.

Boy Scouts, war-time activities, British, xi: 94; Belgian, xi: 98; French, xi: 98; American, xi: 100-116.

Boycott, anti-German, Allied proposals for, xii: 102.

Boyemia River, French withdraw to, in Salonika Campaign, iii: 204.

Boyle, Lieut.-Com. E. C., commander of British submarine E-14, iv: 209.

Boyon Wood, taken by 18th and 28th Inf., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.

Brabançonne, La, Belgian national hymn, xi: 327.

Brabant, A. E. F. engineers bridge Meuse at, Oct. 8, '18, v: 245.

Bradley, Brig.-Gen. Alfred E., Chief Surgeon, A. E. F., v: 345.

Brady, Father John J., heroic chaplain of U. S. Marines, x: 100.

Brandeville, occupied by 5th Div., Nov. 7, '18, v: 271.

Brazil, German population of, i: 79; severs diplomatic relations with Germany, Apr. 11, '17, i: 389; declares war on Germany, Oct. 26, '17, i: 392, vi: 390; Peace Conference delegates, xii: 180.

Bread, daily consumption by A. E. F., v: 330.

Breguet bombing airplanes, viii: 224.

Breheville, taken by 5th Div., Nov. 8, '18, v: 272.

Bremen, German cruiser sunk by British submarine, Dec. 18, '15, i: 382.

Bremen, Spartacide uprising in, Feb., '19, vi: 294.

Breshkovsky, Catherine, leader of Russian Socialist-Revolutionary Party, vi: 148; prophecy on Russia, ix: 231; biography, ix: 348.

Breslau, German cruiser, outwits Allied fleets and escapes to Bosphorus, Aug., '14, i: 375, iv: 13; sunk, Jan. 20, '18, i: 393.

Brest, embarkation port for returning A. E. F., v: 396.

Brest-Litovsk, captured by Germans, Aug. 25, '15, i: 381, iii: 138.

Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of, between Russia and Germany, a dictated "German peace," ii: 63, vi: 183, vi: 268; effect of Austro-Hungarian demands for peace on, vi: 314; abrogated by Treaty of Versailles, '19, xii: 205.

Bretelle, definition of, v: 16.

Breton, J. L., inventor of armored barbed-wire cutter, viii: 152.

Briand, Aristide, forms French Cabinet, Oct., '15, vi: 100.

Bridges, pontoons, viii: 299; portable steel, viii: 301.

Brieulles-sur-Bar, captured by 78th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.

Brieuvilles-sur-Meuse, action in Meuse-Argonne battle at, Sept. 27, '18, v: 226.

Briey, iron area coveted by Germans, ii: 6.

Brilliant, British cruiser in Zeebrugge raid, iv: 262.

Briquenay, captured by 78th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 91.

Bristol, British warship in battle of Falkland Islands, iv: 70.

Bristol airplanes, viii: 203.

Britannia, British battleship torpedoed, Nov. 9, '18, i: 399.

Britannic, British hospital ship sunk by mine, Nov. 21, '16, i: 389.

British American War Relief Fund, vii: 99.

Brody, captured by Russians, July 28, '16, i: 386, iii: 120, 145.

Broke, British destroyer, night battle with German destroyers, x: 293-295.

Browning, Vice-Adm. Sir Montague E., head of British delegation to U. S., iv: 157.

Browning machine-guns, description, viii: 84-87; U. S. production figures, xii: 284.

Brunehilde position, location, v: 84.

Brusiloff, Gen. Alexei Alexeievitch, commands Russian invasion of Galicia, '16, ii: 42, 235, iii: 119; biography, ix: 232-235.

Brussels, occupied by Germans, Aug. 20, '14, iii: 14; German entry described by Richard Harding Davis, iii: 271-273.

Brussels, Capt. Fryatt's ship, x: 265.

Bryan, William Jennings, policy on German submarine warfare, i: 321; resigns as Secretary of State, i: 321.

Buchan, John, description of Mons retreat, iii: 277-281.

Bucharest, captured by Germans, Dec. 6, '16, iii: 222.

Bucharest, Treaty of, between Rumania and Central Powers, May 6, '18, i: 395, vi: 352; Bulgarian attitude on, vi: 339.

Buck, Maj.-Gen. Beaumont B., cited for gallantry at Berzy-le-Sec, v: 180; promoted to major-general, v: 182; commands 3rd Div. at St. Mihiel, Sept. 12, '18, v: 202.

Buckeye (37th) Division, see U. S., Army.

Budapest, Bolshevik riots in, '18—'19, vi:323.

Buenz, Dr. Karl, German secret agent in U. S., x: 331.

Buffaloes (92nd Division), see U. S., Army.

Bukovina, occupied by Russians, iii: 122.

Bulair Lines, Gallipoli defenses, iv: 24.

Bulgaria, German ruler of, i: 96; defeat and surrender to Allies, Sept. 30, '18, i: 399, ii: 94, 96, 216, iii: 213, vi: 347, xi: 48; key to Balkan situation, ii: 28; tool of Germany, ii: 28; enmity for Serbia, ii: 32; reasons for siding with Germany, ii: 32; enters War, Oct. 14, '15, ii: 33, vi: 343; Ludendorff's reasons for collapse of, ii: 329; mobilizes against Serbia, iii: 156, vi: 342; invades Rumania, Sept. 2, '16, iii: 218; prisoners of war, iii: 404; casualties, iii: 404, xii: 289; effect of surrender on German morale, vi: 270; racial characteristics, vi: 338; desire for Balkan supremacy, vi: 339; geographical position, vi: 341; attitude toward Allies, vi: 341; proclaims neutrality, '14, vi: 341; terms for entering War, vi: 341; antagonism toward Russia, vi: 342; Agrarian Party against War, vi: 343; result of Teutonic alliance, vi: 344; cession of Demotika to, by Turkey, vi: 344; friction with Germany, vi: 344; attitude toward Russian Revolution, vi: 344; dispute with Turkey, '18, vi: 345; Bolshevism in, vi: 346; terms of armistice with Allies, vi: 347; money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25; war cost, Oct., '15—Oct., '19, xii: 107; rise in national debt, xii: 114; for military operations, see name of campaign.

Bullard, Lieut.-Gen. Robert Lee, in command of Third Army Corps, A. E. F., Aug., '18, v: 62,167, 189, 383; of Second Army, Oct., '18, v: 83, 246, 390; of Toul sector, Jan., '18, v: 115; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 219, 388; biography, ix: 218-221.

Bullets, see Ammunition.

Bülow, Gen. von, commands German army in first Marne battle, ii: 184, iii: 10; on Italian Front, iii: 247.

Bülow, Prince Bernhard von, biography, ix: 128-131.

Bulson, captured by 42nd Div., Nov. 6, '18, v: 269.

Bulwark, British battleship blows up, Nov. 26, '14, i: 376.

Bundesrat, German, composition and powers, i: 71, 156.

Bundy, Maj.-Gen. Omar, commander, 2nd Div., v: 109, 132; biography, ix: 223-226.

Burat, captured by Bulgars, Jan. 23, '16, i: 384.

Burdick, "Ma," Salvation Army mother in France, vii: 384.

Bures, training area for 1st Div., v: 6.

Buresk, S. S., Emden's collier, iv: 188.

Burney, Vice-Adm. Sir Cecil, commands British Channel Fleet, iv: 89.

Burnham, Gen., commands 82nd Div. at St. Mihiel, Sept. 12, '18, v: 202.

Burns, use of ambrine in treatment of, viii: 390.

Bushnell, David, Revolutionary War inventor of submarine, iv: 201.

Buzancy, captured by 80th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 91, 217, 264.

Buzzer phone, use of, in action, v: 318.

Byng, Gen. Sir Julian, commander of British Third Army, ii: 214, iii: 371; fights battle of Cambrai, Nov., '17, iii: 82, 337-340, viii: 142; personal traits, iii: 376.

Bzura, scene of fighting in German attack on Warsaw, iii: 129.

C

Cabinga, S. S., prize of German raider Emden, iv: 172.

Cables, German submarine surrendered to Allies under Peace Treaty, xii: 225.

Cableways, Italian aerial, viii: 303-306.

Cadets, Russian political party, aims of, vi: 148.

Cadorna, Gen. Luigi, member of Inter-Allied General Staff, iii: 84; Italian commander in Isonzo campaign, iii: 241; biography, ix: 225-229.

Caillaux, Joseph, arrested on charge of treason, Jan. 13, '18, i: 393; accused of traitorous activities, vi: 106.

Caillette Wood, taken by French Oct. 24, '16, i: 388.

Calais, German drive for, iii: 40; Calais to Persia, Germany's goal in world control plan, '13, ii: 2.

Call, 2nd Lieut. Donald M., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 402.

Callaghan, Adm. Sir George, commander of British Grand Fleet, relieved by Jellicoe, Aug. 5, '14, iv: 88.

Cambrai, German base in France, ii: 86; first battle of, Nov., '17, Maj.-Gen. Swinton on work of British tanks at, ii: 280; Byng's surprise attack, iii: 80, viii: 142, 156; Philip Gibbs's description, iii: 337-340 , American engineers at, iii: 82; German prisoners captured, iii: 82; German counter-offensive, iii: 82; "best-kept secret of War," iii: 337; adventures of a tank pilot, iii: 338; Order of the Day for Tank Corps, Nov. 20, '17, iii: 340; second battle of, Sept. 27—Oct. 10, '18, ii: 281, v: 213; captured by Allies, Oct. 9, '18, xi: 52.

Cambrai-St. Quentin sector, Allies smash Hindenburg Line, '18, iii: 101.

Cameron, Maj.-Gen. George H., commands 4th Div., May, '18, v: 128; commands Fifth Corps, St. Mihiel, Sept., '18, v: 65, 202, 386; commands Fifth Corps in Meuse-Argonne, Sept., '18, v: 219, 388.

Cameroons (Kamerun), conquered by Allies, Aug., '14—Feb., '16, iii: 252, xii: 279; area, xii: 279; population, '16, xii: 279.

Camilla, S. S., Belgian Relief ship sunk by U-boat, iv: 230.

Camouflage, use in outwitting U-boats, iv: 311, viii: 343, xi: 241; for masking machine-guns, v: 287; development, viii: 136; in nature, viii: 336; war uses, viii: 336-344, xi: 277, 291-295.

Camp des Romains fort, location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199.

Campbells Are Coming, Scotch patriotic air, xi: 334.

Canada, becomes self-governing dominion, 1867, i: 43; army in Europe, July, '16, iii: 343; characteristics of fighting forces, iii: 343; war casualties, iii: 404, 405; prisoners of war, iii: 404; strength of army, iii: 405; political conditions, prior to '14, vi: 23; enthusiastic response to declaration of war, vi: 24; political situation, Aug., '14, vi: 25; war donations by provinces, vi: 25; Conservatives advocate close Imperial Federation, vi: 25; Premier Borden's view of Canada as a "participating nation" of British Empire, vi: 25; Liberal view of Imperial Federation, vi: 26; voluntary enlistments, vi: 26; increase in land under cultivation, '15, vi: 26; increase in food exports, '15, vi: 26; bilingual schools issue creates race antagonism, vi: 27-28; Bourassa, Nationalist leader, opposes War, vi: 30; failure of recruiting among French-Canadians, vi: 31-36; conscription, problems of, vi: 31-36; Anglo-Saxons indorse conscription, vi: 31; labor against conscription, vi: 32; Liberals support conscription, vi: 32; Conscription Bill announced, June, '17, vi: 32; Conscription Bill passed, Aug., '17, vi: 33; War Franchise Bill, '17, vi: 34; Catholic Church opposes conscription, vi: 34; results of election, '17, vi: 35; pro-conscriptionists form "Unionist" coalition, vi: 35; secessionist talk, vi: 36; Quebec draft riots, Mar., '18, vi: 36; loans floated in U. S., Aug., '14—Jan., '17, xii: 2; coal production, '13—'17, xii: 48; nationalization plans for railroads, xii: 90; war cost, Aug., '14—Aug., '19, xii: 107; rise in public debt, xii: 114; Peace Conference delegates, xii: 179; see also Great Britain.

Canadian sector on Western Front, '17, iii: 343.

Canadians, poem by W. H. Ogilvie, x: 318.

Canal du Nord, crossed by Allies, Sept. 25, '18, i: 397.

Canal sector, Ypres to Voormezeele, v: 300.

Canary birds, as gas detectors, xi: 324.

Cannon, see Artillery.

Canopus, British battleship, at Gallipoli, iv: 33; in Cradock's fleet off Coronel, iv: 64; in battle of Falklands, iv: 70.

Cantigny, captured by 1st Div., May 28, '18, i: 395, iii: 94, v: 31, 124; American casualties at, v: 33, 128, 141; significance of capture, v: 34; Pershing's report on capture, v: 380.

Cantonments, U. S., description, xi: 155; soldiers' life at, xi: 159; construction of, xii: 125.

Cap Trafalgar, armed German liner, battle with British Carmania, Sept. 14, '14, iv: 199, x: 318-321.

Cape Helles, Turkish fortification at, iv: 42.

Cape Yeni Shehr, Turkish fortifications at, iv: 42.

Caporetto, Italian disaster at, Oct. 21—Nov. 1, '17, effect on Western Front, ii: Intro. xx; Italian rout before Austrian advance, ii: 246; wholesale Italian surrenders, ii: 246; army demoralized, iii: 247; causes of rout, ii: 248, vi: 129; retreat checked at the Piave, ii: 250; effect on Italo-Slav unity, vi: 362.

Caproni triplanes, viii: 223.

Carabinieri, Italian military police, ii: 242.

Carbon dioxide, asphyxiating properties of, viii: 166;

Carbon monoxide, poisonous properties of, viii: 166-168.

Carbonyl chloride, see Phosgene.

Carden, Vice-Adm., commands British naval forces in Mediterranean,'15, iv: 28; at Gallipoli, iv: 31; resigns, Mar. 16, '15, iv: 32.

Carency, French attack at, May 11—12, '15, i: 380.

Carignan-Sedan-Mézières railroad, vital importance to Germans, v: 387; threatened by Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 387.

Carmania, armed British liner, battle with German Cap Trafalgar, Sept. 14, '14, iv: 199, x: 318-321.

Carnarvon, British cruiser at Falklands, armament of, iv: 70.

Carnetta, S. S., Belgian Relief ship sunk by U-boat, iv: 230.

Carniola, clash of Italians and Jugoslavs in, vi: 364.

Carpathian Mts., Russian attempts to cross, '15, ii: 26; Ludendorff's account of campaigns, ii: 360; topography, iii: 108; Russians occupy passes, Sept., '14, iii: 124; Austrian attacks, Jan.—Mar., '15, iii: 132; see also Russian Front.

Carpenter, Capt., commander of Vindictive at Zeebrugge raid, iv: 263; account of Zeebrugge raid, iv: 266.

Carrel, Dr. Alexis, invents Carrel-Dakin treatment for infected wounds, viii: 369, ix: 312, xi: 289; wins Nobel prize, '12, ix: 310; biography, ix: 310-313.

Carrel-Dakin treatment, description, viii: 369-372, ix: 312, xi: 289.

Carso Plateau, description, ii: 244, iii: 239; Italian advance across, June, '15—Oct., '17, ii: 245; see also Italian Front.

Carson, Sir Edward, leader of Ulster opposition to Irish Home Rule, vi: 53, 60; biography, ix: 50-53.

Cary, Gen. Langle de, commands a French army at first Marne battle, ii: 184.

Casement, Sir Roger, hanged for treason, Aug. 3, '16, i: 386, vi: 60, ix: 53; negotiations with Germany, vi: 57; captured, vi: 58.

Cassin, U. S. destroyer torpedoed, account of, iv: 343.

Castelletto, mined by Italians, viii: 311.

Castelnau, Gen., commands French forces in Lorraine, iii: 16; stops Germans at Roye, Sept., '14, iii: 38; appointed Chief of Staff, Dec., '14, iii: 46; at Verdun, iii: 304.

Casualties, among troops attacking with tanks, ii: 284; total in War, iii: 403; classified by belligerents, iii: 404; civilian deaths due to War, iii: 405; per cent. of head wounds, viii: 64; in World War compared with all other wars, 1800—1913, xii: 25; money equivalent of man-power lost, military and civilian, xii: 25; total battle deaths, by countries, xii: 288; see also under campaign, battle, and country.

Cattaro, bombarded by French and British, Aug. 24, '14, i: 375.

Caucasus, military operations in, Oct., '14—Jan., '15, ii: 91-92; iii: 260-263, xi: 29; early history, vi: 231; conflict of racial interests, vi: 231; Russian misrule in, vi: 231; demand for self-government, '05, vi: 231; effect of Russian Revolution, vi: 232; rise of new nations under Russian Revolution, vi: 233.

Caudron bombing airplanes, viii: 223.

Causes, of War, summarized by Dr. Chas. W. Eliot, i: Intro. vii; complexity of, i: 2; conflict of political systems, i: 4; conflict of nationalistic aspirations, i: 5; element of individual responsibility, i: 5; German desire for war, i: 8; colonial rivalry, i: 14; Anglo-German economic rivalry, i: 78, 121; German ambitions for world power, i: 83; murder of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, i: iii; Chancellor von Bethmann-Hollweg's statement of, i: 117; Vice-Chancellor Helfferich's statement of, i: 119; Dr. Dernburg's statement of, i: 120; statement of German "Intellectuals" on, i: 120; racial element in, i: 120; German territorial ambitions, i: 122; German excuse of Russian menace, i: 137, 139; German statement of English responsibility, i: 193; Prince Lichnowsky denies Anglo-German commercial jealousy, i: 193; Ludendorff's analysis of, ii: 346; see also Germany, Responsibility for War.

Cavalry, function in Palestine campaign, ii: 93; Field-Marshal Haig on value of, ii: 120; German military critic on importance of, ii: 260; use in St. Mihiel drive, v: 206; see also under armies of each country.

Cavell, Edith, executed Oct. 12, '15, i: 382; story of, x: 172; betrayed by Gaston Quien, x: 352.

"C. C. Gear," for timing machine-gun fire through airplane propeller blades, viii: 214-216.

Cecil, Lord Robert, advocate of League of Nations, xii: 155.

Cemeteries for A. E. F. dead in France, v: 331, 400.

Central Committee for Relief of Jews Suffering Through the War, vii: 352; see also Jews.

Central Council of Delegates meets in Berlin, Dec. 16, '18, vi: 283.

Central Powers, unity of command established, ii: 330; general strategic plan on Eastern Front, iii: 110; mobilized strength, iii: 430; war casualties, iii: 404; prisoners of war, iii: 404; peace proposals, Dec. 12, '16, vi: 313; Anti-Slav policy, vi: 360; war cost, xii: 27, xii: 107; rise in national debts, xii: 114; see also, Austria-Hungary; Bulgaria; Germany; Turkey.

Central Records Office, A. E. F., v: 402.

Cereals, shipped to Europe by U. S., '16—'18, xii: 37.

Cerna River, Serb attack on Bulgars at, Sept. 15, '18, iii: 213.

Cernavoda, captured by Teutons, Oct. 25, '16, i: 388, iii: 221.

Cernavoda-Constanza Railway, Teutons gain control of, iii: 221.

Cettinje, captured by Austrians, Jan. 13, '16, i: 384.

Châlons, abandoned by Allies, Aug. 28, '14, i: 375; taken by French, Sept. 11, '14, i: 375; system of trench defenses, v: 44.

Chamberlain, Austen, responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364.

Chamberlaine, Brig.-Gen. Wm., commands Railway Reserve, First Army, A. E. F., v: 305.

Champagne, French offensive in, Sept., '15, ii: 25, iii: 46; as possible sector for German spring drive, '18, ii: 67; German offensive checked, July 15—17, '18, v: 47, 129, 155, viii: 146-148; A. E. F. participation in Allied defensive, July 15—17, '18, v: 148-158.

Champigneulle, attacked by 77th Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.

Champneuville, captured by Germans, Feb. 27, '16, i: 384.

Chanak, town on Dardanelles, iv: 24; bombarded by Allies, Mar. 6, '15, iv: 45.

Channel ports, importance to Allies, ii: Intro. viii; German drive for, '18, ii: 75, iii: 38, 359; opposing views of Viscount French and Joffre on importance of, ii: 172; Belgian coast evacuated by Germans, Oct., '18, ii: 214.

Chant du Départ, Le, French patriotic song, xi: 333.

Chapman, Victor, member of Lafayette Escadrille, killed at Verdun, iii: 391.

Charcoal, use in gas masks, viii: 176.

Charge of the Tank Brigade, poem by Vilda Sauvage Owens, xi: 267.

Charlemagne, French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31.

Charleroi, captured by Germans, Aug. 21—23, '14, i: 375.

Charles Francis, Emperor of Austria-Hungary, ascends throne, Nov. 21, '16, i: 388; secret letter to Prince Sixtus asking for peace, Mar., '17, ii: 63, 315; conciliatory policy, vi: 313; overthrown by Socialist revolution, '18, vi: 317; letter of appeal to King Ferdinand of Rumania, vi: 317; leaves Austria, Mar. 23, '19, vi: 319; biography, ix: 371-373.

Charpentry, captured by 35th Div., Sept. 27, '18, v: 227.

Chartèves, captured by 3rd Div., v: 383.

Chasseurs, description, xi: 189.

Château-Thierry, captured by Germans, June 1, '18, ii: 154, iii: 93; Ludendorff on A. E. F. fighting at, ii: 320; re-occupied by A. E. F. and French, July 21, '18, iii: 96, v: 184; German attempts to cross Marne at, repulsed by A. E. F., May 31—June 3, '18, v: 35, 130, 134-135, 381-382, xi: 43; location and importance, v: 133; see also Marne, battles of, July, '18.

Châteauroux, U. S. gas-mask factory at, v: 324.

Châtel-Chehery, captured by 28th Div., Oct. 7, '18, v: 243.

Châtillon, Germans force bridgehead at, July 15, '18, v. 51.

Châtillon Wood, taken by 60th Inf., Nov. 5, '18, v: 271.

Chaulnes, captured by British, Mar. 17, '17, iii: 68.

Chaumont, A. E. F. general headquarters, v: 100.

Chaumont-en-Vixen, training area for 1st Div., v: 121.

Chelsea War Refugees Fund, vii: 106.

Chemery, captured by 42nd Div., Nov. 6, '18, v: 269.

Chemical warfare, poison gas first used by Germans at battle of Ypres, Apr., '15, iii: 42, 288, 320, xi: 316, xii: 285; first use against Russians, iii: 288-292; Pierre Loti's description of gassed, iii: 320-322; German projector batteries, v: 28; U. S. Chemical Warfare Service, activities, v: 321-327, 401; gas warfare development, v: 321; kinds of poison gases used, v: 321, viii: 166-172; mustard gas, v: 321, viii: 171, xi: 321; phosgene (carbonyl chloride), v: 321, viii: 168-170; U. S. production of gas shells, v: 324, 325; invention in U. S. of super-poisonous gas, viii: Intro. ix; methods of gas attack, viii: 162-165; gas clouds, viii: 162-164, xi: 316; gas shells, description and use, viii: 164, xi: 320; poisoning and asphyxiation, differences, viii: 166-167; carbon dioxide, asphyxiating properties, 166; nitrogen, asphyxiating properties, viii: 166; carbon monoxide, poisonous properties, viii: 166, 167, 168; chlorine, use in gas attacks, viii: 168-170; vaporous liquid poisons, use in gas attacks, viii: 170-172; diphosgene, use in gas attacks, viii: 170; xylyl bromide (tear gas), use in gas attacks, viii: 170; chlorpicrin, use in gas attacks, viii: 171; sneezing gas, use in gas attacks, viii: 171; Lewisite, new American poison gas, deadliest of all, viii: 172; methods of defense against gas attacks, viii: 173-179; oxygen helmets, viii: 173; gas masks, viii: 174-178; use of charcoal in gas masks, viii: 176; fans for blowing away poison gases, viii: 178; use of neutralizing reagents, viii: 178; wet blankets as air-locks, viii: 178; U. S. poison-gas production at Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 179-187, xii: 285; gas gangrene, xi: 287; international law on, xi: 313; general description, xi: 313-323.

Chemin des Dames, battle and capture of, by Germans, May 27, '18, i: 395, ii: 76, 154, v: 132; Germans driven from, '17, iii: 73-76; training area for 26th Div., v: 117.

Chemung, S. S., American steamer torpedoed, Nov. 26, '16, i: 389.

Chennery, captured by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.

Cheppy, captured by 35th Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 225.

Chiapovano Valley, Italian objective in '17 drive, ii: 58.

Children in the War, xi: Intro. ix-xiii, 56-84; letters of, xi: 60, 74-84; brave Belgian boys run off to war, xi: 67; Prudent Marius, the boy dispatch rider, xi: 69; "The Little Serbian Sergeant," xi: 69; American relief for European, xi: 84-93.

Chile, neutral during War, vi: 390; Tacna-Arica dispute with Peru, vi: 390.

Chiles, Capt. Marcellus H., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.

Chilly, taken by French, Sept. 4, '16, i: 386.

China, under foreigners' yoke, i: 18; defeated by Japan in war of 1894, i: 20; forced to accept "open door" policy, i: 38; U. S. policy of "open door" in, i: 57; special Japanese interests in, recognized by Lansing-Ishii Note, '17, i: 58; international position of, '14, i: 63; severs diplomatic relations with Germany, Mar. 14, '17, i: 389; declares war on Teutonic Allies, Aug. 14, '17, i: 390; coolie labor in France, ii: 377, xii: 80, xii: 85; siege of Tsing Tau, iii: 257; Tsing Tau seized by Germans, 1897, iii: 259; origin of phrase "yellow peril," vi: 248; Japanese demands on, '15, vi: 385; coal production, '13—'15, xii: 48; refuses to sign Peace Treaty with Germany, xii: 167; delegates to Peace Conference, xii: 180; German rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 206; Kiao-Chau (Shantung) transferred to Japan under Peace Treaty, xii: 209; see also Kiau-Chau; Shantung.

"Chinese Citizen Boy," letter from, xi: 179.

Chipilly Ridge, 33rd Div. breaks German line at, 'Aug. 1, '18, v: 260.

Chloride of lime, amount issued by U. S. Army, v: 324.

Chlorine, first used by Germans in gas attack at Ypres, Apr., '15, iii: 42, 288, 320, xi: 316, xii: 285; poisonous properties of, viii: 166, 168; use in chemical warfare, viii: 168-170; manufacture of, at U. S. Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 183.

Chlorpicrin, description of, v: 321; use in chemical warfare, viii: 171; manufacture of, at U. S. Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 185.

Choising, S. S., Emdens's survivors transfer from Ayesha to, iv: 192.

Cholm, claimed by Poland and Ukraine, vi: 248.

Chronoscope, for measuring reaction times, viii: 352.

Chunuk Bair, Turk stronghold at Gallipoli, iii: 172; Anzac attack on, iii: 173, 356-358; see also Gallipoli Campaign.

Churchill, Winston Spencer, advocates Dardanelles attack, ii: Intro. x, xiv., 29, 200; responsibility for Gallipoli disaster, ii: 198, 200; member of British Cabinet War Council, ii: 198; defends Dardanelles campaign, ii: 205, iv: 56; biography, ix: 44-47.

Cierges, attacked by 37th Div., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229.

Ciezkowice, captured by Germans, May 2, '15, i: 380.

Cimone, Mt., taken by Italians, July 25, '16, i: 386.

Citizenship, Bureau of, educational work among A. E. F., vii: 282.

Cividale, taken by Germans, Oct. 28, '17, iii: 247.

Civil War, Gen. Maurice on strategy of, compared with World War, ii: Intro. xiii.

Civilian deaths, due to War, iii: 405; money value of, xii: 25.

Clam-Martinitz, Premier of Austria-Hungary, appointment as, vi: 313.

Clarkson, Grosvenor B., Director of U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 115; on causes of high cost of living, xii: 142-148.

Clausewitz, Gen. Karl von, influence on development of German militarism, i: 166.

Clay, Capt. W. L., inventor of armor-piercing bullet, viii: 60.

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, between U. S. and Great Britain on Panama Canal, i: 86.

Clemenceau, Georges, makes Bonnet Rouge disclosures, vi: 105; forms new War Cabinet, Nov., '17, vi: 106; disagrees with Pres. Wilson's peace aims, vi: 108; publishes letter of Emperor Charles to Prince Sixtus offering to make peace, vi: 315; biography, ix: 1-13, xi: 125; record as Premier, ix: 12; view of "Fourteen Points," ix: 13; bibliography, ix: 13; faith in Foch, ix: 151; at the Peace Conference, xii: 149-163; excludes Germans from, xii: 162.

Clermont-Ferrand, U. S. Air-Service Training School at, v: 313.

Cléry-le-Grand, taken by 60th Inf., Nov. 1, '18, v: 262.

Cléry-le-Petit, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 2, '18. v: 264.

Clifford, Rev. J. H., "Doc of the Fifth," chaplain of U. S. Marines, x: 32-35.

Clocks, for airplanes, viii: 220.

Cloth, anti-gas, amount issued by U. S. Army, v: 324.

Coal, abundance secret of German power, i: 267; German production, 1880—1913, i: 267; seizure of French mines by Germany, ii: 20; consumption of, by A. E. F., v: 331; Dutch supply from Germany, vi: 377; U. S. production, '18—'19, xii: 46; production by chief countries, '13—'17, xii: 47; war-time price of, xii: 48; Peace Treaty requirements for German deliveries to France, Belgium, Italy, xii: 224.

Coast Guard, Boy Scouts in, xi: 104.

"Coastals," type of U. S. dirigibles, viii: 245, 256.

Coblenz, bombed by Allied airmen, Oct. 1, '17, i: 392; bridgehead at, occupied by A. E. F., Dec. 8, '18, i: 400, v: 394; conditions for Allied withdrawal from, xii: 261.

Cochin, Lieut., French submarine commander, feat in clearing minefield, iv: 375.

Codes, detection of, v: 319.

Coetquidan, artillery training camp in Brittany, v: 6.

Coffin, H. E., Chairman of Committee on Industrial Preparedness, xii: 69; views on industrial preparedness, xii: 69; member of Advisory Commission, U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 116.

Cohalan, Justice, leads Irish-American movement for Irish Republic, vi: 65.

Cold storage plants, use by A. E. F., v: 331.

Colmar, French advance toward, Aug., '14, iii: 16.

Cologne, bridgehead at, occupied by British, Dec. 6, '18, i: 400; conditions for Allied withdrawal from, xii: 261.

Colombia, pro-German attitude of, vi: 392.

Colonies, important share of British, in winning War, i: 13; loss of German, i: 13; German miscalculation of loyalty of British, i: 14; share of French, in final victory, i: 14; European rivalries for, a chief cause of war, i: 14; era of colonization by European nations, i: 26; influence on development of naval power, i: 28; colonization during 19th century, i: 37; in Far East, i: 38; expansion important motive in German war policy, ii: 13.

Columbia, S. S., American steamer sunk by U-boat, Nov. 7, '16, i: 388.

Colyer, Sgt. Wilbur E., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 388.

Combles, captured by Allies, Sept. 26, '16, i: 388, iii: 58, 59; recaptured by Allies, Aug. 30, '18, ii: 158.

Comité Nationale Belge de Secours et d'Alimentation, organization, vii: 120.

Commerce, national rivalries, i: 262; English blockade threatens ruin of German, vi: 253; see also Trade, under name of country.

Commerce raiders, German, exploits of Emden, iv: 166-194; Königsberg, career in Indian Ocean, iv: 195; Karlsruhe, activities in Atlantic, iv: 196; Königin Luise, operations in English Channel, iv: 197; Meteor, activities in Baltic, iv: 197; Moewe, converted merchantman, iv: 197; Seeadler, iv: 198; Wolf, seaplane carrier, iv: 198.

Commissaries, political, in Russia, demoralize army, iii: 268; Council of People's, dictatorship of, vi: 181; see also Russia.

Commission for Relief in Belgium, vii: 116-144.

Committee, of Mercy, vii: 87; for Fatherless Children of France, vii: 105.

Communication, lines of, French railways available for A. E. F. use, '18, v: 110; between France and Germany, v: 214.

Compass, for airplanes, viii: 220; Sperry gyro-compass, viii: 348.

Comrades in Service, vii: 284.

Conduct of War, The, by Marshal Foch, ix: 152.

Confédération Générale du Travail, French labor union, political activities, vi: 110.

Congo, Belgian exploitation of, i: 50; creation of Congo Free State, i: 50.

Congo Conference, '84—'85, i: 16.

Congress of Berlin, 1878, i: 16.

Congressional Medal of Honor, list and deeds of recipients during War, x: 388-402.

Conner, Brig.-Gen. Fox, Chief of Operations, A. E. F. General Staff, v: 102.

Connolly, James, Sinn Fein leader, wounded during Dublin rioting, Apr., '16, vi: 60; Commandant-General of "Irish Republic," ix: 53.

Conscientious objectors, treatment of, in Great Britain, vi: 8.

Conscription, see under name of country.

Consevoie, U. S. engineers bridge Meuse at, Oct. 8, '18, v: 245.

Constantine, King of Greece, abdicates throne, June 12, '17, i: 390; opposed to Allied cause, iii: 202; biography, ix: 380-382.

Constantinesco, M., inventor of "C. C. Gear" for regulating airplane fire, viii: 215.

Constantinople, Russian ambitions for, i: 63; captured by Turks, 1453, i: 90; Gallipoli base of defense of, ii: 27; key to early ending of War, ii: 29; early history, iv: 18; see also Gallipoli Campaign; Turkey.

Constantinople Convention, 1888, Suez Canal neutralized, i: 15.

Constanza, captured by Teuton forces, Oct. 23, '16, i: 388, iii: 221; bombarded by Russian fleet, Nov. 11, '16, i: 388.

Constituent Assembly, Russian, dissolved by Bolsheviki, Jan., '18, vi: 185.

Contraband, see Germany, Blockade.

Contracts, between German and Allied nationals, Peace Treaty provisions on status and methods of discharge, xii: 240-243.

Convoy service, difficulties of, iv: 317.

Cook, Lieut. S. W., co-inventor of depth-bomb launching device, iv: 331.

Co-operative Societies, Siberia, organization of landowning peasants, vi: 191.

Cordite, composition and explosive properties, viii: 6.

Corfu, seat of Serbian government transferred to, iii: 160; meeting of Jugoslav representatives at, Aug., '17, vi: 359.

Cormoran, S. S., converted into auxiliary cruiser by Emden's crew, vi: 169.

Cornwall, British cruiser at Falklands, iv: 70.

Cornwall, Jack, heroic British Boy Scout, xi: 98.

Cornwallis, British battleship, sunk, Jan. 9, '17, i: 389; at Gallipoli, iv: 33.

Coronel, battle of, Nov. 1, '14, iv: 64-68, ix: 308; comparison of opposing fleets, iv: 64, 65; Von Spee's account of, iv: 66; British account of, iv: 67; losses, iv: 68; Sir Henry Newbolt on strategy of, iv: 68.

Corps, compared with Division, v: 109.

Cossacks, origin, vi: 146; fight against Bolsheviki, vi: 192.

Cost of living, see Prices; also under each country.

Cost of War, capitalized value of lives lost, iii: 406, xii: 25; importance of money as war weapon, xii: 1; compared with previous wars, xii: 24; value of property destroyed, xii: 24, xii: 25; economic loss in man-power, xii: 25; value of production loss, xii: 26; value of tonnage sunk, xii: 26; cost to Allies and Central Powers, xii: 27, xii: 107; meaning of "cost of war," xii: 105; difficulties of computing money equivalent, xii: 105; range of expenditures, xii: 105; expenditures of different belligerents, xii: 106-107; methods used to raise war funds, xii: 107-114; taxation vs. borrowing, xii: 107; rise in national debts of belligerents, xii: 114; see also under each belligerent.

Costin, Pvt. Henry G., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 394.

Côte de Châtillon, capture of, by 42nd Div., Oct. 16, '18, v: 84, 250, 252.

Côtes-de-Meuse, taken in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. 12—13, '18, v: 69.

Cotton, not on British contraband list, ii: 21.

Coulommiers, Germans beaten back at, in first battle of the Marne, iii: 32.

Council of National Defense, U. S., see United States, Council of National Defense.

Courcelette, taken by Allies, Sept. 15, '16, i: 388.

Courland, early history, vi: 226; Republic of, established Apr., '18, xii: 279; area, xii: 279; population, Apr., '18, xii: 279; see also Baltic Provinces.

Courtu, stormed by French in first battle of the Somme, '16, iii: 58.

Covington, U. S. transport sunk, July 1, '18, i: 397, iv: 337.

Cracow, Russian operations against, '14, iii: 127.

Cradock, Adm. Sir Christopher, commander of defeated British fleet in battle of Coronel, iv: 63, ix: 308.

Crandell, Miss Marion G., American "Y" worker with French, killed vii: 313.

Cressy, British cruiser, sunk by U-9, Sept. 22, '14, iv: 205, x: 274-280, xi: 234.

Crile, Col. George W., first demonstrator of nitrous oxide as anæsthetic, vii: 68.

Croats, early history, vi: 354; antagonism to Italy, vi: 362.

Croix de Guerre, awards to American "Y" workers, vii: 275, 313.

Cromarty, as British naval base, iv: 94.

Cromer, Lord, chairman of commission to investigate Gallipoli disaster, ii: 197.

Cronkhite, Gen. Adelbert, commander 80th Div., v: 144; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 219.

Crothers, Rachel, starts Stage Women's War Relief, vii: 343.

Crown Prince of Germany, see Frederick William.

Crown Prince of Prussia, see Frederick William.

Ctesiphon, British defeated at, by Turks, Jan. 3, '16, i: 384, iii: 182; description of Arch of, iii: 331; collapse of British medical service at battle of, iii: 367.

Cuba, revolt against Spain, i: 56; declares war on Germany, Apr. 7, '17, i: 389; debt to U. S., xii: 18; Peace Conference delegate, xii: 180.

Cuisy Wood, captured by 79th Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 224.

Cukela, 1st Lieut. Louis, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 388.

Cumières, captured and lost by Germans, May 23—27, '16, iii: 54, 312.

Cunel, captured by 5th Div., Oct. 14, '18, v: 250.

Curlu, captured by British, July 2, '16, i: 386.

Cushing, American ship attacked by German airplane, Apr. 28, '15, iv: 218.

Custace, Capt. Frank M., war services, x: 322.

Custer (85th) Division, see U. S. Army.

Customs duties, German, regulation of, by Peace Treaty, xii: 229.

Cuxhaven, bombarded by British airmen, Dec. 25, '14, i: 378.

Cyclops, U. S. collier, mysterious disappearance, iv: 356.

Cyprus, acquired by Great Britain, i: 93.

Cyrenaica, base of Turkish forces invading western Egypt, iii: 190.

Czar of Russia, see Nicholas II.

Czechoslovakia, anti-Bolshevist forces in Russia, vi: 187, 192; capture of Vladivostok, June, '18, vi: 192; attack on Hungary, April—May, '19, vi: 326; antagonism to Italy, vi: 362; independence recognized, vi: 399; German elements rebel against new government, vi: 399; Socialist movement in, '19, vi: 400; against Bolshevism, vi: 400; claims Teschen at Peace Conference, vi: 400; debt to U. S., xii: 18; Peace Conference delegates, xii: 180; Peace Treaty provisions for independence of, xii: 197; use of German ports, Peace Treaty provisions for, xii: 253; Republic established, Oct., '18, xii: 279; area, xii: 279; population, Oct., '18, xii: 279; see also Bohemia.

Czernin, Count, Austro-Hungarian Minister of Foreign Affairs, appointment as, vi: 313; peace statement, July, '17, vi: 314; resigns as Foreign Minister, vi: 315.

Czernowitz, taken by Russians, Nov. 29, '14, i: 376, iii: 122; abandoned by Russians, Jan. 5, '16, i: 384; recaptured by Russians, June 17—18, '16, i: 385, iii: 144; occupied by Teutons, Aug. 3, '17, i: 390.

D

Daffodil, British ferryboat in Zeebrugge raid, iv: 262.

Daghestan, Republic of, formed by Caucasian mountaineers, vi: 234.

Dalmatia, Italian claims for, vi: 361; conflict between Italians and Jugoslavs for possession of, vi: 365.

D'Amade, Gen., commander of French forces at Gallipoli, iii: 167.

Damascus, captured by British and Arabs, Oct. 1, '18, i: 399, iii: 199.

Damloup, scene of fighting at Verdun, iii: 55.

Dammartin, 1st Div. headquarters, June, '18, v: 143.

"Danger Zone," in rifle fire, viii: 93.

Daniels, Josephus, biography, ix: 326-329.

Dankl, Gen., commands Austrian army invading Russian Poland, '14, iii: 118.

Dannevoux, scene of fighting in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept. 26, '18, v: 224.

D'Annunzio, Gabriele, pro-Ally propaganda during Italian neutrality, ii: 239, vi: 119, 124, ix: 343; manifesto on Italian claims for eastern Adriatic coast, vi: 368; claims Fiume, vi: 369; seizes Fiume, vi: 370; biography, ix: 343-345; author of Song of the Dardanelles, ix: 343; message to America, ix: 344.

Danton, French battleship torpedoed, Mar. 19, '17, iv: 376.

Danube River, as barrier against invasion, iii: 151, 214; bridge across, blown up by Rumanians, iii: 221; internationalized by Peace Treaty, xii: 248.

Danzig, demanded by Poland, vi: 225; made free city under Peace Treaty, vi: 226, xii: 203.

Dardanelles, Russian gateway to the sea, ii: 28, iii: 161; closed by Turkey, Sept., '14, ii: 28; strategic importance, ii: 29; Narrows, critical point, ii: 29; topography of shores, iii: 165, iv: 21, 23; modern defenses, iii: 165, iv: 23, 27, 45; early history, iv: 18-22; early fortifications, iv: 19; closed by Turkey to warships of other nations, iv: 20; forced in 1807 by Adm. Duckworth, iv: 20; fortified by Allies in Crimean War, iv: 20; forced in 1878, by Adm. Hornby, iv: 21; importance to Turkey, iv: 23; importance of combining land and naval attacks in forcing, iv: 26; description, xi: 14; see also Gallipoli Campaign.

Dardanelles Expedition, see Gallipoli Campaign.

Dardanos Fort, bombarded by British, Feb. 19, '15, iv: 43.

Dar-es-Salam, captured by British, iii: 255.

Davis, Richard Harding, description of German entry into Brussels, iii: 271-273; description of burning of Louvain, iii: 273-277.

Davison, Henry P., Chairman, War Council American Red Cross, vii: i; biography, ix: 339.

De Ram automatic camera for aerial photography, viii: 228, 333.

De Valera, Prof. Eamonn, elected to Parliament, vi: 62; arrest and escape from jail, vi: 65; elected President of Irish Republic, ix: 55; address to America, ix: 55.

Dead Man's Hill, at Verdun, battle of, May, '16, iii: 51, 53, 306, 308, 310, xi: 22.

Debeney, Gen., commander of French First Army, ii: 212.

Debts, national, of belligerents, xii: 111-114; between German and Allied nationals, Peace Treaty provisions for settlement of, xii: 232-236.

Decorations, Congressional Medal of Honor, list and deeds of recipients during War, x: 388-402.

Deductions from the World War, by Gen. Baron von Freytag-Loringhoven, summary of, ii: 254.

Defender, British destroyer in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240.

Defense, British ship sunk at Jutland, iv: 121.

Defense, elements in, iv: 4; French trench system of, v: 12; Gouraud's method of, against infiltration, v: 46, 155, viii: 146-148; see also Tactics.

Defense of the Realm Act, British, as weapon against war-time labor strikes, vi: 14; used to prevent electricians' strike, Feb., '19, vi: 20.

Definitions, of popular war terms, xi: 359-362.

Delcassé, Théophile, dismissed as French Minister through German pressure, i: 99; resignation from Viviani government, Oct., '15, vi: 100.

Delousing, by Salvage Service of A. E. F., v: 331.

Demir-hissar, occupied by Bulgars, iii: 207.

Demir-Kapu, taken by French, Oct. 20, '15, iii: 204.

Democracy, in Europe, as result of the War, i: Intro. x; rise of, during 19th century, i: 29; among American colonists, i: 29; development in France, i: 30; European reaction, 1814—40, i: 32; failure of movement of 1848 in Germany, i: 32; growth of national sentiment for, in U. S., '04—'14, i: 293.

Demotika, ceded to Bulgaria by Turkey, vi: 344; Turkey demands return of, vi: 345.

Denikin, Gen., report on collapse of Russian armies, iii: 267-270; leads fight on Bolsheviki, vi: 192, 248.

Denmark, war with Prussia, 1864, i: Intro. vii; neutral during War, vi: 393; popular sentiment pro-Ally, vi: 393; war-time increase in shipping, xii: 101.

Depth bomb, evolution of, iv: 307; use in fighting submarines, iv: 317; development by U. S. Navy, iv: 330; launching mechanism, iv: 331; invention of "Y" gun, iv: 332; for discharge from airplanes, iv: 332; description, viii: 281, xi: 239.

Der Kampf, Maximalist publication, vi: 314.

Der Tag, the German "millennium," xi: 195.

Derflinger, German cruiser in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.

Dernburg, Dr. Bernhard, justifies German war policy, i: 120; heads German propaganda in U. S., i: 274, 316; character sketch of, ix: 353.

Derrière Chez Mon Père, French soldiers' song, xi: 339.

D'Esperey, Gen. Franchet, commands French troops at first Marne battle, ii: 184, iii: 31; commands Allied troops on Balkan front, ii: 218, iii: 212, vi: 347; signs armistice with Hungary, vi: 323.

Destroyers, effectiveness against submarines, viii: Intro. viii.

Detonation, of explosives compared with explosion, viii: 1.

Deutschland, German merchant submarine, arrives at Baltimore, July 9, '16, i: 334, iv: 214; Capt. Koenig's account of trip, iv: 215; feat in crossing Atlantic, x: 271-274.

Devastation of France, by Germans in retreat to Hindenburg Line, iii: 67; French protest to neutrals, iii: 68; German excuses for, iii: 68.

Devoir, Le, Canadian Nationalist newspaper, vi: 30.

D'Eyncourt, Sir E., share in development of tank, viii: 155.

D. H. 10, British bombing planes, viii: 204.

Dhair Hissar, Turkish torpedo-boat in Ægean, iv: 49.

Diaz, Gen., succeeds Cadorna as Italian Commander-in-Chief, iii: 248.

Dickebusch sector, A. E. F. in, v: 286, 289.

Dickinson, Prof. G. Lowes, defense of British conscientious objectors, vi: 8.

Dickman, Maj.-Gen. Joseph T., commands 3rd Div. at Mezy-Moulins, v: 51; commands Fourth Corps at St. Mihiel, v: 65, 202, 386; commands First Corps in Meuse-Argonne, v: 83, 132; commands 3rd Div. at Château-Thierry, v: 132; commands Army of Occupation, v: 395.

Dilboy, Pvt. George, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 391.

Dimethyl-trithiocarbonate (skunk gas), use in chemical warfare, v: 322.

Dinant, Germans checked at, in march through Belgium, Aug., '14, iii: 12.

Diphenylchlorarsine, use in chemical warfare, v: 322.

Diphosgene, use in chemical warfare, viii: 170.

Dirigibles, see Aeronautics.

Disarmament, Anglo-German negotiations, '12, i: 106, 194; German answer to British proposals, i: 195.

Disease, statistics for U. S. Army, v: 402, vii: 179, 193-196, 208-209; early handicaps in prevention, vii: 177; preventive methods in U. S. Army, vii: 193, 245-248; results of preventive methods, statistics for U. S. Army, vii: 195; sanitation, vii: 253; inoculation against, vii: 253; prevention of infections among troops, viii: 392-397; anti-typhoid immunization, viii: 393; see also Infection; Medical Science; Sanitation.

Distinguished Service Cross, awards of, to "Y" workers, vii: 272.

"Divine right of kings," Kaiser's conception of, i: 68.

Dixmude, occupied by Germans, Nov. 10, '14, i: 376; evacuated by Germans, Dec. 20, '14, i: 376; occupied by Belgians, Sept. 29—30, '18, i: 397; German repulse at, in march through Belgium, '14, iii: 40.

Dixmude-Ypres sector, Allied offensive, Sept. 28—Oct. 3, '18, iii: 100.

Djemal Pasha, commander of Turkish forces operating against Suez, iii: 190.

Dmitrieff, Gen., biography, iii: 119.

Dmowski, Roman, leader of Polish reactionary parties, vi: 220.

Dniester River, Germans defeated at, in Galician campaign, '15, iii: 136.

Dobrudja, German conquest of, Sept.—Oct., '16, ii: 60, iii: 218-221; description of, iii: 215; disastrous Rumanian counter-offensive, Oct., '16, iii: 220; dispute between Germany and Bulgaria over, vi: 344; overrun by Bulgarians, vi: 344.

Docks, constructed by A. E. F. in France, v: 332, 400.

Dogger Bank, battle of, British defeat fleet of German raiders, Jan. 24, '15, iv: 246-253; eye-witness accounts, iv: 247-250; Adm. Beatty's official report, iv: 250.

Dogs in War, as ambulance drawers, viii: 379; varied activities, xi: 340-347; story of "Cap," the Red Cross dog, xi: 362-367; story of "Pat," Liberty Bonds salesman, xi: 396-402; effect of food shortage on, xii: 40.

Dommartin-la-Montagne, captured by 26th Div., Sept. 12—13, '18, v: 69, 212.

Don Republic, established Jan., '18, xii: 279; area, xii: 279; population, xii: 279.

Dormans, 28th Div. holds German line at, July 15, '18, v: 53; location, v: 133.

Douai, German base in France, ii: 86.

Douaumont Fort, at Verdun, captured by Germans, Feb. 25—26, '16, i: 384, ii: 189, iii: 48, 305; French recapture and lose, May 22—25, '16, i: 385, iii: 310; retaken by French, Oct. 24, '16, i: 388, iii: 61.

Doughboys, spirit of self-assurance of, i: 370; see also U. S., Army.

Doughnuts, Salvation Army specialty, vii: 399.

Doulcon, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 92, 264.

Dozier, 1st Lieut. James C., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.

Draft, see Conscription under name of country.

Drake, British cruiser torpedoed, Oct. 1, '17, i: 392.

Dresden, German cruiser, in battle off Coronel, armament, iv: 65; in battle of Falkland Islands, iv: 70; sunk by British near Juan Fernandez, Mar. 14, '15, iv: 70.

Drina River, crossed by Austrians invading Serbia, iii: 151.

Drop bombs, viii: 76.

Drummond, Sir James Eric, first Secretary-General of League of Nations, xii: 186.

Dubilier, Wm., inventor of anti-submarine listening device, iv: 308.

Dublin, bloody fighting at, during Irish Rebellion, vi: 60.

Dubno, captured by Russians, June 11, '16, i: 385, iii: 144.

Duck-boards, use in mud fields of Flanders, viii: 300.

Duds, deloading of, v: 326.

Dueidar, Turks defeated at, Apr., '16, iii: 191.

Duff, Sir Beauchamp, responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364, 370.

Dugouts, subterranean system of, in Hindenburg Line, v: 301.

Dukla Pass, occupied by Russians, Dec., '14, iii: 127.

Duma, Russian, reconvened, Feb. 22, '16, vi: 140; struggle against reactionary government, vi: 140, 142, 144; forces dismissal of Stürmer as Premier, vi: 142; Czar issues undated decree ordering dismissal, vi: 144; refuses to be dismissed, Mar. 10, '17, vi: 146; activities during Revolution, Mar., '17, vi: 150-155; establishes Provisional Government under Prince Lvov, vi: 155; see also Russia.

Dumba, Dr. Constantin, Austro-Hungarian Ambassador at Washington, i: 275; dismissed from U. S. for instigating labor strikes, i: 275.

Dun-sur-Meuse, captured by 61st Inf., Nov. 5, '18, v: 94, 271, 391; bombed by U. S. airmen, v: 311.

Dunant, Henri, influence in organization of International Red Cross, vii: 12.

Duncan, Maj.-Gen. George B., brigade commander in Toul sector, Jan., '18, v: 115; commands 77th Div., May, '18, v: 141.

Dunkirk, bombarded by Germans, Apr. 30,'15, i: 380; bombarded by Germans, June, 22, '15, i: 380; German drive for, '14, iii: 40.

Dunn, Rear-Adm. Herbert O., biography, ix: 295.

Dunne, Edw. F., member of Irish-American delegation to Peace Conference, vi: 66.

Durazzo, occupied by Austrians, Feb. 26, '16, i: 384; naval base at, destroyed by Allied warships, Oct. 1, '18, i: 399; occupied by Italians, Oct. 13, '18, i: 399; retreating Serbs embark for Corfu from, '16, iii: 286.

Dushkin, Alexander, visits Europe for Jewish relief, vii: 360.

Dutov, Gen., commands anti-Bolshevik troops in Siberia, vi: 192.

Duval, traitorous owner of Bonnet Rouge, vi: 105; found guilty and shot, vi: 106.

Dwyer, Lance Corp. Edward, wins Victoria Cross, x: 128.

Dyestuffs, German deliveries to Allies, Peace Treaty demands, xii: 224.

E

E-7, British submarine, exploit in Sea of Marmora, iv: 211.

E-9, British submarine, in German waters, iv: 207.

E-11, British submarine, daring in Sea of Marmora, iv: 210.

E-14, British submarine, activities in Dardanelles, iv: 209.

E-50, British submarine, rams U-boat, iv: 214.

E-54, British submarine, sinks U-boat, iv: 212.

Eagle Hut, American "Y" center in London, vii: 288, 300.

East, Maj.-Gen. Maurice on strategic value of campaigns in, ii: Intro. vii-xxiv.

East Africa, German, conquered by Allies, iii: 255; acquired by Great Britain, '18, xii: 271; area and population, xii: 271.

East Prussia, Russian invasion of, Aug., '14, ii: 24, 227, iii: 110-116; battle of Tannenberg, Aug., '14, ii: 24, iii: 112-116; effect of Russian invasion on first battle of the Marne, ii: 227; German campaigns against Russia, '14, Ludendorff's account, ii: 353-357; plan of Russian invasion, iii: 110; importance, iii: 112; Hindenburg's strategy, iii: 113; strength of Hindenburg's forces, iii: 113; decisive German victory at Mazurian Lakes, iii: 113; Russian withdrawal, iii: 116; plebiscite provisions of Peace Treaty, xii: 200.