Part 15 — INDEX (continued 4)

Prize courts, Peace Treaty provision for decisions of, xii: 263.

Profiteering, xii: 55; U. S. meat-packers' profits before and during War, xii: 56.

Prohibition, U. S. war-time act passed, July 7, '17, i: 390; Russian government forbids sale of vodka, iii: 265, vi: 135; voluntary abstention urged in England by Lloyd George, '14, vi: 2-3; use of vodka substitutes in Russia, vi: 138; imposed by Bela Kun's government in Hungary, vi: 325.

Propaganda, see Allies; Germany.

Property rights, of Allied nationals confiscated by Germany, Peace Treaty provisions for restitution of, xii: 236-240.

Protopopoff, Russian Minister of Interior, in German employ, ii: 59, vi: 143; causes Rumanian entry into War for German interest, ii: 59; gains power at court through Rasputin, vi: 143; reactionary policy, vi: 143; surrenders to Duma during Revolution, March, '17, vi: 153.

Provence II, French cruiser sunk by U-boat, Feb. 26, '16, iv: 376.

Pruitt, Corp. John H., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 390.

Prussia, war with Denmark, 1864, i: Intro. vii, 41; autocratic form of government, i: 29; assumes leadership of German states under Bismarck, i: 40; population in 1860, i: 40; Seven Weeks' War against Austria, 1866, i: 41; representation in Imperial Bundesrat, ii: 71; traditional policy of force, i: 150; controlling share in government of German Empire, i: 156; King of, powers as German Emperor, i: 156; relations with Great Britain, stages in evolution of, i: 168; Prussianization of Germany, i: 258; plan of imperial development, ii: 1; see also Germany.

Przasnyz, captured by Germans, Feb. 24, '15, i: 378, iii: 131; recaptured by Russians, Feb. 27, '15, i: 378.

Przemysl, invested by Russians, Sept. 16, '14, i: 376, iii: 123-124; Russians forced to raise siege, Oct. 12, '14, i: 376, iii: 125; reinvested by Russians, Nov. 12, '14, i: 376, iii: 127, xi: 16; captured by Russians, Mar. 22—23, '15, i: 378, iii: 134, 292-293, xi: 16; number of Austrians surrendering, i: 378, iii: 134, 293; recaptured by Austro-German forces, June 1—2, '15, i: 380, ii: 234, iii: 136.

Pskov, captured by Germans, Feb. 24, '18, i: 393.

Psychological tests, for gauging intelligence of army recruits, vii: 216, viii: 349-351.

Psycho-physiological tests, for determining fitness of recruits for specific duties, viii: 351-356.

Putnik, Field-Marshal, Commander-in-Chief of Serbian army, iii: 150.

Pys, evacuated by Germans, Feb. 24, '17, iii: 64.

Q

"Q" ships, British decoys for U-boats, iv: 296.

Quebec, not enthusiastic for War, vi: 26; failure of recruiting among French-Canadians, vi: 30; move for secession from Dominion, vi: 33, 36; Draft Boards defeat conscription by blanket exemptions, vi: 36; draft riots, vi: 36; see also Canada.

Queen, British battleship at Dardanelles, iv: 33.

Queen Elizabeth, British dreadnought at Dardanelles, ii: Intro. xv, iv: 31.

Queen Mary, British cruiser blown up at Jutland, iv: 110, 258; in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.

Queenstown, Ireland, base for U. S. destroyer and subchaser detachment, iv: 357.

Quennemont Farm, strong point on Hindenburg Line, v: 290.

Quien, Gaston, betrayer of Edith Cavell, x: 352.

Quinn, Jim, citation for D. S. C., July 18, '18, v: 171.

R

R-34, British dirigible, crosses Atlantic, viii: 245; similarity to Zeppelin, viii: 254.

Races, European rivalries, i: 21.

Rada, Central Council of Ukraine, formed after Russian revolution, vi: 243.

Radio, see Wireless.

Radoslavov, Vassil, Bulgarian Premier, heads patriotic organization, Narodni Savetz, vi: 341; statement of Bulgarian war demands, vi: 341; German sympathies, vi: 343; resigns, June 17, '18, vi: 346.

Raemakers, Louis, Dutch cartoonist of the War, ix: 190.

Rafa, Turks defeated by British at, Jan., '17, iii: 192.

Raids, see Air raids; Naval raids.

Raikes, Lieut.-Com. Robert H. T., commander of British submarine E-54, battle with German U-boats, iv: 212.

Railroads, German ambition for Calais-Persia route, ii: 2; Russian military, iii: 105; Petrograd-Berlin, iii: 111; Transylvanian, cut by Rumanians, iii: 218; Orsova, taken by Germans in Wallachian campaign, iii: 221; Cernavoda-Constanza, captured by Teuton allies, Oct., '16, iii, 221; in Trentino, iii: 230; in Isonzo sector, iii: 239; in Uganda, iii: 255; in Transcaucasia, iii: 260; number of troop trains needed to move a U. S. division, v: 20; French, available for A. E. F. use, v: 110; St. Mihiel-Metz, cut, Sept. 12, '18, v: 206; German lines of communication in occupied territory, v: 215; Mézières-Sedan, key to German lines of communication on Western Front, v: 216, 387; built by Engineer Corps, A. E. F., in France, v: 333, 334, 403, xii: 283; equipment sent to France from U. S., v: 403, xii: 95, xii: 286; war functions, viii: 283; collapse of Russian system, under war stress, viii: 283; work of German railroads during War, viii: 283-285; narrow-gauge, at the front, viii: 302; see also Bagdad Railway.

Railway Artillery Reserve, U. S., formation, v: 305; units composing, v: 305; engagements on Western Front, v: 306-308; see also U. S. Army, Artillery.

Rainbow (42nd) Division, see U. S., Army.

Rambucourt, on Toul sector, v: 116.

Ramscappelle, German success at, Oct. 30, '14, iii: 40.

Ramsey, British patrol boat, sunk by German auxiliary cruiser Meteor, iv, 197.

Ramsgate, bombarded by German destroyers, Nov. 25, '16, i: 389.

Range-finder, telescopic, structure and use of, viii: 9.

Range-finding, see Artillery; Hydrophones; Microphone; Phonotelemeter.

Rapallo Conference, iii: 84.

Rappes, Bois des, captured by 3rd Div., Oct., '18, v: 85.

Rasputin, Gregory, influence over Czarina and Russian court, vi: 141; assassinated, '16, vi: 141; influence places Protopopov in power, vi: 143; biography, ix: 345-347.

Ravaruska, Russian success in battle of, Sept. 4—10, '14, iii: 122; captured by Austro-German forces, June 20, '15, iii: 136.

Rawlinson, Gen., commander of British Fourth Army, ii: 214, iii: 371.

Raynal, Major, defender of Fort Vaux, iii: 55, 313.

Read, Maj.-Gen. George W., commander, 30th Div., June, '18, v: 146; commands 2nd Corps, v: 290, 382, 394; biography, ix: 223-224.

Read, Lieut.-Com., pilots N-C-4, first airplane across Atlantic, viii: 240.

Rebais, Germans beaten back at, in first Marne battle, iii: 32.

Reconstruction of devastated war areas, German obligations under Peace Treaty, xii: 223.

Reconstruction of disabled, American help for vocational training of French disabled, vii: 79, 92-95; program of European belligerents, vii: 175; in U. S. Army, vii: 175-186, 210-216, 222, 233-239; importance of first aid, vii: 178; treatment of shell-shock, vii: 179; percent. of injured returned to service, vii: 180; system of vocational training for U. S. service men, vii: 180-182, 210-216, 236-239; educational personnel for training of U. S. service men, vii: 180, 185; care of blinded U. S. service men, vii: 182, 213; correcting speech defects in U. S. military hospitals, vii: 182, 213; work of U. S. dental officers, vii: 210; in civilian industries, vii: 240-245; mechanical treatments for injured limbs, viii: 381-384; artificial arms for war cripples, viii: 384-388; artificial legs for war cripples, viii: 388-390; remaking shell-torn faces, viii: 390; artificial eyes for war blind, viii: 391; see also Medical science; Surgery.

Recouly, Raymond, account of first Marne battle, ii: 182-186; account of Verdun battle, ii: 186-189.

Recreation, for service men, see Entertainment; Sports.

Recruiting, see under country.

Red Army, in Russia, organized by Trotzky, vi: 185; in Munich, raised by Munich Soviet, vi: 300; in Hungary, under Communist Government, vi: 326.

Red Cross: American, relief work in Italy, ii: 250, vii: 42, 82; Henry P. Davison, Chairman of War Council, vii: 1; war-time activities, summary, vii: 1; amount of contributions to, vii: 1; increase in membership, vii: 1; personnel in France, vii: 1; Clara Barton, mother of, vii: 12; peace time activities, vii: 14; war organization, vii: 15-27; raising war funds, vii: 15-27; total relief expenditures, vii: 27; range of activities, vii: 29; location of base hospitals, vii: 30; location of ambulance companies, vii: 30-31; sanitary service, vii: 31-32; nursing personnel, vii: 33; canteen service, vii: 33, 42, 47-49, 54, 57; auxiliary activities for service men's comfort, vii: 34; recruiting services of nation's womanhood, vii: 34; home service work, vii: 35; services abroad, vii: 35-40; hospital work in France, vii: 37, 45; work for American prisoners in Germany, vii: 37-39, 71; relief activities in England, vii: 40, 45; with the Navy, vii: 41; relief work among belligerents during U. S. neutrality, vii: 43-46; hospital work in Germany, vii: 45; hospital work in Austria-Hungary, vii: 45; relief for Serbia, vii: 45, 84; stories of overseas service with fighting men, vii: 47-72; work for wounded, vii: 49-54, 56, 60-64; ambulance service at the front, vii: 49-51; tales of wounded, vii: 51-54; hotels for service men in Paris, vii: 54; supplying delicacies to wounded, vii: 56; huts, vii: 59; entertainment, vii: 60; as bureau of information, vii: 62-64; helping doughboys shop in France, vii: 64; department store for overseas service men, vii: 66; production of surgical dressings, vii: 67; production of nitrous oxide, vii: 68; baths and laundries behind the lines, vii: 70; Children's Bureau, activities for welfare of child war sufferers, vii: 72, 76-79, xi: 85-90; relief among Allied civilians, vii: 73-85; relief among French refugees, vii: 73; fight against tuberculosis in France, vii: 75; education of French disabled, vii: 79; relief for Belgian refugees, vii: 82; relief in Rumania, vii: 84; work in Palestine, vii: 84; Institute for the Blind, vii: 259; letters of appreciation from refugee children, xi: 60; Junior American Red Cross, activities, xi: 90-93; help by Boy Scouts, xi: 108; letter from "Chinese citizen boy," xi: 179. International, in Switzerland, vi: 380; World League of, vii: 3; history of development, vii: 4-14; Florence Nightingale, first field nurse, vii: 11; U. S. becomes member, vii: 14.

Red Cross Nurse, poem by Edith Thomas, vii: 279.

"Red Monday," during Russian Revolution, Mar. 12, '17, vi: 150.

"Red Week," rioting during, in Italy, June, '14, vi: 114.

"Reds," see Bolshevism.

Reeves, Col. Ira L., mlitary superintendent, A. E. F. University at Beaune, vii: 283.

Refrigerating plants, constructed by A. E. F. in France, v: 403.

Refugees, see War relief.

Regan, 2nd Lieut. Patrick, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.

Reichstag, German, limitations as legislative body, i: 71; composition and powers, i: 156.

Reims (Rheims), abandoned by Allies, Aug. 28, '14, i: 375; re-occupied by French, Sept. 15, '14, i: 376; Cathedral bombarded by Germans, iii: 74, vi: 97; attacked by Crown Prince, June, '18, iii: 95; description of surrounding country, v: 43; gateway between Germany and France, v: 215.

Reiter's Morganlied, German air, xi: 335.

Relief, see War relief.

Religion, diversity of, obstacle to world federation, i: 25; work of Y. M. C. A. with troops overseas, vii: 283-285.

Remington self-loading rifle, description, viii: 89; see also Rifles.

Remonville, location, v: 217; captured by 89th Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 262.

Remounts, construction of depots for, by A. E. F., v: 333; procuring of, for A. E. F., v: 399.

Renault tank, description, viii: 156; see also Tanks.

Rennenkampf, Gen., commander of Russian forces invading East Prussia, '14, ii: 24, 227, iii: 110; driven out of East Prussia by Hindenburg, ii: 25, 229, iii: 116; Ludendorff's account of retreat, ii: 355; see also East Prussia; Tannenberg, battle of.

Renner, Dr., becomes Austrian Chancellor, '19, vi: 319; Bolshevik uprising against, vi: 321; conciliatory attitude at Peace Conference, vi: 321.

Renwick, George, description of Munich under Red Terror, vi: 301.

Repair shops, U. S. Ordnance, in France, v: 350.

Reparation, by Germany, Peace Treaty provisions, xii: 217-225.

Reparation Commission, formation and functions, xii: 158, xii: 219-221.

Repatriés, returned French exiles, xi: 75.

Repington, Colonel, military correspondent of London Times, exposes British shell shortage, May, '15, ii: 174.

Replacement system, plan for A. E. F., '17, v: 102, 399.

Respirators, number issued by U. S. Army, v: 324; utility as defense against poison gas, viii: 174-178; see also Chemical warfare.

Responsibility for the War, see Germany, Responsibility for War.

Retreats, famous examples of, in history, iii: 280.

Return, The, poem by John Freeman, ix: 331.

Reval, seized by Germans, Feb. 24, '18, i: 393.

Reventlow, Count Ernst Zu, condemnation of democratic rule in Germany, vi: 284.

Reville, taken by 5th Div., Nov. 8, '18, v: 272.

Revolver, use as military weapon, viii: 117.

Reynolds, Col. C. R., Chief Surgeon, Second Army, v: 346.

Rheims, see Reims.

Rhine River, French strategy in regard to, ii: 8; German fortifications on, Peace Treaty provisions concerning, xii: 189; Peace Treaty provisions for international control and navigation, xii: 250-253.

Ribot, Alexandre, succeeds Briand as French Premier, '17, vi: 103.

Rice, Brig.-Gen. John H., Chief Ordnance Officer, A. E. F., v: 350.

Richthofen, Capt. Baron Manfred Freiherr von, career as aviator, x: 253-255.

Rickenbacker, Capt. Eddie, career as aviator, x: 259-264.

Rieka, Slav name of Fiume, vi: 365.

Rifles, type used by A. E. F., description and reasons for adoption, v: 347, viii: 96, 102-105; U. S. production figures, v: 347, xii: 284; types, viii: 84, 88-105; Browning automatic, viii: 84; automatic, difference from machine-gun, viii: 88; importance of rapid fire, viii: 88; self-loading, compared with machine-gun, viii: 88; principal self-loading types, viii: 89-91; Remington, viii: 89; Sjorgen, viii: 89; Winchester, viii: 89; rifle fire and artillery compared, viii: 92; range of military rifle, viii: 92; "danger zone" in rifle fire, viii: 93; advantages of sharp-nosed bullet, viii: 93; comparison to gas engine, viii: 94; British service rifles, description, viii: 95; Lee type, viii: 95; Enfield-M type, viii: 95; French service rifle, description, viii: 95; German Mauser, description, viii: 95; sighting devices, viii: 96-102; definition of "bore," viii: 111; definition and purpose of "rifling," viii: 111.

Rifle lights, viii: 75.

"Rifling" of gun, definition and purpose, viii: 111-112.

Riga, occupied by Germans, Sept. 3, '17, i: 390, iii: 147, iv: 136.

Riga, Gulf of, description, iv: 136-137; German naval operations in, '15—'17, iv: 137-138; battle of, and capture of dominating islands by Germans, Oct. 12—18, '17, iv: 137-138.

Rintelen, Capt. Franz von, German agent in U. S., i: 315.

Ritchings, Lieut.-Col. Arthur, rise from constable to lieutenant-colonel, x: 378.

River Clyde, British transport at Gallipoli, iii: 168, iv: 39.

Riviera, A. E. F. leave area, Y. M. C. A. work in, vii: 269.

Rizzo, Commander Luigi, sinks Austrian battleships in motor-boat attack, iv: 370; sinks Austrian battleships, Wien and Monarch, in Trieste harbor, x: 290.

Road to France, The, poem by Daniel M. Henderson, vi: 131.

Roads, construction by A. E. F. in France, v: 334, 403.

Robb, 1st Lieut. George S., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 402.

Robeck, Vice-Adm. de, succeeds Vice-Adm. Carden in command of Allied fleet at Gallipoli, iv: 32.

Roberts, Lieut. E. M., record as aviator, x: 249-252.

Roberts, Corp. Harold W., American tank driver, wins Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 402, xi: 386.

Robertson, Gen. Sir William, appointed British Chief of General Staff, ii: Intro. xviii; biography, ix: 184-186.

Rockenbach, Brig.-Gen. Samuel D., commander U. S. Tank Corps, v: 314.

Rockwell, Kiffin, member of Lafayette Escadrille, killed in Vosges, iii: 391.

Rodman, Admiral, biography, ix: 293-295.

Rodzianko, Michael V., President of Russian Duma, vi: 150.

Rogers, Maj.-Gen. H. L., Chief Quartermaster of A. E. F., v: 332.

Rohrbach, Paul, German publicist, on Anglo-German rivalry, vi: 251.

Romagne, captured by 32nd Div., Oct. 14, '18. v: 250.

Romagne-sous-Montfaucon, American cemetery at, v: 403.

Romani, Turks defeated by British at, Aug., '16, iii: 192.

Romanoffs, see Nicholas II; Russia, Royal family.

Romorantin, U. S., aircraft plant at, v: 313.

Ronchères, captured by 3rd Div., July 28, '18, v: 188.

Roosevelt, Capt. Archie, war record, x: 238.

Roosevelt, Capt. Kermit, war record, x: 241.

Roosevelt, Lieut. Quentin, record as aviator, x: 241-249; killed in air fight, x: 245-249.

Roosevelt, Theodore, fight against "big business," i: 293; against U. S. neutrality, i: 299; temperament contrasted with that of Pres. Wilson, i: 299; probable course of action if President during War, i: 302; pro-German sentiments in '14, i: 309; statement on Lusitania sinking, i: 320; statement on universal military training, Nov., '15, i: 326; attacks Pres. Wilson's note asking belligerents for statement of war aims, i: 337.

Roosevelt, Lieut.-Col. Theodore, Jr., commands 26th Inf. at Cantigny, May 28, '18, v: 126; at Sedan, Nov. 7, '18, v: 269; war record, x: 241.

Roosevelt, Mrs. Theodore, Jr., "Y" worker in Bordeaux, vii: 267; in charge of Aix-les-Bains leave area, vii: 269.

Root-Takahira agreement, '08, i: 57.

Rosenwald, Julius, member, Advisory Commission of U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 116.

Rossetti, Lieut.-Col. R., sinks Austrian warship Viribus Unitis in Pola harbor, x: 297-303.

Rosyth, advance base for British battle cruisers, iv: 91, 94; meeting place for arranging surrender of German fleet, iv: 384.

Roulers, German base in France, ii: 86.

Rowlatt, Justice, author of "Black Cobra Bill" of India, '18, vi: 78.

Royal Air Force, British, see Great Britain, Air Service.

Royal Edward, British transport sunk, Aug. 13, '15, i: 381.

Royal families, see country.

Roye, captured by Allies, Aug. 27, '18, i: 397, ii: 157.

Rozyshche, captured by Russians, June, '16, iii: 144.

Rue, training area for 27th Div., '18, v: 286.

Ruggles orientator, for testing aviators, viii: 356-358.

Ruhleben, German prison camp, American "Y" work at, vii: 303.

Rule Britannia, British patriotic song, xi: 333.

Rumania, gains independence from Turkey, i: 92; intervention in Second Balkan War, '13, i: 206; declares war on Austria-Hungary, Aug. 27, '16, i: 386; Germany declares war on, Aug. 28, '16, i: 386; Turkey declares war on, Aug. 29, '16, i: 386; Bulgaria declares war on, Sept. 1, '16, i: 386; reasons for entry into War, ii: 59, iii: 214, vi: 348-349; betrayed by Russia, ii: 59, iii: 221, vi: 349; natural resources, ii: 59; invades Transylvania, ii: 60, iii: 217, vi: 313, xi: 28; conquered by Teuton forces under Mackensen and Falkenhayn, ii: 60, iii: 218-224, vi: 349, xi: 29; topography, iii, 214; failure of Allied support, iii: 214; army, training and equipment, iii: 215; strategy of campaigns, iii: 216; Bucharest captured by Germans, Dec. 6, '16, iii: 222; government moved to Jassy, Nov., '16, iii: 223, vi: 349; prisoners of war, iii: 404; total casualties, iii: 404, vi: 353, xii: 289; civilian deaths from disease and famine, iii: 405; attacks Hungarian republic, '19, vi: 326; race problems, vi: 348; policy of neutrality, vi: 348; secret treaty with Allies as war price, iii: 349; suffering under Teuton invasion, vi: 349, 353; struggle with Russian Bolsheviki in Bessarabia, vi: 350-352; signs peace treaty with Central Powers, May 7, '17, vi: 352; peace terms imposed by Germany, vi: 352; conditions after armistice, Nov., '18, vi: 353; royal family, ix: 399-402; debt to U. S., xii: 18; money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25; value of property loss, xii: 26; war cost, Aug., '16—Oct., '18, xii: 107; rise in national debt, xii: 114; Peace Conference delegates, xii: 180; former treaties with Germany abrogated by Treaty of Versailles, xii: 232; area, '19, xii: 279; population, '19, xii: 279.

Rumania, poem by George Edward Woodberry, vi: 347.

Rumanian National Hymn, xi: 329.

Rumanian Relief Committee of America, vii: 109.

Rumeli Medjidieh Battery, Fort at Gallipoli, iv: 45; bombarded by Allied fleet, iv: 45.

Rupel, Greek fortress, seized by Bulgars, May, '16, iii: 207.

Rupert Brooke, poem by Moray Dalton, vii: 285.

Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria, army commands, iii: 10, 61.

Ruroede, Carl, leader in German passport frauds in U. S., x: 333.

Russell, Bertrand, British philosopher, dismissed from Cambridge University for supporting conscientious objectors, vi: 8; on effects of War, vi: 11.

Russell, British battleship sunk in Mediterranean, Apr. 27, '16, i: 385.

Russia: Army, mobilization, July 31, '14, i: 375, iii: 264; German estimate of effectiveness, ii: 4; man-power available, ii: 27; lack of resources to equip manpower, ii: 27-28; shortage of ammunition, ii: 231, iii: 264; machine-gun equipment, ii: 232; artillery equipment deficient, ii: 232; collapse of, v: 113, vi: 157, 164; Ludendorff on, ii: 340; Gen. Denikin's report, iii: 146, 267-270; organization and strength, iii: 104; weaknesses, iii: 105; Czar takes personal command, Sept. 8, '16, iii: 140; leading commanders pledge support to Republican Government, Mar., '17, iii: 145; vice in, iii: 267; causes of demoralization, iii: 268; balloting substituted for fighting, iii: 268; desertions, iii: 269, vi: 157, 164; Bolshevist propaganda in, iii: 269, vi: 157, 164; Cossack cavalry, strength, vi: 146; fraternization with enemy, vi: 157, 161; Kerensky abolishes death penalty, vi: 157; Red Army raised by Trotzky, vi: 185; for military operations, see Russian Front; battle or campaign. Casualties, total in War, iii: 404; civilian deaths from disease and famine, iii: 406; money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25; battle deaths, xii: 288. Coal, production, '13—'17, xii: 48. Cost of living, percent. rise during War, Intro. x. Declarations of war, pledge of aid to Serbia against Austria, July 27, '14, i: 114; by Germany against, Aug. 1, '14, i: 115, 139, 375; by Austria against, Aug. 6, '14, i: 375; on Bulgaria by, Oct. 19, '15, i: 382; on Turkey by, Oct. 30, '14, i: 376; reception by populace, iii: 264, vi: 134-135; ultimatum to Bulgaria, Oct. 4, '15, vi: 343. Food, shortage, vi: 141, 144, 145; potato crop, xii: 47. Foreign policy, Asiatic expansion, i: 20; seizure of Port Arthur from China, i: 20; gains freedom of action in Black Sea, 1871, i: 47; world position in '14, i: 62; ambitions in Near East checked by Congress of Berlin, i: 93; German influence, i: 95, 240; Entente Cordiale with France, 1891, i: 98; member of Triple Entente, i: 98, 103, 106; settlement of Persian question with Great Britain, '07, i: 104; Franco-Russian treaty of July, '12, i: 107; Balkan policy, i: 114; pledge of aid to Serbia against Austria, July 27, '14, i: 114; negotiations in attempt to prevent the War, i: 126-129; hatred of Germany, i: 242; German view of, i: 242; betrayal of Rumania by German agents in Government, ii: 59, iii: 221, vi: 349; imperialistic ambitions, vi: 132; treachery of Government exposed by Milyukov, Nov., '16, vi: 142; secret treaties made public by Trotzky, vi: 183; Soviet Government makes peace with Germany, vi: 183-185; relations of Soviet with Allies, vi: 187-188; hostility to Ukrainian nationalistic aspirations, vi: 241; treaty with Japan, '16, vi: 386; for relations with Finland, see Finland. Industries, inadequate for war needs, ii: 27-28; hampered by lack of port facilities, iii: 161; chaotic condition during War, xii: 82. Internal politics, war enthusiasm, Aug., '14, iii: 264, vi: 134-135; prohibition of vodka, iii: 265, vi: 135; revolutionary outbreaks before War, vi: 132-134; Socialists oppose War, vi: 134; attack of Duma on War Office for inefficiency, Aug., '15, vi: 136; Minister of War Sukhomlinov arrested and disgraced, vi: 136; request for new ministry refused by Czar, '15, vi: 136; Duma dissolved, Sept., '15, vi: 136; peace sentiment, '15, vi: 138; Lenin advocates defeat of Russia, vi: 140; Stürmer succeeds Goremykin as Prime Minister, vi: 140; Duma reconvenes, Feb. 22, '16, vi: 140; attack of Socialist Cheidze on Government, vi: 140; influence of Rasputin at Court, vi: 141; Rasputin murdered, vi: 141; Stürmer becomes Foreign Minister, July, '16, vi: 142; Stürmer dismissed under accusations of corruption and treachery, vi: 142; repressive policy of Protopopov, Minister of Interior, '17, vi: 143; Golytsin succeeds to Premiership, '17, vi: 143; threats of revolt in Duma, Feb., '17, vi: 144; Revolution starts in Petrograd, Mar., '17, vi: 145; Duma disobeys Czar's order of dismissal, Mar., '17, vi: 146; leaders and policies at start of Revolution, vi: 148; revolutionary scenes in Petrograd, Mar. 11—15, '17, vi: 148-156; Czar disregards appeals for liberal ministry, vi: 150, 151; Red Monday, Mar. 12, '17, vi: 150-153; arrest of ministers of old régime, vi: 153; reform vs. revolution, Mar., '17, vi: 153-157; Council of Workmen's and Soldiers' Delegates formed, Mar. 12, '17, vi: 155; Provisional Government under Prince Lvov formed by Duma, Mar. 14, '17, vi: 155; Czar abdicates, Mar. 15, '17, vi: 156; struggle between Provisional Government and Soviet on war policy, vi: 158-160; fall of Liberal ministry and formation of coalition cabinet, vi: 160; peasant societies, vi: 160; statement of policy by coalition Government, vi: 161; Bolshevist uprising suppressed, July, '17, vi: 161-165; Kerensky becomes virtual dictator, vi: 165; rivalry between Kerensky and Kornilov for power, vi: 167-171; Moscow Conference, vi: 167; Kornilov rebellion fails, vi: 169; Kerensky declares Russia a Republic, Sept. 15, '17, vi: 171; Bolshevist revolution overthrows Kerensky, Nov., '17, vi: 171-181; Lenin becomes President of Council of People's Commissaries, vi: 181; Trotzky becomes Commissary of Foreign Affairs, vi: 181; Bolshevist program, vi: 181; opposition of middle classes to Bolshevik rule, vi: 181; Constituent Assembly dissolved by Bolsheviki, Jan., '18, vi: 185; Congress of Soviets substituted for Constituent Assembly, vi: 185; reign of terror under Bolshevist régime, vi: 187. Navy, Black Sea fleet bombards Bosphorus forts, iv: 49; strength of Black Sea fleet, iv: 50; development, iv: 364; strength of Baltic fleet, iv: 364; war record, iv: 364-366; part in Revolution, iv: 366, vi: 164. Peace negotiations, Brest-Litovsk Treaty ends war with Central Powers, Mar., '18, ii: 63, 273, vi: 183; armistice with Germany signed, Dec. 6, '17, v: 113; movement for peace by radicals and conservatives, '15, vi: 138; Soviet demands immediate Socialist peace conference, vi: 161; nature of Bolshevik peace propaganda, vi: 171-175; Versailles Treaty, provisions on, Russo-German relations, xii: 205; treaties with Germany abrogated by Versailles Treaty, xii: 232. Prisoners of war, iii: 404. Railroads, military, iii: 105; Petrograd-Berlin line, iii: 111; importance of Warsaw as junction, iii: 138; Brest-Litovsk line, military importance, iii: 138; collapse under war stress, viii: 283. Royal family, xi: 145-149; see also Nicholas II. War cost, currency inflation by Bolsheviki, xii: Intro. xiii; financial position at start of War, xii: 1; loans floated in U. S., Aug., '14—Jan., '17, xii: 2; debt to U. S., xii: 18; money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25; value of property loss, xii: 26; average daily cost, xii: 106; total cost, Aug., '14—Oct., '17, xii: 107; taxation, xii: 109; loans, xii: 113; rise in national debt, xii: 113-114.

Russian Front, German analysis of strength and strategic importance, Aug., '14, ii: 12-16; strategic plans of Russia and Central Powers, ii: 22, iii: 109-110; Gen. Gourko's explanation, ii: 225; Russian invasion of Galicia, '14—'15, ii: 22-24, 26, iii: 118-124, 127, 132-134; Lemberg captured by Russians, Sept. 3, '14, ii: 23, iii: 121; operations in East Prussia, '14, ii: 24, iii: 110-116; Gen. Gourko's account, ii: 227-229; Ludendorff's account, ii: 353-357; battle of Tannenberg, Aug., '14, ii: 24, iii: 112-116; campaigns in Poland, ii: 25, 26, 229, iii: 116-120, 124-127, 128-132, 137-141; Ludendorff's account,ii: 361-365; Przemysl, siege and capture by Russians, ii: 26, iii: 123, 125, 127, 134, 292, xi: 16; successful Teuton counter-offensive in Galicia under Mackensen, May, '15, ii: 26, 233, iii: 135-137, 294-296, vi: 258, 311; Ludendorff's account, ii: 360; Warsaw, German attacks on and capture, ii: 26, iii: 128-130, 131, 138; Brusiloff's offensive in Galicia, '16, ii: 42-44, 235, iii: 141-145; Russian collapse, '17, ii: 54, iii: 146, v: 113, vi: 157, 164; Ludendorff on, ii: 340; Gen. Denikin's report, iii: 267-270; campaigns in Caucasus and Armenia, ii: 91-92, iii: 260-263, vi: 331, xi: 29; capture of Erzerum, Feb. 16, '16, ii: 91, iii: 262-263; effect of invasion of East Prussia on first Marne battle, ii: 227; reasons for weakness of Russian fortresses, ii: 230; Przemysl recaptured by Teuton forces, June 1—2, '15, ii: 234, iii: 136; Lemberg recaptured by Austrians, June 22, '15, ii: 234, iii: 137; topography, iii: 106-109; last Russian offensive in Galicia, July, '17, iii: 146; battle experiences on, iii: 316; activities of A. E. F. against Bolsheviki, v: 394, vi: 187, 193; description of Russian trenches, viii: 123; see also East Prussia; Galicia; Mazurian Lakes; Poland.

Russky, Gen., commander of Russian forces invading Galicia, iii: 119.

Ruthenians, clash with Poles for control of eastern Galicia, vi: 217, 248; cultural freedom under Austrian rule, vi: 241; attempts at forced Russification during Russian occupation of Galicia, vi: 243.

Ryan, Michael J., Irish-American delegate to Peace Conference vi: 66.

S

Saarbrücken, British air raid on, Oct. 25, '17, i: 392.

Saarburg, occupied by French, Aug. 17, '14, i: 375.

"Sacred Egoism," Italian foreign policy of, vi: 120.

"Sacred Way, The," highway to Verdun, iii: 50.

Sag paste, developed by U. S. Chemical Warfare Service as protection against mustard gas, v: 324.

Saïd Pasha Zagloul, Egyptian Nationalist leader, vi: 70.

Sailly-Saillisel, objective in Somme battle, '16, iii: 58.

St. Benoit, captured by 42nd Div., Sept. 13, '18, v: 211.

St. Dunstan's Home for British blind, vii: 259.

St. Etienne, captured by 71st Brig., Oct. 8, '18, v: 257.

St. Gobain, German defensive system captured by Allies in last drive, '18, ii: 214, xi: 52; Germans bombard Paris from Forest of, iii: 88, viii: 45-47.

St. Louis, French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33.

St. Maurice Ridge, captured by 27th Div., v: 296.

St. Mihiel, occupied by Germans, Sept. 26, '14, i: 376, iii: 37, v: 199; recaptured and salient wiped out by A. E. F., Sept. 12—15, '18, ii: 84, iii: 99, v: 65-72, 199-212, xi: 46; Pershing's report, v: 384-386; strategic importance of A. E. F. operations, ii: 84, v: 200, 208, 384, 385-386; strength of A. E. F, and French troops attacking, Sept., '18, iii: 99, v: 203, 385, 386; German prisoners captured in operations against, Sept., '18, iii: 99, v: 71, 207, 208, 212, 386; German artillery captured at, Sept., '18, iii: 99, v: 71, 207, 212, 386; Allied casualties in reduction of salient, iii: 99, v: 71, 212, 386; topography of salient, v: 65, 199; list and disposition of A. E. F. and French divisions in drive against, Sept., '18, v: 65, 202, 386; strength of German troops defending sector, Sept., '18, v: 201, 208; strength and activities of Allied air service in drive against, Sept., '18, v: 206, 309, 386; effect of victory on A. E. F. morale, v: 386.

St. Nazaire, debarkation and embarkation port for A. E. F., v: 339, 396.

St. Pierremont, captured by 77th Div., Nov. 3, '18, v: 265.

St. Quentin, German base in France, ii: 86; Germans break through British lines at, Mar., '18, ii: 70-74, 150-151, 190-197, iii: 86-91; Philip Gibbs's account, iii:381-390; unsuccessful French attacks on, Mar., '17, iii: 68; captured by British, iii: 101.

St. Quentin Canal, part of Hindenburg Line defenses, v: 292, 301.

St. Remy, captured by 26th Div. in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. 12, '18, v: 69, 212.

Saionji, Marquis, Japanese statesman, causes fall of Terauchi Cabinet, vi: 388; personal sketch, ix: 92.

Sakharoff, Gen., Russian commander on Galician Front, iii: 142; sent to defend Rumania against German invasion, '16, iii: 221, 223.

Salandra, Antonio, Italian Premier, pro-Ally policy brings Italy into war against Germany, ii: 236-239, vi: 123-126; Cabinet of, forced to resign, June, '16, vi: 127.

Salonika Campaign, Maj.-Gen. Maurice on general military aspects of, ii: Intro. xix; Allies fail to defend Rumania, ii: 62; Allies' reasons for undertaking, iii: 201-202; attitude of Greece on Allied occupation of Greek territory, iii: 202, 206; strategy and military operations, iii: 202-213; Allies land first troops, Oct. 3, '15, iii: 202; Allied strength, Oct., '15, iii: 202; Allies driven by Bulgars across Greek frontier, Oct.—Nov., '15, iii: 204-205; Uskub captured by Bulgars, Oct. 9, '15, iii: 204; Allies fortify Salonika position, iii: 205; Bulgars occupy Greek territory, May, '16, iii: 207; Gen. Sarrail proclaims martial law in Salonika, iii: 207; Allies increase forces, May—Aug., '16, iii: 207; Monastir captured by Allies, Nov. 19, '16, iii: 208-210; Gen. d'Esperey succeeds Gen. Sarrail in command of Allied armies, iii: 212; Allied and Bulgarian strengths, Sept., '18, iii: 212; final Allied offensive crushes Bulgaria and forces surrender, Sept.—Oct., '18, iii: 212-213.

Salvage service, British, activities of, ii: 131; A. E. F., activities of, v: 331, viii: 345-348; general functions, xi: 308-313.

Salvation Army, war work, vii: 379-400; tales of experiences in war service, vii: 379-393; "Ma" Burdick, soldiers' friend, vii: 384; care of soldiers' graves in France, vii: 391; home service, vii: 393; huts and hostel service, vii: 395; clothing bureau, vii: 397; work with A. E. F., vii: 397; as soldiers' forwarding agency, vii: 399; employment bureaus, vii: 399; finances, vii: 400.

Samoa, German, captured by New Zealanders, vi: 38; area and population, xii: 279.

Samogneux, captured by Germans, Feb. 23, '16, iii: 48.

Samouprava, Serbian journal, denounces terms of Italian secret treaty with Allies, vi: 361.

Sampler, Sgt. Samuel H., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.

Samsonoff, Gen., commander of Russian forces invading East Prussia, defeated and killed in battle of Tannenberg, Aug., '14, ii: 24, 228, iii: 111-116; Gen. Gourko's account of fate, ii: 228; Ludendorff's account of fate, ii: 355; see also Tannenberg, battle of.

San, battle of the, May 15—17, '15, iii: 136.

San Diego, U. S. cruiser sunk by mine, iv: 216.

San Francisco, U. S. cruiser used in laying North Sea mine barrage, iv: 326.

San Giovanni di Medua, concentration of Serbian refugees at, iii: 284.

Sanders, Gen. Liman von, head of German Mission in Turkey, iii: 164.

Sandlin, Pvt. Willie, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.

Sanitation, Red Cross Sanitary Service, vii: 31-32; Division of Sanitation, U. S. Army Medical Corps, war-time activities, vii: 191, 253; prevention of infectious diseases among troops, viii: 392-397; making drinking water safe for army, viii: 394-396; taught by movies in war zone, xi: 89; see also Disease; Infection.

Sanniyat, British repulsed at, in attempt to relieve Kut-el-Amara, iii: 185.

Santos-Dumont, development of aircraft by, xi: 221-223.

Sapieha, Prince Eustace, attempted coup d'état against Pilsudski fails, vi: 222.

Sarajevo, see Serajevo.

Sarrail, Gen., commands a French Army at first Marne battle, ii: 184; defender of Verdun, '14, ii: 188, iii: 303; commander of French forces at Salonika, iii: 62, 202.

Sarre, battle of the, Aug. 18, '14, iii: 18.

Sarre Basin, Peace Treaty provisions concerning, xii: 189-194.

Save River, Austrians cross in invading Serbia, Aug. 12, '14, iii: 151.

Savoy, neutralized zone of, Peace Treaty provisions concerning, xii: 262.

Sawelson, Sgt. William, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 400.

Saxony, Spartacide revolt in, Feb., '19, vi: 299.

Sayville wireless station, taken over by U. S. Govt., July 8, '15, i: 381.

Sazonov, Serge, resigns as Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs, July 23, '16, vi: 142; biography, ix: 98-99.

Scandinavia, neutrality, vi: 392.

Scapa Flow, British naval base, iv: 93; German warships interned at, iv: 143.

Scarborough, bombarded by Germans, Dec. 16, '14, i: 376, iv: 245.

Scarpe sector, British drive on, Aug., '18, ii: 158.

Scharnhorst, German cruiser, in battle off Coronel, iv: 65, 66; sunk in battle of Falkland Islands, iv: 70, 72, xi: 308; eye-witness account, iv: 82.

Scheidemann, Philip, leader of German Social-Democratic majority, vi: Intro. xii; member of Ebert Government, Nov., '18, vi: 277; elected Chancellor, Feb., '19, vi: 292; biography, ix: 135-138.

Scheldt River, Belgian claims to Dutch territory at mouth of, vi: 89; strategic position, vi: 375.

Schleswig, Danish attitude toward, vi: 393; plebiscite provisions of Peace Treaty for, vi: 394, xii: 204.

Schlieffen, Gen. Count von, author of plan of German campaigns, Aug., '14, ii: 345.

Schmidt, Adm., German commander in battle of Riga Gulf, iv: 366.

Scholz, Walter, accomplice in German plot to blow up Allied ships, x: 371.

School, of the soldier, xi: 159; of the squad, xi: 161.

Schools, general educational program, for A. E. F. at army centers and European universities, v: 106, vii: 281-283, 290; for children in war zones, xi: 65-66; U. S. Army training schools, see U. S., Army.

Schwab, Charles M., biography and war service, ix: 332-334.

Science, in the War, Field-Marshal Haig's tribute, ii: 124; displaces importance of military strategy, viii: Intro. vii.

Scots Wha Hae wi' Wallace Bled, Scottish national song, xi: 331.

Scottish Women's Hospitals for Home and Foreign Service, vii: 101.

"Scrap of paper," Chancellor von Bethmann-Hollweg's statement on Belgian neutrality, i: 146.

Seaplanes, see Aeronautics.

Sea Scouts, British, coast guard duty, xi: 94.

Sea tanks, Italian, description, iv: 272.

Sebastopol, importance as seaport, ii: 28.

Secours National, American Committee of the, organization and activities, vii: 105; see also War relief.

Sector, defined, v: 14.

Sedan, key-point in German lines of supply, ii: 87; A. E. F. advance on, Nov., '18, iii: 103, v: 92, 269, 391, xi: 53; see also Mézières-Sedan railroad.

Sedd-el-Bahr, fort on Gallipoli, ii: 30, iv: 24, 42; see also Gallipoli Campaign.

Seeadler, career as German raider, iv: 198.

Seed-Time, poem by Josephine Preston Peabody, vii: 283.

Seeger, Alan, poet-soldier, x: 142.

Seibert, Sgt. Lloyd M., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 402.

Seicheprey, German raid on A. E. F. lines at, Apr. 20, '18, v: 28, 122, xi: 43.

Seitz, Karl, Austrian president, advocates union with Germany, vi: 322.

Seleucia, ruins of ancient Greek capital, in Mesopotamia, iii: 331.

"Self-determination," not recognized in Europe before War, i: 16.

Seligman, Prof. Edwin R. A., on the cost of the War, xii: 105-114.

Selivanoff, Gen., commands Russians besieging Przemysl, iii: 132.

Selle, battle of the, Aug. 19, '14, iii: 18.

Semenoff, Gen., Cossack commander under Kolchak, vi: 192.

Semmer, Marcelle, French heroine, story of, x: 181.

Send Out the Army, British soldiers' song, xi: 337.

Senegalese, description as fighters, x: 116.

Senlis, German atrocities at, iii: 334-337.

Senussi, Moslem league, invades Egypt, Nov., '15, iii: 190.

Septsarges Wood, fighting at, in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept. 26, '18, v: 224.

Serajevo, Archduke Francis Ferdinand and consort murdered at, i: 111, vi: 306, xi: 4; attacked by Serbians, Sept., '14, iii: 153.

Serapeum, Turkish attack near, in advance on Suez, iii: 190.

Serbia, Balkan ambitions in conflict with Austrian interests, i: 110, vi: 306, 354-357, 363; Austria charges with responsibility for murder of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, i: 112, 246; Austrian ultimatum to, July 23, '14, i: 112, 375; conciliatory reply to Austrian ultimatum, i: 113; Russian pledge of aid against Austria, July 27, '14, i: 114; Austria declares war on, July 28, '14, i: 115, 243, 375; Austrian reasons for war against, i: 243, ii: 27, 33; anti-Austrian societies, i: 244; declares war on Germany, Aug. 9, '14, i: 375; Bulgaria declares war on, Oct. 14, '15, i: 382; conquest of, by Teutonic allies, ii: 32-36, iii: 148-160, 281-286, 393-400, vi: 357-358, xi: 18; Allies refuse aid against conquest by Central Powers, ii: 35, iii: 156, 393, 400; Allies prevent attack by, on Bulgaria, ii: 36, iii: 156; unprepared for war, iii: 148, vii: 146; lack of artillery and ammunition, iii: 148, 393; size, organization, and fighting qualities of army, iii: 148, vii: 144; topography, iii: 150; generalship during War, iii: 150; typhus epidemics, iii: 155, 398-400, vi: 357, vii: 148; retreat into Albania, '15, iii: 158-160, 281-286, 400, vi: 357-358, vii: 151-158; army and government take refuge at Corfu, iii: 160, 286; effect of defeat on Allied cause, iii: 160; casualties during retreat into Albania, iii: 284, vi: 358; American and Allied relief work in, iii: 398, vii: 109, 144-168; prisoners of war, iii: 404; total war casualties, iii: 404, xii: 288; early history, vi: 354; Austrophile policy, vi: 355; Russophile policy, vi: 355; anti-Austrian expressions by press, vi: 356; clash with Italy over Fiume and eastern Adriatic coast, vi: 360-363, 364-370; statement of war aims, vi: 363; letters of appreciation for American relief, vii: 158-166; debt to U. S., xii: 18; money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25; value of property loss, xii: 26; war cost, July, '14—Oct., '18, xii: 107; rise in national debt, xii: 114; delegates to Peace Conference, xii: 180; see also Jugoslavs.

Serbia, poem by Florence Earle Coates, vi: 353.

Sergy, captured by 42nd Div., July, '18, v: 59, 188; Gen. Degoutte commends A. E. F. for services at, v: 192.

Serieux Farm, captured by 181st Brig., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229.

Seringes-et-Nesles, captured by 42nd Div., v: 59, 188; Gen. Degoutte commends A. E. F. for services at, v: 192.

Serre, evacuated by Germans, Feb. 24, '17, iii: 64.

Services of Supply (S. O. S.), see U. S., Army.

Seven Weeks' War, between Prussia and Austria, 1866, i: 41.

Severn, British monitor, in attack on German cruiser Königsberg, iv: 195, 282; description, iv: 281.

Seydlitz, German cruiser in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.

Shabatz, Austrians cross into Serbia at, Aug., '14, iii: 151.

Shantung, Germany gains forced concessions in, 1897, i: 82; Japan's desire for, iv: 367, vi: 382, 385; Japanese demands for, at Peace Conference, xii: 160; German rights in, transferred to Japan by Peace Treaty, xii: 209; see also Kiau-Chau.

Shell-shock, treatment, vii: 179, viii: 368-369.

Shells, see Ammunition.

Shipping, British position on status of armed merchantmen, i: 282; German position on status of armed merchantmen, i: 282; U. S. position on status of armed merchantmen, i: 283; controversy between U. S. and Great Britain on seizure of neutral cargoes, i: 312, 318, 339; list of American ships attacked by German U-boats, i: 356; list of ships sunk with loss of American lives, i: 357; list of sinkings by German raider Emden, iv: 189; tales of heroic captains of merchant ships, x: 322-324; value of tonnage sunk, xii: 26; statistics on world tonnage, Aug., '14—Dec., '17, xii: 91; statistics on losses, Aug., 14—Dec., '17, xii: 92; neutral, chartered by U. S. for war service, xii: 98; war-time increase in neutral, xii: 100; Peace Treaty provisions for replacement by Germany of Allied shipping destroyed, xii: 222; Peace Treaty provisions on privileges to be granted to Allied shipping by Germany, xii: 230; see also Germany, Blockade of; Submarine Warfare.

"Shock" troops, German, viii: 144.

Shotgun, use in modern warfare, viii: 114-116.

Shrapnel, compared with high explosive shell, ii: 287, viii: 8; invention, viii: 72; description, viii: 72; manufacture, viii: 72-74; see also Ammunition.

Siam, delegates to Peace Conference, xii: 180; German rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 208.

Siberia, Russian expansion in, i: 20; early history, vi: 189; relations with Russia, vi: 189; movement for autonomy, vi: 189; Bolsheviki suppress Duma, vi: 189; anti-Bolshevik elements form All-Russian Government at Omsk, vi: 191; "Coöperatives," nature of, vi: 191; Gen. Horvath sets up bourgeois government at Harbin, vi: 192; Czecho-Slovak prisoners in, form anti-Bolshevik army, vi: 192; Vladivostok captured by Czecho-Slovaks, June, '18, vi: 192; unofficial Allied intervention, vi: 192; intervention in, by U. S. troops, vi: 192-193; reactionary factions gain control, vi: 193; Kolchak makes himself dictator, vi: 194; anarchy and civil war, vi: 194; Japanese policy in regard to, vi: 386; American Y.M.C.A. in, vii: 293.

Sibert, Maj.-Gen. William L., commander of first American forces in France, June, '17, v: 106.

Sidi Ahmed, heads Moslem forces invading Egypt, Nov., '15, iii: 190.

Sidi Barrani, occupied by British, Feb., '16, iii: 191.

Siebs, Paul, share in German plot to blow up ships at sea, x: 373.

Siegfried Line, see Hindenburg Line.

Signalling, means of, viii: 322; work of U. S. Army Signal Corps in France, viii: 322-329; use of pigeons in, viii: 328; see also U. S. Army, Signal Corps.

Silesia, Upper, awarded to Poland by Peace Conference pending plebiscite, vi: 226.

Silistria, retaken by Bulgaria, vi: 344.

Silver, rise in value, due to War, xii: 32.

Sims, Adm. William Snowden, biography, ix: 291-293.

Sinai Desert, Turkish advance through, against Suez, iii: 191.

Sinn Fein, see Ireland.

Sirius, British cruiser in Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 262.

Siwa, captured by British, Feb. 5, '17, iii: 191.

Sixtus, Prince, of Bourbon-Parma, letter of Emperor Charles to, making peace offer to Allies, Mar., '17, ii: 63, vi: 315.

Sjorgen self-loading rifle, description, viii: 89.

Skinker, Capt. Alexander R., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.

Skobelev, Minister of Labor in Prince Lvov's coalition cabinet, vi: 160.

Skoda howitzers, viii: 22; see also Artillery.

Skoropadski, Gen., Cossack dictator in Ukraine, vi: 247.

Slack, Pvt. Clayton K., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.

Slang, soldiers', expressions of, xi: 362.

Slavs, distribution and culture, i: 238; in Austro-Hungarian empire, vi: 306-307; antagonism to Latins, vi: 359; antagonism to Teutons, vi: 360; see also Jugoslavs; Pan-Slavism; Russia; Serbia.

Slovaks, see Bohemia; Czechoslovakia.

Smile, Smile, Smile, American soldiers' song, xi: 335.

Smith, Lieut.-Col. Frederick E., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 400.

Smith, Maj.-Gen. W. R., commander, 36th Div., July, '18, v: 196.

Smith-Dorrien, Gen. Sir Horace, commander of British Second Corps, ii: 162, 174; Viscount French's criticism of, for fighting Le Cateau battle, Aug. 26, '14, ii: 162-164, 174; Sir Henry Newbolt's account of stand at Le Cateau, ii: 174-182; Viscount French's praise of, for stand at Le Cateau, iii: 28.

Smoke screen, uses in naval warfare, iv: 311.

Smoke shells, use in covering infantry advance, ii: 126.

Smokeless powder, see Ammunition.

Smuggling of war supplies into Germany, xii: 100.

Smuts, Gen. Jan Christaan, sent by Peace Conference on mission to Hungary, vi: 326; biography, ix: 187-190; advocate of League of Nations, ix: 190, xii: 155.

Sneezing gas, use in chemical warfare, viii: 171.

Snowden, Philip, British Labor Party leader, indorses Bolshevist peace aims, vi: 12; defeated in Parliamentary elections, '18, vi: 17.

Socialism, fallacy of, i: Intro. xi; Socialists, see under country.

Soissons, occupied by Germans, May 29, '18, ii: 154, iii: 93; Allied drive against, in Aisne-Marne counter-offensive, July 18—21, '18, v: 130, 158-183; recaptured by French, Aug. 2, '18, v: 188.

Soldau, captured by Russians, Aug., '14, iii: 111; recaptured by Germans, Aug., '14, iii: 114.

Soldier, The, poem by Rupert Brooke, x: facing p. 1.

Soldiers' and Workmen's Councils, in Germany, rise, vi: 280, 283; dissolution ordered by Central Council of Delegates, Dec., '18, vi: 283.

Soldiers' Committees, in Russia, cause of army demoralization, iii: 268.

Soldiers' Councils, of Austria, vote against soviet form of government, Apr. 10, '19, vi: 320; seize control of Vienna, Apr. 18, '19, vi: 321.

Soldier's creed, xi: 170.

Soldiers' songs, xi: 335-339.

Somme, battles of: July—Sept., '16, ii: 44-47, 148, iii: 55-62, 63, 64, xi: 24; Allies' aims, ii: 44, iii: 55; battle line at start, ii: 46; results, iii: 56, 61, 63; Haig's report, ii: 46-47; loss of German morale, ii: 47; effect on battle of Verdun, ii: 47, iii: 61, 63, 314; British artillery at, ii: 126; Foch in command of French, ii: 148; Inter-Allied Conference decides on unified offensive, Mar., '16, iii: 55; Allied man-power, iii: 55; amount of ammunition used, iii: 56; description of initial bombardment by John Buchan, July 1, '16, iii: 57; Allies' first objectives, iii: 58; Maurepas captured by French, iii: 58; Pozières captured by British, iii: 59; Thiepval stormed by British, iii: 59; Combles evacuated by Germans, iii: 59; works of tanks at, iii: 59, 64; Germans captured, iii: 60; extent of battle area, iii: 61; casualties, German and Allied, iii: 61; a "blood-bath" for Germans, iii: 63; effect on Germany, iii: 63; importance, iii: 63. Mar.—Apr., '18, ii: 70-74, 150-151, 190-197, iii: 86-91; Philip Gibbs's account of German break through British lines, iii: 381-390; German method of attack, iii: 88; Albert captured by Germans, iii: 89; results in establishment of Allied unity of command under Foch, iii: 89; British casualties, iii: 390.

Sommerance, captured by 1st Div., Oct. 11, '18, v: 248.

Sommerville sector, held by Americans, '17, v: 111.

Song of the Dardanelles, poem by D'Annunzio, ix: 343.

Sonnino, Baron Sidney, advocates Italy's entry into War on side of Allies, ii: 236, vi: 120, 123; becomes Italian Foreign Minister, vi: 120; insists on fulfillment of secret treaty with Allies, vi: 362, 366; policy at Peace Conference, vi: 369; biography, ix: 82-85.

Sothern, E. H., helps organize Over-There Theater League, vii: 339.

Souchez, captured by French, Sept. 26, '15, iii: 46.

Souchon, Adm., Commander of German cruisers Goeben and Breslau, iv: 14.

South Africa, Union of, forces under Gen. Botha conquer German Southwest Africa, '14—'15, iii: 253-255, vi: 50; strength of army, iii: 405; war casualties, iii: 405; formation after Boer War, vi: 47; British policy in, vi: 47; political parties and policies, vi: 47-49; Gen. Botha leader of loyal Afrikander Party, vi: 47; Unionists, vi: 47; Gen. Hertzog organizes Nationalist Party, vi: 47-49; Nationalists oppose participation in War, vi: 49; Boer rebellion under Maritz and De Wet suppressed by Botha, '14, vi: 49-50; parliamentary elections of '15 show strong anti-British sentiment, vi: 50-52; Nationalists' attitude prevents conscription, vi: 52; Nationalists send delegation to Peace Conference to plead for independence, vi: 52; war cost, Aug., '14—Mar., '19, xii: 107; rise in public debt, xii: 114; delegates to Peace Conference, xii: 179.

South Pacific Islands, German, acquired by Australia, '18, xii: 279; area and population, xii: 279.

Southwest Africa, German, conquered by Allies, iii: 253-255, vi: 50; area and population, xii: 279.

Soviet, see Bavaria; Bolshevism; Hungary; Russia; Saxony; Spartacides.

Spad biplane, viii: 194.

Spahis, description, xi: 189.

Spain, as a naval power, i: 28; loss of colonial empire, i: 35; international position in '14, i: 62; policy of neutrality during War, vi: 370; growing dislike for Germans, vi: 371; war-time prosperity, vi: 372; German propaganda in, xii: 101.

Spartacides, German, beginnings, vi: 260; leaders, vi: 278; excluded by Ebert from Provisional Government, Nov., '18, vi: 278; urge social revolution, vi: 279; allied with Russian Bolsheviki, vi: 280-281; program rejected by Central Council of Delegates, Dec., '18, vi: 283; plan revolution against government of Majority Socialists, vi: 283; insurrection of Jan., '19, vi: 287-290; Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg killed, vi: 289; defeated in elections for National Assembly, Jan., '19, vi: 290; instigate labor strikes, vi: 294; establish Soviet in Munich, Feb., '19, vi: 298, 300-301; establish Soviet in Leipzig, Feb., '19, vi: 299; second Berlin insurrection suppressed by Noske, Mar., '19, vi: 299-300; see also Germany, Internal politics.

Spee, Adm. Count Maximilian, commander of German Far East Squadron, strategy of operations, iv: 59-62; defeats British in battle off Coronel, Nov. 1, '14, iv: 64-69; biography, ix: 306-309.

Sperry gyro-compass, viii: 348.

Spheres of influence, of Great Powers, i: 18.

Spies, German, in United States, x: 326-348, 350; in England, x: 348; the "spy mill," x: 355; disclosure of tank secret by Mata-Hari, x: 360; dynamiting of Canadian railroad bridge, x: 368; plot to blow up Allied ships, x: 369-377; within French lines, x: 379.

Spires of Oxford, poem by Winifred M. Letts, xi: 210.

Spitaals-Bosschen, captured by 91st Div., Oct. 31, '18, v: 279.

Sports, in A. E. F., at Winchester Camp, vii: 288; in Army of Occupation, vii: 293; general athletic program under Y. M. C. A., vii: 313-317.

Springfield rifle, standard arm of U. S. troops before War, v: 347; reason for abandonment during War and adoption of British type, v: 347, viii: 96; comparison of new U. S. type with, viii: 102-105; see also Rifles.

Spruce, use in aircraft construction, viii: 308.

Srpska Narodna Himna, Serbian national anthem, xi: 328.

Stage Women's War Relief, organization and activities, vii: 343-349.

Stanislau, captured by Austrians, Feb., '15, iii: 132; recaptured by Russians, Mar., '15, iii: 132; recaptured by Austrians, June, '15, iii: 136.

Star shells, iv: 334, viii: 334.

Star-spangled Banner, American national anthem, xi: 325.

Stark, Col. Alexander, Chief Surgeon, First Army, v: 346.

Stefanik, Gen., member of Czechoslovak provisional government, vi: 399.

Stenay, captured by 90th Div., Nov. 10, '18, v: 272.

Stern, Lieut.-Col. Sir A. G., share in development of tanks, viii: 155.

Stock Exchange, New York, effect of War on, xii: 32.

Stokes, Anson Phelps, Secretary of Yale University, educational survey of A. E. F., vii: 281.

Stokes mortar, use as "artillery of accompaniment," viii: 141.

Stone, Lieut.-Com. A. J., inventor of "Y" gun for launching depth bombs, iv: 332.

Stonne, captured by 77th Div., Nov. 5, '18, v: 268.

Storage tanks built by A. E. F. Engineers in France, v: 334.

Storstad, S. S., Belgian relief ship sunk by U-boat, Mar. 8, '17, iv: 229.

Strassburg, German cruiser in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240.

Strategy, of the War, Maj.-Gen. Maurice on, ii: Intro. vii-xxiv; Allied miscalculation of German strength, Aug., '14, ii: Intro. vii; British policy of combined land and naval attack, ii: Intro. viii; factors in formation of British military policy, ii: Intro. viii; importance of Eastern and Western theaters of war compared, ii: Intro. x-xxiii, 11-14, 87-90; Field-Marshal French's opinion, ii: 171-172; Lloyd George favors aggressive campaign against Austria, ii: Intro. x, xx; comparative advantages for Allies of Dardanelles and Austrian campaigns, ii: Intro. xii; advantageous position of Central Powers, ii: Intro. xiii; comparison of, in World War with that of Civil War, ii: Intro. xiii; value of Mesopotamian campaign, ii: Intro. xvi, 87-90; reasons for British campaign in Palestine, ii: Intro. xviii, xxi, 87-90; British position in secondary theaters of war, '17, ii: Intro. xix; advisability of Salonika expedition, ii: Intro. xix; Allies' problem, ii: Intro. xxi; Allies at strategical advantage, Aug., '18, ii: Intro. xxiii; general German war plans, '14, ii: 1-6, iv: 4-6, viii: 133; French plans, '14, ii: 6-11; German mistake in attacking France instead of Russia first, Aug., '14, ii: 11-16; probable results of a vigorous German offensive against Russia in '14, ii: 13; economic strategy, Allied blockade and German U-boat warfare, ii: 16-22; absence of unified Allied plan prior to '16, ii: 40; German battle positions compared with Allied, ii: 41; Allied plan for overcoming German advantage of position, ii: 41; German plans for '17, ii: 53; Allied plans for '17, ii: 54; reasons for German offensive of '18 and choice of front, ii: 63-69, 288; object of war, ii: 68; choice of Picardy front by Germans for final drive, '18, ii: 69; importance of Amiens, ii: 69; German operations in final drive, spring, '18, ii: 70-80, 97; Foch's defense against German drive, spring, '18, ii: 76, 77; theories of Foch on, ii: 80-82, 103-110, 137; destruction of opposing army the essential, ii: 80; of Foch, in Allied counter-offensive, July—Nov., '18, ii: 82-87, 97, v: 213; Allied, in Turkey, ii: 87-94; causes for failure of German war plans, ii: 99; German in '14, compared with that in wars of 1866 and 1870, ii: 115; necessity of frontal attacks on Western Front, ii: 116; Field-Marshal Haig's theories on, ii: 118-120; war of position on Western Front, ii: 148; task of Allied reserves during German offensive, '18, ii: 151; Russian war plans, explained by Chief of Staff Gen. Gourko, ii: 225; Germans defeated in open warfare, '18, ii: 288-290; importance of Bagdad railway, ii: 290; defined, iv: 1; relation of naval, to land, iv: 2; offensive defined, iv: 4; essentials of naval, iv: 4; criticism of Allied lack of action in Mediterranean, iv: 13; British and German aims in North Sea, iv: 86; Lord Fisher's criticism of British, iv: 140; German alternatives, '17—'18, v: 3; old-fashioned studies useless in present War, v: 40; see also campaign, engagement, or front; Foch; Germany; Tactics.

Strauss, Rear-Adm. Joseph, in command of U. S. mine laying operations, iv: 328.

Stretchers, improved types, viii: 377.

Strong, Maj.-Gen. Frederick S., commander 40th Div., Aug., '18, v: 197.

Strong, Dr. Richard P., in charge of U. S. typhus relief in Serbia, iii: 398, vii: 148.

Strumnitza, French headquarters established at, Oct., '15, iii: 204.

Stryj, captured by Germans June 1, '15, iii: 136.

Strypa River, crossed by Russians June 8, '16, iii: 144.

Sturdee, Vice-Adm. Sir Frederick, British commander at Battle of Falklands, iv: 69, ix: 308.

Stürgkh, Carl, Austrian Premier, killed, Oct. 21, '14, vi: 312.

Stürmer, Boris, Russian cabinet member, German agent, ii: 59; succeeds Goremykin as Premier, vi: 140; becomes Foreign Minister, vi: 142; dismissed from office under charges of treason, vi: 142.

Stuttgart, bombed by French airmen, Sept. 22, '15, i: 382; Oct. 1, '17, i: 392.

Sub-chaser No. 28, experiences when disabled at sea, iv: 352-354.

Sublime Porte, name for Turkish Foreign Office, i: 90.

Submarines, development and early history, iv: 201-205, xi: 241-245; voyage of German commerce submarine Deutschland across Atlantic, iv: 214, x: 271-274; life aboard, iv: 235-239; greatest achievement of War, viii: Intro. viii; description, viii: 264-266; see also name of submarine.

Submarine warfare, Lansing's proposal for regulation of, i: 281, 327; comment of London Times on Lansing proposal, i: 282; German protest against U. S. position on armed merchantmen, i: 282; Germany announces blockade of Great Britain, effective Feb. 18, '15, i: 314, 358, ii: 21, iv: 217, vi: 256; controversy between U. S. and Germany over, i: 317-326, 328-335, 339, iv: 223; chronological summary, with list of ships sunk, Aug., '14—Apr., '16, i: 357-361; President Wilson's "Strict accountability" note, i: 317; American ship William P. Frye sunk, Jan. 28, '15, i: 319; Falaba sunk, Mar. 28, '15, i: 319, 358, iv: 218; American tanker Gulflight torpedoed, May 1, '15, i: 319, 358, iv: 218; German warning to neutrals to keep off Allied ships, May 1, '15, i: 319; Lusitania sunk, May 7, '15, i: 319, 358, iv: 220; Lord Mersey's official report, i: 362-365; controversy between U. S. and Germany on Lusitania sinking, i: 320, 323, 325, 326, 327, 358-361; American steamer Nebraskan attacked, May 25, '15, i: 320; Arabic sunk, Aug. 19, '15, i: 323, 360, iv: 223; Germany pledges to warn before sinking, i: 325, 361; Hesperian torpedoed, Sept. 4, '15, i: 325; controversy between U. S. and Austria-Hungary over sinking of Ancona, Nov. 8, '15, i: 326, 361, iv: 223; Germany to sink armed merchantmen without warning, Mar. 1, '16, i: 327; British passenger steamer Sussex sunk, Mar. 24, '16, i: 328, 361, iv: 223, xi: 20; survivor's description, x: 281-288; U. S. threatens to sever relations with Germany over Sussex sinking, i: 329-331, 361; German apology for Sussex sinking, i: 333; activities of U-53 off U. S. coast, Oct., '16, i: 334; freighter Marina sunk, Oct. 28, '16, i: 334; Arabia sunk, Nov. 6, '16, i: 334; Germany declares unrestricted warfare, Feb. 1, '17, i: 339, 344, ii: 22, 272, iv: 223, vi: 265, xi: 35; Ludendorff's account of decision, ii: 306-307; Bethmann-Hollweg's statement of reasons for unrestricted warfare, i: 344; U. S. severs diplomatic relations with Germany over, Feb. 3, '17, i: 344-345; U. S. merchantmen ordered armed, i: 347; American steamer Algonquin sunk without warning, Mar. 2, '17, i: 348; influence of unrestricted warfare in forcing U. S. into War, i, 348, 368, ii: 53; President Wilson's speech before Congress, stating case against Germany and asking for declaration of war, Apr. 2, '17, i: 348-355; list of American ships attacked, i: 356; list of ships sunk with loss of American lives, i: 357; Persia sunk, Dec. 30, '15, i: 361, iv: 224; effectiveness, ii: Intro. xvii, 22, 54, iv: 239; German purpose in, ii: 22, 53, iv: 7-8, 140; British drive against German submarine bases, '17, ii: 56; Ludendorff on failure of ruthlessness, ii: 308; efforts to sink U. S. troopships, ii: 318; methods of combating, iv: Intro. xi, 284-287, 304-317, 324-334, viii: 17-20, 266-282, 343-344, xi: 239; North Sea mine barrage, iv, Intro. xi, 324-330, viii: 274; Aboukir, Cressy, and Hogue sunk by U-9, Sept. 22, '14, iv: 205, x: 274-280; exploits of British submarine E-9, iv: 207; exploits of British submarines in Dardanelles, iv: 209-212; Laconia sunk, Feb. 25, '17, iv: 225; Belgian Relief ship Storstad torpedoed, Mar. 8, '17, iv: 229; Alnwick Castle sunk without warning, Mar. 19, '17, iv: 230; hospital ships sunk without warning, iv: 232; Belgian Prince sunk July 31, '17, iv: 232; use of air- and sea-planes for detecting U-boats, iv: 284-287; net traps, iv: 305-307, 308, viii: 274; torpedoes, description and method of use by U-boats, iv: 307, viii: 266, xi: 245-248; depth-bombs as anti-submarine weapon, iv: 307, 312, 317, 330-332, viii: 281-282, xi: 239; nets across British Channel, iv: 307, viii: 274; use and description of sound-detecting devices for locating U-boats, iv: 308-310, viii: 17-20, 279-281; zigzagging, iv: 310; smoke screen, iv: 311; camouflaging ships, iv, 311, viii: 343; arming merchant ships, iv: 314, viii: 278; U. S. transport Tuscania torpedoed, iv: 336; U. S. transport Covington sunk, July, '17, iv: 337; U. S. transport Mount Vernon torpedoed, Sept. 5, '17, iv: 337; U. S. transport Antilles torpedoed, Oct. 17, '17, iv: 337; U. S. transport Finland torpedoed, Oct. 27, '17, iv: 337; U. S. transport President Lincoln sunk, May 31, '18, iv: 337, 340; U. S. destroyer Cassin torpedoed, iv: 343; U. S. destroyer Jacob Jones sunk, Dec. 6, '17, iv: 346; Italian cruisers Amalfi and Garibaldi sunk, iv: 369; French cruiser Léon Gambetta sunk by Austrian U-boat, iv: 373; French cruiser Provence II sunk, Feb. 26, '16, iv: 376; French battleship Danton sunk, Mar. 19, '17, iv: 376; French anti-submarine campaign, iv: 378; first attack on American convoy, June 22, '17, v: 107; effect on British food supply, vi: 10; effectiveness of destroyers in combating, viii: Intro. viii; fantastic proposals for fighting U-boats, viii: 266-274, 276-278; account of experiences by survivor of a rammed U-boat, x: 295-297; value of tonnage sunk, xii: 26; see also Germany, Blockade of; Shipping.

Sudanese, defeated by British, May, '16, iii: 191.

Suez Canal, neutralized, 1888, i: 16; construction of, by French, 1869, i: 48; Great Britain gains control, 1875, i: 48; importance, ii: 27; German designs on, ii: 27; Turkish operations against, ii: 31, iii: 189-192.

Suffolk, Adm. Craddock's flagship in West Atlantic, iv: 63.

Suffren, French battleship, at Gallipoli, iv: 31; mysterious disappearance, iv: 376.

Sugar, shortage in England, xii: 34; method of war-time distribution in U. S., xii: 46; war-time shortage, xii: 138.

Sugar Equalization Board, U. S., functions, xii: 46.

Sukhomlinov, Russian Minister of War, arrested and disgraced, '15, vi: 136.

Summerall, Maj.-Gen. Charles P., placed in command of Fifth Corps, Oct. 12, '18, v: 83, 250, 391; as brigadier-general commands 1st Div. at Soissons, July, '18, v: 167; at St. Mihiel, Sept., 318, v: 202; tribute to, by Frederick Palmer, v: 235; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 391.

Sunshine (40th) Division, see U. S., Army.

Supplies, lines of, to field armies, ii: 69.

Support, line of, definition and description, v: 12.

Supreme Naval Council, Allied, formed, Dec. 4, '17, i: 393.

Supreme War Council, Allied, formed, Nov. 9, '17, i: 392, iii: 84.

Surgery, early history, vii: 4-6; in U. S. Army, vii: 219-224; use of X-ray in war surgery, vii: 221, viii: 373-376; war-time evolution in methods, viii: 361-365; treatment of head wounds, viii: 365; treatment of face wounds, viii: 366; treatment of body wounds, viii: 366; treatment of blood vessel lesions, viii: 366; treatment of nerve-cord lesions, viii: 366; treatment of fractures, viii: 367; new method of amputation, viii: 367; prevention of gas gangrene, viii: 367; prevention of tetanus infection, viii: 367; Carrel-Dakin treatment, viii: 369-372, xi: 289; artificial arms, viii: 384-388; artificial legs, viii: 388-390; use of ambrine in treatment of burns, viii: 390; reconstructing mutilated faces, viii: 390; artificial eyes for war blind, viii: 391; see also Infection; Medical Science; Reconstruction of disabled; U. S. Army, Medical Service.

Surveillance, line of, definition and description, v: 12.

Sussex, British passenger steamer, sunk by U-boat, Mar. 24, '16, i: 328, 361, iv: 223, xi: 20; survivor's description, x: 281-288; U. S. threatens to sever diplomatic relations with Germany over sinking of, i: 329-331, 361; German apology for sinking, i: 333.

Suvla Bay, at Gallipoli, Allied landing at, Aug. 7, '15, i: 381, iii: 173; see also Gallipoli Campaign.

Suwalki, Russians cross into East Prussia near, iii: 111; captured by Germans, iii: 116; evacuated by Germans, Oct. 9, '14, iii: 118.

Schwarzlose automatic pistol, description, viii: 90.

Sweden, international position in, '14, i: 62; policy of neutrality, vi: 394; relations with Finland, vi: 395; Crown Princess of, work for war prisoners, vii: 395.

Swierzynski, Joseph, forms Polish cabinet, vi: 219; declares Poland republic, vi: 219.

Swift, British destroyer, account of night battle with German destroyers, x: 293-295.

Swift, Maj.-Gen. Eben, commands 82nd Div., June, '18, v: 143.

Swiftsure, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33.

Swinton, Maj.-Gen. E. D., on development and war functions of tanks, ii: 273-290; conceives idea of tank as war weapon, Oct., '14, ii: 276, viii: 155, xi: 256.

Switch position, defined, v: 16.

Switzerland, system of citizen army, i: Intro. xii; international position, '14, i: 62; policy of armed neutrality during War, i: 140, vi: 379; antagonism between French and German elements, vi: 379-380; implication of Intelligence Dept. of General Staff in unneutral conduct, vi: 380; Foreign Minister Hoffman forced out of office by neutralist sentiment, vi: 380; Gustave Ador heads Foreign Office, vi: 380; Red Cross activities, vi: 380; Geneva designated as seat of League of Nations, vi: 382, xii: 183.

Sydney, Australian cruiser, destroys German raider Emden, Nov. 9, '14, iv: 185-190.

Synchronizers, for timing machine-gun fire through airplane propeller blades, viii: 86, 190-192, 208-210, 214.

Syria, placed under French control by secret treaties of '16—'17, vi: 334; area and population, xii: 279.

T

Tachometer, aero engine revolution counter, viii: 218.

Tactics, battle of maneuver and of line compared by Foch, ii: 108; new French plan of defense, June, '18, ii: 208; trench warfare and "war of movement," compared by German military critic, ii: 259; German method of attack by infiltration, iii: 386, v: 17-19; French trench defensive organization, v: 12-17; parallel of resistance, v: 12; line of resistance, v: 12; line of surveillance, v: 12; line of support, v: 12; center of resistance, v: 14; adaptation of American divisional organization to French scheme of defense, v: 19-21; elements of limitation in offensives, v: 23; American patrolling activities, v: 27, 117; use of gas-projector batteries by Germans, v: 28; value of villages in stabilized warfare, v: 31; method of overcoming machine-gun nests, v: 39; von Hutier's method of surprise attack, v: 41, viii: 143-145; Gen. Gouraud's system of defense against attack by infiltration, v: 46, 155, viii: 146-148; A. E. F. training for open warfare, v: 114; new German tactics in drive of Mar., '18, v: 161; use of masked machine-gun fire in defensive, v: 287; see also Strategy; Trench warfare; battle or campaign.

Taft, William Howard, statement on U. S. action on Lusitania sinking, i: 320.

Tagliamento River, reached by Austro-Germans in invasion of Italy, Nov., '17, ii: 58, iii: 248; see also Italian Front.

Tailly, captured by 89th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 264.

Talaat Bey, Turkish Minister of Interior, responsibility for Armenian massacres, vi: 332.

Talley, Sgt. Edward R., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.

Tanine, Turkish newspaper, comment on Dardanelles expedition, vi: 330.

Tanks, Field-Marshal Haig on effectiveness, ii: 123-124; use in Allied counter-offensive, July 18, '18, ii: 210, 281; development, description, and battle uses, v: 314, viii: 140-143, 148-161, xi: 251-264; Maj.-Gen. Swinton on, ii: 273-290; German opinion of value, ii: 273-274; invention suggested by American farm tractors, ii: 274, xi: 256; purpose in development of, ii: 275, viii: 140-141, xi: 253-256; Maj.-Gen. Swinton conceives idea for, ii: 276, viii: 155, xi: 256; fore-runners of idea, ii: 276; British experimentation, '15—'16, ii: 277, viii: 155, xi: 257; origin of word "tank," ii: 277; first quantity production begun by British, Feb., '16, ii: 277; first use in action at battle of the Somme, Sept., '16, ii: 277, iii: 59, viii: 141, xi: 251-253; successful surprise attack at battle of Cambrai, Nov. 20, '17, ii: 280, 283, iii: 80, viii: 142,156; Philip Gibbs's description, iii: 337-340; use in Allied retreat, Mar.—June, '18, ii: 280; British "Whippets," ii: 280, viii: 148, xi: 262; use in Allied attack at Hamel, July 4, '18, ii: 281, 282; lead in Allied surprise attack at Amiens, Aug. 8, '18, ii: 281; use by Allies in second battle of Cambrai, Sept. 27—Oct. 10, '18, ii: 281; first time manned by Americans, Sept. 29, '18, ii: 281; development by French, ii: 282, viii: 152-155, xi: 257; German type, ii: 282, viii: 159; effectiveness compared with field artillery, ii: 283; saving of war material in use, ii: 284; casualty rate among troops attacking with, ii: 284; in drive against Soissons, July, '18, v: 177; number in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept. 26, '18, v: 223, 388; number of U. S. tanks in France, v: 350; value as infantry support, viii: 141-143; tank vs. machine gun, viii: 150-151; decisive factor in smashing German trench system, viii: 150-152, xi: 261; uses in peace times, viii: 151; French invention for crushing barbed-wire entanglements, viii: 153; Boirault machine, viii: 153; French electric tank, viii: 155; French "baby" Renaults, viii: 156, xi: 260; British and French types compared, viii: 156; U. S. types, viii: 158; requirements for successful tank, viii: 158; future possibilities, viii: 160; account of an American tank-man, x: 58-62; German method of defense against, xi: 264; account of battle between, xi: 265-266; sensation of riding in, xi: 269-270; for U. S. Tank Corps, see U. S., Army.

Tannay, captured by 78th Div., Nov. 5, '18, v: 268.

Tannenberg, battle of, Hindenburg crushes Russian armies invading East Prussia, Aug., '18, ii: 24-25, iii: 112-116. Gen. Gourko's account, ii: 228-229; Ludendorff's comments on,ii: 353-354;

Tardenois salient, strategic aspects, with description of terrain, ii: 210-212, v: 42-43, 58; see also Marne, battles of, July, '18.

Tarnopol, captured by Russians, Sept. 27, '14, iii: 120.

Tatarli, captured by Allies, Oct., 15, iii: 204.

Taube airplanes, record flights by, viii: 206.

Taxation, in paying for cost of War, xii: 108-114; see also under each country.

Tchitcherin, Russian Soviet Commissary for Foreign Affairs, vi: 187.

Tear gas, see Chemical warfare; Chlorpicrin; Zylyl bromide.

Teleferica, Italian aerial cableway in the Alps, viii: 303-306.

Telegraphy, development and use of wireless, in the War, viii: 315-318, 320-322; U. S. Army system in France, viii: 323, 325.

Telephones, development and use of wireless, in the War, viii: 316-320; U. S. Army system in France, viii: 323-326.

Terauchi, Count, Japanese Prime Minister, militarist policy, vi: 386-388; biography, ix: 90.

Tereschenko, Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs in Prince Lvov's coalition cabinet, vi: 160.

Teschen, dispute between Poland and Czechoslovakia for possession of, vi: 400.

Tetanus, causes and treatment of, in army, vii: 253, viii: 367, xi: 287.

Teutonic Allies, see Central Powers.

Thann, captured by French, Aug. 7, '14, iii: 16.

Theatricals, for service men, see Entertainment.

Thenault, Capt., French commander of Lafayette Escadrille, iii: 391.

There Will Come Soft Rains, poem by Sara Teasdale, ix: 274.

These Be the Days That Call for Men, poem by John Trotwood Moore, iii: Intro. x.

Thetis, British cruiser blown up at Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 262, 264.

"They shall not pass," French watchword at Verdun, ii: 189, iii: 304, xi: 21.

Thiaucourt, captured by 2nd Div., Sept. 12, '18, v: 68, 206, 210; American cemetery at, v: 400.

Thiaumont, captured by Germans, June 23, '16, i: 386, iii: 55, 313; recaptured by French, Oct. 24, '16, i: 388, iii: 61.

Thiepval, Allied objective in Somme battle, iii: 58; stormed by British, Sept, 26, '16, iii: 59.

Thomas, Albert, French Socialist leader, on French labor during War, ii: 373-382.

Thomas, J. H., British labor leader, conference with Lloyd George on strike by "Triple Alliance," vi: 22.

Thrasher, Leon, U. S. citizen killed in sinking of Falaba by U-boat, Mar. 28, '15, i: 319.

Three Emperors' League, 1872, i: 95.

Thuringen, German battleship, crew first to mutiny, Oct. 31, '18, iv: 381.

Tiger, British cruiser, hit at battle of Jutland, iv: 108; in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.

Tilsit, occupied by Russians, Aug. 24, '14, iii: 111.

Timber, war uses, viii: 306-309.

Tirailleurs, description, xi: 191.

Tirgu-jiuly, Rumanians defeated at, by Germans, iii: 221.

Tirpitz, Adm. Alfred von, share in developing German navy, iv: 363, ix: 301; biography, ix: 298-306; submarine policy, ix: 302.

Tisza, Count Stephan, Hungarian Premier, attitude on War, vi: 306; political opposition to, '16, vi: 311; Rumanian policy assailed in Parliament, vi: 313; biography, ix: 144-147.

T. N. T., see Trinitrotoluol.

Togoland, conquered by Allies, Aug.,'14, iii: 252; area and population, xii: 279.

"Tommy Atkins," nickname for British soldier, origin, vi: 230; description as fighting-man, xi: 181-189.

Torcy, location, v: 37, 133; Gen. Degoutte's commendation of A. E. F. fighting at, v: 192; captured by First Corps, July 18, '18, v: 383.

Torpedoes, description and use, iv: 307, viii: 266, xi: 245-258; device for launching from air, iv: 335.

Toul, headquarters of First Army, Aug., '18, v: 193; important fortified city, v: 199.

Toul sector, taken over by A. E. F., Jan. 19, '18, v: 115.

Tours, A. E. F. Air Service Training School at, v: 313; headquarters of S. O. S., v: 332.

Towers, Commander, in command of N-C flying boats on trans-Atlantic flight, viii: 240.

Townshend, Gen. Sir Charles, besieged in Kut-el-Amara by Turks, iii: 183, 318-320, xi: 29; forced to surrender Apr. 29, '16, iii: 183, 319, xi: 29; biography, ix: 194.

Tracer bullets, viii: 211.

Tractors, artillery, U. S., number in use in France, v: 350; supplant horses, viii: 40.

Transloy-Loupart line, captured by British, Mar.,'17, iii: 66.

Transports, Ludendorff's account of German efforts to sink U. S. troopships, ii: 317-318; account by Adm. Gleaves of first expedition of U. S. troops to France, June,'17, iv: 157-162; list of ships carrying U. S. troops across Atlantic for first time, June,'17, iv: 160; equipment and escort of, by U. S. Navy, iv: 160, 165; transportation of A. E. F. overseas, with statistics on number of troops carried and number and nationality of troopships and convoys used, iv: 162-165 , v: 285, 379, xii: 94-95, xii: 283; British, statistics on troops carried, iv: 239; U. S., attacked by submarines, accounts of, iv: 335-343.

Transvaal, see South Africa, Union of.

Transylvania, invasion of, by Rumanians, Aug.,'16, ii: 60, iii: 217-218; desire for possession cause of Rumania's entry into War, iii: 214, vi: 349; topography of frontier, iii: 214; Rumanians defeated and expelled from, by Falkenhayn, Sept.—Oct.,'16, iii: 220; attitude of inhabitants to Rumanian invasion, vi: 313.

Trawlers, use in patrol and minesweeping, iv: 292; battle with submarine, iv: 294.

Treaties, Allied agreement not to make separate peace, i: 146; treaty of Brest-Litovsk between Russia and Germany, Mar.,' 18, ii: 63, 273, vi: 183, 268; Quadruple Treaty (Treaty of London) between Italy and Allies, price for Italian participation in War, Apr., '15, vi: 122, 361; Trotzky publishes Russian secret treaties, vi: 183, ix: 118; secret agreements among Allies for partition of Turkey, '16—'17, vi: 334; agreement between Rumania and Allies as price for Rumanian entry into War, '16, vi: 349; treaty of Bucharest between Rumania and Central Powers, May,'17, vi: 352; pre-War agreements between Germany and Allies revived by Treaty of Versailles, xii: 231; agreements among Central Powers abrogated by Treaty of Versailles, xii: 232; treaties between Germany and Rumania abrogated by Treaty of Versailles, xii: 232; treaties between Germany and Russia abrogated by Treaty of Versailles, xii: 232; see also Alliances; Peace Treaty with Germany, Versailles, '19.

Trebizond, captured by Russians, Apr. 18,'16, ii: 92, iii: 263.

Treitschke, Heinrich von, German historian, exposition of Kultur, i: 66; theory of supremacy of State, i: 148; biography, i: 174; philosophy compared with Carlyle's, i: 175; theory of German greatness, i: 175; hatred for England, i: 175; summary of political philosophy, i: 177; American student's recollection of, i: 178.

Trench Duty, poem by Siegfried Sassoon, ix: 282.

Trench feet, viii: 396.

Trench warfare, adoption by Germans after retreat from Marne, Sept., '14, ii: Intro. vii, 11, iii: 37, viii: 134, xi: 12, 253; opposed by Field-Marshal French, ii: 171; compared with "war of movement" by German military critic, ii: 259; description of German trench system, ii: 275, viii: 124-130; use of barbed wire as defensive barrier, ii: 276, viii: 136, 152; value of tanks in, ii: 276, viii: 140-143, 150, 161; use of machine guns in, ii: 288, viii: 134-136; life in, iii: 286, x: 65-71, xi: 171-173; French defensive system, v: 12-17; night fighting, viii: 74; reasons for adoption in place of open warfare, viii: 123; kinds of trenches, viii: 123; description of Russian trenches, viii: 123; disadvantages of trenches as defensive system, viii: 129; "pill-boxes," viii: 130-132; use of artillery in, viii: 132-133, 136-141; see also Barbed wire; Machine gun; Tanks.

Trentino, see Italian Front.

Trepov, Russian Premier, forced to resign, '17, vi: 143.

Treves, bombed by French airmen, Sept. 13, '15, i: 382; Oct. 1, '17, i: 392.

Trevier, Belgian relief ship sunk by U-boat, iv: 230.

Trieste, unsuccessful Italian offensives against,' 16—'17, ii: 52, 246, iii: 246, xi: 26; promised by Allies to Italy as war prize, vi: 122, 361; American troops landed at, to preserve peace between Italians and Jugoslavs, vi: 366; sinking of Austrian battleships Wien and Monarch in harbor of, by Italians, x: 290.

Trinitrotoluol (T. N. T.), composition and explosive properties, viii: 6; American output of, xii: 285.

Triple Alliance, of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, formation, 1882, i: 95; terms, i: 95; military strength, i: 95; solidity of union between Germany and Austria, i: 208; Italian position in, i: 255; French estimate of, ii: 4; repudiated by Italy, ii: 48, vi: 115; see also Foreign policy, under name of country.

Triple Entente, of France, Russia, and Great Britain, formation, i: 98, 106; not a treaty-bound alliance, i: 103, 218; Franco-Russian treaty of July,'12, i: 107; Anglo-French agreement for united action against "third power," Nov., '12, i: 107, 220; attitude to outbreak of War, i: 129; agreement not to make separate peace, Aug. 4,'14, i: 146; German estimate of military effectiveness, ii: 2; see also Foreign policy, under name of country.

Tripoli, Turkish territory in north Africa, seized by Italy, i: 109; town in Syria, captured by Allies, Oct.,'18, iii: 199.

Tritton, Sir William, share in developing tank as fighting machine, viii: 155, xi: 257.

Triumph, British battleship. at Gallipoli, iv: 31; sunk by U-boat, May 26, '15, iv: 50.

Trois Fontaines, conference between Marshal Foch and Secretary Baker at, Oct. 4, '18, xii: 285.

Tronsol Farm, captured by 182nd Brig., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229.

Trophies of War, Peace Treaty provisions for return of, by Germany, to France, xii: 225.

Trotzky, Leon, becomes Commissary of Foreign Affairs of Soviet Russia, Nov., '17, vi: 181; publishes Russian secret treaties, vi: 183; as Minister of War raises Red Army, vi: 185; biography, ix: 116-119; bibliography, ix: 119.

Troubridge, Adm., takes charge of Serb refugees at Medua, iii: 284; in command of British naval forces in Mediterranean, Aug., '14, iv: 13.

Trugny Wood, evacuated by Germans, July 24, '18, v: 186.

Tsing Tau, see Kiau-Chau.

Tuilerie Farm, captured by 42nd Div., Oct., 15, '18, v: 252.

Turkestan, Republic of, established, Jan., '18, xii: 279; area and population, xii: 279.

Turkey: Army, Germanization under von der Goltz, i: 207; organization, iii: 164; Liman von Sanders appointed to reorganize, vi: 330; for military operations, see Caucasus; Gallipoli Campaign; Mesopotamian Campaign; Palestine; Suez Canal. Casualties, total in War, iii: 404; money equivalent of manpower lost, xii: 25; battle deaths, xii: 288. Declarations of war, renewal of age-old struggle between Europe and Asia, i: 11; by Russia against, Oct. 30, '14, i: 376; by France and Great Britain against, Nov. 5, '14, i: 378; Holy War declared against Allies, Nov. 17, '14, i: 376, ii: 31, vi: 330, xi: 14; by Italy against, Aug. 21, '15, i: 381; on Rumania, Aug. 29, '16, i: 386; diplomatic relations with U. S. severed, Apr. 20, '17, i: 390; strategic victory for Germany, ii: Intro. viii, 27-28; welcomed by Russia, vi: 134; welcomed by Turkish press, vi: 330. Foreign relations, extraterritorial rights for foreigners withdrawn, i: 18; continuance as European Power assured by Paris Conference, 1856, i: 39; international position, '14, i: 63; subjugation and misrule of Christian races, i: 89-93, iv: 17-18; settlement of Congress of Berlin, 1878, i: 93; pre-War relations with Germany, i: 98, 207, vi: 328-330; strategic importance as Germanic ally, ii: Intro. viii, 27-28, 87-90; Dardanelles closed, Sept.,'14, ii: 28; escape of German cruisers Goeben and Breslau into Turkish waters and their purchase by Turkey, iv: 14-17, vi: 330; Allied agreements for partition, vi: 334; Demotika ceded to Bulgaria, vi: 344; dispute with Bulgaria, '18, vi: 345. Internal affairs, form of government, i: 90; constitution proclaimed, 1839, i: 92; Young Turk revolution, '08, i: 109; Armenian massacres, iii: 405, vi: 331-333; war sentiment, vi: 330; Arab revolt, '16, vi: 333. Navy, purchase of German cruisers Goeben and Breslau, iv: 16-17, vi: 330; strength, iv: 50. Peace negotiations, capitulation, and armistice with Allies, Oct. 31, '18, ii: 94, vi: 334. Prisoners of war, iii: 404. War cost, Nov., '14—Oct., '19, xii: 107; rise in national debt, xii: 114.

Turner, Corp. Harold L., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.

Turner, 1st Lieut. William S., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393.

Turner, William Thomas, captain of torpedoed Lusitania, i: 362.

Turtle, submarine used in American Revolution, iv: 201.

Tuscania, U. S. transport torpedoed, Feb. 5, '18, i: 393, iv: 336.

Tutrakan, captured by Bulgarians, Sept. 6, '16, iii: 218.

Typhoid, U. S. Army statistics, vii: 195; immunization against, vii: 246, 253, viii: 393; manufacture of anti-typhoid vaccine, viii: 393.

Typhus, epidemic of, in Serbia, iii: 155, 398-400, vi: 357, vii: 148.

Tyulen, Russian submarine, captures Turkish transport in Black Sea, iv: 366.

U

U-9, German submarine, sinks British cruisers Aboukir, Cressy, Hogue, Sept. 22, '14, iv: 205.

U-15, first German submarine sunk in War, iv: 305.

U-29, German submarine, rammed by British battleship Dreadnought, Mar., '15, iv: 305.

U-53, German submarine, activities off U. S. coast, Oct., '16, i: 334, iv: 216.

U-58, German submarine, captured by U. S. destroyers Fanning and Nicholson, iv: 349.

U-117, German submarine, activities off U. S. coast, '18, iv: 216.

U-boats, see Submarines; Submarine warfare.

Udine, bombed by Austrian airmen, Nov. 19, '15, i: 382; captured by Austro-Germans, Oct., '17, iii: 247.

Uhlans, German cavalry, description, xi: 196.

Ukraine, early history, vi: 239-241; pre-War movement for independence, vi: 241-243; Russian attempts at suppression of nationalist feeling, vi: 243; autonomy proclaimed, June 24, '17, vi: 243; movement for establishment of federal Russia, vi: 244; struggle with Bolsheviki, vi: 244-246, 248; conclusion of separate peace with Germans at Brest-Litovsk, vi: 246-247; revolt against German domination, '18, vi: 247-248; war with Poland for possession of Cholm, vi: 248; population and area, xii: 279.

Ulianov, Vladimir, see Lenin, Nicolai.

Ulster, see Ireland.

Uniforms, military, invisibility of French, ii: 286; invisibility of German, ii: 286; description by Richard Harding Davis, iii: 272.

United Kingdom, see Great Britain.

United States: Army, morale, i: 369, v: Intro. xii, 9, 71-72; National Army ordered mobilized, Aug. 13, '17, i: 390; strength in France, Mar., '18, ii: 66, v: 380; nearing end of offensive force at Armistice, ii: 98; A. E. F. put at disposal of Foch by Pershing, Mar. 28, '18, ii: 152, v: 120, 380; transportation overseas, with statistics on rate and means of, iv: 10-12, v: 106, 128, 284, xii: 94-95, xii: 283; Ludendorff's comment on, ii: 317; Adm. Gleaves' account of first convoy across Atlantic, iv: 157-165; Pershing's report, v: 373-379; Ludendorff's opinion of fighting qualities, ii: 326; first contingent arrives in France, June 26, '17, iii: 83, iv: 162, v: 106; first shot fired against Germans, Oct. 23, '17, iii: 84, v: 112; first American prisoners captured by Germans, Nov. 3, '17, iii: 84, v: 112; on Italian Front, iii: 249, v: 394; total strength, iii: 403, xii: 280-282; strength overseas, iii: 403, 405, v: 128, xii: 280-282, xii: 287; combat value, v: 4; training in France, v: 6-12, 100, 102-106, 107-108, 111-113, 114-119, 233, 312, 314, 325, 327, xi: 171-173, Pershing's report on arrangements with French and British, v: 373-378; see also under each Division; living conditions in France, v: 8; first divisions enter front lines, Jan., '18, v: 10; supplies for, with statistics on quantity consumed and methods of procurement, v: 11, 110, 115, 285, 328-332, 396-398, 400, xii: 283-284, see also under U. S. Army, Services of Supply; size and organization of division, v: 19-21, 108, xii: 282, xii: 287; size and organization of regiment, v: 20, 108, 281, xi: 163; adaptation of American divisional organization to French system of trench warfare, v: 21; offensive spirit, v: 22, 26, 29; patrolling activities at the front, v: 27, 117; distribution of A. E. F. divisions in battle area, June, '18, v: 41, 141-147; combat units in France organized into First Army under tactical command of Pershing, Aug., '18, v: 64, 192, 384; Pershing arrives overseas, June, '17, v: 97; General Staff, A. E. F., organization and personnel, v: 98-102; training of officers, with statistics, v: 100, 102-104, 108, 312, 325, xii: 280, xii: 282; general educational program for A. E. F. at army centers and European universities, v: 106, vii: 281-283, 290; organization of corps, v: 109; number and distribution of A. E. F. combat divisions, Sept., '18, v: 197; number and distribution of A. E. F. combat divisions, Nov. 1, '18, v: 253; divisions serving in Allied armies, v: 254, 279, 373-379, 393; American soldier's attitude towards British soldier, v: 288; air service training schools, in U. S. and overseas, v: 312, xii: 285; tank schools, v: 314; gas warfare training, v: 325, 327; statistics on health and disease in v: 344, 402, vii: 179, 193-195, see also under U. S. Army, Medical Service; rifle equipment, description and reasons for adoption of type, v: 347, viii: 96, 102-105; Pershing's message to each member of A. E. F., v: 353; list of A. E. F. divisions, with histories, v: 354-372; replacement (depot) divisions, v: 368-372, 399; Pershing's official report on A. E. F. operations, v: 373-404; on Russian Front against Bolsheviki, v: 394, vi: 187, 193; return of A. E. F. to U. S., v: 395; procuring of remounts, v: 399; A. E. F. mail service, v: 402; system of keeping records of A. E. F., v: 402; military justice in, v: 403; punishments in, v: 403; intelligence tests for recruits, vii: 216, viii: 349-351; training camps in U. S., number and system of instruction, xi: 155-165, xii: 282; soldier's equipment, xi: 167-168; pay, xi: 168; cantonment construction, xii: 125, xii: 282; statistics on participation in War, xii: 280-289; total battles fought by A. E. F., xii: 280, xii: 287; total days in battle, xii: 280, xii: 287; number of troops in battle, xii: 280, xii: 287; total of ordnance and prisoners captured, xii: 288; for branches and units, see below; for detail of military operations, see name of battle or campaign. Adjutant General's Department, functions, v: 402. Air Service, record in France, v: 309-313, xii: 285-286; losses, v: 309; number of enemy planes and balloons shot down by, v: 309; strength at the front, Nov. 11, '18, v: 309, xii: 285-286; strength and activities of balloon companies, v: 311-312; growth, v: 312, xii: 285; total personnel, v: 312, xii: 285; training schools, v: 312, xii: 285; dependence on Allies, Pershing's report, v: 401; types of aerial navigating instruments, viii: 217-221; work of aerial photographers, viii: 228-235; airplane production, xii: 285; types of aero squadrons, xii: 286; for N-C flying boats and dirigibles, see U. S., Navy. Artillery, first shot of War fired by A. E. F., Oct.27, '17, i: 392, iii: 84, v: 112; dependence of A. E. F. on French and British for, v: 111, 348, 401, xii: 284; heavy artillery (Coast Artillery Corps), battle activities in France, v: 303-308; organization and units of Railway Artillery Reserve, v: 305; Naval Batteries on Western Front, v: 306, viii: 42-45; anti-aircraft batteries, v: 308; trench mortar battalions, v: 308; number of cannon and trench mortars at the front, Nov. 11, '18, v: 350; description of types of field guns, viii: 22-28; description of types of heavy guns, viii: 36-42; description of prospective 121-mile range gun, viii: 48-51; production figures, xii: 284; captured by A. E. F., xii: 288. Chemical Warfare Service, organization and activities, v: 321-327, viii: 179-187; Pershing's report, v: 401; poison gases used, v: 321-322; experimentation and development, v: 323-324; gas masks and other defense equipment issued to A. E. F., v: 324; gas shell production, v: 325, viii: 186; gas defense training, v: 325; duties of gas officer, v: 325; deloading and examination of unexploded German shells, v: 325-326; use of poison gas by artillery and infantry, v: 326; activities of A. E. F. gas troops, v: 327; invention of Lewisite, deadliest poison gas, viii: 172; poison gas production at Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 179-187; daily output compared with German, French, British, viii: 179. Dental Corps, organization and activities, vii: 209-210. Engineer Corps, heroic stand by A. E. F. engineer troops against German break through British lines, Mar., '18, iii: 89, v: 123; organization and activities overseas, v: 332-336, 399-400, xii: 283, xii: 287; construction of barracks, v: 332, 400; construction of hospitals, v: 332, 400; construction of docks, v: 332, 400, xii: 283; railroad construction, v: 333, 334, 400, xii: 283; insuring clean water supply for A. E. F., v: 333; construction of refrigerating plants, v: 333, 400; construction of bakeries, v: 333, 400; activities of Forestry Division, v: 334, 400, xii: 287; work with combat troops, v: 335; Pershing's tribute to, v: 336; road construction in France, v: 400. Graves Registration Service, see U. S. Army, Quartermaster Corps. Inspector General's Department, functions of, v: 402-403. Judge Advocate General's Department, functions of, v: 403. Medical Service, war-time organization and activities, v: 336-347, 402, vii: 175-239, 245-254; field hospitals and medical work at the front, v: 337-338, vii: 178, 230-233, 249-254; evacuation hospitals, v: 338, vii: 178, 251; hospital trains, v: 339, vii: 199, 251, viii: 380; hospital construction in France, 340-342; A. E. F. base hospitals, v: 340, 400; "Hospital Centers," v: 341, 400; capacity of A. E. F. hospitals, v: 342; statistics on patients treated in A. E. F. hospitals, v: 342, 352, 402; statistics on personnel, v: 343-344, vii: 177, 201-203; statistics on disease and wounded, v: 344, 402, vii: 179, 193-196, 208-209; procurement of supplies for use overseas, v: 344, vii: 222-224; volunteer organizations co-operating with, v: 344, vii: 187-189, 219, see also Red Cross; organization in France, v: 345-346; letter of commendation from Pershing, v: 346; total number of hospital patients treated during War, v: 352; number of hospitals and patients treated in U. S., v: 352, vii: 201; venereal disease, statistics on, and methods of combating, v: 402, vii: 208-209; physical reconstruction of disabled and mutilated, vii: 175-176, 180-186, 210-216, 233-239, see also Reconstruction of disabled; war-time mobilization of medical profession of U. S., vii: 187-189, 203, 219-222; Medical Reserve Corps and Volunteer Medical Service Corps, vii: 187, 203; work of women physicians, vii: 188; system of war-time organization, vii: 191, 203; activities of Division of Sanitation, vii: 191-196; construction of hospitals in U. S., vii: 196-198; number of patients returned from overseas for treatment in U. S., vii: 200; army nurses, number and organization, vii: 203; work of Division of Laboratories and Infectious Diseases in control of communicable diseases, vii: 203-209; functions of Division of Medicine, vii: 216-219; testing mentality of recruits, vii: 216, viii: 349-351; classification of soldiers by vocations, vii: 216-217; physical examination of drafted men, vii: 217, xii: 281; treatment of special diseases and injuries, vii: 218, 222; training of personnel, vii: 222, 225. Military Police, see U. S. Army, Provost Marshal General's Department. Motor Transport Corps, organization and functions, v: 328, 351, 401. Nurse Corps, organization and personnel, vii: 203. Ordnance Department, functions and war-time activities, v.: 347-351, 401 xii: 284-285; size of personnel at start of War, v: 347; reasons for adoption of type of rifle used by A. E. F., v: 347, viii: 96, 102; rifle production figures, v: 347, xii: 284; statistics of ammunition and explosive production, v: 350, xii: 284-285; artillery production figures, v: 350, xii: 284; see also under U. S. Army, Artillery; machine-gun production, v: 350, xii: 284; number of tanks sent to the front, v: 350; mobile repair shops, v: 350, viii: 294-298; supply bases and workshops, v: 350; strength of A. E. F. personnel, v: 350; letter of praise from Pershing, v: 351. Provost Marshal General's Department, functions, v: 403. Quartermaster Corps, organization and functions, v: 328-332, 400, xii: 283; growth of personnel in France, June, '17—Dec., '18, v: 328; scope of duties, v: 328, 400; methods of procuring supplies, v: 328; supply depots in France, v: 329-330; amount of bread consumed by A. E. F., v: 330; statistics on oil and fuel for A. E. F., v: 331; Salvage Service, activities of, v: 331, 400, viii: 345-348; delousing facilities for A. E. F., v: 331; acquisition of burial grounds for A. E. F. dead and care of graves (Graves Registration Service), v: 331, 400; A. E. F. expenditures, v: 332; statistics on issue of blankets and clothing, xii: 283. Salvage Service, see U. S. Army, Quartermaster Corps. Services of Supply (S. O. S.), establishment and functions, iii: 83, v: 328-352; Pershing's report on, iii: 396-401; coördination of procurement and distribution of supplies for A. E. F., v: 396-397; purchasing activities overseas, v: 397; reclassification system for A. E. F., v: 399; personnel, Nov. 11, '18 v: 401; see also under U. S. Army, Engineer Corps, Motor Transport Corps, Ordnance Department, Quartermaster Corps, Transportation Corps. Signal Corps, activities in France, v: 317-320, 401, viii: 322-331, xi: 303-308, xii: 283, xii: 286-287; A. E. F. telephone and telegraph system at the front and behind the lines, with statistics on number of exchanges, miles of wire, etc., v: 317, 318, 320, 401, viii: 322-326, xii: 283, xii: 287; statistics on personnel, v: 317; American women operators with A. E. F., v: 317; organization of field signal battalions, v: 317; devices for communication used at the front, v: 318, viii: 322; "listening-in" and detection of enemy codes, v: 319; work of Photographic Division in making moving-pictures of War, v: 319-320, viii: 329-331; laying of cable across English Channel, v: 320, 401; supplying A. E. F. with field glasses, viii: 326; supplying A. E. F. with wrist-watches, viii: 327; use of pigeons as messengers, viii: 328-329. Tank Corps, man British tanks in action for first time, Sept. 29, '18, ii: 281; organization, v: 314; tank schools overseas, v: 314; American tanks in action, v: 315-316, 401; number of tanks sent to the front, v: 350; dependence on French and British, v: 401. Transportation Corps, functions, v: 400. Veterinary Corps, activities, vii: 225-227. First Army, formation, Aug. 10, '18, v: 64, 192-195, 384; reorganized and divided into First and Second Armies, Oct. 9, '18, v: 83, 246, 274; drive against and reduction of St. Mihiel salient, Sept. 12—15, see St. Mihiel; Meuse-Argonne drive, see Meuse-Argonne Offensive. Second Army, formation, Oct., '18, v: 83, 246, 274; operations in direction of Briey Iron Basin and Metz, v: 274-279, 390, 393; casualties, v: 279. Third Army (Army of Occupation), formation, Nov. 14, '18, v: 280, 395; occupation of Coblenz bridgehead, v: 394-395. First Corps, operations in Allied counter-offensive in Marne salient, July, '18, v: 56, 383; commendations from Pershing and Degoutte, v: 191-192; shifted to Toul sector, Aug. 13, '18, v: 62; in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. 12—15, '18, v: 65, 202, 386; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.—Nov., '18, v: 74, 78, 90, 91, 92, 220, 388, 390, 391; reaches heights opposite Sedan, Nov. 6, '18, v: 92; formation, Jan., '18, v: 109. Second Corps, breaks through Hindenburg Line in co-operation with British, Sept.—Oct., '18, v: 87, 393; prisoners captured, v: 87, 393; formation, v: 382. Third Corps, operations in valley of the Vesle in Allied counter-offensive, Aug., '18, v: 62, 383; commendations from Pershing and Degoutte, v: 191-192; transferred to Verdun region, Sept., '18, v: 62, 384; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.—Nov., '18, v: 74, 78, 90, 219, 260, 388, 390, 391; in Army of Occupation, v: 395. Fourth Corps, in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 202, 206, 386; co-operation in Meuse-Argonne attack, Sept., '18, v: 220; forms part of Second Army, v: 275; in Army of Occupation, v: 395. Fifth Corps, in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 69, 202, 386; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.—Nov., '18, v: 74, 90, 92, 219, 388, 390, 391. Sixth Corps, part of Second Army, v: 275. Seventh Corps, in Army of Occupation, v: 395. 1st Division, training in France, v: 6-12, 106-108, 111-117; transferred from Lorraine to relieve French on Montdidier front, Apr., '18, v: 29, 121, 380; captures Cantigny, May 28, '18, v: 31-34, 124-128, 380; in drive on Soissons flank in Allied counter-offensive on Marne salient, July 18—22, '18, v: 53-56, 130, 158-182, 382; Pershing's commendation, v: 191; casualties during operations in Marne salient, July, '18, v: 55, 181; captures Berzy-le-Sec, July 21, '18, v: 55, 180, 383; in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. 12—15, '18, v: 65-70, 202, 211, 386; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.—Nov., '18, v: 74, 80-81, 83, 88, 91-92, 231, 234, 237, 240-246, 248-250, 268-270; relieved in Meuse-Argonne by 42nd Div., Oct. 12, '18, v: 83, 248; record march for relief of 80th Div. and advance on Sedan, Nov. 5—7, '18, v: 91, 92, 269; arrival and organization in France, v: 106-108, 109; enters front-line trenches for first time, Oct., '17, v: 111; artillery unit fires first shot of War for A. E. F., Oct. 23, '17, v: 112; casualties in Cantigny sector, Apr. 25—July 7, '18, v: 128, 141; in support of French in Montdidier-Noyon defensive, June, '18, v: 129, 139; makes first capture of German guns by A. E. F., July 18, '18, v: 174; casualties in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 211; tribute to bravery from a German colonel, v: 246; captures Sommerance, Oct. 11, '18, v:248; casualties in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.—Oct., '18, v: 248; citation for record in Meuse-Argonne by Pershing, v: 248; summary of history, v: 355; units composing, v: 355; total casualties, v: 355; prisoners and war material captured, v: 355; in Army of Occupation, v: 395. 2nd Division, training in France, v: 6-12, 119; goes into front line position on Marne salient, June 4, '18, v: 37, 132, 136; in battle of Belleau Wood, June 6—26, '18, v: 39, 129, 135-139, 192, 382; account of Marines in action, x: 1-10; captures Bouresches, June 6, '18, v: 39, 138, x: 8-9; in Allied counter-offensive on Marne salient, July 18—22, '18, v: 55, 130, 158-182, 382; Pershing's commendation, v: 191; captures Vierzy, July 18, '18, v: 55, 174; in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. 12—15, '18, v: 65-70, 202, 210, 386; operations in Champagne as part of Gouraud's French Fourth Army, Oct. 1—6, '18, v: 79, 241, 254-258, 393; captures Blanc Mont, Oct. 5, '18, v: 79, 241, 257, 393; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Nov., '18, v: 88, 90, 92, 95, 262-270, 274, 391; capture of and drive through Landres-St. George, Nov. 1, '18, v: 90, 262-263; arrival and organization in France, v: 108; captures Vaux, July 1, '18, v: 138, 382; casualties in Marne offensive, July, '18, v: 179; prisoners and guns captured in Marne offensive, v: 179; captures Beaumont, v: 266; summary of history, v: 355; units composing, v: 355; total casualties, v: 355; prisoners and guns captured, v: 355; in Army of Occupation, v: 395. 3rd Division, repulses German attempts to cross Marne at Château-Thierry, May 31—June 3, '18, v: 35, 132-135, 381, xi: 43; in second battle of the Marne, July 15—29, '18, v: 52-53, 56, 143, 148-153, 183-186, 187-188, 382, 383, x: 381-387; tributes of Pershing and Degoutte, v: 191-192; stand of 38th Inf. Regt. against German attempts to cross Marne, July 15, '18, v: 2, 150-153, x: 381-387; captures Jaulognne Jaulgonne and Chartèves during second Marne battle, July, '18, v: 56, 383; in reserve in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 202, 211; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.—Oct., '18, v: 74, 80-81, 83, 85, 231, 233-234, 237, 239, 241, 245, 247-248, 250-252, 389; arrival in France, v: 128; occupies Château-Thierry, July 21, '18, v, 184; casualties during battles in Marne salient, June—July, '18, v: 188; summary of history, v: 356; units composing, v: 356; total casualties, v: 356; prisoners and guns captured, v: 356; in Army of Occupation, v: 395. 4th Division, in Aisne-Marne Allied counter-offensive, July 18—Aug. 12, '18, v: 60, 61-62, 130, 168, 183, 184, 191, 383; in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 69, 202, 212, 386; reaches Vesle River in pursuit of Germans, Aug., '18, v: 62, 191; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.—Oct., '18, v: 74, 78, 219, 220, 224, 226, 228, 236, 239, 245, 246, 248, 250, 252, 388; arrival in France, v: 128; training in France, v: 143; casualties during Aisne-Marne offensive, July—Aug., '18, v: 191; summary of history, v: 356; units composing, v: 356; total casualties, v: 356; prisoners and guns captured, v: 356; in Army of Occupation, v: 395. 5th Division, in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 202, 210, 386; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.—Nov., '18, v: 85, 90, 92-95, 248, 250, 262, 264, 270-272, 391; captures Cléry-le-Grand, Nov. i, '18, v: 90, 262; captures Cléry-le-Petit and Doulcon, Nov. 2, '18, v: 92, 264; forces crossing of Meuse in Meuse-Argonne battle, Nov. 3—5, '18, v: 92-94, 264, 270; captures Mouzay, Nov. 9, '18, v: 94, 272; captures Dun-sur-Meuse, Nov. 5, '18, v: 94, 271, 391; arrival and training in France, v: 128; enters trenches in the Vosges, June, '18, v: 128, 381; casualties in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 210; captures Cunel and clears Bois de la Pultière, Oct. 14, '18, v: 250; position at Armistice, Nov. 11, '18, v: 272; summary of history, v: 357; units composing, v: 357; total casualties, v: 357; prisoners and guns captured, v: 357; in Army of Occupation, v: 395. 6th Division, arrival and training overseas, v: 197; summary of history, v: 357; units composing, v: 357; casualties, v: 357. 7th Division, arrival and training in France, v: 198; starts first offensive as part of Second Army, Nov. 10, '18, v: 277, 279; summary of history, v: 357; casualties, v: 357; units composing, v: 358. 8th Division, summary of history, v: 368; in Siberia, v: 368; in Germany, v: 368; units composing, v: 368. 26th Division, arrival and training in France, v: 6-12, 108, 117-118; raided by Germans at Seicheprey, Apr. 20, '18, v: 28, 122; goes into position on Marne sector, July 9, '18, v: 46, 138; in second battle of the Marne, July 15—24, '18, v: 56, 58, 130, 155, 168, 183, 184-186, x: 76-78; tributes from Pershing and Degoutte, v: 191-192; in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 202, 211, 386; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.—Nov., '18, v: 86-87, 220, 252, 270-272, x: 78-79; goes into Toul sector, Apr., '18, v: 120; casualties in second Marne battle, July, '18, v: 186; summary of history, v: 358; units composing, v: 358; total casualties, v: 358; prisoners and guns captured, v: 358. 27th Division, organization and training in U. S., v: 196, 281-284, 358; arrival and training in France, v: 196, 284-286; war record, v: 358, 393; by Maj.-Gen. O'Ryan, v: 281-300; with Gen. Byng's Third British Army, July, '18, v: 286; operations with British in Flanders, July—Aug., '18, v: 286-290; breaks through Hindenburg Line with British Fourth Army, Sept.—Oct., '18, v: 290-297, 393; casualties in assault of Hindenburg Line, v: 295; return to U. S., v: 299; commendation from Field-Marshal Haig, v: 299; total casualties, v: 358; prisoners and guns captured, v: 358. 28th Division, in second battle of the Marne and pursuit of Germans across Vesle River, July—Aug., '18, v: 53, 56, 60, 62, 130, 153-154, 183-184, 188, 190, 383; praise by Pershing and Degoutte, v: 191-192; drives Germans from the Vesle to the Aisne, Aug.—Sept., '18, v: 62, 260, 383-384; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.—Oct., '18, v: 74, 78, 218, 220-221, 225, 227, 229, 231, 237-239, 241, 243, 388; arrival in France, v: 128; training in France, v: 143; sent to Marne sector as reserve to French army defending road to Paris, June, '18, v: 143, 153; casualties in second Marne battle, July 15—21, '18, v: 184; captures Aprémont, Sept. 28, '18, v: 229; captures Le Chêne Tondu, Oct. 4, '18, v: 239; captures Châtel Chehery, Oct. 7, '18, v: 243; operations as part of Second Army in direction of Metz and Briey, Nov., '18, v: 274-279; summary of history, v: 358; units composing, v: 359; total casualties, v: 359; prisoners and guns captured, v: 359. 29th Division, in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.—Oct. '18, v: 74, 86, 244, 246, 252; captures Etraye ridge, Oct. 23, '18, v: 86, 252; organization and arrival in France, v: 146, 359; casualties in Meuse-Argonne battles, v: 253; summary of history, v: 359; units composing, v: 359; total casualties, v: 359; prisoners and guns captured, v: 359. 30th Division, arrival and training in France, v: 146, 300; with British in Belgium, July—Aug., '18, v: 286, 300; summary of organization, v: 300, 359; breaks through St. Quentin Tunnel sector of Hindenburg Line, Sept.—Oct., '18, v: 301-303, 393; casualties, v: 359; units composing, v: 360; prisoners and guns captured, v: 360. 31st Division, history, v: 368; units composing, v: 368. 32nd Division, drives Germans to Vesle in Allied counter-offensive on Marne salient, July—Aug., '18, v: 60-61, 62, 130, 188-190, 383; praise by Pershing and Degoutte, v: 191-192; captures Cierges, July 31, '18, v: 60, 188; captures Fismes, Aug. 6, '18, v: 61, 189; captures Juvigny, Aug. 30, '18, v: 62, 258-259, 384; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.—Oct., '18, v: 74, 80, 83-85, 231, 237, 240-241, 245, 247-248, 250, 252, 389; captures Gesnes, Oct. 5, '18, v: 81, 240; captures Bantheville, Oct. 18, '18, v: 84-85, 252; arrival in France, v: 119, 360; casualties in Marne offensive, July—Aug., '18, v: 190; captures Romagne, Oct. 14, '18, v: 250; summary of history, v: 360; units composing, casualties, v: 360; in Army of Occupation, 360, 395. 33rd Division, in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.—Oct., '18, v: 74, 78, 83, 219, 224-225, 228, 230, 234, 236, 244, 246, 388; arrival and training in France under British, v: 144, 260; attack on Hamel with Australians, July 4, '18, v: 144, 260; with British in attack near Amiens, Aug., '18, v: 260; summary of history, v: 360; units composing, v: 360; casualties, v: 360; prisoners and guns captured, v: 360. 34th Division, summary of history, v: 368; units composing, v: 369. 35th Division, in First Army reserve in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 66, 203; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 74, 220, 225, 227, 229, 231, 388; arrival and training in France, v: 128, 197; captures Charpentry and Baulny, Sept. 27, '18, v: 227; unsuccessful attack on Exermont, Sept. 29, '18, v: 231; summary of history, v: 361; units composing, v: 361; casualties, v: 361; prisoners and guns captured, v: 361. 36th Division, arrival in France, v: 196; operations with French Fourth Army in Champagne, Oct., '18, v: 254, 257-258, 393; casualties in Champagne, v: 258; summary of history, v: 361; units composing, v: 361; total casualties, v: 361; prisoners and guns captured, v: 361. 37th Division, in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 74, 78-79, 219, 224, 227, 229-231, 388; operations in Belgium, Oct.—Nov., '18, v: 83, 279-280, 393; arrival in France, v: 145; casualties in Belgian campaign, v: 280; summary of history, v: 361; units composing, v: 362; total casualties, v: 362; prisoners and guns captured, v: 362. 38th Division, organization and summary of history, v: 369; units composing, v: 369. 39th Division (5th Depot), organization and summary of history, v: 198, 369; units composing, v: 369. 40th Division (6th Depot), organization and summary of history, v: 197, 369; units composing, v: 370. 41st Division (1st Depot), organization and summary of history, v: 109, 370; units composing, v: 370. 42nd Division, arrival and training in France, v: 6-12, 21, 109, 118, 142; in the Vosges (Baccarat) sector, v: 21, 28, 118, 142; joins French Fourth Army in Champagne defensive, July, '18, v: 44-51, 129-130, 142-143, 155-158; in Allied counter-offensive on Marne salient, July 25—Aug. 2, '18, v: 56, 58-61, 130, 186-189, 383; praise by Pershing and Degoutte, v: 191-192; takes Forêt de Fère and crosses Ourcq in pursuit of Germans, July 26—28, '18, v: 58-59, 187, 383; captures Sergy, Seringes-et-Nesles, and Hill 212, July 28, '18, v: 59, 188; in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 202, 211, 386; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.—Nov., '18, v: 83-84, 88, 91-92, 220, 248, 250-252, 262, 269, 390; capture of Côte de Châtillon, Oct. 14—16, '18, v: 84, 250-252; reaches heights opposite Sedan, Nov. 6, '18, v: 92, 269; casualties in Marne offensive, July—Aug., '18, v: 189; summary of history, v: 362; units composing, v: 362; total casualties, v: 362; prisoners and guns captured, v: 362; in Army of Occupation, v: 395. 76th Division, summary of history, v: 196, 370; units composing, v: 370. 77th Division, drives Germans from the Vesle to the Aisne after second Marne battle, Aug.—Sept., '18, v: 62, 190, 260, 383-384; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept. 26—Nov. 11, '18, v: 74, 78-79, 81, 85, 88, 90-92, 95, 220, 225, 227, 229, 231-234, 239, 241-243, 246-247, 250, 252, 262-266, 268-270, 388, 391, xii: 288; outflanks German positions at Champigneulle in Meuse-Argonne drive, Nov. 1—2, '18, v: 88, 263; arrival and training in France, v: 141; isolation and rescue of "Lost Battalion," Oct. 2—7, '18, v: 231, 239, 241-243; capture of St. Juvin, Oct. 12, '18, v: 250; attack on Grand Pré, Oct. 16, '18, v: 252; summary of history, v: 362; units composing, v: 363; prisoners and guns captured, v: 363; casualties, v: 363. 78th Division, as reserve in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 202, 210; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.—Nov., '18, v: 85, 91, 220, 252, 262, 264, 266, 268, 391; captures Briquenay, Nov. 2, '18, v: 91, 264; arrival and training in France, v: 144; casualties in Meuse-Argonne drive, v: 268; summary of history, v: 363; units composing, v: 363; total casualties, v: 363; prisoners and guns captured, v: 363. 79th Division, in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.—Nov., '18, v: 74, 78-80, 219, 224-226, 228, 230-231, 262, 265, 270-272, 388; captures stronghold of Montfaucon, Sept. 27, '18, v: 78-79, 225; organization and arrival in France, v: 196, 363; captures Nantillois, Sept. 28, '18, v: 228; summary of history, v: 363, casualties, v: 363; units composing, v: 364; prisoners and guns captured, v: 364. 80th Division, in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.—Nov., '18, v: 74, 78, 83, 88, 91, 219, 224, 226-227, 230, 234, 237, 239, 241, 245-246, 248, 262-268, 388, 391; captures Buzancy, Nov. 2, '18, v: 91, 264; arrival and training in France, v: 144; battle for Brieulles-sur-Meuse, Sept. 27—28, '18, v: 226-227; capture of Bois des Ogons, Oct. 4—5, '18, v: 237, 239; repulsed in attacks on Madeleine Farm, Oct. 6, '18, v: 241; Madeleine Farm captured, Oct. 9, '18, v: 245; unsuccessful attacks on Cunel, Oct. 10—11, '18, v: 246, 248; captures Beaumont with 2nd Div., Nov. 5, '18, v: 266; casualties in Meuse-Argonne drive, v: 268; summary of history, v: 364; units composing, v: 364; total casualties, v: 364; prisoners and guns captured, v: 364. 81st Division, arrival and training in France, v: 197; operations in direction of Briey and Metz as part of Second Army, v: 274-278; captures Grimancourt, Nov. 10, '18, v: 277; position at Armistice, Nov. 11, '18, v: 278; summary of history, v: 364; units composing, v: 364; casualties, v: 364; prisoners captured, v: 364. 82nd Division, in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. '18, v: 65, 68, 71, 202, 208, 386; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.—Oct., '18, v: 74, 83, 241-242, 246-248, 251-252, 390; arrival and training in France, v: 143; composite character, v: 143; summary of history, v: 143, 365; units composing, v: 365; casualties, v: 365; prisoners and guns captured, v: 365. 83rd Division, summary of history, v: 146, 371, 399; units composing, v: 371. 84th Division, summary of history, v: 198, 371, 399; units composing, v: 371. 85th Division, summary of history, v: 197, 371; units composing, v: 371. 86th Division, summary of history, v: 372; units composing, v: 372. 87th Division, summary of history, v: 198, 372; units composing, v: 372. 88th Division, summary of history, v: 198, 365; units composing, v: 365; casualties, v: 365. 89th Division, in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 70, 202, 210, 386; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.—Nov., '18, v: 90, 92, 95, 220, 252, 262, 264, 266, 268, 270, 274, 391; organization and arrival in France, v: 146, 365; in Army of Occupation, v: 274, 366, 395; summary of history, v: 365; units composing, v: 366; casualties, v: 366; prisoners and guns captured, v: 366. 90th Division, in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 202, 208-210, 386; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.—Nov., '18, v: 90, 92, 95, 220, 252, 262, 264, 272, 274, 391; arrival and training in France, v: 196; casualties in St. Mihiel drive, v: 210; captures Stenay, Nov. 10, '18, v: 272; in Army of Occupation, v: 274, 366, 395; summary of history, v: 366; units composing, v: 366; total casualties, v: 366; prisoners and guns captured, v: 366. 91st Division, as reserve in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 66, 203; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.—Oct., '18, v: 74, 78, 220, 225, 227, 229, 231, 232, 246, 388; transferred to Belgium under French Sixth Army, Oct., '18, v: 83, 279, 393; operations in Belgium, Oct.—Nov., '18, v: 83, 279, 393; organization and arrival in France, v: 196, 366; captures Spitaals-Bosschen, Oct. 31, '18, v: 279; captures Audenarde, Nov. 2, '18, v: 279; summary of history, v: 366; units composing, 367; casualties, v: 367; prisoners and guns captured, v: 367. 92nd Division (colored), in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 74, 233; organization and arrival in France, v: 145, 367; summary of history, v: 367; units composing, v: 367; casualties, v: 367. 93rd Division (colored), summary of history, v: 367; units composing, v: 367; casualties, v: 368. Casualties, in submarine warfare during neutrality, i: 357; first time in War, Nov., '17, i: 392, v: 113; total in War, iii: 404; total dead, iii: 404, xii: 280; number wounded, iii: 404, v: 344, xii: 280; prisoners or missing, iii: 404; in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 71, 212, 386; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept. 26—Nov. 11, '18, v: 393, xii: 280; on Russian Front, v: 394; total deaths overseas, classified according to cause, v: 402; battle deaths, v: 402, xii: 280, xii: 289; deaths from disease, v: 402, vii: 179, 195, xii: 280; money equivalent of manpower lost, xii: 25; see also U. S. Army, Medical Service. Coal, production, '13—'17, xii: 47; war-time shortage, xii: 48; conservation measures under Fuel Administration, xii: 48-50; extent of mining operations, xii: 50; production compared with other staples, xii: 50; waste in use, xii: 51; Fuel Administration priority list, xii: 75; production for '18—'19, xii: 146. Conscription, Franklin Lane on lessons taught by, i: 370; Conscription Act passed, Apr. 28—May 18, '17, i: 390, iii: 83, xii: 280-281; health statistics of drafted men, vii: 217, xii: 281-282; total number of registrants, xii: 280-281; number inducted into service, xii: 280-281. Cost of living, high prices most striking economic effect of War, xii: Intro. vii; "index numbers" as measure of price changes, xii: Intro. vii; comparison of index numbers, '13—'19, xii: Intro. vii-viii; chart of price movements in U. S. and England since 1780, xii: Intro. viii-x; rise in, '14—'18, xii: Intro. x, xii: 56-59; existing high prices not due to scarcity, xii: Intro. x-xi; currency inflation, xii: Intro. xiii, xii: 143; chart showing relation of, to money in circulation, '14—'18, xii: Intro. xiii; high prices as breeder of Bolshevism, xii: Intro. xiii-xiv; purchasing power of wages, '13—'18, xii: Intro. xiv; remedies proposed for reducing high cost of living, xii: Intro. xiv-xv, xii: 147; standardized dollar as remedy for fluctuations in, xii: Intro. xv; scarcity as cause of high prices, xii: 39, xii: 142; "fair price" lists, xii: 54; profiteering, xii: 55, xii: 143; meat-packers' profits before and during War, xii: 56; present, compared with Civil War prices, xii: 57, xii: 75; rise in clothing prices, xii: 58, xii: 142, xii: 145; government price-fixing, xii: 59; monthly price changes, '12—'18, xii: 60; analysis of, by Council of National Defense, xii: 142-148; relation between wages and prices in estimating, xii: 142; housing problem, xii: 142; curtailed production since Armistice, xii: 142; food consumption statistics, xii: 142; influence of War on prices, xii: 143; food supply statistics, '18—'19, xii: 143-144; reasons for high food prices, xii: 144; reduction in shoe output for '19, xii: 146; coal production, '18—'19, xii: 146; reduction in iron and steel production, '19, xii: 147; reasons for high cost of living, summarized by Council of National Defense, xii: 147; see also Prices; U. S., Food. Council of National Defense, activities of General Medical Board of, vii: 187-189; creation by Congress, '16, xii: 115; duties, xii: 116; members, xii: 116; Advisory Commission of, pre-War activities, xii: 117; committees, xii: 122; distinguished membership of committees, xii: 122; non-partisanship of, xii: 124; expenses, xii: 124; work of Field Division, xii: 124; results of activities, xii: 124; War Industries Board established, xii: 125; cantonment construction, xii: 125; share in victory, xii: 126; analysis of causes of and remedies for high cost of living,xii: 142-148. Declarations of war, transition from neutral to belligerent, i: 300-308; impelling causes for, i: 301, 341, 348, 368, ii: 53; effect of '16 Presidential campaign on, i: 305; diplomatic relations with Germany severed, Feb. 3, '17, i: 344-345, 389; text of President Wilson's speech before Congress asking for declaration of war with Germany, Apr. 2, '17, i: 348-355; text of declaration of war with Germany, Apr. 6, '17, i: 355; Franklin Lane on effects of entry into War on American life, i: 366-373; diplomatic relations with Austria-Hungary severed, Apr. 8, '17, i: 389; diplomatic relations with Turkey severed, Apr. 20, '17, i: 390; declaration of war on Austria-Hungary, Dec. 7, '17, i: 393; effect on final result of War, ii: 220, iii: 83; a German military critic's view, ii: 273; Ludendorff's comments on, ii: 341; effect on French, ii: 387; effect on British, vi: 11; see also under Submarine warfare. Employment Service, war-time activities, xii: 67. Food, Herbert Hoover appointed Food Administrator, May 19, '17, i: 390; position of U. S. as producer, '17, xii: 35; wheat production vs. consumption, 1890—1914, xii: 35; corn production vs. consumption, 1890—1914, xii: 35; voluntary rationing, xii: 35; exports to Europe before and during War, xii: 36, xii: 135; conservation, xii: 37, xii: 40, xii: 141; war-time increase in production, statistics, xii: 37; increased production more important than conservation, xii: 38; crop acreage, '10—'18, xii: 38; crop yields, '10—'18, xii: 39; Hoover's report on European relief, xii: 42; war-time government control, xii: 46, xii: 59, xii: 140; Sugar Equalization Board, functions, xii: 46; war-time sugar distribution, xii: 46; potato crop, xii: 47; "fair price" lists, xii: 54; functions of Food Administration, xii: 59, xii: 140; statistics on quantity and prices, June, '18—June, '19, xii: 61-65; price comparisons, '13—'19, xii: 64; wheat exports to Allies, July 1, '17—July 1, '18, xii: 141; consumption statistics, xii: 142; production statistics, '18—'19, xii: 143; wheat production, '18—'19, xii: 143; meat production, '18—'19, xii: 144; corn crop, '18, xii: 144; reasons for high prices, xii: 144; see also under U. S., Cost of living. Food Administration, see under U. S., Food. Foreign relations, policy of isolation, i: 50; abandonment of policy of isolation, i: 52-58; early relations with China and Japan, i: 53; African interests, i: 54; Congo policy, i: 54; armed expeditions sent beyond borders, 1836—1861, i: 54; intervention in Cuba, i: 56; "open door" policy in China, i: 57; Root-Takahira agreement, '08, i: 57; Lansing-Ishii Note, '17, i: 58; policy in Venezuelan controversy with Germany, '02, i: 86; participation in European conferences, i: 86; participation in Algeciras Conference, '06, i: 86; German plans for subjugation of U. S., i: 87-88; arbitration treaties, i: 103; emergence from War as World Power, i: 371; after-War mission, i: 372. Fuel Administration, see under U. S., Coal. German-owned property, extent, xii: 33-34. Industries during War, regulations for conservation of leather by War Industries Board, xii: 53; duties and powers of War Industries Board, xii: 72; priority system, xii: 73-75; distribution of war contracts, xii: 74; response to war needs, xii: 115; creation of Council of National Defense, xii: 115; duties of Council of National Defense, xii: 116; pre-War movement for industrial preparedness, xii: 117; pre-War activities of Advisory Commission, Council of National Defense, xii: 118; committees of Council of National Defense, xii: 122; organization and personnel of War Industries Board, xii: 125; share in final victory, xii: 126; see also under U. S., Council of National Defense, Labor. Labor, women in war industries, xii: 25; war-time safeguards for workers, xii: 66; organizing for war production, xii: 67; Employment Service of Department of Labor, war-time activities, xii: 67; war-time strikes, xii: 68; importance in winning War, xii: 68-69; size of working population, xii: 71; immigration as source of labor supply, xii: 71; war-time dislocation, xii: 71; Mediation Commission for settling labor unrest, xii: 71; activities of Advisory Labor Council, xii: 71; Gen. Crowder's "Work or fight" order, xii: 72; women as railway workers during War, xii: 84; settlement of war-time disputes in shipyards, xii: 94; attitude to War, xii: 121. Marine Corps, strength, Nov. 11, '18, iii: 403; in battle of Belleau Wood, June 6—26, '18, v: 39, 130, 135-139, 382, x: 1-10; capture of Bouresches, June 6, '18, v: 39, 138, x: 8-9; in second battle of the Marne, July 18—19, '18, v: 55, 130, 159, 167-170, 174-175, 178-179; capture of Vierzy, July 18, '18, v: 55, 174-175; in Champagne as part of Gouraud's French Fourth Army, Oct., '18, v: 79, 241, 255-257; capture of Blanc Mont, Oct. 5, '18, v: 79-80, 241, 257; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Nov., '18, v: 95, 262-263, 266, 270, 274; arrival in France, v: 106, 108; incorporated in 2nd Div., v: 108; not in Château-Thierry battle of May 31—June 3, '18, as popularly supposed, v: 130, 135; casualties at Belleau Wood, June, '18, v: 139; name of Belleau Wood changed by French to Bois de la Brigade de Marine, v: 139; casualties in second Marne battle, July, '18, v: 179; in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. '18, v: 210; in drive through Landres-St. George, Nov. 1, '18, v: 262-263; force crossing of Meuse, Nov. 10, '18, v: 270, 274; see also under U. S. Army, 2nd Division. Navy, Rear-Adm. Mayo on war-time accomplishments of, iv: Intro. vii-xiii; supplying guns and gun crews for merchant ships, iv: Intro. viii, 314; laying of North Sea mine barrage, iv: Intro. xi, 324-330; anti-submarine coast patrol, iv: Intro. xii; Naval gunners on Western Front, iv: Intro. xii, 323, v: 306, viii: 42-45; transportation of A. E. F. to France, iv: Intro. xii, xii: 94-95, xii: 283; account of first expedition across Atlantic, June, '17, by Adm. Gleaves, iv: 157-165; lessons of the War, iv: Intro. xiii; destroyer flotilla on anti-submarine patrol duty in war zone, iv: 157, 315-317, 343; development of depth bomb by, iv: 307, 330; strength of personnel before War and at armistice, iv: 317; training of new personnel, iv: 317; war-time expansion in ships and equipment, iv: 318-319; repair of damaged interned German liners, iv: 319-321; laying of oil pipe line across Scotland, iv: 322; invention of "Y" gun for discharge of depth bombs, iv: 331; development of aerial bombs for use by seaplanes against U-boats, iv: 332; development of star shells for illuminating enemy positions in dark, iv: 334; invention of torpedo plane, iv: 335; adventures of transports in war zone, iv: 335-343; capture of German submarine U-58, Nov. 18, '17, iv: 349; Secretary Daniels' report on activities in European waters, iv: 356-359; co-operation with British, Secretary Daniels on, iv: 356; tributes by Sir Eric Geddes and Adm. Beatty, iv: 359-361; development and description of N-C flying boats, viii: 236-240; N-C-4 first airplane to cross Atlantic, viii: 240; types of dirigibles used by, viii: 245, 255-257. Neutrality, Dr. Eliot's summary of reasons for pro- and anti-German feeling, i: 270-273; von Jagow's defense against anti-German criticisms, i: 273; Maximilian Harden's views on, i: 274; German protest against U. S. position on armed merchantmen, i: 282; position on status of armed merchantmen, i: 283; French opinion of, i: 287; unpopular with all belligerents, i: 288; British opinion of, i: 289; Gabriel Hanotaux's views on, i: 290; conflict of sympathies, i: 297; psychology of, i: 297; increasing pro-Ally sentiment, i: 299; attitudes of Wilson and Roosevelt compared, i: 299, 302; German violations against, i: 300; transition from neutral to belligerent, i: 300-308; effect of '16 Presidential campaign on, i: 305; attitude of press, i: 309; Austro-Hungarian protest of unfairness of, i: 309; Maximilian Harden's views on American war prosperity, i: 310; Bryan's statement on, Jan. 20, '15, i: 311; controversy with Great Britain over British seizure of neutral cargoes, i: 312, 318, 339; controversy with Germany on submarine warfare, i: 317-326, 328-335, 339; chronological summary with list of ships sunk, i: 357-361; President Wilson's "Strict accountability" note to Germany, i: 317; President Wilson's "Too proud to fight" statement, i: 320, v: 372; controversy with Germany on Lusitania sinking, i: 320, 323, 325, 326, 327, 358-361; statements of Taft and Roosevelt on Lusitania sinking, i: 320; note to Germany on "Freedom of the seas," July 21, '15, i: 322; attitude of press on torpedoing of Arabic, i: 323; controversy with Austria-Hungary on torpedoing of Ancona, i: 326, 361; McLemore Resolution warning Americans not to travel on belligerent ships, i: 327; McLemore Resolution defeated, i: 328; note threatening severance of diplomatic relations with Germany over sinking of Sussex, Apr. 18, '16, i: 329-331; issues of '16 Presidential campaign, i: 334; controversy with Great Britain over British seizure of neutral mail, i: 335; President Wilson asks belligerents to state war aims, Dec. 18, '16, i: 336; Lansing's statement of problems of, i: 339; diplomatic relations with Germany severed, Feb. 3, '17, i: 344-345, 389; President Wilson orders U. S. merchantmen armed, i: 347; American casualties from submarine warfare during, i: 357; President Wilson issues proclamation of, Aug. 4, '14, i: 375; see also Germany, Blockade of; Submarine warfare. Peace Conference, delegates sail for, Dec. 4, '18, i: 400; list of delegates, xii: 179; for work of delegates at, see Peace Conference; also under name of delegate. Peace Treaty, fight against, in Senate, xii: 264-278; Fall amendments to, defeated, Oct. 2, '19, xii: 264; ratification with original Lodge reservations defeated, Nov. 19, '19, xii: 265-266; text of original Lodge reservations, xii: 265; defeated in Senate for second time, Mar. 19, '20, xii: 266-269; President Wilson's opinion of Lodge reservations, xii: 267; text of revised Lodge reservations, xii: 269; efforts to declare peace by Congressional resolution, xii: 271-278; text of peace resolution introduced in House of Representatives, Apr. 1, '20, xii: 271; Knox resolution declaring peace with Germany passed by Congress, May 15—21, '20, xii: 273-277; text of original Knox resolution proposing separate peace with Germany and successors of Austria-Hungary, xii: 273; text of amended Knox resolution, xii: 277; President Wilson vetoes Knox resolution, xii: 277; text of President Wilson's veto message, xii: 278. Population, European immigration, i: 37; German immigration in 1882 and 1910, i: 75; size, characteristics, and distribution of German element in, i: 79, 277-279; ratio of increase in urban and rural, 1890—1910, xii: 35. Press, attitude on neutrality, i: 309; attitude on Lusitania sinking, i: 320; attitude on torpedoing of Arabic, i: 323; views on German indemnity, xii: 24. Prisoners of war, first captured by Germans, Nov. 3, '17, iii: 84, v: 112; total lost in War, iii: 404. Railroads, war-time operation under government control, xii: 87-90; reasons for government control, xii: 88; defects in management, xii: 89; equipment sent to France, xii: 95; pledge of maximum war-time service by, xii: 121. Shipping, war-time building program, with statistics, xii: 92-94; war losses, xii: 94; neutral tonnage chartered for war service, xii: 98; war-time cargo fleet, statistics on tonnage and shipments, xii: 283, xii: 286. Trade, with Germany through neutrals, ii: 21; increase in exports, '12—'17, xii: 1; luxury imports, xii: 8-9; decrease in luxury imports, '14—'18, xii: 58; hostility to trade with Germany, xii: 99; War Trade Board export license system, xii: 99. War cost, currency inflation, xii: Intro. xiii, xii: 28-31, xii: 143; loans floated in U. S. by foreign countries, Aug., '14—Jan., '17, xii: 2; sources and amounts of war-time taxation, xii: 2-9, xii: 109-111; income taxes, with comparison of rates in England and France, xii: 2-6; criticisms of war tax law, xii: 5-6; President Wilson's tax program, xii: 6-7; luxury taxes, xii: 7-9; war-time prosperity, xii: 9-10; loans in early U. S. history, xii: 10; Liberty Loans, floating of, with statistics on amounts raised and number of subscribers, xii: 10-16, xii: 113, xii: 126-135; repayment of loans made to Allies, xii: 11; Liberty Loan subscriptions by Federal Reserve Districts, xii: 12; Liberty Loan subscriptions in New York City, xii: 12; comparison of war debt with pre-War national debt, xii: 16, xii: 113, xii: 114; hourly war expenditures, xii: 16; comparison of war cost with previous expenditures, xii: 16; distribution of war expenditures, xii: 16; amount of loans to Allies, xii: 16, xii: 18, xii: 31; short-term certificates of indebtedness, xii: 16; War Savings Stamps, amount raised by, xii: 18, xii: 134; problem of liquidating national debt, xii: 18; accumulation of Europe's gold supply in U. S., xii: 29; credit expansion, xii: 30; pre-War cash reserves, xii: 30; transition from debtor to creditor nation, with statistics, xii: 31; daily, monthly, and total war cost, Apr., 17—June, '19, xii: 106-108. War Industries Board, see under U. S., Industries during War.