Part 15 — INDEX (continued 2)

Eastern Front, fortifications of, iii: 109; strategic aspects, iii: 110; Austrian strategic plans, iii: 118; see also East Prussia; Galicia; Mazurian Lakes; Poland.

Eastern Karelia, military government established, May, '19, xii: 279; area, xii: 279; population, xii: 279.

Ebert, Friedrich, elected President of Germany, Feb., '19, vi: Intro. xiii, 292; appointed Chancellor, Nov., '18, vi: 273; establishes new democratic government, Nov., '18, vi: 277; states government's determination to put down Spartacides, Jan. 8, '19, vi: 287; outlines policies of Provisional Government, Feb., '19, vi: 292; German press comment on personality, vi: 293; biography, ix: 135-138.

Economic strategy, in war, theory and example of, ii: 16; Allied proposals for anti-German boycott, xii: 102.

Ecuador, proletarian unrest, vi: 392; delegates to Peace Conference, xii: 180.

Ecurey, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 8, '18, v: 272.

Edgewood Arsenal, great U. S. poison-gas plant, viii: 179-187.

Education, bilingual schools discontinued in Canada, vi: 29; A. E. F. becomes "College in Khaki," vii: 280; A. P. Stokes makes survey for A. E. F., vii: 281; Y. M. C. A. hut classes, vii: 281; demand for text-books in A. E. F. schools, vii: 282; A. E. F. post schools, vii: 282; work of Bureau of Citizenship among A. E. F., vii: 282; U. S. soldier students at French and British universities, vii: 282, 290; Army Educational Committee, vii: 282; A. E. F. university at Beaune, vii: 282; Y. M. C. A. work for prisoners of war, vii: 306.

Edward VII promotes Anglo-French good will, i: 98.

Edwards, Maj.-Gen., commands 26th Div. at St. Mihiel, Sept., '18, v: 202; relieved of command, Oct. 24, '18, v: 252.

Effects Depot, S. O. S., for care of effects of deceased men, v: 331.

Eggers, Sgt. Alan Louis, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 392.

Eggs, imports of, by Germany, ii: 18.

Egli, Col., head of Swiss Intelligence Service, tried for unneutral communication with Germans, vi: 380.

Egypt, British establish themselves in, 1882, i: 48; British control recognized by France, '04, i: 99; anti-British German propaganda, iii: 188; political unrest, iii: 188; operations against Suez Canal, iii: 189; Turks start offensive in western Egypt, iii: 190; Turks driven out, '16, iii: 191; tribesmen suppressed, '16—'17, iii: 191; resentment against British domination, vi: 67; popular pro-Turkish sympathy, vi: 68, 330; Nationalist cry against "British oppression," vi: 69; Great Britain declares protectorate over, Dec. 19, '14, vi: 69, xii: 279; Nationalist movement for independence, '18, vi: 70; insurrection, '19, vi: 71; German rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 208; area, xii: 279; population, '14, xii: 279.

Eichhorn, chief of Berlin police, deposed, Jan. 5, '19, vi: 287.

Eichorn, Marshal von, assassinated by Ukrainian, vi: 187, 248.

Eisner, Kurt, becomes head of Bavarian Socialist Republic, Nov., '18, vi: 273, 280; appeals to German national government on behalf of Berlin Spartacides, vi: 288; assassinated, Feb. 21, '19, vi: 298.

El Arish, occupied by Turks, Jan., '15, iii: 189; taken by British, Dec. 22, '16, iii: 192.

El Kubri, Turks engage British in vicinity of, iii: 190.

El Tasher, British defeat Sudanese at, May, '16, iii: 191.

Elbe, internationalized by Peace Treaty, rules of navigation, xii: 248.

Electric drive, description and advantages of, iv: 322; successfully applied in U. S. S. New Mexico, iv: 322.

Electric welding, use in repairing interned German liners, iv: 319; use in U. S. in construction of ships, iv: 322.

Elles, Gen., commander of British Tank Corps, iii: 377.

Elliott, Col., leader of British Marines, killed in Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 264.

Ellis, Sgt. Michael B., wins Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 388.

Ely, Maj.-Gen., Hanson E., as colonel, commands 28th Inf. at Cantigny, May 28, '18, v: 124; assigned to command of 5th Div., Oct. 21, '18, v: 252.

Emden, German commerce raider, exploits of, iv: 166-194; method of sinking captured ships, iv: 173; bombards Madras, Sept. 18, '14, iv: 174; attacks Penang Harbor, Oct. 28, '14, iv: 178; lands force on Keeling Island, Nov. 9, '14, iv: 184; attacked by Sydney off Keeling Island, Nov. 9, '14, iv: 185; destruction of, report of captain of Sydney, iv: 187; summary of raiding activities, iv: 189; landing force at Keeling escapes on Ayesha, iv: 190-194.

Emmich, Gen. von, commands German attack on Liége, iii: 10.

Emont Wood, cleared by 37th Div., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229; 37th Div. retreats from, Sept. 29, '18, v: 230.

Emplacements, duplicate, permitting rotation of artillery in trenches, v: 14.

Empress Maria, Russian dreadnought, blown up in Black Sea, iv: 366.

Enfield rifle, facilities for manufacture in U. S., v: 347; standard British service rifle, viii: 95; U. S. production figures, xii: 284.

Engineering, development in U. S. Navy, iv: 319; relation of, to war, viii: 298-302.

Engines, shipment of American locomotives to France, xii: 286.

England, see Great Britain.

Entente Cordiale, established between France and Russia, 1891, i: 98.

Entertainment, 27th Div. theatrical troupe, v: 299; Over-There Theater League, activities, vii: 277, 339-343; for A. E. F., by Y. M. C. A., vii: 277; at Winchester camp, vii: 287; for Army of Occupation, vii: 292; for A. E. F. in Siberia, vii: 295; "Y" program for Navy, vii: 299; by Stage Women's War Relief, vii: 346, 348.

Enver Pasha, leader of Young Turks, i: 109, ix: 270; commander of Turkish army, iii: 164; in Caucasus campaign, iii: 260; biography, ix: 270-274.

Eperlecques, training area for 30th Div., v: 300.

Epieds, German stand at, in retreat from Marne, July 21, '18, v: 184; General Degouette commends Americans for service at, v: 192.

Epionville, taken by 91st Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 225.

Ersatz, German, i: 72.

Erskine, Prof. John, member of Army Educational Commission, vii: 282; educational director of A. E. F. university at Beaune, vii: 283.

Erwin, Brig.-Gen. James B., commands 6th Div., Aug., '18, v: 197.

Erzberger, leader of German Center Party, vi: Intro. xiii; becomes Minister of Finance, July, '19, vi: Intro. xiii.

Erzerum, captured by Russians, Feb. 15, '16, i: 384, ii: 91, iii: 262.

Erzingan, captured by Russians, July 25, '16, i: 386, iii: 263.

Eseka, captured by French, Oct. 30, '15, i: 382.

Esnes, location of, v: 217; 4th Engineers build road from, to Malancourt, Sept., '18, v: 226.

Essen, bombarded by Belgian airplanes, Nov. 19, '15, i: 382.

Essen trench, captured and reversed by French, Oct. 1—3, '18, v: 254.

Essey, captured by 42nd Div., Sept. 12, '18, v: 211.

Essomes-sur-Marne, location of, v: 133.

Estaires, occupied by Germans, Apr. 10—11, '18, i: 395.

Esternay, destruction by Germans, iii: 297.

Esthonia, early history, vi: 226; independent Republic established, Apr., '18, vi: 230, xii: 279; area, xii: 279; population, '18, xii: 279; see also Baltic Provinces.

Estrayes Wood, captured by 29th Div., Oct. 23, '18, v: 252.

Etraye, threatened by 33rd Div., Oct. 7, '18, v: 82; ridge taken by 29th Div., Oct. 23, '18, v: 86; captured by 79th Div., Nov. 9, '18, v: 272.

Eupen, ceded to Belgium, under Peace Treaty, vi: 89, xii: 188.

Europe, area of greatest nationalistic development, i: 9; race rivalries in, i: 21; alignment of nations at outbreak of War, ii: 2; general conditions, winter '17—'18, v: 1, 113; military situation in, Nov. 1, '18, v: 253.

Evan-Thomas, Rear-Adm. Hugh, commands British 5th Battle Squadron at battle of Jutland, iv: 110.

Everts, Gen., commander of Russian Army of the Bug, iii: 119.

Exermont Valley, slopes taken by 182nd Brig., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229; heavy A. E. F. casualties at, Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.

Explosion, compared with detonation, viii: 1.

Explosive shell, compared with shrapnel, ii: 288.

Explosives, see Ammunition.

Extraterritoriality, explained, i: 17; Japan withdraws rights of, i: 18; Turkey withdraws rights of, i: 18.

F

Falaba, S. S., British steamer, sunk by German submarine, Mar., '15, i: 319, 378, iv: 218.

Falkenhayn, Gen. Erich G. A. S. von, sent to regain Bagdad, ii: Intro. xx, iii: 196; invades Rumania, ii: 60, iii: 218; replaced as Chief of German General Staff by von Hindenburg, iii: 61; biography, ix: 262.

Falkland Islands, battle of, British defeat German fleet, Dec. 8, '14, i: 376, iv: 69-85, ix: 308; strength of opposing fleets, iv: 70; von Spee's strategy, criticism of, iv: 70; Sturdee's tactics, iv: 71; German cruiser Dresden escapes, iv: 74; British casualties, iv: 74; German loss in men and ships, iv: 74; importance of victory, iv: 74; Admiral Sturdee's official report, iv: 75-79; eye-witness accounts, iv: 80-85.

Fallon, Capt. David, brave tank commander, x: 165.

Falmouth, British cruiser, sunk, Aug. 19, '16, i: 386; at battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.

Falzarego Pass, limit of Italian advance in Cadore, iii: 234.

Fanning, U. S. destroyer, captures German submarine, iv: 350.

Fanning Island, Germans destroy wireless station at, Sept. 7, '14, iv: 62.

Fao, British land at, Nov. 7, '14, iii: 180.

Farewell, poem by Lieut. Robert Nichols, R. F. A., vii: 389.

Farman airplane, viii: 189.

Farnsworth, Maj.-Gen. Charles S., commands 37th Div., June, '18, v: 145; in Marne-Aisne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 219.

Fay, Robert, German agent, plots to blow up ships, x: 369-377.

Fay-en-Haye, location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199.

Fayolle, Gen., commands Allied forces opposing German drive on Paris, '18, ii: 152; decorated for Somme campaign, iii: 60.

Fearless, British cruiser in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240.

Federalism, development in America and Europe, i: 30.

Ferdinand, Archduke Francis, see Francis Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria.

Ferdinand, Czar of Bulgaria, abdicates, Oct. 5, '18, i: 399, vi: 347; proclamation to army, vi: 340; appeals to Germany, vi: 347; character, ix: 378; biography, ix: 378-380.

Ferdinand of Bulgaria, poem by D. S. P., ix: 376.

Ferdinand, King of Rumania, biography, ix: 399-401.

Fère Forest captured by 42nd Div., July 26, '18, v: 58.

Ferrero, Guglielmo, Italian historian, comparison of German militarism with Roman imperialism, ii: 365-372; sympathy with Allies, '14, vi: 119.

Fertilizers, shortage in Germany during blockade, ii: 18.

Field glasses for A. E. F., viii: 326.

Finland, signs peace with Germany, Mar. 7, '18, i: 393; political history, 1809—1914, vi: 196; granted autonomy, 1809, vi: 196; autonomy revoked, 1899, vi: 196; threatened with class revolution, '05, vi: 196; socialist tendency in Diet, '05, vi: 196; nationalism assailed by Russian bureaucracy, '14, vi: 196; German aid against Russification, vi: 196; declares independence, Mar., '17, vi: 198; base for Russian revolutionary activities, '17, vi: 198; Bolshevik revolution, Nov., '17, vi: 198; Russia recognizes Bolshevik government, '17, vi: 198; Socialists demand union with Russian Soviet, Nov. '17, vi: 198; White Guards recalled from Germany to quell civil war, vi: 198; General von der Goltz sent to aid Whites, vi: 199; Republic established by moderate Socialists, '18, vi: 200; new government recognized by Great Britain and U. S., '18, vi:200; Bolshevism stamped out by Mannerheim, '18, vi: 200; origin of inhabitants, vi: 200; area and population, xii: 279.

Finland, U. S. transport, sunk by U-boat, Nov. 2, '17, i: 392; torpedoed, Oct. 27, '17, iv: 337.

Firedrake, British destroyer in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.

First aid, importance in treatment of wounded, vii: 178.

Fisher, Adm. Lord John, responsibility for Gallipoli disaster, ii: 198, 200; views on advisability of Dardanelles expedition, ii: 203; biography, ix: 288-290.

Fisher, Prof. Irving, analysis of high cost of living, Intro.

Fiske, Rear-Adm. Bradley T., invents torpedo plane, iv: 335.

Fiske, Brig.-Gen. H. B., Chief of Training, A. E. F., Sept., '17, v: 102.

Fismes, captured by 32nd Div., Aug. 6, '18, v: 61; taken and retaken by U. S. divisions, July—Aug., '18, v: 189; General Degoutte commends Americans for services at, Sept. 9, '18, v: 192.

Fismette, captured by 28th Div., Aug., '18, v: 62.

Fiume, conflict of Italians and Jugoslavs for, vi: 365; arrival of U. S. troops at, vi: 366; Italian delegates withdraw from Peace Conference in controversy over, vi: 368-370, xii: 159; occupied by D'Annunzio, vi: 370; awarded to Italy conditionally, vi: 370.

Five Souls, poem by W. N. Ewer, xi: 93.

Flabas, captured by 26th Div., Nov. 8, '18, v: 271.

Flanders, battles of: Oct., '14, nature of terrain, iii: 38, viii: 299; extent of battle line, iii: 38; Foch cuts dikes of Yser, iii: 40; Germans repulsed, iii: 40. Aug., '17, failure of British offensive, ii: 56; Ludendorff's criticism of, ii: 343; description of, iii: 78-80; duration, iii: 78; objects, iii: 78; Allied offensive checked by rains, iii: 79; Passchendaele Ridge captured by Canadians, iii: 79; Allied gains, Sept.—Oct., '17, iii: 79; results, iii: 79. Sept., '18, Belgians and British renew offensive, v: 213.

Flemings, failure of German propaganda among, vi: 86.

Flers, captured by Allies, Sept. 15, '16, i: 388.

Fleury, at Verdun, captured by French, Aug. 3, '16, i: 386; captured by Germans, '16, iii: 313.

Fleville, captured by 16th Inf., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.

Florence H., cargo-carrier, heroism of crew, iv: 354.

Florina, occupied by Allies, Sept. 18, '16, i: 388, iii: 208; occupied by Bulgars, Aug. 17, '16, iii: 207, 208.

"Flying Dutchman," name applied to Emden, iv: 187.

Foch, Marshal Ferdinand, strategy of, in Allied offensive, '18, ii: 76-98, 212, v: 213; at second Marne battle, ii: 77, 154; theories on strategy, ii: 80, 81, 103, 137; takes initiative of attack from Germans, ii: 84, v: 130; as Lieut.-Col., Professor of General Tactics at École de Guerre, ii: 103, 137, 220; share in victory at first Marne battle, ii: 103, 138-142, 182, 184, 220; author of Principles of War, summary, ii: 104; conception of mind as determining factor in victory, ii: 138; on functions of a general, ii: 138; theories on battle tactics, ii: 138; commands 20th Corps at Nancy, '14, ii: 138; organizes new French army, '14, ii: 138; famous despatch during first Marne battle, ii: 141, iii: 33; given command of French Army of the North, Oct., '14, ii: 143, iii: 38; floods Belgium as defense against Germans, '14, ii: 145; stops British retreat at Ypres, '14, ii: 145, 220; commands French at Somme battle, July, '16, ii: 148; appointed co-ordinator of Allied operations, Dec., '16, ii: 148; appointed Chief of Staff, French Army, Mar., '17, ii: 148; sends reinforcements to check Italian rout, ii: 149; French representative on Allied War Council, ii: 149; appointed Allied Commander-in-Chief on Western Front, Mar. 28, '18, ii: 151, iii: 89, v: 120, 380, xi: 41; analysis of weakness of German drive, '18, ii: 154; made Marshal of France, ii: 156, iii: 97; Viscount French's eulogy of, ii: 170; General Malleterre's eulogy of, ii: 220; commands 20th Corps at battle of the Selle, '14, iii: 18; repulses Germans at Mondement, '14, iii: 33; member Inter-Allied General Staff, iii: 84; text of appointment as Allied Commander-in-Chief, v: 380; biography, ix: 148-153; Clemenceau's estimate of, ix: 151; pronunciation of name, ix: 151; bibliography, ix: 153; members of family killed in War, ix: 153; military commandments, xi: 55; conference with Secretary Baker, at Trois Fontaines, Oct. 4, '18, xii: 277.

Focsani, captured by Germans, Jan. 8, '17, i: 389.

Fogaras, captured by Rumanians, iii: 218.

Fokker airplane, machine-gun mounting on, viii: 192, 208-210.

Foltz, Brig.-Gen. F. S., commands 91st Div., July, '18, v: 196.

Food, sent to Europe from U. S., '16—'18, xii: 36; importance in winning War, xii: 40, xii: 135; War's effect on neutrals, xii: 42; European relief by U. S., Hoover's report, xii: 42; situation in Europe after armistice, xii: 43; world's requirements and supply, '19, xii: 44; use of potatoes as, xii: 47; U. S. exports to Europe, before and during War, xii: 135; problem of national self-sufficiency, xii: 135; war-time sugar shortage, xii: 138; national tastes in, xii: 138; scientific rations vs. personal taste, xii: 139; scientific rations as conservation measure, xii: 139; Inter-Allied Scientific Food Commission, functions, xii: 139; war-time government control, xii: 140; U. S. wheat exports to Allies, July 1, '17—July 1, '18, xii: 141; see also under each country.

Foreign Legion, American enlistments in, '14—'17, iii: 391; in Aisne-Marne Offensive, July 18, '18, v: 168; heroic story of, x: 27-32; history, xi: 193.

Forestry, A. E. F. operations, v: 334, 400.

Forests, French, chief source of Allied lumber supply, viii: 307.

Forêt Wood, captured by 4th Div., Oct. 11, '18, v: 248.

Forges, captured by Germans, Mar. 6, '16, iii: 51, 306; captured by 33rd Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 224.

Formidable, British battleship sunk by U-boat, Jan. 1, '15, i: 378.

Formosa, acquired by Japan, 1895, i: 20.

Forrest, Sgt. Arthur J., wins Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.

Forstner, Lieut. von, share in Zabern incident, i: 73.

Fortescue, Granville, description of scenes behind Turkish lines at Gallipoli, iii: 340.

Foster, Sgt. Gary Evans, wins Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.

"Fourteen Points," President Wilson's basis for peace, xii: 163-165.

"Foyers du Marin," "Y" huts for French sailors, vii: 313.

"Foyers du Soldats," comfort huts for French soldiers, vii: 310; number, vii: 311; locations, vii: 313.

Fractures, treatment of, viii: 367.

France: Air Service, strength at end of War, viii: 201; personnel and equipment, viii: 202, 206. Army, increase in, for '14, i: 132; German estimate of military effectiveness, '14, ii: 4; military resources, Aug. 1, '14, ii: 12; German military critic on, ii: 256; uniform, ii: 286; pre-War organization, iii: 3; morale, '17, iv: 10; relations with A. E. F., v: 22; type of service rifle, viii: 95; medical service, viii: 362-365; Chasseurs, xi: 189; Spahi, xi: 189; Zouaves, xi: 189; Tirailleurs, xi: 191; Foreign Legion, xi: 193; see also Foreign Legion; for military operations, see name of campaign. Artillery, famous "75's," efficiency of, ii: 287; plan of rotating in trenches, v: 14; 520-mm. (21-inch) howitzers, viii: 51-53. Casualties, total in War, ii: 116, iii: 404; money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25; total battle deaths, xii: 288. Cost of living, per cent. rise during War, Intro. x. Declarations of war, by Germany on, Aug. 3, '14, i: 140; on Austria-Hungary, Aug. 10, '14, i: 375; on Turkey, Nov. 5, '14, i: 376; on Bulgaria, Oct. 16, '15, i: 382; popular reception of, '14, vi: 95. Food, potato crop, xii: 47; war-time sugar shortage, xii: 138. Foreign policy, occupation of Algeria, i: 37; world position, 1871, i: 47; world position, '14, i: 59; Triple Entente among France, Russia, Great Britain, i: 98, 103, 106, 107, 218, 220, ii: 2; Entente Cordiale with Russia, 1891, i: 98; Anglo-French Treaty of, '04, i: 99; Franco-Russian treaty of July, '12, i: 107; Anglo-French agreement for united action against "third Power," '12, i: 107, 220; Russian alliance cause of entry into War, i: 220; pledge to respect Belgian neutrality, i: 223; French complaints of British shirking of war duty, iii: 382; Austro-Hungarian attempts to make peace with, '17, vi: 315; claims to Asiatic Turkey under secret treaties, '16—'17, vi: 334; Turkish policy announced, Nov. 7, '18, vi: 334. Forests, chief source of Allied lumber supply, viii: 307. Frontiers, topography of German border, ii: 6; defenses, iii: 2; natural gateways on, v: 214. Industries, war-time disorganization, xii: 79; economic value of A. E. F. to, xii: 86; German destruction in invaded territory, xii: 87. Internal politics, development of democracy, i: 30; organization of War Cabinet by Viviani, vi: 97; fall of Viviani government, Oct. 28, '15, vi: 100; nation united in War aims, vi: 101; mixed reception of Wilson's peace proposals, vi: 102; Socialists advocate peace by negotiation, vi: 102, 103; fall of Briand ministry, '17, vi: 103; effect of Russian Revolution, vi: 103; Stockholm Conference causes crisis, vi: 103; Bonnet Rouge disclosures wreck Ribot Cabinet, '17, vi: 104; Painlevé forms new Cabinet, vi: 105; Painlevé ministry falls, Nov., '17, vi: 106; Clemenceau succeeds as Premier, vi: 106; Clemenceau overcomes pacifist opposition, vi: 106; growth of labor movement in politics, vi: 109; class war, '19, vi: 110; Jaurès parade, '19, vi: 110; significance of attempt to kill Clemenceau, vi: 110; French peace aims, vi: 111; May Day riots, '19, vi: 111; class war intensified, vi: 113. Labor, war achievements, ii: 373-382; shortage due to mobilization, ii: 373; skilled workers recalled from army, ii: 374; women as munition workers, ii: 376; foreigners recruited for war work, ii: 377; importation of Chinese laborers, ii: 377; use of colonials, ii: 377; use of prisoners of war, ii: 377; size of labor army, ii: 377; housing of war workers, ii: 377; co-operative societies for provisioning of war workers, ii: 378; protection for women workers, ii: 379; war-time abandonment of strike and sabotage, ii: 379; state intervention in industrial disputes, ii: 380; growth of syndicalism, ii: 381; demand for share in management, ii: 381; selective assignment to industries, xii: 79. Minerals, German plans for seizure of iron mines, i: 122, 267, ii: 15, 20; coal production, '13—'17, xii: 48. Morale, of people during War, i: Intro. xiii, ii: 383-392; war-time unity, ii: 385; factors in war-time unity, ii: 392; depression, '17—'18, v: 2. Munitions, statistics on ordnance production, ii: 373; immensity of need unforeseen, ii: 373. Navy, strength in '06, i: 101; increase in, for '14, i: 132; entrusted control of Mediterranean by Allies, iv: 12; strength at outbreak of War, iv: 13, 373; war record in Mediterranean, iv: 373; work in Dardanelles, iv: 375; Fusiliers marins, French naval gunners, on Western Front, iv: 376; protection of French coast, iv: 377; anti-submarine activities, iv: 378. Peace Conference, delegates to, xii: 179; see also Peace Conference. Peace Treaty, ratified, Oct. 13, '19, xii: 264; see also Peace Treaty. Population, in 1860, i: 40; in 1874, compared with that of Germany, i: 61; in '14, compared with that of Germany, i: 61; growth since 1870 compared with that of Germa Prisoners of war, iii: 404. Railroads, unprecedented war-time demands on, xii: 91; equipment shipped to France by U. S., xii: 95, xii: 286. Reconstruction, material needs, xii: 87. Shipping, war losses, xii: 87. War cost, loans floated in U. S., Aug., '14—Jan., '17, xii: 2; income-tax rates compared with British and U. S., xii: 4; debt to U. S., xii: 18, xii: 31; money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25; value of property loss, xii: 26; André Tardieu's estimate, xii: 86; average daily war cost, xii: 106; total war cost, Aug., '14—Mar., '19, xii: 107; taxation, xii: 109; loans, xii: 111; rise in national debt, xii: 111-113, xii: 114. War relief, see War relief.

Francis Ferdinand, Archduke, heir to Austrian throne, i: 111; murdered with consort at Sarajevo, June 28, '14, i: 111, 375, vi: 306, xi: 4; responsibility of Serbian government for murder, i: 112; responsibility disclaimed, i: 246; causes and results of murder, vi: 135; national policy, vi: 356.

Francis Joseph, Emperor of Austria-Hungary, dies, Nov. 21, '16, i: 388, vi: 313; tragedies of reign, vi: 305; proclamation against Italy, vi: 310; biography, ix: 370-373.

Franco-American Committee for Protection of Children of Frontier, vii: 101.

Francois, Gen. von, German commander in East Prussia, iii: 111.

Frankenau, Russians defeat Germans near, Aug. 22, '14, iii: 111.

Frankfurt, bombed by Allied airmen, Oct. 1, '17, i: 392.

Frantz, Gen. von, protest against Allies' peace terms, May, '19, vi: 302.

Frauenlob, German cruiser, torpedoed in Baltic by British, Nov. 7, '15, i: 382.

Frederick William, German Crown Prince, moving spirit for campaign in West, '14, ii: 13; commands an Army at first Marne battle, ii: 184; renounces succession, Nov. 9, '18, ii: 340; commands one of armies of invasion, '14, iii: 10; commands German armies at Verdun, '16, iii: 303; detained at Wieringen by Dutch, Nov., '18, vi: 278; biography, ix: 367-369.

Free Milk for France, fund started, vii: 376; object, vii: 376; French testimonials, vii: 379.

Freedom of the seas, U. S. note to Germany on, i: 324; Maurice Revai, Austro-Hungarian deputy, on Teutonic conception of, ii: 27; definition, xi: 18.

French Heroes' Lafayette Memorial Fund, vii: 90, 110-116.

French, Field-Marshal Sir John, Viscount of Ypres, report on events leading to first Marne battle, ii: 9; first British commander-in-chief in France, ii: 159, iii: 22, ix: 180; publishes 1914, account of military operations of year, ii: 159; summary of 1914, ii: 160-174; arrival in France, ii: 161; dispute with Kitchener on British military policy in France, ii: 164, 169; exposé of British shell shortage, ii: 173; overruled by Joffre on plan for offensive against Channel ports, ii: 174; commands British at first Marne battle, ii: 184; official despatch on Mons retreat, iii: 24; relieved as commander-in-chief, iii: 46, ix: 52; biography, ix: 177-181; Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, '18, ix: 181.

French-Swiss, characteristics of, vi: 380.

French Wounded Emergency Fund, vii: 91.

Fresne, captured by Germans, Mar. 7, '16, i: 384.

Fresnes-en-Woevre, taken by 4th Div. in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. 13, '18, v: 69.

Freyberg, Colonel, New Zealander, wins Victoria Cross, x: 131.

Freytag-Loringhoven, Gen. Baron von, German military critic, view on German tactics at start of War, ii: 10; summary of his Deductions from the World War, ii: 254; exposition of German war philosophy, ii: 260.

Fricourt, captured by Allies in Somme battle, iii: 58.

Friedrichshaven, bombarded by British airmen, Nov. 21, '14, i: 376.

Frise, captured by Germans, Jan., '16, iii: 47.

Fryatt, Capt. Chas., executed by Germans, July 27, '16, i: 386, x: 265-269; attempts to ram U-33, Mar. 20, '15, x: 265; Ambassador Gerard's intervention for, fails, x: 265.

Fuchs, Lieut.-Gen., German commander in St. Mihiel salient, Sept., '18, v: 201.

Funk, Pvt. Jesse N., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.

Furlong, 1st Lieut. Richard A., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.

Fyfe, Hamilton, defense of General Gough in defeat of British Fifth Army, ii: 190.

G

G-13, British submarine, sinks U-boat, iv: 213.

G. C.'s, explanation of, v: 12.

Gaba Tepe. see Gallipoli Campaign.

Gabet-Aubriot electric torpedo, for destroying barbed wire, viii: 154.

Gädke, Col., German military writer, views on the War, ii: 270.

Gaffney, Pvt. Frank, wins Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393.

Galicia, German offensive in, '15, ii: 233, iii: 135-138; Ludendorff's account, ii: 360; Russian invasion of, '14, iii: 118-124; General Russky crosses border, Sept., '14, iii: 120; Lemberg captured by Russians, Sept. 3, '14, iii: 121; rout of Auffenberg's army, iii: 121; last Russian offensive, '17, iii: 146, 147; Russian attempts at Russification of, vi: 243.

Galliéni, Gen. Joseph-Simon, prepares Paris for siege by Germans, iii: 28; biography, ix: 161-164; Military Governor of Paris, ix: 163.

Gallipoli Campaign, Winston Churchill advocates forcing Dardanelles, ii: Intro. x, xii, 29, 200; reasons for, ii: Intro. xii, 27-31, 198, iii: 161-164, iv: 51-57; failure of initial naval attack, ii: Intro. xv; reasons for land attack after naval failure, ii: Intro. xv; weakness, ii: Intro. xvi; strategy, ii: 27-31; Feb.—Dec., '15, ii: 27-31; Viscount French's condemnation, ii: 173; Commission of Inquiry into responsibility for failure, appointment and personnel, ii: 197; persons named as responsible, ii: 198; summary of Commission's report on responsibility, ii: 200; British War Council, responsibility of, for disaster, ii: 200; campaign sanctioned without expert study, ii: 200; Lord Fisher disapproves expedition, ii: 203; Premier Asquith's defense, ii: 204, iv: 53; Winston Churchill's defense, ii: 205, iv: 56; military operations, Apr. 25, '15—Jan. 9, '16, iii: 161-177; Allies assemble troops in Egypt for expedition, Apr., '15, iii: 162; composition of Allied forces, iii: 162; Gen. Sir Ian Hamilton commander of Allied troops, iii: 162, iv: 32; Enver Bey commands Turkish defenders, iii: 164; composition of Turkish forces, iii: 164; topography of peninsula, iii: 165, iv: 21, 23; defenses, iii: 165, iv: 23, 27, 45; British plans for landing attack, iii: 167; Allied landing, Apr. 25, '15, iii: 167-170, 352, x: 35-40; Adm. de Robeck's official report, iv: 36-42 ; Anzacs scale cliffs near Gaba Tepe, Apr. 25, iii: 167; Masefield's description, iii: 352; official report, iv: 36; Achi Baba, key to southern Gallipoli, iii: 170, 355; Pasha Dagh, Australian objective, iii: 170; Krithia, objective of Allied attack, May—June, '15, iii: 170; "war of attrition" on Anzac sector, iii: 171; Allies' revised strategy, July, '15, iii: 171-173; Turkish positions, July, '15, iii: 171; Anzac reinforcements land for final attack, Aug., '15, iii: 173; last Allied offensives fail, Aug., '15, iii: 173; Masefield's description, iii: 355-358; last attack on Chunuk Bair, Aug., '15, iii: 173, 355; last attack on Koja Chemen Tepe, Aug., '15, iii: 173, 355, 357; last attack on Krithia, Aug., '15, iii: 173; obstacles to success of last Allied offensive, iii: 173; Gen. Monro succeeds Hamilton, iii: 174; evacuation, Nov., '15—Jan., '16, iii: 174-177, 358; casualties, Allied and Turkish, iii: 177, 355, 357, iv: 51; reasons for failure, iii: 177; bibliography, iii: 177; Fortescue's description, iii: 340-343; Turkish camp scenes behind the lines, iii: 341; Masefield's description of British embarkation for, iii: 350; soldier's life on Gallipoli, described by Masefield, iii: 353; Gen. Hamilton's report on Lone Pine fighting, iii: 356; Adm. Carden favors naval attack, iv: 28; initial Allied bombardment, Nov. 3, '14, iv: 28; British plan of operations, iv: 30; preliminaries to attack, Jan. 15—Feb. 19, '15, iv: 30; bombardment by Allied fleet, Feb. 19, '15, iv: 30, 42; Allied fleet enters Straits, Mar. 1, '15, iv: 32; Vice-Adm. de Roebeck succeeds to command of Allied fleet, Mar., '15, iv: 32; Allies decide to combine naval and land operations, iv: 32, 35, 49; number and description of Allied warships participating, iv: 33; Allied bombardment, Mar. 18, '15, 47; official report, iv: 34; Hamilton's delay fatal mistake of campaign, iv: 34; French land troops at Kum Kale, Apr. 25, '15, iv: 41; heroic minesweeping, iv: 43; Narrows forts bombarded, Mar. 5, 7, '15, iv: 45; analogy to opening of Mississippi by Farragut during Civil War, iv: 51; cost of expedition, iv: 51; lessons of, iv: 52; mistakes in plan and execution, iv: 56; Turkish joy over Allied failure, vi: 330; Y. M. C. A. with British at, vii: 321; see also Dardanelles.

Gallowitz, Gen. von, military career, v: 203.

Gangrene, treatment for gas gangrene, viii: 367, xi: 287.

Garda, Lake, naval operations on, iii: 232.

Gardens, cultivated in France by British soldiers, ii: 131; by A. E. F., v: 330.

Gardiner, J. B. W., on strategy of the War, ii: 1.

Garibaldi, descendants of Liberator, in War, x: 62-65.

Garibaldi, Italian cruiser sunk by U-boat, iv: 369.

Garibaldi Hymn, Italian national anthem, xi: 328.

Garrisons, use of small groupes de combat by French, v: 13.

Garua, taken by Allies, June 11, '15, i: 380.

Gas, see Chemical warfare.

Gas gangrene, see Gangrene.

Gas masks, v: 324, viii: 174-178, xi: 317.

Gasoline, consumption by A. E. F., v: 331.

Gaulois, French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31; damaged in attack, Mar. 18, '15, iv: 35.

Gaza, Turks defeated by British at, Mar. 26—27, '17, iii: 192; captured by British, Nov. 6, '17, iii: 194.

Geddes, Sir Eric, biography, ix: 313-316.

Generalship, British, in the War, analyzed by Philip Gibbs, iii: 370-378; physical characteristics of British leaders, iii: 371; mostly of cavalry training, iii: 371; personal gallantry, iii: 371; as great "English gentlemen," iii: 371; mental characteristics, iii: 371; mostly conservative men, iii: 372; no leader of magnetism, iii: 372, 374; personal traits of Sir Douglas Haig, iii: 373; ill feeling against Staff by men in ranks, iii: 373; faulty tactics in battles of the Somme, iii: 374; desire to gain worthless ground, iii: 374; efficiency of administrative organization, iii: 374; Sir Herbert Plumer, great military chief, iii: 375; faults at battles of Neuve Chapelle and Loos, iii: 375; Gen. Birdwood's popularity, iii: 375; tragedy of Second Army, iii: 375; final victory not due to generalship, iii: 378; success of unprofessional soldier as leader, iii: 378; inefficiency of Staff College, iii: 378; chief shortcoming, iii: 378.

Geneva, designated capital of League of Nations, vi: 382, xii: 183.

Geologists, war services, v: 327, viii: 311.

Geophone, description and use for sound locating, viii: 312-314.

George V, King of England, receives General Pershing, June, '17, v: 97; biography, ix: 392-395.

Georgia, early history of people, vi: 231; Republic established, Jan., '18, xii: 279; area and population, xii: 279.

Gerache Wood, taken by 80th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.

Gerard, James W., leaves Germany as U. S. Ambassador, i: 346.

German-Americans, distribution and characteristics, i: 278; Bernhardi's views on political importance, i: 279.

German-Swiss, characteristics, vi: 380.

Germania, To, Bulgarian ode, vi: 342.

Germany: Air Service, passing of supremacy, vii: 201; strength at end of War, viii: 202; pre-War record flights, viii: 206; equipment and strength, viii: 206; supremacy over Allies, viii: 207; bombing planes, viii: 221-222; A. E. G. bombers, viii: 221; Gotha bombers, viii: 221; Lizenz bombers, viii: 222; Zeppelins during War, viii: 246-248; Zeppelins described, viii: 248-254; military service abolished under Peace Treaty, xii: 214; surrendered to Allies, xii: 215. Area, of Republic, xii: 279. Army, aristocratic character, i: 69; system of organization, i: 71, iii: 4-6; tradition of efficiency, i: 72; conception of duties, i: 72; increase in peace strength, '14, i: 131; dependence on imports for munitions, ii: 21; loss of morale in Somme battle, '16, ii: 47; manpower on Western Front, Mar., '18, ii: 65; loss of morale under Allied offensive, '18, ii: 86, v: 87, vi: 270; German critic's opinion of, ii: 257; machine-gun equipment, ii: 275; heroism of machine-gunners, ii: 282; invisibility of uniform, ii: 286; recruiting situation, '18, ii: 308-310, 318; desertions, ii: 309; punishments not severe enough, Ludendorff's view, ii: 318; Ludendorff on causes of demoralization, ii: 320, 333; agitators undermine morale, ii: 320; reorganized after Somme battle, '16, iii: 61; best equipped, iii: 272; infiltration method of attack, iii: 386, v: 17; construction of machine-gun nests, v: 37; sympathy with Revolution, '18, vi: 274; return to Berlin, Dec. 10, '18, vi: 282; Machine Gun Corps, viii: 79; trench systems, viii: 124-129; adopt trench defense after Marne defeat, '14, viii: 134; machine-gun equipment compared with Allied, Aug., '14, viii: 134; method of attack, viii: 137; "holding" troops, viii: 144; "shock" troops, viii: 144; training, xi: 195-204; cavalry, xi: 196; discipline, xi: 202; reduction in strength under Peace Treaty, xii: 209, xii: 211; reduction in equipment under Peace Treaty, xii: 210, xii: 212; table of organization imposed by Peace Treaty, xii: 212; for military operations, see Western Front; also name of campaign or engagement. Artillery, superiority over Allies, ii: 128, 288, viii: 36; guns captured by Allies, July—Nov., '18, iii: 103; development of heavy field howitzers, viii: 22; 11-in. siege mortars described, viii: 34-36; long-range bombardment of Paris, viii: 45-47; structure of long-range shells hitting Paris, viii: 46. Bagdad Railway, interest in, see Bagdad Railway. Belgian neutrality, violation of, see Belgium, Neutrality. Blockade of, effectiveness, i: 280, vi: 253; German view, xii: 97; Allied regulation of neutral commerce, i: 280, vi: 377; controversy between U. S. and Great Britain on seizure of neutral cargoes, i: 312, 318, 339; British Order in Council, Mar. 15, '15, i: 318; Allied trade blacklist, i: 335; controversy between U. S. and Great Britain on seizure of neutral mail, i: 335; measures to starve Germany, i: 358; objects of British Orders in Council, ii: 16; food shortage, ii: 17, vi: 253-255, 260, 261, 266, 285, 294; report of German scientists on, ii: 17; estimate of minimum food requirements, ii: 17; meat production self-sufficient, ii: 18; statistics on pre-War food imports, ii: 18; shortage of fertilizers, ii: 18; increased production as offset against blockade, ii: 18; reduction of waste, ii: 18, vi: 254; increase in tilled land, ii: 19; international law on, ii: 21; difficulties of enforcement, ii: 21, iv: 86; German isolation, ii: 21; value of, ii: 22; effect on civilian population, ii: 99; use of dog flesh as food, xii: 41; after-War food conditions, xii: 45; U. S. export license system, xii: 99; German trade with neutrals, xii: 100; smuggling, xii: 100; Allied plan of after-War economic boycott, xii: 102; pre-War food production, xii: 136-138; war-time food problems, xii: 136. Boundaries, under Peace Treaty, xii: 186. Casualties, total in War, ii: 116, iii: 404; princes killed in battle, ix: 237; money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25; total battle deaths, xii: 288. China, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 206. Coal, production, 1880—1913, i: 267; secret of power, i: 267; production, '13—'15, xii: 48. Colonies, loss of, i: 13; acquisition of African, i: 50, 95; acquisition of Pacific islands, i: 81; acquisition of Kiau-Chau, i: 82; South American settlements, i: 84; area and population of African, i: 96, xii: 279; understanding with British on African expansion, i: 200; necessity as outlet for population, i: 262; important motive in war policy, ii: 13; conquest of African, by Allies, iii: 252-256; New Guinea conquered by Australians, vi: 38; Samoa conquered by New Zealanders, vi: 38; surrendered to Allies under Peace Treaty, xii: 206; Kiau-Chau transferred to Japan, xii: 209, xii: 279; distribution among Allies, xii: 279; area and population, xii: 279; see also name of colony. Cost of living, per cent. rise during War, Intro. x. Declarations of war, on Russia, Aug. 1, '14, i: 115, 139, 375; on France, Aug. 3, '14, i: 140, 375; by Great Britain, Aug. 4, '14, i: 145, 375; on Belgium, Aug. 4, '14, i: 375; by Italy, Aug. 27, '16, i: 386; on Rumania, Aug. 28, '16, i: 386; by U. S., Apr. 6, '17, i: 389, ii: 53, xi: 35; diplomatic relations with Brazil severed, Apr. 11, '17, i: 389; diplomatic relations with Bolivia severed, Apr. 13, '17, i: 389; Greece breaks off diplomatic relations, June, 29, '17, i: 390; by China, Aug. 14, '17, i: 390. Defeat, causes of, underestimate of Allied inventive capacity, i: Intro. ix; underestimate of British, ii: Intro, viii; strategic, ii: 15; faulty psychology, ii: 53, 78, 221; collapse of Germanic allies, ii: 89, 98, 329; analysis of, ii: 99; German efficiency vs. Allies' "will to win," ii: 100; Field-Marshal Haig on, ii: 120; failure to take Channel ports in '14, ii: 221; Russian campaigns, ii: 221; adoption of trench warfare, ii: 222; forcing U. S. into War, ii: 222; miscalculation of German endurance, ii: 224; launching of '18 offensive, ii: 225; failure to learn from American Civil War, ii: 255; not in position for war of exhaustion, ii: 304; Ludendorff ascribes to incompetent civil government, ii: 301-304, 310; Allied superiority too great, Ludendorff's view, ii: 227; see also under Germany, Strategy; for military operations, see Western Front, also campaign or engagement. Egypt, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 208. Food, see Blockade. Foreign policy, world position, 1871, i: 44; influence of industrialism on, i: 77; domination over Austria-Hungary, i: 79, 133; Near East policy, i: 80, 207, ii: 89; ambition for world power, i: 83, 170, ii: 2, 13; expansion in South America, i: 84; Venezuelan controversy with U. S., i: 86; jealousy of U. S. strength, i: 87; plans for subjugation of U. S., i: 87-88; ambition for "place in the sun," i: 95, ii: 27; enters Triple Alliance, i: 95; dynastic relations in Balkans, i: 96; sympathy with Boers, i: 96, 192; Turkish policy, i: 98, 207, ii: 28, vi: 330; Kaiser's statement of Moroccan policy, Mar., '05, i: 99, 202; hatred of Great Britain, i: 101, 167, 190-194, ii: 14, vi: 251-252, 264; Moroccan crisis forced by sending gunboat Panther to Agadir, July, '11, i: 104, 203; negotiations with British for curbing naval program, '12, i: 106, 194-197; dream of Central European Federation under herself, 171, vi: 258; von Bülow's statement of policy, i: 173; Bernhardi's view of British as declining nation, i: 190; ill feeling against Kaiser's English mother, i: 192; Hymn of Hate, i: 194; negotiations with British for mutual neutrality, '12, i: 194-197; Prince Lichnowsky on Moroccan policy, i: 204; Kaiser visits Turkey, 1889, 1898, i: 207; unity of Austro-German interests, i: 208; Austria as buffer against Slavs, i: 209; hatred of France, i: 215; Sir Edward Grey's statement of events, July 23—Aug. 3, '14, i: 218-227; refusal to pledge respect of Belgian neutrality, '14, i: 223; Bismarck's pledge to respect Belgian neutrality, 1870, i: 229; Russian policy, i: 239; statement of war aims by Chancellor Michaelis, '16, ii: 14; plans for annexation of Russian territories, ii: 15; anti-British plans in East, ii: 27; "Gott strafe England," vi: 251; Russo-British alliance rouses hatred, '14, vi: 251; desire to include Austria in Republic, vi: 322; friction with Bulgaria, vi: 344; attitude on Dutch neutrality, vi: 376; relations with Japan, vi: 382; see also under Germany, Militarism, Pan-Germanism. Fortifications, demolition under Peace Treaty terms, xii: 189, xii: 205, xii: 211, xii: 214. Health, effect of War on, iii: 406. Industries, rise as industrial power, i: 75-78; state aid, i: 76; influence on foreign policy, i: 77; industrial mobilization, xii: 80; effects of war-time shortage of raw materials, xii: 97; use of potash boycott against U. S., xii: 98. Internal politics, political organization, 1648 to French Revolution, i: 26; failure of democratic movement, 1848, i: 32; unification under Bismarck, i: 40-44, ii: 1; political organization of Empire, i: 70, 156; strength of Social-Democrats, i: 71, vi: Intro. xi, xv; powers of Imperial Chancellor, i: 71, 156; William II becomes Emperor, 1888, i: 97; Professor Lamprecht's defense of German system, i: 155; composition and powers of Bundesrat, i: 156; composition and powers of Reichstag, i: 156; powers of Emperor, i: 156; dominance of Prussia, i: 156, 258; social classes, i: 258; Bismarck representative of Junker class, i: 258; change from agricultural into industrial state, i: 259-260; struggle between old aristocracy and new capitalists, i: 260; basis of national strength, i: 260; social legislation, i: 264; Sir Thomas Barclay on German political parties, vi: Intro. ix-xvi; party principles compared, vi: Intro. ix, xii; Social-Democratic leaders, vi: Intro. ix; Sir Thomas Barclay on Revolution of '18, vi: Intro. x; leaders of the Revolution, vi: Intro. x; strength of Center Party, vi: Intro. xi, xv; strength of Conservatives, vi: Intro. xi, xiv, xv; Conservative principles, vi: Intro. xii; principles of Social-Democrats, vi: Intro. xii; principles of National-Liberals, vi: Intro. xii; policies of Center Party, vi: Intro. xiii; National-Liberal strength, vi: Intro. xv; strength of Democratic Party, vi: Intro. xv; Germany politically undeveloped, vi: Intro. xv; city governments non-partisan, vi: Intro. xvi; public sentiment on War, '14, vi: 250; anti-War protest by Social Revolutionists, '14, vi: 250; Socialist peace agitation, '15, vi: 258, 262; Socialist split on war policy, '15, vi: 260; beginnings of Spartacide group, vi: 260; "preventive arrests" for suppressing pacifists, '16, vi: 262; Socialists demand peace without annexations, '17, vi: 266; Socialists demand liberal terms for Russians at Brest-Litovsk, vi: 268; labor strikes during Brest-Litovsk peace negotiations,'17, vi: 268; strikes suppressed by armed force, vi: 260; reduction in munition output, '18, vi: 270; Germany faces defeat, vi: 270; Prince Maximilian of Baden succeeds Count von Hertling as Chancellor, Oct. 3, '18, vi: 270; Prince Max proposes Liberal-Socialist coalition government, vi: 270; Kaiser's last appeals fail, vi: 270, 271; Ludendorff's régime ends, Oct., '18, vi: 271; revolutionary threats, Oct., '18, vi: 271; Revolution starts, Nov. 7, '18, vi: 272; Kaiser abdicates, Nov. 9, '18, vi: 272; establishment of German republics, vi: 273, 280; revolutionary scenes in Berlin, vi: 273-277; Ebert, as Chancellor, establishes provisional government, Nov. 9, '18, vi: 277; Kaiser flees to Holland, vi: 277; radical Socialists oppose Ebert government, vi: 278; Spartacides urge Bolshevik revolution, vi: 279; spread of Bolshevism, vi: 280; Independents demand immediate social reconstruction before political reform, vi: 280; Ebert government appeals for bourgeois support, vi: 280; Spartacides allied with Russian Bolsheviki, vi: 280; return of "victorious" army to Berlin strengthens Provisional Government, vi: 282; Central Council of Delegates convened by Ebert, Dec. 16, '18, vi: 283; Central Council votes for election of National Assembly, Dec. 19, '18, vi: 283; Central Executive Committee created, Dec., '18, vi: 283; Majority Socialists in absolute control of government, vi: 283; Soldiers' and Workmen's Councils ordered dissolved, Dec., '18, vi: 283; Spartacides and Independents threaten proletarian revolution, Dec., '18, vi: 283; Count zu Reventlow on Germany under Socialist régime, vi: 284; hunger and unemployment, vi: 285-287, 294-298; Spartacide insurrection, Jan., '19, vi: 287-290; Bavarian government supports Berlin Spartacides, vi: 288; Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg killed, Jan. 14, '19, vi: 289; National Assembly elections, Jan. 19, '19, vi: 290; National Assembly meets at Weimar, Feb. 6, '19, vi: 291; Ebert's speech before National Assembly on government's policies, vi: 292; Ebert elected President of Germany, Feb., '19, vi: 292; Scheidemann elected Chancellor, Feb., '19, vi: 292; composition of Scheidemann Cabinet, vi: 292; German press comment on Ebert as President, vi: 293; middleclass "counter strikes" against extremists, vi: 294; Kurt Eisner assassinated, Feb. 21, '19, vi: 298; Soviet established in Munich, Feb. 19, vi: 298, 300; Spartacides in control of Saxony, Feb., '19, vi: 299; second Spartacide rising in Berlin suppressed by Noske, Mar., '19, vi: 299; Ebert government overthrows Munich Soviet, Apr.—May, '19, vi: 300-301; forced to accept Versailles Peace Treaty, vi: 302-305; press comment on peace terms, vi: 302-304; Gustav Bauer succeeds Scheidemann as Chancellor to sign Peace Treaty, vi: 304; National Assembly votes to accept Allies' terms, June 22, '19, vi: 305. International concessions, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 228. Iron, plans for annexation of French ore lands, i: 122, 267, ii: 13, 15; importance of Lorraine ore deposits, i: 267; seizure of French and Belgian mines, '14, ii: 20. Kultur, Bernhardi on, i: 64, 159, 160; great men of, i: 64; significance, i: 64; manifestations, i: 64; spokesmen of, i: 66; gospel of conquest, i: 66; educational program for dissemination of, i: 67; supremacy of State dominant idea, i: 68, 148; doctrine of "divine right of kings," i: 68; relation to militarism, i: 69; German social philosophy compared with British, i: 149; strength of State higher good than happiness of individuals, i: 149; Bergson on German doctrine of force, i: 152; transition from idealism to materialism, i: 152; materialistic spirit of German students, i: 154; national egoism, i: 154; contributions to world culture, i: 154; definition and exposition of, i: 158; compared with culture, i: 158; Bernhardi's belief in supremacy of German brain, i: 160; right to conquest, i: 161; see also under Germany, Militarism. Liberia, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 208. Luxemburg, violation of neutrality, see Luxemburg. Militarism, war as national policy, i: Intro. vii, 70; basic conception, i: 69; glorification of doctrine of force, i: 69; Henri Bergson on, i: 152; Professor Lamprecht's defense, i: 155; Bernhardi on universal military training, i: 162; Bernhardi on necessity of war to progress, i: 162; Bernhardi condemns love of peace, i: 162, 171; German pride in, i: 163; compared with Christianity, i: 165; compared with British policy, i: 165; force in place of diplomacy, i: 166; "World power or downfall," i: 170; von der Goltz's plea against peace, i: 171; German statement of policy, i: 171-173; striking quotations from Bernhardi, i: 179; Bernhardi on conqueror's right to annex territory, i: 181; German denial of, i: 182; compared with Allies' defensive policy, '14, ii: 1; statement of war aims by Chancellor Michaelis, ii: 14; explained by Baron von Freytag-Loringhoven, ii: 260; compared with Roman imperialism, by Professor Ferrero, ii: 365-372; pre-War preparedness, vi: 249; see also under Germany, Foreign policy, Kultur, Pan-Germanism. Morale, demands of War on nation, ii: 302; fighting spirit waning, '18, ii: 309-311; change between '17 and '18, v: 2. Morocco, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 208. Navy, strength in '06, i: 101; negotiations with British for curbing naval program, i: 106, 194-197; increase in "peace strength" for '14, i: 131; strength threat to British security, i: 196; surrendered to Allies, Nov. 21, '18, i: 400, iv: 142-144; list and description of major units, iv: 383-384; German eye-witness account, iv: 385-387; American eye-witness account, iv: 387-390; British eye-witness account, iv: 390-394; Peace Treaty terms, xii: 213; hemmed in by British, ii: Intro. viii; efforts to break blockade by use of submarines, iv: 7, 256; strength of China Squadron, iv: 58; operations in Pacific, iv: 60; strategy of defense, iv: 86; operations of High Sea Fleet in North Sea, iv: 91; superior to British in destroyers, iv: 94; use of fleet criticized by Jellicoe, iv: 94; High Sea Fleet compared with British Grand Fleet, iv: 96; North Sea raids, iv: 136; mission during War, iv: 138; development, iv: 362; Bolshevik propaganda in, iv: 380; revolts, Nov., '18, iv: 380-383, vi: 272, 283; morale, iv: 294; mutiny suppressed, '17, vi: 266; Peace Treaty conditions for reduction, xii: 212-214; see also Submarine warfare. Occupation by Allies, expense to be paid by Germany, xii: 226; conditions for withdrawal, xii: 261. Pan-Germanism, ideal of unification of all Teuton elements in Europe, i: 78, xi: 4; Pan-German League, objects, i: 79; propaganda in U. S., i: 79; policy in South America, i: 84; Bernhardi's statement of principles, i: 152; Bismarck's plan for world empire, ii: 2; first steps toward under William II, ii: 2; goal of Calais to Bagdad, ii: 13; Bagdad Railway important factor in, ii: 296; compared with Roman imperialism, by Professor Ferrero, ii: 365-372; expounded by Friedrich Naumann in Mitteleuropa, vi: 258; see also under Germany, Foreign policy, Militarism. Peace negotiations, Prince Max asks Wilson to intercede, Oct. 6, '18, i: 399, vi: 271; armistice, Nov. 11, '18, i: 399, iii: 402, v: 391, vi: 271, xi: 54; war aims expressed in secret memorandum to Austria, '16, ii: 14; condemned by Ludendorff, ii: 303; Allies reject, prior to Spring offensive, '18, ii: 316; Kaiser orders proposals through Queen of Holland, ii: 331; Ludendorff convinced Germany can't win, Sept., '18, ii: 333, 335; drive for "mental armistice," ii: 387-390; armistice with Russia, Dec. 6, '17, v: 113; Brest-Litovsk treaty with Russia, Mar. 3, '18, vi: 183; Socialists present peace manifesto, Nov., '15, vi: 258; Bethmann-Hollweg rejects Socialist peace demands, vi: 260; Bethmann-Hollweg proposes "peace of compromise," '17, vi: 262-264; Socialists support peace without annexations, '17. vi: 266; Reichstag passes resolution for peace without annexations, '17, vi: 266; forced to accept Versailles Peace Treaty, vi: 302-305; Allies' peace terms received, May 7, '19, vi: 302; press comment on peace terms, vi: 302-304; National Assembly votes to sign Peace Treaty, June 22, '19, vi: 304; Peace Conference delegates, xii: 179, xii: 182; Peace Treaty ratified, July 10, '19, xii: 264; see also Peace, moves for. Population, in 1860, i: 40; compared with France, 1874—1914, i: 61; emigration to U. S., i: 75, 79, 277; emigration to South America, i: 79; growth since 1870 compared with that of France, i: 262; relation of growth to colonial expansion, i: 262; rapid increase, i: 277; of Republic, xii: 279. Prisoners of war, iii: 404. Propaganda, in U. S. before War, i: 79; activities of Dr. Albert, i: 133; artificial nature of public opinion, i: 149; preparing German mind for war, i: 171, 181; appeal to Americans, Aug., '14, i: 268; von Jagow's defense against American criticisms, i: 273; activities of German agents in U. S., i: 274, 302, 314, x: 326-348; Dr. Dernburg's activities in U. S., i: 274; instigating Hindu revolutions, i: 317; Mexican plot-against U. S., i: 347; on Italian Front, iii: 247, vi: 128; following capture of Americans at Seicheprey, v: 123; in Spain, xii: 101. Railroads, war-time deterioration, viii: 283; efficiency under war conditions, viii: 284-285; Peace Treaty regulations, xii: 253. Reparation, views of U. S. press on, xii: 24; estimates of capacity to pay, xii: 159; cession of Sarre coalfields to France, xii: 189; Peace Treaty provisions, xii: 217-225. Responsibility for War, German manipulations to force war, i: 8, 129-138; unwillingness to coöperate to prevent World War, i: 115, 124-126, 246, 250; responsibility denied, i: 116-120; Bethmann-Hollweg's statement, i: 117; Hellferich's justification, i: 119; statement by German "Intellectuals," i: 120; Dr. Dernburg's defense, i: 120; German case against Great Britain, i: 121; evidences of anticipating the War, i: 131; complicity in Austrian ultimatum to Serbia, i: 133-136, 252; Potsdam Conference, July 5, '14, i: 136, 250; statement of Allied infractions of international law, i: 139; Sir Edward Grey's statement of events leading to War, July 23—Aug. 3, '14, i: 218-227; Prince Lichnowsky's account of events leading to War, i: 246, 250; Dr. Mühlon's disclosures, i: 250-254; Peace Treaty provisions for trial of guilty, xii: 217; see also Causes of the War. Royal family, xi: 149; see also William II; Frederick William. Shipping, increase in tonnage, 1880—1913, compared with British, i: 77; increase in tonnage, '00—'04, i: 263; Kaiser's personal interest in, i: 264; German resourcefulness, i: 264; tonnage and capital of North German Lloyd Line, i: 264; tonnage and earnings of Hamburg-American Line, i: 264; tonnage and earnings of Hansa Line, i: 264; tonnage of Hamburg-South American Line, i: 264. Siam, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 208. Strategy, seizure of French coal and iron mines, i: 122, 267, ii: 13, 15, 20; general war plans, ii: 1-8, iii: 8, iv: 4-8; estimate of European military alignments, ii: 2-4; conquest of France first objective, ii: 4-8, iii: 2, 10; topography of German western frontier, ii: 6; invasion of Belgium and northern France, ii: 8, xi: 9; mistake of striking first at France instead of Russia, '14, ii: 11; probable results of a vigorous offensive against Russia in '14, ii: 13; reasons for striking at France first, ii: 13; destructiveness as war policy, ii: 15, xi: 20, xii: 23; defensive attitude toward Russia, '14, ii: 22; East Prussian campaigns, ii: 24; invasion of Russian Poland, ii: 25; failure to operate against Suez Canal, ii: 31; military plans for '17, ii: 53; necessity for military strokes of '18, ii: 65; at strategic advantage, Mar., '18, ii: 66; selection of front for spring offensive, '18, ii: 67; plans for '18 campaign, ii: 70, 149; retreat under blows of Foch, ii: 86; causes of failure, ii: 99; faced with military disaster, Nov., '18, ii: 215; Russia overwhelmed, '15, ii: 233; Col. Gädke on German war plans and results, ii: 270; underestimate of U. S. strength, ii: 272; fortified lines of retreat behind Western Front, ii: 304; Gen. von Schlieffen responsible for plan of invasion through Belgium, ii: 345; Ludendorff's defense of war policy, ii: 346; alternatives facing Germany, winter, '17—'18, v: 3; general strategy on Western Front, viii: 133; see also under Germany, Defeat, causes of; also Western Front; campaign or engagement. Submarine warfare, see Submarine warfare. Trade, 1880—1914, compared with British, i: 77; tariff policy, i: 78; production and import of grains, ii: 17; dependence on imports for war materials, ii: 20; war trade with neutrals, ii: 21, xii: 100; anti-German toy boycott in New York, xii: 99; Allied proposals for after-War economic boycott, xii: 102; customs regulations imposed by Peace Treaty, xii: 229; suppression of unfair competition by Peace Treaty, xii: 230. Treaties, pre-War agreements with Allies revived by Peace Treaty, xii: 231; with Germanic allies, abrogated by Peace Treaty, xii: 232; with Russia, abrogated by Peace Treaty, xii: 232; with Rumania, abrogated by Peace Treaty, xii: 232; see also Brest-Litovsk Treaty; Bucharest, Treaty of; Peace Treaty; Triple Alliance. War booty, value, xii: 22. War cost, financial mobilization, ii: 265, xii: 21; gold reserves, June 30, '14, i: 265; loans floated in U. S., Aug., '14—Jan., '17, xii: 2; method of raising war funds, xii: 21; system of loans, xii: 21, xii: 113; estimate of expenditures, xii: 21; currency inflation, xii: 22; war finance system compared with British, xii: 22; money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25; value of property loss, xii: 26; average daily war cost, xii: 106; total war cost, Aug., '14—Oct. '19, xii: 107; taxation, xii: 109; rise in national debt, xii: 113, xii: 114. Wireless stations, Peace Treaty regulations for, xii: 214.

Germany and the Next War, book by General von Bernhardi, striking quotations from, i: 179.

Germont, seized by 79th Div., Nov. 3, '18, v: 266.

Gesnes, location, v: 217; captured by 32nd Div., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.

Ghent, Belgians re-enter, iii: 103.

Gibbons, Floyd, account of Laconia sinking, iv: 226-229.

Gibbs, Philip, analysis of German war blunders, ii: 221; account of Cambrai battle, Nov., '17, iii: 337; description of German spring offensive, '18, iii: 360; analysis of British generalship, iii: 370-378.

Gibercy, taken by 79th Div., Nov. 9, '18, v: 272.

Gifford, Walter S., Director U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 116.

Ginchy, objective in Somme battle, iii: 58; description of battle, x: 147-155.

Giolitti, Italian political leader, opposes entry into War, ii: 236, vi: 123.

Girba, Turks routed at, Feb., '17, iii: 191.

Glasgow, labor riots in, Jan., '19, vi: 19.

Glasgow, British cruiser, in battle off Coronel, iv: 65; hit by gunfire, iv: 68; in battle of Falklands, iv: 70.

Gleaves, Adm., convoys first U. S. troops to France, June 26, '17, iv:160, v: 106.

Glenart Castle, British hospital ship, sunk Feb. 26, '18, i: 393.

Glenn, Maj.-Gen. Edwin F., commands 83rd Div., June, '18, v: 146.

Glory of War, The, poem by Dana Burnet, ix: 261.

Glossop, Capt. John C. T., commands Sydney in engagement with Emden, iv: 187.

Gloucester Castle, British hospital-ship torpedoed without warning, iv: 232.

Gloves, anti-gas, number issued by U. S. Army, v: 324.

Gneisenau, German cruiser, in battle off Coronel, iv: 65, 66; sunk at battle of Falklands, iv: 70, ix: 308; eye-witness account of sinking, iv: 82.

God Save the King, English national anthem, xi: 326.

Godfrey, Dr. Hollis, member, Advisory Commission, U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 116.

Goeben, German battle cruiser, eludes Allied fleet in Mediterranean and escapes to Turkish waters, Aug., '14, iv: 13-16; far-reaching effects of escape, iv: 16; sold to Turkey, iv: 16; damaged by mine in Black Sea, Nov. 18, '15, iv: 50, 365.

Gold, Peace Treaty restriction on German export of, xii: 226; deliveries of, by Germany to Allies under Peace Treaty, xii: 228.

Goldschmidt alternator, for generating radio waves, viii: 316.

Goliath, British battleship, at Gallipoli, iv: 33; sunk by Turks, May 13, '15, iv: 50.

Golice, captured by Germans, May 2, '15, i: 380.

Goltz, Field-Marshal Baron von der, heads German mission to Turkey, iii: 164; commands German troops in Finland, vi: 199; biography, ix: 268.

Goltz, Horst von der, plots to blow up Welland Canal, x: 333.

Golytsin, Russian Prime Minister, reactionary government of, vi: 143; gets undated order from Czar dismissing Duma, '17, vi: 144; issues Czar's order dismissing Duma, Mar. 10, '17, vi: 146.

Gompers, Samuel, member Advisory Commission, U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 116.

Gondrecourt, training area for 1st Div., v: 6.

Good-by-ee, English soldiers' song, xi: 338.

Good Hope, Admiral Cradock's flagship at battle off Coronel, iv: 64; hit by gunfire, iv: 66; sunk by explosion, iv: 67, ix: 308.

Goremykin, deposed as Russian Prime Minister, '15, vi: 140.

Gorizia, Italian attacks fail, '15, ii: 50, 240, iii: 244; captured by Italians, Aug., '16, ii: 51, 242, iii: 246; life in, under Italian occupation, ii: 244; key to Isonzo, iii: 239.

Goshawk, British destroyer, in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240.

Gotha airplanes, description, viii: 196, 221.

Goto, Baron, biography, ix: 92.

Göttingen prison camp, Y. M. C. A. work in, vii: 303.

Gough, Gen. Sir Hubert, at first Ypres battle, ii: 171; responsibility for defeat of British Fifth Army, Mar., '18, ii: 190-197; decorated for Somme campaign, iii: 60.

Gouraud, Gen., defensive tactics against German advance, July, '18, ii: 209, v: 46, 155, viii: 146-148; famous appeal to troops, July, '18, v: 45; qualities as leader, v: 46.

Gourko, Gen. Basil, Chief of Russian General Staff, ii: 225; exposition of Russian strategy, ii: 225.

Gradisca, captured by Italians, June 9, '15, iii: 244.

Grado, bombarded by Austrian airplanes, Nov. 19, '15, i: 382.

Granatieri, description of, ii: 242.

Grandcourt, taken by British, Nov. 18, '16, i: 388.

Grand Fleet, British, see Great Britain, Navy.

Grand Pré, captured by A. E. F., Oct., '18. v: 85, 218, 252, xi: 53.

Granger, Dr. Amédée, invents X-ray apparatus for locating bullets in flesh, viii: 374.

Graves, war, A. E. F. Registration Service, v: 331, 400; Peace Treaty provisions for care of, xii: 217.

Great Britain: Air Service, formation of Royal Air Force, viii: 202; strength at end of War, viii: 202; types of airplanes, viii: 203-206; Bristol planes, viii: 203; Handley-Page bombers, viii: 204, 223; D. H.-10 bombers, viii: 204; types of dirigibles, viii: 245; dirigible R-34 crosses Atlantic, viii: 245; dirigibles R-33 and R-34, description, viii: 254. Army, German contempt for, i: 191; lands in France, Aug. 6, '14, i: 375; ammunition shortage, '14, ii: Intro. xiii; Viscount French's exposé, xiii: 173; deficiency in trained men, ii: 113; deficiency in material, ii: 114; Field-Marshal Haig on value of cavalry, ii: 120; machine-gun equipment, ii: 125, 275; artillery equipment, ii: 125; Haig on effects of growth in artillery service, ii: 125; artillery at Somme battle, '16, ii: 126; ammunition used on Western Front, Aug.—Nov., '18, ii: 130; military hospitals in France, ii: 131; total strength in France, ii: 131; service of supply behind the lines, ii: 131-132; Haig's opinion of British officer, ii: 133; Haig's opinion on present organization, ii: 134; changing civilians into soldiers described by Haig, ii: 135; Haig's tribute to Regular Army, ii: 136; opinion of a German military critic, ii: 256; pre-War organization, iii: 3; Intelligence service, iii: 383; strength, '14—'18, iii: 404, 405; strength in Italy, iii: 405; strength in Mesopotamia, iii: 405; "Pal" regiments, vi: 6; slackers driven into service, vi: 6; origin of nickname "Tommy," vi: 230; types of rifles used, viii: 95; Indian winners of Victoria Cross, x: 85; Senegalese troops, x: 116; British soldier as fighter, xi: 181-189; for military operations, see campaign or engagement. Blockade by Germany, see Submarine warfare. Blockade of Germany, see Germany, Blockade of. Casualties, total in War, ii: 116, iii: 404, 405; causes for extent of, analyzed by Field-Marshal Haig, ii: 118; at Gallipoli, iii: 177; in attempts to relieve Kut-el-Amara, iii: 364; in '17, iii: 382; in German spring offensive, '18, iii: 390; money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25; total battle deaths, xii: 288; see also campaign or engagement. Coal, production, '13—'17, xii: 47; war-time fuel control, xii: 51. Cost of living, increase in, by reduction of imports, ii: Intro. xxii; price movements in England and U. S. since 1780, Intro. viii-x; criticism of government policy, xii: 28. Declarations of war, on Germany, Aug. 4, '14, circumstances of, i: 145, 375; Sir Edward Grey's statement, i: 218-227; on Austria-Hungary, Aug. 12, '14, i: 375; on Turkey, Nov. 5, '14, i: 376; on Bulgaria, Oct. 15, '15, i: 382. Food, effect of submarine warfare, vi: 10; police prevent hoarding, vi: 11; government control of, xii: 34, xii: 59; Food Control Committee established, xii: 34; sugar shortage, xii: 34, xii: 138; meat control, xii: 34; war-time fish supply, xii: 34; wheat control, xii: 35; increase in crop production, '16—'18, xii: 40; work of women in production of, xii: 40; effect of food shortage on dogs, xii: 40; potato crop, xii: 47; war-time problems, xii: 138. Foreign policy, value of U. S. good-will, i: 35; world position, 1871, i: 44; Turkish policy at Congress of Berlin, i: 48; acquires control of Egypt, i: 48; extent of colonial empire, i: 59; international position, '14, i: 59; policy of conciliation, i: 59, 107, 218; Anglo-French good-will, i: 98; treaty with France, '04, i: 99; agreement with Russia for control of Persia, '07, i: 104; Anglo-Japanese Alliance, i: 104; negotiations with Germany for curbing naval program, '12, i: 106, 194-197; statement of policy by Asquith, Nov., '11, i: 106; agreement with France for united action against "third Power," '12, i: 107, 220; negotiations to prevent World War, July—Aug., '14, i: 115, 124,; Sir Edward Grey's account, i: 218-227; Prince Lichnowsky's account, i: 247-249; policy on Belgian neutrality, i: 141, 222, 224; arrangement with Belgium for defense of neutrality, '06, i: 143, 231; promise to defend French coast, Aug. 2, '14, i: 146, 220; statement of war aims by Lloyd George, i: 189; negotiations with Germany for mutual neutrality, '12, i: 194-197; Sir Edward Grey's efforts to establish Anglo-German good-will, i: 198; agreement with Germany on African expansion, i: 200; agreement for settling rivalries in Turkey, '14, i: 200; question of armed intervention in Moroccan crisis, i: 218; freedom from secret obligations in event of war, i: 218; Sir Edward Grey urges intervention in defense of Belgian neutrality, i: 224; offer of help to Belgium, Aug. 4, '14, i: 232; influence in the East, ii: 27; claims to Turkey under secret treaties, '16—'17, vi: 334; Turkish policy, announced Nov. 7, '18, vi: 334; see also Triple Entente. Industries during War, peace and war productivity compared, xii: 19, xii: 77-79; women in, xiii: 25; bonuses to labor, xii: 28; provisions for settlement of labor disputes, xii: 79. Internal politics, Imperial unity through war, i: Intro. xiv; political philosophy compared with German, i: 165; members of War Council, Nov., '14, ii: 198; political conditions, Aug., '14, vi: 1; industrial and social unrest, '15, vi: 2; labor opposition to conscription, vi: 6; Conscription Bill passed, Apr., '16, vi: 6; treatment of conscientious objectors, vi: 8; pacifists indorse Soviet peace aims, '17, vi: 12; Lord Lansdowne's peace letter, vi: 13; Defense of the Realm Act inadequate to prevent strikes, vi: 14; Labor Party platform, '17, vi: 14; conditions at close of War, vi: 15; general elections, '18, vi: 16-17; industrial strikes spread, Jan., '19, vi: 17; ship-builders' strike, vi: 19; Glasgow riots, vi: 19; strike in electrical trades prevented by Defense of the Realm Act, Feb., '19, vi: 20; Lloyd George calls Labor Peace Conference, Feb., '19, vi: 20; commission of inquiry into mining conditions appointed, Feb., '19, vi: 20; truce in labor war till completion of Peace Treaty, vi: 22; after-War problems, vi: 23. Munitions, exposé of shell shortage by Viscount French, ii: 173; production compared with that of Central Empires, xii: 78; work of Ministry of Munitions, xii: 78. Navy, protector of lines of supply, i: 15; rise to world supremacy, i: 28; strength in '06, i: 101; negotiations with Germany for curbing naval program, i: 106, 194-197; general strategy during War, ii: Intro. vii, iv: 85-93; ships in Mediterranean at outbreak of War, iv: 13; squadrons in Eastern waters, iv: 58; ships in West Atlantic, iv: 58; problem of maintaining Allied supremacy, iv: 86; Admiral Jellicoe appointed to command of Grand Fleet, Aug. 4, '14, iv: 88; minesweeping operations, iv: 91; convoy of troopships, iv: 92; bases, iv: 92; extracts from Jellicoe's The Grand Fleet, 1914—1916, iv: 93-97; unpreparedness, '14, iv: 93; lack of destroyers, iv: 94; Grand Fleet compared with German High Sea Fleet, iv: 96; Jellicoe's reasons for not attacking Germans, iv: 96; make-up of Grand Fleet, Aug., '14, iv: 97; make-up of Grand Fleet at battle of Jutland, iv: 119; Lord Fisher's views on share in Allied victory, iv: 140; statistics on transport of troops, '15—'18, iv: 239; 18-in. super naval guns, viii: 53; see also battle or engagement; Gallipoli Campaign. Peace Conference, delegates, xii: 179; see also Peace Conference. Peace Treaty, press views, vi: 22; ratified, July 25—31, '19, xii: 264; see also Peace Treaty with Germany. Prisoners of war, iii: 404. Railroads, system of war-time government control, xii: 89. Royal family, xi: 150-152; see also George V. Shipping, tonnage, 1880—1913, compared with German, i: 77; government control of ship-building, xii: 95; tonnage in '14, xii: 95; yearly tonnage production, '14—'17, xii: 96; war-time shortage of, xii: 96. Strategy, analyzed by Maj.-Gen. Maurice, ii: Intro. vii-xxiv; naval, iv: 85-93. Trade, 1880—1913, compared with German, i: 77; pre-War position, xii: 18-19; pre-War and war-time compared, xii: 78. War cost, financial position at start of War, xii: 1, xii: 18; loans floated in U. S., Aug., '14—Jan., '17, xii: 2; income tax rates, compared with U. S. and French rates, xii: 4; debt to U. S., xii: 18; exchange rates with U. S., xii: 19; extravagance in expenditure of war funds, xii: 19-20; taxes, xii: 20, xii: 107, xii: 108, 111; money equivalent of manpower lost, xii: 25; value of property loss, xii: 26; currency inflation, xii: 27-28; average daily war cost, xii: 105; total war cost, Aug., '14—Mar., '19, xii: 107; war loans, xii: 111; rise in national debt, xii: 111, xii: 114.

Great Northern, S. S., speed record as army transport, v: 358.

Greece, revolts against Turkey, 1825, i: 34; breaks off diplomatic relations with Central Powers, June 29, '17, i: 390, vi: 345; anti-Allied attitude at Salonika, iii: 206; Venizelos establishes revolutionary government, Sept., '16, iii: 210; Venizelos government recognized by Allies, Jan., '17, iii: 210; King Constantine deposed by Allies, iii: 210, vi: 245; war casualties, iii: 404, xii: 289; prisoners of war, iii: 404; debt to U. S., xii: 18; money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25; Peace Conference delegates, xii: 180; see also Salonika Campaign.

Greek fire, composition of, xi: 314.

Gregory, Sgt. Earl D., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.

Greif, German armed liner, sunk in fight with British Alcantara, iv: 200.

Grenades, number of U. S., at front, Nov. 11, '18, v: 350; ancient method of throwing weapons by hand revived, viii: 119; Germans first to use, viii: 119; Allied unpreparedness at start of War, viii: 119; nature, viii: 119; technique of throwing, viii: 120; kinds, viii: 120, xi: 211.

Grenfell, Capt. Francis O., first winner of Victoria Cross in War, x: 10.

Gresham, Pvt., one of first of A. E. F. to be killed in France, xi: 173.

Grey, Edward, Viscount of Fallodon, efforts to prevent the War, i: 124-126, 247; mediation in Balkan Wars, i: 198; efforts to establish Anglo-German good-will, i: 198; negotiations to settle Anglo-German rivalry in Mesopotamia, '12—'14, i: 200; speech before Parliament summarizing events leading to World War, Aug. 3, '14, i: 218-227; biography, ix: 35-40; bibliography, ix: 40; advocate of League of Nations, xii: 155.

Grierson, Gen. Sir James, commander of British Second Corps, death in France, ii: 176.

Grimancourt, taken by 322nd Inf., Nov. 10, '18, v: 277.

Grimm, Swiss Socialist, expelled by Russian Provisional Government, vi: 380.

Grissinger, Col. J. W., Chief Surgeon, Third Army, A. E. F., v: 346.

Grodno, captured by Germans, Sept. 2, '15, i: 381, iii: 140.

Groupes de Combat, function in French defensive, v: 12.

Guatemala, severs diplomatic relations with Germany, Apr. 28, '17, i: 390; delegate to Peace Conference, xii: 180.

Guedecourt, taken by British, Sept. 26, '16, i: 388.

Guépratte, Rear-Adm., commands French fleet at Gallipoli, iv: 31.

Guillaumat, Gen., drives Germans from Vesles to Aisne, ii: 214.

Guillaume, Empereur d'Allemagne, French soldiers' song, xi: 339.

Guillemont, taken by Allies, Sept. 3, '16, i: 386.

Guillemont Farm, strong point on Hindenburg Line, v: 290.

Gulflight, first American ship sunk by U-boat, May 1, '15, i: 319, 380, iv: 218.

Gumbinnen, Russians defeat Germans at, Aug. 16—24, '14, iii: 111; retaken by Germans, iii: 116.

Gumpertz, Sgt. Sydney G., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.

Guncotton, composition and detonating properties, viii: 2; see also Ammunition.

Gunpowder, black, composition and explosive properties, viii: 2; smokeless, composition and action, viii: 4; muzzle flash, viii: 7; see also Ammunition.

Gunpowder Neck, U. S. poison-gas plant at, viii: 179-187.

Guns, see Artillery.

Guns of Verdun, poem by Patrick R. Chalmers, vi: 91.

Guthrie, Col. Percy, first Canadian to enlist, x: 44.

Guynemer, Capt. Georges, French "miracle ace," x: 202, xi: 231.

Gyles, Midshipman Donald, heroic fight against German destroyers, x: 293-295.

Gyroscope, war uses, viii: 348.

H

Haase, Herr, leader German Social-Democratic minority, vi: Intro. xii; in Ebert ministry, Nov., '18, vi: 278; advocates Bolshevik principles, vi: 299.

Habibullah Khan, Emir of Afghanistan, assassinated, Feb., '19, vi: 80.

Hagen position, location in Argonne, v: 218.

Hague Conference, establishes Arbitration Tribunal, 1899, i: 94; convened for second time at suggestion of Roosevelt, '07, i: 103; accomplishments, i: 103.

Hahn, Maj.-Gen. W. G., commander 32nd Div., Feb., '18, v: 119.

Hai River, near Kut-el-Amara, iii: 186.

Haifa, captured by British, Sept. 23, '18, iii: 199.

Haig, Field-Marshal Sir Douglas, analysis of Western Front campaigns, ii: 112-136; theories on warfare, ii: 118; on causes of German military collapse, ii: 120; on functions of cavalry in the War, ii: 120; on importance of infantry in the War, ii: 123; on importance of artillery in the War, with statistics, ii: 123, 126; on efficiency of British army officers, ii: 133; on British military organization, ii: 134; appointed Commander-in-Chief of British Expeditionary Force, Dec. 15, '15, iii: 46; famous "Our backs to the wall" appeal, Mar., '18, iii: 359, v: 120; personal traits, iii: 373; biography, ix: 181-184.

Haiti, delegate to Peace Conference, xii: 180.

Halahan, Capt., killed at Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 264.

Haldane, Gen., commander of British Sixth Army, iii: 371; personal traits, iii: 377.

Haldane, Lord, mission to Germany, '12, i: 106, 194.

Halicz, Russians retire from, June 27, '15, i: 380; captured by Russians, '14, iii: 121; recaptured by Russians, July, '17, iii: 146.

Hall, Richard Nelville, brave ambulance driver, story of, x: 95.

Hall, Sgt. Thomas Lee, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.

Haller, Gen., leads revolt of Polish "Iron Brigade" against Austria, vi: 216.

Hamburg-American Line, tonnage and earnings, i: 264.

Hamburg-Persian Gulf railway, see Bagdad Railway.

Hamburg-South American Line, tonnage, i: 264.

Hamel, captured by Germans, Apr. 7, '18, i: 395; work of tanks at Allied attack, July 4, '18, ii: 281; share of 33rd Div. in recapture of, July, '18, v: 260.

Hamidieh II, Turkish battery at Gallipoli, armament of, iv: 45.

Hamilton, Gen. Sir Ian, Allied commander-in-chief at Gallipoli, iii: 162, iv: 32; succeeded by Gen. Monro, iii: 174; despatches to War Office, iv: 35-36.

Hampshire, British cruiser, sunk June 5, '16, with Kitchener and staff, i: 385.

Handley-Page bombing planes, viii: 196, 204, 223.

Hankey, Sir Maurice, secretary, Supreme Peace Council, xii: 152.

Hanotaux, Gabriel, on U. S. neutrality, i: 290.

Hansa Line, tonnage and earnings, i: 264.

Hapsburgs, rise and downfall, vi: 305; see also Austria-Hungary; Charles Francis; Francis Joseph.

Hara, Japanese Prime Minister, see Kei Hara.

Harbin, bourgeois government set up by General Horvath at, vi: 192.

Harbord, Maj.-Gen. James G., Chief of Staff, A. E. F., Sept., '17, v: 101, 403; commands 2nd Div. in Aisne-Marne Offensive, July, '18, v: 167; commander, Services of Supply, v: 401.

Hardaumont, captured by Germans, Mar. 8, '16, i: 384.

Harden, Maximilian, on sordid nature of World War, i: 123; on relations between U. S. and Germany, i: 274; on American war prosperity, i: 311; optimistic view of German food situation, '14, vi: 254; on Allied peace terms, vi: 303.

Hardinge, Lord, responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364, 370.

Harington, Sir John, "brain of British armies in the field," iii: 375.

Harper, Harry, description of Zeppelins by, ii: 262.

Harper, Gen., of British Fourth Corps, personal traits, iii: 377.

Hart, Prof. Albert B., summary of U. S. official correspondence on submarine sinkings, i: 358-362.

Hartlepool, bombarded by Germans, Dec. 16, '14, i: 376, iv: 245.

Hartmannsweilerkopf, captured by French, Mar. 25, '15, i: 378; Dec., '15, iii: 46.

Hartwell, William, first officer of S. S. Brussels, report on Fryatt case, x: 266-269.

Harvey, Lieut. F. U. W., wins Victoria Cross at Vimy Ridge, iii: 349.

Hassein, King of Hedjaz, joins forces with British, iii: 199.

Hatler, Sgt. M. Waldo, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.

Haucourt, taken by Germans, Apr. 5, '16, i: 384, iii: 51.

Haudromont Quarries, taken by French, Oct. 24, '16, i: 388.

Hausen, Gen. von, commander of a German Army at first Marne battle, ii: 184.

Hauts de Meuse, location, v: 199.

Havre, Belgian government moved to, Oct. 13, '14, i: 376; embarkation port for returning A. E. F., v: 395.

Hawke, British cruiser, torpedoed Oct. 13, '14, i: 376.

Hay, Maj.-Gen. Wm. H., commander 28th Div., v: 278.

Hay, Pvt., one of first of A. E. F. to be killed, xi: 173.

Hays, 1st Lieut. George Price, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 391.

Hayward, Col. Wm. D., account by, of his colored regiment of "bell-hops and waiters," x: 135-137.

Hazois Wood, taken by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.

Hebron, occupied by British, Dec. 7, '17, i: 393, iii: 196.

Hedjaz, Arabs aid British in Palestine operations, iii: 196, 199; kingdom established under secret treaties, '16—'17, vi: 334, xii: 279; delegate to Peace Conference, xii: 180; area and population, xii: 279.

Heeringen, Gen. von, commands German Sixth Army of invasion, Aug., '14, iii: 10.

Hela, German cruiser torpedoed off Heligoland, Sept. 13, '14, iv: 207.

Helfferich, Karl, on justification of Germany's part in War, i: 119; director of Deutsche Bank, i: 133, 252; German Vice-Chancellor, i: 133, 252; biography, ix: 353.

Helgoland, German battleship, mutiny of crew starts revolution, Oct. 31, '18, iv: 381.

Heligoland, Peace Treaty provisions for destruction of fortifications on, xii: 205.

Heligoland Bight, naval battle of, British victory, Aug. 28, '14, i: 375, iv: 240-243; Admiral Beatty's official report on, iv: 241.

Helmets, steel, devised by French, viii: 64; process of manufacture of French type, viii: 64; rate of production, viii: 65; efficiency as protection, viii: 65; process of manufacture of U. S. Army type, viii: 66-68; bullet-resisting tests, viii: 69-72.

Hem, stormed by French in battle of the Somme, July, '16, iii: 58.

Henderson, Arthur, biography, ix: 47-50.

Henri IV, French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33.

Henry, Prince, of Prussia, visits U. S., '02, i: 80; escapes from mutiny of German Fleet, Nov. 7, '18, vi: 272.

Herbebois, taken by Germans, Feb. 21, '16, iii: 48.

Heriot, Corp. James D., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.

Hermannstadt, captured by Rumanians, Sept. 2, '16, i: 386; Rumanians defeated at, Sept. 29—30, '16, i: 388.

Hertling, Count von, German Chancellor, comment on failure of Champagne-Marne Offensive, July 15—18, '18, v: 158; retires as Chancellor, Oct. 3, '18, vi: 270.

Hertzog, Gen., anti-British Nationalist leader in South Africa, vi: 49, 50; heads Nationalist delegation to Peace Conference, Jan., '19, vi: 52.

Herzegovina, annexed by Austria, '08, i: 109, vi: 356; see also Bosnia-Herzegovina.

Hesperian, S. S., torpedoed by German submarine, Sept. 4, '15, i: 326.

Hickey, Gen., commander of 16th Irish Div., iii: 377.

Hickory (30th) Division, see U. S., Army.

High Sea Fleet, see Germany, Navy.

Hill, Corp. Ralyn, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.

Hill 60, at Ypres, captured by British, Apr, 17, '15, i: 378, iii: 42; captured by Germans, May 5, '15, i: 380.

Hill 70, at Loos, captured by British, Sept., '15, iii: 46.

Hill 140, near Souchez, captured by French, Sept., '15, iii: 46.

Hill 180, captured by 327th Inf. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct. 7, '18, v: 242.

Hill 190, near Ronchères, captured by 3rd Div., July 27, '18, v: 187.

Hill 204, near Château-Thierry, captured by 26th Div., July 20, '18, v: 56; dominating situation, v: 133; captured by French and A. E. F., June 6, '18, v: 135.

Hill 223, near Châtel Chehery, captured by 28th Div., Oct. 7, '18, v: 243.

Hill 240, captured by 18th and 28th Infs. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.

Hill 242, near Côte de Châtillon, captured by 168th Inf., Oct. 15, '18, v: 84.

Hill 244, near Châtel Chehery, captured by 28th Div., Oct. 7, '18, v: 243.

Hill 258, captured by 127th Div. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct. 14, '18, v: 250.

Hill 263, captured by 28th Div. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept. 26, '18, v: 225.

Hill 269, captured by 26th Inf. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct. 5, '18, v: 240; held by 1st Engineers against German attacks, v: 246.

Hill 288, near Côte de Châtillon, captured by 168th Inf., Oct. 14, '18, v: 84.

Hill 304, at Verdun, battle for, iii: 51.

Hill 378, stormed by 79th Div. troops in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Nov. 5, '18, v: 270.

Hilton, Sgt. Richmond H., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.

Hindenburg, Field-Marshal Paul von, put in command of German armies in East Prussia, Aug., '14, ii: 24, 353, iii: 112; destroys Russian Army at battle of Tannenberg, Aug. 26—31, '14, ii: 24, iii: 112-116, ix: 242; Ludendorff's account, iii: 353; campaigns in Russian Poland, ii: 25, iii: 116-118, ix: 245; Ludendorff's tribute to, ii: 300; appointed Chief of German General Staff, Aug. 29, '16, ii: 326, iii: 61; made Chief of General Staff of Central Powers, ii: 331; proclamation against "unconditional surrender," Oct. 24, '18, ii: 335; first meeting with Ludendorff, Aug. 23, '14, ii: 353; biography, ix: 242-249; nicknamed "Old Man of the Swamps," ix: 242; decorated for valor, ix: 246; popularity, ix: 249.

Hindenburg Line, German strategic retreat to, '17, ii: 53, iii: 66-70; Germans driven to, Sept., '18, ii: 157, iii: 98, 100; extent and description, iii: 66, v: 216, 301; strategic purpose, iii: 66; devastation of French territory in retreat to, '17, iii: 67; reasons for strategic retreat of '17, iii: 70; 27th and 30th Divs., A. E. F., attacking with British, break through in Cambrai-St. Quentin sector, Sept.—Oct., '18, iii: 101, v: 290-295, 301, 393; Michel position on St. Mihiel front, v: 69; Kriemhilde position on Meuse-Argonne front, v: 74, 218; First Army breaks through in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 390.

Hines, Maj.-Gen, John L., promotion, v: 182; commands 4th Div. at St. Mihiel, Sept., '18, v: 202; commands 4th Div. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 219; commands Third Corps in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 83, 390.

Hintzmann, Korvettenkapitan, German delegate to arrange for surrender of German fleet, iv: 384.

Hipper, Rear-Adm. von, commands German squadron at battle of Dogger Bank, Jan. 24, '15, iv: 246; commands German advance fleet at battle of Jutland, May 31, '16, iv: 99, 103, 108, 113.

Hirson, captured by Allies, Nov., '18, iii: 103.

Hodges, Maj.-Gen. H. F., commander 76th Div., July, '18, v: 196.

Hoffman, Sgt. Chas. F., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 389.

Hoffman, Conrad, executive secretary, American Y. M. C. A., work for prisoners in Germany, vii: 309.

Hogue, British cruiser, torpedoed by U-9, Sept. 22, '14, eye-witness accounts, iv: 205, x: 274-280; as told by U-boat commander, x: 279.

Holbrook, Lieut.-Com. Norman D., blows up Turk warship in Dardanelles, x: 317.

"Holding" troops, German, viii: 144.

Holland, see Netherlands.

Holland No. 9, first U. S. Navy submarine, iv: 205.

Holy Alliance, formation of, i: 33; defects of, i: 35.

Holy War, declared by Turks, Nov. 17, '14, i: 376, vi: 330; to destroy British control in East, ii: 27; failure of, ii: 31; response to, in India, vi: 74.

Home Rule, Irish, see Ireland.

Home Service, Red Cross, activities of, vii: 35.

Homs, taken by Allies, Oct., '18, iii: 199.

Honduras, delegate to Peace Conference, xii: 180.

Hood, Rear-Adm. Horace L. A., commands 3rd British Battle Cruiser Squadron at battle of Jutland, iv: 117; lost with sinking of Invincible, iv: 120.

Hoofien, S., Dutch representative in Palestine, report on American relief work, vii: 366.

Hoover, Herbert C., appointed U. S. Food Administrator, May 19, '17, i: 390; pioneer of American relief in Europe, vii: 85; organizes American Relief Committee, vii: 119; organizes American Commission for Relief in Belgium, vii: 119, xii: 136; account of interview with Lloyd George on Belgian Relief, vii: 124; biography, ix: 316-323; bibliography, ix: 323; work as U. S. Food Administrator, xii: 35; report on U. S. food exports for relief of Europe, xii: 42; director-general of American Relief Administration, xii: 141.

Horn, Lieut. Werner, German spy, tries to blow up bridge on Canadian border, i: 316, x: 368.

Hornby, Sir Geoffrey Phipps, forces Dardanelles, 1878, iv: 21.

Horne, Gen., commands British First Army in offensive against Cambrai, Sept., '18, ii: 214, v: 213; characterization by Philip Gibbs, iii: 371.

Horns, for gas alarm, number issued by U. S. Army, v: 324.

Horses, utility in the War, viii: 397; hospitals for, viii: 398; number shipped to France by U. S., xii: 95, xii: 278.

Horton, Lieut.-Com. Max, exploit in command of submarine E-9, iv: 207.

Horvath, Gen., sets up bourgeois government in Siberia, vi: 192; resigns from government, vi: 193.

Hospitals: British, in France, ii: 131. French, medical service for wounded, viii: 362-365. United States, see U. S. Army, Medical Service.

Hotchkiss machine-gun, viii: 87.

House, Col. E. M., U. S. representative on Supreme War Council, iii: 84; biography, ix: 70-76.

Howitzers, see Artillery.

Hughes, W. M., Premier of Australia, advocate of closer union within British Empire, vi: 40; for vigorous war policy, vi: 40; delegate to Allied Economic Conference, June, '16, vi: 40; forms "Hughesite" Liberal government supporting conscription, vi: 42.

Hulloch, British enter, Sept. 26, '14, iii: 46.

Humber, British monitor, description, iv: 281.

Humbert, Charles, French Senator, implicated in Bolo Pasha plots, x: 344.

Hungary, war sentiment, '14, vi: 306; parliamentary struggle, '16, vi: 311; Independence Party, leaders and aims of, vi: 311; "Independence and 1848" Party, formation and aims of, '16, vi: 311; Socialist demands for peace, '16, vi: 312; effects of Rumanian invasion, '16, vi: 313; "bloodless" revolution overthrows Hapsburg rule, Oct., '18, vi: 322; National Council, governing body during revolution, vi: 322; Republic established, Nov., '18, vi: 323, ix: 146, xii: 279; Count Karolyi, provisional head of Republic, vi: 323; armistice signed with Allies, vi: 323; Ironworkers' Party, conflict with government, vi: 324; Bolshevists under Bela Kun seize control, Mar., '19, vi: 324-328; military occupation by Allies, Mar., '19, vi: 325; Allies' peace terms rejected, vi: 326; the Red Army, vi: 326; area and population, xii: 279; see also Austria-Hungary.

Hunley, Confederate submarine in American Civil War, iv: 203.

Hurley, Edward, biography, ix: 335-337.

"Hush" ships, description of, iv: 303.

Hussein Kamil Pasha, made Khédive of Egypt by British, vi: 69.

Hutier, Gen. von, commands Eighteenth German Army, ii: 149; new method of surprise attack, general plan and tactics of, v: 41, viii: 143-145.

Hutton, Col. P. C., Chief Surgeon, "Paris Group," A. E. F., v: 346.

Hydrogen, use for inflating balloons, viii: 263.

Hydrophones, use in detection of U-boats, viii: 17-20, 279-281.

Hydroplanes, see Aeronautics.

Hymn of Hate, German, against England, i: 194, vi: 253.

Hymn of the Lusitania, German, i: 365.

I

I Want to Be an Angel, aviators' song, xi: 338.

Igel, Wolf von, German arch-spy in U. S., x: 337;

Imecourt, captured by 319th Inf., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.

Immelmann, Capt., German ace, death in air duel with Capt. Ball, x: 209-211, xi: 216.

Immigration, to U. S. from Europe, i: 37.

Imperatritsa, Russian battleship, burns and sinks in Black Sea, Oct. 20, '16, i: 388.

Implacable, British battleship, at Gallipoli, iv: 33.

In Flanders Fields, poem by Lieut.-Col. John McCrae, xi: 54.

Incendiary bullets, viii: 214.

Indefatigable, British battle cruiser, sunk at battle of Jutland, iv: 108.

Indemnity, see Reparation.

Index numbers, for measuring price changes, xii: Intro. vii.

India, troops in Palestine and Salonika campaigns, ii: Intro. xxiii; Suez Canal gateway to, ii: 27; response to appeal of Holy War, ii: 27, vi: 74; casualties, total in War, iii: 404, 405; strength of army, iii: 405; agitation for autonomy, vi: 72; response to British war needs, vi: 72; reasons for loyalty, vi: 73; Nationalist claims for independence, vi: 74; political demands on Great Britain, vi: 75; caste system, description of, vi: 75; influenza epidemic, '18, vi: 76; suffering from famine, '18—'19, vi: 76; Defense of India Act, for suppressing sedition, vi: 77; Bolshevism in, vi: 77; "Black Cobra Bill," for suppressing radicalism, vi: 78; coal production, '13—'16, xii: 48; War cost, Aug., '14—Mar. '19, xii: 106; Peace Conference delegates, xii: 179.

Indian, American, as fighter, xi: 175-179.

Indo-China, French, Japan's desire for, vi: 386.

Indomitable, British cruiser in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.

Industrial rights, Peace Treaty provisions for re-establishment of, xii: 244-246.

Infantry, Field-Marshal Haig's estimate of importance, ii: 123.

Infection, in shell wounds, viii: 362, 367; causes, viii: 369; Carrel-Dakin treatment, viii: 369-372, ix: 312, xi: 288-289; prevention among troops, viii: 392-397, xi: 286-289; see also Disease; Medical science; Sanitation.

"Infiltration," new German method of attack, iii: 386, v: 17, 19; Gen. Gouraud's method of defense against, v: 46, 155, viii: 146-148.

Inflexible, British battle cruiser, at Gallipoli, iv: 31; damaged by gunfire in Gallipoli attack, Mar. 18, '15, iv: 35; at battle of Falklands, iv: 70.

Influenza, deaths from, in '18, iii: 405.

Insterburg, important junction on Petrograd-Berlin Railroad, iii: 111.

Insurance, social, in territories ceded by Germany, funds to be transferred to Allies, xii: 246.

Intelligence tests for soldiers, viii: 349-351.

Inter-Allied Commissions of Control, to supervise execution of military terms of Peace Treaty, xii: 215.

Inter-Allied Conference, Mar., '16, decides on Somme offensive, iii: 55.

Inter-Allied Games, at Pershing Stadium, vii: 313.

Inter-Allied General Staff, created, iii: 84.

Inter-Allied Scientific Food Commission, functions, xii: 139.

Inter-Allied War Council, see Supreme War Council.

International law, formulation of, by Grotius, i: 26; German statement of Allied infractions, i: 139; Lansing's proposal for regulation of U-boat war, i: 281, 328; comment of London Times on Lansing proposal, i: 282; German protest against U. S. position on armed merchantmen, i: 282; U. S. position on status of armed merchantmen, i: 283; controversy between U. S. and Great Britain on right of seizure of neutral cargoes, i: 312, 318, 339; controversy between U. S. and Germany on submarine warfare, i: 317-326, 329-335, 339; chronological summary; i: 357-361; U. S. note to Germany on "Freedom of the seas," July 21, '15, i: 323; controversy between U. S. and Austria-Hungary on submarine warfare, i: 326; President Wilson opposed to principle of McLemore Resolution, i: 327; controversy between U. S. and Great Britain on seizure of neutral mail, i: 335; on blockades, ii: 21; see also Germany, Blockade of; Submarine warfare.

International rivalries, factors in, 1890—1914, i: 58-63.

International Sanitary Commission, for Serbian typhus relief, iii: 398.

Intrepid, British cruiser, in Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 262; sunk in channel at Zeebrugge, iv: 265.

Inventions, displace importance of strategy in war, viii: Intro. vii.

Invincible, British battle cruiser, armament, iv: 70; blown up at Jutland, iv: 119; at Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.

Ipek, occupied by French, Oct. 16, '18, i: 399.

Iphigenia, British cruiser in Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 262; sunk in channel at Zeebrugge, iv: 265.

Ireland, history of Home Rule movement, vi: 53; Ulster, led by Carson, opposes Home Rule, vi: 53, 60, ix: 50; situation at outbreak of War, vi: 53; loyalty to British in early days of War, vi: 55; Sinn Feiners start separatist propaganda, vi: 55; spread of Sinn Fein movement, vi: 57; Sir Roger Casement's negotiations with Germans, vi: 57; Sinn Feiners organize armed opposition, vi: 57; Irish Volunteers, vi: 57; sympathy with Germany, vi: 57; German arms for Sinn Feiners captured by British, vi: 58; Sir Roger Casement captured, vi: 58, ix: 53; Easter Rebellion, Apr., '16, vi: 58; proclamation of Republic, Apr., '16, vi: 60; Padraic Pearse, Provisional President, vi: 60, ix: 53; collapse of rebellion, May, '16, vi: 60; leaders executed for treason, May 3, '16, vi: 60, ix: 53; Lloyd George's proposal for Home Rule settlement, '17, vi: 61; Irish Convention meets to discover way for settlement, '18, vi: 61-63; De Valera, leader of Sinn Feiners, vi: 61; De Valera elected to Parliament, vi: 62; Sinn Feiners' attitude toward Convention, vi: 62; government's new Home Rule Bill, '18, outline of, vi: 64; struggle over conscription, vi: 64; Sinn Feiners carry parliamentary elections, '18, vi: 64; Irish Republic proclaimed by National Assembly at Dublin, '18, vi: 64; delegates to Peace Conference appointed, vi: 64; movement in U. S. in support of Irish freedom, vi: 65; Irish-American mission to Peace Conference, vi: 65; Peace Conference refuses hearing to Irish cause, vi: 66; Sinn Fein platform, ix: 52; De Valera elected President of Irish Republic, ix: 55.

Ireland, Maj.-Gen. M. W., Surgeon-General, U. S. Army, v: 346.

Iris, British ferryboat in Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 262.

Irish-Americans, support for cause of Irish freedom, vi: 65; Irish Race in America Convention, Feb., '19, vi: 65; delegation to Peace Conference, vi: 65.

Irkutsk, captured by Czechoslovaks, July 13, '18, i: 397.

Iron, importance of Lorraine deposits, i: 267; importance in war, i: 268; French mines coveted by Germany, ii: 13, 15; French mines seized by Germany, ii: 20.

Irresistible, British battleship, at Gallipoli, iv: 31; sunk in Gallipoli attack, Mar. 18, '15, iv: 35, 48.

Isherwood, Lieut.-Com., co-inventor of launching device for depth bombs, iv: 331.

Ishii, Viscount, biography, ix: 90.

Ishtib, occupied by Allies, Sept. 26, '18, i: 397.

Isonzo Front, see Italian Front.

Isonzo River, course, ii: 48.

Is-sur-Tille, center of American lines of supply, iii: 83, v: 11, 330.

Istria, given by Allies to Italy under secret treaty, '15, vi: 361.

Italia Irredenta, definition, xi: 18.

Italian Front, Lloyd George advocates strong offensive on, ii: Intro. xx; most difficult theater of War, ii: 48; general military topography, ii: 48, 49, 236, 244, iii: 226-230, xi: 25; general strategy at start of War, ii: 48, 49, iii: 228-231, 239-241; topography of Isonzo Front, ii: 48, iii: 239; Isonzo campaigns, ii: 49-52, 56-58, 240, 242-250, iii: 239-248; topography of Trentino Front, ii: 49, iii: 230; Trentino campaigns, ii: 49, 51, iii: 230-239; Italian attacks on Gorizia fail, '15, ii: 50, 240; results of '15 campaign, ii: 51; Gorizia captured by Italians, Aug., 16, ii: 51, 242, iii: 246; Caporetto disaster and Italian rout, Oct.—Dec., '17, ii: 56-58, 246-250, iii: 80, 246-248, vi: 129, xi: 37; Italian retreat checked by stand at the Piave, Nov., '17, ii: 58, 250, iii: 80, 248; last Austrian offensive, June, '18, ii: 94-96, 250-252, iii: 249; victorious final offensive by Italy, Oct., '18, ii: 96, 252-254, iii: 249; Carso Plateau, description of, ii: 244; Gradisca captured by Italians, June 9, '15, iii: 244; Monfalcone captured by Italians, June, '15, iii: 244; casualties and prisoners of war, Austrian and Italian, during Isonzo campaigns, iii: 244, 246, 248; Cividale captured by Austro-Germans, Oct. 28, '17, iii: 247; Udine captured by Austro-Germans, Oct., '17, iii: 247; Italian losses in men and territory in great retreat, Oct.—Dec., '17, ii: 248; Jugoslavs in Austrian army desert to Italians, iii: 249; American reinforcements arrive, July, '18, iii: 249, v: 394; bibliography, iii: 249; aerial cableways across the Alps, viii: 303-306.

Italian Front, On the, poem by G. E. Woodbury, vi: 114.

Italy: Army, German estimate of effectiveness, '14, ii: 4; Arditi, description of, ii: 240; Bersaglieri, description of, ii: 240; Alpini, description of, ii: 242; Carabinieri, as military police, ii: 242; Granatieri, description of, ii: 242; pre-War organization and equipment, iii: 224-226; effect of enemy propaganda on morale, iii: 247, vi: 128; for military operations, see Italian Front. Casualties, total in War, ii: 116, iii: 404, vi: 130; money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25; total battle deaths, xii: 288. Declarations of war, on Austria, May 23, '15, i: 380, ii: 48, 236, vi: 126, 309, xi: 18; on Turkey, Aug. 21, '15, i: 381; on Bulgaria, Oct. 19, '15, i: 382; on Germany, Aug. 27, '16, i: 386; belligerency condemned as traitorous by Austrian press, vi: 310. Foreign policy, international position, '14, i: 61; ambition for Mediterranean supremacy, i: 61; member of Triple Alliance, i: 95, 255, ii: 48, vi: 114; war with Turkey for Tripoli, '12, i: 109, vi: 114; neglected by Germany, i: 255; Bissolati's explanation of neutrality, i: 256; refusal to enter War as German ally, ii: 48, xi: 6; Central Powers bargain for neutrality, ii: 48; parliamentary struggle between neutralists and interventionists, ii: 236, vi: 123-126; Salandra and Sonino advocate war on side of Allies, ii: 236, vi: 123; Giolitti advocates continued neutrality, ii: 236, vi: 123; attitude toward U. S., ii: 245; public opinion for neutrality in early days of War, vi: 116; pro-German sentiment, vi: 118; pro-Ally sentiment grows, vi: 119; territorial demands on Austria, '14, vi: 120; Avlona occupied, Dec., '14, vi: 120; secret treaty with Allies, Apr., '15, price of entry into War, vi: 122, 361; occupation of Austrian territories following armistice, vi: 129, 364; unpopularity of Austrian alliance, vi: 308; claims to Asiatic Turkey under secret treaties, '16—'17, vi: 334; hostility to Jugoslav expansion, vi: 360-362, 364-370; Adriatic aspirations, vi: 361; Fiume dispute, vi: 365-370. Imports, dependence on, ii: 236, vi: 127. Internal politics, unification, i: 39; parliamentary struggle between neutralists and war party, ii: 236, vi: 123-126; Salandra and Sonnino advocate war on side of Allies, ii: 236, vi: 120, 123; Giolitti for continued neutrality, ii: 236, vi: 123; D'Annunzio rouses people to side with Allies, ii: 239, vi: 124; strikes instigated by Bolshevik propaganda, iii: 247, vi: 128; political situation preceding entry into War, vi: 114; popular sentiment for neutrality, vi: 116; pro-Ally sentiment, vi: 116, 119; attitude of political parties on neutrality, vi: 117; pro-German sympathies, vi: 118; King Victor takes decisive step for war, vi: 125; obstructionist policy of Catholics and Socialists, vi: 126; fall of Salandra Cabinet, June, '16, vi: 127; coalition government under Boselli takes office, June, '16, vi: 127; pacifist propaganda and riots, vi: 128; fall of Boselli government, Oct., '17, vi: 129; Orlando heads new Cabinet, vi: 129; Cabinet crisis on Fiume question, '18, vi: 369. Navy, strength at outbreak of War, iv: 368; War record, iv: 368; blockade of Jugoslav ports, vi: 369. Peace Conference, delegates to, xii: 179. Peace Treaty, ratified, Oct. 7, '19, xii: 264. Prisoners of war, iii: 404. Royal family, xi: 141-143; see also Victor Emmanuel. War cost, Luzzati's statement on, vi: 130; relatively largest of all belligerents, vi: 131; financial position at start of War, xii: 1; debt to U. S., xii: 18; value of man-power lost, xii: 25; value of property destroyed, xii: 26; average daily war cost, xii: 106; total war cost, May, '15—Oct., '18, xii: 107; taxation, xii: 107, xii: 109; loans, xii: 113; rise in national debt, xii: 113, xii: 114.