General Index

The Roman numerals (i., ii., iii., etc.) refer to the volumes; the Arabic numbers (1, 2, 3, etc.) refer to the pages. The volumes of the work are cited by the following numerals:—

i. = The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings, vol. i.

ii. = " " " vol. ii.

iii. = Taboo and the Perils of the Soul.

iv. = The Dying God.

v. = Adonis, Attis, Osiris, Third Edition, vol. i.

vi. = " " " vol. ii.

vii. = Spirits of the Corn and of the Wild, vol. i.

viii. = " " " vol. ii.

ix. = The Scapegoat.

x. = Balder the Beautiful, vol. i.

xi. = " " vol. ii.

[pg 147]

Aachen, effigy burnt on Ash Wednesday at, x. 120, xi. 25

Aargau, Swiss canton of, the Whitsuntide Basket in, ii. 83;

Lenten fire-custom in, x. 119;

superstition as to oak-mistletoe in, xi. 82;

mistletoe called “thunder-besom” in, xi. 85, 301;

birth-trees in, xi. 165

Ab, a Jewish month, equivalent to August, i. 14, vii. 259 n. 1

Ababa, a tribe of the Congo region, believe that their souls transmigrate at death into animals, viii. 288 sq.

Ababua, the, of the Congo valley, their belief as to falling stars, iv. 65

Aban, a Persian month, vi. 68

Abbas Effendi, divine head of the Babites, i. 402

Abbas the Great, Shah of Persia, temporary substitute for, iv. 157

Abbehausen, fever transferred to dog and cat at, ix. 51

Abbeville, huge trunks of oak in the peat-bog near, ii. 351

Abbot of Folly in France, ix. 334

—— of Unreason in Scotland, ix. 312, 331

Abchases of the Caucasus, their ceremony of rain-making, i. 282 n. 4;

their worship of the thunder-god, ii. 370;

their memorial feasts, iv. 98, 103;

their use of effigies as substitutes to save the lives of people, viii. 105;

their sacrament of shepherds, viii. 313;

their sacrifice of white ox, viii. 313 n. 1

Abd-Hadad, priestly king of Hierapolis, v. 163 n. 3

Abdera, human scapegoats at, ix. 254

Abdication of kings in favour of their infant children, iii. 19, 20;

during the reign of their substitutes, iv. 115;

annual, of kings, iv. 148;

of father when his son is grown up, iv. 181;

of the king on the birth of a son, iv. 190;

temporary, of chief, viii. 66, 68

Abduction of souls by demons, iii. 58 sqq.

Abeghian, Manuk, on the belief of the Armenians in demons, ix. 107 sq.;

on creeping through cleft trees in Armenia, xi. 172

Abensberg in Bavaria, burning the Easter Man at, x. 144

Abeokuta, in West Africa, the Alake (king) of, iv. 203;

his head kept and delivered to his successor, iv. 203;

use of bull-roarers at, xi. 229 n.

Aber, the Lake of, in Upper Austria, xi. 189

Aberdeenshire, All Souls' Day in, vi. 79 sq.;

harvest customs in, vii. 158 sqq., 215 sq., x. 12;

need-fire in, x. 296;

holed rock used by childless women in, xi. 187

Aberdour, parish of, in Aberdeenshire, the cutting of the clyack sheath in, vii. 158 sqq.

Aberfeldy, Hallowe'en fires near, x. 232

Abi-baal, “father of Baal,” v. 51 n. 4

Abi-el, “father of El,” v. 51 n. 4

[pg 148]

Abi-jah, King, his family, v. 51 n. 2;

“father of Jehovah,” v. 51 n. 4

Abi-melech, “father of a king,” v. 51 n. 4

Abi-milk (Abi-melech), king of Tyre, v. 16 n. 5

Abimelech massacres his seventy brothers, v. 51 n. 2

Abingdon in Berkshire, May carols and garlands at, ii. 60

Abipones, the, of South America thought it sinful to mention their own names, iii. 328;

the dead not named among the, iii. 352;

changes in their language caused by the fear of naming the dead, iii. 360;

their belief as to meteors, iv. 63;

their worship of the Pleiades, v. 258 n. 2, vii. 308;

ate jaguars to become brave, viii. 140

Abjuration, form of, imposed on Jewish converts, ix. 393

Abnormal mental states accounted inspiration, iii. 248

Abolition of the kingship at Rome, ii. 289 sqq.

Abomey, the old capital of Dahomey, iv. 40

Abonsam, an evil spirit on the Gold Coast, ix. 132

Aborigines retained as priests of the local gods by conquering races, ii. 288;

of Victoria, their custom as to emu fat, x. 13

Abortion, superstition as to woman who has procured, iii. 153

Abougit, Father X., S.J., on the ceremony of the new fire at Jerusalem, x. 130

Abraham, his attempted sacrifice of Isaac, iv. 177, vi. 219 n. 1

—— and Sarah, ii. 114

——, the Pool of, at Ourfa, i. 285

Abrahams, Israel, on the Purim bonfires, ix. 393 n. 2

Abruzzi, barren fruit-trees threatened in the, ii. 22;

belief as to falling stars in the, iv. 66, 67;

burning an effigy of the Carnival in the, iv. 224;

seven-legged effigy of Lent in the, iv. 244 sq.;

gossips of St. John in the, v. 245 n. 2;

marvellous properties attributed to water on St. John's Night in the, v. 246;

Easter ceremonies in the, v. 256;

the feast of All Souls in the, vi. 77 sq.;

rules as to sowing seed and cutting timber in the, vi. 133 n. 3;

Epiphany in the, ix. 167 n. 2;

new Easter fire in the, x. 122;

water consecrated at Easter in the, x. 122 sqq.;

Midsummer rites of fire and water in the, x. 209 sq.

Absalom, his intercourse with his father's concubines, ix. 368

Absence and recall of the soul, iii. 30 sqq.

Absites, the, iii. 312

Absrot, village of Bohemia, precaution against witches on Walpurgis Night at, ix. 161

Abstinence, periods of, observed before sowing, ii. 98, 105;

as a charm to promote the growth of the seed, ix. 347 sqq.

Abstract notions, the personification of, not primitive, iv. 253

Abu 'Ilberecat, a Berber, ii. 153 sq.

Abu Rabah, resort of childless wives in Palestine, v. 78, 79

Abuse (vituperation), beneficial virtue ascribed to, i. 279 sq.

Abydos, head of Osiris at, vi. 11;

the favourite burial-place of the Egyptians, vi. 18 sq.;

specially associated with Osiris, vi. 18, 197;

tombs of the ancient Egyptian kings at, vi. 19;

the ritual of, vi. 86;

hall of the Osirian mysteries at, vi. 108;

representations of the Sed festival at, vi. 151;

inscriptions at, vi. 153;

temple of Osiris at, vi. 198;

ancient shrine of Osiris at, vii. 260 n. 2

Abyssinia, rain-making in, i. 258;

rain-making priests among tribes on the borders of, ii. 2 sq.;

Tigre-speaking tribes to the north of, ii. 19;

fear of the evil eye in, iii. 116;

severed hands and feet preserved against the resurrection in, iii. 281;

personal names concealed in, iii. 322;

the Kamants of, iv. 12;

sacrifice of first-born children among tribes on the borders of, iv. 181 sq.;

the Faleshas of, viii. 266 n. 1

Abyssinian festival of Mascal or the Cross, ix. 133 sq.

Acacia, Osiris in the, vi. 111;

the heart in the flower of the, xi. 135 sq.

—— -tree, worshipped in Patagonia, ii. 16;

sacred in Arabia, ii. 42

Acacia albida, used in kindling fire by friction, ii. 210

—— catechu, used in kindling fire by friction, ii. 249

—— Suma, ii. 250 n.

Academy at Athens, funeral games held in the, iv. 96

Acagchemem tribe of California, their worship of the sacred buzzard, viii. 170 sq.

Acaill, Book of, on kings of Ireland, iv. 39

Acarnanian story of Prince Sunless, x. 21

Acatay mita, festival to make alligator pears ripen, ii. 98

Accession of a Shilluk king, ceremonies at the, iv. 23 sq.

Accoleian family, coins of the, ii. 185

Accusations of ritual murders brought against the Jews, ix. 394 sqq.

[pg 149]

Achaia, subject to earthquakes, v. 202

Acharaca, cave of Pluto at, v. 205 sq.

Acharnae, Attic township, Dionysus Ivy at, vii. 4

Achelous and Dejanira, ii. 161 sq.

Achern, St. John's fires at, x. 168

Achilles at the court of Lycomedes, ii. 278;

his hair devoted to the river Sperchius, iii. 261

Achinese, the, of northern Sumatra, their observation of the Pleiades, vii. 315

Achinese fishermen, special vocabulary employed by, at sea, iii. 409

Achterneed, in Ross-shire, Beltane cakes at, x. 153

Acilisena, in Armenia, temple and worship of Anaitis at, v. 38, ix. 369 n. 1

Acireale, in Sicily, Midsummer fires at, x. 210

Acorns as an attribute of Artemis, i. 38 n. 1;

shamans responsible for crop of edible, i. 358;

found in the lake-dwellings of Europe, ii. 353;

as food, ii. 353, 355 sq.;

as fodder for swine, ii. 354, 356

Acosta, J. de, early Spanish historian of Peru and Mexico, ix. 276 n. 1;

on the Peruvian Mother of the Maize, vii. 171 sq.;

on the sacramental eating of bread among the ancient Mexicans, viii. 86 sqq.;

on the annual expulsion of evils in Peru, ix. 131 n.;

on Aztec custom of sacrificing human representatives of the gods, ix. 275 sqq.;

on the sacrifice of the human representative of Quetzalcoatl, ix. 281 sqq.

Acre, in Syria, residence of the head of the Babites, i. 402

Acropolis of Athens, the sacred serpent on the, iv. 86 sq.;

Sacred Ploughing at foot of the, vii. 108 n. 4, 109 n. 1;

annual sacrifice of a goat on the, viii. 41

Actium, games celebrated at, vii. 80, 85

Acts, tabooed, iii. 101 sqq.

Açvina, an Indian month, iv. 124

Adad, Syrian king, v. 15;

Babylonian and Assyrian god of thunder and lightning, v. 163

Adad-Nirari, king of Assyria, ix. 370 n. 1

Adair, James, on the self-inflicted mortifications of the Creek Indians in war, iii. 161 sqq.;

on the refusal of American Indians to taste blood, iii. 240;

on Indian belief in homoeopathic magic of animal flesh, viii. 139;

on American Indian custom of cutting out the sinew of the thigh of deer, viii. 264;

his discovery of the Ten Lost Tribes in America, viii. 264 n. 4

Adaklu, Mount, in West Africa, evils sent away to, ix. 135 sq., 206 sq.

Adam, man in Lent called, ix. 214

—— and Eve, suggested explanation of their aprons of fig-leaves, ix. 259 n. 3

—— of Bremen, on the thunder-god Thor, ii. 364

Adams, J., on divinity of king of Benin, i. 396

Adana in Cilicia, v. 169 n. 3

Adar, a Jewish month, vii. 259 n. 1, ix. 361, 394, 397, 398, 415

Adder stones among the Celts, x. 15

Addison, Joseph, on the Italian opera, ii. 299;

on the grotto dei cani at Naples, v. 205 n. 1;

on witchcraft in Switzerland, xi. 42 n. 2

Adelaide tribe of South Australia, namesakes of the dead change their names in the, iii. 355

Adeli, the, of the Slave Coast, their festival of new yams, viii. 116

Adhar, a Persian month, vi. 68

Adivi or forest Gollas of Southern India, seclusion of women at childbirth among the, iii. 149 sq.

Adom-melech or Uri-melech, king of Byblus, v. 14, 17

Adon, a Semitic title, v. 6 sq., 16 sq., 20, 49 n. 7

Adonai, title of Jehovah, v. 6 sq.

Adoni, “my lord,” Semitic title, v. 7;

names compounded with, v. 17

Adoni-bezek, king of Jerusalem, v. 17

Adoni-jah, elder brother of King Solomon, v. 51 n. 2

Adoni-zedek, king of Jerusalem, v. 17

Adonis at Byblus, i. 30;

myth of, v. 3 sqq.;

Greek worship of, v. 6;

in Greek mythology, v. 10 sqq.;

in Syria, v. 13 sqq.;

monuments of, v. 29;

in Cyprus, v. 31 sqq., 49;

identified with Osiris, v. 32;

mourning for, at Byblus, v. 38;

said to be the fruit of incest, v. 43;

his mother Myrrha, v. 43;

son of Theias, v. 43 n. 4, 55 n. 4;

the son of Cinyras, v. 49;

the title of the sons of Phoenician kings in Cyprus, v. 49;

his violent death, v. 55;

music in the worship of, v. 55;

sacred prostitution in the worship of, v. 57;

inspired prophets in worship of, v. 76;

human representatives of, perhaps burnt, v. 110;

doves burned in honour of, v. 147;

personated by priestly kings, v. 223;

the ritual of, v. 223 sqq.;

his death and resurrection represented in his rites, v. 224 sq., ix. 398;

festivals of, v. 224 sqq.;

flutes played in the laments for, v. 225 n. 3;

the ascension of, v. 225;

images of, thrown into the sea or springs, v. 225, 227 n. 3, 236;

born from a myrrh-tree, v. 227, vi. 110;

bewailed by Argive women, v. 227 n.;

[pg 150]

analogy of his rites to Indian and European ceremonies, v. 227;

his death and resurrection interpreted as representations of the decay and revival of vegetation, v. 227 sqq.;

interpreted as the sun, v. 228;

interpreted by the ancients as the god of the reaped and sprouting corn, v. 229;

as a corn-spirit, v. 230 sqq.;

hunger the root of the worship of, v. 231;

perhaps originally a personification of wild vegetation, especially grass and trees, v. 233;

the gardens of, v. 236 sqq.;

rain-charm in the rites of, v. 237;

resemblance of his rites to the festival of Easter, v. 254 sqq., 306;

worshipped at Bethlehem, v. 257 sqq.;

and the planet Venus as the Morning Star, v. 258 sq.;

sometimes identified with Attis, v. 263;

swine not eaten by worshippers of, v. 265;

rites of, among the Greeks, v. 298;

lamented by women at Byblus, vi. 23;

and Linus, vii. 216, 258;

at Alexandria, vii. 263, ix. 390;

and the boar, viii. 22 sq.;

his marriage with Ishtar (Aphrodite), ix. 401.

See also Tammuz

Adonis and Aphrodite, v. 11 sq., 29, 280, xi. 294 sq.;

their marriage celebrated at Alexandria, v. 224;

perhaps personated by human couples, ix. 386

—— and Attis identified with Dionysus, vi. 127 n.

——, Attis, Osiris, their mythical similarity, v. 6, vi. 201

—— and Osiris, similarity between their rites, vi. 127

—— or Tammuz, ii. 346;

the summer lamentations for, iv. 7

—— and Venus (Aphrodite), i. 21, 25, 40, 41

——, the river, its valley, v. 28 sqq.;

annual discoloration of the, v. 30, 225

Adoption, pretence of birth at, i. 74 sq.

Adrammelech, burnt sacrifice of children to, iv. 171

Adultery of wife thought to spoil the luck of her absent husband, i. 123, 124 sq., 128;

supposed to blight the fruits of the earth, ii. 107 sq., 114

Aeacus, the son of Zeus by Aegina, ii. 278, 359 n. 1;

king of Aegina, the dispersal of his descendants, ii. 278;

obtains rain from his father Zeus, ii. 359

Aedepsus, hot springs of Hercules at, v. 211 sq.

Aedesius, Sextilius Agesilaus, dedicates altar to Attis, v. 275 n. 1

Aegina, daughter of Asopus and mother of Aeacus, ii. 359 n. 8

——, island, Panhellenian Zeus worshipped on the peak of, ii. 359

Aegipan and Hermes, v. 157

Aegira in Achaia, inspired priestess of Earth at, i. 381 sq.

Aegis, Athena and the, viii. 40, 41

Aegisthus, the murder of, i. 12 n.;

at Mycenae, his marriage with the widow of his predecessor, ii. 281

—— and Agamemnon, ix. 19

Aegosthena, annual kingship at, i. 46

Aelian, on impregnation of Judean maid by serpent, v. 81;

on a Babylonian king Gilgamus, ix. 372 n. 1

Aelst, Peter van, painter, xi. 36

Aenach, Irish fair, iv. 100 n. 1

Aeneas and the Golden Bough, i. 11, ii. 379, xi. 285, 293 sq.;

his vision of the glories of Rome, ii. 178;

his disappearance in a thunderstorm, ii. 181;

worshipped after death as Jupiter Indiges, ii. 181;

and the Game of Troy, iv. 76

—— and Dido, iii. 312, 313, v. 114 n. 1

Aeolus, King of the Winds, i. 326

Aeschines, spurious epistles of, ii. 162 n. 2

Aeschylus, on Typhon, v. 156

Aesculapius brings Hippolytus or Virbius to life, i. 20, iv. 214;

horses dedicated by Hippolytus to, i. 21 n. 2, viii. 41 n. 5;

at Cos, ii. 10;

in relation to serpents, v. 80 sq.;

reputed father of Aratus, v. 80 sq.;

his shrines at Sicyon and Titane, v. 81;

his dispute with Hercules, v. 209 sq.;

said to have raised Hippolytus from the dead, viii. 41 n. 5;

at Pergamus, viii. 85;

at Epidaurus, ix. 47

Aeson and Medea, v. 181 n. 1, viii. 143

Aetna, Latin poem, v. 221 n. 4

Aetolians, the, shod only on one foot, iii. 311

Afars. See Danakils

Afghanistan, ceremony at the reception of strangers in, iii. 108

Africa, treatment of the navel-string and afterbirth in, i. 195 sq.;

rise of magicians, especially rain-makers, to chieftainship and kingship in, i. 342 sqq., 352;

human gods in, i. 392 sqq.;

belief in, that sexual crimes disturb the course of nature, ii. 111 sq.;

the diffusion of round huts in, ii. 227 n. 3;

corpulence as a beauty in, ii. 297;

rules of life or taboos observed by kings in, iii. 5 sq., 8 sqq.;

detention of souls by sorcerers in, iii. 70 sq.;

fear of being photographed in, iii. 97 sq.;

cleanliness from superstitious motives in, iii. 158 n. 1;

smith's craft regarded as uncanny in, iii. 236 n. 5;

reluctance of people to tell their own names in, iii. 329 sq.;

the Bogos of, iii. 337;

names of animals and things tabooed [pg 151] in, iii. 400 sq.;

belief as to transmigration of the dead into serpents in, iv. 84;

succession to the soul in, iv. 200 sq.;

serpents as reincarnations of the dead in, v. 82 sqq.;

infant burial in, v. 91 sq.;

reincarnation of the dead in, v. 91 sq.;

annual festivals of the dead in, vi. 66;

worship of dead kings and chiefs in, vi. 160 sqq.;

supreme gods in, vi. 165, 173 sq., 174, 186, with n. 5, 187 n. 1, 188 sq., 190;

worship of ancestral spirits among the Bantu tribes of, vi. 174 sqq.;

inheritance of the kingship under mother-kin in, vi. 211;

cat's cradle in, vii. 103 n. 1;

woman's share in agriculture among the tribes of, vii. 113 sqq.;

observation of the Pleiades by agricultural tribes in, vii. 315 sqq.;

sacrifice of first-fruits in, viii. 109 sqq.;

belief as to the homoeopathic magic of a flesh diet in, viii. 140 sqq.;

crocodiles respected in, viii. 213 sq.;

sickness transferred to animals in, ix. 31 sq.;

girls secluded at puberty in, x. 22 sqq.;

dread and seclusion of women at menstruation in, x. 79 sqq.;

birth-trees in, xi. 160 sqq.;

use of bull-roarers in, xi. 229 n., 232

Africa, British Central, the tribes of, their custom of carrying about fire, ii. 259;

the Yaos of, iii. 97 sq., viii. 111;

customs observed after a death in, iii. 286;

the Angoni of, iv. 156 n. 2, viii. 149;

the Nyanja-speaking tribes of, viii. 26;

crops guarded against baboons and wild pigs in, viii. 32;

flesh and hearts of lions eaten to make eaters brave in, viii. 142;

parts of brave enemies eaten to make the eaters brave in, viii. 149;

the Anyanja of, x. 81

——, British East, the Akikuyu (Kikuyu) of, ii. 44, iii. 175, 214, vii. 317, ix. 32, x. 81, xi. 262 sq.;

the Nandi of, ii. 112, iii. 141, 175, 423, vii. 117, 317, viii. 64, xi. 229 n.;

the Ketosh of, iii. 176;

the En-jemusi of, vii. 118;

the Suk of, vii. 118, viii. 84, 142, x. 81;

observation of the Pleiades by tribes in, vii. 317;

the Akamba of, viii. 113, ix. 122 n.;

ceremony of new fire in, x. 135 sq.

—— Central, the Banyoro of, i. 348;

the Lendu of, i. 348;

the Basoga of, ii. 19, 112;

the Baganda of, ii. 246, 269, iii. 78, vii. 118;

the pygmies of, ii. 255, iii. 282;

the Monbuttu of, ii. 297, iii. 118, vii. 119;

reception of strangers in, iii. 108;

the Latuka of, iii. 245, 284;

the Madi or Moru tribe of, iii. 277, viii. 314, ix. 217;

the Wahoko of, iii. 278;

the Wanyoro (Banyoro) of, iii. 278;

the Fors of, iii. 281;

Unyoro in, iii. 291 sq., iv. 34;

the Akamba of, iii. 353;

the Nandi of, iii. 353;

the Bahima of, iii. 375, viii. 288, ix. 32;

the Niam-Niam of, vii. 119;

the Wanyamwesi of, viii. 227

Africa, East, the Wambugwe of, i. 290, 342, iv. 65;

the Wataturu of, i. 342 sq., viii. 84;

the Wanika of, ii. 12, iii. 247;

the Tanga coast of, ii. 34;

the Wakamba of, ii. 46;

the Wabondei of, ii. 47, iii. 272, viii. 142;

the Masai of, ii. 210;

the Winamwanga of, ii. 256 n. 1;

the Wiwa of, ii. 256 n. 1;

the Jaggas of, ii. 259;

the Bogos of, ii. 267 n. 4;

avoidance of parents-in-law in, iii. 85;

the Wa-teita of, iii. 98;

custom of elephant-hunters in, iii. 107;

the Nubas of, iii. 132;

the Bageshu of, iii. 174;

the Akamba of, iii. 204;

the Akikuyu of, iii. 204;

the Warundi of, iii. 225 n.;

the Wajagga of, iii. 286, 290;

the Barea of, iii. 337;

the Masai of, iii. 354;

the Waziguas of, iii. 400;

infanticide in, iv. 196;

the Danakils or Afars of, iv. 200;

the Arabs of, viii. 164;

propitiation of dead lions in, viii. 228;

ceremony of the new fire in, x. 135;

the Swahili of, xi. 160

——, German East, viii. 142;

the Wagogo of, i. 343, iii. 186 n. 1, viii. 26, 149, 276, ix. 6;

the Wahehe of, iii. 86 n., viii. 26;

the Wageia of, iii. 177;

continence of hunters in, iii. 196 sq.;

the Wadowe of, vii. 118;

the Waheia of, viii. 26;

the Wajagga of, viii. 276, xi. 160;

the Washamba of, ix. 29, xi. 183;

the Bondeis of, xi. 263;

the Wadoe of, xi. 312

——, German South-West, the Ovambo of, xi. 183

——, North, magical images in, i. 65 sq.;

contagious magic of footprints in, i. 210;

the Arabs of, i. 277;

artificial fertilization of fig-trees in, ii. 314;

charms to render bridegrooms impotent in, iii. 300 sq.;

festivals of swinging in, iv. 284;

custom of bathing at Midsummer among the Mohammedan peoples of, v. 249;

cairns in, ix. 21;

Mohammedan reverence for living saints in, ix. 22;

popular cure for toothache in, ix. 62;

tribes of, their expulsion of demons, ix. 110 sq.;

Midsummer fires in, x. 213 sqq.

——, South, use of rat's hair as a charm in, i. 151;

the Herero of, i. 209;

stopping rain by means of a rabbit in, i. 295;

the Bechuanas of, i. 313;

way of retarding the sun in, i. 318;

the [pg 152] Caffres of, i. 321, iii. 87;

frightening away a storm in, i. 327;

the Chevas of, i. 331 n. 2;

the Tumbucas of, i. 331 n. 2;

chiefs as rain-makers in, i. 350 sqq.;

the Mashona of, i. 393;

the Maraves of, ii. 31, ix. 19;

the Ovambo of, ii. 264, iii. 176;

the Ba-Pedi of, iii. 141, 148, 163, 202;

the Ba-Thonga of, iii. 141, 148, 163, 202;

Bantu tribes of, iii. 152, viii. 111, ix. 77 sq.;

seclusion and purification of manslayers in, iii. 174 sq.;

disposal of cut hair and nails in, iii. 278;

magic use of spittle in, iii. 288;

the Makalaka of, iii. 369;

belief as to stepping over persons or things among the tribes of, iii. 423;

the Baronga of, iv. 61;

crops devastated by wild pigs in, viii. 32;

the Matabele of, viii. 70;

Caffre remedy for caterpillars in, viii. 280;

heaps of sticks or stones to which passers-by add, in, ix. 11;

dread of demons in, ix. 77 sq.;

sacrificial fire in, ix. 391 n. 4;

the Thonga of, xi. 297

Africa, South-East, the Hlubies and Swazies of, i. 249;

the Baronga of, i. 267;

many tribes of, will not cut down timber while the corn is green, ii. 49;

the Bantu tribes of, ii. 210;

the Barotse of, iii. 107;

custom of infanticide in some tribes of, iv. 183;

flesh of lions and leopards eaten by warriors in, viii. 142;

rites of initiation in, viii. 148;

inoculation of warriors in, viii. 159;

hunters cut out right eye of game in, viii. 268;

prayers at cairns in, ix. 29

——, South-West, the Herero of, i. 211;

the Ovambo of, iii. 227, viii. 109

——, West, rain-making in, i. 249 sq.;

magical functions of chiefs in, i. 349 sq.;

the Banjars of, i. 353;

the Yorubas of, i. 364, iv. 41, viii. 98;

reverence for silk-cotton trees in, ii. 14 sq.;

kings forced to accept office in, iii. 17 sq.;

fetish kings in, iii. 22 sqq.;

traps set for souls by wizards in, iii. 70 sq.;

the Bavili of, iii. 78;

purification after a journey in, iii. 112;

custom as to blood shed on ground in, iii. 245, 246;

hair, nails, and teeth as rain-charms in, iii. 271;

shorn hair burnt or buried for fear of witchcraft in, iii. 281;

the Kru negroes of, iii. 322 sq.;

Human Leopard Societies of, iv. 83;

human sacrifices at king's funeral in, iv. 117;

stories of the type of Beauty and the Beast in, iv. 128 sq., 130 n. 1;

sacrificial blood smeared on doorways in, iv. 176 n. 1;

sacred men and women in, v. 65 sqq.;

human sacrifices in, vi. 99 n. 2;

human sacrifices for the crops in, vii. 239;

the Kimbunda of, viii. 152;

the Beku of, viii. 163;

propitiation of dead leopards in, viii. 228 sqq.;

bones of sacrificial victims not broken in, viii. 258 n. 2;

belief in demons among the negroes of, ix. 74 sqq.;

dances at sowing in, ix. 234;

theory of an external soul embodied in an animal prevalent in, xi. 200 sqq.;

ritual of death and resurrection at initiation in, xi. 251 sqq.

African stories of the external soul, xi. 148 sqq.;

Balders, xi. 312 sqq.

—— hunters, ceremonies of purification observed by, iii. 220 sq.

—— kings forbidden to see their mothers, iii. 86;

thought to render themselves immortal by their sorceries, iv. 9

—— tribes, household fires extinguished after a death in, ii. 267 n. 4;

descent of property and power to sister's children among, ii. 285;

combination of the elective with the hereditary principle in regulating the descent of kingships or chiefships among, ii. 292 sqq.;

believe that their dead kings turn into lions, leopards, pythons, etc., iv. 84

Afterbirth (placenta), portion of a man's spirit supposed to reside in his, i. 100;

contagious magic of, i. 182-201;

part of child's spirit in, i. 184;

buried under a tree, i. 186, 187, 188, 194, 195, xi. 160 sq., 162, 163, 164, 165;

hung on a tree, i. 186, 187, 189, 190, 191, 194, 198, 199;

thrown into the sea, i. 187, 190;

regarded as brother or sister of child, i. 189, 191, 192, 193, xi. 162 n. 2;

seat of external soul, i. 193 sq., 200 sq.;

regarded as a second child, i. 195, xi. 162 n. 2;

of cows, treatment of the, i. 198 sq.;

regarded as a person's double or twin, vi. 169 sq.;

of child animated by a ghost and sympathetically connected with a banana-tree, xi. 162;

and navel-string regarded as guardian angels of the man, xi. 162 n. 2;

regarded as a guardian spirit, xi. 223 n. 2

See also Afterbirths and Placenta

Afterbirths buried in banana groves, v. 93;

regarded as twins of the children, v. 93;

Shilluk kings interred where their afterbirths are buried, vi. 162

Agamemnon, sceptre of, worshipped as a god, i. 365;

said to have reigned in his wife's home, Lacedaemon, ii. 279

—— and Aegisthus, ix. 19

Agar Dinka, rain-makers killed among the, iv. 33

Agaric growing on birch-trees, superstitions as to, x. 148

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Agariste, daughter of Clisthenes, the wooing of, ii. 307

Agathias, on the identification of Anaitis and Aphrodite, ix. 369 n. 1;

on Sandes, ix. 389

Agathocles, his siege of Carthage, iv. 167

Agbasia, West African god, sacred slaves of, v. 79;

prayers to, viii. 59, 60

Agdestis, a man-monster in the myth of Attis, v. 269

Age of Magic, i. 235, 237

Agesipolis, king of Sparta, his conduct in an earthquake, v. 196

Aglu, New Year fires at, x. 217

Agni, Indian god, viii. 120, ix. 410, x. 99 n. 2;

the fire-god, ii. 230, 249, xi. 1, 296;

addressed at marriage, ii. 230

Agnihotris, Brahman fire-priests, ii. 247 sqq.

Agnus castus strewed by married women under their beds at the Thesmophoria, vii. 116 n. 2;

used in ceremony of beating, ix. 252, 257

Agome, in Togoland, ceremonies observed by hunters at, viii. 229

Agraulus, daughter of Cecrops, worshipped at Salamis in Cyprus, v. 145, 146

Agricultural peoples worship the moon, vi. 138 sq.

—— stage of society, the, viii. 35, 37

—— year determined by observation of the Pleiades, vii. 313 sqq.;

expulsions of demons timed to coincide with seasons of the, ix. 225

Agriculture, religious objections to, v. 88 sqq., vii. 93, 108;

in the hands of women in the Pelew Islands, vi. 206 sq.;

its tendency to produce a conservative character, vi. 217 sq.;

magical significance of games in primitive, vii. 92 sqq.;

origin of, vii. 128 sq.;

woman's part in primitive, vii. 113 sqq.

Agriculture of the Nabataeans, ii. 100, 346 n. 3

Agrigentum, Empedocles at, i. 390;

Phalaris of, iv. 75

Agrionia, a festival at Orchomenus, iv. 163

Agrippa, king of Judea, his mockery at Alexandria, ix. 418

Agrippina, her marriage with Claudius, ii. 129 n. 1

Agu, Mount, in Togo, wind-fetish on, i. 327;

fetish priest on, iii. 5

Ague, transferred to trees, ix. 56, 57 sq.;

Suffolk cure for, ix. 68;

Midsummer bonfires deemed a cure for, x. 162;

leaps across the Midsummer bonfires thought to be a preventive of, x. 174

Agutainos of the Philippines, customs observed by widows among the, iii. 144

Agweh on the Slave Coast, custom at end of mourning at, iii. 286;

custom of widows at, xi. 18 sq.

Agylla, in Etruria, funeral games at, iv. 95

Ahasuerus, King, ix. 397, 401;

the Hebrew equivalent of Xerxes, ix. 360

Ahaz, King, his sacrifice of his children, iv. 169 sq.

Ahlen, in Munsterland, the Yule log at, x. 247

Ahne-bergen, near Stade, thresher of last corn called Corn-pug at, vii. 273

Ahriman, the devil of the Persians, x. 95

Ahts or Nootka Indians of Vancouver Island regard the moon as the husband of the sun, vi. 139 n. 1;

seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 43 sq.

Ahura Mazda, the supreme being of the Persians, x. 95

Ai San Bushmen, their fire-sticks, ii. 218 n. 1

Aijaruc, a Tartar princess, ii. 306

Ain, de l', French department, leaf-clad mummer on May Day in, ii. 81 n. 3;

Lenten fires in, x. 114

Aino fishermen, their ways of making rain, i. 288

—— hunters, their custom at killing a fox, viii. 267

—— type of animal sacrament, viii. 312 sq.

—— women may not mention their husbands' names, iii. 337

Ainos, their contagious magic of footprints, i. 212;

their rain-making, i. 251, 253;

their fear of whirlwinds, i. 331 n. 2;

their ceremony at eating new millet, viii. 52;

their custom as to eating the heads of otters and the hearts of water-ousels, viii. 144;

their worship of bears, viii. 180 sqq.;

their worship of eagle-owls, eagles, and hawks, viii. 199 sq.;

thank the sword-fish which they kill, viii. 251;

their customs in regard to the first fish of the season, viii. 255 sq.;

their propitiation of mice, viii. 278;

their ambiguous attitude towards the bear, viii. 310 sq.

—— of Japan, their use of magical images, i. 60;

reluctant to name the dead, iii. 353;

their custom of killing bears ceremonially, viii. 180 sqq.;

their mourning caps, x. 20;

their use of mugwort in exorcism, xi. 60;

their veneration for mistletoe, xi. 79

—— of Saghalien, pregnant women forbidden to spin among the, i. 114;

their bear-festivals, viii. 188 sqq.

Aiora, festival of swinging, at Athens, i. 46 n. 1

Air, prohibition to be uncovered in the open, iii. 3, 14;

thought to be poisoned at eclipses, x. 162 n.

[pg 154]

Airi, a deity of North-West India, his worshippers inspired, v. 170

Airu, Assyrian month corresponding to May, ii. 130

Aïsawa or Isowa, order of saints in Morocco, devour live goats, vii. 21 sq.

Aisne, Midsummer fires in the department of, x. 187

Ait Sadden, a tribe of Morocco, their tug-of-war, ix. 182

—— Warain, a Berber tribe of Morocco, their tug-of-war, ix. 178 sq.

—— Yusi, a tribe of Morocco, their tug-of-war, ix. 182

Aitan, a Khasi goddess, ix. 173

Aivilik, the Esquimaux of, i. 121

Aix, squibs at Midsummer at, x. 193;

Midsummer king at, x. 194, xi. 25

Aiyar, N. Subramhanya, on Indian dancing-girls, v. 63 sqq.

Ajax and Teucer, names of priestly kings of Olba, v. 144 sq., 161

Ajumba hunter, his apologies to the hippopotamus which he had killed, viii. 235

Akamba of British East Africa, believe that every woman has a spiritual husband who fertilizes her, ii. 317;

continence observed by them on journeys and while the cattle are at pasture, iii. 204;

their offerings of first-fruits to the spirits of the dead, viii. 113;

riddles asked at circumcision among the, ix. 122 n.;

seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 23

—— of Central Africa, reluctant to name the dead, iii. 353

Akawés, a tribe of Garos, their harvest festival, viii. 337

Akhetaton (Tell-el-Amarna), the capital of Amenophis IV., vi. 123 n. 1

Akikuyu, the, of British East Africa, ceremony of the new birth among the, i. 75 sq., 96 sq., xi. 262 sq.;

worship fig-trees, ii. 44 sq.;

worship a snake, and marry girls to the snake-god, ii. 150, v. 67 sq.;

believe that barren women can be fertilized by the wild fig-tree, ii. 316;

purification of manslayers among the, iii. 175 sq.;

continence observed by them on journeys and while the cattle are at pasture, iii. 204;

auricular confession among the, iii. 214;

use of scapegoats among the, iii. 214 sq.;

their women purified after a miscarriage in childbirth, iii. 286;

their treatment of premature and unusual births, iii. 286, 287 n. 6;

their belief in serpents as reincarnations of the dead, v. 82, 85;

transfer guilt to a goat, ix. 32;

their dread of menstruous women, x. 81.

See also Kikuyu

Akurwa, a village of the Shilluk, iv. 19, 23, 24

Alabama, harvest festival of the Indians of, viii. 72 n. 3

Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp, Roman version of, xi. 105

Alafin of Oyo, paramount king of Yoruba land, iv. 203

Alake, the, of Abeokuta, custom of cutting off the head of his corpse, iv. 203

Alaska, the Esquimaux of, i. 121, 328, iii. 145, vi. 51, ix. 124, xi. 155;

the Aleuts of, iii. 207;

the Kaniagmuts of, iii. 207;

the Koniags of, i. 121, vi. 106;

seclusion of girls at puberty among the Indians of, x. 45 sq.

Alaskan hunters, their respect for dead sables and beavers, viii. 238

—— islanders mistook the Russians for cuttle-fish, viii. 206

Alastir and the Bare-Stripping Hangman, Argyleshire story of, xi. 129 sq.

Alba, Vestal fire and Vestal virgins at, i. 13

—— Longa, the kings of, ii. 178 sqq., 268 sq.;

perhaps mimicked Latian Jupiter, ii. 187

Alban dynasty descended from a Vestal, ii. 197

—— Hills, i. 2, ii. 178

—— kings, iv. 76

—— Lake, i. 2;

tradition of a submerged city in the, ii. 180, 181 n.

—— League, religious centre of the, ii. 187

—— Mountain, the, ii. 187 sq., 202, 387

Albania, bloodstones in, i. 165;

milk-stones in, i. 165;

fear of portraiture in, iii. 100;

expulsion of Kore on Easter Eve in, iv. 265, ix. 157;

marriage custom in, vi. 246;

mock lamentations for locusts and beetles in, viii. 279;

Midsummer fires in, x. 212;

the Yule log in, x. 264

Albanian custom of beating men and beasts in March, ix. 266

—— story of the external soul, xi. 104 n. 3

Albanians of the Caucasus, did not mention the names of the dead, iii. 349;

their worship of the moon, v. 73;

their use of human scapegoats, ix. 218

Albano, ancient necropolis near, ii. 201

Albert, Lake, Lendu tribe of, i. 348

—— Nyanza, Lake, the Wahuma of the, i. 250;

crocodiles in the, viii. 213;

the Wakondyo of the, xi. 162 sq.

Alberti, L., on Caffre purification of lion-killer, iii. 220

Albigenses worshipped each other, i. 407

Albino sacrificed to river, ii. 158;

head of secret society on the Lower Congo, xi. 251

[pg 155]

Albinoes the offspring of the moon, v. 91

Albirûni, Arab geographer, on the Persian festival of the dead, vi. 68;

on the burning of effigies of Haman at Purim, ix. 393

Alchemy leads up to chemistry, i. 374

Alcheringa, remote legendary time of the Arunta, i. 88, 98, 102

Alcibiades of Apamea, his vision of the Holy Ghost, iv. 5 n. 3

Alcidamus wins Barce in a foot-race, ii. 300 sq.

Alcman on dew, vi. 137

Alcmena, her long travail with Hercules, iii. 298 sq.

Alcyonian Lake, Dionysus at the, vii. 15

Alder branches, sacrificial, viii. 232

Alders free from mistletoe, xi. 315

Alectrona, daughter of the Sun, taboos observed at her sanctuary in Rhodes, viii. 45

Alençon, the Boy Bishop at, ix. 337 n. 1

Aleutian Islands, Atkhans of the, ix. 3;

cairns in the, ix. 16

—— hunter injured by unchastity of absent wife or sister, i. 123

Aleutians, effeminate sorcerers among the, vi. 254

Aleuts of Alaska, seclusion of successful whaler among the, iii. 207

Alexander the Great, his fiery cresset, ii. 264;

cuts the Gordian knot, iii. 316;

funeral games in his honour, iv. 95;

expels a king of Paphos, v. 42;

his fabulous birth, v. 81;

assumes costumes of deities, v. 165;

sacrifices to Megarsian Athena, v. 169 n. 3

Alexander Severus, at festival of Attis, v. 273

Alexandria, festival of Adonis at, v. 224, ix. 390;

the Serapeum at, vi. 119 n., 217;

mockery of King Agrippa at, ix. 418

Alexandrian calendar, used by Plutarch, vi. 84;

used by Theophanes, ix. 395 n. 1

—— year, the fixed, vi. 28, 92;

Plutarch's use of the, vi. 49

Alfai, title of rain-making priest among the Barea and Kunama, ii. 3

Alfoors of Buru, names of relations tabooed among the, iii. 341

—— or Toradjas of Central Celebes, their custom at child-birth, iii. 33;

taboos observed by their priest, iii. 129;

priest with unshorn hair among the, iii. 260;

riddles among the, ix. 122 n.;

their custom at the smelting of iron, xi. 154;

their doctrine of the plurality of souls, xi. 222.

See also Toradjas

—— of Ceram, their high-priest regarded as a demigod, i. 400

Alfoors of Halmahera, name of wife's father tabooed among the, iii. 341;

their expulsion of the devil, ix. 112

—— of Minahassa, inspired priest among the, i. 382 sq.;

ceremony at house-warming among the, iii. 63 sq.;

names of relations tabooed among the, iii. 340 sq.;

their custom as to the first rice sowed and reaped, viii. 54;

attempt to deceive demons of sickness, viii. 100

—— of Poso, in Central Celebes, their belief as to demons of trees, ii. 35;

abduction of souls by demons among the, iii. 62 sq.;

will not pronounce their own names, iii. 332;

names of relations tabooed among the, iii. 340

Algeds, rain-maker among the, ii. 3

Algeria, rain-making in, i. 250;

the Aisawa sect in, vii. 22 n. 1;

fever transferred to tortoise in, ix. 31;

popular cure by knocking nails in, ix. 60;

Midsummer fires in, x. 213

——, the Arabs of, avoid using the proper name for lion, iii. 400;

tale of, iv. 130 n. 1

Algidus, Mount, its oak forests, ii. 187, 380;

a haunt of Diana, ii. 380

Algiers, the Moors of, light no fires after a death, ii. 268 n.

Algonquin Indians caught souls in nets, iii. 69 sq.

Algonquins or Algonkins, the, their treatment of the navel-string, i. 197;

marry their fishing-nets to girls, ii. 147 sq.;

their women seek to be impregnated by the souls of the dying, iv. 199

Alice Springs in Central Australia, i. 259, xi. 238;

magical stones at, i. 162

Aline, Loch, fishing magic on, i. 110

All-healer, name applied to mistletoe, xi. 77, 79, 82

All Saints, Feast of, perhaps substituted for an old pagan festival of the dead, vi. 82 sq.

All Saints' Day, November 1st, old Celtic New Year's Day, x. 225;

omens on, x. 240;

bonfires on, x. 246;

sheep passed through a hoop on, xi. 184

All Souls, Festival of, iv. 98, vi. 51 sqq., vii. 30, x. 223 sq., 225 n. 2;

originally a pagan festival of the dead, vi. 81;

instituted by Odilo, abbot of Clugny, vi. 82

All Souls' College, Oxford, the Boy Bishop at, ix. 337

Allallu bird beloved by Ishtar, ix. 371

Allan, John Hay, on the Hays of Errol, xi. 283

Allandur temple, at St. Thomas's Mount, Madras, fire-festival at, xi. 8 n. 1

Allatu, Babylonian goddess, v. 9

[pg 156]

Allerton, the Boy Bishop at, ix. 338

Allhallow Even, the thirty-first of October, Lords of Misrule on, ix. 332

All-Hallows (All Saints' Day), iii. 11, 12

Allifae in Samnium, baths of Hercules at, v. 213 n. 2

Alligator pears, Peruvian ceremony to make them ripen, ii. 98

Alligators, souls of dead in, viii. 297

Allumba, in Central Australia, magic tree at, i. 145 sq.

Almagest, the, vii. 259 n. 1

Almo, procession to the river, in the rites of Attis, v. 273

Almond causes virgin to conceive, v. 263;

the father of all things, v. 263 sq.

—— -trees, mistletoe on, xi. 316

Almora, in Kumaon, ix. 197

A-Louyi, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 28 n. 5

Alpach, valley in Tyrol, the Wheat-bride or Rye-bride at harvest in, vii. 163

Alpheus, the sacred, ii. 8

Alqamar, tribe of nomads in Hadramaut, their way of stopping rain, i. 252

Alsace, May-trees in, ii. 64;

the Little May Rose in, ii. 74;

stuffed goat or fox at threshing in, vii. 287, 297;

Midsummer fires in, x. 169;

cats burnt in Easter bonfires in, xi. 40

Alt Lest, in Silesia, the binder of the last sheaf called the Beggar-man at, vii. 231

—— -Pillau, in Samland, harvest custom at, vii. 139

Altars, bloodless, ix. 307

Altdorf and Weingarten, in Swabia, the Carnival Fool on Ash Wednesday at, iv. 232

Althenneberg, in Bavaria, Easter fires at, x. 143 sq.

Altisheim, in Swabia, the last sheaf called the Old Woman at, vii. 136

Altmark, custom with birch branches at Whitsuntide in the, ii. 64;

the May Bride at Whitsuntide in the, ii. 95;

the He-goat at reaping in the, vii. 287;

Easter bonfires in the, x. 140, 142

Alum burnt at Midsummer, x. 214

Alungu, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 24 sq.

Alur, a tribe of the Upper Nile, bury their cut hair and nails, iii. 277 sq.;

their fear of crocodiles, viii. 214;

their treatment of insanity, x. 64

Alus, sanctuary of Laphystian Zeus at, iv. 161, 164;

custom of sacrificing princes at, vii. 25

Alvarado, Pedro de, Spanish general, kills a nagual, xi. 214

Alyattes, king of Lydia, v. 133 n. 1

Alynomus, king of Paphos, v. 43 n. 1

Amadhlozi, Zulu ancestral spirits in serpent form, xi. 211 n. 2

Ama-terasu, Japanese goddess of the Sun, vii. 212

Amambwe, a Bantu tribe of Northern Rhodesia, believe that their head chief at death turns into a lion, vi. 193, viii. 287;

seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 24 sq.

Amapondo country, cairn to which passers-by added stones in the, ix. 30 n. 2

Amasis, king of Egypt, substitutes images for human victims, iv. 217;

his body burnt by Cambyses, v. 176 n. 2

Amata, “Beloved,” title of Vestals, ii. 197

Amata, wife of King Latinus, ii. 197

Amathus, in Cyprus, Adonis and Melcarth at, v. 32, 117;

statue of lion-slaying god found at, v. 117

Amatongo, ancestral spirits (Zulu term), v. 74 n. 4, vi. 184, xi. 212 n.

Amaxosa Caffres propitiate the elephants which they kill, viii. 227

Amazon, Indians at the mouth of the, ix. 264;

ordeals of young men among the Indians of the, x. 62 sq.

Amazons set up a statue of Artemis under an oak, i. 38 n. 1

—— of Dahomey ate the hearts of brave foes to make themselves brave, viii. 149

Amazulu, their observation of the Pleiades, vii. 316

Ambabai, an Indian goddess, v. 243

Ambala District, Punjaub, rebirth of children in the, v. 94

Ambamba, in West Africa, death, resurrection, and new birth in, xi. 256

Ambarvalia, cattle crowned at the, ii. 127 n. 2;

an agricultural festival of ancient Italy, ix. 359

Amboin, in Angola, new fire at, ii. 262

Amboyna, custom as to children's cast teeth in, i. 179;

rice in bloom treated like a pregnant woman in, ii. 28;

ceremony to fertilize clove-trees in, ii. 100;

recovery of lost souls in, iii. 66 sq.;

abduction of souls by doctors in, iii. 73;

fear to lose the shadow at noon in, iii. 87;

sick people sprinkled with pungent spices in, iii. 105;

new fruits offered to the gods in, viii. 123;

belief in spirits in, ix. 85;

disease-transference in, ix. 187;

hair of criminals cut in, xi. 158

Ambras, Midsummer customs at, x. 173

Amedzowe, the spirit land, viii. 105

Amei Awa, a Kayan god, vii. 93

Amélineau, E., discovers the tomb of Egyptian King Khent, vi. 21 n. 1

[pg 157]

Amelioration in the character of the gods, iv. 136

Amenophis III., king of Egypt, birth of, ii. 131 sqq.;

his birth represented on the monuments, iii. 28

Amenophis IV., king of Egypt, his attempt to abolish all gods but the sun-god, vi. 123 sqq.

Ameretât, a Persian archangel, ix. 373 n. 1

America, treatment of the navel-string and afterbirth in, i. 195 sqq.;

the breach of England with, i. 216;

association of the frog with rain in, i. 292 n. 3;

reincarnation of the dead in, v. 91;

the moon worshipped by the agricultural Indians of tropical, vi. 138;

cat's cradle in, vii. 103 n. 1;

the Corn-mother in, vii. 171 sqq.

——, Central, the Pipiles of, ii. 98;

the Indians of, practise continence for the sake of the crops, ii. 105;

the Quiches of, viii. 134;

the Mosquito Indians of, viii. 258 n. 2;

the Mosquito territory in, x. 86

——, North, the Natchez of, i. 249;

the Omahas of, i. 249;

power of medicine-men in, i. 356 sqq.;

the Hidatsa Indians of, ii. 12;

Indians of, their dread and avoidance of menstruous women, iii. 145 sq., x. 87 sqq.;

Indians of, will not eat blood, iii. 240;

sticks or stones piled on scenes of violent death in, ix. 15;

Indians of, not allowed to sit on bare ground in war, x. 5;

Indians of, seclusion of girls at puberty among, x. 41 sqq.;

Indians of, stories of the external soul among, xi. 151 sq.;

Indians of, religious associations among, xi. 267 sqq.

See also North American Indians

——, North-West, contagious magic of footprints in, i. 210;

the Chilcotin Indians of, i. 312;

the Loucheux of, i. 356;

artificial elongation of the head among the Indian tribes of, ii. 298;

the Carrier Indians of, iv. 199;

the Salish Indians of, viii. 80;

the Tinneh Indians of, viii. 80;

Indian tribes of, their masked dances, ix. 375 sqq.;

Secret Societies among the Indians of, ix. 377 sqq.

——, South, the Guarani of, i. 145;

the Payaguas of, i. 330;

power of medicine-men in, i. 358 sqq.;

the Itonamas of, iii. 31;

custom of swallowing ashes of dead kinsfolk in, viii. 156 sq.;

the Palenques of, viii. 221;

seclusion of girls at puberty among the Indians of, x. 56 sqq.;

effigies of Judas burnt at Easter in, x. 128;

Midsummer fires in, x. 212 sq.

See also South America

American Indians, power of medicine-men among the, i. 355 sqq.;

drive away the ghosts of the slain, iii. 170 sq.;

confession of sins among the, iii. 215 sq., 216 n. 2;

personal names kept secret among the, iii. 324 sqq., 327 sq.;

their fear of naming the dead, iii. 351 sqq.;

relations of the dead change their names among the, iii. 357;

changes in their languages caused by fear of naming the dead, iii. 360 sq.;

their Great Spirit, iv. 3;

women's agricultural work among the, vii. 120 sqq.;

their personification of maize, vii. 171 sqq.;

do not sharply distinguish between animals and men, viii. 204 sqq.;

their ceremonies at hunting bears, viii. 224 sqq.;

treat elans, deer, and elks with ceremonious respect, viii. 240;

cut out the sinew of the thigh of deer which they kill, viii. 264.

See also North American Indians and South American Indians

American prairies, skulls of buffaloes awaiting resurrection on, viii. 256

Amestris, wife of Xerxes, her sacrifice of children, vi. 220 sq.

Amethysts thought to keep their wearers sober, i. 165;

in rain-charms, i. 345

Amiens, “killing the Cat” at harvest near, vii. 281

Amisus, in Pontus, ix. 421 n. 1

Ammerland, in Oldenburg, cart-wheel used as charm against witchcraft in, x. 345 n. 3

Ammon, the god, married to the queen of Egypt, ii. 130 sqq.;

human wives of, ii. 130 sqq., v. 72;

regarded as the father of Egyptian gods, ii. 131;

costume of, ii. 133;

king of Egypt masqueraded as, ii. 133;

high priests of, their usurpation of regal power, ii. 134;

identified with the sun, vi. 123;

rage of King Amenophis IV. against, vi. 124;

at Thebes in Egypt, ram annually sacrificed to, viii. 41, 172;

the Theban, represented with the body of a man and the head of a ram, viii. 172 sq.

—— -Ra, king of the gods, ii. 132

Ammon (country), Hanun, king of, iii. 273;

conquered by King David, iii. 273

——, Milcom, the god of, v. 19

Ammonite, fossil, regarded as an embodiment of Vishnu, ii. 26, 27 n. 2

Amoor River, the Manegres of the, iii. 323;

the Gilyaks of the, v. 278 n. 2, viii. 103, 267, ix. 101;

the Goldi of the, viii. 103;

bears in the valley of the, viii. 191;

the Orotchis of the, viii. 197

Amorgos, the month of Cronion in, ix. 351 n. 2

[pg 158]

Amorites, their law as to fornication, v. 37 sq.

Amoy, fear of tree-spirits in, ii. 14;

spirits who draw away the souls of children at, iii. 59;

euphemism for fever among the Chinese of, iii. 400;

puppets as substitutes among the Chinese of, viii. 104

Ampasimene, in Madagascar, viii. 40 n.

Amphictyon, king of Athens, married the daughter of his predecessor, ii. 277

Amphipolis, death of Brasidas at, iv. 94

Amphitryo besieges Taphos, xi. 103

Amsanctus, the valley of, v. 204 sq.

Amshaspands, Persian archangels, ix. 373 n. 1

Amsterdam, “dew-treading” at Whitsuntide at, ii. 104 n. 2

Amulets, hair and teeth of sacred kings preserved as, ii. 6;

knots used as, iii. 306 sqq.;

rings and bracelets as, iii. 314 sqq., x. 92;

crowns and wreaths as, vi. 242 sq.;

against demons, ix. 95;

as soul-boxes, xi. 155;

degenerate into ornaments, xi. 156 n. 2.

See also Talismans

Amulius Silvius, his rivalry with Jupiter, ii. 180

Amyclae, ancient capital of Lacedaemon, Agamemnon buried at, ii. 279;

in the vale of Sparta, v. 313;

tomb of Hyacinth at, v. 314;

festival of Hyacinthia at, v. 315

Amyclas, father of Hyacinth, v. 313

Anabis, in Egypt, human god at, i. 390

Anacan, a month of the Gallic calendar, ix. 343

Anacreon, on Cinyras, v. 55

Anacyndaraxes, father of Sardanapalus, v. 172

Anadates, at Zela, ix. 373 n. 1

Anaitis, Persian goddess, afterwards equivalent to Ishtar, i. 16 sq., ix. 369, 389;

identified with Artemis, i. 37 n. 2;

served by prostitutes at Acilisena, in Armenia, ii. 282 n. 3, v. 38, ix. 369 n. 1;

her sanctuary at Zela, ix. 370, 421 n. 1;

associated with the Sacaea, ix. 355, 368, 369, 402 n. 1;

identified with Aphrodite, ix. 369 n. 1, 389

Anammelech, burnt sacrifice of children to, iv. 171

Anansa, tutelary god of Old Calabar, ii. 42

Anassa, “Queen,” title of goddess, v. 35 n. 2

Anatomie of Abuses, ii. 66

Anazarba or Anazarbus, in Cilicia, the olives of, ii. 107;

Zeus at, v. 167 n. 1

Ancestor, wooden image of, xi. 155

—— -worship among the Bantu peoples, ii. 221, vi. 176 sqq.;

in relation to fire-worship, ii. 221;

among the Khasis of Assam, vi. 203;

combined with mother-kin tends to a predominance of goddesses over gods in religion, vi. 211 sq.;

in Fiji, xi. 243 sq.

Ancestors, prayers to, i. 285, 286, 287, 345, 352, vii. 105;

skulls of, in rain-charm, i. 285;

sacrifices to, i. 290 sq., 339;

souls of, in trees, ii. 29, 30, 31, 32, 317;

represented by sacred fire-sticks, ii. 214, 216, 222 sqq.;

dead, regarded as mischievous beings, ii. 221;

souls of, in the fire on the hearth, ii. 232;

propitiation of, by rubbing their skulls, iii. 197;

names of, bestowed on their reincarnations, iii. 368 sq.;

reborn in their descendants, iii. 368 sq.;

propitiation of deceased, v. 46;

images of, viii. 53;

offerings of first-fruits to spirits of, viii. 111, 112, 113, 116, 117, 119, 121, 123, 124, 125;

worshipped as guardian spirits, viii. 121, 123;

spirits of, take up their abode in their skulls or in images, viii. 123;

images of, viii. 124;

dead, worshipped as gods, viii. 125;

fear of the spirits of, ix. 76 sq.

Ancestral Contest at the Haloa, vii. 61;

at the Eleusinian Games, vii. 71, 74, 77;

at the Festival of the Threshing-floor, vii. 75

—— skulls used in magic, i. 163

—— spirits worshipped at the hearth, ii. 216 sq., 221 sq.;

cause sickness, iii. 53;

sacrifices to, iii. 104, vi. 175, 178 sq., 180, 181 sq., 183 sq., 190;

on shoulders of medicine-men, v. 74 n. 4;

incarnate in serpents, v. 82 sqq., xi. 211;

in the form of animals, v. 83;

worshipped by the Bantu tribes of Africa, vi. 174 sqq.;

prayers to, vi. 175 sq., 178 sq., 183 sq.;

on the father's and on the mother's side, the two distinguished, vi. 180, 181;

propitiation of, ix. 86.

See also Ancestors and Dead

—— tree, fire kindled from, ii. 221, 223 sq.

Anchiale in Cilicia, v. 144;

monument of Sardanapalus at, v. 172

Ancient deities of vegetation as animals, viii. 1 sqq.

Ancona, sarcophagus of St. Dasius at, ii. 310 n. 1, ix. 310

Ancus Martius, Roman king, said to have murdered his predecessor, ii. 181 n. 5;

his maternal descent, ii. 270 n. 4;

his death, ii. 320

Andalusia, guisers in, ix. 173

Andaman Islanders, said to be ignorant of the art of making fire, ii. 253;

perhaps first got fire from volcano, ii. 256 n. 2;

regard their reflections as their souls, iii. 92;

their ideas as to shooting stars, iv. 60;

boar's fat poured [pg 159] on novice at initiation among the, viii. 164

Andaman Islands, mourning custom in the, iii. 183 n.;

cat's cradle in the, vii. 103 n. 1

Andania in Messenia, grove of the Great Goddesses at, ii. 122;

mysteries of, iii. 227 n.;

sacred men and women at, v. 76 n. 3

Anderida, forest of, ii. 7

Anderson, J. D., on the winds of Assam, ix. 176 n. 3

Anderson, Miss, of Barskimming, ix. 169 n. 2, x. 171 n. 3

Andes, the Colombian, i. 416

——, the Peruvian, net to catch the sun in, i. 316;

the Indians of, their thunder-god, ii. 370;

Indians of, their fear of the sea, iii. 10;

cairns in, to which passing Indians add stones, ix. 9, 10;

effigies of Judas burnt at Easter in, x. 128

Andjra, a district of Morocco, magical virtue of rain-water in, x. 17;

Midsummer fires in, x. 213 sq.;

Midsummer rites of water in, x. 216;

animals bathed at Midsummer in, xi. 31

Andreas, parish of, in the Isle of Man, x. 224, 305, 307 n. 1

Andree, Dr. Richard, ix. 246 n. 1;

on the Pleiades in primitive calendars, vii. 307

—— -Eysn, Mrs., on the processions and masquerades of the Perchten, ix. 245 sq., 249

Andriamasinavalona, a Hova king, vicarious sacrifice for, vi. 221

Andromeda and Perseus, ii. 163

Anemone, the scarlet, sprung from the blood of Adonis, v. 226

Ang Teng, in Burma, sacred fish at, viii. 291

Angakok, Esquimaux wizard or sorcerer, iii. 211, 212

Angamis (Angami), a Naga tribe of Assam, death custom among the, iv. 13;

their human sacrifices, vii. 244;

spare butterflies, viii. 291

Angass, the, of Manipur, their rain-making, i. 252;

a tribe of the Brahmapootra, their custom of stabbing those who die a natural death, iv. 13;

believe that the souls of the dead are in butterflies, viii. 291

——, the, of Northern Nigeria, their belief in external human souls lodged in animals, xi. 210

Angel, need-fire revealed by an, x. 287

—— dance, the, viii. 328

—— of Death, iv. 177 sq.

Angel, the Destroying, over Jerusalem, v. 24

—— -man, effigy of, burnt at Midsummer, x. 167

Angelus bell, the, x. 110, xi. 47

Angla, on the Slave Coast, prohibition to ride on horseback in, viii. 45

Angola, the Matiamvo of, iv. 35

——, the Ovakumbi of, i. 318 n. 6;

the Mucelis of, ii. 262;

the Bangalas of, ii. 293;

Humbe in, iii. 6;

the negroes of, speak respectfully of lions, iii. 400;

Cassange in, iv. 56, 203

Angoni, the, of British Central Africa, their way of stopping rain, i. 263;

their sacrifices for rain and fine weather, i. 291;

drive away the ghosts of the slain, iii. 174;

purification of manslayers among the, iii. 176;

custom observed by manslayers among the, iii. 186 n. 1;

ceremony of standing on one leg among the, iv. 156 n. 2;

sham burial to deceive demons among the, viii. 99;

eat parts of enemies to acquire their qualities, viii. 149

Angoniland, British Central Africa, rain-making in, i. 250;

the Nyanja-speaking tribes of, viii. 26;

customs as to girls at puberty in, x. 25 sq.;

customs as to salt in, x. 27

Angoulême, poplar burned on St. Peter's day in, ii. 141

Angoy, the king of, must have no bodily defect, iv. 39

Angus, belief as to the weaning of children in, vi. 148;

superstitious remedy for the “quarter-ill” in, x. 296 n. 1

Anhalt, custom at sowing in, i. 139, v. 239;

harvest customs in, vii. 226, 233, 279;

Easter bonfires in, x. 140

Anhouri, Egyptian god, the mummy of, iv. 4 sq.

Animal, corn-spirit as an, vii. 270 sqq.;

killing the divine, viii. 169 sqq.;

worshipful, killed once a year and promenaded from door to door, viii. 322;

bewitched, or part of it, burnt to compel the witch to appear, x. 303, 305, 307 sq., 321 sq.;

sickness transferred to, xi. 181;

and man, sympathetic relation between, xi. 272 sq.

—— embodiments of the corn-spirit, on the, vii. 303 sqq.

—— enemy of god originally identical with god, vii. 23, viii. 16 sq., 31

—— familiars of wizards and witches, xi. 196 sq., 201 sq.

—— form, god killed in, vii. 22 sq.

—— food, supposed acquisition of virtues or vices through, viii. 139

—— god, two types of the custom of killing the, viii. 312 sq.

[pg 160]

Animal masks worn by Egyptian kings and others, ii. 133, iv. 72, vii. 260 sq.;

worn by mummers at Carnival, viii. 333

—— sacrament, types of, viii. 310 sqq.

Animals, homoeopathic magic of, i. 150 sqq.;

association of ideas common to the, i. 234;

rain-making by means of, i. 287 sqq.;

spirits of plants in shape of, ii. 14;

injured through their shadows, iii. 81 sq.;

propitiation of spirits of slain, iii. 190, 204 sq.;

atonement for slain, iii. 207;

blood of, not allowed to fall on ground, iii. 247;

dangerous, not called by their proper names, iii. 396 sqq.;

thought to understand human speech, iii. 398 sq., 400;

sacred to kings, iv. 82, 84 sqq.;

transformations into, iv. 82 sqq., xi. 207;

sacrificed by being hanged, v. 289 sq., 292;

and plants, edible, savage lamentations for, vi. 43 sq.;

dead kings and chiefs incarnate in, vi. 162, 163 sq., 173, 193;

sacrificed to prolong the life of kings, vi. 222;

torn to pieces and devoured raw in religious rites, vii. 17, 18, 19, 20 sqq.;

regarded as unclean were originally sacred, viii. 24;

belief in the descent of men from, viii. 25;

spirits of ancestors in, viii. 123;

language of, acquired by eating serpent's flesh, viii. 146;

resurrection of viii. 200 sq., 256 sqq.;

and men, savages fail to distinguish accurately between, viii. 204 sqq.;

wild, propitiation of, by hunters, viii. 204 sqq.;

apologies offered by savages to animals for killing them, viii. 221 sqq.;

bones of, not to be broken, viii. 258 sq.;

bones of, not allowed to be gnawed by dogs, viii. 259;

savage faith in the immortality of, viii. 260 sqq.;

transmigration of human souls into, viii. 285 sqq.;

two forms of the worship of, viii. 311;

processions with sacred, viii. 316 sqq.;

transference of evil to, ix. 31 sqq., 49 sqq.;

as scapegoats, ix. 31 sqq., 190 sqq., 208 sqq., 216 sq.;

guardian spirits of, ix. 98;

prayed to, ix. 236;

dances taught by, ix. 237;

imitated in dances, ix. 376, 377, 381, 382;

burnt alive as a sacrifice in England, Wales, and Scotland, x. 300 sqq.;

witches transformed into, x. 315 sqq., xi. 311 sq.;

bewitched, buried alive, x. 324 sqq.;

live, burnt at Spring and Midsummer festivals, xi. 38 sqq.;

the animals perhaps deemed embodiments of witches, xi. 41 sq., 43 sq.;

the language of, learned by means of fern-seed, xi. 66 n.;

external soul in, xi. 196 sqq.;

helpful, in fairy tales.

See Helpful

Animism, the Buddhist, not a philosophical theory, ii. 13 sq.;

passing into polytheism, ii. 45;

passing into religion, iii. 213

Aninga, aquatic plant in Brazil, ix. 264

Anitos, spirits of ancestors, in Luzon, ii. 30, viii. 124

Anjea, mythical being, who causes conception in women, i. 100, 184, v. 103

Ankenmilch bohren, to make the need-fire, x. 270 n.

Anklets, as amulets, iii. 315;

made of human sinews, worn by king of Uganda, vi. 224 sq.

Ankole, in Central Africa, the Bahima of, vi. 190, viii. 288, x. 80

Anna, sister of Dido, v. 114 n. 1

Anna Kuari, an Oraon goddess, human sacrifices to, vii. 244

Annals of Tigernach and Ulster, ii. 286

Annam, rain-making ceremonies in caves of, i. 301 sq.;

the Chams of, ii. 159;

dangers apprehended from women in childbed in, iii. 155;

ceremonies observed when a whale is washed ashore in, iii. 223;

wild beasts spoken of respectfully in, iii. 403;

natives of, their indifference to death, iv. 136 sq.;

offerings to the dead in spring in, v. 235 n. 1;

annual festivals of the dead in, vi. 62 sqq.;

inauguration of spring by means of an effigy of an ox in, viii. 13 sq.;

mountaineers of, sacrifice to their nets, viii. 240 n. 1;

demons of sickness transferred to fowls in, ix. 33;

demon of cholera sent away on a raft from, ix. 190;

explanation of human mortality in, ix. 303;

dread of menstruous women in, x. 85;

use of wormwood to avert demons in, xi. 61 n. 1

Annamite tale of a bleeding tree, ii. 33

Annamites, their belief as to demons, iii. 58;

their way of protecting infants from demons, iii. 235

Annandale, Nelson, as to H. Vaughan Stevens, ii. 237 n.

Anne, Queen, touches for scrofula, i. 370

Anno, in West Africa, use of magical dolls at, i. 71

Annual abdication of kings, iv. 148

—— death and resurrection of gods, v. 6

—— renewal of king's power at Babylon, iv. 113

—— sacrifice of a sacred animal, viii. 31

—— tenure of the kingship, iv. 113 sqq.

Anodynes based on the principle of sympathetic magic, i. 93 sq.

Anointed, human scapegoat, ix. 218

[pg 161]

Anointing a stone in a rain-charm, i. 305

—— stones in order to avert bullets from absent warriors, i. 130

Anointment, of weapon which caused wound, i. 202 sqq.;

of priests at installation, iii. 14;

as a ceremony of consecration, v. 21 n. 2 and 3, 68, 74;

of sacred stones, custom of, v. 36;

of the body as a means of acquiring certain qualities, viii. 162 sqq.

Anpu and Bata, ancient Egyptian story of, xi. 134 sqq.

Ant-hill, insane people buried in an, x. 64

Antaeus, grave of the giant, i. 286

——, king of Libya, and his daughter Barce, ii. 300 sq.

Antagonism of religion to magic, i. 226

Antaimorona, the, of Madagascar, their chiefs held responsible for failure of the crops, i. 354

Antambahoaka, the, of Madagascar, confession of sins among the, iii. 216 sq.

Antandroy, the, of Madagascar, their custom at circumcision, iii. 227

Antankarana tribe of Madagascar believe that their souls at death pass into animals, viii. 290

Antelope (Antilope leucoryx), ceremony after killing a, viii. 244

Antelopes, soul of a dead king incarnate in, vi. 163

Anthemis nobilis, camomile, gathered at Midsummer, xi. 63

Anthesteria, dramatic death and resurrection of Dionysus perhaps acted at the, iv. 32;

festival of the dead at Athens, v. 234 sq., ix. 152 sq.;

an Athenian festival of Dionysus, compared with a modern Thracian celebration of the Carnival, vii. 30 sqq.

Anthesterion, Attic month, corresponding to February, ii. 137, ix. 143 n., 352

Anthropomorphism of the spirits of nature, vii. 212

Antiaris toxicaria, poison tree, superstition of the Kayans as to the, ii. 17

Antibes, Holy Innocents' Day at, ix. 336 sq.

Antichrist, expected reign of, iv. 44 sq.

Antigone, the execution of, ii. 228 n. 5

Antigonus, King, v. 212;

deified by the Athenians, i. 390, 391 n. 1

Antilope leucoryx, ceremony of Ewe hunter after killing a, viii. 244

Antimachia in Cos, priest of Hercules dressed as woman at, vi. 258

Antimores of Madagascar, their chiefs held responsible for the operation of the laws of nature, i. 354

Antinmas, the twenty-fourth day after Christmas, ix. 167

Antinous, games in honour of, at Mantinea, vii. 80, 85

Antioch, destroyed by an earthquake, v. 222 n. 1;

festival of Adonis at, v. 227, 257 sq.;

how it was freed from scorpions, viii. 280 sq.

Antiochus, Greek calendar of, v. 303 n. 3

Antiquity, of the cultivation of the cereals in Europe, vii. 79;

human scapegoats in classical, ix. 229 sqq.

Antoninus Liberalis, on the birth of Hercules, iii. 299 n. 1

—— Marcus, plague in his reign, ix. 64

Antonius Mountain, in Thuringia, Christmas bonfire on the, x. 265 sq.

Antrim, harvest customs concerning the last corn cut in, vii. 144, 154 sq.;

“Winning the Churn” in, vii. 154 sq.

Ants, bites of, used in purificatory ceremony, iii. 105;

eaten to make the eater brave, viii. 147;

superstitious precaution against the ravages of, viii. 276;

jealousy transferred to, ix. 33;

stinging people with, ix. 263, x. 61, 62 sq.

Antwerp, Feast of All Souls in, vi. 70;

wicker giants at, xi. 35 sq.

Anu, Babylonian god, visit of Ishtar to, ix. 399 n. 1

Anubis, Egyptian jackal-headed god, vi. 15, 18 n. 3, 22 n. 2;

represented by a masked man, ii. 133;

finds the body of Osiris, vi. 85;

personated by a priest wearing the mask of a dog or a jackal, vi. 85 n. 3

Anula tribe of Northern Australia, their disposal of foreskins at circumcision, i. 95;

burial customs of the, i. 102 sq.;

their way of stopping rain, i. 253;

their mode of making rain, i. 287 sq.;

their rites of initiation, xi. 235

Anyanja of British Central Africa, their dread of menstruous women, x. 81 sq.

Anzikos, the, of West Africa, iii. 271

Aola, village of Guadalcanar, viii. 126

Apaches, the, iii. 182, 183, x. 21;

their way of procuring rain, i. 306;

avoidance of wife's mother among the, iii. 85;

custom observed by them on the war-path, iii. 160;

purify themselves after the slaughter of foes, iii. 184;

keep their names from strangers, iii. 325, 328;

propitiated the animal gods before hunting deer, antelope, or elk, viii. 242;

use of bull-roarers among the, xi. 230 n.

Apachitas, heaps of stones in Peru, ix. 9

Apala cured by Indra in the Rigveda, xi. 192

Apamea in Syria, Alcibiades of, iv. 5 n. 3;

worship of Poseidon at, v. 195

[pg 162]

Ape in homoeopathic magic, i. 156;

a Batta totem, xi. 223.

See also Apes

Apepi, Egyptian fiend, i. 67

Apes, thought to be related to twins, i. 265;

voices of, imitated as a charm, ii. 23;

ceremony of Yuracares after killing, viii. 235 sq.

Aphaca in Syria, sanctuary of Astarte at, v. 28, 259;

meteor as signal for festival at, v. 259

Ap-hi, Abchase god of thunder and lightning, ii. 370

Aphrodite, represented as mother of Demetrius Poliorcetes, i. 391;

the grave of, iv. 4;

human sacrifices to, iv. 166 n. 1;

her sacred doves, v. 33, 147;

sanctuary of, at Paphos, v. 33 sqq.;

the month of, v. 145;

her blood dyes white roses red, v. 226;

name applied to summer, vi. 41

—— and Adonis, i. 25, v. 11 sq., 29, 280, ix. 386, xi. 294 sq.;

their marriage celebrated at Alexandria, v. 224

—— Askraia, i. 26

—— and Cinyras, v. 48 sq.

—— of the Lebanon, the mourning, v. 29 sq.

—— the Oriental, ix. 369 n. 1

—— and Pygmalion, v. 49 sq.

Aphtha or thrush transferred to a frog, ix. 50

Api, female hippopotamus goddess of Egypt, ii. 133

Apinagos Indians of Brazil, their dances and presentation of children to the moon, vi. 145 sqq.

Apis, sacred Egyptian bull, vi. 11, 119 n., viii. 34 sqq., ix. 217;

mourning for the death of, v. 225;

held to be an image of the soul of Osiris, vi. 130;

drowned in a holy spring, viii. 36;

not suffered to outlive a certain term of years, viii. 173

Apodtho, the ancestor of all men, iii. 79

Apollo at Delos, i. 32, 34 sq., ii. 135;

prophetess of, inspired by laurel, i. 384, iv. 80;

image of, in sacred cave at Hylae, i. 386;

at Patara, ii. 135;

purification of, iii. 223 n. 1;

servitude of, iv. 70 n. 1, 78;

and the laurel, iv. 78 sqq.;

at Thebes, iv. 79;

purged of the dragon's blood in the Vale of Tempe, iv. 81;

dedication of a tithe-offering to, iv. 187 n. 5;

the friend of Cinyras, v. 54;

music in the worship of, v. 54 sq.;

his musical contest with Marsyas, v. 55, 288;

reputed father of Augustus, v. 81;

purified at Tempe, vi. 240;

temple of, at the Lover's Leap, ix. 254;

temple of, at Cumae, x. 99;

identified with the Celtic Grannus, x. 112

Apollo and Artemis, birthdays of, i. 32;

the birth of, ii. 58;

their priesthood at Ephesus, vi. 243 sq.;

cake with twelve knobs offered to, ix. 351 n. 3

—— at Delphi, hair offered by boys at puberty to, i. 28;

first-fruits offered to, i. 32;

grave of, at Delphi, i. 34, 35, iv. 4;

seems to have usurped the place of an older god or hero at Delphi and Thebes, ii. 88;

and the Dragon at Delphi, iv. 78, 79, 80 sq., vi. 240;

sacrifices of Croesus to, v. 180 n. 1

——, the Cataonian, v. 147 n. 3

——, the Clarian, iv. 80 n. 1

—— Diradiotes, inspired priestess at temple of, i. 381

—— Erithasean, ii. 121

—— the Four-handed, vi. 250 n. 2

—— of the Golden Sword, v. 176

—— surnamed Locust and Mildew, viii. 282

—— the Mouse, his temple in the Troad, viii. 283

—— Soranus, xi. 14, 15 n. 3

——, the Wolf-slayer, viii. 283 sq.

Apollonia, festival at Delos, i. 32 n. 2

——, a city in Macedonia, ix. 143 n.

Apollonius of Tyana, how he rid Antioch of scorpions, viii. 280 sq.;

how he rid Constantinople of flies, viii. 281

Apologies offered to trees for cutting them down, ii. 18 sq., 30, 36 sq.;

for trespass on sacred groves, ii. 328;

offered by savages to the animals they kill, viii. 215, 217, 218, 221, 222 sqq., 235 sqq., 243

Apotheosis by being burnt alive, v. 179 sq.

Apoyaos, tribe in Luzon, their human sacrifices, vii. 241

Appam, a town on the Gold Coast, family descended from a fish at, iv. 129

Appian, on the costume of a priest of Isis, vi. 85 n. 3

Apple, offered instead of ram or ox to Hercules, viii. 95 n. 2;

divination by a sliced, at Hallowe'en, x. 238;

and candle, biting at, x. 241, 242, 243, 245

—— -tree, afterbirth of cow hung in an, i. 198 sq.;

straw-man placed on oldest, viii. 6;

as life-index of boy, xi. 165

—— -trees, barren women roll under, to obtain offspring, ii. 57;

torches thrown at, x. 108;

mistletoe on, xi. 315, 316 n. 5

Apples at festival of Diana, i. 14, 16;

forbidden to worshippers of Cybele and Attis, v. 280 n. 7;

dipping for, at Hallowe'en, x. 237, 239, 241, 242, 243, 245

Apricot-trees, mistletoe on, xi. 316

April, religious rites performed by the [pg 163] Vestals in, ii. 229;

the first Sunday of, custom observed at Naples on, iv. 241;

Siamese festival of the dead in, ix. 150;

ceremony of the new fire in, x. 136 sq., xi. 3;

Chinese festival of fire in, xi. 3

April 2nd, annual sacrifice of wild boars in Cyprus on, viii. 23 n. 3

—— 15th, sacrifice on, ii. 229, 326

—— 21st, date of the Parilia, ii. 325, 326;

ceremony performed by the Vestals on, viii. 42

—— 23rd, St. George's Day, ii. 75, 76, 330 sqq.

—— 24th, in some places St. George's Day, ii. 337, 343;

the great mondard made on, viii. 6

—— 27th, in popular superstitions of Morocco, x. 17 sq.

—— 30th, Walpurgis Day, ix. 163

Apuleius, as to the love-charm of a Thessalian witch, iii. 270;

his story of Cupid and Psyche, iv. 131 n. 1;

on the worship of Isis, vi. 119 n.;

on a cure for scorpion bite, ix. 50 n. 1

Aquaelicium and Jupiter, ii. 184 n.

Aquilex, rain-maker, i. 310 n. 4

Arab belief that a game of ball may cause rain, ix. 179

—— charm to forget sorrow, i. 150;

to bring back a runaway slave, i. 152;

to ensure birth of strong children, i. 153;

to fertilize a barren woman, i. 157;

of the setting sun, i. 165 sq.;

to get good teeth, i. 181;

to make rain, i. 303

—— commentator as to the fig and the olive, ii. 316;

on the Koran as to knots in magic, iii. 302

—— cure by means of knotted thread, iii. 304;

cure for melancholy, ix. 4

—— legend of king bled to death, iii. 243 n. 7

—— love-charm by means of knots, iii. 305

—— mode of cursing an enemy, iii. 312

—— name for the scarlet anemone, v. 226

—— sacrifice for rain, i. 289

—— women, their custom of muffling their faces, iii. 122;

in North Africa give their male children the hearts of lions to eat, viii. 142 sq.;

in Morocco, their superstitions as to plants at Midsummer, xi. 51

—— writer on the death of the King of the Jinn, iv. 8;

on talismans against locusts and murrain, viii. 281

Arabia, sacred acacia-tree in, ii. 42;

sticks or stones piled on scenes of violent death in, ix. 15;

use of camel as scapegoat for plague in, ix. 33

Arabia, ancient, taboos observed by incense-growers in, ii. 106 sq.;

belief as to shadows in, iii. 82;

Sabaea or Sheba in, iii. 124;

tree-spirits in snake form in, xi. 44 n. 1

Arabian, modern, story of the external soul, xi. 137 sq.

Arabian Nights, story of the external soul in the, xi. 137

Arabic treatise on magic, i. 65;

writer on the mourning for Tâ-uz (Tammuz) in Harran, v. 230

Arabs believe the soul to be in the blood, iii. 241;

avoid using the proper names for lion, leprosy, etc., iii. 400;

ancient, supposed to know the language of birds, viii. 146;

their custom as to widows, ix. 35;

their custom in regard to murder, ix. 63;

beat camels to deliver them from jinn, ix. 260

—— of Algeria, their story of the type of Beauty and the Beast, iv. 130 n. 1

—— of East Africa, their faith in an unguent of lion's fat, viii. 164

——, the heathen, their custom as to a boy's cast teeth, i. 181;

their way of procuring rain, i. 303;

their treatment of a man stung by a scorpion, iii. 95 n. 8

—— of Moab, their charm against scorpions, i. 153;

their charm to ensure the birth of children, i. 157;

their rain-making ceremony, i. 276;

their use of shorn hair as a hostage, iii. 273;

preserve their nail-parings against the resurrection, iii. 280;

resort to the springs of Callirrhoe, v. 215 sq.;

their custom at harvest, vi. 48, 96, vii. 138;

their remedies for ailments, vi. 242

—— of Morocco, their custom at the Great Feast, ix. 265;

their Midsummer customs, x. 214

—— of North Africa, their rain-charm, i. 277;

jinn invoked by their names among the, iii. 390

Aracan, ix. 117;

the Mrus of, ix. 12 n. 1;

dances for the crops in, ix. 236

Arachnaeus, Mount, altars of Zeus and Hera on, ii. 360

Arad, in Hungary, thresher of last corn wrapt in a cow's hide at, vii. 291

Araguaya River in Brazil, iii. 348

Aran, in the valley of the Garonne, Midsummer fires at, x. 193

Aran Islands, off Galway, St. Eany's well in the, ii. 161

Aratus of Sicyon, sacrifices to, i. 105;

deemed a son of Aesculapius, v. 81

Araucanians of South America, the, ix. 12;

their idea as to toads, i. 292 n. 3;

[pg 164]

their belief that thunder-storms are caused by the spirits of the dead, ii. 183;

afraid of having their portraits taken, iii. 97;

keep their names secret, iii. 324;

eat fruit of Araucanian pine, v. 278 n. 2

See also Aucas

Araunah, the threshing-floor of, v. 24

Arawak Indians of British Guiana, murderers taste the blood of their victims among the, viii. 154 sq.;

their explanation of human mortality, ix. 302 sq.

Arcadia, the oak forests of, ii. 354 sq.

Arcadian boys offer their hair to a river, i. 31

—— custom of beating Pan's image, ix. 256

Arcadians ate and eat acorns, ii. 355, 356;

sacrifice to thunder and lightning, v. 157

Arch to shut out plague, ix. 5;

creeping through, as a cure, ix. 55;

child after an illness passed under an, xi. 192;

young men at initiation passed under a leafy, xi. 193;

triumphal, suggested origin of the, xi. 195.

See also Arches, Archways

Archangel, worship of Leschiy in the Government of, ii. 125

Archangels, Persian, ix. 373 n. 1

Archbishop of Innocents, ix. 334

Archer (Tirant), effigy of, xi. 36

Archery, contest of, for a bride, ii. 306

Arches made over paths at expulsion of demons, ix. 113, 120 sq.;

novices at initiation passed under arches in Australia, xi. 193 n. 1

See also Arch, Archways

Archigallus, high-priest of Attis, v. 268, 279;

prophesies, v. 271 n.

Archways, passing under, as a means of escaping evil spirits or sickness, xi. 179 sqq.

See also Arch, Arches

Arctic origin, alleged, of the Aryans, v. 229 n. 1

—— regions, ceremonies at the reappearance of the sun in the, ix. 124 sq., 125 n. 1

Arcturus, Greek vintage timed by, vii. 47 n. 2;

Greek festival before, 51, 52

Arden, Forest of, ii. 7

Ardennes, May Day custom in the, ii. 80;

Arduinna, goddess of the, ii. 126;

effigies of Carnival burned in the, iv. 226 sq.;

precautions against rats in the, viii. 277;

the King of the Bean in the, ix. 314;

the Eve of Epiphany in the, ix. 317;

bonfires on the first Sunday of Lent in the, x. 107 sq.;

the French, Lenten fires and customs in, x. 109 sq.;

Midsummer fires in the, x. 188;

the Yule log in the, x. 253;

cats burnt alive in Lenten bonfires in the, xi. 40

Ardrishaig, in Argyleshire, the harvest Maiden at, vii. 155 sq.

Arduinna, goddess of the Ardennes, ii. 126

Aren palm-tree, superstition as to, ii. 22

Arenna or Arinna, the Hittite sun-goddess of, v. 136, with n. 1

Arensdorf, custom at sowing in, v. 239

Ares, men sacred to, iii. 111;

the grave of, iv. 4

Argaeus, Mount, in Cappadocia, v. 190 sq.

Argentina and Bolivia, passes of, ix. 9

Argenton, in Berry, Mid-Lenten custom at, iv. 241 sq.

Argive brides wore false beards, vi. 260

—— maidens sacrificed their hair to Athena, i. 28

—— tradition as to descent of Dionysus into Hades, vii. 15

—— women bewailed Adonis, v. 227 n.

Argo, tree of which the ship was made, xi. 94 n. 1

Argolis, Eastern, physical features of, ii. 360

Argos, titular kings at, i. 47 n.;

Apollo Diradiotes at, i. 381;

Flowery Hera at, ii. 143 n. 2;

new fire after a death in, ii. 267 n. 4;

altar of Rainy Zeus at, ii. 360 n. 8

Argus, Hermes tried for the murder of, ix. 24

Argyleshire, locks unlocked at childbirth in, iii. 296;

use of knotted threads as a cure in, iii. 304;

last corn cut at harvest called the Maiden in, vii. 155 sq.;

the last corn cut at harvest called the Old Wife (Cailleach) in, vii. 164

—— stories of the external soul, xi. 127 sqq.

Argyrus, temple of Hercules at, x. 99 n. 3

Ari or totem, mode of determining a young man's, i. 99

Ariadne, Cyprian worship of, vii. 209 n. 2

—— and Dionysus, ii. 138

—— and Theseus, iv. 75

Ariadne's crown, ii. 138

—— Dance, iv. 75, 77

Ariccia, the modern descendant of Aricia, i. 3, xi. 309

Aricia, sacred grove at, i. 3, viii. 95;

the beggars of, i. 4;

Orestes at, i. 10;

“many Manii at,” i. 22, viii. 94 sqq.;

its distance from the sanctuary, ii. 2;

the priest of, ix. 273;

King of the Wood at, ix. 409;

the priest of, and the Golden Bough, x. 1;

the priest of Diana at, perhaps a personified Jupiter, xi. 302 sq.

Arician grove, the sacred, i. 20, 22, ii. 115, ix. 274, 305;

horses excluded from, i. 20, viii. 40 sqq.;

ritual of, iv. 213;

perhaps the scene of a [pg 165] common harvest celebration, viii. 44;

said to have been founded by Manius, viii. 95;

the Midsummer festival of fire in, xi. 285;

the priest of, a personification of an oak-spirit, xi. 285.

See also Nemi

Arician priesthood, ix. 305

—— slope, the, i. 4 n. 5

Aries, the constellation, the sun in, ix. 361 n. 1, 403

Arikara Indians, their rule as to breaking marrow bones, i. 115 sq.;

their preparation for war by fasting and lacerating themselves, iii. 161

Ariminum, triumphal arch of Augustus at, xi. 194 n. 4

Aristeas of Proconnesus, his soul as a raven, iii. 34

Aristides, the rhetorician, on first-fruit offerings, vii. 56;

on Eleusinian Games, vii. 71

Aristomenes, Messenian hero, his fabulous birth, v. 81

Aristophanes, Strepsiades in, i. 285;

on the Spartan envoy, v. 196 n. 4;

on Hercules as patron of hot springs, v. 209

Aristotelian philosophy, revival of the, v. 301

Aristotle, on death at ebb-tide, i. 167;

on the marriage of the Queen to Dionysus, ii. 137;

his Constitution of Athens, ii. 137 n. 1, vii. 79;

on the political institutions of Cyprus, v. 49 n. 7;

on earthquakes, v. 211 n. 3;

on the trial of lifeless objects by the King at Athens, viii. 5 n. 1;

on men of genius, viii. 302 n. 5;

his statement of the principle of the survival of the fittest, viii. 306

Arizona, the aridity of, i. 306;

the Moquis of, iii. 228;

mock human sacrifices in, iv. 215;

the Pueblo Indians of, vii. 312;

and New Mexico, use of bull-roarers in, xi. 230 n., 231

Arjun and Draupadi, ii. 306

Arkansas Indians, their offerings of first-fruits to the Master of Life, viii. 134

Arkon, in Rügen, sacred shrine at, ii. 241 n. 4

Arks, sacred, of the Cherokees, x. 11 sq.

Armadillos not to be shot with poisoned arrows, i. 116

Armengols, in the Pelew Islands, vi. 265

Armenia, rain-making in, i. 275 sq., 277, 282, 285;

rain-charm by means of pebbles in, i. 305;

rain-charms by means of rocks in, i. 306;

the Paulicians of, i. 407;

barren fruit-trees threatened in, ii. 22;

new fire after a death in, ii. 267 n. 4;

worship of Anaitis in, ii. 282 n. 3, ix. 369 n. 1;

sacred prostitution of girls before marriage in, v. 38, 58;

sticks or stones piled on scenes of violent death in, ix. 15;

were-wolves in, x. 316;

sick people creep through cleft trees in, xi. 173

Armenian charms by means of knots and locks, iii. 308

—— church, the day of the Virgin in the, i. 16;

bonfires at Candlemas in the, x. 131

—— custom as to extracted teeth, i. 182

—— idea of the sun as a wheel, x. 334 n. 1

Armenians, their belief that lightning is produced by means of flints, ii. 374;

preserve their cut hair and nails and extracted teeth for use at the resurrection, iii. 280;

their festivals of the dead, vi. 65 sq.;

their opinion of the baleful influence of the moon on children, vi. 148;

their belief in demons, ix. 107 sq.

Arms of youths punctured to make them good hunters, x. 58

Army under arms, Flamen Dialis forbidden to see, iii. 13

Arnobius on the Roman custom of keeping perpetual fires, ii. 260

Arnold, Matthew, on the English middle class, iv. 146

Arnstadt, witches burnt at, x. 6

Arran, magical stone in, i. 161;

the need-fire in, x. 293

Arrephoroi at Athens, the, ii. 199

Arriaga, J. de, on the Peruvian Maize-mothers, Coca-mothers, and Potato-mothers, vii. 173 n.

Arrian, on sacrifices to Artemis, ii. 125 sq.;

on Attis, v. 282

Arrows, poisoned, not to be used against certain animals, i. 116;

in homoeopathic magic, i. 143;

in contagious magic, i. 201, 202;

fire-tipped, shot at sun during an eclipse, i. 311;

shot as a rain-charm, i. 396;

shot at sacred trees as mark of respect, ii. 11;

to keep off death, iii. 31;

invisible, of demons, ix. 101, 126;

used as a love-charm, x. 14

Arsacid house, divinity of Parthian kings of the, i. 417 sq.

Art, sylvan deities in classical, ii. 45;

Demeter and Persephone in, vii. 43 sq.

Artaxerxes II., his promotion of the worship of Anaitis, ix. 370

Artemis at Ephesus, i. 7;

temple dedicated to her by Xenophon, i. 7;

the Asiatic, i. 7;

vineyards dedicated to, i. 15;

at Delos, i. 28;

hair of maidens sacrificed to, before marriage, i. 28 sq.;

birthday of, i. 32, ii. 125;

a goddess of the wild life of nature, i. 35 sq.;

mated with a male consort, i. 35 [pg 166] sq.;

not originally a virgin goddess, i. 35 sq.;

the patroness of childbirth, i. 37;

identified with lewd Asiatic goddesses of love and fertility, i. 37;

the birth of, ii. 58;

sacrifices to, ii. 125;

the Huntress, first-fruits of the chase offered to, ii. 125 sq.;

worshipped by the Celts, ii. 125 sq.;

at Perga, v. 35;

name given by Greeks to Asiatic Mother Goddesses, v. 169

Artemis, Aetolian, her sacred grove among the Veneti, i. 27

—— and Apollo, birthdays of, i. 32;

the birth of, ii. 58;

their priesthood at Ephesus, vi. 243

——, Brauronian, sacrifice of a goat to, viii. 41 n. 3

—— of Ephesus, i. 7, 37 sq., ii. 128, 136;

her image, i. 37 sq.;

in relation to the Virgin Mary, i. 38 n. 1;

served by eunuch priests, v. 269

—— the Hanged, v. 291

—— and Hippolytus, i. 19 sq., 24 sqq.

——, Laphrian, at Patrae, v. 126 n. 2

——, Munychian, sacrifice to, iv. 166 n. 1;

mock human sacrifice in the ritual of, iv. 215 sq.

—— Parthenos, i. 36

——, Perasian, at Castabala in Cappadocia, v. 115, 167 sqq., xi. 14

——, Sarpedonian, in Cilicia, v. 167, 171

——, Savonian, i. 26

——, the Tauric, human sacrifices to, v. 115

—— Tauropolis, v. 275 n. 1

——, Wolfish, i. 26 sq.

Artemisia founds Mausoleum, iv. 94 sq.;

drinks ashes of her husband Mausolus, viii. 158

Artemisia absinthium, wormwood, xi. 58 n. 3, 61 n. 1

—— laciniata, garlands of, ix. 284

—— vulgaris, mugwort, gathered at Midsummer, xi. 58 sqq.

Artemision, a Greek month, vi. 239 n. 1, viii. 8

Artictis, the bear-cat, associated with the spirits of the dead, viii. 294

Artificers, worship of the, viii. 60 sq.

Artocarpus integrifolia, jack wood burnt in exorcism, iv. 216

Artois, mugwort at Midsummer in, xi. 59

Arts and crafts, use of spells or incantations in, ix. 81

Aru Archipelago, riddles propounded while a corpse is uncoffined in the, ix. 121 n. 3

—— Islands, custom of not sleeping after a death in the, iii. 37, 95;

children's hair deposited on a banana-tree in the, iii. 276;

dog's flesh eaten to make eater brave in the, viii. 145

Arum acaule, forbidden as food to the king of Fernando Po, iii. 291

Arunta of Central Australia, magical ceremonies among the, i. 85 sqq.;

custom observed by women during operation of subincision, i. 93 sq.;

the rain or water totem among the, i. 98;

burial customs of the, i. 102;

cannibalism among the, i. 106;

their treatment of the navel-string, i. 183;

their rain-making ceremonies, i. 259 sqq.;

their belief as to the ghosts of the slain, iii. 177 sq.;

their fear of women's blood, iii. 251;

ceremonies at the end of mourning among the, iii. 373 sq.;

their belief in the reincarnation of the dead, v. 99, 100;

their sacred pole, x. 7;

their dread of women at menstruation, x. 77;

legend that the ancestors kept their spirits in their churinga, xi. 218 n. 3;

rites of initiation among the, xi. 233 sq.;

initiation of medicine-men among the, xi. 238

Arval Brothers, their holy pots, ii. 203 sq.;

expiation for bringing an iron tool into the sacred grove of the, iii. 226;

their wreaths of corn, v. 44 n., ix. 232;

a Roman college of priests charged with the performance of rites for the crops, vi. 239, ix. 230, 232;

their song, ix. 238.

See also Fratres Arvales

Aryan custom of leading a bride thrice round the hearth of her new home, ii. 230;

of counting by nights instead of days, ix. 326 n. 2

—— family, custom of putting the old and sick to death in several branches of the, iv. 14 n. 3;

marriage customs of the, vi. 235

—— god of the oak and thunder, ii. 356 sqq., x. 265;

god of the sky, ii. 374 sq.

—— languages, names for moon and month in, ix. 325

—— peoples, descent of kingship through women among, ii. 280;

their correction of the lunar year, ix. 342;

stories of the external soul among, xi. 97 sqq.

—— stock, tree-worship among all the great European families of the, ii. 9

—— tribes of Gilgit revere the chili, a species of cedar, ii. 49

Aryans, magical powers ascribed to kings among the, i. 366 sqq.;

perpetual fires among the, ii. 260;

female kinship among the, ii. 283 sqq.;

importance of cattle and milk among the ancient, ii. 324 n. 1;

the primitive, their theory of personal names, iii. 319;

their alleged Arctic origin, v. 229 n. 1;

annual festivals of the dead among the, vi. 67 sqq.

—— of Europe, their oak forests and use [pg 167] of oak-wood, ii. 372, 378;

agriculture among the early, vii. 129 sq.;

totemism not proved for the, viii. 4;

importance of the Midsummer festival among the, xi. 40;

the oak the chief sacred tree of the, xi. 89 sq.

Aryans of India, transubstantiation among the, viii. 89 sq.

—— of the Vedic age, ix. 324;

their calendar, ix. 325, 342

Aryenis, daughter of Alyattes, v. 133 n. 1

Asa, a branch of the Masai, how they dispose of their cut hair and nails, iii. 278

Asaba, on the Lower Niger, chiefs eat in privacy at, iii. 118

Asada, name of a month in Bali, vii. 315

Asakusa, in Tokio, expulsion of the devil on the last day of the year at, ix. 213

Ascalon, the goddess Derceto at, v. 34 n. 3, ix. 370 n. 1

Ascanius, the son of Aeneas, ii. 197;

and the Game of Troy, iv. 76

Ascension of Adonis, v. 225

—— Day, the May-tree in Saxony on, ii. 69;

annual pardon of a criminal at Rouen on, ii. 165, 166, 168, 169, ix. 215 sq.;

the “Carrying out of Death” on, at Braller, iv. 222 n. 1, 247 sqq.;

cures on Eve of, ix. 54;

annual expulsion of the devil on, ix. 214 sq.;

bells rung to make flax grow on, ix. 247 sq.;

parasitic rowan should be cut on, xi. 281

Ascent of Persephone, viii. 17

Ascetic idealism of the East, ii. 117

Asceticism not primitive, x. 65

Aschbach, in Bavaria, the Old Man at reaping and threshing at, vii. 219 sq.

Asclepias gigantea, man married to, in Barar, ii. 57 n. 4

Ash-tree, parings of nails buried under an, iii. 276;

in popular cure, ix. 57

—— -trees, children passed through cleft ash-trees as a cure for rupture or rickets, xi. 168 sqq.

—— Wednesday, death of Caramantran on, iv. 220;

burial of the Carnival on, iv. 221;

effigies of Carnival or of Shrove Tuesday burnt or buried on, iv. 226, 228 sqq., x. 120;

effigy of the Queen of Lent fashioned on, iv. 244;

pea-soup and pigs' bones eaten on, vii. 300

Ashantee, licence accorded to king's sisters in, ii. 274 sq.;

royal criminals drowned in, iii. 242 sq.;

precaution as to the spittle of the king of, iii. 289;

kings of, addressed as “Elephant” and “Lion,” iv. 86;

kings of, take one of their titles from borri, a venomous snake, iv. 86;

human sacrifices at earthquakes in, v. 201;

kings of, their human sacrifices, vi. 97 n. 7;

annual period of licence in, ix. 226 n. 1

Ashantees, the, sanctity of the king's throne among, i. 365;

their festivals of new yams, viii. 62 sq.;

ate Sir Charles McCarthy to acquire his bravery, viii. 149

Asherim (singular asherah), sacred poles, in Canaan, iv. 169, v. 18, 18 n. 2, 107, 108

Ashes from a pyre used to cause sleep, i. 148;

of serpents in homoeopathic magic, i. 152 sq.;

of spiders in homoeopathic magic, i. 152;

of wasps in homoeopathic magic, i. 152;

of a blind cat in homoeopathic magic, i. 153;

of the dead turned into rain, i. 287;

scattered as a rain-charm, i. 304;

scattered to make sunshine, i. 314;

of holy fire rubbed on foreheads of warriors, ii. 215;

of unborn calves used in a fertility charm, ii. 229, 326;

strewn on the head, iii. 112;

as manure, vii. 117;

of human victims scattered on fields, vii. 258;

of the dead swallowed as a mode of communion with them, viii. 156 sqq.;

in divination, x. 243, 244, 245.

See also Sticks, Charred

—— of bonfires put in fowls' nests, x. 112, 338;

mixed with seed at sowing, x. 121;

increase fertility of fields, x. 141, 337;

make cattle thrive, x. 141, 338;

placed in a person's shoes, x. 156;

administered to cattle to make them fat, xi. 4

—— of dead smeared on mourner, viii. 164;

disposal of the, x. 11

—— of Hallowe'en fires scattered, x. 233

—— of holy fires a protection against demons, xi. 8, 17

—— of human victim scattered with winnowing-fans, vi. 97, 106, vii. 260, 262;

scattered on earth to fertilize it, vii. 240;