General Index (continued 7)

as a destructive and purificatory agent, x. 341;

used as a charm to produce sunshine, x. 341 sq.;

employed as a barrier against ghosts, xi. 17 sqq.;

used to burn or ban witches, xi. 19 sq.;

extinguished by mistletoe, xi. 78, 84 sq., 293;

of oak-wood used to detect a murderer, xi. 92 n. 4;

life of man bound up with a, xi. 157;

conceived by savages as a property stored like sap in trees, xi. 295;

primitive ideas as to the origin of, xi. 295 sq.

See also Bonfires, Extinction, Fires, Need-fire, and New Fire

Fire, Feast of, at winter solstice, among the Indians of Arizona, iv. 215

Fire, the god of, among the Huichol Indians, i. 124, viii. 93

“—— of heaven,” term applied to Midsummer bonfire, x. 334, 335

——, holy, not to be blown upon with the breath, ii. 240, 241

—— and lightning averted from houses by crossbills, i. 82

——, “living,” made by friction of wood, ii. 237, x. 220;

a charm against witchcraft, ii. 336

——, Mexican god of, ix. 300;

human sacrifices to, ix. 300 sqq.

——, “new,” sent from Delos and Delphi, i. 32 sq., x. 138;

made by friction in rain-charm, i. 290;

at taking possession of new house, ii. 237 sq.;

made at Midsummer in Peru, ii. 243, x. 132;

made at beginning of king's reign, ii. 262, 267;

made by friction of wood, iii. 286, viii. 65, 74, 78;

at eating new fruits, among the Caffres, viii. 65;

among the Indians of Alabama, viii. 72 n. 2;

among the Creek Indians, viii. 74;

among the Yuchi Indians, viii. 75;

among the Natchez Indians, viii. 77, 135 sqq.;

at New Year, ix. 209, x. 134, 135, 138;

Chinese festival of the, ix. 359, x. 136 sq.;

kindled on Easter Saturday, x. 121 sqq.;

at Candlemas, x. 131;

festivals of, x. 131 sqq.;

among the Peruvians, x. 132;

among the Mexicans, x. 132;

among the Zuñi Indians, x. 132 sq.;

among the Iroquois, x. 133 sq.;

among the Esquimaux, x. 134;

in Wadai, x. 134;

in the Egyptian Sudan, x. 134;

among the Swahili, x. 135;

in Benametapa, x. 135;

among some tribes of British Central Africa, x. 135 sq.;

among the Todas, x. 136;

among the Nagas, x. 136;

at Karma in Burma, x. 136;

in Japan, x. 137 sq.;

in Lemnos, x. 138;

at Rome, x. 138;

among the Celts of Ireland, x. 139;

near Moscow, x. 139;

made by the friction of wood at Christmas, x. 264

——, perpetual, of oak wood at Novgorod, ii. 365;

in front of holy oak in Prussia, iv. 42;

in Zoroastrian religion, v. 191;

worshipped, v. 191 sqq.;

in Cappadocia, v. 191;

at Jualamukhi, v. 192;

at Baku, v. 192;

in the temples of dead king, vi. 174;

of oak-bark, viii. 135;

of oak-wood, xi. 285 sq.

——, sacred, annually extinguished at Rome and rekindled by friction of wood, ii. 186 n. 1, 267;

in charge of a married pair, ii. 235;

new, made by friction of wood at intervals of fifty-two years, vii. 311;

new, made [pg 272] by striking stones together, viii. 75;

kindled by friction of wood, viii. 127, 314, ix. 391 n. 4;

in the sweating-house among the Karok Indians, viii. 255;

of king of Uganda, ix. 195

Fire of St. Lawrence, viii. 318

—— of Vesta at Rome fed with oak-wood, ii. 186

——, Vestal, at Alba, i. 13;

at Rome, rekindled by the friction of wood, ii. 207

—— and Water, Kings of, in Cambodia, ii. 3 sqq., iv. 14;

kingships of, iii. 17

Fire-bearer, the, at Delphi, i. 33;

of Spartan king, ii. 264

—— -boards, sacred, of the Chuckchees and Koryaks, ii. 225 sq.

—— customs of the Herero or Damaras, ii. 211 sqq.;

compared to those of the Romans, ii. 227 sqq.

—— -drill, the, ii. 207 sqq., 248 sqq., 258 sq., 263;

the kindling of fire by it regarded by savages as a form of sexual intercourse, ii. 208 sqq., 218, 233, 235 sq., 239, 249 sq.;

of the Herero, ii. 217 sq.;

used to kindle need-fire, x. 292

—— -festivals of Europe, x. 106 sqq.;

interpretation of the, x. 328 sqq., xi. 15 sqq.;

at the solstices, x. 331 sq.;

solar theory of the, x. 331 sqq.;

purificatory theory of the, x. 341 sqq.;

regarded as a protection against witchcraft, x. 342;

the purificatory theory of the, more probable than the solar theory, xi. 346;

elsewhere than in Europe, xi. 1 sqq.;

in India, xi. 1 sqq., 5 sqq.;

in China, xi. 3 sqq.;

in Japan, xi. 9 sq.;

in Fiji, xi. 10 sq.;

in Tahiti, the Marquesas Islands, and Trinidad, xi. 11;

in Africa, xi. 11 sqq.;

in classical antiquity in Cappadocia and Italy, xi. 14 sq.;

their relation to Druidism, xi. 33 sqq., 45

—— -god, married to a human virgin, ii. 195 sqq.;

the Indian (Agni), ii. 249, xi. 1, 296;

the father of Romulus, Servius Tullius, and Caeculus, vi. 235;

Armenian, x. 131 n. 3;

of the Iroquois, prayers to the, x. 299 sq.

—— -priests in Roman religion, ii. 235;

(Agnihotris) of the Brahmans, ii. 247 sqq.

—— -spirit, annual expulsion of the, ix. 141

—— -sticks of fire-drill regarded as male and female, ii. 208 sqq., 235, 238, 239, 248 sqq., ix. 391 n. 4;

called “husband and wife,” viii. 65

—— -sticks, sacred, ii. 217 sqq.

Fire-walk, the, of king of Tyre, v. 114 sq.;

of priestesses at Castabala, v. 168;

in India, Japan, China, Fiji, etc., xi. 1 sqq.;

a remedy for disease, xi. 7;

the meaning of, xi. 15 sqq.

—— -worship a form of ancestor-worship, ii. 221;

in Cappadocia, India, and on the Caspian, v. 191 sq.

Firebrand, external soul of Meleager in a, xi. 103

Firebrands, the Sunday of the, the first Sunday in Lent, x. 110, 114

Firefly, soul in form of, iii. 67

“Fireless and Homeless,” a mythical giant, viii. 265, 266

Fires ceremonially extinguished, i. 33, viii. 73, 74, ix. 172;

kept burning at home in absence of hunters, fishers, traders, and warriors, i. 120 sq., 125, 128 sq.;

lighted to warm absent warriors by telepathy, i. 127;

leaping over, to make hemp grow tall, i. 138;

extinguished at death of kings, ii. 261 sqq., 267;

extinguished at any death, ii. 267 sq., 267 n. 4;

extinguished at driving herds out to pasture for the first time in spring, ii. 341;

passing between two, as a purification, iii. 114;

to burn the witches on the Eve of May Day (Walpurgis Night), ix. 163, x. 159 sq.;

to burn witches on Twelfth Night, ix. 319;

to burn fiends, ix. 320;

extinguished as preliminary to obtaining new fire, x. 5;

annually extinguished and relit, x. 132 sqq.;

autumn, x. 220 sqq.;

the need-fire, x. 269 sqq.;

extinguished before the lighting of the need-fire, x. 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277 sq., 279, 283, 285, 288, 289 sq., 290, 291 sq., 292, 294, 297, 298 sq.;

cattle driven between two fires to rid them of vampyres, x. 285;

of the fire-festivals explained as sun-charms, x. 329, 331 sq.;

explained as purificatory, x. 329 sq., 341 sqq.;

the burning of human beings in the, xi. 21 sqq.;

the solstitial, perhaps sun-charms, xi. 292;

extinguished and relighted from a flame kindled by lightning, xi. 297 sq.

See also Fire, Bonfires, Need-fire

——, the Beltane, x. 146 sqq.;

cattle driven between, x. 157

——, ceremonial, kindled by the friction of oak-wood, ii. 372

——, the Easter, x. 120 sqq.

—— on the Eve of Twelfth Day, ix. 316 sqq., x. 107

——, Hallowe'en, x. 222 sq., 230 sqq.

——, the Lenten, x. 106 sqq.

——, Midsummer, x. 160 sqq.;

a protection against witches, x. 180;

supposed [pg 273] to stop rain, x. 188, 336;

supposed to be a preventive of back-ache in reaping, x. 189, 344 sq.;

a protection against fever, x. 190

Fires, Midwinter, x. 246 sqq.

——, perpetual, of Vesta, i. 13 sq.;

in Ireland, ii. 240 sqq.;

in Peru and Mexico, ii. 243 sqq.;

origin of, ii. 253 sqq.;

associated with royal dignity, ii. 261 sqq.;

of oak-wood, ii. 365, 366, 372, xi. 91;

fed with pine-wood, xi. 91 n. 7

—— of St. John in France, x. 183, 188, 189, 190, 192, 193

Firing guns to repel demons, viii. 99.

See Guns

Firmicus Maternus on the mourning for Osiris, vi. 86;

on use of a pine-tree in the rites of Osiris, vi. 108;

on the murder of Dionysus by the Titans, vii. 13;

on Demeter and Persephone, vii. 40 n. 3

Firs, sacred grove of, ii. 11, 32

——, Scotch, in the peat-bogs of Europe, ii. 351, 352

First-born, sacrifice of the, among the Hebrews, iv. 171 sqq.;

among various races, iv. 179 sqq.;

among the Semites, v. 110; at Jerusalem, vi. 219 sq.

—— -born killed and eaten, iv. 179 sq.

First-born lamb, wool of, used as cure for colic, x. 17

—— -born son never called by his parents by his name, iii. 337

—— -born sons make need-fire, x. 294;

special magical virtue attributed to, x. 295

—— -fruits offered to Apollo at Delos, i. 32;

of the chase dedicated to the Huntress Artemis, ii. 125 sq.;

offered to sacred pontiffs, iii. 5, 21;

of the corn offered at Lammas, iv. 101 sq.;

offered to the dead, iv. 102;

of the vintage offered to Icarius and Erigone, iv. 283;

offered to the Baalim, v. 27; offered to the Mother of the Gods, v. 280 n. 1;

offered to dead chiefs, vi. 191;

offered to Demeter, vii. 46 sqq.;

sent to Athens, vii. 51;

offered to Demeter and Persephone at Eleusis, vii. 53 sqq.;

offered to gods or spirits, vii. 235;

offered to the sun, vii. 237;

primitive reluctance to taste, viii. 6;

sacrament of, viii. 48 sqq.;

offered to goddess of agriculture, viii. 56, 58;

why savages scruple to eat the, viii. 82 sq.;

sacrifice of, viii. 109 sqq.;

presented to the king, viii. 109, 116, 122;

offered to the spirits or souls of the dead, viii. 109 sq., 111 sqq., 115, 116, 119, 121, 123, 124 sqq., xi. 243

Firstlings, Hebrew sacrifice of, iv. 172 sq.;

Irish sacrifice of, iv. 183;

offered to the Baalim, v. 27

Fish worshipped in Egypt, i. 30;

magical ceremony for the multiplication of, i. 90;

spirits of the dead thought to lodge in, i. 105;

magical images to procure, i. 108;

magical stones to ensure a catch of, i. 163;

in rain-charm, i. 288 sq.;

thought to cause winds, i. 320 sq.;

souls of dead in certain, ii. 30, v. 95 sq., viii. 285, 291, 295;

not to be eaten, iii. 10;

offered by fisherman to his canoe, iii. 195;

descent of the Dyaks from a, iv. 126;

descent of a totem clan from a, iv. 129;

sacred, viii. 26;

the first caught, sacrificed, viii. 132;

reason for not eating, viii. 140;

treated with respect by fishing tribes, viii. 249 sqq.;

preachers to, viii. 250 sq.;

invited to come and be caught, viii. 250 sq., 312 n.;

not to be eaten by persons who have eaten bear's flesh, viii. 251;

compensated by fishermen, viii. 252;

first of the season, treated ceremoniously, viii. 253 sqq.;

frightened or killed by proximity of menstruous women, x. 77, 93;

external soul in a, xi. 99 sq., 122 sq.;

lives of people bound up with, xi. 200, 202, 204, 209

——, bones of, not burned, viii. 250, 251;

not to be broken, viii. 255

——, golden, external soul of girl in a, xi. 147 sq.

Fish-traps, magic of, i. 109;

continence observed at making, iii. 196, 202

Fisheries supposed to be spoiled by menstruous women, x. 77, 78, 90 sq., 93

Fishermen, their use of iron as a talisman, iii. 233;

names of, not mentioned, iii. 330 sq.;

words tabooed by, iii. 394 sq., 396, 408 sq., 415;

their superstitions as to herring, viii. 251 sq.

——, Shetland, their use of magical images, i. 69 sq.

Fishermen's magic in the East Indies, i. 109, 113

Fishers and hunters cursed for good luck, i. 280 sq.;

tabooed, iii. 190 sqq.

Fishing for a lost soul, iii. 38, 64

—— and hunting, homoeopathic magic in, i. 108 sqq.;

telepathy in, i. 120 sqq.

Fishing line, superstitious observances in connexion with, iii. 194 sq.

—— nets, taboos observed by sacred man at the making of, iii. 192

Fishtown, in Guinea, monkeys sacred at, viii. 287

Fison, Rev. Lorimer, i. 389 n. 3, ii. 13 n. 1;

on Fijian treatment of navel-string, [pg 274] i. 184;

on Fijian way of detaining the sun, i. 316;

on Fijian belief as to whirlwinds, i. 331 n. 2;

on inspiration of priests in Fiji, i. 378;

on the Sacred King and the War King of Fiji, iii. 21;

on the Fijian conception of the soul as a mannikin, iii. 30 n. 1;

on Fijian belief as to absence of soul in dreams, iii. 40 n. 1;

on the Fijian conception of the soul, iii. 92 n. 3;

as to chief's dishes and clothes in Fiji, iii. 131;

on Fijian custom of personal cleanliness, iii. 158 n. 1;

on the cutting of a chief's hair in Fiji, iii. 264;

on custom of grave-diggers in Fiji, iv. 156 n. 2;

on Fijian god of earthquakes, v. 202 n.;

on secret burial of chiefs in Fiji, vi. 105;

on offerings of first-fruits in Fiji, viii. 125;

on Fijian religion, xi. 244 ns. 1, 2, 3, 246 n. 1

Fits and convulsions set down to demons, iii. 59

Fittleworth, in Sussex, cleft ash-trees used for the cure of rupture at, xi. 169 sq.

Five days' reign of mock king at the Sacaea, iv. 114, ix. 355, 357;

of Semiramis, ix. 369

—— days' duration of mock king's reign perhaps an intercalary period, ix. 407 n. 1

—— knots in magic, iii. 306

—— years, despotic power for period of, iv. 53

Flacourt, De, on dances of women during war in Madagascar, i. 131

Fladda, island of, stone of swearing in, i. 161;

the chapel of, wind-stone in the, i. 322 sq.

Fladdahuan, one of the Hebrides, i. 322

Flaget, Mgr., on a professed incarnation of the Son of God, i. 409 n. 3

Flail, pretence of throttling persons with flail at threshing, vii. 149, 150, 230

—— or scourge, an emblem of Osiris, vi. 108, 153;

for collecting incense, vi. 109 n. 1

Flamen, derivation of the name, ii. 235, 247

Flamen Dialis, the, ii. 179, 235, 246, 247;

an embodiment of Jupiter, ii. 191 sq.;

taboos observed by the, ii. 248, iii. 13 sq., 239, 248, 257, 275, 291, 293, 315 sq.;

interpreted as a living image of Jupiter, iii. 13;

the widowed, vi. 227 sqq.;

forbidden to touch a dead body, but allowed to attend a funeral, vi. 228;

bound to be married, vi. 229;

forbidden to divorce his wife, vi. 229;

inaugurates the vintage at Rome, viii. 133

Flamen Dialis and Flaminica, v. 45 sq., vi. 228;

assisted by boy and girl of living parents, vi. 236

—— Virbialis, i. 20 n. 3

—— of Vulcan, vi. 232

Flames of bonfires, omens drawn from, x. 159, 165, 336

Flamingoes, soul of a dead king incarnate in, vi. 163

Flaminica, the, ii. 191, 235;

rules observed by the, iii. 14;

and her husband the Flamen Dialis, v. 45 sq., vi. 228, 236

Flanders, Midsummer fires in, x. 194;

the Yule log in, x. 249;

wicker giants in, xi. 35

Flannan Islands off the Lewis, iii. 392 sq.;

certain words tabooed in the, iii. 393 sq.

Flathead Indians. See Salish

Flax, homoeopathic magic at sowing, i. 136;

charms to make flax grow tall, i. 138 sq., ii. 86, 164, x. 165, 166, 173, 174, 176, 180;

omens from the growth of, v. 244;

pigs' ribs used to make flax grow tall, vii. 300;

dances to make the flax thrive, viii. 326, 328;

giddiness transferred to, ix. 53;

bells rung to make flax grow, ix. 247 sq.;

leaping over bonfires to make the flax grow tall, x. 119, 165, 166, 166 sq., 173, 174

Flax crop, prayers and offerings of the old Prussians for the, iv. 156;

omens of the, drawn from Midsummer bonfires, x. 165

—— -mother, near Magdeburg, vii. 133

—— -pulling, persons wrapt up in flax at, vii. 225

—— seed used to strengthen weakly children, vii. 11;

sown in direction of flames of bonfire, x. 140, 337

Flaying of Men, Mexican festival of the, ix. 296 sqq.

Fleabane as a cure for headache, x. 17

Fleas, leaping over Midsummer fires to get rid of, x. 211, 212, 217

“Fleece of Zeus,” Διὸς κώδιον, iii. 312 n. 3

Flemish cure for ague by transferring it to a willow, ix. 56

Flesh, boiled, not to be eaten by tabooed persons, iii. 185;

of men eaten to acquire their qualities, viii. 148 sqq.

—— of human victim eaten, vii. 240, 244, 251;

buried in field, vii. 248, 250

Flesh diet, restricted or forbidden, iii. 291 sqq.;

homoeopathic magic of a, viii. 138 sqq.

Fleuriers, in Switzerland, May-bridegroom at, ii. 91

[pg 275]

Flies, in homoeopathic magic, i. 152;

mock burial of, by Russian girls, on the first of September, viii. 279 sq.;

charms against, viii. 281;

souls of dead in, viii. 290 sq.

Flight of the priestly king (Regifugium) at Rome, ii. 308 sqq., 311 n. 4, iv. 213;

in religious ritual, ii. 309 n. 2;

from the demons of disease, ix. 122 sq.

—— into Egypt, the, xi. 69 n.

—— of the People at Rome, ii. 319 n. 1

Flint, holed, a protection against witches, ix. 162

Flint implements supposed to be thunder-bolts, ii. 374

Flints, not iron, cuts in manslayer or lion-slayer to be made with, iii. 176;

sharp, circumcision performed with, iii. 227;

fire kindled by, x. 121, 124, 126, 127, 145, 146, 159

Flood, the great, ix. 399 n. 1;

early account of, ix. 356

Floor, sitting on the, at Christmas, x. 261

Floquet, A., on the privilege of St. Romain at Rouen, ii. 168, 169

Flora of Italy, change in the, i. 8

Florence, ceremony of “Sawing the Old Woman” at, iv. 240 sq.;

ceremony of the new fire at Easter in, x. 126 sq.

Flores, island, treatment of the placenta in, i. 191;

spiritual ruler in, iii. 24;

the Manggarais of, iii. 324

Florida, American State, sacrifice of first-born male children by the Indians of, iv. 184;

the Seminoles of, iv. 199, viii. 76

Florida, one of the Solomon Islands, viii. 85, 126;

ghosts that draw out men's shadows in, iii. 80;

magic practised on refuse of food in, iii. 127;

first-fruits of canarium nuts offered to the dead in, viii. 126;

alligator-ghost in, viii. 297;

cuscus-ghost in, viii. 297 sq.

Florus and Laurus, feast of, on August 18th, x. 220

Flower of the banana, women impregnated by the, v. 93

—— of plantain in fertility ceremony, ii. 102

“—— of Zeus,” v. 186, 187

Flower-bearers in the service of Hera, ii. 143 n. 2

Flowering plants called Mothers, vii. 130

Flowers, omens from, i. 128;

divination by, on St. George's Day, ii. 339, 345;

the goddess of, ix. 278;

thrown on bonfire among the Badagas, xi. 8;

external souls in, xi. 117 sq.

See also Crown and Garlands

—— and herbs cast into the Midsummer bonfires, x. 162, 163, 172, 173

—— and leaves as talismans, vi. 242 sq., x. 183

—— at Midsummer thrown on roofs asa protection against fire and lightning, x. 169, xi. 48;

Midsummer festivalof, in Riga, x. 177 sq.;

magical virtue attributed to flowers that have been passed across the Midsummer fires, x. 183, 184, 190;

crown of fresh, suspended over Midsummer fire, x. 188;

wreaths of, hung over doors and windows at Midsummer, x. 201;

garlands or crowns of, placed on mouths of wells at Midsummer, xi. 28;

divination by, at Midsummer, xi. 50 sq.

—— on Midsummer Eve, blessed by St. John, x. 171;

garlands of, thrown into water on Midsummer Eve as an offering to the water-spirits, xi. 28;

the magic flowers of Midsummer Eve, xi. 45 sqq.; used in divination, xi. 52 sq.;

used to dream upon, xi. 52, 54

Flowery Dionysus, vii. 4

Flute, magical, made from human leg-bone, i. 148;

skill of Marsyas on the, v. 288

Flute music, its exciting influence, v. 54

—— players dressed as women at Rome, vi. 259 n. 3

Flutes played in the laments for Tammuz, v. 9;

for Adonis, v. 225 n. 3

——, sacred, played at initiation, xi. 241

Fly, soul in form of, iii. 36, 39

Fly River, in British New Guinea, xi. 232

Fly-catcher Zeus, viii. 282

Flying-fish, the first of the season offered to the dead, viii. 127

—— fox, transmigration of sinner into, viii. 299

“—— -rowan” (parasitic rowan), superstitions in regard to, xi. 281;

used to make a divining-rod, xi. 281 sq.

—— Spirits, the, at Lhasa, ix. 197 sq.

Fo-Kien, province of China, festival of fire in, xi. 3 sqq.

Foam of the sea, the demon Namuci killed by the, xi. 280;

the totem of a clan in India, xi. 281

Fog, charms to disperse, i. 314

Folgareit, in the Tyrol, Midsummer custom at, xi. 47

Folk-custom, external soul in, xi. 153 sqq.

—— -tales, of virgins sacrificed to monsters, ii. 155;

tongues of wild beasts cut out in, viii. 269;

reflect primitive customs and beliefs, viii. 269;

the external soul in, xi. 95 sqq.

Follies of Dunkirk, xi. 34 sq.

Foo-chow, the Chinese of, their use of a [pg 276] winnowing-sieve in superstitious rites, vii. 6, 9

Food, homoeopathic magic for the supply of, i. 85 sqq.;

eaten dry on principle of homoeopathic magic, i. 114, 144;

to be eaten dry by rain-doctor when he wishes to avert rain, i. 271;

remnants of, buried as a precaution against sorcery, iii. 118, 119, 127 sq., 129;

magic wrought by means of refuse of, iii. 126 sqq.;

taboos on leaving food over, iii. 127 sqq.;

not to be touched with hands, iii. 133, 134 n. 1, 138 sqq., 146 sqq., 166, 167, 168, 169, 174, 203, 265;

objection to have food over head, iii. 256, 257;

as a cause of conception in women, v. 96, 102, 103, 104, 105;

set out for ghosts, ix. 154;

girls at puberty not allowed to handle, x. 23, 28, 36, 40 sq., 42

——, sacred, not allowed to touch the ground, x. 13 sq.

Foods, forbidden, x. 4, 7, 19, 36 sq., 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 54, 56, 57, 58, 68, 77, 78, 94;

to enchanters of crops, vii. 100;

to meet in stomach of eater, viii. 83 sqq.

—— tabooed, on homoeopathic principles, i. 117 sqq., 135, 155, iii. 291 sqq.

Fool, the Carnival, burial of, iv. 231 sq.;

one of the mummers on Plough Monday, viii. 330

Fool-hen, reason for not eating the, viii. 140

“Fool's Stone” in ashes of Midsummer fire, x. 195

Fools, festival of, in France, ix. 334 sqq.;

in Germany, Bohemia, and England, ix. 336 n. 1

—— in processions of maskers, ix. 243

Foot, custom of going with only one foot shod, iii. 311 sqq., viii. 11;

custom of standing on one, iv. 149, 150, 155, 156;

limping on one, vii. 232, 284.

See also Feet

Foot-race at Olympia, iv. 287;

of boys at Lhasa, ix. 221 n. 1

—— -races at Whitsuntide in Germany, ii. 69

Football, suggested origin of, ix. 184

Footprint of Buddha, iii. 275

Footprints of absent hunter not to be looked at by his sister, i. 122;

contagious magic of, i. 207-212, iii. 74

Forbes, C. J. F. S., on the worship of demons in Burma, ix. 95 sq.

Forbidden thing of clan, xi. 313

“Forced fire” or need-fire, ii. 238.

See Need-fire

Forchheim, in Bavaria, the burning of Judas at Easter at, x. 143

Fords, offerings and prayers at, ix. 27 sq.

Forefathers expected to give rain, i. 353.

See also Ancestors

Forehead, skin of, regarded as the seat of perseverance, viii. 148;

and eye-brow of enemy eaten, viii. 152

Foreigners marry princesses and receive the kingdom with them, ii. 270 sqq.;

as kings, v. 16 n.

Foreskins removed at circumcision, uses of, i. 92 sq., 95;

magical virtue attributed to, i. 95;

used in rain-making, i. 256 sq.;

of young men offered to ancestral spirits in Fiji, xi. 243 sq.

Forespeaking men and cattle, x. 303

Forests of ancient Europe, ii. 7 sq.

——, demons of, abduct human souls, iii. 60 sq., 67

Forgetfulness, pretence of, by men who have partaken of human flesh, iii. 189;

of the past after initiation, xi. 238, 254, 256, 258, 259, 266 sq.

Forked shape of divining-rod, xi. 67 n. 3

Forks used in eating by tabooed persons, iii. 148, 168, 169, 203

“Forlorn fire,” need-fire, x. 292

Formosa, demon of smallpox transferred to sow in, ix. 33

Fornication thought to blight the fruits of the earth, ii. 107

Fors, the, of Central Africa, their superstition as to nail-parings, iii. 281

Fortuna and Servius Tullius, ii. 193 n. 1, 272

—— Primigenia, goddess of Praeneste, daughter of Jupiter, vi. 234

Fortune of the city on coins of Tarsus, v. 164;

the guardian of cities, v. 164

——, a man's, determined by the day or hour of his birth, i. 173

Forty days, man treated as a god during, ix. 281;

man personating god during, ix. 297;

of Lent, possible pagan origin of the, ix. 348 sq.

—— nights of mourning for Persephone, ix. 348

Forum at Rome, temple of Vesta in the, i. 13, ii. 186, 200;

sacred fig-tree of Romulus in the, ii. 10, 318;

funeral processions in the, ii. 178;

prehistoric cemetery in the, ii. 186, 202;

funeral games and gladiatorial fights in the, iv. 96

Fossil bones in limestone caves, v. 152 sq.;

a source of myths about giants, v. 157 sq.

Foucart, G., on the legend of the origin of the supplementary Egyptian days, ix. 341 n. 1

Foucart, P., on the Eleusinian mysteries, ii. 139 n. 1;

identifies Dionysus with Osiris, vi. 113 n. 3;

on the resurrection of Dionysus, vii. 32 n. 6

[pg 277]

Foul language at festival of Demeter, vii. 58

Foulahs of Senegambia, their fear of crocodiles, viii. 214

Foulères, bonfires on first Sunday in Lent, x. 111 n. 1

Foulkes, Captain, on external souls among the Angass of Nigeria, xi. 210

Foundation sacrifices, iii. 89 sqq.

Founding cities, Etruscan ceremony at, iv. 157

Fountains Abbey, the Boy Bishop at, ix. 338

Four Comely Ones, church of the, ii. 161

—— -handed Apollo, vi. 250 n. 2

—— -horse car of the sun-god, iv. 91

—— kinds of wood used to make the divining-rod, xi. 69, 291

—— -leaved clover, a counter-charm for witchcraft, x. 316;

at Midsummer useful for magic, xi. 62 sq.

—— years, many Greek games held every, iv. 96, vii. 79 sq.

Fourdin, E., on the procession of the giants at Ath, xi. 36 n. 2

Fowl in homoeopathic magic, i. 151;

sacrificed on roof of new house, ii. 39;

used in exorcism, iii. 106;

in purificatory rite, iii. 177;

used to divert evil spirits from pregnant woman, ix. 31.

See also Fowls

Fowler, W. Warde, ii. 327 n. 2, 329 n. 6, ix. 67 n. 2;

on the derivation of June from Juno, ii. 190 n. 2;

on the date of the Saturnalia, ii. 311 n. 4;

on the death of Romulus, ii. 319 n. 1;

on Janus as the god of doors, ii. 383 n. 3;

on the celibacy of the Roman gods, vi. 230, 232 n. 1, 234 n., 236 n. 1;

on Mamurius Veturius, ix. 229 n. 1;

on a Midsummer custom, x. 206 n. 2;

on sexta luna, xi. 77 n. 1;

on the ceremony of passing under the yoke, xi. 195 n. 4;

on the oak and the thunder-god, xi. 298, 299 n. 2, 300

Fowlers, words tabooed by, iii. 393, 407 sq.

Fowls, the ghosts of, dreaded by Baganda women, viii. 231 sq.;

as scapegoats, ix. 31, 33, 36, 52 sq.;

sacrificed, ix. 136.

See also Fowl

Fowls' nests, ashes of bonfires put in, x. 112, 338

Fox, intestines of a, in homoeopathic magic, i. 151;

imitation of, as a homoeopathic charm, i. 155 sq.;

asked to give a new tooth, i. 180;

guardian spirit as a, i. 200;

stuffed, vii. 287, 297, viii. 258 n. 1;

corn-spirit as, vii. 296 sq.;

carried from house to house in spring, vii. 297;

Koryak ceremony at killing a, viii. 223, 244;

Esquimau and Aino treatment of dead, viii. 267;

soul of dead in a, viii. 286;

prayed to spare lambs, x. 152.

See also Foxes

Fox Indians, iii. 163 n. 2

Fox's skin worn by mummer on Plough Monday, viii. 330

—— tail, name given to last standing corn, vii. 268

—— teeth as an amulet, i. 180

—— tongue as amulet, viii. 270

Foxes not to be mentioned by their proper names, iii. 396, 397, 398;

with burning torches tied to their tails at a festival, vii. 297 n. 5;

skulls of, consulted as oracles, viii. 181;

burnt in Midsummer fires, xi. 39, 41;

witches turn into, xi. 41.

See also Fox

Foxwell, Ernest, on the fire-walk in Japan, xi. 10 n. 1

Foxy Dionysus, viii. 282

Fra Angelico, his influence on Catholicism, v. 54 n. 1

Fraas, F., on the various sorts of mistletoe known to the ancients, xi. 318

Framin in West Africa, dance of women at, i. 132

Frampton-on-Severn in Gloucestershire, mistletoe on the oak at, xi. 316

France, prehistoric cave-paintings in, i. 87 n. 1;

contagious magic of footprints in, i. 210;

images of saints dipped in water in, as a rain-charm, i. 307;

kings of, touch for scrofula, i. 370;

May customs in, ii. 63;

leaf-encased mummer in, ii. 83;

the May Queen in, ii. 87;

acorns eaten in, ii. 356;

belief as to stepping over a child in, iii. 424;

belief as to meteors in, iv. 67;

“Sawing the Old Woman” at Mid-Lent in, iv. 241 sq.;

harvest customs in, v. 237;

timber felled in the wane of the moon in, vi. 136;

the Corn-mother in, vii. 135;

the corn-spirit as a dog or wolf in, vii. 271, 272, 275;

“Killing the Hare” at harvest in, vii. 280;

omens from the cry of the quail in, vii. 295;

corn-spirit as fox in, vii. 296;

superstitions as to the wren in, viii. 318;

hunting the wren in, viii. 320 sq.;

sticks or stones piled on scenes of violent death in, ix. 15;

cure for warts in, ix. 48;

cure for toothache in, ix. 59;

dances or leaps to make the crops grow high in, ix. 238;

the King of the Bean in, ix. 313 sqq.;

divination on Christmas Day in, ix. 316 n. 1;

weather forecasts for the year in, ix. 323 sq.;

the three mythical kings on Twelfth Day in, ix. 329;

Festival of Fools in, ix. 334 sqq.;

the Boy Bishop in, ix. 336 sq.;

Lenten fires in, x. [pg 278] 109 sqq.;

Midsummer fires in, x. 181 sqq.;

fires on All Saints' Day in, x. 245 sq.;

the Yule log in, x. 249 sqq.;

wonderful herbs gathered on St. John's Eve (Midsummer Eve) in, xi. 45 sqq.;

mugwort (herb of St. John) at Midsummer in, xi. 58 sq.;

fern-seed at Midsummer in, xi. 65;

judicial treatment of sorcerers in, xi. 158;

birth-trees in, xi. 165;

children passed through a cleft oak as a cure for rupture or rickets in, xi. 170.

See also French

Franche-Comté, dances in, to make hemp grow, i. 137;

girl called “the spouse” on May Day in, ii. 88 n.;

effigies of Shrove Tuesday destroyed in, iv. 227;

“catching or killing the cat” at harvest in, vii. 281;

the goat at threshing in, vii. 286 sq.;

the King of the Bean in, ix. 313;

bonfires on the Eve of Twelfth Night in, ix. 316;

the Three Kings of Twelfth Day in, ix. 330;

continence during Lent in, ix. 348 n. 1;

Lenten fires in, x. 110 sq.;

fires of St. John in, x. 189;

the Yule log in, x. 254

Franconia (Franken), the King of the Bean in, ix. 315 n.

Franken, Bavaria, customs at threshing in, vii. 148

——, Middle, the “Carrying out of Death” in, iv. 233 sq.;

fire custom at Easter in, x. 143

Frankenstein, precautions against witches in, xi. 20 n.

Frankenwald Mountains, ix. 160;

the Walber on the 2nd of May in the, ii. 65;

the Wood-woman at harvest in the, vii. 232

Frankfort, the feast of Purim at, ix. 363 sq., 394

Frankish kings, their unshorn hair, iii. 258 .sq

Fraser Lake in British Columbia, x. 47

—— River, Indians of the, their conception of the soul, iii. 27 sq.;

their belief as to the shadow, iii. 80;

asked pardon of the porcupines which they killed, viii. 243;

their respectful treatment of the first sockeye-salmon of the season, viii. 253 sq.

Fratres Arvales, ii. 122, vi. 239, ix. 232.

See Arval Brothers

Frauenkirche, the, at Munich, ix. 215

Fravashis, the souls of the dead in the Iranian religion, vi. 67 n. 2, 68

Frazer, Lady, on personal names among the Indians of Chiloe, iii. 324 n. 4;

on Holy Innocents' Day, ix. 337 n. 2

Free Spirit, Brethren of the, i. 408

Freiburg in Baden, St. George as the patron of horses in villages near, ii. 337

Freiburg in Switzerland, Lenten fires in, x. 119;

fern and treasure on St. John's Night in, xi. 288

Freising, in Bavaria, creeping through a narrow opening in the cathedral of, xi. 189

“French and English” or the “Tug-of-war” as a religious or magical rite, ix. 174 sqq.

French cure for fever by tying patient to tree, ix. 55;

for whooping-cough by passing patient under an ass, xi. 192 n. 1

—— custom of crowning cattle on Mid-summer Day, ii. 127

—— Islands, use of bull-roarers in the, xi. 229 n.

—— peasants ascribe magical powers to priests, i. 231-233;

their superstition as to a virgin and a flame, ii. 240, x. 139 n.;

regulate their sowing and planting by the moon, vi. 133 n. 3, 135

—— reapers, their saying at reaping the last corn, vii. 268

Fresh and green, beating people, ix. 270 sq.

Fresh meat tabooed to persons who have handled a corpse, iii. 143

Frey, the Scandinavian god of fertility, vi. 100 sq.;

his human wife, ii. 143 sq.;

his image and festival at Upsala, ii. 364 sq.

Freycinet, L. de, on a Hawaiian festival, iv. 118 n. 1

Frickthal, Switzerland, the Whitsuntide Lout in the, ii. 81;

the Whitsuntide Basket in the, ii. 83

Friction of wood, fire kindled by, ii. 207 sqq., 235 sqq., 243, 248 sqq., 258 sq., 262, 263, 336, 366, 372, viii. 127, 136, x. 132, 133, 135, 136, 137, 138, 144 sq., 148, 155, 169 sq., 175, 177, 179, 220, 264, 270 sqq., 335 sq., xi. 8;

new fire made by, vii. 311, viii. 74, 78;

sacred fire made by, viii. 314;

the most primitive mode of making fire, xi. 90, 295

Friedlingen, in Swabia, the thresher of the last corn called the Sow at, vii. 298

“Friendly Society of the Spirit” among the Naudowessies, xi. 267

Friesland, harvest custom in, vii. 268

——, East, the clucking-hen at threshing in, vii. 277

Frigento, Valley of Amsanctus near, v. 204

Frigg or Frigga, the Norse goddess, and Balder, x. 101, 102

Fringes to hide the eyes of girls at puberty, iii. 146, x. 47, 48

Fritsch, G., on Zulu festival of first-fruits, viii. 68 n. 3

Frodsham, Dr., on aboriginal Australian belief in conception without sexual intercourse, v. 103 n. 3

[pg 279]

Frog, slipperiness of, in homoeopathic magic, i. 151;

worshipped, i. 294 sq.;

love-charm made from the bone of a, ii. 345;

transmigration of sinner into, viii. 299.

See also Frogs

Frog-flayer, the, in Whitsuntide pageant, ii. 86

Frogs in homoeopathic magic, i. 155;

and ducks imitated in rain-making, i. 255;

in relation to rain, i. 292 sqq.;

worshipped by the Newars of Nepaul, i. 294 sq.;

hanged or beheaded by mummers at Whitsuntide, ii. 86 sq.;

maladies transferred to, ix. 50, 53

Frosinone in Latium, burning an effigy of the Carnival at, iv. 22 sq.

Froth from a mill-wheel as a charm against witches, ii. 340

Fruit-bearer, epithet of Demeter, vii. 63

—— -trees, grove of, round temple of Artemis, i. 7;

Diana a patroness of, i. 15 sq.;

homoeopathic magic in relation to, i. 140 sq., 142, 143, 145;

fertilized by fruitful women, i. 140 sq.;

barren, clothed in woman's petticoat to make them bear, i. 142;

barren women thought to make fruit-trees barren, i. 142;

various superstitions as to, i. 143, 145;

girt with ropes of straw on Christmas Eve in Germany, ii. 17;

fear to fell, ii. 19;

threatened to make them bear fruit, ii. 20-22, x. 114;

barren women fertilized by, ii. 56 sq., 344;

worshippers of Osiris forbidden to injure, vi. 111;

Dionysus a god of, vii. 3 sq.;

bound with Yule straw, vii. 301;

presided over by dead chiefs, viii. 125;

wrapt in straw during the Twelve Nights as a precaution against evil spirits, ix. 164;

fire applied to, on Eve of Twelfth Night, ix. 317;

Midsummer fires lit under, x. 215;

shaken at Christmas to make them bear fruit, x. 248;

fumigated with smoke of need-fire, x. 280;

fertilized by burning torches, x. 340

Fruitful tree, use of stick cut from a, ix. 264

Fruits blessed on day of Assumption of the Virgin, i. 14 sqq.;

Artemis and Diana as patronesses of, i. 15 sq.

—— and roots, wild, ceremonies at gathering the first of the season, viii. 80 sqq.

Fuegian charm to make the wind drop, i. 320

Fuegians, their mode of kindling fire, ii. 258;

their procedure at cutting hair, iii. 282

Fuga daemonum, St. John's wort, xi. 55

Fukhien, fear of tree-spirits in, ii. 14

Fulda, the Lord of the Wells at, xi. 28

Fulgora, a Roman goddess, vi. 231

Fumigating flocks and herds at the Parilia on April 21st, ii. 229, 326, 327

Fumigation with laurel, i. 384;

of flocks and herds as a charm against witchcraft, ii. 327, 330, 335, 336, 339, 343;

with incense a charm against witchcraft, ii. 336;

as a mode of ceremonial purification, iii. 155, 177, 424;

of flocks by shepherds, viii. 42, 43;

as a mode of cultivating moral virtues, viii. 166 sq.;

with juniper and rue as a precaution against witches, ix. 158;

of pastures at Midsummer to drive away witches and demons, x. 170;

of crops with smoke of bonfires, x. 201, 337;

of fruit-trees, nets, and cattle with smoke of need-fire, x. 280;

of byres with juniper, x. 296;

of sheep and cattle in Africa, xi. 12, 13;

of trees with wild thyme on Christmas Eve, xi. 64

Fünen, in Denmark, cure for childish ailments at, xi. 191

Funeral of Drought, a rain-making ceremony, i. 274;

of Kostroma, iv. 261 sqq.;

of caterpillars, viii. 279;

of dead snake, viii. 317;

of Death, ix. 205;

relations whipped at a, ix. 260 sq.

Funeral customs in Ceos, i. 105;

intended to save the souls of survivors, iii. 51 sqq., xi. 18;

of old Prussians and Lithuanians, iii. 238;

of the Patagonians, v. 194;

of the Mongols, v. 293;

in Madagascar, vi. 247;

in Tahiti, viii. 97;

in Chamba, ix. 45;

in Uganda, ix. 45 n. 2;

of the Michemis, x. 5;

observed by mourners in order to escape from the ghost, xi. 174 sqq.

—— games, iv. 92 sqq.

—— pyre of Roman emperor, v. 126 sq.

—— rites, certain, perhaps intended to ensure reincarnation, i. 101 sqq.;

performed for a father in fifth month of his wife's pregnancy, iv. 189;

denied to those who have been hanged, iv. 282;

of the Egyptians a copy of those performed over Osiris, vi. 15;

of Osiris, described in inscription of Denderah, vi. 86 sqq.

Funerals, personation of the illustrious dead at Roman, ii. 178;

in China, custom as to shadows at, iii. 80;

exorcism of ghosts after, iii. 106 sq.;

mock human sacrifices at, iv. 216;

bullocks as scapegoats at, ix. 37;

the tug-of-war at, ix. 174 sq.

See also Burial, Burials

Furfo, temple of Jupiter Liber at, iii. 230

Furies, invocation of the, by their names, iii. 390;

their snakes, v. 88 n. 1

Furnace, walking through a fiery, as a religious rite, xi. 3 sqq.

Furness, W. H., on prostitution of unmarried [pg 280] girls in Yap, vi. 266;

on passing under an archway, xi. 179 sq., 180 n. 1

Furnivall, J. S., on the last sheaf at rice-harvest, vii. 190 sq.

Furrow drawn round village as protection against epidemic, ix. 172

Fürstenwald, athletic competition after harvest in villages near, vii. 76;

the harvest Cock at, vii. 276

Furth in Bavaria, the Slaying of the Dragon at, ii. 163 sqq.

Furtwängler, A., on Diana at Nemi, i. 16 n. 2;

on rain-making at Crannon, i. 309 n. 6

Futuna, island in the South Pacific, inspired king in, i. 388 sq.;

boxing-matches in honour of the dead in, iv. 97

Fylgia, guardian spirit of child, i. 200

Fytche, A., on the execution of royal criminals in Burma, iii. 242

Gabb, W. M., on ceremonial uncleanness among the Indians of Costa Rica, x. 65 n. 1

Gablingen, in Swabia, the Oats-goat at reaping at, vii. 282

Gablonz, in Bohemia, Midsummer bed of flowers at, xi. 57

Gaboon, circumcision among the dwarf tribes of the, i. 95 n. 4;

Mpongwe kings of the, vi. 104;

negroes of the, regulate their planting by the moon, vi. 134;

the Mpongwe of the, their mode of agriculture, vii. 119;

birth-trees in the, xi. 160;

theory of the external soul in the, xi. 200 sq.

Gabriel, the archangel, iii. 302, 303;

in a Malay charm, i. 58

Gacko, need-fire at, x. 286

Gad, Semitic god of fortune, v. 164, 165

Gadabursi, a Somali tribe, milk-drinking after marriage among the, vi. 246

Gadbas, the, of the Central Provinces in India, offer the first-fruits to the cattle, viii. 118 sq.

Gades (Cadiz), worship of Hercules (Melcarth) at, v. 112 sq.;

temple of Melcarth at, vi. 258 n. 5

Gage, Thomas, on naguals among the Indians of Guatemala, xi. 213

Gaidoz, H., on the custom of passing sick people through cleft trees, xi. 171

Gaj, in Slavonia, need-fire at, x. 282

Gaktei, the, of New Britain, called “rotten tree-trunks” by their foes, iii. 331

Galatian senate met in Drynemetum, “the sacred oak grove” or “the temple of the oak,” ii. 363, xi. 89

Galatians, their worship of the oak, ii. 126;

their Celtic language, ii. 126 n. 2, xi. 89 n. 2

Galela, dread of women at menstruation in, x. 79

Galelareese of Halmahera, hunter's magic among the, i. 110;

fisherman's magic among the, i. 113;

telepathy in war among the, i. 130;

taboos on pregnant women among the, i. 141 n. 1;

their belief in the homoeopathic magic of fruits and vegetables, i. 143, 145;

homoeopathic magic of the dead among the, i. 147 sq.;

their charm made from the ashes of spiders, i. 152;

their superstition as to the sharpening of a knife, i. 158;

their superstition as to the tide, i. 167;

their treatment of the navel-string, i. 186;

their contagious magic of footprints, i. 208;

their way of deceiving the fruit of the aren palm, ii. 22;

their superstition as to felling the last tree of a wood, ii. 38;

their belief that incest causes heavy rain, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions, ii. 111;

abduction of souls among the, iii. 60;

their superstition as to a child who resembles his father, iii. 88;

their superstition as to mirrors, iii. 93;

their taboos as to stepping over things, iii. 423;

as to human sacrifices to volcanoes, v. 220;

their belief as to a bird croaking among rice in ear, vii. 296;

their custom of burying the stem of a banana-tree with the dead, viii. 97;

their rites of initiation, xi. 248

Galelareese charm to make a fruit-tree bear, i. 142;

to strengthen teeth, i. 157

—— sailors at sea, words tabooed to, iii. 414

Galicia, the Ruthenians of, their charm to increase a cow's milk, i. 198;

witches on St. George's Day in, ii. 335;

the Wheat-mother, Rye-mother, and Pea-mother in, vii. 135;

the harvest Cock in, vii. 277

Galingale, flowers of, used to strike women or girls in Mexico, ix. 288

Gall of eagle in homoeopathic magic, i. 154;

of sheep in rain-making, i. 290;

of ox in rain-making, i. 291;

of ox, man-slayers anointed with, iii. 172, 175;

of sacrificial bull drunk by king and people, viii. 68 n. 3;

of enemies drunk, viii. 152

Gall-bladders, the seat of courage, viii. 145 sq.

Gall, village in Yap, bananas tabooed as food at, iii. 293 n. 2

Gallas, kings of the, i. 48;

their magical use of tortoises, i. 151;

their treatment of the navel-string, i. 195;

[pg 281]

inspired women among the, i. 395 sq.;

sacred trees of the, ii. 34;

dance round sacred trees, ii. 47;

their perpetual fires, ii. 261;

their king not allowed to fight, iii. 13 n. 5;

sacrifice to the guardian spirits of their slain foes, iii. 166 n. 2;

their worship of serpents, v. 86 n. 1;

their communion with the dead through food, viii. 154;

will not eat the flesh of the biceps, viii. 266 n. 1;

cut out the tongues of animals, viii. 270;

their mode of expelling fever, ix. 121;

annual period of licence among the, ix. 226 n. 1;

their story of the origin of death, ix. 304

Gallas, the Borâna, custom observed by manslayers among the, iii. 186 n. 1

Galli, the emasculated priests of Attis, v. 266, 283

Gallic Councils, their prohibition of carrying torches, x. 199

—— recklessness of life, iv. 143

Galloway, “cutting the Hare” at harvest in, vii. 279

Gallows Hill, witches dance on the, on Walpurgis Night, ix. 162;

magical plants gathered on the, xi. 57

—— -rope used to kindle need-fire, x. 277

Galton, Sir Francis, on European fear of death, iv. 146 n. 2;

on the vale of the Adonis, v. 29

Galway, County, Candlemas custom in, ii. 95 n.

Gambling allowed during three days of the year in Siam, ix. 150

Game, dead, in certain cases not brought into house through door, viii. 256, 256 n. 1.

See also Door

Game law of the Njamus, vi. 39

Game of ball played as a rite, viii. 76, 79;

played to produce rain or dry weather, ix. 179 sq.

—— with fruit-stones played by kings of Uganda, vi. 224

—— of Troy, iv. 76 sq.

Gamelion, Attic month, corresponding to January, ii. 137 n. 1

Games, funeral, iv. 92 sqq.;

the great Greek, iv. 92 sq., 103 sqq.;

held by harvesters, vii. 75 sqq.;

magical significance of, in primitive agriculture, vii. 92 sqq.;

played at the sowing festival among the Kayans, vii. 94 sqq., 97 sq.;

played by the Kai of New Guinea as charms for the good of the crops, vii. 101 sq.;

many games probably originated in magical rites, vii. 103 n. 1;

athletic, viii. 66

——, the Eleusinian, vii. 70 sqq., 87 sq., 110, 180

——, the Eleutherian, vii. 80

Games, Greek, quadriennial period of, vii. 77 sqq.;

octennial period of, vii. 80

——, the Isthmian, iv. 92, 93, 103, vii. 86

——, the Nemean, iv. 92, 93, vii. 86

——, the Olympic, iv. 90, 92, 98 sq., 103, 105, vii. 80, 84, 86

——, the Panathenaic, vii. 80

——, the Pythian, iv. 80, 90, 92, 93, vii. 80, 84

Gamp, Mrs., as to coins on the eyes of a corpse, i. 149 n. 5

Gander, the corn-spirit as a, vii. 268, 270

Gander's neck, name given to last standing corn, vii. 268

Gandersheim, in Brunswick, need-fire at, x. 277

Gandharva pice, iv. 132 n. 1

—— -Sena, an ass by day and a man by night, iv. 124 sq.

Ganesa, new rice offered to image of, viii. 56

Gangas, fetish priests of the Loango coast, iii. 291

Ganges, first-born children sacrificed to the, iv. 180 sq.

Gaolis of the Deccan place new-born children on sieves, vii. 7 sq.

Gap, in the High Alps, cats roasted alive in the Midsummer fire at, xi. 39 sq.

Garcilasso de la Vega, on the reverence for the Incas, i. 415 n. 2;

on the virgin Peruvian priestesses of fire, ii. 244 n. 1;

on the fish-worship of the Peruvian Indians, viii. 249 sq.;

on the annual expulsion of evils in Peru, ix. 130 n. 1

Garda, the Lake of, custom at Mid-Lent on, iv. 241

Gardelegen, in the Altmark, the He-goat at harvest near, vii. 287

Garden of Osiris, vi. 87 sq.

Gardens of Adonis, v. 236 sqq.;

charms to promote the growth of vegetation, v. 236 sq., 239;

in India, v. 239 sqq.;

in Bavaria, v. 244;

in Sardinia, v. 244 sq.;

in Sicily, v. 245;

at Easter, v. 253 sq.

—— of God, v. 123, 159

Gardiner, Professor J. Stanley, on the phosphorescence of the sea, ii. 154 sq.

Gardner, Professor Ernest A., on date of the corn-reaping in Greece, v. 232 n.

Gardner, Mrs. E. A., x. 131 n. 1

Gardner, Professor Percy, on the representation of Persephone on a coin of Lampsacus, vii. 44

Gareloch, in Dumbartonshire, harvest customs on the, vii. 157 sq., 218 n. 2, 268

Gargouille or dragon destroyed by St. Romain, ii. 167

[pg 282]

Garlands of flowers (wreaths) placed on horns of cattle on St. George's Day to protect them against witchcraft, ii. 126, 339;

cast into water as a form of divination on St. George's Day, ii. 339, and on Midsummer Eve, xi. 28;

worn by young people jumping over the Midsummer fires, x. 165;

thrown on roofs of houses at Midsummer to guard them against fire and lightning, x. 169, xi. 48;

looking at Midsummer bonfires through, x. 174;

placed on wells at Midsummer, xi. 28;

twined of nine kinds of flowers used to dream on at Midsummer, xi. 52;

thrown on trees, a form of divination, at Midsummer, xi. 53.

See also Flowers and Wreaths

—— on May Day, ii. 60 sqq., 90 sq.

Garlic, soul-compelling virtue of, iii. 46;

roasted at Midsummer fires, x. 193

Garman or Carman, the fair of, iv. 100

Garments, effect of wearing sacred, iii. 4

Garonne, Midsummer fires in the valley of the, x. 193

Garos of Assam, their rain-charm by means of a black goat, i. 291;

ceremony of the Horse at rice-harvest among the, viii. 43 n. 1, 337 sqq.;

offer the first-fruits to the gods, viii. 116 sq.;

their annual use of a scapegoat, ix. 208 sq.

Garstang, Professor J., on Hittite sculptures at Ibreez, v. 122 n. 1, 123 n. 2;

on Hittite sculptures at Boghaz-Keui, v. 133 n., 135 n.;

on Arenna, v. 136 n. 1;

on the Syrian god Hadad, v. 163 n. 3

Gascon peasants, their belief in the magical power of priests, i. 232 sq.

Gashes cut in back, Australian initiatory rite, vii. 106

Gates of city opened or shut as charm for ensuring rain or sunshine, i. 298 sq.;

sacrifice of human beings at foundations of, iii. 98 sq.

Gateway, refusal of Marquesan chief to pass through, iii. 254

Gateways of villages, sacrificial blood smeared on, iv. 176 n. 1

Gathas, a part of the Zend-Avesta, vi. 84 n.

Gatri, in Nigeria, kings of, formerly put to death, iv. 34 sq.

Gatschet, A. S., on absence of historic traditions caused by fear of naming the dead, iii. 363;

on the absence of totemism in California and Oregon, viii. 175 n. 2;

on the Toukawe Indians, xi. 276 n. 2

Gattanewa, a Marquesan chief, his regard for the sanctity of his head, iii. 254 sq.

Gatto, in Benin, annual expulsion of demons at, ix. 131 sq.

Gaul, the Druids of, ii. 189;

Posidonius in, iv. 142;

worship of Cybele in, v. 279;

the Celts of, their calendar, ix. 342 sqq.;

“serpents' eggs” in ancient, x. 15;

human sacrifices in ancient, xi. 32 sq.

See also Gallic

Gauls, their “sacred spring,” iv. 187 n. 5;

their fortification walls, x. 267 sq.

Gauntlet, running the, penalty for killing a sacred python, iii. 222

Gauri, harvest-goddess, wife of Siva, represented by a girl and a bundle of plants, ii. 77 sq., vii. 207

Gavres, Persian fire-worshippers, iv. 158

Gayo, a district of Sumatra, rice fed like a pregnant woman and given water to drink in, ii. 29;

the crops ravaged by wild swine and mice in, viii. 33

Gayos of Northern Sumatra, their offering to the Lord of the Wood before clearing a piece of forest, ii. 36;

propitiate the Lord of the Wood before hunting in the forest, ii. 125;

superstitions of gold-washers among the, iii. 409 n. 3;

their euphemism for small-pox, iii. 410

Gazelle Peninsula in New Britain, beneficial effect of contagious magic in the, i. 175;

continence at the building of a canoe in the, iii. 202;

the name of a brother-in-law not to be mentioned among the natives of the, iii. 344;

the natives of the, their belief as to meteors, iv. 65;

conduct of the natives in an earthquake, v. 201;

the Melanesians of the, vi. 242 sq.;

woman's share in agriculture among the natives of the, vii. 123;

the Livuans of the, their belief in demons, ix. 82 sq.;

natives of the, their story of the origin of death, ix. 303 sq.;

the Ingniet society in the, xi. 156

Gazelles sacrificed at Egyptian funerals, vi. 15;

souls of dead in, viii. 289

Ge-lug-pa, a Lamaist sect, ix. 94

Gebal, Semitic name of Byblus, v. 13 n.

Gebars of New Guinea, temporary seclusion of cannibals among the, iii. 190

Geelvink Bay in New Guinea, magical telepathy among the tribes of, i. 125;

belief in a forest-spirit at, iii. 60 sq.

Geese sacrificed at Egyptian funerals, vi. 15;

the straw of the Shrovetide Bear supposed to make geese lay eggs, viii. 326

Geismar, in Hesse, Jupiter's oak at, ii. 364

Gellius, Aulus, on the triumphal crowns, ii. 175 n. 1;

his list of old Roman deities, vi. 232.

See also Aulus Gellius

[pg 283]

Gellius, Cnaeus, on Mars and Nerio, vi. 232

Gelo, tyrant of Syracuse, iv. 167

Gem, external soul of magician in a, xi. 105 sq.;

external soul of giant in a, xi. 130

Geminus, Greek astronomer, on the vague Egyptian year, vi. 26;

on the octennial cycle, vii. 81;

on the supposed influence of the stars, vii. 318 sq.

Generalizations of science inadequate to cover all particular facts, viii. 37

Generation, male organ of, as emblem of Dionysus, vii. 12;

effigy of, in Thracian ceremony, vii. 26, 29

Genesis, Sarah and Abraham in, ii. 114;

account of the creation in, iv. 106;

the Babylonian, ix. 410

Geneva, Midsummer fires in the canton of, x. 172

Genital organs of murdered people eaten, iii. 190 n. 2;

of Osiris, tradition as to the, vi. 10, 102;

of dead man used to fertilize the fields, vi. 102 sq.

Genius, the Roman guardian-spirit, symbolized by a serpent, v. 86, xi. 212 n.

Genius, Aristotle on men of, viii. 302 n. 5

—— of Industry in China represented by a boy with one foot shod and one foot bare, viii. 11

—— or patron of animals, viii. 243

—— of Spring in Annam, viii. 14

Genna, taboo, among the hill tribes of Assam, iii. 11, vii. 109 n. 2

Gennep, A. van, on the double-headed Janus, ii. 385 n. 1

Gennesaret, the Lake of, viii. 32

Genzano, the village of, i. 5 n. 2

Geographical and climatic conditions, their effect on national character, vi. 217

Geomancy in China, i. 170, iii. 239

George, Green, a leaf-clad mummer on St. George's Day, ii. 75, 76, 79

George the Third, i. 216

Georges d'Amboise, great bell at Rouen, ii. 168

Georgia, the Caucasian, rain-making in, i. 282

Geraestius, a Greek month, ix. 350

Geranium burnt in Midsummer fire, x. 213

Gerard, E., on the belief of the Roumanians in demons, ix. 106 sq.

Gerhausen, the Frauenberg near, x. 166

German belief as to the escape of the soul, iii. 37

—— cures for toothache by transferring it to trees, ix. 57, 58, 59

—— custom of throwing a knife or a hat at a whirlwind, i. 329;

of crowning cattle on Midsummer Day, ii. 127;

of sowing seed over weakly children, vii. 11

German huntsmen call everything by special names, iii. 396

—— laws, old, their punishment for barking a tree, ii. 9

—— peasants, their treatment of the afterbirth of a cow, i. 198 sq.;

their homoeopathic treatment of a broken leg, i. 205

—— saying as to not leaving a knife edge upward, iii. 238

—— superstition as to largeness of last sheaf, vii. 139 n. 7;

as to understanding the language of animals, viii. 146

—— way of freeing gardens from caterpillars, viii. 275

—— women, their use of milk-stones, i. 165

—— woodmen, their ceremony at felling a tree, ii. 38.

Germans, oldest sanctuaries of the, ii. 8 sq.;

evidence of mother-kin among the, ii. 285;

the oak sacred among the, xi. 89

—— the ancient, their worship of women, i. 391;

their tree-worship, ii. 8 sq.;

their worship of the oak, ii. 363 sq.;

their customs as to their hair, iii. 262;

their regard for the phases of the moon, vi. 141;

left the care of the fields to women and old men, vii. 129;

their human sacrifices, xi. 28 n. 1

—— of Moravia, their precautions against witchcraft on Walpurgis Night, ii. 55;

their custom on Laetare Sunday, ii. 63

—— of Transylvania, their belief as to knots in a coffin, iii. 310

—— of West Bohemia call the last sheaf the Old Man, vii. 138;

their custom of beating each other at Christmas, ix. 270;

Twelfth Day among the, ix. 331

Germany, popular cures for jaundice, St. Anthony's fire, and bleeding in, i. 81;

dancing or leaping as a charm to make flax grow tall in, i. 138 sq.;

custom as to cast teeth in, i. 178;

treatment of weapons that have wounded in, i. 204;

beating an absent man vicariously in, i. 207;

contagious magic of footprints in, i. 210, 211 sq.;

meal offered to the wind in, i. 329 n. 5;

fruit-trees girt or tied together with straw on Christmas Eve in, ii. 17, 27 sq.;

the Harvest May in, ii. 47, 48;

use of May-trees to make cows yield milk in, ii. 52;

the rowan-tree a charm against witchcraft in, ii. 53 n. 5, ix. 267;

precautions against witches on Walpurgis Night in, ii. 54;

Midsummer trees in, ii. 65 sq.;

races at Whitsuntide in, ii. [pg 284] 69;

races at a marriage in, ii. 303 sq.;

acorns as fodder for swine in, ii. 356;

custom of passing patients through a hole in an oak-tree as a cure in, ii. 371;

presages as to shadows on St. Sylvester's Day and Christmas Eve in, iii. 88;

mirrors covered after a death in, iii. 95;

belief as to combing and cutting children's hair in, iii. 263 sq.;

disposal of cut hair in, iii. 275 sq.;

certain animals not to be called by their proper names between Christmas and Twelfth Night in, iii. 396;

belief as to stepping over a child in, iii. 424;

belief as to a man's star in, iv. 66;

harvest custom in, v. 237;

leaping over Midsummer fires in, v. 251;

Feast of All Souls in, vi. 70 sqq.;

popular superstition as to the influence of the moon in, vi. 133, 140 sq., 149;

peasants regulate their sowing and planting by the moon in, vi. 135;

the Corn-mother in, vii. 132 sqq.;

the last sheaf called the Old Woman in, vii. 136;

the last sheaf called the Old Man in, vii. 137;

the last sheaf at harvest called the Bride in, vii. 162;

treatment of passing strangers by reapers and threshers in, vii. 225;

cries of reapers in, vii. 269;

the corn-spirit as a dog or wolf in, vii. 271, 273;

the last corn as a cock in, vii. 276, 277;

the last sheaf called the Hare in, vii. 279, 280;

omens from the cry of the quail in, vii. 295;

corn-spirit as fox in, vii. 296;

pigs' bones in connexion with sowing in, vii. 300;

the harvest-cock in, viii. 44;

sticks or stones piled on scenes of violent death in, ix. 15;

cure for warts in, ix. 54;

cure for toothache in, by transplanting it to a tree, ix. 59;

dances or leaps to make the crops grow high in, ix. 238;

“Easter Smacks” in, ix. 268 sq.;

custom of young people beating each other on Holy Innocents' Day in, ix. 270;

the King of the Bean in, ix. 313;

weather of the twelve months thought to be determined by the weather of the Twelve Days in, ix. 322;

weather forecasts by means of a peeled onion in, ix. 323;

the three mythical kings on Twelfth Night in, ix. 329;

the festival of Fools in, ix. 336 n. 1;

Lenten fires in, x. 115 sq.;

Easter bonfires in, x. 140 sqq.;

custom at eclipses in, x. 162 n.;

the Midsummer fires in, x. 163 sqq.;

the Yule log in, x. 247 sqq.;

belief in the transformation of witches into animals in, x. 321 n. 2;

colic, sore eyes, and stiffness of the back attributed to witchcraft in, x.344 sq.;

mugwort at Midsummer in, xi. 59;

orpine gathered at Midsummer in, xi. 62 n.;

fern-seed at Midsummer thought to be endowed with marvellous properties in, xi. 65;

mistletoe a remedy for epilepsy in, xi. 83;

the need-fire kindled by the friction of oak in, xi.91;

oak-wood used to make up cottage fires on Midsummer Day in, xi. 91 sq.;

stories of the external soul in, xi. 116 sqq.;

birth-trees in, xi. 165;

children passed through a cleft oak as a cure for rupture in, xi. 170 sqq.

Germany, ancient, the forests of, ii. 353

Gerontocracy, the rule of old men, in Australia, i. 335

Gervasius of Tilbury, on a rain-producing spring, i. 301

Gestr and the spae-wives, Icelandic story of, xi. 125 sq.

Getae, human god among the, i. 392;

priestly kings of the, iii. 21

Gewar, king of Norway, his daughter Nanna wooed by Balder, x. 103

Gezer, Canaanitish city, excavations at, v. 108

Gezo, King, restricts the benefit of clergy on the Slave Coast, v. 68

Ghansyam Deo, a deity of the Gonds, protector of the crops, ix. 217

Ghats, the Eastern, use of scapegoats in the, ix. 191

Ghennabura, religious head of village in Manipur, iii. 292

Ghera, a Galla kingdom, birth names of kings not to be pronounced in, iii. 375

Ghineh, monument of Adonis at, v. 29

Ghost of afterbirth thought to adhere to navel-string, vi. 169 sq.

—— of husband kept from his widow, iii. 143;

fear of evoking the ghost by mentioning his name, iii. 349 sqq.;

chased into the grave at the end of mourning, iii. 373 sq.

——, the Holy, regarded as female, iv. 5 n. 3

——, oracular, in a cave, xi. 312 sq.

——, precaution against, i. 142, 154

Ghosts, supernatural power of chiefs in Melanesia thought to be derived from, i. 338 sq.;

draw away the souls of their kinsfolk, iii. 51 sqq.;

sacrifices to, iii. 56, 247;

draw out men's shadows, iii. 80;

as guardians of gates, iii. 90 sq.;

exorcized after funerals, iii. 106 sq.;

kept off by thorns, iii. 142;

the purification of homicides and murderers designed to free them from the ghosts of their victims, iii. 186 sq.;

and demons averse to iron, iii. 232 sqq.;

fear of wounding, iii. 237 sq.;

swept out of house, iii. 238;

names changed in order to deceive ghosts or to avoid [pg 285] attracting their attention, iii. 354 sqq.;

easily duped, iii. 355;

propitiated with blood, iv. 92;

propitiated with games, iv. 96;

dearth and famine attributed to the anger of, iv. 103;

thought to impregnate women, v. 93, ix. 18;

of the dead personated by living men, vi. 52, 53, 58;

who preside over gardens, fear of offending the, viii. 85;

deceived by the substitution of effigies for livingpersons, viii. 94 sqq., 97 sqq.;

first-fruits offered to, viii. 126 sq.;

offerings to ancestral, viii. 127;

disabled by the mutilation of their bodies, viii. 271 sqq.;

of suicides feared, ix. 17 sq.;

shut up in wood, ix. 60 sq.;

nailed into the ground, ix. 63;

diseases caused by, ix. 85;

epidemics thought to be caused by, ix. 116;

periodically expelled, ix. 123 sq.;

driven off by blows, ix. 260 sqq.;

extracted from wooden posts, x. 8;

fire used to get rid of, xi. 17 sqq.;

mugwort a protection against, xi. 59;

kept off by thorn bushes, xi. 174 sq.;

creeping through cleft sticks to escape from, xi. 174 sqq.

See also Ancestral Spirits and Dead

Ghosts of animals, dread of, iii. 223, viii. 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 223, 224,227 sq., 229, 231 sq., 235, 236, 237, 241, 245, 267 sq., 269, 271

——, Roman festival of, in May, ix. 54 sq.

—— of the slain haunt their slayers, iii. 165 sqq.;

sacrifices to, iii. 166;

scaring away the, iii. 168, 170, 171, 172, 174 sq.;

as birds, iii. 177 sq.;

precautions against, iii. 240

Giant who had no heart in his body, stories of the, xi. 96 sqq., 119 sq.;

mythical, supposed to kill and resuscitate lads at initiation, xi. 243

Giant-fennel burnt in Midsummer fire, x. 213

Giants, myths of, based on discovery of fossil bones, v. 157 sq.

—— and gods, their battle, v. 157

—— of wicker-work at popular festivals in Europe, xi. 33 sqq.;

burnt in the summer bonfires, xi. 38

Giaour-Kalesi, Hittite sculptures at, v. 138 n.

Giddiness, transferred to flax, ix. 53

Giggenhausen, in Bavaria, burning the Easter Man at, x. 144

Gigha, island off Argyleshire, wind-charm in, i. 323

Gilbert, O., on the lapis manalis at Rome, i. 310 n. 3

Gilbert Islands, treatment of the navel-string in the, i. 185 sq.;

sacred stones in the, v. 108 n. 1

Giles, Professor H. A., on reported substitutes for capital punishment in China, iv. 275

Gilgamesh, the epic of, ix. 371, 398 sq.;

a Babylonian hero, beloved by the goddess Ishtar, ix. 371 sq., 398 sq.;

his name formerly read as Izdubar, ix. 372 n. 1

Gilgamus, a Babylonian king, ix. 372 n. 1

Gilgenburg in Masuren, “Easter Smacks” at, ix. 269

Gilgit, custom at felling a tree in, ii. 44;

the sacred chili (a kind of cedar) at, ii. 49, 50;

in the Hindoo Koosh, custom at wheat harvest at, viii. 56

Gill, Captain W., on a tribe in China governed by a woman, vi. 211 n. 3

Gill, W. W., on the observation of the Pleiades in the Hervey Islands, vii. 312

Gilolo. See Halmahera

Gilyak hunters, taboos observed in their absence by their children, i. 122

—— procession with bear, viii. 322, 325

—— shaman, his exorcism, viii. 103

Gilyaks, their ceremony at felling a tree, ii. 38;

do not clearly distinguish animals from men, viii. 206;

their respect for dead sables, viii. 238

—— of the Amoor, a Tunguzian people, viii. 190;

eat nutlets of stone-pine, v. 278 n. 2;

their exorcism by means of effigies, viii. 103 sq.;

their bear-festivals, viii. 190 sqq.;

why they put out the eyes of the seals they kill, viii. 267;

their belief in demons, ix. 101 sq.

—— of Saghalien, their customs as to personal names, iii. 370

Ginger in purificatory rites, iii. 105, 151;

cultivated, vii. 123

Gingiro, an Ethiopian kingdom, pretence of reluctance to accept the kingdom in, iii. 18 sq.;

wounded kings of, put to death, iv. 34;

custom at accession of new king in, iv. 200

Ginzel, Professor F. K., on the rise of the Nile, vi. 31 n. 1

Gion shrine in Japan, x. 138

Gippsland, in Victoria, the Kurnai of, i. 324, xi. 216;

the natives of, concealed their personal names, iii. 331 sq.

Gipsies. See Gypsies

Giraffes, souls of dead kings incarnate in, vi. 162

Giraldus Cambrensis on transformation of witches into hares, x. 315 n. 1

Girdle of wolf's hide worn by were-wolves, x. 310 n. 1

——, sacred, of king of Tahiti, i. 388

Girdles of mugwort worn on St. John's Day or Eve as preservative against [pg 286] backache, sore eyes, ghosts, magic, and sickness, xi. 59

Girkshausen, in Westphalia, the Yule log at, x. 248

Girl annually sacrificed to cedar-tree, ii. 17

—— and boy produce need-fire by friction of wood, x. 281

Girlachsdorf, in Silesia, the last sheaf called the Old Man at, vii. 138

Girls or women dance to make crops grow tall, i. 139 n.;

married to nets, ii. 147;

sacrificed to crocodiles, ii. 152;

employed to sow seed, vii. 115;

sacrificed for the crops, vii. 237, 239

—— at puberty obliged to touch everything in house, iii. 225 n.;

their hair torn out, iii. 284;

ceremonial uncleanness of, viii. 268, 268 n. 4;

secluded, x. 22 sqq.;

not allowed to touch the ground, x. 22, 33, 35, 36, 60;

not allowed to see the sun, x. 22, 35, 36, 37, 41, 44, 46, 47, 68;

not allowed to handle food, x. 23, 28, 36, 40 sq., 42;

half buried in ground, x. 38 sqq.;

not allowed to scratch themselves with their fingers, x. 38, 39, 41, 42, 44, 47, 50, 53, 92;

not allowed to lie down, x. 44;

said to be wounded by a snake, x. 56;

said to be swallowed by a serpent, x. 57;

gashed on back, breast, and belly, x. 60;

stung by ants, x. 61;

beaten severely, x. 61, 66 sq.;

supposed to be attacked by a demon, x. 67 sq.;

not to see the sky, x. 69;

forbidden to break bones of hares, x. 73 n. 3

—— under puberty used in rain-making, iii. 154

Girls' race at Olympia, iv. 91

Gisors, sickly children passed through a holed stone near, xi. 188

Givoy agon, living fire, in Russia, made by the friction of wood, x. 220

Gladiators at Roman funerals, iv. 96;

at Roman banquets, iv. 143

Glamorganshire, cure for warts in, ix. 53;

the Vale of, Beltane fires in, x. 154;

Midsummer fires in, x. 154, 201, 338

Glands, ashes of Yule log used to cure swollen, x. 251

Glanvil, Joseph, on a witch in the form of a cat, x. 317

Glass, the Magician's or Druid's, name for certain beads, x. 16

Glatz, precautions against witches on Walpurgis Night in, xi. 20 n.

Glaucus, son of Minos, restored to life, v. 186 n. 4

Glawi, in the Atlas, New Year fires at, x. 217

Gleiwitz, in Poland, sacrifice for horses near, ii. 336 sq.

Glen Farg, Perthshire, the harvest Maiden in, vii. 157, 157 n. 3

—— Mor, in Islay, stone for the cure of toothache in, ix. 62

—— Moriston, Inverness-shire, vii. 162 n. 3

Glencoe, the harvest Maiden and Old Wife in, vii. 165

Glencuaich, the hawk of, in a Celtic tale, xi. 127 sqq.

Glenorchy, the Beltane cake in, x. 149

Glory, the Hand of, a thief's talisman, i. 149

“——, the Hand of,” mandragora, xi. 316

Gloucester, the Boy Bishop at, ix. 337

Gloucestershire, fires kindled on the Eve of Twelfth Day in, ix. 318, 321;

mistletoe growing on oaks in, xi. 316

Glover, T. R., on a fire-custom of the Telugus, ii. 231 n. 6

Glue in homoeopathic magic, i. 157

Gnabaia, a spirit who swallows and disgorges lads at initiation, xi. 235

Gnats, charm against, viii. 280

Gnid-eld, need-fire, in Sweden, x. 280

Gniewkowo, in Prussian Lithuania, mummers on Twelfth Day near, viii. 327

Goajira peninsula in Colombia, personal names kept secret among the Indians of, iii. 325

Goajiras of Colombia, set hooks to catch demons, iii. 30 sq.;

the dead not named among the, iii. 352;

their seclusion of girls at puberty, x. 34 n. 1

Goat, blood of, drunk by devil-dancers and priests as means of inspiration, i. 382, 383;

prohibition to touch or name, iii. 13;

transference of guilt to, iii. 214 sq.;

sacrificed by being hanged, v. 292;

in relation to Dionysus, vii. 17 sq., viii. 1 sqq.;

torn to pieces in rites of Dionysus, vii. 18, viii. 16;

sacrificed for human victim, vii. 249;

corn-spirit as, vii. 281 sqq., viii. 327;

last sheaf made up in form of a, vii. 283;

killed on harvest-field, vii. 285;

stuffed, vii. 287;

killed at sowing, vii. 288;

the sacred animal of a Bushman tribe, viii. 28 sq.

See also Goats

—— and Athena, viii. 40 sq.

——, black, in rain-making ceremonies, i. 250, 291

——, the Cripple or Lame, name given to the last sheaf, vii. 164, 284

Goat-formed deities and spirits of the woods, viii. 1 sqq.

[pg 287]

Goat-skin, mask of, worn by mummers at Carnival, vii. 26;

worn by farmer at harvest, vii. 285;

hung on pole at sowing and danced round at harvest, vii. 288

—— -skins, mummers at Carnival clad in, vii. 26 sqq.

Goat's flesh, taboo as to entering a sanctuary after eating, viii. 85

—— Marsh at Rome, disappearance of Romulus at the, ii. 181, ix. 258

—— neck, name given to last standing corn, vii. 268

Goats fertilized at the Chili stone, ii. 51;

sacrificed in ceremonies to fertilize barren women, ii. 316, 318;

bred by the people of the Italian pile villages, ii. 353 n. 3;

not to be called by their proper name, iii. 415;

sacrificed instead of human beings, iv. 166 n. 1;

torn to pieces by fanatics in Morocco, vii. 21 sq.;

in relation to minor Greek and Roman deities (Satyrs, Fauns, etc.), viii. 1 sqq.;

the testicles of, eaten by lecherous persons, viii. 142;

sacrificed to wolves, viii. 284;

evil transferred to, ix. 31, 32;

as scapegoats, ix. 190, 191, 192.

See also Goat

Goats' horns used as a protection against witches, ix. 161, 162

Goatsucker or fern owl, shadow of the, iii. 82;

sex totem of women, xi. 217

Gobar-bhacach (goabbir bhacagh), “the lame goat,” name given to the last sheaf in Skye, vii. 164, 284

Gobi, the desert of, ix. 13

Gobir, a Hausa kingdom, infirm kings killed in, iv. 35

God, savage ideas of, different from those of civilized men, i. 375 sq.;

“the most great name” of, iii. 390;

the killing and resurrection of a god in the hunting, pastoral, and agricultural stages of society, iv. 221, ix. 1;

children of, v. 68;

sons of, v. 78 sqq.;

the physical fatherhood of, v. 80 sq.;

gardens of, v. 123, 159;

the burning of a, v. 188 sq.;

the hanged, v. 288 sqq.;

killed in animal form, vii. 22 sq.;

the animal enemy of a, originally identical with the god, vii. 23, viii. 16 sq., 31;

eating the, viii. 48 sqq.;

reasons for eating the, viii. 138 sq., 167;

dying, as scapegoat, ix. 1, 227;

the black and the white, ix. 92;

the killing of the, in Mexico, ix. 275 sqq.;

resurrection of the, ix. 400;

the dying and risen, in Western Asia, ix. 421 sq.

See also Gods

——, Aryan, of the thunder and the oak, ii. 356 sqq., x. 265

God, Bride of, i. 276

——, the Dying and Reviving, vii. 1, 33

—— on Earth, title of supreme chief of the Bushongo, xi. 264

—— of earthquakes, v. 194 sqq.

“God-boxes,” inspired priests called, i. 378

—— -man a source of danger, iii. 132;

bound by many rules, iii. 419 sq.

God's Mouth (Kirwaido), supreme lord of the old Prussians, iv. 41 sq.

Godavari District, in Southern India, the Kois of, v. 95

Goddess, identified with priestess, v. 219;

superiority of the, in the myths of Adonis, Attis, Osiris, vi. 201 sq.

Goddesses place infant sons of kings on fire to render them immortal, v. 180;

of fertility served by eunuch priests, v. 269 sq.;

their superiority over gods in societies organized on mother-kin, vi. 202 sqq.;

the development of, favoured by mother-kin, vi. 259;

personated by women, ix. 238

——, Cilician, v. 161 sqq.

Godiva, Lady, legend of, i. 284 n.

Godolphin, in Cornwall, Midsummer fires on, x. 199

Gods viewed as magicians, i. 240 sqq., 375;

ill-treated in times of drought or excessive rain, i. 296 sqq.;

appeal to the pity of the, as a rain-charm, i. 302 sq.;

sacrifice themselves by fire, i. 315 n. 1;

conception of, slowly evolved, i. 373 sq.;

in Brahman theology held to have been at first mortal and to have dwelt on earth, i. 373 n. 1;

gods and men, no sharp line of distinction between, in Fiji, i. 389;

the marriage of the, ii. 129 sqq.;

married to women, ii. 129 sqq., 143 sq., 146 sq., 149 sqq., vi. 207;

created by men in their own likeness, iii. 387, iv. 2 sq., 194;

their names tabooed, iii. 387 sqq.;

Xenophanes on the, iii. 387;

morality of the, iv. 1 sqq.;

succeeded by their sons, iv. 5;

exiled for perjury, iv. 70 n. 1;

progressive amelioration in the character of the, iv. 136;

death and resurrection of, v. 6, vii. 1, 12 sqq.;

personated by priests, v. 45, 46 sqq., ix. 287;

married to sisters, v. 316;

made by men and worshipped by women, vi. 211;

named the eaters of certain animals, vii. 23;

distinguished from spirits, vii. 169;

in the likeness of foreigners, vii. 236;

shut up in wood, ix. 61;

represented in masquerades, ix. 377.

See also God and Myths

—— and giants, the battle of, v. 157

—— and goddesses, dramatic weddings [pg 288] of, ii. 121;

represented by living men and women, ix. 385 sq.

Gods and men not sharply distinguished by primitive peoples, i. 373, 374 sq.;

esteemed akin by the ancients, ii. 177

——, incarnate human, i. 373 sqq., ii. 377 sq.;

bound by many rules, iii. 419 sq.

—— of the Maoris, ix. 81

——, Mexican, burn themselves to create the sun, ix. 410

——, Mother of the, in Mexico, ix. 289;

woman annually sacrificed in the character of the, ix. 289 sq.

—— of the Pelew Islanders, ix. 81 sq.

Goepfritz, in Lower Austria, dramatic contest between Summer and Winter at, iv. 257

Goik, name of puppet carried out at Mid-Lent, iv. 237

Goitre transferred to a peach-tree, ix. 54

Gold as a cure for jaundice, i. 80 sq.;

excluded from some temples, iii. 226 n. 8;

the flower of chicory to be cut with, xi. 71;

root of marsh mallow to be dug with, xi. 80 n. 3;

buried, revealed by mistletoe and fern-seed, xi. 287 sqq., 291

—— and silver as totems, iii. 227 n.

Gold Coast of West Africa, the Tshi-speaking peoples of the, i. 132, ii. 274 sq., iv. 128, v. 69;

negroes of the, their sacrifices to trees, ii. 47;

iron laid aside in consulting fetishes on the, iii. 228 sq.;

the Awuna tribes of the, iii. 257;

expulsion of demons on the, ix. 120, 131, 132 sq.

—— coin, magic plant to be dug up with a, xi. 57

—— mines, spirits of the, treated with deference, iii. 409 sq.

Golden Age, the, ix. 306, 353, 386;

the reign of Saturn, ix. 306, 344

—— apples, prize in race, ii 301;

of the Hesperides, iv. 80

—— axe, sacred tamarisk touched with, xi. 80 n. 3

—— bells worn by human representatives of gods in Mexico, ix. 278, 280, 284

—— Bough, xi. 279 sqq.;

plucked by Aeneas, i. 11, ii. 379;

the breaking of it not a piece of bravado, i. 123 sq.;

grew on an evergreen oak, ii. 379;

and the priest of Aricia, x. 1;

a branch of mistletoe, xi. 284 sqq., 315 sqq.;

Virgil's account of the, xi. 284 sq., 286, 293 sq., 315 sqq.;

origin of the name, xi. 286 sqq.

“—— Disease,” name for jaundice, i. 80

—— fish, girl's external soul in a, xi. 147 sq., 220

—— fleece, ram with, iv. 162

Golden Flower, the Feast of the, v. 185

—— Garden of the Peruvian Vestals, ii. 244

—— keys to unlock the frozen earth in spring, ii. 333

—— knife, horse slain in sacrifice with a, xi. 80 n. 3

—— lamb of Mycenae, i. 365

—— ornaments not to be worn in certain rites, iii. 227 n.

—— ring worn as a charm, i. 137;

half a hero's strength in a, xi. 143

—— Sea, the, v. 150

—— sickle, mistletoe cut by Druids with a, xi. 77, 88;

sacred olive at Olympia cut with a, xi. 80 n. 3

—— or silver nails driven into a sacred tree, ii. 36

“—— summer,” the, i. 32

—— sword and golden arrow, external soul of a hero in a, xi. 145

—— swords, youths dancing with, iv. 75

Goldfinch, consumption transferred to a, ix. 52

Goldfish worshipped by Indians of Peru, viii. 250

Goldi, the, of the Lower Amoor, their exorcism by means of effigies, viii. 103 sq.;

bear-festivals of the, viii. 197

Goldi shaman, his exorcism, viii. 103

Goldie, Rev. Hugh, on the fetish king of Calabar, iii. 22 sq.;

on the periodic expulsion of ghosts at Calabar, ix. 204 n. 1;

on the ukpong or external soul in Calabar, xi. 206

Goldmann, Dr. Emil, on the installation of a prince of Carinthia, iv. 155 n. 1

Goldsmith, transmigration of thief into, viii. 299

Goldziher, I., on a festival of the Bedouins of Sinai, iv. 97 n. 7

Golgi in Cyprus, conical stones at, v. 35

Goliath, a straw-man stabbed at Whitsuntide, ii. 90;

effigy of, carried in procession, xi. 36

—— and David, v. 19 n. 2

Gollas, the, of Southern India, their treatment of a woman in childbed, iii. 149

Golos, on the Bahr-el-Ghazal, their way of detaining the sun, i. 318

Goluan, Midsummer, x. 199

Gomes, E. H., on sacrifices in time of epidemics, iv. 176 n. 1;

on the head-feast of the Sea Dyaks, ix. 384 n. 1

Gommern, near Magdeburg, reaper of last corn wrapt in corn-stalks at, vii. 221

Gonds of India, their belief in reincarnation, i. 104 sq.;

their custom at clearing away a jungle, ii. 39;

mock human sacrifices among the, iv. 217;

ceremony of [pg 289] bringing back souls of the dead among the, v. 95 sq.;

their human sacrifices at sowing and reaping, vii. 244;

human scapegoats among the, ix. 217 sq.

Gongs beaten in a storm, i. 328 sq.;

at Dodona, ii. 358;

beaten to expel demons, ix. 113, 117, 118, 147

Gontiyalamma, mud figure of, in a rain-making ceremony, i. 294

Good Friday, barren fruit-trees threatened on, ii. 22;

Highland superstitions as to, iii. 229;

effigies and sepulchres of Christ on, iv. 284, v. 254 sqq.;

of ancient Greece, vii. 33;

expulsion of witches in Silesia on, ix. 157;

absolution of man called Adam at Halberstadt on the day before, ix. 214;

cattle beaten on, ix. 266;

custom of beating each other with rods on, ix. 268;

Judas driven out of church on, x. 146;

the divining-rod cut on, xi. 68 n. 4;

sick children passed through cleft trees on, xi. 172

—— Goddess (Bona Dea), at Rome, wine called milk in her ritual, iii. 249 n. 2;

her relationship to Faunus, vi. 234

—— Spirit, the, vii. 206

Goodrich-Freer, A., on Beltane bannocks and fires in the Hebrides, x. 154 n. 3

Googe, Barnabe, his translation of a Latin poem by Thomas Kirchmeyer, x. 124

Goomsur, Earth Goddess represented in peacock form in, vii. 248 n. 1

Goorkhas, the, of Nepaul, their festival of Dassera, iii. 316

Goose, eaten by Egyptian kings, iii. 13, 291.

See also Geese

“——, to lose the,” expression for overthrowing a load at harvest, vii. 277 n. 3

Gooseberry-bushes, a protection against witches, ii. 55;

wild, custom as to, xi. 48

Goowoong Awoo, volcano, children sacrificed to, v. 219

Gordian knot, iii. 316 sq.

Gordias and Midas, names of Phrygian kings, v. 286

Gordioi chose the fattest man king, ii. 297

Gordium, capital of the kings of Phrygia, iii. 316

Gordon, E. M., on iron as an amulet in Bilaspore, iii. 234 sq.;

on infant burial in Bilaspore, v. 94 sq.;

on the festival of the dead in Bilaspore, vi. 60;

on cairns to which passers-by add stones in Bilaspore, ix. 27 n. 4

Gore, Captain, on the behaviour of the Meriahs among the Khonds, iv. 139 n. 1

Gorgon, Perseus and the, iii. 312

Gorillas, souls of dead in, viii. 289;

lives of persons bound up with those of, xi. 202

Gorong archipelago, custom as to children's cast teeth in the, i. 179;

rule as to gathering coco-nuts in the, iii. 201

Gorse burned on May Day to burn or drive away witches, ii. 54

Görz, belief as to witches at Midsummer about, xi. 75

Gospel to the Hebrews, the apocryphal, iv. 5 n. 3

Goudie, Mr. Gilbert, on Up-helly-a' at Lerwick, ix. 169 n. 2

Gour-deziou, “Supplementary Days,” in Brittany, ix. 324

Gouri, an Indian goddess of fertility, v. 241 sq.

Gournia in Crete, prehistoric shrine at, v. 88 n. 1

Gout, popular remedy for, in Java, iii. 106;

transferred to trees, ix. 56 sq.

Government of old men in aboriginal Australia, i. 334 sq.

Govindji, an incarnation of Krishna, i. 284

Gowland, W., on cairns in Corea, ix. 11 n. 5

Gowmditch-mara tribe of Victoria, difference of language between husbands and wives in the, iii. 348 n. 1

Graal, History of the Holy, iv. 120, 134

Graetz, H., on death of a Christian child in the character of Haman, ix. 395 n. 1

Grafting, superstitious ceremony at, ii. 100

Grain Coast of West Africa, the Bodio or fetish king of the, i. 353, iii. 23;

initiation of girls on the, xi. 259

Grains of wheat, divination by, ix. 316 n. 1

Grammont, in Belgium, festival of the “Crown of Roses” at, x. 195;

the Yule log at, x. 249

Gran Chaco, the Lengua Indians of the, i. 313, 330, 359, iii. 37, 38, 357, iv. 11, 63, viii. 245, ix. 122, 262;

the Indians of the, their belief in dreams, iii. 37;

the Guaycurus of the, iii. 357, vii. 309;

the Matacos Indians of the, iii. 373 n.

Granada (South America), youthful rulers secluded in, x. 19

Granary, ceremony at fetching rice from a, vii. 185

Grand Halleux, bonfires on first Sunday in Lent at, x. 107

Grandfather's corpse, custom of leaping over, iii. 424

Grandfathers, grandsons named after their deceased, iii. 370

[pg 290]

Grandidier, A., on changes in the Malagasy language caused by taboo on names of the dead, iii. 380 sq.

Grandmother, title of an African priest, vi. 255;

name given to last sheaf, vii. 136;

or Mother of Ghosts at Rome, viii. 94, 96, 107

Grandmother Earth thought to cause earthquakes, v. 198

Grandmothers, grand-daughters named after their deceased, iii. 370

Grandparents, dead, worshipped, vi. 175

Granger, Professor F., on double-headed bust at Nemi, i. 42 n. 1

Grannas-mias, torches, on the first Sunday in Lent, x. 111

Granno, invocation of, x. 111 sq.

Granno-mio, a torch, x. 111

Grannus, a Celtic deity, identified with Apollo, x. 111 sq.

Grant, the great laird of, not exempt from witchcraft, x. 342 n. 4

Grape-cluster, Mother of the, iv. 8

Grapes as divine emblem, v. 165;

the last, not to be stript, vii. 234 sq.

Grasausläuten, ringing bells to make grass grow, ii. 344

Grass, magical ceremonies to make grass grow, i. 87 sq., x. 136;

bell-ringing as a charm to make grass grow, ii. 343 sq., ix. 247;

knotted as a charm, iii. 305, 306, 310;

thrown on heaps as ceremony, ix. 9, 10, 18, 20, 28;

dances to cause the grass to grow, ix. 238

Grass King, the, at Whitsuntide, ii. 85 sq.

—— -ringers in the Tyrol and Switzerland, ix. 247

—— seed, magical ceremony for the multiplication of, i. 87 sq.;

continence at magical ceremony for growth of, ii. 105

Grasshoppers in homoeopathic magic, i. 173 sq.;

charm against, viii. 281;

sacrifice of, ix. 35

Gratz, puppet burned on St. John's Eve at, x. 173

Graubünden (the Grisons), Canton of Switzerland, capers of masked men to make corn grow in, ix. 239;

“Sawing the Old Woman” in, iv. 242 sq.

Graudenz district of West Prussia, the harvest Bull in the, vii. 288

Grave, soul fetched from, iii. 54;

annual festival at, iv. 97;

human sacrifices at the, iv. 143, 143 n. 4;

dance at initiation in, xi. 237

—— of ancestor, milk poured on, ii. 223

—— of Apollo, i. 34 sq., iv. 4

Grave of Dionysus, iv. 3, vii. 14

—— of Osiris, vi. 10 sq.;

human victims sacrificed at the, vi. 97

—— of Zeus, iv. 3

Grave-diggers, taboos observed by, iii. 141, 142;

obliged to stand on one foot, iv. 156 n. 2

—— -shrines of Shilluk kings, vi. 161 sq.;

of Barotse kings, vi. 194 sq.

Graveclothes, homoeopathic magic of, in China, i. 168 sq.;

no knots in, iii. 310;

no buttons in, iii. 313

Graves, human blood offered at, i. 90 sq., i. 101, iv. 92;

rain-charms at, i. 268, 286, 291, iii. 154 sq.;

trees planted on, ii. 31;

dances on, ii. 183 n. 2;

food offered on, iii. 53;

puppets substituted for human victims sacrificed at, iv. 218;

milk offered at, v. 87;

childless women resort to, in order to ensure offspring, v. 96;

illuminated on All Souls' Day, vi. 72 sq., 74;

the only places of sacrifice in the country of the Wahehe, vi. 190;

false, to deceive demons, viii. 99 sq.;

offerings of first-fruits presented at, viii. 111, 113, 115;

heaps of sticks or stones on, ix. 15 sqq.

—— of Heitsi-Eibib, iv. 3, x. 16

—— of Hermes, Aphrodite, and Ares, iv. 4

—— of Hyperborean maidens at Delos, i. 28, 33 sqq.

—— of kings, chiefs, and magicians kept secret, vi. 103 sqq.;

human sacrifices at, vi. 168

—— of twins, water poured on, to procure rain, iii. 154 sq.

Gray, Archdeacon J. H., on reported human sacrifices in an aboriginal tribe of China, iv. 145

Grbalj, in Dalmatia, belief as to the souls of trees at, ii. 14

Greasing the weapon instead of the wound, i. 202 sqq.

Great Ardra in Guinea, the king of, not allowed to behold the sea, iii. 9

—— Bassam, in Guinea, annual sacrifice of oxen for the crops at, viii. 9 sq.;

exorcism of evil spirit at, ix. 120

—— Bear observed by the Kamtchatkans, vii. 315

“—— burnings” for kings of Judah, v. 177 sq.

—— Eleusinian Games, vii. 71, 79

—— Feast, the, in Morocco, ix. 180, 182, 265

—— Goddesses, the grove of the, at Andania, ii. 122

—— Man, who created the world and comes down in the form of lightning, xi. 298

—— Marriage, annual festival of the [pg 291] dead among the Oraons of Bengal, vi. 59

Great men, history not to be explained without the influence of, v. 311 n. 2;

great religious systems founded by, vi. 159 sq.;

their influence on the popular imagination, vi. 199

—— Mother, popularity of her worship in the Roman empire, v. 298 sq.;

name given to the last sheaf, vii. 135 sq.

—— Mysteries of Eleusis, their date, vii. 51

—— Pan, death of the, iv. 6 sq.

“—— Purification,” Japanese ceremony, ix. 213 n. 1

—— religious systems founded by individual great men, vi. 159 sq.;

religious ideals a product of the male imagination, vi. 211

—— Spirit, iv. 3;

sacrifice of fingers to the, iii. 161;

his gift of corn to men, vii. 177

—— Sun, title of Natchez chief, ii. 262, 263, viii. 77 sqq.

—— Vigil, an Aztec festival, vii. 176

—— year, the, a Greek cycle of eight or nine ordinary years, iv. 70

Grebo people of Sierra Leone, their pontiff, his magical functions and taboos, iii. 14 sq.

Greece, time of the corn-reaping in, i. 32, v. 232 n.;

priestly kings in, i. 44 sqq.;

homoeopathic cures for jaundice in, i. 80;

rain-making in, i. 273;

forests of, ii. 8;

artificial fertilization of fig-trees in, ii. 314 sq.;

oaks in, ii. 355;

acorns eaten in, ii. 355, 356;

conception of the soul in, iii. 29 n. 1;

customs as to foundations of new buildings in, iii. 89;

customs as to man-slayers in, iii. 188;

mode of reckoning intervals of time in, iv. 59 n. 1;

sacred marriage of Zeus and Hera in, iv. 91;

swinging as a festal rite in, iv. 283 sq.;

use of music in religion in, v. 54 sq.;

belief in serpents as reincarnations of the dead in, v. 86 sq.;

notion as to birth from trees and rocks in, v. 107 n. 1;

purification for homicide in, v. 299 n. 2;

notion of the noxious influence of moonshine on children in, vi. 148;

marriage customs in, vi. 245 sq.;

summer rainless in, vii. 69;

time of barley harvest in, vii. 77;

use of swallows as scapegoats in, ix. 35;

use of laurel in purification in, ix. 262;

stories of girls who were forbidden to see the sun in, x. 72 sqq.;

belief as to menstruous women in, x. 98 n. 1;

Midsummer fires in, x. 211 sq.;

stories of the external soul in, xi. 103 sqq.;

mistletoe in, xi. 316, 317

Greece, ancient, ceremony performed by persons supposed to have been dead in, i. 75;

ceremony to prevent dropsy in, i. 78;

contagious magic of footprints in, i. 211;

curses at cutting hellebore in, i. 281;

human gods in, i. 390 sq.;

tree-worship in, ii. 10;

rule as to blowing on a fire in, ii. 240;

female descent of kingship in, ii. 278 sq.;

maxim not to look at one's reflection in water in, iii. 94;

names of the priests of the Eleusinian mysteries not to be mentioned in, iii. 382;

the eight years' cycle in, iv. 68 sqq.;

custom of banishing homicides in, iv. 69 sq.;

human sacrifices in, iv. 161 sqq.;

time of the vintage in, vii. 47 n. 2;

mode of ridding the fields of mice in, viii. 276 sq.;

theory of the transmigration of souls in, viii. 300;

custom of stone-throwing in, ix. 24 sq.;

belief in demons in, ix. 104;

human scapegoats in, ix. 252 sqq.;

Saturnalia in, ix. 350 sqq.

—— Homeric, sanctity of kings and chiefs in, i. 366

Greek armies before battle, custom observed by, iii. 111

—— art, the human soul represented sometimes as a mannikin and sometimes as a butterfly in, iii. 29 n. 1

—— belief as to impotence, i. 150;

as to gods in the likeness of strangers, vii. 236

—— bride and bridegroom bathed before marriage, ii. 162

—— calendar, the early, iv. 68;

in the Louvre, vii. 46 n. 2;

based on the moon, of little use to the husbandman, vii. 53;

regulated by the moon, vii. 80

—— charm to silence watchdogs, i. 149

—— charms to ensure wakefulness, clear sight, and black hair, i. 154

—— Church, ceremonies on Good Friday in the, v. 254;

ritual of the new fire at Easter in the, x. 128 sq.

—— conception of Earth as the great Mother, ii. 128 n. 4

—— custom of offering hair to rivers, i. 31;

of ploughing the land thrice a year, vii. 53 n. 4, 72 sq.

—— divinities who died and rose again, vii. 2

—— farmers, their seasons for ploughing and sowing, vii. 45, 50;

their seasons for sowing and reaping determined by observation of the Pleiades, vii. 318

—— Feast of All Souls in May, vi. 78 n. 1

—— games, the great, iv. 92 sq., 103 sqq.;

held every four years, vii. 79 sq.

—— gods, discrimination of their characters, [pg 292] v. 119;

who took titles from vermin, viii. 282

Greek husbandmen, their maxim as to planting and gathering olives, ii. 107