General Index (continued 11)

based on a mistaken association of ideas, i. 53 sq., 174;

of teeth, i. 176-182;

of navel-string and afterbirth (placenta), i. 182-201;

of wound and weapon, i. 201 sqq.;

of footprints, i. 207-212;

of other impressions, i. 213 sq.

—— and ghosts, mugwort a protection against, xi. 59

——, homoeopathic or imitative, i. 52 sqq., iii. 151, 152, 207, 295, 298, iv. [pg 355] 283, 285, vii. 10, 62, 262, 267, 331, 333, 334, viii. 272, ix. 177, 232, 248, 257, 404, x. 49, 133, 329, xi. 231, 287;

based on a mistaken association of ideas, i. 53;

in medicine, i. 78 sqq.;

for the supply of food, i. 85 sqq.;

in fishing and hunting, i. 108 sqq.;

to make plants grow, i. 136 sqq.;

of the dead, i. 147 sqq.;

of animals, i. 150 sqq.;

of inanimate things, i. 157 sqq.;

of iron, i. 159 sq.;

of stones, i. 160 sqq.;

of the heavenly bodies, i. 165 sq.;

of the tides, i. 166 sqq.;

to annul evil omens, i. 170-174;

for the making of rain, i. 247 sqq.

Magic, negative, equivalent to taboo, i. 111 sqq.;

examples of, i. 143

—— and religion, i. 220-243, 250, 285, 286, 347, 352, ii. 376 sq.;

confused together, i. 226 sqq.;

their historical antagonism comparatively late, i. 226;

Hegel on, i. 423 sqq.;

combination of, v. 4

—— and science, their analogy, i. 220 sq.;

different views of natural order postulated by the two, xi. 305 sq.

—— sympathetic, i. 51 sqq., iii. 126, 130, 164, 201, 204, 258, 268, 287, iv. 77, vii. 1, 11, 102, 139, viii. 33, 271, 311 sq., ix. 399;

the two branches of, Homoeopathic and Contagious, i. 54;

examples of, i. 55 sqq.

—— and witchcraft, permanence of the belief in, ix. 89.

See also Sorcery and Witchcraft

Magic flowers of Midsummer Eve, xi. 45 sqq.

Magical bone in sorcery, x. 14

—— ceremonies for the multiplication of totemic animals, plants, etc., in Central Australia, i. 85 sqq.;

for the revival of nature in spring, iv. 266 sqq.;

for the revival of nature in Central Australia, iv. 270;

for the regulation of the seasons, v. 3 sqq.

—— changes of shape, vii. 305

—— control of the weather, i. 244 sqq.;

of rain, i. 247 sqq.;

of the sun, i. 311 sqq.;

of the wind, i. 319 sqq.

—— dramas to promote vegetation, ii. 120, vii. 187 sq.;

for the regulation of the seasons, v. 4 sq.

—— implements not allowed to touch the ground, x. 14 sq.

—— influence of medicine-bag, xi. 268

—— origin of certain religious dramas, ii. 142 sq., v. 4, vii. 187 sq., ix. 373 sq.

—— significance of games in primitive agriculture, vii. 92 sqq.

—— type of man-god, i. 244

—— uses made of the bodies of the dead, vi. 100 sqq.

Magical virtues of plants at Midsummer apparently derived from the sun, xi. 71 sq.

Magician, public, his rise to power, i. 215 sqq.

—— and priest, their antagonism, i. 226

Magician's apprentice, Danish story of the, xi. 121 sqq.

—— Glass, the, x. 16

—— progress, the, i. 214 sqq., 335 sqq.

Magicians claim to compel the gods, i. 225;

gods viewed as, i. 240 sqq.;

importance of rise of professional magicians, i. 245 sqq.;

as kings, i. 332 sqq.;

political power of, i. 335 sqq.;

develop into gods and kings, i. 375;

the oldest professional class in the evolution of society, i. 420;

develop into kings, i. 420 sq.;

make evil use of spilt blood, iii. 246.

See also Magic, Medicine-men, Shamans, and Sorcerers

——, Egyptian, their power of compelling the deities, i. 225, iii. 389 sq.

Magnesia on the Maeander, sacred cave near, i. 386;

device on coins of, i. 386 n. 2;

worship of Zeus at, vi. 238;

image of Dionysus in a plane-tree at, vii. 3;

sacrifice of bull at, viii. 7 sq.;

the month of Cronion in, viii. 7, 8 n. 1, ix. 351 n. 2

Magnets thought to keep brothers at unity, i. 165

Magondi, a Mashona chief, i. 393 sq.

Magpies' nests, custom of robbing the, viii. 321 n. 3

Magyar tale, resurrection of hero in a, viii. 263

Magyars, Midsummer fires among the, x. 178 sq.;

stories of the external soul among the, xi. 139 sq.

Maha Makham, the Great Sacrifice, celebrated every twelfth year at Calicut, iv. 49

Mahabharata, the, Indian epic, the Nagas in, i. 383 n. 4;

Draupadi and her five husbands in, ii. 306, xi. 7

Mahadeo, mock human sacrifices offered by the Bhagats to a, iv. 217 sq.

—— and Parvati, married Indian deities, their images worshipped, v. 242, 251

Mahadeva, Indian god, husband of Parvati, v. 241;

propitiation of, ix. 197

Mahafaly country, in Madagascar, formerly tabooed to strangers, iii. 103

Mahafalys of Madagascar, their chiefs not allowed to sail the sea or cross rivers, iii. 10

Mahakam Dyaks of Borneo, i. 159

—— River in Borneo, iii. 104, vii. 98, [pg 356] 99 n. 1, 186, 187, 314;

the Kayans of the, vii. 314

Maharajas, a Hindoo sect, worship their spiritual chiefs as incarnations of Krishna, i. 406;

believe that bathing in a sacred well is a remedy for barrenness in women, ii. 160 sq.

Mahdi, an ancient, v. 74

Mahratta, dancing-girls in, v. 62

Mahrattas, their belief in human incarnations of the elephant-headed god Gunputty, i. 405

Mahua tree (Bassia latifolia) worshipped by the Mannewars in India, viii. 119

Mahwá-tree, bride tied to, at a Munda marriage, ii. 57

Mai Darat, a Sakai tribe of the Malay Peninsula, their exorcism of demons by means of effigies, viii. 102

Maia or Majestas, the wife of Vulcan, vi. 232 sq.

Maiau, hero in form of crocodile, v. 139 n. 1

Maiden, the (Persephone), the descent of, vi. 41;

name given to last corn cut in the Highlands of Scotland, vii. 140, 153, 155 sqq., 164 sqq.;

or Corn-maiden, name given to puppet made of rye at end of reaping near Wolfenbuttel, vii. 150

Maiden Feast at end of harvest in Perthshire, vii. 156

“—— -flax” at Midsummer, xi. 48

Maiden's Well at Eleusis, vii. 36

Maidenhead, name of last standing corn on the Gareloch, vii. 158

Maidhdeanbuain or Maighdean-Bhuana, “the shorn Maiden” at harvest in the Highlands of Scotland, vii. 155 sq., 164, 165

Maidu Indians of California, taboos observed by women and children in absence of hunters among the, i. 122;

the importance of shamans among the, i. 357 sq.;

seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 42;

their notion as to fire in trees, xi. 295;

their idea of lightning, xi. 298

Maillotins on May Day, in the department of Mayenne, ii. 63

Maimonides, on loading a fruit-tree with stones, i. 140;

on a custom observed at grafting by the heathen of Harran, ii. 100 n. 2;

on the seclusion of menstruous women, x. 83

Maine, French department, oaks worshipped in, ii. 371

Mairs, in India, their custom of sacrificing their first-born sons to the small-pox goddess, iv. 181

Maize, Mexican goddesses of, i. 136, vii. 176, ix. 285 sq., 286 n. 1, 290, 291, 292, 294, 295;

homoeopathic magic to promote the growth of, i. 136, 137;

magical stones for the increase of, i. 162;

continence at sowing, ii. 105;

custom at maize harvest in Transylvania, iv. 254;

time of the maize-harvest in modern Greece, vii. 48;

cultivated in Africa, vii. 114, 115, 119, 130;

cultivated in South America, vii. 122, 124;

cultivated in Assam, vii. 123;

compared to a mother, vii. 130;

American personification of, vii. 171 sqq.;

personified as an Old Woman who Never Dies, vii. 204 sq.;

cultivated in Burma, vii. 242;

Mexican goddess of the White, lepers sacrificed to her, vii. 261;

thought to be dependent on the Pleiades, vii. 310;

red, a totem of the Omahas, viii. 25 sq.;

the Mexican goddess of the Young, ix. 278

Maize-mother, vii. 172 sqq.

Majhwars, Dravidian race of Mirzapur, their use of iron as a talisman, iii. 234;

their use of chickens as scapegoats, ix. 36;

their imprisonment of ghosts in trees, ix. 60 sq.

Makalaka hills, to the west of Matabeleland, i. 394

Makalakas, their human god, i. 394 sq.;

ceremony at the naming of a child among the, iii. 369 sq.;

their offerings of first-fruits, viii. 110 sq.

Makalanga, a Bantu tribe near Sofala, x. 135 n. 2

Makanga, African tribe, their belief that the souls of dead chiefs are in lions, viii. 287 sq.

Makaram, an Indian month, iv. 49

Makatissas of South Africa, their use of magical dolls, i. 71

Make-Make, a god in Easter Island, viii. 133

Makololo, the, of South Africa, burn or bury their shorn hair for fear of witchcraft, iii. 281

Makral, “the witch,” on first Sunday in Lent, at Grand Halleux, x. 107

Makrizi, Arab historian, on mode of stopping rain, i. 252;

on the custom of throwing a virgin into the Nile, ii. 151 n. 2;

on the burning of effigies of Haman at Purim, ix. 393 sq.

Malabar, use of magical images in, i. 64;

iron as an amulet in, iii. 234;

custom of suicide observed by kings in, iv. 47;

custom of Thalavettiparothiam in, iv. 53;

religious suicide in, iv. 54 sq.;

use of cows as scapegoats in, ix. 216;

the Iluvans of, x. 5;

the Tiyans of, x. 68

Malacca, the Mentras of, iii. 404

[pg 357]

Malagasy, their homoeopathic magic at planting maize, i. 137;

their use of children of living parents in ritual, vi. 247;

venerate crocodiles, viii. 215;

faditras among the, ix. 33 sq.

Malagasy language, dialectical variations of, caused by taboos on the names of chiefs and kings, living or dead, iii. 378 sq., 380

—— porters, their belief as to a woman stepping over their poles, iii. 424

—— soldiers, foods tabooed to, i. 117 sq.;

male animals not to be killed in the houses of absent, i. 119

—— whalers, rules observed by, iii. 191.

See also Madagascar

Malanau tribes of Borneo, their use of a special language in searching for camphor, iii. 406 sq.;

their belief in the transmigration of human souls into animals, viii. 294

Malas, the, of Southern India, their treatment of the placenta, i. 194;

their custom in drought, i. 284 n.;

their rain-charm by means of frogs, i. 294;

talismans of Mala women at childbirth, iii. 235;

their communionwith a goddess by eating her edible image, viii. 93 sq.

Malassi, a fetish in West Africa, xi. 256

Malay charms by means of magical images, i. 57 sq.;

at reaping rice, i. 139 sq.

—— conception of the soul of rice, vii. 180 sqq.

—— life, prevalence of magic in, iii. 416 n. 4

—— magic, to catch crocodiles, i. 110 sq.;

tinctured with a belief in spirits, i. 220 n. 1

—— maxim at planting maize, i. 136

—— miners, fowlers, and fishermen, special forms of speech employed by, iii. 407 sqq.

—— mode of rain-making, i. 262

—— Peninsula, power of medicine-men among the wild tribes of the, i. 360 sq.;

special terms used with reference to persons of the blood royal in the, i. 401 n. 3;

the Djakuns of the, ii. 236;

race for a bride among the indigenous tribes of the, ii. 302 sq.;

art of abducting human souls in the, iii. 73 sqq.;

the Besisis of the, iii. 87, ix. 226 n. 1;

the Mentras or Mantras of the, vi. 140;

the Rice-mother in the, vii. 197 sqq.;

the Mai Darat of the, viii. 102;

the Mantras of the, ix. 88

—— region, divinity of kings in, i. 398

—— society, parents named after their children in, iii. 332

—l— story of the absence of the soul in a dream, iii. 38 n. 4;

of the transference of souls, iii. 49

—— superstitions in regard to tin, iii. 407

Malayalies of the Shervaray Hills, their euphemism for a tiger, iii. 402

Malayans, devil-dancers in Southern India, practise a mock human sacrifice, iv. 216

Malayo-Siamese families of the Patani States, their custom as to the afterbirth, xi. 163 sq.

Malays, taboos observed by the, in the search for camphor, i. 114 sq.;

telepathy in war among the, i. 127;

their belief as to the sunset glow, i. 319;

their superstitious veneration for their rajahs, i. 361;

regalia regarded as talismans among the, i. 362;

their ceremony for making the durian-tree bear fruit, ii. 21;

their ways of deceiving the spirits of trees and plants, ii. 22 sqq.;

their superstition as to toallong trees, ii. 41;

their conception of the soul as a mannikin, iii. 28;

their conception of the soul as a bird, iii. 34 sqq.;

their custom as to shadows in building a house, iii. 81;

their superstitions as to the head, iii. 254;

taboos on cutting the hair among the, iii. 261;

their belief in the Spectral Huntsman, iv. 178;

their lunar years, vii. 314;

their use of birds as scapegoats, ix. 35;

stratification of religious beliefs among the, ix. 90 n. 1;

their story of the external soul, xi. 147 sq.;

their belief as to sympathetic relation between man and animal, xi. 197;

their doctrine of the plurality of souls, xi. 222

—— of Patani Bay, their ways of referring to tigers, iii. 404;

special language used by them in fishing, iii. 408 sq.;

a family of them related to crocodiles, viii. 212

Maldive Islands, special terms used with reference to persons of the blood royal in the, i. 401 n. 3;

virgin sacrificed as bride to a jinnee of the sea in the, ii. 152 sqq.;

disposal of cut hair and nails in the, iii. 274

Male and female, the sticks of the fire-drill regarded by savages as, ii. 208 sqq., 218, 218 n. 1, 223, 224, 226, 238, 249 sq.;

souls in Chinese philosophy, xi. 221

Male animals not to be killed in houses of absent Malagasy soldiers, i. 119

—— organ, effigy of, in rites of Dionysus, vii. 12;

effigy of, in Thracian ceremony, vii. 26, 29

Malecki (Maeletius, Menecius), J., on the [pg 358] heathen religion of the Lithuanians, ii. 366 n. 2

Malekootoos, a Bechuana tribe. See Baperis

Malemut Esquimaux unwilling to tell their names, iii. 328

Malepa, Bantu tribe of the Transvaal, will not taste blood, iii. 241

Maletsunyane, river in Basutoland, ii. 157

Malikolo, in the New Hebrides, heads of infants moulded artificially in, ii. 298 n. 2

Malkin Tower, witches at the, x. 245

Malko-Tirnovsko, in the district of Adrianople, masquerade at Carnival at, viii. 331

Mallans of India, their use of a scapegoat in time of cholera, ix. 190

Mallows, riddles asked by old men seated on, after a burial, ix. 122 n.

Mallus in Cilicia, deities on coins of, v. 165 sq.

Malmyz district of Russia, the Wotyaks of, ii. 145, ix. 156

Malo, one of the New Hebrides, title to nobility in, founded on sacrifice of pigs to ancestors, i. 339

Malta, death of the Carnival in, iv. 224 sq.;

bilingual inscription of, v. 16;

Phoenician temples of, v. 35;

fires on St. John's Eve in, x. 210 sq.

Maluango, the king of Loango, ii. 322

Malurus cyaneus, superb warbler, women's “sister,” among the Kurnai, xi. 216

Malwa, in Western India, iv. 122

Mamilian tower at Rome, viii. 42, 44

Mamre, sacred oak or terebinth at, v. 37 n. 2

Mamurius Veturius, annual expulsion of, in ancient Rome, ix. 229 sqq., 252, 257

Man, E. H., on the ignorance of the Andaman Islanders of the art of making fire, ii. 253;

on the first fire of the Andaman Islanders, ii. 256 n. 2

Man and animal, sympathetic relation between, xi. 272 sq.

——, the Isle of, tying up the wind in knots in, i. 326;

precautions against witches on May Day in, ii. 53 sq.;

hunting the wren in, viii. 318 sq.;

Midsummer fires in, x. 201, 337;

old New Year's Day in, x. 224 sq.;

Hallowe'en customs in, x. 243 sq.;

bonfires on St. Thomas's Day in, x. 266;

cattle burnt alive to stop a murrain in, x. 325 sqq.;

mugwort gathered on Midsummer Eve in, xi. 59.

See also Isle of Man

“Man, the True,” official title of the head of Taoism in China, i. 413

Man-god, the two types of, i. 244 sq.;

notion of a man-god belongs to early period of religious history, i. 374 sq.;

contagious magical virtue of the, iii. 132;

necessity for the isolation of the, iii. 132;

reason for killing the, iv. 9 sq.;

in China, ix. 117 sq.

Mana, supernatural or magical power in Melanesia, i. 111 n. 2, 227, 228 n. 1, 339

Manahiki, South Pacific, women after childbirth not allowed to handle food in, iii. 147;

rejoicings at the appearance of the Pleiades in, vii. 312 sq.

Manasseh, King of Judah, his sacrifice of his children, iv. 170

Manchu dynasty, the life-tree of the, xi. 167 sq.

Mandai river, the Dyaks of the, ii. 40

Mandalay, human sacrifices at gateways of, iii. 90;

kings of Burma screened from public gaze at, iii. 125 sq.;

the ceremony of head-washing at, iii. 253

Mandan Indians, afraid of having their portraits taken, iii. 97;

their belief as to the stars, iv. 67 sq.;

their personification of maize as an Old Woman, vii. 204 sq.;

their annual expulsion of the devil, ix. 171

Mandarins, deceased, deification of, i. 415

Mandeling, a district of Sumatra, treatment of the afterbirth in, i. 192 sq.;

the King of the Rice in, vii. 197;

respect for tigers in, viii. 216

Mandelings of Sumatra, their excuses to tree-spirits for cutting down trees, ii. 36;

open boxes, pans, etc., to help childbirth, iii. 296

Mandingoes of Senegambia, their attention to the phases of the moon, vi. 141

—— of Sierra Leone, kingship an honour desired by few among the, iii. 18

Mandragora called “the hand of glory” in France, xi. 316

Manegres of the Amoor, concealment of personal names among the, iii. 323

Maneros, chant of Egyptian reapers, vi. 45, 46, vii. 215, 258, 259, 261, 263, 264

Manes, first king of Lydia, v. 186 n. 5

Manetho, on the Egyptian burnt-sacrifice of red-haired men, vi. 97;

on Isis as the discoverer of corn, vi. 116;

on Osiris and Isis as the sun and moon, vi. 120;

on human sacrifices in ancient Egypt, vii. 259 n. 3

Mang-bettou.

See Monbuttu

—— -Shen, Chinese god of agriculture, viii. 11, 12

—— Than, the Warder of the Ox, in Annam, viii. 13 sq.

[pg 359]

Mangaia, Pacific island, priests inspired by gods in, i. 378;

separation of religious and civil authority in, iii. 20

Mangaians, their story of a man whose strength varied with the length of his shadow, iii. 87;

their preference for a violent death, iv. 10

Mang'anje woman, her external soul in an ivory ornament, xi. 156

Manggarais, the, of Flores, forbidden to utter their own names, iii. 324

Mango married to a tamarind or a jasmine in India, ii. 25

Mango crop, feast of the new, viii. 119

—— -tree, bridegroom tied to, at a Munda marriage, ii. 57;

worshipped by the Nahals, viii. 119;

festival of wild, x. 7 sqq.;

ceremony for the fertilization of the, x. 10

Mani of Chitombe or Jumba, potentate in West Africa, his hair, teeth, and nails kept after death as a rain-charm, iii. 271

Mania, an ancient Roman bogey, i. 22;

the Mother or Grandmother of Ghosts, viii. 94, 96

Maniae, a kind of loaf, viii. 94

Manichaeans, their theory of earthquakes, v. 197

Manichaeus, the heretic, his death, v. 294 n. 3

Manii, many, at Aricia, a proverb, i. 22, viii. 94 sqq.

Manioc or cassava cultivated in Africa, vii. 119;

cultivated in South America, vii. 120 sq., 122

Manipur, rain-making in, i. 252, 283 sq.;

the Chirus of, i. 289;

rain-making by means of a stone in, i. 304 sq.;

the Tangkhuls of, ii. 100;

the Kabuis of, ii. 106;

the hill tribes of, diet of religious chiefs among, iii. 292;

the Murrams of, iii. 292;

the Naga tribes of, iii. 292, iv. 11, vi. 57 sq.;

mode of counting the years in, iv. 117 n. 1;

rajahs of, descended from a snake, iv. 133;

the Rajah of, his sins transferred to a substitute, ix. 39;

annual eponyms in, ix. 39 sq.

Manitoo, personal totem, xi. 273 n. 1

Manius Egerius, said to have founded the sacred grove at Aricia, i. 22, viii. 95

Manna, ceremony for the magical multiplication of, i. 88 sq.

Mannewars, the, a forest tribe of the Central Provinces in India, their worship of the Bassia latifolia, viii. 119

Mannhardt, W., iv. 249 n. 4, vii. 258, viii. 337;

on loading trees with stones, i. 140 n. 6;

on rain-making by drenching trees, ii. 47;

on the Harvest-May, ii. 48;

on the representation of the spirit of vegetation at the spring festivals of Europe, ii. 78 sq.;

on the May King, Queen of May, etc., ii. 84;

on the pinching and beheading of frogs as a rain-charm, ii. 87;

on a French custom at May Day, ii. 93 n. 1;

on the “carrying out of Death,” iv. 253;

on the European ceremonies for the revival of vegetation in spring, iv. 267 sq.;

on placing children in winnowing-fans, vii. 11;

on the etymology of Demeter, vii. 131;

on the Corn-mother or Barley-mother in modern Europe, vii. 132;

on corn-puppet called Ceres, vii. 135;

on the identification of the harvester with the corn-spirit, vii. 138 sq.;

on the Peruvian Maize-mother, Quino-mother, etc., vii. 172;

on the corn-spirit in human form, vii. 204;

on Lityerses, vii. 217 n. 1, 218 n. 1;

on the corn-spirit in the corn last cut or threshed, vii. 222;

on the mythical calf of the corn, vii. 292;

on corn-spirit as horse, vii. 294;

on goat-formed woodland deities, viii. 2 sq.;

on the sacrifice of the October horse at Rome, viii. 42 n. 1;

on the golden leg of Pythagoras, viii. 263;

on processions of animals or of men disguised as animals, viii. 325;

on processions of maskers representing the spirits of vegetation, ix. 250;

on beating human scapegoats, ix. 255, 272;

on the human victims at the Thargelia, ix. 257 n. 4;

on fire-customs, x. 106 n. 3;

his theory that the fires of the fire-festivals are charms to secure sunshine, x. 329, 331 sqq.;

on torches as imitations of lightning, x. 340 n. 1;

on the Hirpi Sorani, xi. 15 n.;

on burning leaf-clad representative of spirit of vegetation, xi. 25;

on the human victims sacrificed by the Celts, xi. 33;

his theory of the Druidical sacrifices, xi. 43;

his solar theory of the bonfires at the European fire-festivals, xi. 72;

on killing a cock on the harvest-field, xi. 280 n.

Mannikin, the soul conceived as a, iii. 26 sqq.

Manning, Percy, on May garlands in Hertfordshire, ii. 61 sq.

Man-slayers, purification of, iii. 165 sqq.;

secluded, iii. 165 sqq.;

tabooed, iii. 165 sqq.;

haunted by ghosts of slain, iii. 165 sqq.;

their faces blackened, iii. 169;

their bodies painted, iii. 175, 178, 179, 180, 186 n. 1;

their hair shaved, iii. 175, 177;

taste the blood of their victims, viii. 154 sq.

See also Homicide

Mantinea, Poseidon worshipped at, v. [pg 360] 203 n. 2;

sanctuary of Demeter at, vii. 46 n. 2;

games in honour of Antinous at, vii. 80, 85

Mantineans purify their city by sacrificial victims, iii. 189

Mantis religiosus, a totem in the Duke of York Island, xi. 248 n.

Mantras, the, of the Malay Peninsula, their fear of demons, ix. 88 sq.

Mantras, sacred texts recited as spells by the Brahmans, i. 403 sq.

Manu, Hindoo lawgiver, on the uncleanness of women at menstruation, x. 95;

on the three births of the Aryan, xi. 276 sq.

See also Manu, the Laws of

Manu, the Laws of, on the effects of a good king's reign, i. 366;

on the divinity of kings and Brahmans, i. 403;

on the rebirth of a father in his son, iv. 188 sq.;

on the transmigration of evil-doers into animals, viii. 298 sq.

Manure, ashes used as, vii. 117

Manx fishermen, tabooed words of, iii. 396

—— mummers at Hallowe'en, x. 224

Many Manii at Aricia, a proverb, i. 22, viii. 94 sqq.

Maori. See also New Zealand

Maori chiefs, their sanctity or taboo, iii. 134 sqq.;

their heads sacred, iii. 256 sq.;

their hair sacred, iii. 265

—— gods, ix. 81

—— language, synonyms in the, iii. 381

—— priest catches the soul of a tree, vi. 111 n. 1

—— sorcerers, their use of clipped hair, nails, etc., iii. 269

Maoris, magical images among the, i. 71;

magic of navel-string and afterbirth among the, i. 182 sq.;

their contagious magic of footprints, i. 208;

acquainted with the sexes of trees, ii. 24;

their belief as to fertilizing virtue of trees, ii. 56;

their ceremonies on entering a strange land, iii. 109;

persons who have handled the dead tabooed among the, iii. 138 sq.;

tabooed on the war-path, iii. 157;

will not lean against the wall of a house, iii. 251;

their spells at hair-cutting, iii. 264 sq.;

their belief as to falling stars, iv. 64;

determined the beginning of their year by the rising of the Pleiades, vii. 313;

their offering of first-fruits of sweet potatoes, viii. 133;

warriors taste the blood of their slain foes among the, viii. 156;

put the first fish caught back into the sea, viii. 252;

birth-trees among the, xi. 163

Mar-na, a Philistine deity, ix. 418 n. 1

Mara tribe of Northern Australia, burial rites of the, i. 102 sq.;

their rain-making, i. 251;

their belief as to falling stars, iv. 60 sq.;

initiation of medicine-men in the, xi. 239

Marake, an ordeal of being stung by ants and wasps among the Indians of French Guiana, x. 63 sq.

Marash, Hittite monuments at, v. 173

Maravars, the, of Southern India, their use of iron as a talisman, iii. 234

Maraves, the, of South Africa, revere a spiritual head called Chissumpe, i. 393;

sanctity of burial-grounds among the, ii. 31 sq.;

their offering of first-fruits to the dead, viii. 111;

pile stones on places where witches were burnt, ix. 19

Marburg, in Steiermark, the thresher of last corn disguised as a wolf at, viii. 327

Marcellus of Bordeaux, homoeopathic remedies prescribed by, i. 84;

his cure for warts, ix. 48;

on transference of toothache to a frog, ix. 50;

on transference of asthma to a mule, ix. 50;

on transference of an intestinal disorder to a hare, ix. 50 sq.;

on medicines which may not touch the ground, x. 17

March, the old Slavs began the year with, iv. 221 sq.;

festival of Attis in, v. 267;

annual expulsion of demons in, ix. 149;

annual expulsion of witches in, ix. 157;

annual expulsion of evils in, ix. 199;

expulsion of Mamurius Veturius in, ix. 229, 231;

old Roman year began in, ix. 231, 345;

dances of the Salii in, ix. 232;

custom of beating people and cattle in, ix. 266;

festival of the Matronalia in, ix. 346;

marriage festival of all the gods in, ix. 373 n. 1;

the first month of the year in the oldest Persian calendar, ix. 402;

the fire-walk in, xi. 6;

mistletoe cut at the full moon of, xi. 84, 86

——, the 1st, sacred fire at Rome annually extinguished on, ii. 267;

custom of “Driving out Death” on, iv. 235;

wooden effigies of swallows carried about the streets on, viii. 322 n.;

bells rung to make the grass grow on, ix. 247;

Roman festival of the Matronalia on, ix. 346

——, the 25th, tradition that Christ was crucified on, v. 306

March moon, woodbine cut in the increase of the, xi. 184

Marco Polo, on beating as a punishment in China, iii. 243 sq.

Mardi Gras, Shrove Tuesday, iv. 227.

See Shrove Tuesday

Marduk or Merodach, chief Babylonian god, ix. 356, 357, 399;

as a magician, i. 240 sq.;

his wives, ii. 130, v. 71; New Year festival of, iv. 110, ix. 356;

his image at Babylon, iv. 113;

as a [pg 361] deliverer from demons, ix. 103;

the votaries of, ix. 372 n. 2

Marduk and Mordecai, ix. 365, 405

—— and Tiamat, iv. 105 sq., 107 sq.

Mare, treatment of the placenta of a, i. 199

—— in foal, last sheaf of corn given to, vii. 160, 162, 168

—— or horse, corn-spirit as, vii. 292 sqq.;

“crying the Mare” at end of reaping in Hertfordshire and Shropshire, vii. 292 sqq.

See also Mares

Mareielis, girls carrying May-trees or wreaths of flowers, at Zurich, iv. 260

Marena, Winter or Death, on Midsummer Eve in Russia, iv. 262

Mares in homoeopathic magic, i. 152, 153

Marett, R. R., on taboo as negative magic, i. 111 n. 2

Margas, exogamous totemic clans of the Battas of Sumatra, xi. 222 sq.

Mariandynian reapers, mournful song of, vii. 216

Marianne Islands, precautions as to spittle in the, iii. 288

Mariette-Pacha, A., on the burial of Osiris, vi. 89 n.

Marigolds, magic of, i. 211;

used to adorn tombstones on All Souls' Day, vi. 71.

See also Marsh-marigolds

Marilaun, A. Kerner von, on mistletoe, xi. 318 n. 6

Marimos, a Bechuana tribe, their human sacrifices for the crops, vii. 240, 251

Mariner, W., on taboo in Tonga, iii. 140;

on the sacrifice of first-fruits in the Tonga Islands, viii. 128 sqq.

Mariners at sea, special language employed by, iii. 413 sqq.

Marjoram a protection against witchcraft, ix. 160, xi. 74;

burnt at Midsummer, x. 214;

gathered at Midsummer, xi. 51

Mark of Brandenburg, fruit-trees girt with straw at Christmas in the, ii. 17;

race of bride and bridegroom in the, ii. 303;

name of mice tabooed between Christmas and Twelfth Night in the, iii. 397;

need-fire in the, x. 273;

simples culled at Midsummer in the, xi. 48;

St. John's blood in the, xi. 56;

the divining-rod in the, xi. 67

Marketa, the holy, prayed to for good crops in Bohemia, iv. 238

Marks, bodily, of prophets, v. 74

Marksuhl, near Eisenach, harvest custom at, vii. 231

Marktl, in Bavaria, the Straw-goat at threshing at, vii. 286

Marno, Ernst, on the reverence of the Nuehr for their cattle, viii. 39

Maroni river in Guiana, i. 156

Marotse. See Barotse

Marquesans, their way of detaining the soul in the body, iii. 31;

their regard for the sanctity of the head, iii. 254 sq.;

their customs as to the hair, iii. 261 sq.;

their dread of sorcery, iii. 268

Marquesas or Washington Islands, human gods in the, i. 386 sq.;

extinction of fires after a death in the, ii. 268 n.;

seclusion of manslayers in the, iii. 178;

continence at making coco-nut oil and at baking in the, iii. 201;

custom at childbirth in the, iii. 245;

the fire-walk in the, xi. 11

Marriage of trees to each other, i. 24 sqq.;

of men and women to trees, i. 40 sq., ii. 57;

treading on a stone at, i. 160;

bath before, i. 162;

the pole-star at, i. 166;

second, third, or fourth, regarded as unlucky, ii. 57 n. 4;

of Earth in spring, ii. 76, 94;

to a palm-tree before tapping it, ii. 101;

of near kin, the prohibition of, perhaps based historically on superstition, ii. 117;

of girls to spirits of lakes, ii. 150 sq.;

of girls to rivers, ii. 151 sq.;

with king's widow constitutes a claim to the kingdom, ii. 281 sqq., iv. 193;

with half-sister legal in Attica, ii. 284;

rice strewn on bridegroom's head at, iii. 35;

the consummation of, prevented by knots and locks, iii. 299 sqq.;

of brothers and sisters in royal families, iv. 193 sq.;

as an infringement of old communal rights, v. 40;

of women to serpent-god, v. 66 sqq.;

exchange of dress between men and women at, vi. 260 sqq.;

of mice, viii. 278;

of younger before elder brother deemed a sin, ix. 3;

leaping over bonfires to ensure a happy, x. 107, 108, 110;

omens of, drawn from Midsummer bonfires, x. 168, 174, 178, 185, 189, 338 sq.;

omens of, from flowers, xi. 52 sq., 61;

oak-trees planted at, xi. 165

—— of Adonis and Aphrodite celebrated at Alexandria, v. 224

—— of the god Marduk, ix. 356

——, mock, of leaf-clad mummers, i. 97;

at Carnival masquerade, vii. 27;

or real, of human victims, ix. 257 sq.

—— of the Roman gods, vi. 230 sqq.

——, Sacred, ii. 120 sqq.;

of Dionysus with the Queen of Athens, ii. 136 sq., vii. 30 sq.;

of Zeus and Demeter in Eleusinian mysteries, ii. 138, vii. 65 sqq., viii. 9;

of Zeus and Hera, ii. 140 sqq., iv. 91;

of Frey and his wife, ii. 143 sq., iv. 91;

of Roman kings, ii. 172 sq., 192, 193 sq., 318 sq.;

of king and [pg 362] queen, iv. 71;

of gods and goddesses, iv. 73;

of actors disguised as animals, iv. 83;

of priest and priestess as representatives of deities, v. 46 sqq.;

represented in the rock-hewn sculptures at Boghaz-Keui, v. 140;

of Hercules and Hera perhaps celebrated in Cos, vi. 259 n. 4

Marriage of Sky and Earth, v. 282 with n. 2

—— of the Sun and Moon, mythical and dramatic, ii. 146 sq., iv. 71, 73 sq., 78, 87 sq., 90, 92, 105;

of the Sun and Earth, ii. 98 sq., 148, v. 47 sq.

Marriage customs of the Aryan family, vi. 235;

use of children of living parents in, vi. 245 sqq.;

to ensure the birth of boys, vi. 262

—— festival of the gods, i. 129 sqq., ix. 273 n. 1;

festival of all the gods and goddesses in the Date Month, ii. 25

“—— Hollow” at Teltown, iv. 99

Marriages of brothers with sisters in ancient Egypt, vi. 214 sqq.;

their intention to keep the property in the family, vi. 215 sq.

Married, the person last, lights the bonfire, x. 107, 109, 111, 119, 339;

young man last married provides wheel to be burnt, x. 116;

the person last married officiates at Midsummer fire, x. 192;

men married within the year collect fuel for Midsummer fire, x. 192 sq.;

last married bride made to leap over bonfire, xi. 22

Married men make fire by the friction of wood, ii. 238, 239;

kindle need-fire, x. 289

—— pair of priestly functionaries in charge of the sacred fire, ii. 235

Marriott, Fitzgerald, on dance of women during war, i. 132

Marrow bones not to be broken in a hut, i. 115 sq.

Mars, the reputed father of Romulus and Remus, ii. 196 sq., vi. 235;

horse sacrificed to, in October, at Rome, viii. 42, ix. 230;

a god of vegetation, ix. 229 sq.;

the Old, at Rome, ix. 229, 231, 252;

represented by Mamurius Veturius, ix. 229

—— and Bellona, vi. 231

——, Field of, at Rome, annual chariot-race on the, viii. 42

—— and his wife Nerio, vi. 232

——, the planet, red-haired men sacrificed to, vii. 261 sq.

—— and Silvia, xi. 105

——, temple of, at Rome, i. 310;

nails knocked into the, ix. 67 n. 1

Mars Silvanus, ix. 230

Marsaba, a devil in the island of Rook, his expulsion, ix. 109;

swallows lads at initiation, xi. 246

Marsala in Sicily, Midsummer customs at, v. 247

Marsden, W., on the confusion of the agricultural year in Sumatra caused by the introduction of the lunar Mohammedan calendar, vii. 315

Marseilles, drenching people with water at Midsummer in, v. 248 sq., x. 193;

human scapegoats at, ix. 253;

Midsummer king of the double-axe at, x. 194;

the Yule log at, x. 250;

Midsummer flowers at, xi. 46

Marsh-marigolds, a protection against witchcraft, ii. 54, ix. 163;

hoops wreathed with, carried on May Day, ii. 63, 88.

See also Marigolds

Marshall, A. S. F., on the felling of timber in Mexico, vi. 136 n. 3

Marshall Islands, belief in the external soul in the, xi. 200

Marshall Bennet Islands, magical powers of chiefs in the, i. 339

Marsi, Midsummer fires in the land of the ancient, x. 209

Marsyas, his musical contest with Apollo and his death, v. 55, 288 sq.;

perhaps a double of Attis, v. 289

——, the river, v. 289

Martens, magic to snare, i. 110;

bones of, kept from dogs, viii. 239

Martial on the Ides of August as Diana's day, i. 12 n. 2

Martin, Father, on the indifference to human life of a robber caste in Southern India, iv. 141 sq.

Martin, Rev. John, on annual expulsion of the devil on the Gold Coast, ix. 132 sq.

Martin, M., on St. Bride's Day in the Hebrides, ii. 94 n. 2;

on forced fire (need-fire) in Scotland, ii. 238, x. 289;

on the cutting of peat in the Hebrides, vi. 138;

on dessil (deiseal), x. 151 n.

Martin of Urzedow, Polish priest, denounced heathen practices of women on St. John's Eve, x. 177

Martinique, precaution as to spittle in, iii. 289

Martius, C. F. Phil. von, on the political power of medicine-men among the Indians of Brazil, i. 359

Martyrdom of St. Dasius, ix. 308 sqq.

—— of St. Hippolytus, i. 21

Marwaris of India, Holi festival among the, xi. 2 sq.

Marxberg, the, on the Moselle, fiery wheel rolled down, in Lent, x. 118

Maryborough, in Queensland, custom of the tribes about, as to women stepping over things, iii. 424;

exposure of [pg 363] first-born children among the tribes about, iv. 180;

ate men to acquire their virtues, viii. 151

Marzana, goddess of Death, effigy of, in Polish parts of Silesia, iv. 237

Masai of East Africa, power of medicine-men among the, i. 343 sq.;

their reverence for the subugo tree, ii. 16;

their fire-drill, ii. 210;

custom observed by manslayers among the, iii. 186 n. 1;

continence of man and woman at brewing honey-wine among the, iii. 200;

beards not pulled out by chiefs and sorcerers among the, iii. 260;

head chief of the, foods tabooed to him, iii. 291;

their use of magic knots, iii. 309;

their use of rings as amulets, iii. 315;

unwilling to tell their own names, iii. 329 sq.;

said to change the names of the dead, iii. 354 sq.;

namesakes of the dead change their names among the, iii. 356;

changes in their vocabulary caused by fear of naming the dead, iii. 361;

their customs as to falling stars, iv. 61, 65;

their custom as to the skulls of dead chiefs, iv. 202 sq.;

their belief in serpents as reincarnations of the dead, v. 82, 84;

their ceremonies at the new moon, vi. 142 sq.;

their rule as to the choice of a chief, vi. 248;

boys wear female costume at circumcision among the, vi. 263;

their observation of the Pleiades, vii. 317;

their rules as to partaking of meat and milk, viii. 83 sq.;

the El Kiboron clan of the, viii. 288;

their custom of throwing stones or grass on graves, ix. 20;

peace-making ceremony among the, x. 139 n.

Masai pope, the, i. 343 sq.

Mascal or Festival of the Cross in Abyssinia, ix. 133 sq.

Mashona, the, of South Africa, revered human gods, i. 393

Mashonaland, chiefs of, not allowed to cross rivers, iii. 9 sq.

Mashti, supposed name of Elamite goddess, ix. 366 sq.

Mask of dog or jackal worn by priest who personated Anubis, vi. 85 n. 3;

two-faced, worn by image of goddess, ix. 287;

priest of Earth not to wear a, x. 4.

See also Masks

Masked dances, vii. 95 sq., 111, 186, viii. 208 n. 1, 339, ix. 236;

at Carnival, viii. 333, 334;

in ritual of Demeter, viii. 339;

to promote fertility, ix. 236;

and ceremonies of savages, ix. 374 sqq.;

bull-roarers used at, xi. 230 n.

See also Dances

Maskers, representing the dead, ii. 178;

in Thrace at Carnival, vii. 26 sqq.;

representing demons, vii. 95, 186 sq.;

in the Grisons, ix. 239;

in the Tyrol and Salzburg, ix. 242 sqq.;

as representatives of the spirits of fertility, both vegetable and animal, ix. 249 sq.;

supposed to be inspired by the spirits whom they represent, ix. 380, 382, 383

Masks worn by shamans in pursuit of lost souls, iii. 57 sq.;

hung on trees at time of sowing, iv. 283;

worn by actors who represent demons or spirits, vii. 95, 186;

worn by Egyptian kings, vii. 260 sq.;

worn in masked dances, not to be seen by women on pain of death, viii. 208 n. 1;

worn by women, viii. 232 sq., 234;

worn by mummers at Carnival, viii. 333;

worn by Cingalese devil-dancers, ix. 38;

worn at expulsion of demons, ix. 111, 127, 145, 213;

worn at ceremonies to promote the growth of the crops, ix. 236, 240, 242 sqq., 247, 248 sq.;

worn by the Perchten, ix. 242, 243, 245, 247;

intended to ban demons, ix. 246;

worn by priests who personate gods, ix. 287;

worn in religious dances and performances, ix. 375, 376 n. 2, 378, 379, 380, 382;

representing mythical personages, ix. 375, 376 n. 2, 378, 379, 382 sq.;

representing totemic animals, ix. 380;

burned at end of masquerade, ix. 382;

thought to be animated by demons, ix. 382;

worn by girls at puberty, x. 31, 52;

worn at Duk-duk ceremonies in New Britain, xi. 247;

worn by members of a secret Wolf society among the Nootka Indians, xi. 270, 271.

See also Mask, Maskers, and Masquerade

Masnes, a giant, in a legend of Sardes, v. 186

Masoka, the spirits of the dead, worshipped by the Wahehe of German East Africa, vi. 188 sq.

Maspéro, Sir Gaston, on the confusion of magic and religion in ancient Egypt, i. 230;

on the assimilation of Egyptian kings to gods, ii. 133 sq.;

edits the Pyramid Texts, vi. 4 n. 1;

on the nature of Osiris, vi. 126 n. 2, vii. 260 n. 2

Masquerade at the Carnival in Thrace, vi. 99 sq.;

at sowing festival in Borneo, vii. 95 sq., 98, 186 sq.;

of boys among the Lengua Indians, x. 57 n. 1

Masquerades, Roman, of men personating the dead, ii. 178;

of kings and queens, iv. 71 sq., 78, 88, 89;

Californian, of men personating the dead, vi. 53;

in modern Europe, intention of certain, ix. 251 sq.

See also Masks and Maskers

“Mass of the Holy Spirit,” i. 231 sq.

[pg 364]

Mass of Saint Sécaire, i. 232 sq.

Massacres for sick kings of Uganda, vi. 226

Massagetae sacrifice horses to the sun, i. 315

Massaya, volcano in Nicaragua, human victims sacrificed to, v. 219

Massebah (plural masseboth), sacred stone or pillar in ancient Israel, v. 107, 108

Masset, in Queen Charlotte Islands, dances of Haida women at, while their husbands were away at war, i. 133

Massim, the, of British New Guinea, seclusion of manslayers among, iii. 169

Masson, Bishop, on Annamite indifference to death, iv. 136 sq.

Mastarna, an Etruscan, ii. 196 n.

Master of the Fish, sacrifices offered by the Tarahumares to the, viii. 252

——, the Heavenly, the head of Taoism in China, i. 413

—— of Life, first-fruits offered by the Arkansas Indians to the, viii. 134

—— of the Revels, ix. 333 sq.

—— of Sorrows at corpse-burning among the Chams, i. 280

Master craftsman regarded as a magician, ix. 81

Masur, in Dutch New Guinea, belief in the transmigration of human souls into cassowaries at, viii. 295

Masuren, a district of Eastern Prussia, “Easter Smacks” in, ix. 269;

Midsummer fire kindled by the revolution of a wheel in, x. 177, 335 sq.;

divination by flowers on Midsummer Eve in, xi. 52, 53;

divination by orpine at Midsummer in, xi. 61;

camomile gathered at Midsummer in, xi. 63;

fire kindled by friction of oak at Midsummer in, xi. 91

Mata, the smallpox goddess, sacrifice of first-born sons to, iv. 181

Matabele, magical effigies among the, i. 63;

their rain-charm, i. 291;

the power of witch-doctors among the, i. 351;

their relation to the human god of the Mashona, i. 393 sq.;

woman's part in agriculture among the, vii. 115;

their festival of new fruits, viii. 70 sq.;

their way of getting rid of caterpillars, viii. 275;

fumigate their gardens, x. 337

——, kings of the, as priests, i. 48;

as rain-makers, i. 351 sq.

——, Lobengula, king of the, iii. 114

Matabeleland, i. 394

Mataboole, rank next below chiefs in Tonga, viii. 130 n. 2, 131

Matacos, Indian tribe of the Gran Chaco, their belief as to the souls of the dead, iii. 373 n.;

their custom of secluding girls at puberty, x. 58

Mataguayos, Indian tribe of the Gran Chaco, their custom of secluding girls at puberty, x. 58

Mateer, Rev. S., on the worship of demons in Travancore, ix. 94

Mater Dolorosa, the ancient and the modern, ix. 349

Materbert, off New Britain, natives of, carried fire about with them, ii. 258

Material vehicles of immaterial things (fear, misfortune, disease, etc.), ix. 1 sqq., 22 n. 2, 23 sqq.

Materialization of prayer, ix. 22 n. 2

Maternal uncle preferred to father, mark of mother-kin, ii. 285;

in marriage ceremonies in India, v. 62 n. 1

Maternity and paternity of the Roman deities, vi. 233 sqq.

Matiamvo, a potentate in Angola, the manner of his death, iv. 35 sq.

Matlalcuéyé, wife of Tlaloc, the Mexican thunder-god, human sacrifices offered to, vii. 237

“Matriarchate,” v. 46; inappropriateness of the term, ii. 271 n. 2

Matronalia, Roman festival on the 1st of March, ix. 346

Matse tribe of Togoland, two royal families in the, ii. 293;

their sacrifice of new corn to the Earth Goddess, viii. 115;

their transference of sorrow to leaves, ix. 3

Matthes, Dr. B. F., on harvest festival in Celebes, viii. 122 sq.;

on sympathetic relation between man and animal among the Malays, xi. 197

Matthews, Dr. Washington, on unwillingness of Indians to speak of their gods at certain times, iii. 385

Mattogrosso, contagious magic of footprints in, i. 210;

the Pleiades worshipped by some tribes of, vii. 309

Matuana, Zulu chief, drank gall of foes, viii. 152

Matuku, in Fiji, iii. 39, 40

Mauhes, Indians of Brazil, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 59;

ordeal of young men among the, x. 62

Maui, Fijian god of earthquakes, v. 202 n.

Maundrell, H., on the discoloration of the river Adonis, v. 225 n. 4

Maundy Thursday, church bells silent on, x. 125 n. 1

Maurer, Konrad, on succession to the kingdom in Scandinavia, ii. 280 n. 1;

on Icelandic story of the external soul, xi. 125 n. 1

Mauretanians, rain-charm of the, i. 286

Maury, A., on the Easter ceremonies compared with those of Adonis, v. 257 n. 1

[pg 365]

Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, iv. 94 sq.

Mausolus, contests of eloquence in his honour, v. 95;

his ashes swallowed by his widow Artemisia, viii. 158

Mauss, M., and H. Hubert, Messrs., on taboo as negative magic, i. 111 n. 2

Mawu, god, in the language of the Hos of Togoland, i. 396 sq.;

Supreme Being of Ewe negroes, ix. 74 sq., 76 n. 1

Mawu Sodza, a Ewe goddess, viii. 115

Maximian and Diocletian, reign of, ix. 308

Maxims of Pythagoras, their superstitious nature, i. 213 sq.

Maximus, Tyrius, on conical image at Paphos, v. 35 n.;

on the rites of Demeter at the threshing-floor, vii. 62 n. 1

Maxwell, W. E., on the stratification of religious beliefs among the Malays, ix. 90 n. 1

May, J. D., viii. 281 n. 2

May, modern Greek Feast of All Souls in, vi. 78 n. 1;

puppets thrown into the Tiber at Rome in, viii. 107;

Roman festival of ghosts in, ix. 154 sq.;

Mexican human sacrifices in, ix. 276, 280;

dances of Castilian peasants in, ix. 280

——, the 2nd of, called Walburgis Day in Bavaria, ii. 75 n. 2

——, King of, ii. 84, 85 sq.;

King and Queen of, iv. 266, ix. 406

——, Queen of, ii. 84, 87 sq.;

in the Isle of Man, iv. 258

May Bride, the, ii. 95, iv. 266;

the, at Whitsuntide, in Brunswick, ii. 96

—— bridegroom, ii. 91, 93

—— -bushes, ii. 84, 85, 89, 90, 142;

placed at doors of stables and byres, ii. 52

—— Day, the first of May, dance of milkmaids on, ii. 52;

witches rob cows of milk on, ii. 52 sqq., ix. 267;

precautions against witchcraft on, ii. 52 sqq.;

green bushes placed at doors of loved maidens on, ii. 56;

celebration of, ii. 59 sqq.;

licence of, ii. 67, 103 sq.;

a festival of flowers in Peloponnese, ii. 143 n. 2;

in Sweden, iv. 254;

in the Isle of Man, iv. 258, x. 157;

magpies' eggs and young carried from house to house on, viii. 321 n. 3;

in the Tyrol, “Burning out of the Witches” on, ix. 158 sq.;

dance of witches on the Blocksberg on, ix. 163 n. 1;

ceremonies concerned with vegetation on, ix. 359;

bonfires on, x. 146 sqq.;

bonfires on, a precaution against witchcraft, x. 295;

sheep burnt as a sacrifice on, x. 306;

witches active on, xi. 19, 184 n. 4, 185

the Eve of (Walpurgis Night), witches steal milk from cattle on, ii. 52;

ceremony at Meiron in Galilee on, v. 178;

Snake Stones thought to be formed on, x. 15;

witches active on, ix. 158 sqq., xi. 73;

a witching time, x. 295.

See Walpurgis

—— -flowers over the door a protection against elves and witches, ii. 53

—— Fools, ii. 91

—— garlands, ii. 60 sqq., 90 sq.

—— Lady in Cambridge, ii. 62;

representative of the spirit of vegetation, ii. 79

—— morning, custom of herdsmen on, ix. 266

—— -pole, apparently thought to fertilize women and cattle, ii. 52;

at Midsummer in Sweden, ii. 65;

carried on May Day in Warwickshire, ii. 88 sq.;

or Midsummer-tree in Sweden and Bohemia, v. 250;

set up in front of house of mayor or burgomaster, viii. 44

—— -poles, ii. 59, 65 sqq.;

village, in England, ii. 66 sqq.;

permanent, ii. 70 sq.

—— Rose, the Little, ii. 74

—— -tree, apparently thought to fertilize women and cattle, ii. 52;

burned at the end of the year, ii. 71;

horse-race to, iv. 208;

brought into village and called summer, iv. 246;

carried about, x. 120, xi. 22

—— -trees, ii. 59 sq., 64, 68 sq., iv. 251 sq.;

at Whitsuntide, iv. 208, 210, 211

Mayas of Yucatan, their annual expulsion of the demon of evil, ix. 171;

their calendar, ix. 171;

their five supplementary days, ix. 171, 340

Mayenne, French department of, May carols and trees in, ii. 63

Mayo, County, story of Guleesh in, x. 228

Mayos or Mayes, on May Day in Provence, ii. 80

Mbaya Indians of South America, self-sacrifice of old woman among the, iv. 140;

their custom of infanticide, iv. 197

M'Bengas of the Gaboon, birth-trees among the, xi. 160

Mbengga, in Fiji, the fire-walk in, xi. 10 sq.

Mbete, priest, in Fiji, i. 378

Me Bau, a Thay goddess, ix. 98

Méac (February), a Cambodian month, iv. 148

Meakin, Budgett, on Midsummer fires in Morocco, x. 214 n.

Meal offered to the wind, i. 329 n. 5;

sprinkled to keep off evil spirits, iii. [pg 366] 112;

rubbed on man as a purificatory rite, iii. 113

“Meal and ale,” standing dish at harvest supper, vii. 160, 161

Measuring shadows at laying foundations, iii. 89 sq.

Measuring-tape deified, iii. 91 sq.

Meat and milk, dietary rules as to, viii. 83 sq.

Meath, County, hunting the wren in, viii. 320 n.;

Hill of Ward in, x. 139;

Uisnech in, x. 158

Meaux, Midsummer bonfires in the diocese of, x. 182

Mecca, pilgrims to, not allowed to wear knots and rings, iii. 293 sq.;

stone-throwing at, ix. 24

Mechanisms, primitive, for determining the time of year by observation of the sun, vii. 314

Mecklenburg, contagious magic of footprints in, i. 210, 211;

locks unlocked at childbirth in, iii. 296;

wolves and other animals not to be called by their proper names between Christmas and Twelfth Night in, iii. 396 sq.;

harvest customs in, vii. 229, 274;

the Corn-wolf in, vii. 273;

the Harvest-goat in, vii. 283;

cure for fever in, ix. 56;

precaution against witches on Walpurgis Night in, ix. 163 n. 1;

cattle beaten on Good Friday in, ix. 266;

mode of reckoning the Twelve Days in, ix. 327;

need-fire in, x. 274 sq.;

simples gathered at Midsummer in, xi. 48;

mugwort at Midsummer in, xi. 60;

the divining-rod in, xi. 67;

treatment of the afterbirth in, xi. 165;

children passed through a cleft oak as a cure in, xi. 171 sq.;

custom of striking blindfold at a half-buried cock in, xi. 279 n. 4

Medea and her magic cauldron, v. 180 sq.

—— and Aeson, viii. 143

Medes, the king of, not to be seen by anybody, iii. 121;

law of the, iii. 121

Medicine differentiated from magic, i. 421 n. 1;

in Bolang Mongondo nothing but sacrifice, magic, and talismans, ix. 86

Medicine-bag, instrument of pretended death and resurrection at initiation, xi. 268 sq.

—— -man bleeds a man, i. 91;

bottles up departing souls, iii. 31;

dance of, at blessing maize or dead game, viii. 71 sq.;

propitiates rattlesnake, viii. 217;

atones for slaughter of wolf, viii. 220;

conjures soul of infant into coco-nut, xi. 154 sq.;

his mode of cure in Uganda, xi. 181 sq.;

in Australia, initiation of, xi. 237 sqq.

See also Medicine-men

Medicine-men (magicians, sorcerers), drive away rain, i. 253;

their political power in South-east Australia, i. 336;

power of, among African tribes, i. 342 sqq.;

power of, among the American Indians, i. 355 sqq.;

develop into gods and kings, i. 375, 420 sq.;

progressive differentiation of, i. 420 sq.;

the oldest professional class, i. 420;

employed to recover lost souls, iii. 42 sq., 45, 47 sq., 54, 56, 58, 66;

swinging of, as a mode of cure, iv. 280 sq.;

of Zulus, feel ancestral spirits in their shoulders, v. 74 n. 4;

of Wiimbaio, extract disease in shape of crystals, v. 75 n. 4;

assimilated to women or thought to be transformed into women, vi. 256;

need of, to circumvent evil spirits, ix. 76;

whirl bull-roarers, xi. 231;

in initiatory rites, xi. 237.

See also Magicians, Shamans, Sorcerers, and Wizards

Medium inspired by dead king of Uganda, vi. 171

Mediums, inspired, in Bali, i. 378 sq.;

human, inspired by the spirits of crocodiles, lions, leopards, and serpents, viii. 213

Medontids at Athens, changed from kings to magistrates, ii. 290;

reduction in their tenure of office, vii. 86

Mefitis, Italian goddess of mephitic vapours, v. 204, 205

Megalopolis, battle of gods and giants in plain of, v. 157

Megara, annual kingship at, i. 46;

besieged by Minos, xi. 103

Megara, sacred caverns or vaults, viii. 17 n. 6

Megarian girls offer their hair to Iphinoe, i. 28

Megassares, king of Hyria, v. 41

Megha Raja, the lord of rain, his figure painted in a rain-charm, i. 296

Meilichios, epithet of Dionysus, vii. 4

Meiners, C., on purification by blood, v. 299 n. 2

Meinersen, in Hanover, need-fire at a village near, x. 275

Meiningen, use of pigs' bones at sowing in, vii. 300

Meiron, in Galilee, burnings for dead Jewish Rabbis at, v. 178 sq.

Meissen or Thuringia, horse's head thrown into Midsummer fire in, xi. 40

Mekeo, district of British New Guinea, homoeopathic magic of drums in, i. 134 sq.;

taboos observed for the sake of the crops in, ii. 106;

double chieftainship in, iii. 24 sq.;

customs observed by widowers in, iii. 144 [pg 367] sq.;

women after childbirth tabooed in, iii. 148

Mela's description of the Corycian cave, v. 155 n., 156

Melampus and Iphiclus, i. 158

Melancholy, characteristic of men of genius, viii. 302 n. 5

Melanesia, homoeopathic magic of stones in, i. 164;

contagious magic of wounds in, i. 201;

confusion of religion and magic in, i. 227 sq.;

wizards in, the variety of their functions, i. 227 sq.;

weather doctors in, i. 321;

wind-charms in, i. 321;

supernatural power of chiefs in, i. 338 sqq.;

continence observed while the yam vines are training in, ii. 105;

close relation of mother's brother to his nephews in, ii. 285;

practice of lengthening the head artificially in, ii. 298 n. 2;

attempt to recover a lost soul in, iii. 65;

ghost-haunted stones in, iii. 80;

magic practised on refuse of food in, iii. 127 sq.;

tabooed persons not allowed to handle food in, iii. 141;

cleanliness from superstitious motives in, iii. 158 n. 1;

story of the type of Beauty and the Beast in, iv. 130 n. 1;

belief in conception without sexual intercourse in, v. 97 sq.;

magicians buried secretly in, vi. 105;

conception of the external soul in, xi. 197 sqq.

See also Melanesians

Melanesian and Papuan stocks in New Guinea, xi. 239

—— wizard, his soul as an eagle, iii. 34

Melanesians of the Bismarck Archipelago, unwilling to tell their names, iii. 329;

mother-kin among the, vi. 211;

of New Britain, their use of flowers and leaves as talismans, vi. 242 sq.;

their observation of the Pleiades, vii. 313;

their belief in demons, ix. 82 sq.;

their stories of the origin of death, ix. 303 sq.

—— of Florida, one of the Solomon Islands, their fear of offending ghosts after eating of certain foods, viii. 85

Melawie River, the Dyaks of the, iii. 71

Melcarth, the god of Tyre, identified with Hercules, v. 16, 111;

worshipped at Amathus in Cyprus, v. 32, 117;

the burning of, v. 110 sqq.;

worshipped at Gades, v. 112 sq., vi. 258 n. 5

Melchior, one of the three mythical kings on Twelfth Day, ix. 329 sqq.

Melchizedek, king of Salem, v. 17

Meleager, his life bound up with a firebrand, ii. 265, xi. 103;

and the olive-leaf, xi. 103 n. 2

Melech and Moloch, vi. 219 sq.

Melenik, in Macedonia, rain-making at, i. 274;

fiends scalded to death on New Year's Eve at, ix. 320

Meles, king of Lydia, banished because of a dearth, v. 183;

causes lion to be carried round acropolis, v. 184

Melicertes, Isthmian games at Corinth celebrated in his honour, iv. 93, 103;

son of Athamas and Ino, iv. 161;

changed with his mother into marine divinities, iv. 162;

in Tenedos, human sacrifices to, iv. 162;

a form of Melcarth, v. 113

Melite in Phthia, Aspalis, a form of the Hanged Artemis, at, v. 291 sq.

Melito on the father of Adonis, v. 13 n. 2

Mell, last corn cut, vii. 151 sq.

Mell-doll, vii. 151

—— -sheaf, vii. 151 sq.

—— -supper, vii. 151

Melos, milk-stones in, i. 165

Melur, in the Neilgherry Hills, the fire-walk at, xi. 8 sq.

Memnonium at Thebes, vi. 35 n.

Memorial stones, flat and standing, in honour of women and men respectively, among the Khasis, vi. 203

Memphis, statues of Summer and Winter at, iv. 259 n. 1;

head of Osiris at, vi. 11;

oath of the kings of Egypt at, vi. 24;

festival of Osiris in the month of Khoiak at, vi. 108;

Apis the sacred bull of, vi. 119 n., viii. 34;

the sanctuary of Serapis at, vi. 119 n.

Men, masked, personating the dead, ii. 178, vi. 53;

injured through their shadows, iii. 78 sqq.;

create gods in their own likeness, iv. 194;

make gods, vi. 211;

dressed as women, vi. 253 sqq.;

dressed as women at marriage, vi. 261 sq.;

dressed as women to deceive dangerous spirits, vi. 262 sq.;

dressed as women at circumcision, vi. 263;

parts of, eaten to acquire their qualities, viii. 148 sqq.;

disguised as animals, processions of, viii. 325 sqq.;

evil transferred to, ix. 38 sqq.;

possessed by spirits in China, ix. 117;

disguised as demons, ix. 170 sq., 172, 173, 213, 214 sq., 235;

as scapegoats, ix. 194 sqq.;

divine, as scapegoats, ix. 217 sqq.;

masked, as representatives of the spirits of fertility, both vegetable and animal, ix. 249 sq.;

sacrifices of deified, ix. 409;

disguised as women, x. 107

—— and asses, redemption of firstling, iv. 173

“—— of God,” prophets, v. 76

—— and women, difference of language between, iii. 348 sq.;

inspired by the spirits of dead kings and chiefs, vi. 171, 172, 192 sq.;

forbidden by [pg 368] Mosaic law to interchange dress, ix. 363;

eat apart, x. 81

Men's blood not to be seen by women, iii. 252 n.

Men Tyrannus, Phrygian moon-god, v. 284;

custom as to pollution of death at his shrine, vi. 227

Mên-an-tol, “holed stone” in Cornwall, xi. 187

Mendalam River in Borneo, vii. 97, 98, 187

Mendes, in Egypt, mummy of Osiris at, iv. 4;

the ram-god of, iv. 7 n. 2;

the goat the beast-god of, viii. 172

Menedemus, sacrifices without the use of iron to, iii. 226 sq.

Menelaus, husband of Helen and king of Sparta, ii. 279

Menelik, Emperor of Abyssinia, forbids sanguinary fights for purpose of procuring rain, i. 258

Mengap, a Dyak liturgy, ix. 383

Menoeceus, his voluntary death, iv. 192 n. 3

Menomini Indians, ritual of death and resurrection among the, xi. 268 n. 1

Menstruation, women tabooed at, iii. 145 sqq.;

seclusion of girls at the first, x. 22 sqq.;

the first, attributed to defloration by a spirit, x. 24;

reasons for secluding women at, x. 97

Menstruous blood, the dread of, x. 76.

See also Blood

—— fluid, medicinal applications of the, x. 98 n. 1

—— woman forbidden to touch roof-thatch, i. 179 n. 1

—— women, avoidance of, by hunters, iii. 211;

disability of, viii. 253 sq.;

keep their heads or faces covered, x. 22, 24, 25, 29, 31, 44 sq., 48 sq., 55, 90, 92;

not allowed to cross or bathe in rivers, x. 77;

not allowed to go near water, x. 77;

supposed to spoil fisheries, x. 77, 78, 90 sq., 93;

painted red, or red and white, x. 78;

not allowed to use the ordinary paths, x. 78, 80, 84, 89, 90;

not allowed to approach the sea, x. 79;

not allowed to enter cultivated fields, x. 79;

obliged to occupy special huts, x. 79, 82, 85 sqq.;

supposed to spoil crops, x. 79, 96;

not allowed to cook, x. 80, 82, 84, 90;

not allowed to drink milk, x. 80, 84;

not allowed to handle salt, x. 81 sq., 84;

kept from wells, x. 81, 82, 97;

obliged to use separate doors, x. 84;

not allowed to lie on high beds, x. 84;

not allowed to touch or see fire, x. 84, 85;

not allowed to cross the tracks of animals, x. 84, 91, 93;

excluded from religious ceremonies, x. 85;

not allowed to eat with men, x. 85, 90;

thought to spoil the luck of hunters, x. 87, 89, 90, 91, 94;

not allowed to ride horses, x. 88 sq., 96;

not allowed to walk on ice of rivers and lakes, x. 90;

dangers to which they are thought to be exposed, x. 94;

not allowed to touch beer, wine or vinegar, x. 96;

not allowed to salt or pickle meat, x. 96 n. 2;

not allowed to cross running streams, x. 97;

not allowed to draw water at wells, x. 97;

used to protect fields against insects, x. 98 n. 1

Menstruous women dreaded and secluded, iii. 145 sqq., 206;

in Australia, iii. 145, x. 76 sqq.;

in America, iii. 145 sqq., x. 85 sqq.;

in the Torres Straits Islands, x. 78 sq.;

in New Guinea, x. 79;

in Galela, x. 79;

in Sumatra, x. 79;

in Africa, x. 79 sqq.;

among the Jews and in Syria, x. 83 sq.;

in India, x. 84 sq.;

in Annam, x. 85

Mentawei Islands, ceremony at reception of strangers in the, iii. 104

Mentras of Malacca use a special language in searching for lignum aloes, iii. 404;

their tradition as to primitive man, vi. 140

Mephitic vapours, worship of, v. 203 sqq.

Mequinez in Morocco, custom of throwing water on each other at Midsummer at, x. 216

Mercato Nuovo at Florence, the Old Woman sawn through at Mid-Lent in the, iv. 241

Mercurial temperament of merchants and sailors, vi. 218

Merenra, king of Egypt, worshipped in his lifetime, i. 418

Meriahs, human victims sacrificed for good crops among the Khonds, iv. 139, vii. 245, 246, 249, 250

Merkel, R., on the grove of Helernus, ii. 190 n. 2

Merker, Captain M., on the power of medicine-men among the Masai, i. 343 sq.

Merlin, the wizard, his magic sleep, i. 306

Merodach or Marduk, Babylonian deity, ix. 356. See Marduk

Meroe, Ethiopian kings of, put to death, iv. 15

Merolla, G., da Sorrento, on food taboos in Congo, iii. 137;

on the custom of putting the Chitomé to death, iv. 14 sq.;

on seclusion of girls at puberty on the Congo, x. 31 n. 3

Merovingian kings may have touched for scrofula, i. 370

Merrakech, in Morocco, custom of throwing water on each other at Midsummer at, x. 216;

New Year fires at, x. 217

[pg 369]

Merseburg, binder of last sheaf called the Oatsman near, vii. 221

Merton College, Oxford, King of the Bean at, ix. 332 sq.

Mesha, king of Moab, his god Kemosh, v. 15;

sacrifices his first-born, v. 110

Mesopotamia, artificial fertilization of the date-palm in, ix. 272 sq.;

Atrae in, x. 82

Mespelaer, in Belgium, St. Peter's fires at, x. 195

Messaria, in Cythnos, children passed through holed rock near, xi. 189

Messenia, Andania in, ii. 122

Messiah, pretended new, in America, i. 409;

pretended Jewish, at Smyrna, iv. 46;

“the Anointed One,” v. 21

Metageitnion, an Attic month, vii. 77, viii. 17 n. 2, ix. 354

Metal instruments, the clash of, a protection against witches, ix. 158

Metapontum, head of Demeter on a coin of, vii. 68 n. 1

Meteor as signal for festival, v. 259

Meteorite, powdered, in a charm, viii. 166 sq.

Meteors, superstitions as to, iv. 58 sqq.

See also Falling Stars

Metharme, daughter of Pygmalion, v. 41

Methide plant growing over grave of Osiris, vi. 111

Metis, swallowed by her husband Zeus, iv. 192

Meton, his cycle of nineteen years, vii. 81 n. 3

“Metropolis of the Corn,” Athens called the, by Delphic oracle, vii. 58

Metsik, a forest-spirit, the patron of cattle, ii. 55;

his effigy carried out of the village by the Esthonians on Shrove Tuesday, iv. 233, 252 sq.

Metz, F., on the fire-walk among the Badagas, xi. 9

Metz, cats burnt alive in Midsummer fire at, xi. 39

Mexican calendar, its mode of intercalation, vi. 28 n. 3

—— custom of veiling the images of the gods during the king's sickness, iii. 95 n. 8;

of making images of gods out of dough and eating them sacramentally, viii. 86 sqq.

—— human sacrifices in connexion with the maize crop, vii. 236 sqq., 251;

assimilation of the victims to the gods in, vii. 261, ix. 275 sqq.

—— Indians, confession of sins among the, iii. 216 n. 2

—— kings, oath taken by them at their accession, i. 356, 416

—— sacraments, viii. 86 sqq.

—— temples, their form, ix. 279

Mexicans, their custom of eating a man as an embodiment of a god, viii. 92 sq.

——, the ancient, their human sacrifices to the sun, i. 314 sq.;

human sacrifices of, vi. 107, vii. 236 sqq.;

their customs at maize-harvest, vii. 174 sqq.

Mexico, the Huichol Indians of, i. 123, 154 sq., 302, iii. 197, vii. 177, viii. 93;

Indians of, their charm to cause sleep, i. 148;

the Tarahumare Indians of, i. 150, 155, 249, 284, ii. 156 sq., vii. 227 sq., viii. 252, ix. 10, 236;

the Tepehuanes of, iii. 325, 424, ix. 10;

rule as to the felling of timber in, vi. 136;

the Zapotecs of, vii. 174, xi. 212;

the Tzentales of, viii. 241;

heaps of stones and sticks to which passers-by add, in, ix. 10;

the Cora Indians of, ix. 238, 381;

effigies of Judas burnt at Easter in, x. 127 sq.

——, ancient, custom as to children's cast teeth in, i. 179;

treatment of the navel-string in, i. 196 sq.;

custom of passing new-born children through the smoke of fire in, ii. 232 n. 3;

virgin-priestesses of fire in, ii. 245;

continence at brewing pulque in, iii. 201 sq.;

tears of human victims a sign of rain in, vii. 248 n. 2;

magic ointment in, viii. 165;

use of skins of human victims in, ix. 265 sq., 297, 298 sq.;

killing the god in, ix. 275 sqq.;

story of the creation of the sun in, ix. 410;

ceremony of new fire in, x. 132;

representation of the sun as a wheel in, x. 334 n. 1

Meyer, Professor Eduard, on prophecy in Canaan, v. 75 n. 5;

on the Hittite language, v. 125 n.;

on costume of Hittite priest or king, v. 133 n., 141 n. 1;

on the rock-hewn sculptures of Boghaz-Keui, v. 133 n.;

on Anubis at Abydos, vi. 18 n. 3;

on the hawk as an Egyptian emblem, vi. 22 n. 1;

on the date of the introduction of the Egyptian calendar, vi. 36 n. 2;

on the nature of Osiris, vi. 126 n. 2, vii. 260 n. 2;

on the relation of Byblus to Egypt, vi. 127 n. 1;

on the Lycian language, vi. 213 n. 1;

on the age of the Egyptian calendar, ix. 340 n. 4

Meyer, Professor Kuno, on an Irish legend, iv. 159 n. 1

Mezentius, king of Caere, his battle with Latinus, iv. 283

Mhaighdean-Bhuana (or Maighdean-Buana), the Corn-maiden in the Highlands of Scotland, vii. 156, 164 sq.

Míamis, Indian tribe of North America, their myth of the Corn-spirit, vii. 206 sq.

Miao-Kia, aborigines of China, their sacred trees and groves, ii. 31

[pg 370]

Micah, the prophet, on man's duty, i. 223, iv. 174;

on sacrifice, iv. 171

Mice asked to give new teeth, i. 178, 179;

and shorn hair, superstition as to, iii. 270;

not to be called by their proper names, iii. 397, 399, 415;

thought to understand human speech, iii. 399;

eaten by the Jews as a religious rite, viii. 24;

their ravages on the crops, viii. 33, 282;

the genius of, viii. 243;

superstitious precautions taken by farmers against, viii. 276 sqq., 281;

superstition as to white, viii. 279, 283;

white, under the altar of Apollo, viii. 283.

See also Mouse

—— and rats, teeth of, in magic, i. 178 sqq.

—— and twins, supposed connexion between, i. 118

Michael, in the Isle of Man, x. 307

Michael Angelo, the Pietà of, v. 257

Michaelmas, 29th September, festival of the dead among the Letts at, vi. 74;

cakes baked at, x. 149.

See also St. Michael

Michemis, a Tibetan tribe, a funeral ceremony among the, x. 5

Micksy, rivulet, holy oak on the, ii. 371 sq.

Microseris Forsteri, roots of, dug and eaten by Australian aborigines, vii. 127

Mid-Lent, the fourth Sunday in Lent, iv. 222 n. 1;

also called Dead Sunday, iv. 221;

custom of “Carrying out Death” at, iv. 234, 236 sq.;

ceremony of “Sawing the Old Woman” at, iv. 240 sqq.

Midas and his ass's ears, iii. 258 n. 1

—— and Gordias, names of Phrygian kings, v. 286

——, King of Gordium, iii. 316

——, King of Phrygia, father of Lityerses, vii. 217;

the tomb of, v. 286

Middle Ages, belief as to consummation of marriage being prevented by knots and locks in the, iii. 299;

the Yule log in the, x. 252;

the need-fire in the, x. 270

Middleton, J. H., on the temple of Apollo at Delphi, vii. 14 n. 3;

on “crying the neck” in Cornwall, vii. 266

Midianites, the slaughter of the, iii. 177

Midsummer, precautions against witches at, ii. 127;

new fire made at, ii. 242;

reason for celebrating the death of the spirit of vegetation at, iv. 263 sq.;

gardens of Adonis at, v. 244 sqq.;

old heathen festival of, in Europe and the East, v. 249 sq.;

divination at, v. 252 sq.;

wells crowned with flowers at, xi. 28;

processions of giants at, xi. 33 sqq.;

sacred to Balder, xi. 87

—— bonfire called “fire of heaven,” x. 334

—— bonfires in Sweden, ii. 65;

intended to drive away dragons, x. 161.

See Midsummer fires

—— Bride and Bridegroom in Sweden and Norway, ii. 92, v. 251

“—— Brooms” in Sweden, xi. 54

—— Day (St. John's Day), cattle crowned on, ii. 127;

ancient Roman festival of, ii. 272, x. 178;

ceremonies concerned with vegetation on, ix. 359;

charm for fig-trees on, x. 18;

water claims human victims on, x. 26 sqq.;

regarded as unlucky, xi. 29.

See also St. John's Day

—— Day or Eve, custom of bathing on, v. 246 sqq., xi. 29 sq.;

pagan origin of the custom, v. 249

—— Eve (St. John's Eve), May-poles and bonfires in Sweden on, ii. 65;

trees burned on, ii. 66, 141, v. 250;

activity of witches and warlocks on, ii. 127, ix. 158, 160, x. 176 sq., xi. 19, 73 sqq.;

bonfires in Cornwall on, ii. 141;

figures of Kupalo carried over bonfires in Russia on, iv. 262, v. 250 sq.;

Snake Stones thought to be formed on, x. 15;

trolls and evil spirits abroad on, x. 172;

the season for gathering wonderful herbs and flowers, xi. 45 sqq.;

the magic flowers of, xi. 45 sqq.;

divination on, xi. 46 n. 3, 50, 52 sqq., 61, 64, 67 sqq.;

dreams of love on, xi. 52, 54;

fern-seed blooms on, xi. 65, 287;

the divining-rod cut on, xi. 67 sqq.;

treasures bloom in the earth on, xi. 288 n. 5;

theoak thought to bloom on, xi. 292, 293.

See also St. John's Eve

—— festival, in Europe, ii. 272 sq., x. 161 sqq.;

named after St. John, v. 244;

the bonfires, processions with torches, and rolling wheels of the, x. 161;

Kirchmeyer's account of the, x. 162 sq.;

of fire and water among the Mohammedan peoples of North Africa, x. 213 sqq.;

common to peoples on both sides of the Mediterranean, x. 219, xi. 31;

the most important of the year among the primitive Aryans of Europe, xi. 40;

its relation to Druidism, xi. 45

—— fires, x. 160 sqq.;

and couples in relation to vegetation, v. 250 sq.;

leaping over the fires to make flax or hemp grow tall, v. 251;

in Germany, x. 163 sqq.;

in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, x. 171 sq.;

in Austria, x. 173 sqq.;

cows driven through, to guard them against witchcraft, x. 175, 176, 185, 188;

regarded as a protection against witchcraft, x. 176, 180;

in Russia and Lithuania, x. [pg 371] 176 sqq.;

among the Magyars, x. 178 sq.;

among the Esthonians, x. 179 sq.;

in Finland and among the Cheremiss, x. 180 sq.;

in France, x. 181 sqq.;

in Belgium, x. 194 sqq.;

in England, x. 196 sqq.;

in Wales, x. 156, 200 sq.;

in Ireland, x. 201 sqq.;

in Scotland, x. 206 sq.;

in Spain and the Azores, x. 208 sq.;

in Italy, x. 209 sq.;

in Malta, x. 210 sq.;

in Greece, the Greek islands, and Macedonia, x. 211 sq.;

in America, x. 212 sq.;

among the Mohammedans of North Africa, x. 213 sqq.;

animals burnt in the, xi. 38 sqq.

See also Cattle and Leaping

Midsummer flowers and plants used as talismans against witchcraft, xi. 72

—— Men, orpine, xi. 61

—— morning, church bells rung on, to drive away witches, ii. 127

—— mummers clad in green fir branches, xi. 25 sq.

—— solstice, rain-making ceremony performed at the, viii. 179.

See also Solstice

—— tree burned in Bohemia, ii. 66

Midwinter fires, x. 246 sqq.

Migrations of princes in ancient Greece a trace of female descent of the kingship, ii. 278 sq.

Mijatovich, Chedo, on the Zadrooga or Servian house-community, x. 259 n. 1

Mikado, the, an incarnation of the sun goddess, i. 417, iii. 2;

rules of life of, iii. 3 sqq.;

not allowed to set foot on ground, iii. 3, x. 2 sq.;

the sun not allowed to shine on him, iii. 3, x. 18 sq.;

supposed effect of using his dishes or clothes, iii. 131;

custom as to cutting his hair and nails, iii. 265;

his absolution and remission of sins, ix. 213 n. 1

Mikados, their relations to the Tycoons, iii. 19;

human sacrifices formerly offered at the graves of the, iv. 218

Miklucho-Maclay, Baron, on the ignorance of the art of making fire on the Maclay coast of New Guinea, ii. 253 sq.;

on protective ceremony in New Guinea, iii. 109

Milan, alleged incarnation of the Holy Ghost at, i. 409;

festival of the Three Kings of Twelfth Day at, ix. 331

Milcom, the god of Ammon, v. 19

Mildew worshipped by the Romans, viii. 282

Mildew Apollo, viii. 282

Milk, offered at graves, i. 287, v. 87;

stolen by witches from cows on Walpurgis Night or May Day (Beltane), ii. 52 sqq., ix. 267, x. 154;

stolen by witches from cows on Midsummer Eve, ii. 127, x. 176 sq., 185, xi. 74;

poured on grave of ancestor, ii. 223;

offered to the fig-tree of Romulus, ii. 318;

stolen by witches on Eve of St. George, ii. 334 sqq.;

not given away on St. George's Eve, ii. 339;

customs observed when the king of Unyoro drinks, iii. 119;

not drunk by those who have handled a corpse, iii. 141;

not to be drunk by wounded men, iii. 174 sq.;

consecrated by lying-in woman, iii. 225 n.;

wine called, iii. 249 n. 2;

serpents fed with, v. 84 sqq., 87;

omens from boiling, viii. 56, xi. 8;

taboos referring to, viii. 83 sq.;

temporary abstinence from, viii. 161;

offered to snakes, viii. 288;

heifers beaten to make them yield, ix. 266 sq.;

girls at puberty forbidden to drink, x. 22, 30, 38;

poured on fire-place, x. 30;

not to be drunk by menstruous women, x. 80, 84;

stolen by witches from cows, x. 343;

libations of, poured on fire, xi. 8, 9;

libations of, poured into a stream, xi. 9;

poured on sick cattle, xi. 13

Milk and butter stolen from cow's by witches at Midsummer, ii. 127, x. 185;

thought to be improved by the Midsummer fires, x. 180;

witchcraft fatal to, xi. 86

—— and cattle, importance of, for the early Italians, ii. 324

—— of cows, charm to increase the, i. 198 sq.;

chiefs held responsible for the, i. 354;

thought to be promoted by green boughs on May Day, ii. 52

—— and meat (flesh), dietary rules as to, iii. 292, viii. 83 sq.

—— of pig thought to cause leprosy, viii. 24, 25

——, women's, promoted by milk-stones, i. 165

Milk pails wreathed with garlands on May Day, ii. 52;

wreathed with rowan on May Day, ii. 53;

wreathed with flowers on St. George's Day, ii. 338, 339

—— -stones, magical, produce milk, i. 165

—— -tie as a bond of kinship, xi. 138 n. 1

—— -tree not to be cut while the corn is in the ground, ii. 49

—— -vessels not to be touched by menstruous women, x. 80

Milking cows as a rain-charm, i. 284;

through a hole in a branch or a “witch's nest,” xi. 185

Milkmaids on May Day, dance of, ii. 52

Milkmen of the Todas sacred or divine, i. 402 sq.;

taboos observed by, iii. 15 sqq.

[pg 372]

Milky juice of wild fig-tree in religious rite, ii. 313, ix. 258

Mill, women mourning for Tammuz eat nothing ground in a, v. 230;

Tammuz ground in a, vii. 258

Mill-stones crowned at Vesta's festival in June, ii. 127 n. 3

Millaeus on judicial torture, xi. 158

Miller, Hugh, on absence of soul in sleep, iii. 40 sq.

Miller's wife a witch, story of the, x. 319 sq.

Millet, homoeopathic magic of, i. 145;

cultivated in Africa, vii. 115, 117;

cultivated in Assam, vii. 123;

cultivated in New Guinea, vii. 123;

the deity of, worshipped by the Ainos, viii. 52;

first-fruits of, offered to the dead, viii. 111, 112

Millingtonia, the sacred tree of the Todas, viii. 314

Milne, Mrs. Leslie, on Shan custom as to cutting bamboos, vi. 136

Miltiades, funeral games celebrated in his honour in the Thracian Chersonese, iv. 93 sq.

Milton on chastity, ii. 118 n. 1;

on the laments for Tammuz, v. 226 n.;

on the Harvest Queen, vii. 147

Mimicry the principle of religious or magical dramas, ix. 374

Miming, a satyr of the woods, in the Balder legend, x. 103

Minahassa, a district of Celebes, rain-making in, i. 277;

inspired priests among the Alfoors of, i. 382 sq.;

ceremony at house-warming among the Alfoors of, iii. 63 sq., xi. 153;

reluctance to be photographed in, iii. 99;

Alfoors of, forbidden to pronounce the names of parents-in-law, iii. 340 sq.;

special language at rice-harvest in, iii. 412;

mock human sacrifices in, iv. 214 sq.;

quail associated with rice in, vii. 296;

customs as to sowing and plucking the new rice in, viii. 54;

dummies to deceive demons in, viii. 100;

festival of “eating the new rice” in, viii. 123;

hair of slain foe used to impart courage in, viii. 153;

expulsion of demons in, ix. 111 sq.

Minangkabau, the Sultan of, revered by the Battas, i. 399

Minangkabauers of Sumatra, their use of magical images, i. 58;

their homoeopathic magic at building a rice barn, i. 140;

their treatment of the navel-string, i. 193;

their treatment of women in childbirth, iii. 32;

their conception of the soul as a bird or a fly, iii. 36;

their belief as to absence of soul in sleep, iii. 41;

their customs as to the Mother of Rice, vii. 191 sq.;

their respect for crocodiles, viii. 211 sq.;

their respect for tigers, viii. 215 sq.;

their belief as to menstruous women, x. 79;

use of bull-roarers among the, xi. 229 n.

Mindanao, one of the Philippines, the Bogabos of, iii. 323, vii. 240

Minden, dances round an oak in the principality of, ii. 371

Miners, special language employed by, iii. 407, 409

Mingoli, spirits of the dead, among the Boloki, ix. 77

Mingrelia, holy image ducked as a rain-charm in, i. 308

Miniature fields dedicated to spirits in Nias, vii. 233 sq.

Minnetarees, Indian tribe of North America, their personification of maize as an Old Woman, vii. 204 sq.;

ceremony for securing good crop of maize among the, vii. 209 n. 2;

their belief in the resurrection of bisons, viii. 256

Minnigaff, parish in Galloway, “cutting the Hare” at harvest in, vii. 279

Minoan age of Greece, v. 34

Minorca, seven-legged images of Lent in, iv. 244 n. 1

Minos, king of Cnossus, his reign of eight years, iv. 70 sqq.;

tribute of youths and maidens sent to, iv. 74 sqq.

——, king of Crete, besieges Megara, xi. 103

—— and Britomartis, iv. 73

Minotaur, the, legend of, iv. 71, 74;

perhaps an image of the sun, iv. 75, 77

—— and the labyrinth, iv. 71, 74, 77

—— and Pasiphae, iv. 71, vii. 31

Mint, flowers of, gathered on St. John's Day, xi. 51

Minucius Felix on the Ephesian Artemis, i. 38 n. 1;

on the rites of Osiris, vi. 85 n. 3;

on the Salii, ix. 231 n. 3

Minyas, king of Orchomenus, his treasury, iv. 164

Miotse, the, of China, drive away the devil by means of a kite, ix. 4

Mirabeau, hunting the wren at, viii. 321

Miracles, god-man expected to work, i. 376;

not conceived by early man as breaches of natural law, i. 376 sq.

Miraculous births of gods and heroes, v. 107

Mirasans, the, of the Punjaub, their worship of snakes, viii. 316 sq.

Miris of Assam, fear to offend woodland spirits, ii. 39;

new fire made after a death among the, ii. 267 n. 4;

woman's share in agriculture among the, vii. 123;

eat tiger's flesh to make them brave, viii. 145

[pg 373]

Mirror or burning-glass, fire made by means of, ii. 243, 245 n.

Mirrors, superstitions as to, iii. 92 sq., 94 sqq.;

covered after a death, iii. 94 sq.

Mirzapur, the Chero of, i. 209;

taboos and ceremonies connected with the rearing of silk-worms in, iii. 193 sq.;

the Majhwârs of, iii. 234, ix. 36, 60;

the Pankas of, iii. 402;

remedy for locusts in, viii. 276;

transference of disease in, ix. 6;

sacrifices at cairns in, ix. 27;

the Korwas and Pataris of, their use of scapegoats, ix. 192;

the Bhuiyars of, x. 84

Miscarriage in childbed, dread of, iii. 149, 152 sqq.;

supposed danger of concealing a, iii. 211, 213

Misfortune swept out of house with brooms, ix. 5;

burnt in Midsummer fires, x. 215;

got rid of by leaping over Midsummer fires, x. 215

Misrule, the Lord of, ix. 251, 312;

at Bodmin in Cornwall, ii. 319 n. 1;

in England, ix. 331 sqq.

Missel-thrush and mistletoe, xi. 316

Missiles hurled at dangerous ghosts or spirits, ix. 17 sqq.

Mississippi, lighted torch carried before chiefs among the Indians of the, ii. 263 sq.

Missouri, the, cottonwood trees in the valley of, ii. 12

“Mist-healing,” Swiss expression for kindling a need-fire, x. 279

Mistletoe, worshipped by the Druids, ii. 358, 362, xi. 76 sq., 301;

wreath of, on pole to which a wren is fastened, viii. 321;

the divining-rod made of, xi. 69, 291;

cut on the sixth day of the moon, xi. 77;

makes barren animals and women to bring forth, xi. 77, 78, 79;

cut with a golden sickle, xi. 77, 80;

thought to have fallen from the sky, xi. 77, 80;

called the “all-healer,” xi. 77, 79, 82;

an antidote to all poison, xi. 77, 83;

gathered on the first day of the moon, xi. 78;

not to touch the earth, xi. 78, 80, 280;

a cure for epilepsy, xi. 78, 83, 84;

extinguishes fire, xi. 78, 84 sq., 293;

venerated by the Ainos of Japan, xi. 79;

growing on willow specially efficacious, xi. 79;

confers invulnerability, xi. 79 sq.;

its position as a parasite on a tree the source of superstitions about it, xi. 80, 81, 84;

not to be cut but shot or knocked down with stones, xi. 81 sq.;

in the folk-lore of modern European peasants, xi. 81 sqq.;

medical virtues ascribed to, xi. 82 sqq.;

cut when the sun is in Sagittarius, xi. 82, 86;

growing on oak a panacea for green wounds, xi. 83;

mystic qualities ascribed to mistletoe at Midsummer (St. John's Day or Eve), xi. 83, 86;

these virtues a pure superstition, xi. 84;

cut at the full moon of March, xi. 84, 86;

called “thunder-besom” in Aargau, xi. 85, 301;

a master-key to open all locks, xi. 85;

a protection against witchcraft, xi. 85 sq.;

given to first cow that calves after New Year, xi. 86;

gathered especially at Midsummer, xi. 86 sq.;

grows on oaks in Sweden, xi. 87;

ancient Italian belief that mistletoe could be destroyed neither by fire nor water, xi. 94;

life of oak in, xi. 280, 292;

a protection against witchcraft and Trolls, xi. 282, 283, 294;

a protection against fairy changelings, xi. 283;

hung over doors of stables and byres in Brittany, xi. 287;

thought to disclose treasures in the earth, xi. 287, 291 sq.;

gathered at the solstices, Midsummer and Christmas, xi. 291 sqq.;

traditional privilege of, xi. 291 n. 2;

growing on a hazel, xi. 291 n. 3;

growing on a thorn, xi. 291 n. 3;

perhaps conceived as a germ or seed of fire, xi. 292;

sanctity of mistletoe perhaps explained by the belief that the plant has fallen on the tree in a flash of lightning, xi. 301;

two species of, Viscum album and Loranthus europaeus, xi. 315 sqq.;

found most commonly on apple-trees, xi. 315, xi. 316 n. 5;

growing on oaks in England, xi. 316;

seeds of, deposited by missel-thrush, xi. 316;

ancient names of, xi. 317 sq.;

Virgil on, xi. 318 sqq.;

Dutch names for, xi. 319 n. 1

Mistletoe and Balder, x. 101 sq., xi. 76 sqq., 302;

his life or death in the mistletoe, xi. 279, 283

—— and the Golden Bough, xi. 315 sqq.

Mistress, sanctuary of the, at Lycosura, in Arcadia, taboos observed, at the, iii. 227 n., 314, viii. 46;

cow-headed or sheep-headed statuettes of women found at the, viii. 21 n. 4

—— of the Earth, worshipped in Timor, ix. 85

“—— of Turquoise,” goddess at Sinai, v. 35

Mitani, ancient people of Northern Mesopotamia, v. 135 n.

Mitchell, Sir Arthur, on a barbarous cure for murrain in Scotland, x. 326

Mithr, Armenian fire-god, x. 131 n. 3

Mithra, Persian deity, popularity of his worship in the Rotnan Empire, v. 301 sq.;

identified with the Unconquered Sun, v. 304;

his nativity on December 25th, v. 304

[pg 374]

Mithraic mysteries, initiation into the, xi. 277

—— religion a rival to Christianity, v. 302;

festival of Christmas borrowed from the, v. 302 sqq.

—— sacrifice of bull, viii. 10

Mithridates, his siege of Cyzicus, viii. 95 n. 2

Mitigations of human sacrifices, vii. 33, ix. 396 sq., 408

Mittelmark, district of Prussia, the last sheaf called the Old Man in, vii. 219

Mizimu, spirits of the dead, among the Wadowe of East Africa, xi. 312

Miztecs of Mexico, their annual festival of the dead, vi. 54 sq.

Mlanje, in British Central Africa, xi. 314 n. 1

Mnasara tribe of Morocco kindle fires at Midsummer, x. 214

Mnevis, sacred Egyptian bull of Heliopolis, iv. 72, vi. 11, viii. 34 sq., ix. 217

Moa, island of, taboos observed by women and children during war in, i. 131;

treatment of the navel-string in, i. 187;

theory of earthquakes in, v. 198;

annual expulsion of diseases in a proa in, ix. 199

Moab, Arabs of, i. 153, 157, 276, iii. 280, vii. 138;

their custom of shaving prisoners, iii. 273;

their custom at harvest, vi. 48, 96;

their remedies for ailments, vi. 242.

See also Arabs

——, king of, and his god Kemosh, v. 15;

sacrifices his son on the wall, iv. 166, 179

——, the wilderness of, v. 52 sq.;

the springs of Callirrhoe in, v. 214 sqq.

Moabite stone, the inscription on the, v. 15 n. 3, 20 n. 2, 163 n. 3

Moabites, King David's treatment of the, iii. 273 sq.;

burn the bones of the kings of Edom, vi. 104

Mock battle at festival of new fruits among the Creek Indians, viii. 75.

See Sham fight

—— executions, iv. 148, 158

—— human sacrifices, iv. 214 sqq.;

sacrifices of finger-joints, iv. 219

—— kings, iv. 148 sqq., ix. 403 sq.

—— marriage of human victims, ix. 257 sq.

—— sultan in Morocco, iv. 152 sq.

—— sun in charm to secure sunshine, i. 314

Mockery of Christ, ix. 412 sqq.

Mocobis, the, of Paraguay, their reverence for the Pleiades, vii. 309

Modai, invisible spirits, among the Kacharis, ix. 93

Models in cardboard offered to the dead instead of the things themselves, vi. 63 sq.

Moesia, Durostorum in Lower, ix. 309

Moffat, Dr. R., on the power of rain-makers in South African tribes, i. 351;

on the observation of the Pleiades by the Bechuanas, vii. 316

Mogador, in Morocco, devils nailed into a wall at, ix. 63

Moggridge, Mr., on sin-eating in Wales, ix. 44 n. 2

Mogk, Professor Eugen, on May-trees and Whitsuntide-trees in Saxony, ii. 68 sq.;

as to the purificatory intention of the European fire-festivals, x. 330

Mohammed forbade the artificial fertilization of the palm, ii. 25 n. 1;

on the fig, ii. 316;

bewitched by a Jew, iii. 302 sq.;

said to have stoned the devil, ix. 24

Mohammed ben Isa or Aïsa, of Mequinex, founder of the order called Isowa or Aïsawa, vii. 21

Mohammedan belief as to falling stars, iv. 63 sq.

—— calendar lunar, x. 216 sq., 218 sq.

—— custom of raising cairns near sacred places, ix. 21

—— New Year festival in North Africa, x. 217 sq.

—— peoples of North Africa, their custom of bathing at Midsummer, v. 249;

Midsummer fires among the, x. 213 sqq.

—— popular belief, traces of the bird-soul in, iii. 36 n. 3

—— saints as givers of children, v. 78 n. 2;

reverence for, in North Africa, ix. 21, 22

—— students of Fez, their annual mock sultan, iv. 152 sq.

Mohammedanism, its success due to its founder, vi. 160 sq.

Mohammedans of India, no fire in their houses after a death, ii. 268 n.;

the Suni, of Bombay, cover mirrors after a death, iii. 95;

of Oude, their mode of drinking moonshine, vi. 144

Moharram, first Mohammedan month, x. 217

Moire, sister of Tylon, v. 186

Mole-cricket in homoeopathic magic, i. 156

—— -hill, earth from a, thrown at fairies, i. 329

Moles, hearts of, eaten by diviners to acquire prophetic power, viii. 143

“—— and Field-mice,” fire ceremony on Eve of Twelfth Night in Normandy, ix. 317

—— and field-mice driven away by torches, x. 115, xi. 340

[pg 375]

Molina, J. I., on Araucanian belief as to toads, i. 292 n. 3;

on the annual expulsion of evils in Peru, ix. 130 n.

Moloch, sacrifice of children to, iv. 75, 168 sqq., v. 178;

meaning of the name, v. 15;

the king, vi. 219 sqq.

—— and Melech, vi. 219 sq.

Molonga, a demon of Queensland personified by a man, ix. 172

Molsheim in Baden, bonfires and burning discs on the first Sunday in Lent near, x. 117

Molucca Islanders, their festival of heaven, i. 399 sq.

Moluccas, clove-trees in blossom treated like pregnant women in the, ii. 28;

fear of offending forest-spirits in the, ii. 40;

abduction of human souls in the, iii. 61 sq.;

ceremony on return from a journey in the, iii. 113

Mombasa, in British East Africa, king of, expected to give rain, i. 396;

preceded on the march by fire, ii. 264;

avoidance of the word smallpox at, iii. 400

Mommsen, August, on a Delphic ceremony, i. 46 n. 1;

on the Sacred Marriage, ii. 137 n. 1;

on the Eleusinian games, vii. 77 n. 4;

on the Anthesteria, ix. 153 n. 1;

on the Cronia at Athens, ix. 352 n. 1

Mommsen, Theodor, on dictatorship of Tusculum, i. 23 n. 3;

on the costume of a Roman king, ii. 174 n. 1;

on the triumphal golden crown, ii. 175 n. 1;

on the election of the Roman kings, ii. 296;

on the date of the festival of Osiris at Rome, vi. 95 n. 1;

on the Roman custom of knocking in a nail annually, ix. 67 n. 2

Mon, island of, belief of Esthonian reapers in, as to cutting the first corn, vii. 285

Monarchy in ancient Greece and Rome, tradition of its abolition, i. 46;

rise of, i. 216 sqq.;

essential to emergence of mankind from savagery, i. 217;

hereditary and elective, combination of the two, ii. 292 sqq.

Monbuttu (Monbutto) or Mangbettou of Central Africa, their custom of lengthening the heads of chiefs' children, ii. 297;

their king takes his meals in private, iii. 118 sq.;

women the agricultural labourers among the, vii. 119

Mondard, the great, a straw-man placed on oldest apple-tree while apples are ripening, viii. 6

Mondays, witches dreaded on, xi. 73

Money, the oldest Italian, i. 23;

magical stones to bring, i. 164

Mongol transference of evil, ix. 7 sq.

Mongolia, rain-making in, i. 305;

incarnate human gods in, i. 413

Mongolian peoples, their custom of stuffing skins of sacrificed animals or stretching them on a framework, viii. 257 sq.

—— story, milk-tie in a, x. 138 n. 1;

the external soul in a, xi. 143 sq.

Mongols feared by the Chinese government, i. 413;

their recall of the soul, iii. 44;

their recovery of souls from demons, iii. 63;

reluctant to name the dead, iii. 353;

sacred books of the, only to be read in spring or summer, iii. 384;

funeral customs of the, v. 293

Monkey sacrificed for riddance of evils, ix. 208 sq.

Monkeys (apes) not to be called by their proper name, iii. 402, 403, 408, 413;

sacred at Fishtown, viii. 287

Monmouthshire, All Souls' Day in, vi. 79

Monomotapa, in East Africa, the king of, his sacred fire, ii. 264;

forbidden to wear foreign stuffs, iii. 115;