General Index (continued 13)

Offerings to dead kings, vi. 194;

at cairns, ix. 26 sqq.;

to demons, ix. 96.

See also Sacrifices

“Offscouring” (περίψημα), term applied to a human scapegoat, ix. 255 n. 1

Offspring, charms to procure, i. 70 sqq.

Ogboni, a secret society on the Slave Coast, xi. 229 n.

Ogginn, a white ox and a holy cave in the Caucasus, viii. 313 n. 1

Ogom, a fetish doctor of Nigeria, not allowed to quit his house, iii. 124

Ogre whose soul was in a bird, story of the, xi. 98 sq.

Ogres in stories of the external soul, xi. 100 sqq.

Ogress whose life was in a spinning-wheel, xi. 100

Ogun, war-god of the Yorubas, viii. 149 sq.

Oho-harahi, “Great Purification,” a Japanese ceremony performed on the last day of the year, ix. 213, 213 n. 1

Oijo, the Alafin of, paramount king of Yoruba-land, iv. 203

Oil not to be touched by people at home in absence of hunters, i. 120;

poured on stones as a means of averting bullets from absent warriors, i. 130;

to be made when the tide is high, i. 167;

poured on stone as a rain-charm, i. 305, 346;

and wine poured on sacred tree, ii. 50;

made by pure youths and maidens, iii. 201;

made by chaste women, iii. 201;

to be called water at evening and night, iii. 411;

human victim anointed with, vii. 246, 247

——, holy, poured on king's head, v. 21;

poured on sacred stones, v. 36;

as vehicle of inspiration, v. 74;

smeared on sick people, viii. 123

“—— of St. John,” found on oaks on St. John's (Midsummer) morning, xi. 82 sq., 293

Oiling the body forbidden for magical reasons to wives in the absence of their husbands, i. 120, 122;

as a protection against demons, iii. 201

—— the hair forbidden to women while their husbands are away at war, i. 127

Ointment, magical, applied to weapon instead of to wound, i. 202;

extracted from dead bodies, the fat of animals, etc., viii. 163 sqq.

[pg 397]

Oise, French department of, dolmen in, xi. 188

Ojebways, or Ojibways, the, magical images among, i. 55;

their contagious magic of footprints, i. 212;

their ceremony at an eclipse of the sun, i. 311;

their belief in tree-spirits, ii. 18;

custom observed by them on the war-path, iii. 160;

their reluctance to tell their names, iii. 326;

husbands and wives will not mention each other's names among the, iii. 338;

their story of the type of Beauty and the Beast, iv. 130 n. 1;

their respect for rattle-snakes, viii. 219;

their propitiation of slain bears, viii. 225 sq.;

ritual of death and resurrection among, xi. 268

Okanaken Indians of British Columbia, their first-fruit ceremonies, viii. 134

Okhotsk Sea, whales in the, viii. 232

Oklahoma, the Yuchi Indians of, viii. 75

Okunomura, Japanese village, rain-making at, i. 297

Olachen fish, ceremonies at catching the first of the season, viii. 254 sq.

Olaf, king of Sweden, sacrificed to Odin for the crops, i. 367

Olala, secret society of the Niska Indians, xi. 271 sq.

Olaus Magnus, on were-wolves, x. 308

Olba, priestly kings of, v. 143 sqq., 161;

the name of, v. 148;

the ruins of, v. 151 sq.

Old animal, bone of, eaten to make eater old, viii. 143

—— Barley-woman, last sheaf at harvest called the, vii. 139

—— Calabar, viii. 108

—— Christmas Day (Twelfth Night), ix. 321

—— Corn-woman at threshing, vii. 147

—— Hay-man at haymaking, vii. 223

—— Man, name of the corn-spirit, iv. 253 sq.;

name given to the last sheaf, vii. 136 sqq., 148 sq., 218 sqq., 289;

at threshing, vii. 148 sq., 224

—— men, savage communities ruled by an oligarchy of, i. 216 sq.;

government by, in aboriginal Australia, i. 334 sq.

—— people killed, iv. 11 sqq.

—— Potato Woman, at digging potatoes, vii. 145

—— Rye-woman, the last sheaf called the, vii. 139;

binder of the last sheaf called the, vii. 140, 145;

killed in the last stalks cut, vii. 223;

killed in the last corn threshed, vii. 224;

last sheaf left for the, vii. 232

—— Testament, leprosy in the, viii. 27

—— Wheat-woman, vii. 139

—— Wife (Cailleach), name given to last corn cut, vii. 140 sqq., 164 sqq.;

(“Old Woman”), effigy burnt on the first Sunday of Lent, x. 116;

effigy burnt on the last day of Carnival, x. 120

Old Witch, burning the, at harvest, vii. 224

—— Wives, the Day of the, Thursday of Mid-Lent, iv. 241

—— Woman, Sawing the, a ceremony at Mid-Lent, iv. 240 sqq.;

name applied to the corn-spirit, iv. 253 sq.;

of the corn, mythical being of the Cherokee Indians, vi. 46 sq., vii. 177;

name given to the last corn cut or threshed, vii. 136 sq., 147, 223;

name given to the thresher of the last corn, vii. 147

—— Woman (Baba), a mummer at Carnival, viii. 332, 333, 334;

perhaps a rustic prototype of Demeter, viii. 334

—— Woman who Never Dies, North American Indian personification of maize, vii. 204 sqq.

—— women as representatives of the Corn-goddess, vii. 205 sq.

Oldenberg, Professor H., on the distinction between religion and magic, i. 225 n.;

on the magical nature of ancient Indian ritual, i. 228;

on the priority of magic to religion, i. 235 n. 1;

on the ritual observed by a Brahman in learning the Sakvarī song, i. 269 sq.;

on foundation-sacrifices, iii. 91 n.;

on King Vikramaditya, iv. 122 n. 2;

on the belief in ghosts and demons among the Hindoos of the Vedic ages, ix. 90 sq.;

on the Indian drama, ix. 385 n. 1

Oldenburg, mirrors covered after a death in, iii. 95;

disposal of cut hair and nails in, iii. 275 sq.;

fox's tongue a remedy for erysipelas in, viii. 270;

popular cures in, ix. 49, 51, 52, 53, 58;

plague hammered into a wall in, ix. 64;

the immortal dame of, x. 100;

Shrove Tuesday customs in, x. 120;

Easter bonfires in, x. 140;

burning or boiling portions of animals or things to force witch to appear in, x. 321 sq.;

witch as toad in, x. 323;

children passed through a cleft oak as a cure in, xi. 171 sq.;

custom as to milking cows in, xi. 185;

sick children passed through a ring of yarn in, xi. 185

Oldfield, A., on the avoidance of the names of the dead among the Australian aborigines, iii. 350

Oldfield, H. A., on the Dassera festival in Nepaul, ix. 226 n. 1

Olea chrysophilla, used as fuel for bonfire, xi. 11

Oleae, the, at Orchomenus, iv. 163, 164

“Oleander, the Sultan of the,” x. 18, xi. 51;

gathered at Midsummer, xi. 51

[pg 398]

Oligarchy of old men, savage communities ruled by an, i. 216 sq.;

of old men the ruling body among the Australian aborigines, i. 335

Olive of the Fair Crown at Olympia, vi. 240

——, the sacred, at Olympia, vi. 240, xi. 80 n. 3

——, wild, and oak, pyre of Hercules made of, ix. 391

Olive-branches carried in procession and hung over doors at Athens, vi. 238

—— crown of victor in chariot-race at Olympia, iv. 91, vi. 240;

of Zeus at Olympia, iv. 91

—— -tree of Pallas, ii. 142 n. 2;

nails knocked into an, as a cure, ix. 60

—— wood, sacred images carved of, i. 39

Olives planted and gathered by pure boys and virgins, ii. 107

Olmütz, district of, the last sheaf called the Beggar in, vii. 232

Olo Ngadjoe (Oloh Ngadju), the, of Borneo, their belief as to albinoes, v. 91;

their use of puppets as substitutes for living persons, viii. 100 sq.

Olofaet, a fire-god, in Namoluk, xi. 295

Olonetz, the Government of, in Russia, collective suicide in, iv. 45 n. 1;

festival of the dead in, vi. 75

Olori, a guardian spirit of the Yorubas, iii. 252

Oltscha (Orotchis?), their bear-feast, viii. 197 n. 2

Olympia, home of Xenophon near, i. 7;

Mount Cronius at, i. 46 n. 4;

the sacred white poplar of Zeus at, ii. 220, xi. 90 n. 1, 91 n. 7;

Endymion at, ii. 299, iv. 90;

tomb of Endymion at, ii. 299, iv. 287;

Pelops and Hippodamia at, ii. 299 sq., iv. 91;

races for the kingdom at, ii. 299 sq., iv. 90, 90 sq.;

ram annually sacrificed to Pelops at, ii. 300, viii. 85;

sacred precinct of Pelops at, ii. 300, iv. 287;

Oenomaus at, ii. 300, iv. 91;

chariot-races at, ii. 300, iv. 90 sq.;

worship of Thunderbolt Zeus at, ii. 361;

girls' race at, iv. 91;

image of Zeus at, iv. 91;

victor's wreath of olive at, iv. 91, vi. 240;

the sacred olive at, iv. 91, vi. 240, xi. 80 n. 3;

the quack Peregrinus burns himself at, v. 181;

rule as to cutting olive branches to form the victors' crowns at, vi. 240, xi. 80 n. 3;

festival of Cronus at, ix. 352 sq.

Olympiads based on the octennial cycle, iv. 90;

mode of calculating the, vii. 80;

beginning of reckoning by, vii. 82

Olympic cycle of four or eight years, vii. 80

—— festival, death of Peregrinus by fire at the, iv. 42;

based on the octennial cycle, iv. 89 sq., vi. 242 n. 1;

based on astronomical, not agricultural considerations, iv. 105

—— games, iv. 105, vii. 80, 86;

said to have been founded in honour of Pelops, iv. 92

—— stadium, the, iv. 287

—— victors regarded as embodiments of Zeus, iv. 90 sq.;

or of the Sun and Moon, iv. 91, 105

Olympus, Mount, in Cyprus, iv. 81, v. 32

—— Mount, at Tempe, iv. 81, vi. 240

Olynthiac, river in Macedonia, fish in the, ix. 142 n. 1

Olynthus, tomb of, ix. 143 n.

Omagua Indians of Brazil, their belief in the influence of the Pleiades on human destiny, vii. 309

Omaha hunters cut out tongues of slain buffaloes, viii. 269

—— Indians, of North America, their rain-making, i. 249;

their charm to start a breeze, i. 320;

customs as to murderers among the, iii. 187;

names of relations by marriage tabooed among the, iii. 338;

effeminate men among the, vi. 255 sq.;

their belief as to boils caused by eating a totem animal, viii. 25;

the Elk clan among the, viii. 29, x. 11;

the Reptile clan among the, viii. 29;

their belief in the assimilation of men to their guardian animals, viii. 207;

their mutilation of men killed by lightning, viii. 272;

their women secluded at menstruation, x. 88 sq.

Omanos at Zela, ix. 373 n. 1

Omen, beasts and birds of, viii. 143

—— birds in Borneo, iii. 110;

stories of their origin, iv. 126, 127 sq.

Omens, homoeopathic magic to annul evil omens, i. 170-174;

from chicken bones, ii. 70;

reliance on, iii. 110;

from observation of the sky, iv. 58;

drawn from pig's liver, vii. 97;

from boiling milk, viii. 56, xi. 8;

mode of neutralizing bad, ix. 39;

from birds and beasts, x. 56;

from the smoke of bonfires, x. 116, 131, 337;

from flames of bonfires, x. 140, 142, 159, 165, 336, 337;

from cakes rolled down hill, x. 153;

from intestines of sheep, xi. 13

—— of death, xi. 54, 64

—— of marriage drawn from Midsummer bonfires, x. 168, 174, 178, 185, 189, 338 sq.;

from flowers, xi. 52 sq., 61

Omnipresence of demons, ix. 72 sqq.

Omo River, custom of strangling first-born children among tribes on the, iv. 181, 182

[pg 399]

Omonga, a rice-spirit who lives in the moon, vi. 139 n.

Omphale and Hercules, ii. 281 sq., v. 182, vi. 258, ix. 389

Omumborombonga (Combretum primigenum), the sacred tree of the Herero, ii. 213 sq., 218, 219 sq., 233

Omuongo tree, ceremony performed by the Ovambo before partaking of its fruit, viii. 71

Omuwapu tree (Grevia spec.), used by the Herero as a substitute for their sacred tree, ii. 219

On or Aun, King of Sweden, iv. 57, 160 sq., 188.

See also Aun

Onaght, in the Aran Islands, the rag well at, ii. 161

One shoe on and one shoe off, iii. 311 sqq.

One-eyed buffoon in New Year ceremony, ix. 402

Ongtong Java Islands, ceremony at the reception of strangers in the, iii. 107 sq.

Oni, the king of Ife, in West Africa, i. 365, iv. 204 n.

Onions used to foretell weather of the year, ix. 323

Onitsha, on the Niger, the king of, confined to his house, iii. 123;

ceremony at eating the new yams at, viii. 58;

sham funeral at, viii. 98 sq.;

annual expulsion of evils at, ix. 133;

use of human scapegoats at, ix. 210 sq.

Onktehi, the great spirit of the waters among the Dacotas, xi. 268, 269

Onstmettingen, in Swabia, the Sow at threshing at, vii. 299

Oodeypoor, in Rajputana, gardens of Adonis at, v. 241 sq.

Ooloo-Ayar Dyaks observe taboos after building a new house, ii. 40

Opening, special, made to carry out the corpses of childless women, i. 142

Opening everything in house to facilitate childbirth, iii. 296 sq.

—— the eyes and mouth of the dead, Egyptian funeral rite, vi. 15

—— of the Wine-jars, Dionysiac festival of the, ix. 352

Operations of husbandry regulated by observation of the moon, vi. 133 sqq.

Opheltes, Nemean games celebrated in honour of, iv. 91;

his grave at Nemea, iv. 93

Ophites, the, on the Holy Ghost as feminine, iv. 5 n. 3

Opis, a Hyperborean maiden, i. 33;

a name of Artemis, i. 34 n.

Opium made by the Wild Wa of Burma, vii. 242

Opossum, imitation of, as a homoeopathic charm, i. 155 sq.

Opprobrious language levelled at goddess to please her, i. 280

Ops, the wife of Saturn, vi. 233;

in relation to Consus, vi. 233 n. 6

Oracles given by king as representative of the god, i. 377;

given by inspired priests, i. 377 sqq.;

given by the spirits of dead kings, vi. 167, 171, 172;

given by men who are inspired by the spirits of crocodiles, lions, leopards, and serpents, viii. 213

Oracular oaks in ancient Prussia, ii. 43;

oak at Dodona, ii. 358, xi. 89 sq.

—— spring at Dodona, ii. 172

—— springs, iv. 79 sq.

—— trees among the Lithuanians, ii. 9

Oran, bathing at Midsummer in, x. 216

Orang-glai, the, of Indo-China, use a special language in searching for eagle-wood, iii. 404

Orange River, the Corannas of the, xi. 192

Oraons or Uraons of Bengal, their spring festival of sál flowers at the marriage of the Sun and Earth, ii. 76 sq., 94, 148, v. 46 sqq.;

gardens of Adonis among the, v. 240;

their annual festival of the dead, vi. 59;

human sacrifices for the crops among the, vii. 244 sq.;

their offerings of first-fruits to the Sun, viii. 117;

their belief in demons, ix. 92 sq.;

their use of a human scapegoat, ix. 196;

their belief as to the transformation of witches into cats, xi. 311 sq.

Orbigny, A. d', on the superstitions of the Yuracares as to the making of pottery, ii. 204;

on division of labour between men and women among the American Indians, vii. 120;

on the American Indian practice of bleeding themselves to relieve fatigue, ix. 12 sq.

Orchard, mock marriage before partaking of the fruits of a new, ii. 26, 101

Orchards, fire applied to, on Eve of Twelfth Day, ix. 317, 319, 320

Orchha, the Rajah of, celebrates annually the marriage of the Salagrama to the holy basil, ii. 27

Orchomenus in Arcadia, kingly government at, i. 47

—— in Boeotia, human sacrifice at, iv. 163 sq.

Orcus, Roman god of the lower world, his marriage celebrated by the pontiffs, vi. 231

Ordeal of battle among the Umbrians, ii. 321;

by poison, fatal effects of, iv. 197;

of chastity, v. 115 n. 2;

the poison, administered by young children, vii. 115;

of stinging ants undergone by girls at puberty, x. 61,

[pg 400]

and by young men, x. 62 sqq.;

of boiling resin, x. 311

Ordeals as an exorcism, x. 66;

undergone by novices at initiation among the Bushongo, xi. 264 sqq.

Order of nature, different views of the, postulated by magic and science, xi. 305 sq.

Oregon, the Salish Indians of, recovery of lost souls among, iii. 66;

avoidance of the names of the dead among the Indians of, iii. 352

Orestes at Nemi, i. 10 sq., 21 n. 2, 24;

the matricide, cleansed of his mother's murder at Troezen, i. 26;

cured of his madness in Laconia, i. 161;

appeases his mother's Furies by biting off his finger, iii. 166 n. 2;

pursued by his mother's Furies, iii. 188;

polled his hair, iii. 287;

flight of, iv. 213;

at Castabala, v. 115;

his purification by laurel and pig's blood, ix. 262

Organs of generation, effigies of male, vii. 12, 26, 29;

male and female, cakes in shape of, vi. 62

——, internal, of medicine-man, replaced by a new set at initiation, xi. 237, 238 sq.

Orgiastic rites of Cybele, v. 278

Orgies, sexual, as fertility charms, ii. 98 sqq.

Oriental mind untrammelled by logic, v. 4 n. 1

—— religions in the West, v. 298 sqq.;

their influence in undermining ancient civilization, v. 299 sqq.;

importance attached to the salvation of the individual soul in, v. 300

Origen, on the Holy Spirit, iv. 5 n. 3;

on the refusal of Christians to fight, v. 301 n. 1;

on Jesus Barabbas, ix. 420 n. 1

Origin of Osiris, vi. 158 sqq.;

of agriculture, vii. 128 sq.;

of astronomy, vii. 307;

of death, savage tales of the, ix. 302 sqq.;

of fire, primitive ideas as to the, xi. 295 sq.

Orinoco, Banivas of the, x. 66

——, Caribs of the, i. 134

——, Guaraunos of the, x. 85

——, Guayquiries of the, x. 85

——, Indians of the, employ women to sow the seed, i. 141 sq.;

their way of procuring rain by means of the dead, i. 287;

their use of frogs in a rain-charm, i. 292;

their ceremony at an eclipse of the moon, i. 311 sq.;

blow sacred trumpets to make palm-trees bear fruit, ii. 24;

their belief in the superior fertility of seeds sown by women, vii. 124;

their observation of the Pleiades, vii. 310;

eat the hearts of their enemies to make them brave, viii. 150;

their treatment of the wild beasts which the hunters have killed, viii. 236

Orinoco, Piaroas Indians of the, viii. 285

——, Tamanachiers of the, ix. 303

——, Tamanaks of the, x. 61 n. 3

Orion, the constellation, the soul of Horus in, iv. 5;

appearance of, a signal for sowing, v. 290 sq.;

observed in Bali, vii. 314 sq.;

observed by the Battas of Sumatra, vii. 315;

observed by the Kamchatkans, vii. 315

Orion's belt, the constellation, observed by the natives of Bougainville Straits, vii. 313;

observed by the Kamchatkans, vii. 315, 315 n. 5

—— sword and belt, the constellations, observed by the Masai, vii. 317

Orissa, absence of gardens and fruit-trees on the Khurda estate in, i. 279;

Queen Victoria worshipped as a deity in, i. 404;

rice treated as a pregnant woman in, ii. 29;

well where women obtain offspring in, ii. 160;

the Chasas of, viii. 26

Orkney Islands, magic knots in the, iii. 302;

chapel of St. Tredwells in the, ix. 29;

transference of sickness by means of water in the, ix. 49

Orlagau, in Thüringen, “whipping with fresh green” in the Christmas holidays at, ix. 271

Ornament, external soul of woman in an ivory, xi. 156

Ornaments, amulets degenerate into, xi. 156 n. 2

Orne, Midsummer fires in the valley of the, x. 185

Oro, Polynesian war god, iii. 69

——, West African bogey, xi. 229

Orontes, Syrian women bathe in the, to procure offspring, ii. 160

Ororo, families of royal descent among the Shilluks, iv. 24

Orotchis, of Siberia, their theory of thunder, iii. 232;

bear-festivals of the, viii. 197

Orpheus, prophet and musician, v. 55;

the legend of his death, vi. 99

—— and the willow, xi. 294

Orpine (Sedum telephium) at Midsummer, x. 196;

used in divination at Midsummer, xi. 61

Orvieto, Midsummer fires at, x. 210

Orwell in Cambridgeshire, harvest custom at, v. 237 n. 4

Osages, their mourning for their foes, iii. 181

Oscans, the enemies of Rome, ix. 231

Oschophoria, vintage festival at Athens, vi. 258 n. 6

[pg 401]

Osculati, G., on American Indian belief in transmigration, viii. 285

Osirian mysteries, the hall of the, at Abydos, vi. 108

Osiris threatened by magicians, i. 225;

threat of a magician that he will name Osiris aloud, iii. 390;

the mummy of, iv. 4;

his body broken into fourteen pieces, iv. 32, vi. 129;

identified with Adonis and Attis, v. 32, vi. 127 n.;

myth of, vi. 3 sqq.;

his birth, vi. 6, ix. 341;

introduces the cultivation of corn and the vine, vi. 7, 97, 112;

his violent death, vi. 7 sq.;

at Byblus, vi. 9 sq., 22 sq., 127;

his body rent in pieces, vi. 10;

the graves of, vi. 10 sq.;

his dead body sought and found by Isis, vi. 10, 50, 85;

tradition as to his genital organs, vi. 10, 102;

mourned by Isis and Nephthys, vi. 12;

invited to come to his house, vi. 12, 47;

restored to life by Isis, vi. 13;

king and judge of the dead, vi. 13 sq.;

his body the first mummy, vi. 15;

the funeral rites performed over his body the model of all funeral rites in Egypt, vi. 15;

all the Egyptian dead identified with, vi. 16;

his trial and acquittal in the court of the gods, vi. 17;

represented in art as a royal mummy, vi. 18;

specially associated with Busiris and Abydos, vi. 18;

his tomb at Abydos, vi. 18 sq., 197 sq.;

his emblems the sceptre or crook and the scourge or flail, vi. 20, 108, 153;

official festivals of, vi. 49 sqq.;

his sufferings displayed in a mystery at night, vi. 50;

his festival in the month of Athyr, vi. 84 sqq.;

dramatic representation of his resurrection in his rites, vi. 85;

his images made of vegetable mould, vi. 85, 87, 90 sq., 91;

the funeral rites of, described in the inscription of Denderah, vi. 86 sqq.;

his festival in the month of Khoiak, vi. 86 sqq., 108 sq.;

his “garden,” vi. 87 sq.;

ploughing and sowing in the rites of, vi. 87, 90, 96;

the burial of, in his rites, vi. 88;

the holy sepulchre of, under Persea-trees, vi. 88;

represented with corn sprouting from his dead body, vi. 89, vii. 263;

his resurrection depicted on the monuments, vi. 89 sq.;

as a corn-god, vi. 89 sqq., 96 sqq.;

corn-stuffed effigies of, buried with the dead as a symbol of resurrection, vi. 90 sq., 114;

date of the celebration of his resurrection at Rome, vi. 95 n. 1;

the nature of, vi. 96 sqq.;

his severed limbs placed on a corn-sieve, vi. 97;

human sacrifices at the grave of, vi. 97, vii. 260;

suggested explanations of his dismemberment, vi. 97, vii. 262;

sometimes explained by the ancients as a personification of the corn, vi. 107;

as a tree-spirit, vi. 107 sqq.;

his image made out of a pine-tree, vi. 108;

his backbone re-presented by the ded pillar, vi. 108 sq.;

interpreted as a cedar-tree god, vi. 109 n. 1;

his soul in a bird, vi. 110;

represented as a mummy enclosed in a tree, vi. 110, 111;

obscene images of, vi. 112;

as a god of fertility, vi. 112 sq.;

identified with Dionysus, vi. 113, 126 n. 3, vii. 3, 32;

a god of the dead, vi. 113 sq.;

universal popularity of his worship, vi. 114;

interpreted by some as the sun, vi. 120 sqq.;

reasons for rejecting this interpretation, vi. 122 sqq.;

his death and resurrection interpreted as the decay and growth of vegetation, vi. 126 sqq.;

interpreted as the moon by some of the ancients, vi. 129;

reigned twenty-eight years, vi. 129;

his soul thought to be imaged in the sacred bull Apis, vi. 130;

identified with the moon in hymns, vi. 131;

represented wearing on his head a full moon within a crescent, vi. 131;

distinction of his myth and worship from those of Adonis and Attis, vi. 158 sq.;

his dominant position in Egyptian religion, vi. 158 sq.;

the origin of, vi. 158 sqq.;

his historical reality asserted in recent years, vi. 160 n. 1;

his temple at Abydos, vi. 198;

his title Khenti-Amenti, vi. 198 n. 2;

compared to Charlemagne, vi. 199;

the question of his historical reality left open, vi. 199 sq.;

his death still mourned in the time of Athanasius, vi. 217;

his old type better preserved than those of Adonis and Attis, vi. 218;

the cults of Adonis, Attis, Dionysus, and, vii. 214;

perhaps the dead corn-spirit represented by human victims slain on the harvest-field, vii. 259 sqq.;

represented in the form of Harpocrates, vii. 260;

image of him perhaps annually thrown into the Nile as a rain-charm, vii. 262 sq.;

black and green, vii. 263;

key to mysteries of, vii. 263;

and the pig, viii. 24 sqq.;

his body mangled by Typhon, viii. 30;

perhaps originally identified with the pig, viii. 31, 33 sq.;

in relation to sacred bulls, viii. 34 sqq.;

false graves of, viii. 100;

one of his members eaten by a fish, viii. 264

Osiris, Adonis, Attis, their mythical similarity, v. 6, vi. 201

—— and Adonis, similarity between their rites, vi. 127

—— and Dionysus, similarity between their rites, vi. 127

[pg 402]

Osiris and Isis perhaps personated by human couples, ix. 386

—— and Maneros, vii. 215

—— and the moon, vi. 129 sqq.

“—— of the mysteries,” vi. 89

Osiris-Sep, title of Osiris, vi. 87

Osnabrück, in Hanover, the Harvest-mother in, vii. 135

Ossa, Mount, and Olympus, iv. 81, vi. 240

Ossidinge district of the Cameroons, the chief as fetish-priest in the, i. 349

Oster-Kappeln, in Hanover, the oak of the Guelphs at, xi. 166 sq.

Osterode, Easter bonfires at, x. 142

Ostia, fresco at, i. 16

Ostiaks or Ostyaks, sacred groves and trees of the, ii. 11;

their ceremonies at killing bears, viii. 222 sq.

Ostrich, ghost of, deceived, viii. 245

Ostrich-feather, king of Egypt supposed to ascend to heaven on an, vi. 154, 155

Ostroppa, a Polish village, sacrifice for horses at, ii. 336 sq.

Ostyaks. See Ostiaks

Ot Danoms of Borneo, their precautions against strangers, iii. 103;

killing demon in effigy among the, viii. 101;

seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 35 sq.

Otati tribe of Queensland, their treatment of girls at puberty, x. 38

Otho, the Emperor, suicide of, iv. 140;

addicted to the worship of Isis, vi. 118 n. 1

Ottawa or Otawa Indians, their way of calming a tempest, i. 321;

tampering with a man's shadow among the, iii. 78;

drive away the ghosts of the slain, iii. 171;

their totem clans, viii. 224, 225 n. 1;

their reason for not burning fish bones, viii. 250

—— medicine-man, his mode of catching stray souls, iii. 45

Otter in rain-charm, i. 289

Otter's head, Aino custom as to eating, viii. 144

Otters, their bones not allowed to be gnawed by dogs, viii. 239

Otters' tongues torn out and worn as talismans, viii. 670

Ottery St. Mary's, the Boy Bishop at, ix. 337

Oude, burial of infants in, ix. 45

Oulad Abdi, Arab tribe of Morocco, prostitution practised by their women for the sake of the crops, v. 39 n. 3

Ounce, tooth of, a charm against toothache, i. 153;

ceremony at killing an, viii. 235

“Our Ancestress,” a Mexican goddess, ix. 289

“Our Mother among the Water,” Mexican goddess, ix. 278

Oura, ancient name of Olba, in Cilicia, v. 148, 152

Ourfa, in Armenia, rain-making at, i. 276, 285

Ouwira, theory of earthquakes in, v. 199

Ovaherero, ii. 212 n. 1, 213 n. 2.

See Herero

Ovakuanjama, the, of South-West Africa, viii. 109.

See Ovambo

Ovakumbi of Angola, their custom of placing stones in trees, i. 318 n. 6

Ovakuru (singular omukuru) ancestors, among the Herero, ii. 221, 223

Ovambo or Ovakuanjama of German South-West Africa, use of magical images among the, i. 63;

their contagious magic of footprints, i. 209 sq.;

pass new-born children through the smoke of fire, ii. 232 n. 3;

fire carried before an army to battle among the, ii. 264;

purification of man-slayers among the, iii. 176;

custom as to circumcision among the, iii. 227;

their ceremony at the new moon, vi. 142;

worship of the dead among the, vi. 188, viii. 109 sq.;

their ceremony before partaking of the fruits of a certain tree, viii. 71;

eat the hearts of foes to make them brave, viii. 149;

custom observed by young women at puberty among the, xi. 183

—— women, their custom at sowing corn, ii. 46

Ovamboland, importance of rain in, viii. 110 sq.

Overshadowed, danger of being, iii. 82 sq.

Ovid, on the spring at Nemi, i. 4, 17;

on the oak crown, ii. 176 sq.;

on the Roman use of whitethorn or buckthorn, ii. 191;

on the Parilia, ii. 327 n. 1;

on loosening the hair, iii. 311;

on the story of Pygmalion, v. 49 n. 4;

on the distinction between Ceres and the Earth Goddess, vii. 89 n. 4;

on the Roman festival of the dead in May, ix. 155 n. 1

Owl in homoeopathic magic, i. 156;

bird of Pallas, ii. 142 n. 2;

regarded as the guardian spirit of a tree, vi. 111 n. 1;

eyes of, eaten, to make eater see in dark, viii. 144 sq.;

represented dramatically as a mystery, ix. 377;

imitated by actor or dancer, ix. 381

Owls not mentioned by their proper name, iii. 401;

lives of persons bound up with those of, xi. 202;

sex totem of women, xi. 217;

called women's “sisters,” xi. 218

Ox, man-slayers anointed with gall of, [pg 403] iii. 172, 175;

purification by passing through the body of an, iii. 173;

substituted for human victim in sacrifice, v. 146;

embodying corn-spirit, sacrificed at Athens, v. 296 sq.;

corn-spirit as, vii. 288 sqq.;

killed on harvest field, vii. 290;

slaughtered at threshing, vii. 291 sq.;

sacrificed at the Bouphonia, viii. 5;

as representative of the corn-spirit, viii. 9 sqq., 34;

effigy of, broken as a spring ceremony in China, viii. 10 sqq.;

sacrificed to boa-constrictor, viii. 290;

disease transferred to, ix. 31 sq.;

burnt alive to stop a murrain, x. 301

Ox, black, in rain-making, i. 291, iii. 154;

used in purificatory ceremonies after a battle, vi. 251 sq.;

Bechuana sacrifice of a, viii. 271

——, hornless, in homoeopathic magic, i. 151

——, white, sacrament of a, viii. 313 n. 1

Ox blood, bath of, iv. 201

—— -horns, external soul of chief in pair of, xi. 156

—— -stall (Bucolium) at Athens, vii. 30 sq.

—— -yoked Ploughing at Athens, vii. 31

Ox's knee not to be eaten by soldiers, i. 117

Oxen sacrificed for rain, i. 350, 352;

sacrificed instead of human beings, iv. 166 n. 1;

used in ploughing, vii. 129 n. 1;

pledged on Eve of Twelfth Day, ix. 319

Oxford. Child's Well at, ii. 161;

Lords of Misrule at, ix. 332

Oxfordshire, May garlands in, ii. 62, 62 n. 2

Oyampis, the, of French Guiana, their belief as to water-snakes, ii. 156

Oyo, kings of, among the Yorubas, put to death, iv. 41

Ozieri, in Sardinia, St. John's festival at, v. 244;

bonfires on St. John's Eve at, x. 209

Pacasmayu, in Peru, the temple of the moon at, vi. 138

Pachamamas, Earth-mothers, among the Peruvian Indians, vii. 173 n.

Pacific, oracular inspiration of priests in the Southern, i. 377 sq.;

human gods in the, i. 386 sqq.

Pacific Coast of North America, first salmon of the season treated with deference by the Indians of the, viii. 253

Padams of Assam, their mode of recovering a child lost in the forest, ii. 39

Paddy (unhusked rice), the Father and Mother of the, vii. 203 sq.

Paderborn, holy oak near, ii. 371

Padlocks as amulets, iii. 307

Padmavati, an Indian goddess, gardens of Adonis in her temple, v. 243

Padstow, in Cornwall, celebration of May Day, May-pole and Hobby Horse at, ii. 68

Padua, story of a were-wolf in, x. 309

Paestum, the ruins of, i. 236 n. 1

Pagae, in ancient Greece, annual kingship at, i. 46

Pagan origin of the Midsummer festival (festival of St. John), v. 249 sq.

Paganism and Christianity, their resemblances explained as diabolic counterfeits, v. 302, 309 sq.

Pages, medicine-men, among the Indians of Brazil, i. 358

Paha, on the Gold Coast, sacred crocodiles at, xi. 210

Pains in back at reaping, goat-skin used as cure for, vii. 285

Paint-house, in which girls are secluded at puberty, ii. 111

Painting bodies of manslayers, iii. 175, 178, 179, 180, 186 n. 1;

body of lion-killer, iii. 220

Paintings, prehistoric, of animals in caves, i. 87 n. 1

Pairing dogs, stick that has beaten, thought to make women fruitful, ix. 264

Pais, E., on Manius Egerius, i. 23 n.

Παῖς ἀμφιθαλής, a boy whose parents are both alive, vi. 236 n. 2

Pakambia, a rainy district of Celebes, the word for rain not to be mentioned in, iii. 413

Palaces, kings not allowed to leave their, iii. 122 sqq.

Palatinate, mimic contest between Summer and Winter in the, iv. 254 sq.

——, the Upper, trees asked for pardon on being felled in, ii. 18;

the Feast of All Souls in, vi. 72

Palatine Hill at Rome, sacred cornel-tree on the, ii. 10;

the emperor's palace on the, ii. 176;

grove of Vesta at foot of the, ii. 185;

hut of Romulus on the, ii. 200

Palazzo degli Conservatori at Rome, ii. 142 n. 2.

Pale colour of negro children at birth, xi. 251 n. 1, 259 n. 2

Palenque in Central America, ruins of, i. 48

Palenques, the, of South America, spare harmless animals which are not good for food, viii. 221

Palermo, drought at, i. 299 sq.;

ceremony of “Sawing the Old Woman” at Mid-Lent at, iv. 240

Pales, a pastoral Roman deity, ii. 326, 327, 328, 329, 348

[pg 404]

Palestine, rain-making in, i. 276;

figs in, ii. 315;

religious prostitution in, v. 58;

date of the corn-reaping in, v. 232 n.;

wild boars in, viii. 31 sq.;

sticks or stones piled on scenes of violent death in, ix. 15

Palestinian Aphrodite, v. 304 n.

Palestrina, the harmonies of, v. 54

Palettes or plaques of schist in Egyptian tombs, xi. 155 n. 3

Paley, F. A., on the fodder of cattle in Southern Europe, ii. 328 n. 1

Pallades, female consorts of Ammon, ii. 135

Palladius on the date of the artificial fertilization of fig-trees, ii. 314

Pallas, her olive-tree and owl, ii. 142 n. 2

Pallas, P. S., on the slaughter of sheep and cattle among the Kalmucks, viii. 314 n. 1

Pallegoix, Mgr., on the Siamese year, ix. 149 n. 2

Pallene, daughter of Sithon, the wooing of, ii. 307

Palm-branches, blessed on Palm Sunday, in ceremonies to procure rain, i. 300;

waved to drive off demons, ix. 260 n. 3;

children beaten with, on Palm Sunday, ix. 268;

ashes of, mixed with seed at sowing, x. 121;

stuck in fields to protect them against hail, x. 144;

(twigs of boxwood) burnt to avert a thunderstorm, xi. 30, 85 n. 4

—— Sunday, churches swept on, i. 300;

custom in Würtemberg on, ii. 71;

the branches consecrated on, used as a protection against witches, ii. 336;

“Sawing the Old Woman” on, iv. 243;

Russian custom on, ix. 268;

palm-branches consecrated on, used to protect fields against hail, x. 144;

boxwood blessed on, x. 184, xi. 30, 47;

fern-seed used on, xi. 288

—— -tree, thought to ensure fertility to barren women, ii. 51;

ceremony at tapping a palm-tree for wine, ii. 100 sq.;

child's hair fastened to, iii. 276.

See also Date-palm

—— -trees as life-indices, xi. 161, 163, 164

—— wine offered to trees, ii. 15;

ceremony at felling a palm for, ii. 19

Palodes, announcement of the death of the Great Pan at, iv. 6

Palol, sacred milkman of the Todas, i. 403 n. 1;

taboos observed by him, iii. 15 sq.

Palolo veridis, a sea-slug, its annual appearance in the Samoan sea, ix. 142 n.

Paloo, in Celebes, propitiation of the souls of slain enemies at, iii. 166

Paloppo, in Celebes, the regalia at, i. 363 sq.

Palsy called the king's disease in Loango, i. 371

Pampa del Sacramento, Peru, earthquakes in, v. 198

Pampas, bones of extinct animals in the, v. 158

Pamyles, an Egyptian, announcement of the birth of Osiris to, vi. 6

Pan, dedication of Greek hunters to, i. 6 n. 4;

death of the Great, iv. 6 sq.

See also Pans

Pan's image beaten by the Arcadians, ix. 256

Panaghia Aphroditessa at Paphos, v. 36

Panama, the Guami Indians of, iii. 325

Panamara in Caria, worship of Zeus and Hera at, i. 29

Panathenaic festival, iv. 89 n. 5

—— games at Athens, vii. 80

Pancakes in homoeopathic magic, i. 137;

to be eaten on the eve of Twelfth Night, ix. 241;

to scald fiends on New Year's Eve, ix. 320

Panchalas, the king of the, father of Draupadi in the Mahabharata, ii. 306

Panda, king of Zululand, iii. 377;

liberties taken with him by his subjects at the festival of first-fruits, viii. 67, 68

Pandarus, tattoo marks of, in the sanctuary of Aesculapius at Epidaurus, ix. 47 sq.

Pandharpur, in the Bombay Presidency, gardens of Adonis in temples at, v. 243

Pandion, king of Athens, son of Cecrops, the Eleusinian games founded in his reign, vii. 70

Panebian Libyans, their custom of cutting off the heads of their dead kings, iv. 202

Panes, annual bird-feast in the Acagchemem tribe of California, viii. 170

Pangaeum, Mount, in Thrace, King Lycurgus torn to pieces at, i. 366

Pango, title signifying god, bestowed on the king of Loango, i. 396

Pani, son of Rengo, the Maori god of sweet potatoes, viii. 133

Panionian festival, temporary king appointed for the, i. 46

Pankas of South Mirzapur will not call certain animals by their proper names, iii. 402

Panku, a being who causes earthquakes, in New Guinea, v. 198

Panoi, the land of the dead, in Melanesia, viii. 97

Panopeus, in Phocis, the ruins of, vii. 48

Pans, rustic Greek deities, in relation to goats, viii. 1 sqq.

[pg 405]

Pantang, taboo among the Jakuns and Binuas of the Malay Peninsula and the Dyaks of Borneo, iii. 405

Panther, ceremonies at the slaughter of a, among the Kayans of Borneo, iii. 219;

king of Benin represented with whiskers of a, iv. 86

Panua, tribe of Khonds, vii. 245

Papa Westray, one of the Orkney Islands, cairn to which people add stones in, ix. 29

Paparuda, gipsy girl employed in rain-making ceremony, i. 273 sq.

Papas, a name for Attis, v. 281, 282

Paphlagonian belief that the god is bound fast in winter, vi. 41

Paphos in Cyprus, v. 32 sqq.;

sanctuary of Aphrodite at, v. 32 sqq.;

founded by Cinyras, v. 41

Papirius Cursor, L., dedicates temple of Quirinus, ii. 182 n. 1

Papuan and Melanesian stocks in New Guinea, xi. 239

Papuans, the, of Tumleo, their treatment of spilt blood and rags, i. 205;

of Geelvink Bay, their belief in the abduction of souls by a forest spirit, iii. 60 sq.;

of New Guinea believe the soul to be in the blood, iii. 241;

of Finsch Haven unwilling to tell their names, iii. 329;

of Doreh Bay in New Guinea, their fear in regard to children who resemble their parents, iv. 287 (288 in Second Impression);

of Ayambori in Dutch New Guinea, division of agricultural work between men and women among the, vii. 123;

of Port Moresby and Motumotu districts, strong food to strengthen young lads among the, viii. 145;

of the northern coast of New Guinea believe in the transmigration of human souls into animals, viii. 295;

their belief in demons, ix. 83;

life-trees among the, xi. 163

Papyrus of Nebseni, vi. 112;

of Nekht, vi. 112

Papyrus swamps, Isis in the, vi. 8

Paracelsus, a forerunner of science, viii. 307

Paradoxurus, souls of dead in various species of, viii. 294

Paraguay, the Caingua Indians of, ii. 258;

the Calchaquis Indians of, iii. 31;

the Isistines Indians of, iii. 159 n.;

the Chiquites Indians of, iii. 250 n. 1, viii. 241, xi. 226 n. 1;

the Abipones of, iii. 352, 360, vii. 308, viii. 140;

the Payagua Indians of, iv. 12 sq.;

the Guaranis of, vii. 309;

the Lengua Indians of, vii. 309;

the Mocobis of, vii. 309;

the Canelos Indians of, viii. 285

Parahiya, a tribe of Mirzapur, sacrifice to the evil spirits of trees, ii. 42

Paraka, in India, the people of, supposed to know the language of animals, viii. 146

Parallelism between witches and werewolves, x. 315, 321

Paramatta, island, magical powers of chief in, i. 339

Parasitic mountain-ash (rowan) used to make the divining-rod, xi. 69;

superstitions about a, xi. 281 sq.

—— orchid growing on a tamarind, ritual at cutting, xi. 81

—— plants, superstitions as to, ii. 250, 251 sq.

Pardon asked of tree at cutting it down, ii. 18, 19;

of animal asked before killing it, viii. 183

Paremêsvara Bhûminâtha (title of frog), prayer for rain to, i. 295, 295 n. 1

Parents of twins believed to possess power of fertilizing plantain-trees, ii. 102;

named after their children, iii. 331 sqq., 339

Parents-in-law, their names not to be pronounced, iii. 338, 339, 340, 341, 342

Parian chronicler, on the antiquity of the Eleusinian mysteries and games, vii. 70

Parigi, in Central Celebes, treatment of the afterbirth in, i. 188

Parilia, the, Roman festival of shepherds, ii. 123, 229, 273, 325 sqq.;

the shepherd's prayer at, ii. 123, 327;

flocks fumigated at, ii. 229, 327;

Numa born on the, ii. 273, 325;

shepherds leap over bonfires at, ii. 273, 327;

sheep driven over fires at, ii. 327;

offerings of milk and millet to Pales at, ii. 327;

compared to the festival of St. George, ii. 330 sqq., v. 308

Parinarium, a sacred tree in Busoga, iv. 215

Paris protected against dormice and serpents, viii. 281;

effigy of giant burnt in summer fire at, x. 38;

cats burnt alive at Midsummer in, x. 39

Parivarams of Madura, their seclusion of girls at puberty, x. 69

Parjanya, the ancient Hindoo god of thunder and rain, i. 270, ii. 368 sq.;

derivation of the name, ii. 367 n. 3

Parjas, a tribe of the Central Provinces, India, their ceremonial purification for killing a sacred animal, viii. 27 sq.;

their offerings of first-fruits to their ancestors, viii. 119

Parker, Professor E. H., on substitutes for capital punishment in China, iv. 146 n. 1

Parkinson, John, on custom of killing chief after rule of three years among the Yorubas, iv. 112 sq.

[pg 406]

Parkinson, R., on contagious magic in New Britain, i. 175;

on the fear of demons in New Britain, ix. 83

Parkyns, Mansfield, on the Abyssinian festival of Mascal, ix. 133 sq.

Parnes, Mount, in Attica, lightning over, i. 33, ii. 361;

altar of sign-giving Zeus on, ii. 360

Parr, Thomas, his great age, v. 55 sq.

Parricide, Roman punishment of, ii. 110 n. 2;

of Oedipus, ii. 115

Parrot, external soul of warlock in a, xi. 97 sq.

—— and Punchkin, story of the, xi. 97 sq.

Parrot Island, in Guinea, human sacrifices to river at, ii. 158

Parrot's feathers worn as a protection against a ghost, iii. 186 n. 1;

eggs, a signal of death, iv. 40 sq.

Parrots, assimilation of men to, viii. 208

Parsee priests wear a veil over their mouth, ii. 241

Parsees ascribe sanctity to fire kindled by lightning, ii. 256;

their customs as to menstruous women, x. 85

Parsons, Harold G., on custom of king eating the heart of his predecessor, iv. 203 n. 5

Parthe, the River, at Leipsic, effigy of Death thrown into the, iv. 236

Partheniai, offspring of unmarried women at Sparta, i. 36 n. 2

Parthenon, sculptures in the frieze of the, iv. 89 n. 5;

sculptures in the eastern gable of the, iv. 89 n. 5

Parthenos as applied to Artemis, i. 36

Parthia, prince of, his structure at Nemi, i. 6

Parthian monarchs brothers of the Sun, i. 417 sq.;

worshipped as deities, i. 418

Parti, name of an Elamite deity, ix. 367

Partition of spiritual and temporal power between religious and civil kings, iii. 17 sqq.

Partridge, C., as to the election of a king of Idah, ii. 294 n. 2;

as to sacred chief on the Cross River, iii. 124;

as to human souls in fish, xi. 204

Partridge, transmigration of sinner into a, viii. 299

Parvati or Isa, an Indian goddess, wife of Mahadeva, v. 241;

gardens of Adonis in her worship, v. 242

—— and Siva, marriage of the images of, iv. 265 sq.

Paschal candle, x. 121, 122 n., 125

—— Mountains, in Münsterland, Easter fires on the, x. 141

Pasicyprus, king of Citium, v. 50 n. 2

Pasiphae identified with the moon, iv. 72

—— and the bull, iv. 71

—— and the Minotaur, vii. 31

Pasir, a district of eastern Borneo, treatment of the afterbirth in, i. 194

“Pass through the fire,” meaning of the phrase as applied to the sacrifice of children, iv. 165 n. 3, 172

Passage of flocks and herds over or between fires, ii. 327, x. 157, 285 (see further Cattle);

over or through fire a stringent form of purification, xi. 24;

through cleft trees as a cure, xi. 168 sqq.;

through cleft trees to get rid of spirits or ghosts, xi. 173 sqq.;

through a cleft stick after a funeral, xi. 175 sq.;

through narrow openings after a death, xi. 177 sqq.;

through an archway to escape from demons, xi. 179;

through an archway as a cure or preventive of maladies, xi. 180 sq.;

through a cleft stick to get rid of sickness or ghosts, xi. 182 sq.;

through a cleft stick in connexion with puberty and circumcision, xi. 183 sq.;

through hoops or rings as a cure or preventive of disease, xi. 184 sqq.;

through holed stones as a cure, xi. 186 sqq.;

through narrow openings as a cure or preventive, xi. 190;

through holes in the ground as a cure, xi. 190 sqq.;

through a yoke as a cure, xi. 192;

under a yoke or arch as a rite of initiation, xi. 193;

passage of Roman enemies under a yoke, xi. 193 sqq.;

passage of victorious Roman army under a triumphal arch, xi. 195.

See also Passing

Passes, Indian tribe of Brazil, drink the ashes of their dead as a mode of communion, viii. 157;

seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 59

Passes of mountains, cairns and heaps of sticks or leaves on, ix. 9 sqq., 29

Passier, in Sumatra, kings of, put to death, iv. 51 sq.

Passing between the pieces of a sacrificial victim, i. 289, 289 n. 4;

between two fires as a purification, iii. 114;

over fire to get rid of ghosts, xi. 17 sq.;

through cleft trees and other narrow openings to get rid of ghosts, etc., xi. 173 sqq.;

under a yoke as a purification, xi. 193 sqq.

See also Passage

—— children through cleft trees, xi. 168 sqq.;

children, sheep, and cattle through holes in the ground, xi. 190 sq.

Passover, tradition of the origin of the, iv. 174 sqq.;

accusations of murders at the, ix. 395 sq.;

the crucifixion of Christ at the, ix. 414 sqq.;

sacrifice of the first-born at, ix. 419

Paste kneaded with the blood of children in Peru, ix. 129

Pastern-bone of a hare in a popular remedy, x. 17

[pg 407]

Pastoral peoples, their reverence for their cattle, viii. 35, 37 sqq.

—— stage of society, the, viii. 35, 37

—— tribes, animal sacraments among, viii. 313

Pastures fumigated at Midsummer to drive away witches and demons, x. 170

Patagonia, acacia-tree worshipped in, ii. 16;

funeral customs of Indians of, v. 294

Patagonian Indians, their charm to make a child a horseman, i. 152

Patagonians burn their loose hair for fear of witchcraft, iii. 281;

effeminate priests or sorcerers among the, vi. 254;

their remedy for smallpox, ix. 122

Patani Bay, in Siam, the Malays of, their belief as to absence of soul in sleep, iii. 41;

speak respectfully of tigers, iii. 404;

Malay fishermen of, will not mention certain words at sea, iii. 408;

Malay family of, will not kill crocodiles, viii. 212

—— States, treatment of the afterbirth in the, i. 194, xi. 164

Patara, in Lycia, Apollo at, ii. 135

Pataris of Mirzapur call bears by a special title in the morning, iii. 403;

their use of scapegoats, ix. 192

Patches of unreaped corn left at harvest, vii. 233

Paternity, uncertainty of, a ground for a theological distinction, ii. 135;

of kings a matter of indifference under female kinship, ii. 274 sqq., 282;

primitive ignorance of, v. 106 sq.;

unknown in certain state of savagery, v. 282

—— and maternity of the Roman deities, vi. 233 sqq.

Pathian, a beneficent spirit, among the Lushais, ix. 94

Paths used by men forbidden to menstruous women, iii. 145;

separate, for men and women, x. 78, 80, 89

Patiala, in the Punjaub, professed incarnation of Jesus Christ at, i. 409 sq.

Patiko, in the Uganda Protectorate, dread of lightning at, xi. 298 n. 2

Patiné, a Cingalese goddess, ix. 181

Patmos, the month of Cronion in, ix. 351 n. 2

Paton, L. B., on the origin of Purim, ix. 360 n. 1

Paton, W. R., on the names of Eleusinian priests, iii. 382 n. 4, 383 n. 1;

on modern Greek Feast of All Souls in May, vi. 78 n. 1;

on human scapegoats in ancient Greece, ix. 257 sq., 259, 272;

on Adam and Eve, ix. 259 n. 3;

on the crucifixion, ix. 413 n. 2;

on the Golden Bough, xi. 319

Patrae, Laphrian Artemis at, v. 126 n. 2;

Flowery Dionysus at, vii. 4;

sanctuary of Demeter at, vii. 89

Patriarch of Jerusalem kindles the new fire at Easter, x. 129

Patriarchal family at Rome, ii. 283

Patrician myrtle-tree at Rome, xi. 168

Patronymics not in use among the Tuaregs, iii. 353

Patschkau, precautions against witches near, xi. 20 n.

Pâturages, processions with torches on the first Sunday in Lent at, x. 108

Pau Pi, an effigy of the Carnival, at Lerida in Catalonia, iv. 225

Paulicians of Armenia worship each other as embodiments of Christ, i. 407

Paunch of bullock tabooed as food, i. 119

Pauntley, parish of, in Gloucestershire, Eve of Twelfth Day in, ix. 318

Pausanias, Greek antiquary, on the priest of Nemi, i. 11;

on Hippolytus at Troezen, i. 26 sq.;

on the offerings of the Hyperboreans, i. 33 n. 4;

his identification of Pasiphae and the moon, iv. 72;

on the necklace of Harmonia, v. 32 n. 2;

on bones of superhuman size, v. 157 n. 2;

on offerings to Etna, v. 221 n. 4;

on the Hanged Artemis, v. 291 n. 2;

on the bouphonia, viii. 5 n. 1

Pausanias, king of Sparta, funeral games in his honour, iv. 94

Pawnee story of the external soul, xi. 151

Pawnees, their notion as to whirlwinds, i. 331 n. 2;

ritual flight of sacrificers among the, ii. 309 n. 2;

their use of stone arrow-heads in sacrifices, iii. 228;

human sacrifices offered by the, at sowing their fields, vii. 238 sq., ix. 296, xi. 286 n. 2

Paxos, Greek island, death of the Great Pan announced at, iv. 6

Payaguas of South America, fight the wind, i. 330;

of Brazil, precaution as to chief's spittle among the, iii. 290;

of Paraguay, their voluntary deaths, iv. 12 sq.

Payne, Bishop, on the Bodia of Sierra Leone, iii. 15 n. 1

Payne, E. J., on the worship of the frog in America, i. 292 n. 3;

on the Incas of Peru, i. 415 n. 2;

on the religious aspect of early calendars, iv. 69 n. 2;

on the origin of moon-worship, vi. 138 n. 2;

on Cinteotl, the Mexican goddess of maize, ix. 286 n. 1

Payne, J. H., on the purification festival of the Cherokees, ix. 128

Pazzi family at Florence, fire-flints brought by one of them from the Holy Land, x. 126

Pea-mother, thought to be among the [pg 408] peas, vii. 132;

name given to wreath made out of the last pea-stalks, vii. 135

Pea wolf, supposed to be caught in the last peas of the crop, vii. 271

Peace, ceremony at making, among the Ba-Yaka, iii. 274

Peace-making ceremony among the Masai, ix. 139 n.

Peach, Chinese emblem of longevity, i. 169 n. 1

Peach-tree, goitre transferred to a, ix. 54

—— wood, bows of, used to shoot at demons, ix. 146, 213;

staves of, used at the expulsion of demons, ix. 213

Peacock, Miss Mabel, on a Lincolnshire saying, ii. 231

Peacock, the bird of Hera, ii. 142 n. 2;

Earth Goddess represented in the form of a, vii. 248 n. 1;

a totem of the Bhils, viii. 29;

transmigration of sinner into, viii. 299

Peacock's feather in a charm, viii. 167

Peaiman, sorcerer, among the Indians of Guiana, ix. 78

Peale, Titian R., as to the natives of Bowdich Island, ii. 254 n. 1

Pear-tree as protector of cattle, ii. 55;

as life-index of girl, xi. 165

—— -trees, torches thrown at, on first Sunday in Lent, x. 108;

rarely attacked by mistletoe, xi. 315

Pearls not to be worn by wives in the absence of their husbands, i. 122 sq.;

in homoeopathic magic, i. 174

Peas, boiled, distributed by young married couples on first Sunday in Lent, x. 111 n. 1

Peas-cow, name given to thresher of last peas, vii. 290

—— -pudding, taboo as to entering a sanctuary after eating, viii. 85

—— -pug, name given to cutter or binder of last peas, vii. 272

Pease-bear, name given to the man who gave the last stroke at threshing, viii. 327

Peat-bogs of Europe, ii. 350 sqq.

Pebbles in rain-making, i. 305;

thrown into Midsummer fires, x. 183

Pechuyos, the, of Bolivia, ate the powdered bones of their dead, viii. 157

Peg used to transfer disease to tree, ix. 7

Pegasus and Bellerophon, v. 302 n. 4

Pegging ailments into trees, ix. 58 sqq.

Pegu, dance of hermaphrodites in, v. 271 n.;

worship of nats in, ix. 96

Peguenches, Indian tribe of South America, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 59

Peitho, epithet of Artemis, i. 37 n. 1

Peking, the High Court of, i. 298;

the Colonial Office at, i. 412 sq.;

Ibn Batuta at, v. 289;

life-tree of the Manchu dynasty at, xi. 167 sq.

Peking Gazette, i. 355, iv. 274, 275

Pélé, goddess of the volcano Kirauea in Hawaii, v. 217 sqq.

Peleus, son of Aeacus, reigned in Phthia, ii. 278

Pelew Islanders, pray tree-spirit to leave tree which is to be felled, ii. 35;

their system of mother-kin, vi. 204 sqq.;

predominance of goddesses over gods among the, vi. 204 sqq.;

customs of the, vi. 253 sqq.;

their belief in the transmigration of human souls into animals, viii. 293;

their gods, ix. 81 sq.

—— Islands, human gods in the, i. 389;

special terms used with reference to persons of the blood-royal in the, i. 401 n. 3;

removal of fire from a house after a death in the, ii. 267 n. 4;

seclusion and purification of man-slayers in the, iii. 179;

continence of fishermen in the, iii. 193;

taboos observed by relations of murdered man in the, iii. 240;

story of the type of Beauty and the Beast in the, iv. 130 n. 1;

and the ancient East, parallel between, vi. 208;

prostitution of unmarried girls in the, vi. 264 sq.;

custom of slaying chiefs in the, vi. 266 sqq.;

deceiving the ghost of woman who has died in childbed in the, viii. 98

Pelias and Jason, iii. 311

Pelion, Mount, sacrifices offered on the top of, at the rising of Sirius, vi. 36 n.

Pellene, Artemis at, i. 15 n. 4

Pelopidae, the, migrations of, ii. 279

Peloponnese, May Day in, ii. 143 n. 2;

worship of Poseidon in, v. 203

Pelops succeeded his father-in-law on the throne, ii. 279;

Olympic games founded in his honour, iv. 92;

restored to life, v. 181, viii. 263;

his ivory shoulder, viii. 263 sq.

—— at Olympia, ii. 300, iv. 104, xi. 90 n. 1;

sacred precinct of, ii. 300, iv. 104, 287;

black ram sacrificed to, iv. 92, 104, viii. 85

—— and Hippodamia, at Olympia, ii. 299 sq., iv. 91

Peloria, a Thessalian festival resembling the Saturnalia, ix. 350

Pelorian Zeus, ix. 350

Peltophorum africanum, Sond., branches of the tree used at sowing corn, ii. 46

Pemali, taboo, among the Dyaks, ix. 39

Pemba, island off German East Africa, xi. 263

Pembrokeshire, the last sheaf called the Hag in, vii. 142 sqq.;

“cutting the neck” at harvest in, vii. 267;

hunting the wren in, viii. 320;

cure for warts in, ix. 53

[pg 409]

Penance observed after building a new house, ii. 40;

for killing a boa-constrictor, iii. 222;

for the slaughter of the dragon, iv. 78;

by drawing blood from ears, ix. 292

Penates, the, Roman gods of the storeroom (penus), ii. 205 sq.

Pendle, gathering of witches at Hallowe'en in the forest of, x. 245

Penelope won by Ulysses in a race, ii. 300

Peneus, the river, at Tempe, iv. 81, vi. 240

“Penitential of Theodore” on the custom of wearing cows' hides on New Year's Day, viii. 323 n. 1

Pennant, Thomas, on knots at marriage in the Highlands of Scotland, iii. 300 nn. 1 and 2;

on the custom of kindling twelve fires on Twelfth Day in Gloucestershire, ix. 321;

on weather forecasts for the year in the Highlands of Scotland, ix. 324;

on Beltane fires and cakes in Perthshire, x. 152;

on Hallowe'en fires in Perthshire, x. 230

Pennefather River in Queensland, belief as to reincarnation among the natives of the, i. 99 sq.;

beliefs as to the afterbirth among the natives of the, i. 183 sq.;

belief of the natives as to the birth of children, v. 103;

treatment of girls at puberty on the, x. 38;

effigies of strangers among the natives of the, xi. 159

Pennyroyal, the communion cup in the Eleusinian mysteries flavoured with, vii. 161 n. 4;

burnt in Midsummer fire, x. 213, 214;

gathered at Midsummer, xi. 51

Pentamerone, the, story of dragon twin in, xi. 105

Pentateuch, evidence of moral evolution in the, iii. 219

Pentheus, king of Thebes, torn to pieces by the Bacchanals, vi. 98, vii. 24, 25

Penza, Government of, in Russia, the “Funeral of Kostroma” in, iv. 262

Penzance, horn-blowing at, on the eve of May Day, ix. 163 sq.;

Midsummer fires at, x. 199 sq.

Peoples said to be ignorant of the art of kindling fire, ii. 253 sqq.

—— of the Aryan stock, annual festivals of the dead among the, vi. 67 sqq.

Peperuga, girl dressed in greenery at rain-making ceremony in Bulgaria, i. 274

Pepi the First, king of Egypt, vi. 5;

his pyramid, vi. 4 n. 1

Pepper rubbed into bodies of sufferers as a cure or exorcism, iii. 106;

rubbed into eyes of strangers, iii. 114

—— and salt, abstinence from, during fasts, i. 266, ii. 98

Pepys, Samuel, on Charles II. touching for scrofula, i. 369;

on the milkmaids' dance on May Day, ii. 52;

on the coronation ceremony of Charles the Second, ii. 322

Perak, Malay superstition as to toallong trees in, ii. 41;

superstition as to blood-sucking snail in, iii. 81 sq.;

belief as to the Spectral Huntsman in, iv. 178;

periodic expulsion of evils in, ix. 198 sqq.;

the rajah of, ix. 198 sq.

Perasia, Artemis, at Castabala, v. 115, 167 sqq.;

walk of her priestesses over fire, v. 115, 168

Perche, in France, homoeopathic cure for vomiting in, i. 83 sq.;

Midsummer fires in, x. 188;

St. John's herb gathered on Midsummer Eve in, xi. 46;

the Chêne-Doré in, xi. 287 n. 1

—— and Beauce, treatment of the navel-string in, i. 198.

See Beauce

Perchta, Frau, a mythical old woman in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, ix. 240 sq.

Perchta's Day, Twelfth Night or the Eve of Twelfth Night, ix. 240, 242, 244

Perchten, maskers in Salzburg and the Tyrol, ix. 240, 242 sqq.

Percival, R., on the fear of demons in Ceylon, ix. 94 sq.

Perdoytus, the Lithuanian wind-god (reported), i. 326 n. 5

Peregrinus, his death by fire at Olympia, iv. 42, v. 181

Perforating arms and legs of young men, girls, and dogs as a ceremony, x. 58

Perga in Pamphylia, Artemis at, v. 35

Pergamus, Aesculapius and Telephus at, iii. 85

Pergine, in the Tyrol, fern-seed on St. John's Night at, xi. 288 n. 6

Pergrubius, a Lithuanian god of the spring, ii. 347 sq.

Perham, Rev. J., on the blighting effect which the Dyaks ascribe to adultery, ii. 109 n. 1;

on the Head-feast of the Sea Dyaks, ix. 383 sq.

Periander, tyrant of Corinth, his burnt sacrifice to his dead wife, v. 179

Periepetam in Southern India, devil-dancer at, i. 382 n. 2

Perigord, rolling in dew on St. John's Day in, v. 248;

the Yule log in, x. 250 sq., 253;

magic herbs gathered at Midsummer in, xi. 46;

crawling under a bramble as a cure for boils in, xi. 180

Perils of the soul, iii. 26 sqq.

Perinthus, the month of Cronion in, ix. 351 n. 3

Periodic expulsion of evils in a material vehicle, ix. 198 sqq.

Periods of licence preceding or following [pg 410] the annual expulsion of demons, ix. 225 sq.

Periphas, king of Athens, called Zeus by his people, ii. 177

Περίψημα, “offscouring,” applied to human scapegoat, ix. 255 n. 1

Peritius, month of, festival of “the awakening of Hercules” in the, v. 111

Perkunas or Perkuns, the Lithuanian god of thunder and lightning, ii. 365 sqq.;

derivation of his name, ii. 367 n. 3;

his perpetual fire, xi. 91 n. 5

Permanence of simpler forms of religion, viii. 335;

of the belief in magic and witchcraft, in ghosts and demons, under the higher forms of religion, ix. 89 sq.

Permanent possession of human beings by deities, i. 386 sq.

Péronne, mugwort at Midsummer near, xi. 58

Perperia, appealed to for rain by the Greeks of Thessaly and Macedonia, i. 273

Perpetual holy fire in temples of dead kings, vi. 174

—— fires worshipped, v. 191 sqq.;

origin of the custom of maintaining, ii. 253 sqq.;

associated with royal dignity, ii. 261 sqq.

See also Fires

Perros-Guirec, in Brittany, Renan's home near, ix. 70

Perrot, G., on rock-hewn sculptures at Boghaz-Keui, v. 138 n.

Persea-trees in the rites of Osiris, vi. 87 n. 5;

growing over the tomb of Osiris, vi. 88

Persephone, mother of Zagreus by Zeus, vii. 12;

carried off by Pluto, vii. 36, viii. 19;

a personification of the corn, vii. 39 sq.;

in Greek art, vii. 43 sq., 67 sq., viii. 88 sq.;

the descent of, vii. 46, viii. 17;

the Corn Maiden or Corn Daughter, vii. 53, 58 sq., 75, 184;

associated with the ripe ears of corn, viii. 58;

forty days of mourning for, ix. 348 sq.

——, name applied to spring, vi. 41

—— and Aphrodite, their contest for Adonis, v. 11 sq.

—— and Demeter, vii. 35 sqq.;

their myth acted in the mysteries of Eleusis, vii. 39, 187 sq.;

as a double personification of the corn, vii. 209 sqq.

—— and Pluto, viii. 9;

temple of, v. 205;

rustic prototypes of, viii. 334

Perseus in Egypt, iii. 312 n. 2;

the virgin birth of, v. 302 n. 4

—— and Andromeda, ii. 163

—— and the Gorgon, iii. 312

Persia, temporary kings in, iv. 157 sqq.;

cure for toothache in, ix. 59;

the feast of Purim in, ix. 393

Persian calendar, the oldest, March the first month of the year in, ix. 402

—— ceremony, “Ride of the Beardless One,” ix. 402

—— charm to make the wind blow, i. 320

—— fire-worship and priests, v. 191

—— framework of the book of Esther, ix. 362, 401

—— kings, sacred fire carried before, ii. 264;

their custom at meals, iii. 119;

their heads cleaned once a year, iii. 253;

married the wives of their predecessors, ix. 368 n. 1

Persians sacrifice horses to the sun, i. 315;

their reverence for fire, v. 174 sq.;

their festival of the dead, vi. 68;

annually expel demons, ix. 145;

the Sacaea celebrated by the, ix. 402;

their marriages at the vernal equinox, ix. 406 n. 3;

celebrate a festival of fire at the winter solstice, x. 269

Personation of gods by priests, v. 45, 46 sqq.;

by human victims, ix. 275 sqq.

Personification of abstract ideas not primitive, iv. 253;

of corn as mother and daughter, vii. 130, 207 sqq.

Person's destiny bound up with his navel-string or afterbirth, i. 198

Persons thought to influence and to be influenced by plants homoeopathically, i. 139 sqq., 144 sqq.;

tabooed, iii. 131 sqq.;

wrapt in corn as representatives of the corn-spirit, vii. 225 sq.

Perthshire, custom of unloosing knots at marriage in, iii. 299 sq.;

the harvest Maiden in, vii. 156 sq.;

Beltane fires and cakes in, x. 152 sq.;

traces of Midsummer fires in, x. 206;

Hallowe'en bonfires in, x. 230 sqq.;

need-fire in, x. 296 sq.

Peru, theocratic despotism of ancient, i. 218;

sacred new fire at the summer solstice in, ii. 243, x. 132;

earthquakes in, v. 202;

sacrifice of sons in, vi. 220 n. 4;

autumn festival in, ix. 262

——, the Aymara Indians of, i. 292, iii. 97, ix. 193

——, the Cholones of, i. 116

——, the Conchucos of, viii. 258 n. 1

——, the Conibos of, ii. 183 n. 2

——, the Incas of, i. 196, ii. 243 sq., ix. 128;

claim to be descended from the sun, i. 415.

See also Incas

——, Indians of, ceremony to obtain offspring among the, i. 71;

their charm to cause sleep, i. 148;

their magical stones for the increase of maize, potatoes, and cattle, i. 162;

their belief as to the relation of twins to rain and the weather, i. 265 sqq.;

their [pg 411] way of making sunshine, i. 314;

their festival to make alligator pears ripen, ii. 98;

their women pray to the moon for an easy delivery, ii. 128 n. 2;

their custom of marrying a girl to a sacred stone, ii. 146;

no fire in their houses after a death, ii. 268 n.;

their belief as to washing their heads, iii. 253;

preserved their cut hair and nails against the resurrection, iii. 279 sq.;

their custom of sprinkling blood on doorways, iv. 176 n. 1;

sacrifice of children among the, iv. 185;

cultivation of fields left to women among the, vii. 122;

their worship of the Pleiades, vii. 310;

worshipped whales and fish of several kinds, viii. 249 sq.;

washed their sins away in a river, ix. 3 sq.

See also Peruvian and Peruvians

Peru, the Piros Indians of, viii. 286

——, the Sencis of, i. 311

——, the Yuracares of, ii. 183 n. 2

Perun, the thunder-god of the Slavs, ii. 365, vii. 233;

sacrifice of first-born children to, iv. 183;

the oak sacred to, xi. 89

Peruvian Andes, i. 316

—— Indians, their use of magical images, i. 56;

their rain-charm by means of a black sheep, i. 290;

their preparation for office, iii. 159 n.;

confession of sins among the, iii. 216 n. 2;

their custom as to shooting stars, iv. 63 n. 1;

their theory of earthquakes, v. 201;

transfer weariness to heaps of stones, ix. 9;

their offerings at cairns, ix. 27

—— Vestals, ii. 243 sqq.

Peruvians, division of agricultural labours between the sexes among the, vii. 120;

their customs as to Mother of Maize, the Quinoa-mother, the Coca-mother, and the Potato-mother, vii. 171 sqq.

Pescara River, in the Abruzzi, washing in the, on St. John's Day, v. 246

Pescina, in the Abruzzi, Midsummer custom at, v. 246

Pessinus, priestly kings at, i. 47;

image of Cybele at, v. 35 n. 3;

priests called Attis at, v. 140;

local legend of Attis at, v. 264;

image of the Mother of the Gods at, v. 265;

people of, abstain from swine, v. 265;

high-priest of Cybele at, v. 285;

high-priest perhaps slain in the character of Attis at, vii. 255

Pessnitz, in the district of Dresden, thresher of last corn called the Bull at, vii. 291

Peter of Dusburg, his Chronicle of Prussia, ii. 366 n. 2

Petrarch at Cologne on St. John's Eve, v. 247 sq.

Petrie, Professor W. M. Flinders, on the date of the corn-reaping in Egypt and Palestine, v. 231 n. 3;

on the Sed festival, vi. 151 n. 3, 152 n. 3, 154 sq.;

on the marriage of brothers with sisters in Egypt, vi. 216 n. 1

Petrified cascades of Hierapolis, v. 207

Petroff, Ivan, on a custom of the Koniags of Alaska, vi. 106

Petronius on prayers to Jupiter for rain, ii. 362;

as to the soul in the nose, iii. 33 n. 3;

on human scapegoats at Marseilles, ix. 253 n. 2;

his story of the were-wolf, x. 313 sq.

Pett, Grace, a Suffolk witch, x. 304

Petworth, in Sussex, cleft ash-trees used for the cure of rupture at, xi. 170

Peucedanum leiocarpum, hog's wort, burnt as an offering to salmon, viii. 254

Pfeiffer, Madame, her reception among the Battas, iii. 104

Pfingstl, a Whitsuntide mummer, iv. 206 sq., 211

Phaedra and Hippolytus, i. 19, 25

Phalaris, the brazen bull of, iv. 75

Phalgun, an Indian month, equivalent to February, ii. 51, xi. 2

Phamenoth, an Egyptian month, vi. 49 n. 1, 130

Phaophi, an Egyptian month, vi. 49 n. 1, 94

Pharmacus, mythical personage, said to have been stoned to death, ix. 254 n. 1

Pharnace, daughter of Megassares, v. 41

Phatrabot, a Cambodian month, vi. 61

Phaya Phollathep, “Lord of the Heavenly Hosts,” temporary king in Siam, iv. 149

Phees (phi), evil spirits, in Siam, ix. 97, 98

Pheneus, lake of, ii. 8

Pherecydes, on the marriage of Zeus and Hera, ii. 143 n. 1;

on the voluntary self-sacrifice of Phrixus, iv. 163 n. 1

Phi, Siamese genii, iii. 90.

See also Phees

Phidias, his influence on Greek religion, v. 54 n. 1

Phigalia in Arcadia, sacrifice of hair at, i. 31;

the cave of Demeter at, viii. 21, 22 n.;

horse-headed Demeter of, viii. 21, 338

Philadelphia, in Lydia, subject to earthquakes, v. 194 sq.;

coin of, ix. 389

Philae, Egyptian relief at, vi. 50 n. 5;

sculptures illustrating the mystic history of Osiris in the temple of Isis at, vi. 89, 111;

the grave of Osiris at, vi. 111;

the dead Osiris in the sculptures at, vi. 112

[pg 412]

Philip and James, the Apostles, feast of, x. 158

Philip Augustus, king of France, and the privilege of St. Romain at Rouen, ii. 165

Philippine Islanders believe the souls of their ancestors to be in certain trees, ii. 29 sq.

—— Islands, the Tagalogs of the, ii. 18 sq.;

the Tagales of the, ii. 36;

the Bagobos of the, iii. 31, 315, vii. 240, viii. 124;

the Agutainos of the, iii. 144;

verbal taboos observed by natives of the, iii. 416;

grave of the Creator in the, iv. 3;

human sacrifices before sowing in the, vii. 240;

head-hunting in the, vii. 240 sq., 256;

the Efugaos of the, viii. 152;

the Italones of the, viii. 152;

the Igorrots of the, viii. 292;

the Negritos of the, ix. 82;

spirits of the dead in the, ix. 82;

the Tagbanuas of the, ix. 189

Philistines, the foreskins of the, coveted by the Israelites, i. 101 n. 2;

their corn burnt by Samson, vii. 298 n.;

their charm against mice, viii. 281, 283

Philo of Alexandria (Judaeus), his doctrine of the Trinity, iv. 6 n.;

on the date of the corn-reaping, v. 231 n. 3;

on the mockery of King Agrippa, ix. 418

Philo of Byblus, on the sacrifice of kings' sons among the Semites, iv. 166, 179

Philocalus, ancient Roman calendar of, v. 303 n. 2, 304 n. 3, 307 n., vi. 95 n. 1

Philochorus, Athenian antiquary, on the date of the Festival of the Threshing-floor, vii. 62

Philosophy as a solvent of religion, ii. 377;

primitive, iii. 420 sq.

——, school of, at Tarsus, v. 118

Philostephanus, Greek historian, on Pygmalion and Aphrodite, v. 49 n. 4

Philostratus, on death at low tide, i. 167;

on sacrifice to Hercules, i. 282 n. 1

Phlius, gilt image of goat at, vii. 17 sq.

Phocaeans, dead, propitiated with games, iv. 95

Phocylides, the poet, on Nineveh, ix. 390

Phoenicia, song of Linus in, vii. 216

Phoenician kings in Cyprus, v. 49

—— temples in Malta, v. 35;

sacred prostitution in, v. 37

—— vintage song, vii. 216, 257

Phoenicians, their custom of human sacrifice, iv. 166 sq., 178, 179

—— in Cyprus, v. 31 sq.

Phong long, ill luck caused by childbirth in Annam, iii. 155

Phosphorescence of the sea, superstitions as to the, ii. 154 sq.

Photius, on Lityerses, vii. 217 n. 1

Photographed or painted, supposed danger of being, iii. 96 sqq.

Phrixus and Helle, the children of King Athamas, iv. 161 sqq.

Phrygia, Attis a deity of, v. 263;

festival of Cybele in, v. 274 n.;

indigenous race of, v. 287;

Lityerses in, vii. 216 sq.;

Cybele and Attis in, ix. 386

Phrygian belief that the god sleeps in winter, vi. 41

—— cap of Attis, v. 279

—— cosmogony, v. 263 sq.

—— kings named Midas and Gordias, v. 286

—— moon-god, v. 73

—— priests named Attis, v. 285, 287

Phrygians, invaders from Europe, v. 287

Phyllanthus emblica worshipped by a forest tribe in India, viii. 119

Physical basis of magic, i. 174 sq.;

for the theory of an external soul, i. 201

Piaroas Indians of the Orinoco, their belief in the transmigration of human souls into tapirs, viii. 285

Piazza del Limbo at Florence, church of the Holy Apostles on the, x. 126

—— Navona at Rome, Befana on the, ix. 166 sq.

Picardy, the harvest cock in, vii. 277;

Lenten fire-customs in, x. 113;

Midsummer fires in, x. 187

Piceni, guided by a woodpecker (picus), iv. 106 n. 4;

traced their origin to a “sacred spring,” iv. 186

Picts, female descent of kingship among the, ii. 280 sq., 286

Pictures, supposed danger of, iii. 96 sqq.

Pidhireanes, a Ruthenian people, custom as to knots on grave-clothes among the, iii. 310

Piedmont, effigy of Carnival burnt on Shrove Tuesday in, iv. 224 n. 1;

belief as to the “oil of St. John” on St. John's morning in, xi. 82 sq.

Piers, Sir Henry, as to green bushes on the Eve of May Day, ii. 59;

his Description of Westmeath, ii. 59;

on candles on Twelfth Night in Ireland, ix. 321

Pietà of Michael Angelo, v. 257

Pietro in Guarano (Calabria), Easter custom at, x. 123

Pig, grunting like a, as a charm, ii. 23;

Roman expiatory sacrifice of, ii. 122;

the word unlucky, iii. 233;

a tabooed word to fishermen, iii. 395;

Greek expiatory sacrifice of, vii. 74;

corn-spirit as, vii. 298 sqq.;

[pg 413]

in relation to Demeter, viii. 16 sqq.;

not eaten in Crete, viii. 21 n. 1;

attitude of the Jews to the, viii. 23 sq.;

in ancient Egypt, viii. 24 sqq.;

used to decoy demons, ix. 113, 200, 201;

roast, at Christmas, x. 259;

sacrificed to stay disease in the herd, x. 302.

See also Pigs

Pig and Attis, viii. 22

——, black, sacrificed for rain, i. 291

—— and lamb as expiatory victims in the grove of the Arval Brothers at Rome, iii. 226

——, white or red, sacrificed for sunshine, i. 291

Pig's blood drunk by priests and priestesses as a means of inspiration, i. 382, 382 n. 2;

used to purge the earth from taint of sexual crime, ii. 107, 108, 109;

used in exorcism and purification for homicide, v. 299 n. 2, ix. 262

—— bones inserted in the sown field or in the seed-bag among the flax-seed, to make the flax grow tall, vii. 300

—— flesh not eaten by Zulu girls, i. 118;

forbidden to women at sowing seed, vii. 115;

sown with seed-corn, viii. 18;

not eaten by field labourers, viii. 33, 139;

reasons for not eating, viii. 139 sq.

See also Pork and Swine's flesh

—— liver, omens drawn from, vii. 97

—— milk thought to cause leprosy, viii. 24, 25

—— tail stuck in field at sowing to make the ears grow long, vii. 300

Pigeon in homoeopathic magic, i. 151;

used in a love-charm, ii. 345 sq.;

family of Wild, in Samoa, viii. 29;

external soul of ogre in a, xi. 100;

external soul of dragon in a, xi. 112 sq.

Pigeon's egg, external soul of fairy being in, xi. 132 sq., 139

Pigeons, special language employed by Malays in snaring, iii. 407 sq.;

souls of dead in, viii. 293;

deposit seed of mistletoe, xi. 316 n. 1

Pigs, magical ceremonies to catch wild pigs, i. 109;

magical stones to breed, i. 164;

sacrificed to souls of ancestors, i. 339;

sacrificed at the marriage of Sun and Earth, ii. 99;

bred by the people of the Italian pile villages, ii. 353 n. 3;

sacrificed once a year by the Egyptians to Osiris and the Moon, vi. 131, viii. 25;

sacrificed by Kayans at New Year's festival, vii. 97;

not to be eaten by enchanters of crops, vii. 100 sq.;

the enemies of the crops, vii. 100;

thrown into “chasms of Demeter and Persephone” at the Thesmophoria, viii. 17, 19, 34;

ancestral spirits in, viii. 123;

souls of dead in, viii. 286, 295, 296;

sacrificed at festival of wild mango tree in New Guinea, x. 9;

driven through Midsummer fire, x. 179;

driven through the need-fire, x. 272, 273, 274 sq., 275 sq., 276 sq., 277, 278, 279, 297;

offered to monster who swallows novices in initiation, xi. 240, 246.

See also Boar, Boars, Pig, and Swine

Piker or Pikere, Esthonian thunder-god, ii. 367 n. 4

Pilae, human effigies, hung up at the Compitalia, viii. 95 n. 1

Pilate, Pontius, crucifixion of Christ under, ix. 412 n. 1

—— and Christ, ix. 416 sq.

Pilcomayo River, the Chiriguanos on the, iv. 12

Pile-villages in the valley of the Po, ii. 8;

of Europe, ii. 352 sq.

Piles of sticks or stones. See Heaps

Pilgrimages on Yule Night in Sweden, x. 20 sq.

Pilgrims to Mecca not allowed to wear knots and rings, iii. 293 sq.

Pillar, fever transferred to a, ix. 53;

external soul of ogre in a, xi. 100 sq.

Pillars as a religious emblem, v. 34, 108, 108 n. 1;

sacred, in Crete, v. 107 n. 2

Pilsen, in Bohemia, Whitsuntide King at, ii. 86;

beheading the Whitsuntide King at, iv. 210 sq.

Pima Indians, the purification of manslayers among the, iii. 182 sqq., x. 21

Pindar on the rebirth of the dead, iv. 70, vii. 84;

on the music of the lyre, v. 55;

on Typhon, v. 156;

old scholiast on, as to the Eleusinian games, vii. 71, 74, 77, 78

Pine-cones, symbols of fertility, v. 278;

thrown into vaults of Demeter, v. 278;

on the monuments of Osiris, vi. 110

—— -resin burnt as a protection against witches, ix. 164

—— seeds or nutlets used as food, v. 278

—— -tree in the myth and ritual of Attis, v. 264, 265, 267, 271, 277 sq., 285, vi. 98 n. 5;

Marsyas hung on a, v. 288;

in relation to human sacrifices, vi. 98 n. 5;

Pentheus on the, vi. 98 n. 5;

in the rites of Osiris, vi. 108;

sacred to Dionysus, vii. 4

—— -trees in the peat-bogs of Europe, ii. 350, 351, 352

Pines, Scotch, struck by lightning, proportion of, xi. 298

Pinewood, fire of, at Soracte, xi. 14, 91 n. 1

Pinoeh, district of South-Eastern Borneo, [pg 414] treatment of infant's soul among the Dyaks of, xi. 154 sq.

Pins stuck into saint's image, ix. 70 sq.

Pinsk, district of Russia, custom observed on Whit-Monday in, ii. 80

Pinxterbloem, a kind of iris, at Whitsuntide, ii. 80

Pinzgau district of Salzburg, the Perchten maskers in, ix. 244

Pipal tree (Ficus religiosa), sacrifices to the spirits of the, ii. 42;

sacred in India, ii. 43

Pipe, sacred, of the Blackfoot Indians, iii. 159 n.

Pipiles of Central America practise sexual intercourse at the time of sowing, ii. 98;

expose their seeds to moonlight, vi. 135

Pippin, king of the Franks, need-fires in the reign of, x. 270

Pips of water-melon in homoeopathic magic, i. 143

Piraeus, processions in honour of Adonis at, v. 227 n.

Pirates, the Cilician, v. 149 sq.

Piros Indians of Peru, their belief in the transmigration of a human soul into a jaguar, viii. 386

Pirua, granary of maize, among the Indians of Peru, vii. 171 sqq.

Pisa, in Greece, Pelops at, ii. 279

Pit, sacrifices to the dead offered in a, iv. 96.

See also Pits

Pitch smeared on doors to keep out ghosts, ix. 153;

smeared on houses to keep off demons, ix. 153 n. 1.

See also Tar

Pitchforks ridden by witches, ix. 160, 162

—— and harrows a protection against witchcraft, ii. 54

Pithoria, in India, use of scapegoats at, ix. 191

Pitlochrie, in Perthshire, Hallowe'en fires near, x. 230

Pitr Pāk, the Fortnight of the Manes, in Bilaspore, vi. 60

Pitrè, Giuseppe, on the personification of the Carnival, iv. 224 n. 1;

on Good Friday ceremonies in Sicily, v. 255 sq.;

on St. John's Day in Sicily, xi. 29

Pits to catch wild pigs, i. 109

Pitsligo, parish of, in Aberdeenshire, the cutting of the clyack sheaf in, vii. 158 sqq.

Pitt Rivers Museum at Oxford, i. 69

Pitteri Pennu, the Khond god of increase, ix. 138

Pity of rain-gods, appeal to, i. 302 sq.

Placci, Carlo, on the new Easter fire at Florence, x. 127 n. 1

Place de Noailles at Marseilles, Midsummer flowers in the, xi. 46

Placenta (afterbirth) and navel-string, contagious magic of, i. 182-201;

Egyptian standard resembling a, vi. 156 n. 1

See also Afterbirth

Placianian Mother, a form of Cybele, worshipped at Cyzicus, v. 274 n.

Plague transferred to plantain-tree, ix. 4 sq.;

the Baganda god of, battened down in a hole, ix. 4;

transferred to camel, ix. 33;

blocked up in holes of buildings, ix. 64;

at Rome, attempted remedies for, ix. 65;

demon of, expelled, ix. 173;

sent away in scapegoat, ix. 193.

See also Disease and Epidemics

Plaiting the last standing corn before cutting it, vii. 142, 144, 153, 154, 157, 158

Plane and birch, fire made by the friction of, x. 220

Plane-tree, Dionysus in, vii. 3

Planer district of Bohemia, custom at threshing in the, vii. 149

Planets, human victims sacrificed to, among the heathen of Harran, vii. 261 sq.

Plantagenets, royal forests under the, ii. 7

Plantain-tree, the afterbirth and navel-string buried under a, i. 195, 196;

plague transferred to, ix. 4 sq.;

creeping through a cleft, as a cure, xi. 181

—— -trees, navel-strings of Baganda buried at foot of, i. 195;

fertilized by parents of twins, ii. 102.

See also Banana, Bananas

Planting, homoeopathic magic at, i. 136, 137, 143

Plants, homoeopathic magic to make plants grow, i. 136 sqq.;

influenced homoeopathically by a person's act or state, i. 139 sqq.;

influence persons homoeopathically, i. 144 sqq.;

spirits of, in shape of animals, ii. 14;

sexes of, ii. 24;

marriage of, ii. 26 sqq.;

thought to be animated by spirits, viii. 82 sq.;

spirits of, in the form of snakes, xi. 44 n.;

external soul in, xi. 159 sqq.;

and trees as life-indices, xi. 160 sqq.

Plaques or palettes of schist in Egyptian tombs, xi. 155 n. 3

Plastene, Mother, on Mount Sipylus, v. 185

Plataea, ceremonial extinction of fires at, i. 33;

festival of the Daedala at, ii. 140 sq.;

Archon of, forbidden to touch iron, iii. 227;

bull annually sacrificed to men who fell at the battle of, iii. 227;

escape of besieged from, iii. 311;

sacrifices and funeral games in honour of the slain at, iv. 95 sq.;

Eleutherian games at, vii. 80, 85

[pg 415]

Plates or basins, divination by three, at Hallowe'en, x. 237 sq., 240, 244

Plato on the magistrate called the King at Athens, i. 45;

on the pre-existence of the human soul, i. 104;

on human sacrifices, iv. 163;

on gardens of Adonis, v. 236 n. 1;

on the doctrine of transmigration, viii. 308;

on purification for murder, ix. 24 sq.;

on poets, ix. 35 n. 3;

on sorcery, ix. 47;

on the distribution of the soul in the body, xi. 221 n. 1

Plautus on Mars and his wife Nerio, vi. 232

Playfair, Major A., on the ceremony of the horse at rice-harvest among the Garos, viii. 337 sq.;

on the use of scapegoats among the Garos of Assam, ix. 208 sq.

Plebeian myrtle-tree at Rome, xi. 168

Plebeians, the Roman kings, ii. 289

Pleiades, the, morning rising of, time of the corn-reaping in Greece, i. 32, vii. 48 sq.;

worshipped by the Abipones, v. 258 n. 2;

the setting of, the time of sowing, vi. 41;

autumnal setting of, the signal for ploughing in Greece, vii. 45;

in primitive calendars, vii. 116, 122 n. 1, 307 sqq.;

associated with the rainy season, vii. 307, 309, 317, 318;

supposed to cause the rain to fall, vii. 307, 317;

worshipped, vii. 307, 308 sq., 310, 311, 312, 317;

legends of their origin, vii. 308 n., 311, 312;

the beginning of the year marked by the appearance of, vii. 309, 310, 312, 313, 314, 315, xi. 244, 245 n.;

the time for sowing and planting determined by observation of, vii. 309, 311, 313 sqq.;

supposed to cause the maize to grow, vii. 310;

women swear by, vii. 311;

festival of the Guaycurus at the appearance of, ix. 262;

observed by savages, ix. 326

Pliny the Elder, on electric lights, i. 49 sq.;

on a cure for jaundice, i. 80;

on a tree-stone, i. 165 n. 1;

on death at ebb-tide, i. 167;

on contagious magic of wounds, i. 201;

on the sexes of trees, ii. 25 n.;

on the sacredness of woods, ii. 123;

on the forests of Germany, ii. 353 sq.;

on the use of acorns as food, ii. 355;

on the derivation of the name Druid, ii. 363 n. 2;

on lucky and unlucky trees, iii. 275 n. 3;

on the magical effect of clasping hands and crossing legs, iii. 298;

on knotted threads, iii. 303;

on the date of harvest in Egypt, vi. 32 n. 2;

on the influence of the moon, vi. 132;

on the grafting of trees, vi. 133 n. 3;

on the time for felling timber, vi. 136 n.;

on the time for sowing cereals in Greece and Asia, vii. 45 n. 2;

on the setting of the Pleiades, vii. 318;

on cure of warts, ix. 48 n. 2;

on cure for a stomachic complaint, ix. 50;

on cure for gripes, ix. 50;

on cure for epilepsy, ix. 68;

on “serpents' eggs,” x. 15;

onmedicinal plants, x. 17;

on the touch of menstruous women, x. 196;

on the fire-walk of the Hirpi Sorani, xi. 14;

on the mythical springwort, xi. 71;

on the Druidical worship of mistletoe, xi. 76 sq.;

on the virtues of mistletoe, xi. 78;

on the birds which deposit seeds of mistletoe, xi. 316 n. 1;

on the different kinds of mistletoe, xi. 317

Pliny the Younger, on boar-hunting, i. 6;

as to the historical reality of Christ, ix. 412 n. 1;

his letter to Trajan on the spread of Christianity in Asia Minor, ix. 420 sq.;

his government of Bithynia and Pontus, ix. 421

Ploska (in Wallachia?), rain-making at, i. 248

Plotinus, the death of, v. 87

Plough watered as a rain-charm, i. 282, 284;

sacred golden, i. 365;

in relation to Dionysus, vii. 5;

in primitive agriculture, vii. 113;

drawn round village to keep off epidemic, ix. 172 sq.;

piece of Yule log inserted in the, x. 251, 337

Plough-horses, part of the Yule Boar eaten by the, vii. 301

—— Monday, vii. 33;

rites of, viii. 325 sqq., ix. 250 sq.;

English celebration of, viii. 329 sqq.

—— -oxen, the first, vii. 5

Ploughing, by women as a rain-charm, i. 282 sq.;

Prussian custom at, v. 238;

in Greece, season of, vii. 45, 50;

the land thrice a year, Greek custom of, vii. 53 n. 1, 72 sq.;

with oxen, vii. 129 n. 1;

annually inaugurated by the Chinese emperor, viii. 14 sq.;

in spring, custom at the first, x. 18

——, ceremonies at, among the Chams of Indo-China, viii. 57;

at Calicut in India, ix. 235

——, ceremony of, performed by temporary King, iv. 149, 155 sq., 157;

in the rites of Osiris, vi. 87;

at Carnival, vii. 28, 29, viii. 331, 332, 334;

sacred at Athens, vii. 31

—— and sowing, rite of, at the Carnival, vii. 28

Ploughings, Sacred, in Attica, vii. 108

Ploughman worships the ploughshare, ix. 90

Ploughmen and sowers drenched with water as a rain-charm, v. 238 sq.;

and [pg 416] plough-horses, part of the Yule Boar given to, to eat, vii. 301, 303

Ploughs, bronze, used by Etruscans at founding of cities, iv. 157

Ploughshare worshipped by ploughman, ix. 90;

crawling under a, as a cure, xi. 180

Plover in connexion with rain, i. 259, 261

Plugging or bunging up maladies in trees, ix. 58

Plum-tree wood used for Yule log, x. 250

Plurality of souls, doctrine of the, xi. 221 sq.

Plutarch on Numa and Egeria, i. 18;

on hair offerings of boys at puberty, i. 28;

on the stone-curlew as a cure for jaundice, i. 80;

on Egeria, ii. 172;

on the birth of Romulus, ii. 196;

on the Roman Vestals, ii. 244 n. 1;

on the violent deaths of the Roman kings, ii. 320;

on the death of Tullus Hostilius, ii. 320 n. 3;

on the Parilia, ii. 325 n. 3, 329;

on the exclusion of gold from sanctuaries, iii. 226 n. 8;

on the abstinence from wine of the Egyptian kings, iii. 249;

on the death of the Great Pan, iv. 6;

human sacrifice at Orchomenus in the lifetime of, iv. 163;

on human sacrifices among the Carthaginians, iv. 167;

on the double-headed axe of Zeus Labrandeus, v. 182;

on the myth of Osiris, vi. 3, 5 sqq.;

on Harpocrates, vi. 9 n.;

on Osiris at Byblus, vi. 22 sq.;

on the rise of the Nile, vi. 31 n. 1;

on the mournful character of the rites of sowing, vi. 40 sqq.;

his use of the Alexandrian year, vi. 49, 84;

on an Egyptian ceremony at the winter solstice, vi. 50 n. 4;

on the date of the death of Osiris, vi. 84;

on the festival of Osiris in the month of Athyr, vi. 91 sq.;

on the dating of Egyptian festivals, vi. 94 sq.;

on the rites of Osiris, vi. 108;

on the grave of Osiris, vi. 111;

on the similarity between the rites of Osiris and Dionysus, vi. 127;

on the Flamen Dialis, vi. 229 sq.;

on the Flaminica Dialis, vi. 230 n. 2;

on immortality, vii. 15;

on the myth of Osiris, vii. 32 n. 6;

on mourning festival of Demeter, vii. 46;

on sacrifice, viii. 31;

on Apis, viii. 36;

on the custom of throwing puppets into the Tiber, viii. 108;

on “the expulsion of hunger” at Chaeronea, ix. 252;

on the Cronia and the rural Dionysiac festival, ix. 352 n. 1;

on oak-mistletoe, xi. 318 n. 1

Pluto, the breath of, v. 204, 205;

places or sanctuaries of, v. 204 sqq.;

cave and temple of, at Acharaca, v. 205;

carries off Persephone, vii. 36, viii. 19;

at Eleusis, sacrifices to, vii. 56

Pluto and Persephone, viii. 9;

rustic prototypes of, viii. 334

—— called Subterranean Zeus, vii. 66

Plutonia, places of Pluto, v. 204

Plutus, begotten by Iasion on Demeter in a thrice-ploughed field, vii. 208

Po, pile-villages in the valley of the, ii. 8, 353;

herds of swine in antiquity in the valley of the, ii. 354

Po Then, a great spirit, among the Thay of Indo-China, ix. 97

Po-nagar, the Cham goddess of agriculture, viii. 56, 57, 58

Pocahontas, an assumed name, iii. 318

Poelopetak, the Dyaks of, their names for soul-stuffs, vii. 182

Pogdanzig, in Prussia, witches' Sabbath at, xi. 74

Point Barrow, Alaska, the Esquimaux of, i. 328, viii. 258 n. 2, ix. 124

Pointing sticks or bones in magic among the Australian aborigines, iv. 60, x. 14

Poison, sympathetic magic of, in hunting and fishing, i. 116 sq., 125 sq.;

continence observed at brewing, iii. 200

Poison ordeal in Sierra Leone, iii. 15;

fatal effects of the use of the, iv. 197;

ordeal administered by young children, vii. 115

—— tooth of a serpent a charm against snake-bite, i. 153

Poisoning the fish of a river, common words tabooed in, iii. 415

Poitou, the Fox in the last standing corn in, vii. 297;

Midsummer fires in, x. 182, 190 sq., 340 sq.;

fires on All Saints' Day in, x. 246;

the Yule log in, x. 251 n. 1;

mugwort at Midsummer in, xi. 59

Poix, Lenten fires at, x. 113

Pok Klai, a Chin goddess, viii. 121

Poland, objection to iron ploughshares in, iii. 232;

“Carrying out Death” in, iv. 240;

the last sheaf called the Baba (Old Woman) in, vii. 144 sq.;

custom at threshing in, vii. 148;

Christmas custom in, vii. 275;

the harvest cock in, vii. 277;

need-fire in, x. 281 sq.

See also Poles and Polish

Polar bear, taboos concerning the, iii. 209

Polaznik, polazenik, polazaynik, Christmas visiter, among the Servians, x. 261, 263, 264

Pole, sacred, of the Arunta, x. 7

Pole-star, homoeopathic magic of the, i. 166

Polebrook in Northamptonshire, May carols at, ii. 61 n. 1

Polemarch, the, at Athens, iii. 22

[pg 417]

Poles, passing between two poles after a death, xi. 178 sq.;

passing between two poles in order to escape sicknessor evil spirit, xi. 179 sqq.

Poles, the Corn-mother among the, vii. 132 sq.

Polish custom at cutting last corn, vii. 150

—— Jews, their belief as to falling stars, iv. 66

Political evolution from democracy to despotism, i. 421

Polkwitz, in Silesia, custom of “Carrying out Death” at, iv. 237

Pollution caused by murder, ix. 25

——, ceremonial, of girl at puberty, viii. 268

—— of death, vi. 227 sqq., viii. 85 n. 3

—— and holiness not differentiated by savages, iii. 224

——, menstrual, widespread fear of, x. 76 sqq.

—— or sanctity, their equivalence in primitive religion, iii. 145, 158, 224.

See also Uncleanness

Polo, Marco, on custom of people of Camul, v. 39 n. 3

Polybius on the butchery of pigs in ancient Italy, ii. 354

Polyboea, sister of Hyacinth, v. 314, 316;

identified with Artemis or Persephone, v. 315

Polydorus, in Virgil, ii. 33

Polygnotus, his picture of Orpheus under the willow, xi. 294

Polyidus, a seer, restored Glaucus to life, v. 186 n. 4

Polynesia, sacred kings and priests not allowed to touch food with their hands in, iii. 138;

persons who have handled the dead not allowed to touch food with their hands in, iii. 140;

sacredness of the head in, iii. 245;

sanctity of the heads of chiefs and others in, iii. 254 sqq.;

names of chiefs tabooed in, iii. 381;

belief as to falling stars in, iv. 67;

remarkable rule of succession in, iv. 190;

prevalence of infanticide in, iv. 191, 196;

the beginning of the year marked by the rising of the Pleiades throughout, vii. 313;

fear of demons among the natives of, ix. 80 sq.

Polynesian chiefs sacred, iii. 136

—— mothers, their way of infusing a divine spirit into their unborn babes, iii. 69