General Index (continued 2)

scattered on fields, vii. 249, 250, 251

—— of Midsummer fires strewed on fields to fertilize them, x. 170, 190, 203;

a protection against conflagration, x. 174, 196;

a protection against lightning, x. 187, 188;

a protection against thunder, x. 190;

put by people in their shoes, x. 191 sq.;

a cure for consumption, x. 194 sq.;

rubbed by people on their hair or bodies, x. 213, 214, 215;

good for the eyes, x. 214

—— of the need-fire strewn on fields to protect the crops against vermin, x. 274;

used as a medicine, x. 286

—— of New Year's fire used to rub sore eyes, x. 218

[pg 168]

Ashes of Yule log strewed on fields, x. 250;

used to heal swollen glands, x. 251

Ashintilly, Spalding of, bewitched, iii. 299

Ashira, the, of West Africa, make fetishes out of clipped hair, iii. 271 sq.;

women the agricultural labourers among, vii. 120

Ashtaroth, Babylonian goddess, ix. 365 sq.

Ashtoreth (Astarte), v. 18 n. 2

See Astarte

Ashur, Arab New Year's Day, x. 217, 218

Ashurbanipal, king of Assyria, marries daughter of Sanda-sarme, v. 144;

confused with the legendary Sardanapalus, v. 173 sq., ix. 387 sq.;

carries off the bones of the kings of Elam, vi. 103

Ashwin (Ashvin), Indian month, iv. 55, v. 243

Asia, North-Eastern, the Chuckchees of, ii. 225;

the Koryaks of, ii. 225, iii. 32 sq.

——, Western, Saturnalia in, ix. 354 sqq.

Asia Minor, pontiffs in, i. 47;

the Yourouks of, ii. 43;

priestly dynasties of, v. 140 sq.;

subject to volcanic forces, v. 190;

subject to earthquakes, v. 202;

the Caunians of, ix. 116;

use of human scapegoats by the Greeks of, ix. 255;

rapid diffusion of Christianity in, ix. 420 sq.;

the Celts in, xi. 89;

cure for possession by an evil spirit in, xi. 186;

creeping through rifted rocks in, xi. 189

Asiatic goddesses of love and fertility, their lewd worship, i. 37;

served by eunuch priests, v. 269 sq.

Asin, Indian month, iv. 279

Asongtata, an annual ceremony performed by the Garos of Assam, ix. 208

Asopus, the river, ii. 140, 141, v. 81

“A-souling,” custom of, in England, vi. 79

Aspalis, a form of Artemis, v. 292

Aspens, fevers transferred to, ix. 57;

mistletoe on, xi. 315

Aspidium filix mas, the male fern, superstitions as to, xi. 66 sq.

Ass in rain-making ceremony, i. 282 n. 4;

son of a god in the form of an, iv. 124 sq.;

the crest or totem of a royal family, iv. 132, 133;

in cure for scorpion's bite, ix. 49 sq.;

introduced into church at Festival of Fools, ix. 335 sq.;

triumphal ride of a buffoon on an, ix. 402 sq.;

child passed under an, as a cure for whooping-cough, xi. 192 n. 1

See also Asses

Assam, viii. 116;

the hill tribes of, taboos in respect of food observed by headmen and their wives among, iii. 11;

taboos observed by warriors among, iii. 165;

concealment of personal names among, iii. 323;

genna in, vii. 109 n. 2;

agriculture in, vii. 123;

head-hunting in, vii. 256

Assam, the Khasis of, i. 194, ii. 114 n. 1, 294, v. 46, vi. 202 sqq., ix. 173, xi. 146;

the Garos of, i. 291, viii. 43 n. 1, 116, ix. 208 sq.;

the Miris of, ii. 39, 267 n. 4, vii. 123, viii. 145;

the Padams of, ii. 39;

the Mundaris of, ii. 46;

the Bodos of, iii. 285;

the Dhimals of, iii. 285;

the Kacha Nagas of, iii. 333;

the Kukis of, iii. 333;

the Zemis of, iii. 333;

the Tangkul Nagas of, vi. 57 sqq., ix. 177;

the Nagas of, viii. 100, 290, ix. 177;

the Kochs of, viii. 116;

the Kacharis of, ix. 93;

the Lushais of, ix. 94, xi. 185 sq.;

the Tangkuls of, ix. 177

“Assegai, child of the,” iv. 183

Assembly of the gods at the New Year in Babylon, ix. 356

Asses crowned at Vesta's festival in June, ii. 127 n. 2;

excluded from sanctuary of Alectrona, viii. 45;

transmigration of sinners into, viii. 299, 308.

See also Ass

—— and men, redemption of firstling, among the Hebrews, iv. 173

Assiga, tribe of South Nigeria, xi. 204

Assimilation of rain-maker to water, i. 260 sqq.;

of Egyptian kings to gods, ii. 133;

of victims to gods, vii. 261 sq.;

of men to their totems or guardian animals, viii. 207 sq.;

of human victims to trees, ix. 257, 259 n. 3

Assiniboins, their propitiation of slain bears, viii. 225

Assinie, West African kingdom, custom as to eating the new yams in, viii. 63

Association of ideas, magic based on a misapplication of the, i. 53, 174, 221 sq.;

common to the animals, i. 234

Associations, religious, among the Indian tribes of North America, xi. 267 sqq.

Assumption of the Virgin in relation to the festival of Diana, i. 14-16, v. 308, 309

Assusa, king of Fazoql, iv. 16 sq., 17 n. 1

Assyria, kings of, their annual homage to Marduk, iv. 113;

festival of Zagmuk in, iv. 116;

Ashurbanipal, king of, ix. 387 sq.

Assyrian cavalry, v. 25 n. 3

—— eponymate, iv. 116 sq.

—— kings took into their harem the daughters of the vanquished princes, ix. 368 n. 1

[pg 169]

Assyrian monarchs, conquerors of Babylonia, ix. 356

—— monuments, illustrative of the artificial fertilization of the date-palm, ii. 25 n., ix. 273 n. 1

—— ritual, use of golden axe in, xi. 80 n. 3

—— settlers in Israel petition for an Israelitish priest, ii. 288 n. 1

Assyrians, their use of knotted cords in magic, iii. 303 sq.;

forbidden to mention the mystic names of their cities, iii. 391;

in Cilicia, v. 173;

the ancient, their belief in demons, ix. 102

Astarte or Ishtar, a great Babylonian goddess, ix. 365;

the moon-goddess, iv. 92;

at Byblus, hair offerings to, i. 30, v. 13 sq.;

her temple at Hierapolis, iii. 286;

and the asherim, v. 18;

kings as priests of, v. 26;

at Paphos, v. 33 sqq.;

doves sacred to, v. 147;

identified with the planet Venus, v. 258;

of the Syrian Hierapolis served by eunuch priests, v. 269 sq.;

called by Lucian the Assyrian Hera, v. 280 n. 5;

the Heavenly Goddess, v. 303;

the planet Venus her star, vi. 35.

See also Ishtar

—— Aphrodite, v. 304 n.

—— and Semiramis, ix. 369 sqq.

Asteria, mother of the Tyrian Hercules (Melcarth), v. 112

Asthma transferred to a mule, ix. 50

Asti, a Thracian tribe, vii. 26

Aston, W. G., on the Japanese word for god, iii. 2 n. 2;

on the annual expulsion of demons in Japan, ix. 212 sq.;

on Japanese and Chinese ceremonies of purification, ix. 213 n. 1;

on Japanese ceremony for averting pestilence, x. 137 sq.;

on the fire-walk in Japan, xi. 10 n. 1

Astral spirit of a witch, x. 317

Astrolabe Bay, in New Guinea, ii. 255 n. 1;

precaution as to spittle in, iii. 289

Astronomical considerations determining the early Greek calendar, iv. 68 sq.

Astronomy, origin of, vii. 307

Astyages, king of the Medes, v. 133 n. 1

Asuras, the rivals of the Indian gods, viii. 120

Asvattha tree, v. 82

Aswang, an evil spirit, exorcism of, ix. 260

Atai, external soul in the Mota language, xi. 197 sq.

Atalante and her wooers, ii. 301

Atargatis, Syrian goddess, v. 34 n. 3, 137;

worshipped at Hierapolis-Bambyce, v. 162 sq.;

derivation of the name, v. 162;

her husband-god, v. 162 sq.

Ates, a Phrygian, v. 286

Ath, in Hainaut, procession of giants at, xi. 36

Athamanes of Epirus, women tilled the ground among the, vii. 129

Athamas, king of Alus, vii. 24, 25;

and his children, legend of, iv. 161 sqq.;

sentenced to be sacrificed as expiatory offering for the country, iv. 162;

said to have reigned at Orchomenus, iv. 164;

the dynasty of, v. 287

Athanasius, on the mourning for Osiris, vi. 217

Athboy, in County Meath, rath near, x. 139

'Atheh, Cilician goddess, v. 162

Athena, hair offered by maidens before marriage to, i. 28;

mother of Erichthonius, ii. 199;

perpetual lamp of, in the Erechtheum, ii. 199;

at Troy, Locrian maidens in the sanctuary of, ii. 284;

served by maidens on the Acropolis at Athens, iii. 227 n.;

sacrifices to, iv. 166 n. 1, vii. 56;

temple of, at Salamis in Cyprus, v. 145;

and hot springs, v. 209, 210;

and the aegis, viii. 40, 41;

priestess of, uses a white umbrella, x. 20 n. 1

——, Magarsian, a Cilician goddess, v. 169 n. 3

—— Sciras, sanctuary of, vi. 238

Athenaeus, on Celtic and Roman indifference to death, iv. 143

Athenian boys, race of, at the vintage, vi. 238;

boy carrying an olive-branch in procession, vi. 238

—— custom of keeping a sacred serpent on the Acropolis, iv. 86

—— festival of swinging, iv. 281

—— sacrifice of the bouphonia, viii. 4 sqq.

—— sacrifices to the Seasons, i. 310

Athenians decree divine honours to Demetrius Poliorcetes and his father Antigonus, i. 390 sq.;

prayed to Zeus for rain, ii. 359;

their tribute of youths and maidens to Minos, iv. 74;

their superstition as to an eclipse of the moon, vi. 141;

sacrifice to Dionysus for the fruits of the land, vii. 4;

the first to receive corn from Demeter, vii. 54;

claimed to be the first to spread the knowledge of corn among mankind, vii. 54 sqq.;

sacrifice an apple to Hercules, viii. 95 n. 2;

their annual festival of the dead at the Anthesteria, ix. 152 sqq.;

their use of human scapegoats, ix. 253 sq.;

their mode of reckoning a day, ix. 326 n. 2;

their religious dramas, ix. 384;

offer cakes to Cronus, x. 153 n. 3

Athens, barrow of Hippolytus at, i. 25;

sacred new fire brought from Delphi to, i. 32 sq.;

King and Queen at, i. [pg 170] 44 sq.;

stone of swearing at, i. 160;

the Eudanemi at, i. 325 n. 1;

titular king at, ii. 1;

marriage of Dionysus at, ii. 136 sq.;

sacred marriage of Zeus and Hera at, ii. 143 n. 1;

female kinship at, ii. 277;

sacred spots struck by lightning at, ii. 361;

sacrificial hearth of Lightning Zeus at, ii. 361;

kings at, iii. 21 sq.;

ritual of cursing at, iii. 75;

Athena served by maidens on the Acropolis at, iii. 227 n.;

Mid-summer rites of Adonis at, iv. 7;

the Laurel-bearing Apollo at, iv. 79 n. 3;

funeral games at, iv. 96;

hand of suicide cut off at, iv. 220 n.;

sacred serpent at, v. 87;

the Commemoration of the Dead at, v. 234;

sacrifice of an ox at, v. 296 sq.;

marriage custom at, vi. 245;

Dionysus of the Black Goatskin at, vii. 17;

Queen of, married to Dionysus, vii. 30 sq.;

sacred ceremony of ploughing at, vii. 31;

the Prytaneum at, vii. 32;

sanctuary of Green Demeter at, vii. 42, 89 n. 2;

first-fruits of the corn sent to, vii. 51, 56, 71;

called “the Metropolis of the Corn,” vii. 58;

Demeter worshipped as Fruit-bearer at, vii. 63 n. 14;

sanctuary of Earth the Nursing-Mother at, vii. 89 n. 2;

Sacred Ploughing at, vii. 108 n. 4, 109 n. 1;

annual sacrifice of a goat on the Acropolis of, viii. 41;

ceremony of killing a wolf at, viii. 221;

the Lyceum at, viii. 283, 284;

fever transferred to pillar at, ix. 53;

Cronus and the Cronia at, ix. 351 sq.;

ceremony of the new fire at Easter in, x. 130

Athis, in Normandy, Christmas bonfires at, x. 266

Athletic competitions among harvesters, vii. 76 sq.

Athos, Mount, mistletoe at, xi. 319, 320 n.

Athribis, heart of Osiris at, vi. 11

Athyr, Egyptian month, vi. 8, 41, 49 n. 1;

Osiris murdered on the seventeenth day of, vi. 8, 84;

festival of Osiris in the month of, vi. 84 sqq., 91

Atkhans, the, of the Aleutian Islands, transference of sin to weeds among, ix. 3

Atkinson, J. C., on the treatment of the placentas of mares, i. 199

Atlas, Berbers of the Great, ix. 178

Atlatatonan, Mexican goddess of lepers, ix. 292;

woman annually sacrificed in the character of, ix. 292

Atomic disintegration, viii. 305

Atonement for slain animals, iii. 207;

to animals for wrong done to them, viii. 310 sq.

See also Expiation

Atonement, the Jewish day of, ix. 210

Atonga, the, of British Central Africa, their custom after a death, iii. 286;

tribe of Lake Nyassa, their theory of earthquakes, v. 199

Atrae, city in Mesopotamia, x. 82

Atreus, king of Mycenae, ii. 279

—— and Thyestes, i. 365

Attacking the wind, i. 327 sqq.

Attacks on kings permitted, iv. 22, 48 sqq.

Attic months lunar, vii. 52

Attica, traces of female kinship in, ii. 284;

tradition of sexual communism in, ii. 284;

Sacred Ploughings in, iii. 108;

summer festival of Adonis in, v. 226;

Flowery Dionysus in, vii. 4;

time of threshing in, viii. 4;

the killing of an ox formerly a capital crime in, viii. 6;

vintage custom in, viii. 133

Atticus, his villa on the Quirinal, ii. 182 n. 1

Attis, vii. 2, 14, 214;

priests of Cybele called, v. 140, 285, 287;

sometimes identified with Adonis, v. 263;

myth and ritual of, v. 263 sqq.;

beloved by Cybele, v. 263, 282;

legends of his death, v. 264;

his legend at Pessinus, v. 264;

his self-mutilation, v. 264 sq.;

and the pine-tree, v. 264, 265, 267, 271, 277 sq., 285, vi. 98 n. 5;

his eunuch priests, v. 265, 266;

festival of his death and resurrection in March, v. 267 sqq., 272 sq., 307 sq.;

violets sprung from the blood of, v. 267;

the mourning for, v. 272;

bath of bull's blood in the rites of, v. 274 sqq.;

mysteries of, v. 274 sq.;

as a god of vegetation, v. 277 sqq., 279;

as the Father God, v. 281 sqq.;

identified with Zeus, v. 282;

as a sky-god, v. 282 sqq.;

emasculation of, suggested explanation of myth, v. 283;

his star-spangled cap, v. 284;

identified with Phrygian moon-god Men Tyrannus, v. 284;

human representatives of, v. 285 sqq.;

his relation to Lityerses, vii. 255 sq.;

killed by a boar, viii. 22

Attis, Adonis, Osiris, their mythical similarity, v. 6, vi. 201

—— and Cybele (Mother of the Gods), i. 18, 21, 40, 41;

perhaps personated by human couples, ix. 386

Attiuoindarons, Indian tribe of Canada, their custom of resuscitating the dead in their namesakes, iii. 366 sq.

Attraction and repulsion in the physical universe, viii. 303 sqq.

Atua, Polynesian term for god or guardian-spirit, i. 387 n. 1, viii. 153, 156;

ancestral spirit, iii. 134, 265

Atys, son of Croesus, his death, v. 286

[pg 171]

Atys, early king of Lydia, v. 286

Aubrey, John, on soul-cakes, vi. 78;

on sin-eating, ix. 43 sq.;

on the Midsummer fires, x. 197

Aucas (Araucanians), their custom of bleeding themselves to relieve fatigue, ix. 12.

See Araucanians

Auch, the archbishop of, i. 232 sq.

Aufkirchen in Bavaria, burning the Easter Man at, x. 144

Augsburg, harvest custom near, vii. 298

Augur's staff at Rome, iii. 313

August, procession of wicker giants in, xi. 36

—— 1st, Festival of the Cross on the, x. 220

—— 6th, festival of St. Estapin, xi. 188

——, the Ides (13th) of, Diana's day, i. 12, 14-17

—— 15th, the day of the Assumption of the Virgin, i. 14-16

—— 18th, feast of Florus and Laurus, x. 220

Augustine, on the one God, i. 121 n. 1;

on the effeminate priests of the Great Mother, v. 298;

on the heathen origin of Christmas, v. 305;

on the discovery of corn by Isis, vi. 116;

on Salacia as the wife of Neptune, vi. 233;

on the Eleusinian mysteries, vii. 88;

on Roman deities of the corn, vii. 210 n. 3

Augustodunum (Autun), worship of Cybele at, v. 279

Augustus as a ruler, i. 216;

granted the oak crown, ii. 176 sq.;

reputed a son of Apollo, v. 81;

celebrates games at Actium, vii. 80;

triumphal arch of Augustus at Ariminum, xi. 195 n. 4

Aulus Gellius on the influence of the moon, vi. 132.

See also Gellius

Aun, or On, King of Sweden, sacrifices his sons to save his life, iv. 57, 160 sq., 188, vi. 220

Aunis, Feast of All Souls in, vi. 69 sq.;

wonderful herbs gathered on St. John's Eve in, xi. 45;

St. John's wort in, xi. 55;

vervain gathered at Midsummer in, xi. 62 n. 4;

four-leaved clover at Midsummer in, xi. 63

—— and Saintonge, Midsummer fires in, x. 192.

See Saintonge

Aunts named after their nieces, iii. 332

Aunund, King, in Norse legend, viii. 146

Aurelia Aemilia, a sacred harlot, v. 38

Aurich, in East Friesland, “cutting the hare's tail off” at harvest at, vii. 268, 280

Auricular confession, iii. 214.

See Confession

Aurohuaca Indians of Colombia, auricular confession among the, iii. 215 sq., v. 23 n. 2

Aurora, one of the New Hebrides, rain-making by means of a stone in, i. 308;

magic practised on refuse of food in, iii. 127;

tamaniu in, xi. 198

Aurora Australis, fear entertained by the Kurnai of the, iv. 267 n. 1

Ausonius, on the Ides of August, i. 12 n. 2

Aust, E., on the marriage of the Roman gods, vi. 236 n. 1

Australia, use of magical images among the aborigines of, i. 62;

cave-paintings in, i. 87 n. 1;

rain-making in, i. 251 sq., 254-261, 287 sq., 304;

dust-columns in, thought to be spirits, i. 331 sq.;

government of old men in aboriginal, i. 334 sq.;

influence of magicians in aboriginal, i. 334 sqq.;

ceremony observed at approaching the camp of another tribe in, iii. 109;

custom of personal cleanliness observed from superstitious motives among the aborigines of, iii. 158 n. 1;

names of relations tabooed among the aborigines of, iii. 345 sq.;

belief as to the reincarnation of the dead in, v. 99 sqq.;

totemism in, viii. 311;

demons in, ix. 74;

annual expulsion of ghosts in, ix. 123 sq.;

dread and seclusion of women at menstruation in, x. 76 sqq.;

passing under an arch as a rite of initiation in, xi. 193 n. 1;

initiation of young men in, xi. 227, 233 sqq.;

use of bull-roarers in, xi. 289 n. 2

See also Australian aborigines, New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria

——, Central, ceremony to promote the growth of hair in, i. 83;

magical ceremonies for the supply of food in, i. 85 sqq.;

charm to promote the growth of beards in, i. 153 sq.;

charm to ensure wakefulness in, i. 154;

churinga (sacred sticks or stones) in, i. 199;

contagious magic of wounds in, i. 204;

the Arunta of, i. 259;

headmen of the totem clans are public magicians in, i. 335;

the Kaitish of, ii. 105, iii. 82, iv. 60;

the Warramunga of, ii. 156, ix. 2;

the Urabunna of, ii. 209;

the tribes of, do not let women see men's blood, iii. 252 n.;

the aboriginal tribes of, make no magical use of shorn hair, iii. 268 n. 1;

concealment of personal names among the aborigines of, iii. 321 sq.;

avoidance of the names of the dead among the tribes of, iii. 351;

the Luritcha tribe of, iv. 180 n. 1, viii. 260;

magical rites for the revival of nature in, iv. 270;

the Dieri of, vii. 106, viii. 151, ix. 110;

use of a species [pg 172] of Claytonia as food in, vii. 128;

the aborigines of, their ceremonies for the multiplication of kangaroos, viii. 165;

the Tjingilli tribe of, ix. 2;

pointing sticks or bones in, x. 14 n. 3;

its desert nature, xi. 230 n. 2

Australia, Northern, the Anula of, i. 253, 287;

the Tjingilli of, i. 288;

homoeopathic magic of flesh diet in, viii. 145

——, North-West, fat about heart of great warrior eaten to acquire his courage in, viii. 150 sq.

——, South, custom as to the placenta in, i. 183;

the Dieri of, ii. 29;

the Narrinyeri of, iii. 126 sq., 372, viii. 259 n.;

the Encounter Bay tribe of, iii. 127, 251, 355, 359, 372, vii. 126;

the Booandik tribe of, iii. 251, 346;

the Adelaide tribe of, iii. 355;

the Port Lincoln tribe of, iii. 365;

first-born children destroyed among some tribes of, iv. 180

——, South-Eastern, contagious magic of footprints in, i. 207 sq.;

contagious magic of bodily impressions among the aborigines of, i. 213;

belief as to the connexion of frogs with rain in, i. 292 sq.;

the Theddora and Ngarigo tribes of, viii. 151;

sex totems among the natives of, xi. 214 sqq.

——, South-Western, medicine-men (doctors) in, i. 336

——, Western, belief as to the placenta in, i. 183;

belief as to water-serpents in, ii. 156;

names of the dead not mentioned in, iii. 364;

native women dig for yam roots in, vii. 126 sq.;

the aborigines of, call certain flowering plants “Mothers,” vii. 130

Australian aborigines, magical images among the, i. 62;

ceremonies of initiation among the, i. 92 sqq.;

contagious magic of teeth among the, i. 176;

magic of navel-string and afterbirth among the, i. 183 sq.;

magic universally practised but religion nearly unknown among the, i. 234;

their custom of carrying fire with them, ii. 257;

their conception of the soul, iii. 27;

dread of a wife's mother among the, iii. 83 sq.;

die from effects of imagination, iii. 136;

their fear of menstruous women, iii. 145;

of Queensland burn women's cut hair, iii. 282;

burn women's hair after childbirth, iii. 284;

personal names kept secret among the, iii. 320 sqq.;

their fear of naming the dead, iii. 349 sqq.;

namesakes of the dead change their names among the, iii. 355 sq.;

changes in their languages caused by fear of naming the dead, iii. 358 sqq.;

their fear of a woman stepping over them, iii. 424;

their beliefs as to shooting stars, iv. 60 sq., 64;

their custom of destroying first-born children, iv. 179 sq.;

their custom of killing and eating children, iv. 180 n. 1;

infanticide among the, iv. 187 n. 6;

their preparation for marriage, v. 60;

their belief in conception without sexual intercourse, v. 99 sqq.;

their cuttings for the dead, v. 268;

division of labour between the sexes in regard to the collection of food among, vii. 126 sqq.;

worshipped the Pleiades as the givers of rain, vii. 307;

their belief that the Pleiades were once women, vii. 308 n.;

anoint themselves with the fat of the dead in order to acquire their qualities, viii. 162 sq.;

their objection to breaking the bones of the native bear, viii. 258 n. 2;

their custom of burning the bones of the animals which they eat, viii. 259 n. 1;

their mutilations of the dead, viii. 272;

their totemism the most primitive known to us, viii. 311;

said to propitiate the kangaroos which they have killed, viii. 312 n.;

their cure for toothache, ix. 6;

their belief in demons, ix. 74

Australian blacks afraid of passing under a leaning tree, iii. 250 n. 1

—— custom of placing stones in trees, i. 318;

as to blood shed at initiatory rites, rain-making, etc., iii. 244

—— funeral custom, iv. 92

—— languages, words for fire and wood in, xi. 296

—— magic wrought on cut hair, iii. 269

—— medicine-man, his recovery of a lost soul, iii. 54

—— mode of magically tying up the inside of an enemy, iii. 303

—— tribes, their custom of knocking out teeth of boys at initiation, i. 176

—— way of detaining the sun, i. 318;

of hastening the descent of the sun, i. 318 sq.

Australians, the Central, their ceremony for multiplying kangaroos, viii. 165

Austria, dancing or leaping as a charm to make flax grow tall in, i. 138;

gipsy mode of stopping rain in, i. 295 sq.;

meal offered to the wind in, i. 329 n. 5;

peasants of, their belief in the sensitiveness of trees, ii. 18;

belief as to stepping over a child in, iii. 424;

leaping over Midsummer fires in, v. 251;

children warned against the Corn-cock in, vii. 276;

mythical Calf in corn in, vii. 292;

cure for warts in, ix. 48;

dances or leaps to make the crops [pg 173] grow high in, ix. 238;

“Easter Smacks” in, ix. 268 sq.;

custom of young people beating each other on Holy Innocents' Day in, ix. 270;

weather of the twelve months thought to be determined by the weather of the Twelve Days in, ix. 322;

weather forecasts in, ix. 323;

the three mythical kings on Twelfth Day in, ix. 329;

Midsummer fires in, x. 172 sqq.;

the Yule log among the Servians of, x. 262 sqq.;

fern-seed at Midsummer in, xi. 65;

mistletoe used to prevent nightmare in, xi. 85

Austria, Lower, presages as to shadows on St. Sylvester's Day in, iii. 88

——, Upper, processions round fields on St. George's Day in, ii. 344;

need-fire in, x. 279

Austrian charm to make fruit-trees bear, i. 140 sq.

Autumn, ceremony of the Esquimaux in late, ix. 125

—— fires, x. 220 sqq.

Autun, procession of goddess at, ii. 144;

the Festival of Fools at, ix. 335

Auvergne, milk bewitched at Corrèze in, iii. 93;

Lenten fires in, x. 111 sq.;

story of a were-wolf in, x. 308 sq.

Auxerre, the last sheaf called the Corn-mother near, vii. 135;

“killing the Bull” at threshing at, vii. 291

Auxesia and Damia, female powers of fertility at Troezen, i. 39

Ave Maria bell on Midsummer Eve, xi. 47

Avebury, Lord, on the distinction between religion and magic, i. 225 n.;

on substitutes for capital punishment in China, iv. 146 n., 273

Avengers of blood, ceremony performed by, before starting, i. 92

Aventine, Diana on the, ii. 128;

oaks on the, ii. 185

Avernus, Lake, and the Golden Bough, xi. 285 n. 2

Aversion of spirits and fairies to iron, iii. 229, 232 sq.;

to innovation among savages, iii. 230 sqq.

Averting ill-luck at marrying a second, third, or fourth wife, ii. 57 n. 4

Avestad, in Sweden, heaps of sticks and stones on graves at, ix. 20 sq.

Avoidance of the wife's mother, iii. 83 sqq.;

of common words to deceive spirits or other beings, iii. 416 sqq.

“Awakening of Hercules,” festival at Tyre, v. 111

Awa-nkonde, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 28

“Awasungu, the house of the,” x. 28

Awe, Loch, vii. 165;

the Old Wife at harvest on, vii. 142

Awemba, Bantu tribe of Rhodesia, their belief in a supreme being, vi. 174;

their worship of ancestral spirits, vi. 175;

their prayers to dead kings before going to war, vi. 191 sq.;

woman's part in agriculture among the, vii. 115;

among them murderers mutilate their victims in order to disable their ghosts, viii. 272 sq.

Awka in South Nigeria, taboos observed by priest at, x. 4

Awujale, title of chief of the Ijebu tribe, in South Nigeria, iv. 112

Awuna tribes of the Gold Coast, their belief as to the sacredness of their heads, iii. 257

Axe, emblem of Hittite god of thundering sky, v. 134;

as divine emblem, v. 163;

symbol of Asiatic thunder-god, v. 183;

that slew the ox, trial and condemnation of the, viii. 5

——, double-headed, symbol of Sandan, v. 127;

carried by Lydian kings, v. 182;

a palladium of the Heraclid sovereignty, v. 182;

figured on coins, v. 183 n.

Axim, on the Gold Coast, annual expulsion of the devil at, ix. 131

Ayambori, in Dutch New Guinea, woman's share in agriculture among the Papuans of, vii. 123

Aymara Indians of Peru and Bolivia, their rain-charm by means of frogs, i. 292;

afraid of being photographed, iii. 97;

their use of a black llama as a scapegoat in time of plague, ix. 193

Ayrshire, mode of cutting the last corn in, vii. 154;

“cutting the Hare” at harvest in, vii. 279

Azadirachta Indica in a rain-charm, i. 293

Azazel, a bad angel, in connexion with the Jewish scapegoat, ix. 210 n. 4

Azemmour, in Morocco, cairns reared by pilgrims near, ix. 21;

Midsummer fires at, x. 214

Azores, bonfires and divination on Midsummer Eve in the, x. 208 sq.;

fern-seed at Midsummer in the, xi. 66

Aztec mode of keeping sorcerers from houses, iii. 93

—— priests, their hair unshorn, iii. 259

Aztecs, their view of intoxication as inspiration, iii. 249 sq.;

their priests, iii. 259;

their festival at end of fifty-two years, vii. 310 sq.;

their observation of the Pleiades, vii. 310 sq.;

their sacred new fire, vii. 310 sq.;

eating the god among the, viii. 86 sqq.;

their custom of sacrificing human representatives of gods, ix. 275;

their five supplementary [pg 174] days, ix. 339;

their punishment of witches and wizards, xi. 159

Azur, the month of March, ix. 403

Azyingo, Lake, in West Africa, viii. 235

Ba-Bwende, a tribe of the Congo, v. 271 n.

Ba-Lua, in the Congo region, will not pronounce name of their tribe, iii. 330

—— -Mbala, a Bantu tribe, woman's share in agriculture among the, vii. 119

—— -Pedi, the, of South Africa, grave-diggers not allowed to handle food among, iii. 141;

women in childbed not allowed to handle food, iii. 148 sq.;

their superstitions as to miscarriage in childbed, iii. 153 sq.;

their continence in war, iii. 163;

continence at building a new village among the, iii. 202;

their belief as to a woman stepping over their legs, iii. 424

—— -Ronga, the, of South Africa, their women employ a child under puberty to light the potter's kiln, ii. 205.

See Baronga

—— -Sundi, a tribe of the Congo, v. 271 n.

—— -Thonga, the, of South Africa, grave-diggers not allowed to handle food among the, iii. 141;

women in childbed not allowed to handle food, iii. 148 sq.;

attribute drought to concealed miscarriage in childbed, iii. 154;

their continence in war, iii. 163;

continence at building a new village among the, iii. 202;

their belief as to a woman stepping over their legs, iii. 424.

See also Thonga

—— -Yaka, tribe of the Congo State, power of magicians among the, i. 348;

custom observed by manslayers among the, iii. 186 n. 1;

their use of nail-parings in making treaties, iii. 274

—— -Yanzi, tribe of the Congo State, the chief as a magician among the, i. 348 sq.

Baal, Semitic god, in relation to Minos and Minotaur, iv. 75;

the prophets of, their cutting themselves with knives, i. 258;

human sacrifices to, iv. 167 sqq., 195, ix. 353, 354;

kings claiming affinity with, v. 15;

royal names compounded with, v. 16;

as the god of fertility, v. 26 sq.;

conceived as god who fertilizes land by subterranean water, v. 159

—— and Beltane, x. 149 n. 1, 150 n. 1, 157

—— of the Lebanon, v. 32

—— and Sandan at Tarsus, v. 142 sq., 161

Baal of Tarsus, v. 117 sqq., 162 sq.

Baalath or Astarte, v. 26, 34

—— and Baal, v. 27

—— Gebal, v. 14

Baalbec (Heliopolis), in Syria, v. 28;

the ruins at, i. 30 n. 3;

sacred prostitution at, v. 37;

image of Hadad at, v. 163

Baalim, the, lords of underground waters, ii. 159;

firstlings and first-fruits offered to the, v. 27;

called lovers, v. 75 n.

Baba or Boba, name given to last sheaf, vii. 144 sq.;

“the Old Woman,” at the Carnival, viii. 332, 333

Babalawo, a Yoruba priest, ix. 212

Babar Archipelago, ceremony to obtain a child for a barren woman in the, i. 72;

chastity and fasting of women during absence of warriors in the, i. 131;

treatment of the afterbirth in the, i. 186;

saturnalia at the marriage of the Sun and Earth in the, ii. 99;

recovery of lost souls in the, iii. 67;

souls as shadows in the, iii. 78;

fatigue transferred to stones in the, ix. 8 sq.;

sickness expelled in a boat from the, ix. 187

Babaruda, girl as rain-maker in Roumania, i. 273

Babine Lake in British Columbia, x. 47

Babites, a Persian sect, their divine head, i. 402

Baboons, their depredations on crops, viii. 32;

sent by evil spirits, ix. 110 sq.

Baby, effigy of, used to fertilize women, ix. 245, 249

Babylon, magical images in ancient, i. 66 sq.;

theocratic despotism of ancient, i. 218;

sanctuary of Bel at, ii. 129 sq.;

festival of Zagmuk at, iv. 110, 113, 115 sqq.;

festival of the Sacaea at, iv. 113 sqq., ix. 354 sqq.;

early kings of, worshipped as gods, v. 15;

worship of Mylitta at, v. 36;

religious prostitution at, v. 58;

human wives of Marduk at, v. 71;

sanctuary of Serapis at, vi. 119 n.

Babylonia, worship of Tammuz in, v. 6 sqq.;

the moon-god took precedence of the sun-god in ancient, vi. 138 sq.;

belief in demons in ancient, ix. 102 sq.;

the star-gazers of, ix. 326;

conquered by Assyria, ix. 356;

the feast of Purim in, ix. 393

Babylonian calendar, ix. 398 n. 2

—— Genesis, ix. 410

—— gods, mortality of the, iv. 5 sq.

—— hymns to Tammuz, v. 9

—— kings, divinity of the early, i. 417

—— legend of creation, iv. 105 sq., 110

—— myth of Marduk and Tiamat, iv. 105 sq., 107 sq.

[pg 175]

Babylonian witches and wizards, their use of knotted cords, iii. 302

Bacchanalia, Purim a Jewish, ix. 363

Bacchanals of Thrace chew ivy, i. 384;

tore Pentheus in pieces, vi. 98, vii. 24, 25;

wore horns, vii. 17

Bacchic frenzy, iv. 164;

orgies suppressed by Roman Government, v. 301 n. 2

Bacchus, his legendary connexion with the Athenian festival of swinging, iv. 281, 283

—— or Dionysus, vii. 2.

See Dionysus

Bacchylides as to Croesus on the pyre, v. 175 sq.

Bachofen, J. J., on Roman kings and the Saturnalia, ii. 313 n. 1;

on the Nonae Caprotinae and the Saturnalia, ii. 314 n. 1

Backache at reaping, leaps over the Midsummer bonfire thought to be a preventive of, x. 165, 168, 189, 344 sq.;

set down to witchcraft, x. 343 n., 345;

at harvest, mugwort a protection against, xi. 59;

creeping through a holed stone to prevent backache at harvest, xi. 189

Backbone of Osiris represented by the ded pillar, vi. 108 sq.

Bacon, Francis, on anointing weapon that caused wound, i. 202

Bad Country, the, in Victoria, ceremonies observed at entering, iii. 109 sq.

Badache, double-axe, Midsummer King of the, x. 194

Badagas, the, of the Neilgherry Hills, their customs as to sowing and reaping the first grain, viii. 55;

transfer the sins of the dead to a buffalo calf, ix. 36;

their fire-walk, xi. 8 sq.

Baddeley, Mr. St. Clair, i. 5 n. 2

Baden, homoeopathic magic at sowing in, i. 138;

St. George's Day in, ii. 337;

Feast of All Souls in, vi. 74;

customs as to the last sheaf at harvest in, vii. 283, 292, 298;

the Corn-goat at threshing in, vii. 286;

Lenten fire-custom in, x. 117;

Easter bonfires in, x. 145;

Midsummer fires in, x. 167 sqq.

Badham, Rev. Charles, D.D., his proposed emendation of Euripides, iii. 156 n.

Badham Court oak, in Gloucestershire, xi. 316

Badi, performer at a tight-rope ceremony in India, ix. 197

Badnyak, Yule log, in Servia, x. 259, 263

Badnyi Dan, Christmas Eve, in Servia, x. 258, 263

Badonsachen, King of Burma, claims divinity, i. 400

Badumar, in West Africa, ii. 293

Baduwis, an aboriginal race in the mountains of Java, seclusion of their hereditary ruler, iii. 115 sq.;

use no iron in husbandry, iii. 232

Baethgen, F., on goddess 'Hatheh, v. 162 n. 2

Baffin Land, the Esquimaux of, i. 113, iii. 32 n. 2, 152, 207, 399, viii. 257, ix. 125

Bag, souls of persons deposited in a, iii. 63 sq., xi. 142, 153, 155;

soul of dying chief caught in a, iv. 199

Baganda, the, of Central Africa, their belief as to the sterilizing influence of barren women, i. 142, ii. 102;

their treatment of the afterbirth and navel-string, i. 195 sq., xi. 162;

spirits of their dead kings preserved in their navel-strings and jawbones, i. 196;

their notion as to whirlwinds, i. 331 n. 2;

their incarnate human god of the Lake Nyanza, i. 395;

their belief in the influence of the sexes on vegetation, ii. 101 sq.;

their customs in regard to twins, ii. 102 sq.;

their fire-drill, ii. 210;

their Vestal Virgins, ii. 246;

their list of kings, ii. 269;

their mode of fertilizing women by means of a wild banana-tree, ii. 318;

stabbed the shadows of enemies, iii. 78;

their superstition as to shadows, iii. 87;

their belief as to women stepping over a man's weapons, iii. 423;

their belief as to the state of the spirits of the dead, iv. 11;

their worship of the python, v. 86;

rebirth of the dead among the, v. 92 sq.;

their belief in impregnation by the flower of the banana, v. 93;

their theory of earthquakes, v. 199;

their presentation of infants to the new moon, vi. 144, 145;

ceremony observed by the king at new moon, vi. 147;

their worship of dead kings, vi. 167 sqq.;

their veneration for the ghosts of dead relations, vi. 191 n. 1;

their pantheon, vi. 196;

human sacrifices offered to prolong the life of their kings, vi. 223 sqq.;

woman's share in agriculture among the, vii. 118;

their ceremony at eating the new beans, viii. 64;

significance of stepping over a woman among the, viii. 70 n. 1;

their offerings of first-fruits, viii. 113;

their precaution against the ghosts of the elephants, which they kill, viii. 227 sq.;

dread the ghosts of sheep, viii. 231;

propitiate the ghosts of slain buffaloes, viii. 231;

treat ceremonially the first fish caught, viii. 252 sq.;

their custom of mutilating dead enemies, viii. 271 sq.;

their transference of plague to a plantain-tree, ix. 4 sq.;

their transference of sickness to effigies, ix. 7;

their precautions against the ghosts of [pg 176] suicides and other unfortunates, ix. 17 sq.;

throw sticks or grass on graves or places of execution of certain persons, ix. 18;

their worship of the river Nakiza, ix. 27;

transfer sickness to animals, ix. 32;

human scapegoats among the, ix. 42;

children live apart from their parents among the, x. 23 n. 2;

seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 23 sq.;

their superstition as to women who do not menstruate, x. 24;

abstain from salt in certain cases, x. 27 sq.;

their dread of menstruous women, x. 80 sq.

See also Uganda

Baganda fishermen, taboos observed by, iii. 194 sq.

Bagba, a wind-fetish, i. 327, iii. 5

Bagdad, death of the King of the Jinn reported at, iv. 8

Bageshu (Bagishu), the, of Mount Elgon, in East Africa, their belief in the reincarnation of the dead, i. 103, v. 92;

seclusion and purification of manslayers among, iii. 174

Bagobos of Mindanao, one of the Philippines, their human sacrifices at sowing, vii. 240;

their way of detaining the soul in the body, iii. 31, 315;

never utter their own names, iii. 323 sq.;

their theory of earthquakes, v. 200;

their custom of hanging and spearing human victims, v. 290 sq.;

their pretence of feeding their agricultural implements at harvest, viii. 124

Baharutsis, a Bantu tribe of South Africa, their worship of ancestors, vi. 179

Bahaus. See Kayans

Bahima of Central Africa, ceremony of adoption among the, i. 75;

custom of herdsmen at watering their cattle among the, iii. 183 n.;

names of their dead kings not mentioned, iii. 375;

their belief as to dead kings and chiefs, v. 83 n. 1;

their worship of the dead, vi. 190 sq.;

their belief in a supreme god Lugaba, vi. 190;

their belief in transmigration, viii. 288;

believe that at death their kings turn into lions, and their queens into leopards, viii. 288;

their transference of abscesses, ix. 6;

their use of scapegoats to cure disease among their cattle, ix. 32;

their dread of menstruous women, x. 80

—— of Kiziba, vi. 173

—— of the Uganda Protectorate, ix. 6, 32

Bahnars of Cochin-China, their recall of lost souls, iii. 52, 58 sq.

Bahr-el-Ghazal province, the Golos of the, i. 318;

ceremony of the new fire in the, x. 134 sq.

Baiga, aboriginal priest in Mirzapur, ix. 27

Baigas, Dravidian tribe of India, their objection to agriculture, v. 89

Bailey, Mabel, on the May Queen, ii. 88 n. 1

Bailly, J. S., French astronomer, on the Arctic origin of the rites of Adonis, v. 229

Bairu, the, of Kiziba, vi. 173

Baisâkh, Indian month (April), iv. 265

Bakairi, the, of Brazil, call bull-roarers “thunder and lightning,” xi. 231 sq.

Bakara, a village of Sumatra, i. 398, 399

Baker, F. B., on relic of tree-worship at Magnesia, i. 386 n. 2

Bakers, Roman, required to be chaste, ii. 115 sq., 205

Baking, continence observed at, iii. 201

—— -forks, witches ride on, xi. 73, 74

Bakongs, the, of Borneo, associate the souls of the dead with bear-cats and other animals, viii. 294

Baku, on the Caspian, perpetual fires at, ii. 256, v. 192

Bakuba or Bushongo of the Congo, rule as to persons of royal blood among the, x. 4.

See Bushongo

Bakundu of the Cameroons, burial custom of the, viii. 99

Balabulan, a person of the Batta Trinity, ix. 88 n. 1

Bald-headed widow, transference of fever to a, ix. 38

Balder, the Norse god, and his lame foal, iii. 305 n. 1;

his body burnt, x. 102;

worshipped in Norway, x. 104;

camomile sacred to, xi. 63;

burnt at Midsummer, xi. 87;

Midsummer sacred to, xi. 87;

a tree-spirit or deity of vegetation, xi. 88 sq.;

his invulnerability, xi. 94;

why Balder was thought to shine, xi. 293;

perhaps a real man deified, xi. 314 sq.

—— and the mistletoe, x. 101 sq., xi. 76 sqq., 302;

interpreted as a mistletoe-bearing oak, xi. 93 sq.;

his life or death in the mistletoe, xi. 279, 283

——, the myth of, x. 101 sqq.;

reproduced in the Midsummer festival of Scandinavia, xi. 87;

perhaps dramatized in ritual, xi. 88;

Indian parallel to, xi. 280;

African parallels to, xi. 312 sqq.

Balder's Balefires, name formerly given to Midsummer bonfires in Sweden, x. 172, xi. 87

—— Grove, x. 104, xi. 315

Balders-brâ, Balder's eyelashes, a name for camomile, xi. 63

Baldness a supposed effect of breaking a taboo, iii. 140

[pg 177]

Bâle, statuette of the Mexican god Xipe at, ix. 291 n. 1;

Lenten fire-custom in the canton of, x. 119

Balefires, Balder's, at Midsummer in Sweden, x. 172

Bali, inspired mediums in, i. 378 sq.;

special forms of speech used in addressing social superiors in, i. 402 n.;

the rice personified as husband and wife in, vii. 201 sqq.;

observation of the Pleiades in, vii. 314 sq.;

propitiation of mice to induce them to spare the fields in, viii. 278;

belief in demons in, ix. 86;

periodical expulsion of demons in, ix. 140;

filing of teeth in, x. 68 n. 2;

birth-trees in, xi. 164

Balinese, their conduct in an earthquake, v. 198

Balkan Peninsula, the Slavs of the, ii. 237, 241;

need-fire in the, x. 281

Ball, Valentine, on hook-swinging, iv. 279

Ball, game of, played as a rite, viii. 76, 79;

played as a magical ceremony, ix. 179 sq.;

in Normandy, ix. 183 sq.;

played to determine the King of Summer, x. 195

—— -players, homœopathic charms employed by, i. 144, 155

Balli Atap, the God of the Roof, among the Kenyahs, ii. 385

Ballinasloe, in County Galway, Candlemas custom at, ii. 95 n.

Balls, gold and silver, to imitate the sun and moon, ii. 63

Ballymagauran, in County Cavan, ancient idol near, iv. 183

Ballymote, the Book of, iv. 100

Ballyvadlea, in Tipperary, woman burnt as a witch at, x. 323 sq.

Balnagown Loch, in Lismore, witch-hare at, x. 316

Baloi, mythical beings of the Basutos, i. 177;

witches and wizards, vi. 104

Balolo, a sea-slug, ix. 141.

See also Palolo veridis

Balong of the Cameroons, their external souls in animals, xi. 203

Balquhidder, in Perthshire, the harvest Maiden at, vii. 157;

hill of the fires at, x. 149;

Hallowe'en bonfires at, x. 232

Balsam plants, wild, as representatives of the harvest goddess, vii. 207

Balsamorrhiza sagittata, Nutt., the sunflower root, superstitions of Thompson Indians concerning the, viii. 81

Balthasar, one of the three mythical kings on Twelfth Day, ix. 329 sqq.

Balum, a mythical being of German New Guinea, iii. 306

Balum, spirits, vii. 104, ix. 83, xi. 242

Balwe in Westphalia, Burying the Carnival at, iv. 232

Bâm-Margi, Hindoo sect, their use of magical images, i. 65

Bambaras of the Niger, their sacred trees, ii. 42

Bamboo-rat sacrificed for riddance of evils, ix. 208 sq.

Bampton-in-the-Bush in Oxfordshire, May garlands at, ii. 62

Banana, women impregnated by the flower of the, v. 93;

shoots beaten to make them grow, ix. 264

—— -tree, supposed to fertilize barren women, ii. 318;

child's hair deposited on a, iii. 276;

afterbirth of child buried under a, xi. 162, 163, 164

—— -trees, fruit-bearing, hair deposited under, iii. 286

Bananas, homoeopathic magic at sowing, i. 142;

sown by young children, vii. 115;

cultivated by women, vii. 115, 118;

cultivated in South America, vii. 120, 121;

cultivated in New Britain, vii. 123;

cultivated in New Guinea, vii. 123;

soul of dead man in, viii. 298;

mode of fertilizing, ix. 264;

the cause of human mortality, ix. 303

Banars of Cambodia, their prayers for the crops, viii. 33

Bancroft, H. H., on the external souls of the Zapotecs, xi. 212

Bandages to prevent the escape of the soul, iii. 32, 71

Bandiagara, Mount, in Nigeria, iii. 124

Bandicoot in rain-making, i. 288

Bangala, the, of the Upper Congo, continence observed by fishers and hunters among, iii. 195 sq.;

names of fishermen not mentioned among, iii. 330 sq.;

rebirth of dead among, v. 92;

women's share in agriculture among, vii. 119.

See also Boloki

Bangalas of Angola, elective chieftainship among the, ii. 293

Bangerang, an Australian tribe, iii. 321

Bangkok, ix. 150;

human foundation sacrifices at, iii. 90

Bangweolo, Lake, custom as to sowing on the islands of, vii. 115

Banished prince, charm to restore a, i. 145

Banishment of homicide, iv. 69 sq.;

of evil spirits, ix. 86

Banivas of the Orinoco, their scourging of girls at puberty, x. 66 sqq.

Banjars in West Africa punish their king for drought or excessive rain, i. 353

Banks' Islanders, their ways of making sunshine, i. 314;

their observation of the Pleiades, vii. 313;

their story of the origin of death, ix. 304

[pg 178]

Banks' Islands, magical stones in the, i. 164;

supernatural power of chiefs in the, i. 338;

ghosts in stones in the, iii. 80;

Vanua Lava in the, iii. 85;

names of relations by marriage tabooed in the, iii. 344 sq.;

burial of women who have died in childbed in the, viii. 97 sq.;

fatigue transferred to stones, sticks, or leaves in the, ix. 9

Banksia, used as fuel by Australian aborigines, ii. 257

Banmanas of Senegambia, their custom at the death of an infant, ix. 261 sq.

Banna, a tribe accustomed to strangle their first-born children, iv. 181 sq.

Banner, Macleod's Fairy, i. 368

Banquets in honour of the spirits of disease, ix. 119

Bantiks of Celebes, their story of the type of Beauty and the Beast, iv. 130 n. 1

Banting in Sarawak, rules observed by women during absence of warriors at, i. 127, 128

Bantu tribes, ancestor-worship among the, ii. 221, vi. 174 sqq.;

their small regard for the ghosts of women, ii. 224 n. 4;

their belief in serpents as reincarnations of the dead, v. 82 sqq.;

their worship of dead chiefs or kings, vi. 175 sqq., 191 sqq.;

cohabitation of husband and wife enjoined as a matter of ritual on certain occasions among the, viii. 70 n. 1

—— tribes of Kavirondo, custom observed by manslayers among the, iii. 176 sq.;

their belief as to the effect of eating a totemic animal, viii. 26

—— tribes of South Africa, their ideas as to the virulent infection spread by a woman who has had a miscarriage, iii. 152 sqq.;

their rule as to eating the new corn, viii. 111;

their fear of demons, ix. 77 sq.

—— tribes of South-East Africa, their fire-drill, ii. 210 sq.

—— tribes of West Africa, their belief in demons, ix. 74

Banyai, chieftainship among the, ii. 292

Banyan-trees revered by the Chinese, ii. 14

Banyoro, the, of Central Africa, foes of the Baganda, ix. 42, 194;

the king as rain-maker among, i. 348;

succession to the throne determined by mortal combat among, ii. 322;

their worship of serpents, v. 86 n. 1

See also Unyoro

Baobab-trees thought to be inhabited by mischievous spirits, ii. 34;

worshipped, ii. 46;

goats sacrificed to, ii. 47

Baoules of the Ivory Coast, extraction of chief's soul among the, iii. 70

Baperis or Malekootoos, a Bechuana tribe, their customs as to their totem the porcupine, viii. 164 sq.

Baptism of bull's blood in the rites of Cybele, v. 274 sqq.

Baptist, St. John the, day of, i. 277.

See St. John

Bar-rekub, king of Samal, v. 15 sq.

Bar-tree (Ficus Indica), married to a mango in India, ii. 25;

sacred in India, ii. 43

Bara, a tribe of Madagascar, names of dead kings not pronounced among the, iii. 380

—— country in Madagascar, fear of being photographed in the, iii. 98

Barabbas and Christ, ix. 417 sqq.

Baraka, blessed or magical virtue, in North Africa, ix. 23 n., x. 216, 218, xi. 51;

of saints, ix. 22;

of skins of sacrificed sheep, ix. 265

Baram River, in Sarawak, tree-worship on the, ii. 38 sq.;

in Borneo, magical stones on the, iii. 30

Barar, third marriage deemed unlucky in, ii. 57 n. 4

Barat, a ceremony performed in Kumaon, ix. 196

Barber, Rev. Dr. W. T. A., on substitutes for capital punishment in China, iv. 145 n., 275

Barbosa, Duarte, on the suicide of the kings of Quilacare, iv. 46 sq.

Barce or Alceis, daughter of Antaeus, ii. 300 sq.

Barcelona, ceremony of “Sawing the Old Woman” at, iv. 242

Barclay, Sheriff, on Hallowe'en fires, x. 232

Bardney bumpkin, on witch as hare, x. 318

Bare-Stripping Hangman, Argyleshire story of the, xi. 129 sq.

Barea, of East Africa, rain-making priest among the, ii. 3;

women will not name their husbands, iii. 337

—— and Kunama, their annual festival of the dead, vi. 66

Barenton, the fountain of, used in rain-making, i. 306, 307

Bari, the, of the Upper Nile, rain-makers as chiefs among, i. 345, 346 sq.;

Rain Kings among, ii. 2

Barito, the, of Borneo, sacrifice cattle instead of human victims, iv. 166 n. 1

——, river in Borneo, worship of spirits on the, ix. 87

Bark of sacred tree used to make garments for pregnant women, ii. 58

Barker, W. G. M. Jones, on need-fire in Yorkshire, x. 286 sq.

[pg 179]

Barking a tree, old German penalty for, ii. 9

Barley forced for festival, v. 240, 241, 242, 244, 251 sq.;

awarded as a prize in the Eleusinian games, vii. 73, 74, 75;

oldest cereal cultivated by the Aryans, vii. 132

—— Bride among the Berbers, vii. 178 sq.

—— -cow at harvest, vii. 289, 290

—— -harvest, time of, in ancient Greece, vii. 48, 77

—— loaf eaten by human scapegoat before being put to death, ix. 255

—— -meal and water drunk as a form of communion with the Barley-Goddess at Eleusis, vii. 161

—— -mother, the, vii. 131;

the last sheaf called the, vii. 135

—— plant, external soul of prince in a, xi. 102

—— seed used to strengthen weakly children, vii. 11

—— -sow at threshing, vii. 298

—— -water, draught of, as a form of communion in the Eleusinian mysteries, vii. 38

—— and wheat discovered by Isis, vi. 116

—— -wolf in the last sheaf, vii. 271, 273

Barolongs, a Bantu tribe of South Africa, their worship of ancestors, vi. 179;

their custom of inoculation, viii. 159 n. 4

Baron, R., on the reverence for dead kings in Madagascar, iii. 380

Baron, S., on annual expulsion of demons in Tonquin, ix. 147 sq.

Baronga, the, of South Africa, their charm against worms, i. 152;

their charm against snake-bite, i. 153;

their beliefs and customs as to twins, i. 267 sq.;

preserve the hair and nails of dead chiefs, iii. 272;

their belief as to the state of the spirits of the dead, iv. 10 sq.;

their custom as to falling stars, iv. 61;

women's part in agriculture among the, vii. 114 sq.;

their mode of freeing the fields from beetles, viii. 280;

their story of a clan whose external souls were in a cat, xi. 150 sq.

See also Ba-Ronga

Barotse or Marotse, a Bantu tribe of the Zambesi, rain-making among the, i. 310 n. 7;

regard their chief as a demi-god, i. 392 sq.;

exorcism after a funeral among the, iii. 107;

their belief in a supreme god Niambe, vi. 193;

their worship of dead kings, vi. 194 sq.;

woman's part in agriculture among the, vii. 115;

inoculation among the, viii. 159;

seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 28, 29

Barren cattle driven through fire, x. 203, 338

—— fruit-trees threatened in order to make them bear fruit, ii. 20 sqq.

—— women, charms to procure offspring for, i. 70 sqq.;

sterilizing influence ascribed to, i. 142;

embrace a tree to obtain offspring, i. 182;

thought to conceive through eating nuts of a palm-tree, ii. 51;

fertilized by trees, ii. 56 sq., 316 sq.;

thought to blight the fruits of the earth, ii. 102;

fertilized by water-spirits, ii. 159 sqq., v. 213 sq., 216;

resort to graves in order to get children, v. 90;

entice souls of dead children to them, v. 94;

hope to conceive through fertilizing influence of vegetables, xi. 51.

See also Childless

Barrenness of women cured by passing through holed stone, v. 36, with n. 4;

removed by serpent, v. 86;

children murdered as a remedy for, v. 95

Barricading the road against a ghostly pursuer, xi. 176

“Barring the fire,” i. 231 n. 3

Barringtonia, offerings made under a, in Guadalcanal, viii. 126

Barros, De, Portuguese historian, on custom of regicide at Passier, iv. 51 sq.

Barrows of Halfdan, vi. 100

Barsana, in North India, Holi bonfires at, xi. 2, 5

Barsom, bundle of twigs used by Parsee priests, v. 191 n. 2

Barth, H., on sculptures at Boghaz-Keui, v. 133 n. 1

Bartle Bay, in British New Guinea, power of magicians at, i. 338;

festival of the wild mango tree at, x. 7 sqq.

Barwan, river in Australia, annual expulsion of ghosts on the, ix. 123

Bas Doda, in India, marriage of girls to the god at, ii. 149

Basagala, the, of Central Africa, changes in their language caused by their fear of naming the dead, iii. 361

Bashada, a tribe accustomed to strangle their first-born children, iv. 181 sq.

Bashilange, a tribe of the Congo Basin, reception of subject chiefs by head chief among the, iii. 114

Bashkirs, their horse-races at funerals, iv. 97

Basil, curses at sowing, i. 281;

the Holy, plant worshipped in India, ii. 25 sqq.;

pots of, on St. John's Day in Sicily, v. 245.

See also Tulasi

Basilai, officials at Olympia, i. 46 n. 4

Basis, physical, of magic, i. 174 sq.;

for the theory of an external soul, i. 201

Basket, souls gathered into a, iii. 72

[pg 180]

Basoga, the, of Central Africa, form blood-brotherhood with the trees which they fell, ii. 19 sq.;

their punishment of the seduction of a virgin, ii. 112;

their abhorrence of incest in cattle, ii. 112 sq.;

their pretended human sacrifice, iv. 215

Basque hunter transformed into bear, xi. 226, 270

—— story of the external soul, xi. 139

Bassa tribe, of the Cameroons, reputed to be magicians, ix. 120

Bassareus, a title of Dionysus, viii. 282 n. 5

Bassari, the, of Togoland, their superstition as to the mothers of twins, ii. 102 n. 1;

their offerings of new yams, viii. 116

Bassia latifolia worshipped, viii. 119

Bassus, Roman officer, ix. 309

Bastar, province of India, treatment of witches in, xi. 159

Bastard, traveller in Madagascar, iii. 103

——, name applied to the last sheaf in West Prussia, vii. 150

Bastian, Adolf, on extinguishing fires after a death, ii. 268;

as to sanctity of head in Siam and Burma, iii. 252 sq.;

on animal sacraments among pastoral tribes, viii. 313;

on the worship of nats in Burma, ix. 96 n. 3;

on rites of initiation in West Africa, xi. 256 sq.

Basutoland, attempts to regulate the calendar in, vii. 116 sq.;

inoculation in, viii. 158 sq., 160

Basutos, use of magical dolls among the, i. 71;

their custom as to extracted teeth, i. 177;

their contagious magic of bodily impressions, i. 214;

keep all defiled persons from the sight of corn, ii. 112;

their belief as to the spirits of waterfalls, ii. 157;

their custom of kindling a new fire after a birth, ii. 239;

abhor the sea, iii. 10;

avoidance of wife's mother among the, iii. 85;

their superstition as to reflections in water, iii. 93;

their burial custom, iii. 107;

their purification of warriors, iii. 172;

purification of cattle among the, iii. 177;

their chiefs buried secretly, vi. 104;

their worship of the dead, vi. 179 sq.;

their customs as to the new corn, viii. 110;

their sacrifice of first-fruits, viii. 110;

eat the hearts of brave men to make themselves brave, viii. 148;

their custom of placing stones on cairns, ix. 30 n. 2;

their seclusion of girls at puberty, x. 31

Bata and Anpu, ancient Egyptian story of, xi. 134 sqq.

Bataks or Battas of Sumatra, their theory of earthquakes, v. 199 sq.;

their tondi, the soul of human beings and of rice, vii. 182.

See Battas

Batang Lupar, in Borneo, the Dyaks of, their “lying heaps,” ix. 14

—— -Lupars of Borneo, the foes of the Kayans, vii. 96

Bataraguru, a person of the Batta Trinity, v. 199 sq., ix. 88 n. 1

Batari Sri, a goddess in Lombok, vii. 202

Batavia, rain-making by means of a cat in, i. 289

Batchelor, Rev. J., on the Aino ceremony with the new millet, viii. 52;

on the Aino kamui, viii. 180 n. 2;

on the bear as a totem or god of the Ainos, viii. 180, 198;

on the suckling of bears by the Aino women, viii. 182 n. 2;

on the bear-festivals of the Ainos, viii. 183 sq.;

on the inao of the Ainos, viii. 186 n.;

on the Aino belief in the resurrection of animals, viii. 201;

his purification after visiting an Aino grave, ix. 261

Bath before marriage, intention of, ii. 162;

of ox blood, iv. 35, 201;

in river at the rites of Cybele, v. 273, 274 n.;

of bull's blood in the rites of Attis, v. 274 sqq.;

of image of Cybele perhaps a rain-charm, v. 280

—— of Aphrodite, v. 280

—— of Demeter, v. 280

—— of Hera in the river Burrha, v. 280;

in the spring of Canathus, v. 280

Bathing and washing forbidden to rain-doctor when he wishes to prevent rain from falling, i. 271, 272;

bathing as a rain-charm, i. 277 sq.;

(washing) as a ceremonial purification, iii. 141, 142, 150, 153, 168, 169, 172, 173, 175, 179, 183, 192, 198, 219, 220, 222, 285, 286;

forbidden, vii. 94

—— on St. John's Day or Eve (Midsummer Day or Eve), v. 246 sqq.;

pagan origin of the custom, v. 249

—— at Easter, x. 123;

at Midsummer, x. 208, 210, 216, xi. 29 sqq.;

thought to be dangerous on Midsummer Day, xi. 26 sq.

Baths of Hercules, v. 212

—— of Solomon in Moab, v. 215

Baton of Sinope, on the Thessalian festival Peloria, ix. 350

Batoo Bedano, an earthquake god in Nias, v. 202

Bats, souls of dead in, viii. 287;

the lives of men in, xi. 215 sq., 217;

called men's “brothers,” xi. 215, 216, 218

Batta magicians exorcize demons by means of images, viii. 102

[pg 181]

Battambang, a province of Siam, ceremony to procure rain in, i. 299

Battas or Bataks of Sumatra, magical images among the, i. 71 sq.;

their belief as to the placenta, i. 193;

fight the storm, i. 330;

worship a prince as a deity, i. 398 sq.;

revere the Sultan of Minangkabau, i. 399;

their sacred trees, ii. 41;

think that fornication and incest injure the crops, ii. 108;

their use of rice to prevent the soul from wandering, iii. 34 sq.;

their recall of lost souls, iii. 45 sqq.;

their belief in the transmigration of souls, iii. 65;

afraid of being photographed, iii. 99;

ceremony at the reception of a traveller among the, iii. 104;

their custom as to eating, iii. 116;

untie things to facilitate childbirth, iii. 296 sq.;

names of relations tabooed among the, iii. 338 sq.;

use a special language in searching for camphor, iii. 405 sq.;

their personification of the rice, vii. 196;

their observation of Orion and the Pleiades, vii. 315;

their ceremonies at killing a tiger, viii. 216 sq.;

believe that the souls of the dead often transmigrate into tigers, viii. 293;

their use of swallows as scapegoats, ix. 34 sq.;

their belief in demons, ix. 87 sq.;

their belief in a Trinity, ix. 88 n. 1;

their use of human scapegoats, ix. 213;

their doctrine of the plurality of souls, xi. 223;

their totemic system, xi. 224 sqq.

See also Bataks

Battel, Andrew, on the king of Loango, iii. 117 sq.;

on the colour of negro children at birth, xi. 251 n. 1

Battle, purificatory ceremonies after a, iii. 165 sqq., vi. 251 sq.;

mock, viii. 75;

annual, among boys in Tumleo, ix. 143

—— of the gods and giants, v. 157

—— of Summer and Winter, iv. 254 sqq.

Battle-axe, sacred golden, i. 365

Battus, king of Cyrene, i. 47

Baudissin, W. W. Graf von, on Tammuz and Adonis, v. 6 n. 1;

on Adonis as the personification of the spring vegetation, v. 228 n. 6;

on summer festival of Adonis, v. 232 n.;

on Linus song, vii. 216 n. 4

Baumeister, A., on the date of the Homeric Hymn to Demeter, vii. 35 n. 1

Bautz, Dr. Joseph, on hell fire, iv. 136 n. 1

Bavaria, custom as to cast teeth in, i. 178;

greasing the weapon instead of the wound which it inflicted, in, i. 204;

green bushes placed at doors of newly-married pairs in, ii. 56;

the Maypole renewed every few years in, ii. 70;

the Walber in, ii. 75;

drama of the Slaying of the Dragon at Furth in, ii. 163 sq.;

Whitsuntide mummers in, iv. 206 sq.;

carrying out Death in, iv. 233 sqq.;

dramatic contests between Summer and Winter in, iv. 255 sq.;

gardens of Adonis in, v. 244;

Dinkelsbühl in, vii. 133;

Weiden in, vii. 139;

harvest customs in, vii. 147, 148, 150, 219 sq., 221 sq., 223, 232, 282, 286, 287, 289, 296, 298, 299;

the thresher of the last corn obliged to “carry the Pig” in, vii. 299;

cure for fever in, ix. 49;

annual expulsion of witches on Walpurgis Night in, ix. 159 sq.;

old Mrs. Perchta (a mythical old woman) in, ix. 240 sq.;

mode of reckoning the Twelve Days in, ix. 327;

Easter bonfires in, x. 143 sq.;

belief as to eclipses in, x. 162;

Midsummer fires in, x. 164 sqq.;

leaf-clad mummer at Midsummer in, xi. 26;

the divining-rod in, xi. 67 sq.;

peasants' belief as to hazel in, xi. 69 n.;

creeping through a holed stone or narrow opening in, xi. 188 sq.

Bavaria, Rhenish, treatment of the navel-string in, i. 198;

homoeopathic treatment of a broken leg in, i. 205;

leaf-clad mummer at Whitsuntide in, ii. 81;

gout transferred to willow-bush in, ix. 56

——, Upper, the bride-race in, ii. 304;

ceremonies on Ascension Day in villages of, ix. 215;

use of mistletoe in, xi. 85 n. 4

Bavarian charm at sowing wheat, i. 137;

to make fruit-trees bear, i. 140 sq.

—— farmers will not name the fox, iii. 396

—— peasants, their homoeopathic magic as to fruit-trees, i. 143

—— saying as to crossed legs, iii. 299

Bavili, the, of Loango, their belief that certain unlawful marriages are punished by God with drought, ii. 112;

tampering with people's shadows among, iii. 78;

seclusion of girls at puberty among, x. 31

Bawenda, tribe of the Transvaal, their chief a rain-maker, i. 351;

special terms used with reference to persons of the blood royal among the, i. 401 n. 3;

blood of princes not to be shed among the, iii. 243;

their custom of placing stones in the forks of trees, ix. 30 n. 2;

the positions of their villages hidden, vi. 251

Bayazid, the Sultan, and his soul, iii. 50

Bayfield, M. A., on the punishment of unfaithful Vestals, ii. 228 n. 5

[pg 182]

Beal-fires on Midsummer Eve in Yorkshire, x. 198

Bealltaine, May Day, iii. 11.

See Beltane

Bean, sprouting of, in superstitious ceremony, i. 266;

the budding of a, as an omen, ii. 344

——, King of the, ix. 313 sq., x. 153 n. 1;

Queen of the, ix. 313, 315

—— clan among the Baganda, ix. 27

—— -cock at harvest, vii. 276

—— -goat among the beans, vii. 282

Beans in ceremony performed by parents of twins in Peru, i. 266, ii. 102 n. 1;

not to be touched or named by the Flamen Dialis, ii. 248, iii. 13 sq.;

in magical rite, vii. 9 sq.;

the Spirit of, conceived by the Iroquois as a woman, vii. 177;

cultivated in Burma, vii. 242;

ceremony at eating the new, viii. 64;

forbidden as food by Empedocles, viii. 301;

thrown about the house at the expulsion of demons, ix. 143 sq.;

thrown about the house at the expulsion of ghosts, ix. 155;

divination by, on Midsummer Eve, x. 209

Bear, customs observed by Lapps after killing a, iii. 221;

ambiguous attitude of the Ainos towards the, viii. 180 sqq., 310 sq.;

importance of the, for people of Siberia, viii. 191;

the corn-spirit as a, viii. 325 sqq.;

external soul of warrior in a, xi. 151;

Basque hunter transformed into a, xi. 226, 270;

simulated transformation of novice into a, xi. 274 sq.

See also Bears

——, the Great, constellation, vii. 315;

the soul of Typhon in, iv. 5

——, the polar, taboos, concerning, iii. 209

—— -cats, souls of dead in, viii. 294

—— clan of the Moquis, descended from bears, viii. 178;

of the Otawa Indians, their propitiation of slain bears, viii. 224 sq.;

of the Niska Indians, xi. 271, 272 n. 1

—— -dance of man who pretends to be a bear, xi. 274

—— -dances, viii. 191, 195

—— -festivals of the Ainos, viii. 182 sqq.;

of the Gilyaks, viii. 190 sqq.;

of the Goldi, viii. 197;

of the Orotchis, viii. 197

—— -hunting, continence before, iii. 197, 198

—— -skin worn by woman dancer, viii. 223

Bear's bile and heart eaten to make the eater brave, viii. 146

—— flesh, a person who has eaten of, obliged to abstain from fish for a year, viii. 251

Bear's heart eaten, viii. 146

—— “little tongue” removed by American Indian hunters, viii. 269

—— liver, as a medicine, viii. 187 sq.

—— skin, Lapp women shoot blindfold at a, xi. 280 n.

“Beard of Volos,” vii. 233

Beard, the first, consecrated, i. 29

Bearded Venus, in Cyprus, v. 165, vi. 259 n. 3

“Beardless One, the Ride of the,” a Persian ceremony, ix. 402 sq.

Beards, homoeopathic magic to promote the growth of, i. 153 sq.;

not pulled out by chiefs and sorcerers, iii. 260

Bearers to carry royal personages, x. 3 sq.

Bears sacrificed by the Gilyaks of Saghalien, iii. 370;

not to be called by their proper names, iii. 397 sq., 399, 402;

killed ceremonially by the Ainos, viii. 180 sqq.;

souls of dead in, viii. 286 sq.;

processions with, in Europe, viii. 326 n. 3

——, slain, propitiated by Kamtchatkans, Ostiaks, Koryaks, Finns, and Lapps, viii. 222 sqq.;

by American Indians, viii. 224 sqq.

See also Bear

Beast, the number of the, iv. 44

Beasts, sacred Egyptian, offerings to the, i. 29 sq.;

sacred, held responsible for the course of nature in ancient Egypt, i. 354

Beathag, the lucky well of, i. 323

Beating as a mode of purification, ix. 262, x. 61, 64 sqq.

—— the air to drive away demons or ghosts, iii. 373, ix. 109, 111, 115, 122, 131, 152, 156, 234

—— boys with leg-bone of eagle-hawk, viii. 165 n. 2

—— cattle to make them fat or fruitful, iv. 236

—— effigy of ox with rods in China, viii. 11 sq.

—— floors or walls of houses to drive away ghosts, iii. 168, 170

—— frogs as a rain-charm, i. 292

—— girls at puberty, x. 61, 66 sq.

—— human scapegoats, ix. 196, 252, 255, 256 sq., 272 sq.

—— a man clad in a cow's hide on last day of year, viii. 322 sqq.

—— a man's garments instead of the man, i. 206 sq.

—— people for good luck, vii. 309;

as a mode of conveying good qualities, ix. 262 sqq.;

with skins of sacrificial victims, ix. 265;

with green boughs, ix. 270 sqq.;

to stimulate the reproductive powers, ix. 272

—— persons, animals, or things to [pg 183] deliver them from demons and ghosts, ix. 259 sqq.

Beating with rods in rain-making, i. 257 sq.

—— the sea with rods as a rain-charm, i. 301

Beauce, the great mondard in, viii. 6;

festival of torches in, x. 113;

story of a were-wolf in, x. 309

Beauce and Perche, treatment of the navel-string in, i. 198;

conflagrations supposed to be extinguished by priests in, i. 231 n. 3;

belief as to falling stars in, iv. 67;

fever transferred to an aspen in, ix. 57;

cure for toothache in, ix. 62;

Midsummer fires in, x. 188

Beaufort, F., on perpetual flame in Lycia, v. 222 n.

Beauty and the Beast type of tale, iv. 125 sqq.

Beauvais, the Festival of Fools at, ix. 335 sq.

Beaver asked to give a new tooth, i. 180;

the Great, prayers offered by beaver-hunters to, viii. 240

—— clan of the Carrier Indians, xi. 273

Beavers, their bones not allowed to be gnawed by dogs, viii. 238 sqq.;

their blood not allowed to fall on ground, viii. 240

Bechuana charms, i. 150 sq.

—— king, cure of, ix. 31 sq.

Bechuanas, the, of South Africa, their homoeopathic charms made from animals, i. 150 sq.;

their sacrifice for rain, i. 291;

their ceremony to cause the sun to shine, i. 313;

the hack-thorn sacred among the, ii. 48 sq.;

their purification after a journey, iii. 112, 285;

their purification of manslayers, iii. 172 sq., 174;

will not tell their stories before sunset, iii. 384;

think it unlucky to speak of the lion by his proper name, iii. 400;

their fear of meteors, iv. 61;

their ritual at founding a new town, vi. 249;

their sacrifice of a blind bull on various occasions, vi. 249, 250 sq.;

human sacrifices for the crops among the, vii. 240;

their observation of the Pleiades, vii. 316;

of the Crocodile clan, their fear of meeting or seeing a crocodile, viii. 28;

their ceremonies before eating the new fruits, viii. 69 sq.;

the Baperis, a tribe of, viii. 164;

their custom of mutilating an ox after a battle, viii. 271;

their belief as to sympathetic relation of man to wounded crocodile, xi. 210 sq.

Bed of absent hunter or warrior not to be used, i. 123, 127, 128, 129;

feet of, smeared with mud, iii. 14;

prohibitionto sleep in a, iii. 194.

See also Beds

Bed-clothes, contagious magic of bodily impressions on, i. 213

Bedding at home not to be raised in the absence of hunters, i. 121

Bede, on the succession of Pictish kings, ii. 286;

on the Feast of All Saints, vi. 83

Bedouins of East Africa attack whirlwinds, i. 331;

regard an acacia-tree as sacred, ii. 42;

fire-drill of the ancient, ii. 209;

annual festival of the Sinaitic, iv. 97

Bedriacum, the battle of, iv. 140, ix. 416

Beds of absent hunters, children not to play on, i. 123

Bee, external soul of an ogre in a, xi. 101.

See also Bees

Beech, M. W. H., on serpent-worship among the Suk, v. 85

Beech or fir used to make the Yule log, x. 249

—— -tree in sacred grove of Diana, i. 40;

burnt in Lenten bonfire, x. 115 sq.

—— -woods of Denmark, ii. 351

Beeches of Latium, ii. 188;

struck by lightning, proportion of, xi. 298 sq.;

free from mistletoe, xi. 315

Beef and milk not to be eaten at the same meal, iii. 292

Beena marriage, ii. 271; in Ceylon, vi. 215

Beer, continence observed at brewing, iii. 200;

in relation to Dionysus, vii. 2 n. 1;

drunk out of dead king's skull as means of inspiration, viii. 150

Bees on image of Artemis at Ephesus, i. 37;

the King Bees (Essenes) at Ephesus, ii. 135 sq.;

the sting of, a popular cure for rheumatism, iii. 106 n. 2;

transmigration of quiet people into, viii. 308;

thought to be killed by menstruous women, x. 96;

ashes of bonfires used to cure ailments of, x. 142

Beetle, in magic, i. 152;

external soul in a, xi. 138, 140

Beetles, superstitious precautions against, viii. 279, 280

Befana at Rome and elsewhere, ix. 167

Begbie, General, v. 62 n.

Begetting novices anew at initiation, pretence of, xi. 248

Beggar, name given to last sheaf, vii. 231 sq.

—— -man, the binder of the last sheaf called the, vii. 231

Behanzin, king of Dahomey, represented with the head and body of a fish, iv. 85

Behar district of India, virtue ascribed to abuse in, i. 279;

rain-charm by means of a stone in, i. 305;

“wives of the snake” in, ii. 149;

custom of swinging in, iv. 279;

bullocks let loose on [pg 184] eleventh day of mourning in, ix. 37 n. 4;

the fire-walk in, xi. 5

Beheading the King, a Whitsuntide pageant in Bohemia, iv. 209 sq.

—— Whitsuntide mummers, pretence of, iv. 206 sqq.

Beifuss, German name for mugwort, xi. 60 n. 6

Bekes, in Hungary, mode of fertilizing women in, ix. 264

Beku, dwarf tribe of West Africa, their magical ointment for acquiring the power of the dead, viii. 163 sq.

Bel or Marduk, a Babylonian deity, v. 71;

his human wife, ii. 129 sq.;

identified with Zeus, ix. 389;

created the world by cleaving the monster Tiamat in two, ix. 410;

the fires of, x. 147, 157, 158 sq.

Belep, the, of New Caledonia, their charm to disable an enemy, i. 150

Beleth, John, his Rationale Divinorum Officiorum quoted, x. 161 n. 2

Belethus, J., on “Easter Smacks,” ix. 270 n.

Belfast, the last sheaf called Granny near, vii. 136

Belford, in Northumberland, the Yule log at, x. 256

Belgian cure for fever, ix. 56 n. 1

Belgium, mirrors covered after a death in, iii. 95;

cut hair burnt in, iii. 283;

belief as to stepping over a child in, iii. 424;

belief as to meteors in, iv. 67;

Feast of All Souls in, vi. 70;

fox's tongue a remedy for erysipelas in, viii. 270;

the King of the Bean in, ix. 313;

the three mythical kings on Twelfth Day in, ix. 329;

Lenten fires in, x. 107 sq.;

Midsummer fires in, x. 194 sq.;

the Yule log in, x. 249;

bathing on Midsummer Day in, xi. 30;

divination by flowers on Midsummer Eve in, xi. 53;

mugwort gathered on St. John's Day or Eve in, xi. 59 sq.;

vervain gathered on St. John's Day in, xi. 62;

four-leaved clover at Midsummer in, xi. 63;

the witches' Sabbath in, xi. 73

Bell-ringing as a charm to dispel evil influences, ii. 343 sq.

See Bells

Bella Coola (Bilqula) Indians of British Columbia, their conception of the soul as a bird, iii. 34;

their cannibal rites, vii. 20;

their masked dances, ix. 376 n. 2;

seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 46;

custom of mourners among the, xi. 174

Bellerophon and Pegasus, v. 302 n. 4

Belli-Paaro society in West Africa, rites of initiation in the, xi. 257 sqq.

Bellochroy, enchanter at, x. 290

Bellona and Mars, vi. 231

Bells, carried by leaf-clad mummers, ii. 83, 84 sq.;

worn by father of twins, ii. 102;

rung to drive away witches, ii. 127;

hung on cattle on St. George's Day, ii. 332;

used in exorcism, iii. 102;

rung to conjure spirits, iii. 120;

worn as amulets, iii. 235;

worn by mummers, vii. 26, 28, viii. 332, 333, ix. 242, 243, 244, 246 sqq., 250 sq.;

attached to hobby-horse, viii. 337 sq.;

on animal used as scapegoat, ix. 37;

rung to expel demons, ix. 117, 118;

rung as a protection against witches, ix. 157, 158, 159, 161, 165, 166;

used in the expulsion of evils, ix. 196, 200;

used at the expulsion of demons, ix. 204, 214, 246 sq., 251;

worn by dancers, ix. 242, 243, 246 sqq., 250 sq.;

used to exorcize storm fiend, ix. 246;

rung to make grass and flax grow, ix. 247 sq.;

golden, worn by human representatives of gods in Mexico, ix. 278, 280, 284;

worn by priest in exorcism, x. 5;

on priest's legs, xi. 8

——, church, silenced in Holy Week, x. 123, 125 n. 1;

rung on Midsummer Eve, xi. 47 sq.;

rung to drive away witches, xi. 73

Beltana, in South Australia, first-born children destroyed among the tribes about, iv. 180

Beltane, the Celtic May Day, x. 146 sqq.;

popularly derived from Baal, x. 149 n. 1, 150 n. 1;

the need-fire at, x. 293;

the Yellow Day of, x. 293;

sheep passed through a hoop at, xi. 184

—— cakes, x. 148 sq., 150, 152, 153, 154, 155

—— carline, x. 148, 153

—— Eve (the Eve of May Day), precautions against witchcraft on, ii. 53;

a witching time, x. 295

—— fire, pretence of throwing a man into the, x. 148, xi. 25;

kindled by the friction of oak-wood, x. 148, 155, xi. 91

—— fires in Scotland, x. 146 sqq.;

in Wales, x. 155 sq.;

in Ireland, x. 157 sq.;

in Nottinghamshire, x. 157

—— and Hallowe'en the two chief fire-festivals of the British Celts, xi. 40 sq.

Belty, the parish of, sacred trees in, ii. 44

Ben Cruachan on Loch Awe, vii. 142

Ben-hadad, king of Damascus, v. 15

Benametapa, the king of, in East Africa, x. 135

Benares, the clod festival at, i. 279;

Hindoo gentleman worshipped as a god at, i. 404;

serpent in likeness of Brahman at, iv. 132

[pg 185]

Bendall, Professor C., v. 229 n. 1

Beneficent powers of tree-spirits, ii. 45 sqq.

Benefit of clergy, v. 68

Benefits conferred by magic, i. 218 sq.

Benfey, Th., on Buddhist animism, ii. 13;

on story of Pururavas and Urvasi, iv. 131

Bengal, rain-making in, i. 278, 283, 284 n.;

the Maghs of, ii. 38;

marriage ceremony at the digging of wells in, ii. 146;

the Oraons of, ii. 148, viii. 117;

mourners touch a coral ring in, iii. 315;

Bengalee women, their euphemisms for snakes and thieves, iii. 402;

kings of, their rule of succession, iv. 51;

the Oraons and Mundas of, v. 46, 240, xi. 311;

the Korwas of, vii. 123;

the Hos of, viii. 117;

seclusion of girls at puberty in, x. 68;

stories of the external soul in, xi. 101 sq., 102

Bengkali, East Indian island, swinging as a religious rite in, iv. 277 sq.

Bengweolo, Lake, in Central Africa, state governed by a queen near, ii. 277

Beni Ahsen, a tribe in Morocco, their Midsummer fires, x. 215 sq.;

their precaution at bathing on Midsummer Day, xi. 31

—— -Chougran tribe of North Africa, their rain-charm by means of a black cow, i. 290

—— Mgild, a Berber tribe of Morocco, their Midsummer fires, x. 215

—— Snous, the, of Morocco, their Midsummer rites, x. 216

Benin, belief as to twins in, i. 265;

rule as to the Queen-mother of, iii. 86;

ceremony at the reception of strangers in. iii. 108;

kings of, not allowed to quit their palace, iii. 123;

kings of, put their brothers to death, iii. 243;

human victims crucified at, v. 294 n. 3;

human sacrifices for the crops at, vii. 240;

festival of the new yams at, viii. 63 sq.;

time of the “grand devils” in, ix. 131 sq.

——, king of, worshipped as a god, i. 396, iii. 123;

represented with panther's whiskers, iv. 85 sq.;

human sacrifices at the burial of a, iv. 139 sq.

Bennett, George, on the placenta in New Zealand, i. 182 sq.

Bennisch district of Silesia, custom at threshing in the, vii. 148

Benomotapa, king of, his sacred fire, ii. 264

Benson, E. F., on May Day custom in Cornwall, ii. 52

Bent, J. Theodore, discovers ruins of Olba, v. 151;

identifies site of Hieropolis-Castabala, v. 168 n. 1;

on passing sick children through a cleft oak, xi. 172

Bentley, Richard, as to the soul on the lips, iii. 33 n. 3

Benue River, tributary of the Niger, the Jukos of the, iv. 34, viii. 160;

the Igbiras of the, viii. 115

Benvenuto Cellini, his alleged halo, ii. 197 n. 6

Benzoni, G., Italian historian, on Viracocchie, i. 57 n.

Bera Pennu, Earth Goddess of the Khonds, human sacrifices to, vii. 245

Berar, sacred groves in, ii. 41 sq.

Berawans of Sarawak, ceremony of adoption among the, i. 74 sq.

Berber belief as to water at Midsummer, xi. 31

—— tale, milk-tie in a, xi. 138 n. 1

Berbers of North Africa, the Barley Bride among the, vii. 178 sq.;

their Midsummer customs, x. 213 sqq., 219

Berecynthia, title of Cybele, v. 279 n. 4

Bérenger-Feraud, L. J. B., on the Festival of Fools, ix. 334 sq.

Berenice and Ptolemy, annual festival in their honour, vi. 35 n. 1

Bergell, in the Grisons, bells rung to make the grass grow at, ix. 247

Bergen, Midsummer bonfires at, x. 171

Bergkirchen, horse-races after harvest at, vii. 76

Bergslagshärad, in Sweden, the Yule Goat at, viii. 327

Bering Strait, the Esquimaux of, i. 9, 70, iii. 96, 205, 206, 228, 328, 371, 399, viii. 150, 247

Berkhampstead, in Hertfordshire, ague transferred to oaks at, ix. 57 sq.

Berkshire, May garlands in, ii. 60

Berleburg, in Westphalia, the Yule log at, x. 248

Berlin, fox's teeth as an amulet in, i. 180;

treatment of the navel-string in, i. 198;

curses for good luck in, i. 281;

insignia of royal family of Hawaii at, i. 388 n. 3;

the Ethnological Museum at, i. 388 n. 3, ix. 70 n. 1;

the divining-rod at, xi. 68

Bern, Midsummer fires in the canton of, x. 172;

the Yule log in the canton of, x. 249;

witches put to death in the canton of, xi. 42 n. 2

Bernara, the harvest Cailleach in, vii. 166

Berneck, in Upper Franken, custom at threshing at, vii. 148

Bernera, on the west of Lewis, customs as to the last corn cut in, vii. 140 sq.

Bernkastel, on the Moselle, the harvest Goat at, vii. 285

[pg 186]

Berosus, Babylonian historian, on the festival of the Sacaea, iv. 113 sq., vii. 258 sq., ix. 355, 358, 359

Berries, the first of the season, ceremonies before eating, viii. 80 sqq.

Berry, province of France, ceremony of “Sawing the Old Woman” in, iv. 241 sq.;

the calf at harvest in, vii. 292;

“seeing the Horse” at harvest in, vii. 294;

Lenten fire custom in, x. 115;

Midsummer fires in, x. 189;

the Yule log in, x. 251 sq.;

four-leaved clover at Midsummer in, xi. 63

Bertat, a people on the Blue Nile, their orgiastic annual festivals, iv. 16 n. 2

Berwickshire, kirn-dollies of last corn at harvest in, vii. 153 sq.

Bes, grotesque Egyptian god, ii. 133, v. 118 n. 1

Besbau, near Luckau, races after harvest at, vii. 76

Besisis of the Malay Peninsula, their dread of noon, iii. 87;

their carnival at rice-harvest, ix. 226 n. 1

Besoms placed crosswise at doors of cattle-stalls as a protection against witches, ii. 127

——, burning, hurled against witches, ix. 162;

flung aloft to make the corn grow high, x. 340;

used to drive away witches, xi. 74

Bessy, one of the mummers on Plough Monday, viii. 329, 331

Bethlehem, worship of Adonis at, v. 257 sqq.;

fertility of the neighbourhood of, v. 257 n. 3;

the Star of, v. 259, ix. 330;

new Easter fire carried to, x. 130 n.

Betimor, woman turned into crocodile, viii. 212

Betsileo, the, of Madagascar, attribute divine powers to their chiefs, i. 397;

lickers of blood and eaters of nail-parings among the, iii. 246;

their belief in serpents as reincarnations of the dead, v. 83;

offer the first-fruits of all crops to their king, viii. 116;

their belief in the transmigration of souls, viii. 289 sq.

“Between the two Beltane fires,” x. 149

Beul, fire of, need-fire, x. 293

Bevan, Professor A. A., on the Arab fire-drill, ii. 210 n.;

on magical knots, iii. 302 n. 4;

on the change of m to v in Semitic, ix. 367 n. 2;

on a passage of Tabari, xi. 83 n. 1

Beveridge, P., on the suppression of the names of the dead among the aborigines of New South Wales, iii. 363 sq.

Beverley, the Boy Bishop at, ix. 338

Beverley, on the initiatory rites of the Virginian Indians, xi. 266 sq.

Bewitched animals burnt alive, x. 300 sqq.;

buried alive, x. 324 sqq.

—— cow, mugwort applied to, xi. 59

—— things burnt to compel the witch to appear, x. 322

Bezoar stone in rain-charms, i. 305

Bghais, a Karen tribe of Burma, their annual festival of the dead, vi. 60 sq.

Bhâdon, Indian month, i. 279, v. 243

Bhagats, mock human sacrifices among the, iv. 217 sq.

Bhagavati, goddess, her shrine at Cranganore, i. 280

Bhairava, Hindoo goddess, image of, i. 65;

temple of, iv. 219

Bharbhunjas of the Central Provinces, India, marriage custom of the, vi. 262

Bharias of the Central Provinces, India, exchange of costume between men and women at marriage among the, vi. 260 sq.

Bhars of India, their use of a scapegoat in time of cholera, ix. 190

Bhils, the, of Central India, worship of the peacock among, viii. 29;

their torture of witches, xi. 159

Bhímsen or Bhím Deo, an Indian deity, viii. 118

Bhootan, the Dhurma Rajah in, i. 410;

heaps of stones or sticks in, ix. 12;

offerings at cairns in, ix. 26

Bhotiyas of Juhar, their use of a scapegoat, ix. 209

Bhuiyars of Mirzapur will not speak of monkeys or bears by their proper names in the morning, iii. 403;

their dread of menstrual pollution, x. 84

Bhuiyas, the, of North-Eastern India, ceremony at the installation of a rajah among the, iv. 56;

fire-walk among the, xi. 5 sq.

Bhujariya, festival in the Central Provinces of India, v. 242

Bhumiya, Himalayan deity, viii. 117, 118 n.

Bhut, demon, xi. 312

Bhutan, demons diverted into images of animals in, viii. 103

Biajas of Borneo, their annual expulsion of evils in a little ship, ix. 200

Biak, island of, precautions against strangers in, iii. 104

Bibili, island off New Guinea, the natives reputed to make wind, i. 322

Bidasari and the golden fish, Malay story of, xi. 147 sq., 220

Biddulph, J., on custom at wheat-sowing in Gilgit, ii. 50 sq.

Biennial cycle, vii. 87

—— festivals, vii. 14, 86

Biggar, “Burning out the Old Year” at ix. 165

[pg 187]

Bikol, in Luzon, demon exorcized by beating in, ix. 260

Bilaspur or Bilaspore, twirling spindles forbidden in, while men are in council, i. 114;

way of stopping rain in, i. 253 sq.;

iron as an amulet in, iii. 234 sq.;

women's hair unknotted at childbirth in, iii. 298;

temporary rajah in, iv. 154;

infant burial in, v. 94 sq.;

annual festival of the dead in, vi. 60;

new-born children placed in winnowing-fans in, vii. 6 sq.;

cairns to which passers-by add stones in, ix. 27 n. 4;

the Rajah of, food eaten out of his dead hand by a Brahman, ix. 44 sq.

Bilda, in Algeria, nails knocked into olive-tree as a cure at, ix. 60

Bilqula. See Bella Coola

Bima, in Celebes, sacred horse at, i. 364

——, a district of Sambawa, human foundation-sacrifices in, iii. 90 sq.

Bin-Thuan, the Chams of, ii. 28, viii. 56

Binbinga tribe of Northern Australia, burial customs of the, i. 102 sq.;

cannibalism among the, i. 106 sq.;

their rites of initiation, xi. 234 sq.;

initiation of medicine-man in the, xi. 239

Binder of last sheaf represents the Corn-mother, vii. 150, 253;

tied up in straw or corn-stalks, vii. 220, 221;

called the Beggar-man, vii. 231;

called the Wolf, vii. 273 sq.;

called Goat, vii. 283

Binders of corn, contests between, vii. 136, 137, 138, 218 sq., 220, 221, 222, 253

Binding up a cleft stick or tree a mode of barricading the road against a ghostly pursuer, xi. 176

Bingfield, the Borewell near, ii. 161

Binsenschneider, vii. 230 n. 5

Binuas of the Malay Peninsula use a special language in searching for camphor, iii. 405

Bion, the atheist, his attempts to avert death, ii. 191

Bion, Greek poet, on the scarlet anemone, v. 226 n. 1

Bir, a tribal hero of the Bhuiyas, xi. 6

Birbhum district of Bengal, rain-making in the, i. 278

Birch, a protection against witches, ii. 54;

crowns of, ii. 64;

leaves of, girl clad in, ii. 80;

used to kindle need-fire, x. 291

——, branches of, on Midsummer Day, x. 177, 196;

a protection against witchcraft, xi. 185

—— and plane, fire made by the friction of, x. 220

Birch, sprigs of, a protection against witches, ix. 162;

used to beat people with at Easter and Christmas, ix. 269, 270

—— -tree dressed in woman's clothes, ii. 64, 141

—— -trees used to keep off witches, ii. 54, 55, xi. 20 n.;

gout transferred to, ix. 56 sq.;

set up at Midsummer, x. 177;

mistletoe on, xi. 315

—— -wreath at Whitsuntide, girls kiss each other through a, ii. 93

Bird, Miss I. L., on the bear-festivals of the Ainos, viii. 184 n. 1

Bird, soul conceived as a, iii. 33 sqq., vii. 181, 182 n. 1;

soul of a tree in a, vi. 111 n. 1;

corn-spirit as a, vii. 295 sq.;

disease transferred to, xi. 187;

brings first fire to earth, xi. 295

—— called “the soul of Osiris,” vi. 110

—— -chief of the Sea Dyaks, ix. 383, 384

—— -lime made from mistletoe, xi. 317

—— of prey, inoculation with a, viii. 162

——, soul of the rice as a, vii. 182 n. 1

—— -wife, Dyak story of the, iv. 127 sq.;

Indian story of, iv. 131

Birds, ghosts of slain as, iii. 177 sq.;

cause headache through clipped hair, iii. 270 sq., 282;

absent warriors called, iii. 330;

burnt in honour of Artemis, v. 126 n. 2;

ancestral spirits in, viii. 123;

tongues of, eaten, viii. 147;

souls of dead in, viii. 296;

as scapegoats, ix. 35 sq., 51 sq.;

external souls in, xi. 104, 111, 119, 142, 144, 150;

carry seed of mistletoe, xi. 316

——, language of, learned by means of serpents, i. 158;

known to Indian king, iv. 123;

learned by eating serpent's flesh, viii. 146;

learned by tasting dragon's blood, viii. 146

——, migratory, as representatives of a divinity, vii. 204 sq.

—— of omen, stories of their origin, iv. 126, 127 sq.

——, white, souls of dead kings incarnate in, vi. 162

Birk, in Transylvania, the harvest Hare at, vii. 280

Birks, Rev. E. B., on harvest custom at Orwell, v. 237 n. 4

Birseck, Lenten fires at, x. 119

Birth of children, magical images to ensure the, i. 70 sqq.;

pretence of, at adoption, i. 74 sq.,

at return of supposed dead man, i. 75,

at circumcision, i. 75 sq.;

a man's fortune determined by the day or hour of his, i. 173;

from the fire, ii. 195 sqq.;

new [pg 188] fire kindled by friction of wood after a, ii. 239;

from a golden image, iii. 113;

of child on harvest-field, vii. 150 sq., 209.

See also Births and Miscarriage

Birth, new i. 74 sqq.;

of Brahman sacrificer, simulation of, i. 380 sq.;

through blood in rites of Attis, v. 274 sq.;

of Egyptian kings at the Sed festival, vi. 153, 155 sq.;

of novices at initiation, xi. 247, 251, 256, 257, 261

——, premature, iii. 213.

See Miscarriage

Birth-names of Central American Indians, xi. 214 n. 1

—— -trees in Africa, xi. 160 sqq.;

in Europe, xi. 165

Birthday, Greek custom of sacrificing to a dead man on his, i. 105;

celebration in China, i. 169

—— of the Sun at the winter solstice, v. 303 sqq., x. 246

Birthdays of Apollo and Artemis, i. 32

“Birthplace of Rainy Zeus,” ii. 360

Births, premature, how treated by the Akikuyu, iii. 286, 286 n. 6

Bisa chiefs reincarnated in pythons, iv. 193

—— woman, her mode of sowing bananas, vii. 115

Bisaltae, a Thracian tribe, sanctuary of Dionysus among the, vii. 5

Bisection of the year, Celtic, x. 223

Bishnois of the Punjaub, infant burial among the, v. 94

Bishop, Mrs., on cairns in Corea, ix. 11 n. 5;

on the belief in demons in Corea, ix. 99 sq.

Bishop, the Boy, on Holy Innocents' Day, ix. 336 sqq.

—— of Fools, ix. 312

—— of Innocents, ix. 333

Bismarck Archipelago, iv. 61;

magical powers ascribed to chiefs in the, i. 340;

magic practised on refuse of food in the, iii. 128 sq.;

reluctance to mention personal names in the, iii. 329;

the Melanesians of the, their belief in demons, ix. 83

Bisons, the resurrection of, viii. 256

Bissagos Islands, natives of, their sacrifices to sacred trees, ii. 16

—— Archipelago, precaution as to spittle in the, iii. 289

Bistritz district of Transylvania, belief as to quail in last corn in the, vii. 295

Bitch, the last sheaf called the, vii. 272

Bites of ants used as purificatory ceremony, iii. 105.

See Ants

Bithynia, Arrian of, ii. 126;

mournful song of reapers in, vii. 216

—— and Pontus, rapid spread of Christianity in, ix. 420 sq.

Bithynians invoke Attis, v. 282

Biting bark of tree as mode of transferring a malady, ix. 54, 55

—— a sword as a charm, i. 160

Biyârs, the, of North-Western India, their ceremony of “burning the old year,” ix. 230 n. 7

Bizya (modern Viza), capital of old Thracian kings, vii. 26, 30

Black, Dr. J. Sutherland, on the burning of Winter at Zurich, iv. 260 sq.

Black animals in rain-charms, i. 250, 290 sqq., ii. 367;

as scapegoats, ix. 190, 192, 193

—— bull sacrificed to the dead, iv. 95

—— cats, witches turn into, ii. 334

—— colour in magic, i. 83;

in rain-making ceremonies, i. 269 sq., iii. 154

—— Corrie of Ben Breck, the giant of, in an Argyleshire tale, xi. 129 sq.

—— Demeter, vii. 263

—— drink, an emetic, viii. 76

—— Forest, Midsummer fires in the, x. 168

—— goat-skin, in relation to Dionysus, vii. 17

—— god and white god among the Slavs, ix. 92

—— hair, homoeopathic charm to restore, i. 154

—— Isle, Ross-shire, x. 301

—— Mountains, in France, ix. 166;

story of sleeping witch in the, iii. 42

—— ox in magic, iii. 154;

bath of blood of, iv. 201

—— poplars, mistletoe on, xi. 316, 318 n. 6

—— ram sacrificed to Pelops, ii. 300, iv. 92, 104;

in magic, iii. 154

—— -snake clan of the Warramunga, v. 100

—— spauld, a disease of cattle, cure for, x. 325

—— three-legged horse ridden by witches, xi. 74

—— victims in rain-making, iii. 154;

sacrificed to the dead, iv. 92, 95

—— and white in relation to human scapegoats, ix. 220, 253, 257, 272