General Index (continued 12)

his way of prolonging his life, vi. 222 sq.

Monster supposed to swallow and disgorge novices at initiation, xi. 240 sq., 242

Mont des Fourches, in the Vosges, witch-hare at, x. 318

Montagne du Doubs, in Franche-Comté, bonfires on the Eve of Twelfth Night in the, ix. 316

Montaigne on ceremonial extinction of fires, x. 135 n. 2

Montalto, in Calabria, custom of “Sawing the Old Woman” at, iv. 241

Montanists, their view that the Creation took place at the spring equinox, v. 307 n. 2

Montanus, on the Yule log, x. 248

Montanus the Phrygian, claimed to be the incarnate Trinity, i. 407

Monteiro, Major, his expedition in South Africa, i. 393 n. 2

Montenegro, the Yule log in, x. 263

Montezuma, King of Mexico, worshipped as a god, i. 416;

not to be looked on by his subjects, iii. 121;

not allowed to set foot on ground, x. 2

Month during which men disguised as devils go about, ix. 132;

of general licence before expulsion of demons, ix. 148;

intercalary, ix. 342 sqq.

—— and moon, names for, in Aryan languages, ix. 325

Months, the Egyptian, table of, vi. 37 n.;

ancient Greek, lunar and therefore shifting in the solar year, vii. 52 sq., 82;

lunar, observed by savages, vii. 117, 125

Montols of Northern Nigeria, their belief [pg 376] in their sympathetic relation to snakes, xi. 209 sq.

Monumbos, the, of German New Guinea, uncleanness of man-slayers among the, iii. 169;

pregnant women do not use sharp instruments among, iii. 238;

their masked dances, ix. 382

Monyo, village of Burma, tamarind-tree worshipped at, ii. 46

Moon, Esquimau custom at the new, i. 121 sq.;

wives sing to the, in the absence of their husbands, i. 125;

ceremony at an eclipse of the, i. 311;

charm to hasten the, i. 319;

Diana conceived as the, ii. 128;

women pray to the moon for an easy delivery, ii. 128 n. 2;

woman chosen to represent the, ii. 146;

ceremonies at new, iii. 15;

represented by a cow, iv. 71 sq.;

myth of the setting and rising, iv. 73;

married to Endymion, iv. 90;

human victims sacrificed to the, v. 73, vii. 261;

albinoes thought to be the offspring of the, v. 91;

Osiris and the, vi. 129 sqq.;

popularly regarded as the cause of growth and decay, vi. 132, 138;

practical rules based on a theory of the influence of the, vi. 132 sqq., 140 sqq.;

popularly regarded as the source of dew and moisture, vi. 137 sq.;

worshipped by the agricultural Indians of tropical America, vi. 138 sq.;

viewed as the husband of the sun, vi. 139 n.;

Athenian superstition as to an eclipse of the, vi. 141;

children presented to the, vi. 144 sqq.;

thought to have a harmful influence on children, vi. 148;

the Greek calendar regulated by the, vii. 80;

Basutos attempt to reckon by the, vii. 117;

pigs sacrificed to the, viii. 25;

bodily ailments transferred to the, ix. 53 sq.;

the “dark” and the “light,” ix. 140, 141 n. 1;

temple of the, ix. 218;

hearts of human victims offered to the, ix. 282;

the goddess of the, personated by an actor or dancer, ix. 381;

impregnation of women by the, x. 75 sq.;

the sixth day of the, mistletoe cut on, x. 77;

the first day of the, mistletoe gathered on, x. 78;

the full, transformation of werewolves at, x. 314 n. 1;

reflected in Diana's Mirror, xi. 303

—— and Endymion, i. 18

——, the goddess of the, ix. 341, 381

——, the infant god, vi. 131, 153

—— and month, names for, in Aryan languages, ix. 325

——, the new, ceremonies at, vi. 141 sqq.;

dances at, vi. 142;

custom of showing money to, or turning it in the pocket, vi. 148 sq.

Moon and Sun, their marriage celebrated by the Blackfoot Indians, ii. 146 sq.;

mythical and dramatic marriage of the, iv. 71, 73 sq., 78, 87 sq., 90, 92, 105

——, the waning, theories to explain, vi. 130;

thought to be broken or eaten up, vi. 130;

rule that things should be cut or gathered at, vi. 133;

rule that timber should be felled at, vi. 133, 135 sq.;

cure for toothache at, ix. 60

Moon Being of the Omahas, vi. 256

—— -god conceived as masculine, v. 73;

inspiration by the, v. 73;

in ancient Babylonia, vi. 138 sq.

Mooney, James, on the belief of the North American Indians that their names are parts of themselves, iii. 318 sq.;

on want of discrimination between animals and men in Cherokee mythology, viii. 204 sq.;

on Cherokee ideas as to trees struck by lightning, xi. 29

Moonshine drunk as a medicine in India, vi. 144;

thought to be beneficial to children, vi. 144

Móooi, Tongan god who causes earthquakes, v. 201

Mooraba Gosseyn, a Brahman, incarnation of the elephant-headed god Gunputty, i. 405

Moore, G. F., on the burnt sacrifice of children, vi. 219 n. 1

Moore, Manx Surnames, quoted by Sir John Rhys, x. 306

Moors obliterate marks in sand from superstitious motives, i. 214

—— of Algiers, no fire in their houses after a death, ii. 268 n.

—— of Morocco, use boars to divert evil spirits, ix. 31;

their superstition as to the “sultan of the oleander,” x. 18

Moorunde tribe of Australia, the dead not named in the, iii. 358

Moosheim, in Wurtemberg, leaf-clad mummer at Midsummer festival at, xi. 26

Mopane country, South Africa, souls of dead chiefs supposed to transmigrateinto lions in the, viii. 287

Moquis of Arizona, their use of stone implements in religious ritual, iii. 228;

their theory of transmigration into their totemic animals, viii. 178;

their totem clans, viii. 178

Moral evolution, iii. 218 sq.

—— guilt regarded as a corporeal pollution, iii. 217 sq.

Morality developed out of taboo, iii. 213 sq.;

shifted from a natural to a supernatural [pg 377] basis, iii. 213 sq.;

survival of savage taboos in civilized, iii. 218 sq.

Morasas, the, of South India, sacrifice of finger-joints among the, iv. 219

Moravia, precautions against witches on Walpurgis Night among the Germans of, ii. 55, ix. 162;

custom observed by the Germans of, on Laetare Sunday, ii. 63;

“Meeting the Spring” in, ii. 333;

“Carrying out Death” in, iv. 238 sq., 249;

drama of Summer and Winter in, iv. 257 sq.;

the Feast of All Souls in, vi. 73;

harvest custom in, vii. 162;

the Wheat-Bride in, vii. 162;

the Shrovetide bear in, viii. 326 n. 1;

“Easter Smacks” in, ix. 268, 269;

fires to burn the witches in, x. 160;

Midsummer fires in, x. 175;

the divining-rod in, xi. 67

Moravian belief that serpents get their poison annually on St. George's Day, ii. 344 n. 4

Moravians cull simples at Midsummer, xi. 49, 54

—— of Silesia, their custom of “Carrying out Death,” iv. 237

Moray Firth, disappearance of herring in the, viii. 251

Morayshire, remedy for a murrain in, x. 326;

medical use of mistletoe in, xi. 84

Morbihan in Brittany, mistletoe hung over the doors of stables and byres at, xi. 287

Morbus regius, jaundice, i. 371 n. 4

Mordecai, his name equivalent to Marduk or Merodach, ix. 365;

his triumphal ride in Susa, ix. 403

—— and Esther equivalent to Marduk and Ishtar, ix. 405;

the duplicates of Haman and Vashti, ix. 405 sq.

—— and Haman, ix. 364 sqq.;

as temporary kings, ix. 400 sq.

Moresby, Captain John, his reception in Shepherd's Isle, iii. 104 sq.

Moresin, Thomas, on St. Peter's fires in Scotland, x. 207

Moret, Alexandre, on the divinity of Egyptian kings, i. 418 sq.;

on assimilation of Egyptian kings to gods, ii. 134 n. 1;

on Amenophis IV., vi. 123 n. 1;

on the Sed festival, vi. 155 sq.

Morgan, L. H., as to Otawa totems, viii. 225 n. 1

Morgan, Professor M. H., on an ancient Greek mode of making fire, ii. 207 n. 1

Mori, a district of Central Celebes, belief of the natives as to a spirit in the moon, vi. 139 n.

Mori clan of the Bhils in Central India, their totem the peacock, viii. 29

Moriah, Mount, traditionally identified with Mount Zion, vi. 219 n. 1

Morice, Father A. G., on the seclusion- of menstruous women among the Tinneh Indians, iii. 146 sq.;

on customs and beliefs of the Carrier Indians as to menstruous women, x. 91 sqq.;

on the honorific totems of the Carrier Indians, xi. 273 sqq.

Morlaks, the Yule log among the, x. 264

Morlanwelz, in Belgium, bonfires on the first Sunday in Lent at, x. 107

Morning, certain animals not to be named in the, iii. 402

Morning Star, the, appearance of, perhaps the signal for the festival of Adonis, v. 258 sq.;

human sacrifice at sowing enjoined by the, vii. 238;

named in Nias, vii. 315;

personated by a man in a dance or dramatic ceremony, ix. 238, 381;

the god of the, ix. 381;

girl at puberty bathes at the rising of the, x. 40;

the rising of the, the signal for kindling new fire at the winter solstice, x. 133

Morocco, magic use of a fowl or pigeon in, i. 151;

artificial fertilization of fig-trees in, ii. 314;

iron used as a protection against demons in, iii. 233;

disposal of cut hair in, iii. 275;

nail-parings preserved for the resurrection in, iii. 280;

annual temporary king in, iv. 152 sq.;

custom of prostitution in an Arab tribe in, v. 39 n. 3;

live goats torn to pieces and devoured by a religious sect in, vii. 21;

the Barley Bride in, vii. 178 sq.;

homoeopathic magic of flesh diet in, viii. 147;

sticks or stones piled on scenes of violent death in, ix. 15;

cairns near Azemmour in, ix. 21;

boars used to divert evil spirits in, ix. 31;

devils nailed into a wall in, ix. 63;

the tug-of-war in, ix. 178 sq., 182;

games of ball played in, to procure rain or sunshine, ix. 179 sq.;

custom of beating people for their good in, ix. 265, 266;

magical virtue ascribed to rainwater in, x. 17 sq.;

Midsummer fires in, x. 213 sqq.;

water thought to acquire marvellous virtue at Midsummer in, xi. 30 sq.;

magical plants gathered at Midsummer in, xi. 51

Morris-dancers, ix. 250 sq.

Morrison, Rev. C. W., on belief of Australian aborigines as to childbirth, v. 103 n. 3

Mortality, savage explanations of human, ix. 302 sqq.

—— of the gods, iv. 1 sqq.

Mortlock Islanders, their belief in spirits, ix. 82

Moru tribe of Central Africa, viii. 314.

See Madi

Morven, x. 290;

consumptive people [pg 378] passed through rifted rocks in, xi. 186 sq.

Mosaic law forbids interchange of dress between men and women, ix. 363

—— laws, their similarity to savage customs, iii. 219 n. 1

Mosbach, in Bavaria, the last sheaf called Goat at, vii. 283

Moschus on Europa and the bull, iv. 73 n. 1

Moscow, annual new fire in villages near, x. 139

Moselle, the Treveri on the, ii. 126 n. 2;

the Fox in the corn in the department of the, vii. 296;

bonfires on the, x. 109;

Konz on the, x. 118, 163 sq.

Moses, the tomb of, ix. 21;

on the uncleanness of women at menstruation, x. 95 sq.

Moslem custom of raising cairns, ix. 21

Mosquito Indians of Central America preserve bones of deer and shells of eggs, viii. 258 n. 2

—— -makers, magicians in Tana, i. 341

—— territory, Central America, seclusion of menstruous women in the, x. 86

Moss, W., iv. 284 n. 4

Mossos of China, their annual expulsion of demons, ix. 139

Mostar, in Herzegovina, custom observed by bride at, ii. 230 sq.

Mostene in Lydia, double-headed axe at, v. 183 n.

Mosul, the “Mother of the Grape-cluster” at, iv. 8;

cure for headache at, ix. 64

Mosyni or Mosynoeci, in Pontus, kept their king in close custody, iii. 124

Mota, in the New Hebrides, belief as to conception in women in, v. 97 sq.;

conception of the external soul in, xi. 197 sq.

“Mother” and “Father” as epithets applied to Roman goddesses and gods, vi. 233 sqq.

“Mother of the Clan” in the Pelew Islands, vi. 205, 206

Mother, dead, worshipped, vi. 175, 185

—— of a god, v. 51, 52

—— of the gods, Attis associated with the, i. 21, v. 266;

the Phrygian, her worship adopted by the Romans, v. 265;

first-fruits offered in Thera to the, v. 280 n. 1;

popularity of her worship in the Roman Empire, v. 298 sq.;

Mexican goddess, ix. 289;

woman annually sacrificed in the character of the, ix. 289 sq.

—— or Grandmother of Ghosts at Rome, viii. 94, 96, 107

—— of the Grape-cluster, iv. 8

——, the Great, Cybele, at Rome, v. 280;

name given to the last sheaf, vii. 135 sq.

“—— of Kings,” in Central African kingdom, ii. 277

—— of the Maize, among the Indians of Peru, vii. 172 sqq.

—— of the Rain, at a rain-making ceremony among the Arabs of Moab, i. 276

—— of the Rice, in Sumatra and Celebes, vii. 191 sqq.

Mother-corn, name given to last sheaf threshed, vii. 147

—— -cotton in the Punjaub, vii. 178

—— Earth prayed to for rain, i. 283;

festival in her honour in Bengal, v. 90;

fertilized by Father Sky, myth of, v. 282;

sickness caused by, viii. 105

—— Goddess of Western Asia, sacred prostitution in the worship of the, v. 36;

lions as her emblems, v. 137, 164;

her eunuch priests, v. 206;

of Phrygia conceived as a Virgin Mother, v. 281

—— -kin, the system of tracing relationship through women, ii. 271, iii. 333;

in succession to Roman kingship, ii. 271;

among the Aryans, ii. 283 sqq.;

superiority of maternal uncle to father under mother-kin, ii. 285;

succession in royal houses with, v. 44;

trace of, at Rome and Nemi, v. 45;

among the Khasis of Assam, v. 46, vi. 202 sqq.;

among the Hittites, traces of, vi. 141 sq.;

and Mother Goddesses, vi. 201 sqq., 212 sqq.;

and father-kin, vi. 202, 261 n. 3;

favours the superiority of goddesses over gods in religion, vi. 202 sqq., 211 sq.;

among the Pelew Islanders, vi. 204 sqq.;

does not imply that government is in the hands of women, vi. 208 sqq.;

among the Melanesians, vi. 211;

in Africa, vi. 211;

in Lycia, vi. 212 sq.;

in ancient Egypt, vi. 213 sqq.;

traces of, in Lydia and Cos, vi. 259;

favours the development of goddesses, vi. 259;

in royal families, ix. 368 n. 1

See also Female kinship

—— -in-law, the savage's dread of his, iii. 83 sqq.;

her name not to be mentioned by her son-in-law, iii. 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346

—— Plastene on Mount Sipylus, v. 185

—— -seed, among the Malays, vii. 198

—— -sheaf, in Brittany, vii. 135, 209

“Mother's Air,” a tune on the flute, v. 288

Mother's brother preferred to father, mark of mother-kin, ii. 285

Mothers, African kings forbidden to see [pg 379] their, iii. 86;

named after their children, iii. 332, 333, 339

Motherwort, garlands of, at Midsummer, x. 162

Motlav, recall of lost souls in, iii. 56;

belief as to conception in women in, v. 98.

Motu of New Guinea, their way of detaining the sun, i. 317;

taboos observed for the sake of the crops among the, ii. 106;

tabooed persons not allowed to handle food among the, iii. 141;

chastity of hunters and fishers among the, iii. 192;

hunters and fishers regarded as holy among the, iii. 196;

continence observed by them before and during a trading voyage, iii. 203 sq.;

unwilling to tell their names, iii. 329

Motumotu or Toaripi of New Guinea, magical telepathy among the, i. 125;

their way of detaining the sun, i. 317;

think that storms are sent by a sorcerer, i. 326 sq.;

sorcerers as chiefs among the, i. 337;

their belief as to reflections in a mirror, iii. 92;

taboos observed by manslayers among the, iii. 167;

continence before fishing or hunting among the, iii. 196;

unwilling to tell their names, iii. 329;

homoeopathic magic of a flesh diet among the, viii. 145.

See also Toaripi

Moulin, parish of, in Perthshire, Hallowe'en fires in, x. 230

Moulins-Engilbert, spring of St. Gervais near, i. 307

Moulton, Professor J. H., iv. 124 n. 1;

on the etymology of Quirinus, ii. 182 n. 2;

on the relation of the Italian and Celtic languages, ii. 189 n. 3;

on the etymology of Flamen, ii. 247 n. 5;

on proposed etymologies of Demeter, vii. 41 n., 131 n. 4;

on the Twelve Days, ix. 325 n. 3;

on the proposed identification of Haman and Hammedatha with two Persian archangels, ix. 373 n. 1;

on the etymology of Soranus, xi. 15 n. 1

Mounds of Semiramis, ix. 370, 371, 373

——, sepulchral, iv. 93, 96, 100, 104

Mountain of Parting, in Mexico, ix. 279

Mountain arnica gathered at Midsummer, xi. 57 sq.;

a protection against thunder, lightning, hail, and conflagration, xi. 58

—— -ash, a protection against witches, ii. 53;

pastoral crook cut from a, ii. 331;

parasitic, used to make the divining rod, xi. 69;

mistletoe on, xi. 315.

See also Rowan

—— scaur, external soul in, xi. 156

Mountains, first berries of the season offered to the, viii. 133 sq.

Mourne Mountains, x. 159

Mourners, customs observed by, iii. 31 sq., 159 n., 315;

plug their nostrils, iii. 32;

tabooed, iii. 138 sqq., x. 20;

refrain from scratching their heads with their fingers, iii. 159 n.;

heads of, smeared with mud or clay, iii. 182 n. 2;

taboos observed by, in India, iii. 235 sq.;

hair and nails of, cut at end of mourning, iii. 285 sq.;

touch coral rings as a form of purification, iii. 315;

shave their heads in order to escape recognition by the ghost, iii. 357 sq.;

rub themselves with the juices of the dead, viii. 163;

drink the juices of the dead, viii. 163 n. 3;

the purification of, intended to protect them against the spirits of the dead, ix. 105 n. 1;

whip themselves at a funeral to keep off evil spirits, ix. 260 sq.;

wear special caps, x. 20;

pass over fire as a purification after a funeral, xi. 17, 18;

customs observed by, among the Bella Coola Indians, xi. 174

Mournful character of the rites of sowing vi. 40 sqq.

Mourning of slayers for the slain, iii. 181;

for a dead whale, iii. 223;

for Tammuz, v. 9 sqq., 230;

for Adonis, v. 224 sq., 226 sq.;

of Egyptian reapers, v. 232, vi. 45, 117;

for Attis, v. 272;

for Osiris, vi. 12;

for the corn-god at Midsummer, vi. 34;

for the Old Woman of the Corn, vi. 47;

at cutting wood of sacred tree, vi. 47 sq.;

of Demeter for the descent of Persephone at the time of the autumn sowing, vii. 46;

pretended, for insects that destroy the crops, viii. 279 sq.;

the great, for Isfendiyar, x. 105.

See also Lamentations and Laments

Mourning costume of men in Lycia, vi. 264;

perhaps a mode of deceiving the ghost, vi. 264

Mouse, soul in form of, iii. 37, 39 n. 1.

See also Mice

Mouse Apollo, viii. 282 sq.

Mouse-ear hawkweed (Hieracium pilosella) gathered at Midsummer, xi. 57

Mouse's head hung round child's neck at teething, i. 180

Mouth closed to prevent escape of soul, iii. 31, 33, 71;

soul in the, iii. 33;

spirits supposed to enter the body through the, iii. 116;

covered to prevent entrance of demons, etc., iii. 122;

of the dead, Egyptian ceremony of opening the, vi. 15;

of dead fox tied up, viii. 267

[pg 380]

Movement of thought from magic through religion to science, xi. 304 sq.

Movers, F. C., on the Sacaea, ix. 368, 387, 388, 391, 401

Mowat, in British New Guinea, magical powers of chief at, i. 338;

continence observed during the turtle season at, iii. 192;

boys beaten at, to make them strong, ix. 265

Moxos Indians of Bolivia, magical telepathy among the, i. 123

Moylar, male children of sacred prostitutes in Southern India, v. 63

Mozcas. See Chibchas

Mpongwe of the Gaboon, woman's share in agriculture among the, vii. 119

Mpongwe kings of the Gaboon, buried secretly, vi. 104

Mrus, the, of Aracan, their custom of placing grass on a pile, ix. 12 n. 1

Muata Jamwo, a potentate of Angola, lights a new fire on his accession, ii. 262;

not to be seen eating or drinking, iii. 118;

precaution as to his spittle, iii. 290

Mucelis of Angola, all fires among them extinguished on king's death, ii. 262

Mud, rain-makers smear themselves with, i. 350;

smeared on feet of bed of Flamen Dialis, iii. 14;

plastered on heads of man-slayers, iii. 182;

on heads of women in mourning, iii. 182 n. 2

Muganda (singular of Baganda, plural), viii. 231

Mugema, the earl of Busiro, vi. 168

Müglitz, in Moravia, the Wheat Bride at reaping at, vii. 162

Mugumu or Mugomo, a species of fig-tree revered by the Akikuyu, ii. 42

Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris), in magic, i. 209;

wreaths of, at Midsummer, x. 163, 165, 174;

a preventive of sore eyes, x. 174;

a preservative against witchcraft, x. 177;

gathered on Midsummer Day or Eve, xi. 58 sqq.;

a protection against thunder, ghosts, magic, and witchcraft, xi. 59 sq.;

thrown into the Midsummer fires, xi. 59;

used in exorcism, xi. 60

Mühlbach, in Transylvania, trial of witch at, iii. 39

Mukasa, god of the Victoria Nyanza Lake, worshipped by the Baganda, ii. 150;

provided with human wives, ii. 150;

probably a dead man, vi. 196 sq.;

gives oracles through a woman, vi. 257;

fish offered to, viii. 253

Mukuru, an ancestor (plural Ovakuru, ancestors), among the Herero, vi. 185 sq.

Mukylcin, the Earth-wife, among the Wotyaks, ii. 146

Mulai Rasheed II., Sultan of Morocco, iv. 153

Mule, asthma transferred to a, ix. 50

Mules excluded from sanctuary of Alectrona, viii. 45

Mulgarradocks, medicine-men in South-western Australia, i. 336

Mull, the island of, the harvest Maiden in, vii. 155, 166;

the need-fire in, x. 148, 289 sq.;

the Beltane cake in, x. 149;

remedy for cattle-disease in, x. 325;

consumptive people passed through rifted rocks in, xi. 186 sq.

Mullein, sprigs of, passed across Midsummer fires protect cattle against sickness and sorcery, x. 190;

bunches of, passed across Midsummer fires and fastened on cattle-shed, x. 191;

yellow (Verbascum), gathered at Midsummer, xi. 63 sq.;

yellow hoary (Verbascum pulverulentum), its golden pyramid of blooms, xi. 64;

great (Verbascum thapsus), called King's Candle or High Taper, xi. 64

Müller, K. O., on a custom of the Spartan kingship, iv. 59;

on the eight years' cycle in ancient Greece, iv. 69 n. 1;

on octennial celebration of Olympic festival, iv. 90;

on mitigation of human sacrifice, iv. 165 n. 1, 166 n. 1;

on Sandan, ix. 389 sq.

Müller, F. Max, and the Rosy Dawn, i. 333 sq.

Müller, Professor W. Max, on Hittite name for god, v. 148 n.

Mulongo, “twin,” term applied by the Baganda to the navel-string, i. 195, 196

Mulungu, spirits of the dead, among the Yaos, viii. 111 sq.

Mumbo Jumbos, iv. 178

Mummers dressed in leaves, branches, and flowers, ii. 74 sqq., 78 sqq.;

the Whitsuntide, iv. 205 sqq.;

at Hallowe'en in the Isle of Man, x. 224.

See also Maskers

Mundaris, of Assam, their sacred groves, ii. 39, 46, 47;

their annual saturnalia at harvest, ix. 137

Mundas of Bengal, marriage to trees among the, ii. 57;

gardens of Adonis among the, v. 240

Mungarai, Australian tribe, their belief in the reincarnation of the dead, v. 101

Muni, or Rishi Agastya, figure of, in ceremony to stop rain, i. 296

Munich, annual expulsion of the devil at, ix. 214 sq.

Munro, Dr. R., on crannogs, ii. 352

[pg 381]

Munster, rain-producing fountain in, i. 301;

dearth in, attributed to king's incest, ii. 116;

taboos observed by the ancient kings of, iii. 11;

tax on fires paid to the king of, x. 139;

Midsummer fires in, x. 203

Münsterberg, precautions against witches in, xi. 20 n.

Münsterland, Easter fires in, x. 141;

the Yule log in, x. 247

Munychian Artemis, iv. 166 n. 1

See Artemis

Munzerabad, district of South India, expulsion of the demon of cholera or smallpox in, ix. 172

Münzesheim, in Baden, the Corn-goat at harvest at, vii. 283

Muota Valley in Switzerland, custom observed on Twelfth Night in the, ix. 166

Mura-muras, the remote predecessors of the Dieri, appealed to for rain, i. 255 sq.

Muralug, dread of women at menstruation in, x. 78

Murder, heaps of sticks or stones on scenes of, ix. 15

—— of children to secure their rebirth in barren women, v. 95

Murderer, fire of oak-wood used to detect a, xi. 92 n. 4

Murderers, taboos imposed on, iii. 187 sq.;

their bodies destroyed, iv. 11

Murli, female devotee, in Mahratta, v. 62

Murom, district of Russia, the “Funeral of Kostroma” in, iv. 262

Murrain, brazen oxen, a talisman against, viii. 281;

need-fire kindled as a remedy for, x. 278, 282, 290 sqq.;

burnt sacrifices to stay a, in England, Wales, and Scotland, x. 300 sqq.;

calf burnt alive to stop a, x. 300 sq.;

cattle buried to stop a, x. 326.

See also Cattle disease

Murrams, the, of Manipur, foods tabooed to chief of, iii. 292

Murray, Sir James, on kern or kirn, vii. 151 n. 3

Murray, Miss Margaret A., on human sacrifices to Osiris, vii. 260 sq.

Murray, the country of, Beltane fires in, x. 154 n. 1

Murray Island, in Torres Straits, ceremony to raise the wind in, i. 322

—— Islands, in Torres Straits, the fire-drill in the, ii. 209

—— River, in Australia, tribes of the Lower, avoid mentioning the names of the dead, iii. 351;

namesakes of the dead change their names among the tribes of the Lower, iii. 355;

wild yams on the, vii. 127;

natives of the, their dread of menstruous women, x. 77;

novices slain and resuscitated by Thrumalun on the, xi. 233

Murring tribe of New South Wales, their custom as to extracted teeth, i. 176

Muses at the marriage of Cadmus and Harmonia, iv. 89

Music as a means of prophetic inspiration, v. 52 sq., 54 sq., 74;

and religion, v. 53 sq.;

in exorcism, v. 54 sq.

Muskau, in Lausitz, marriage oaks at, xi. 165

Muskoghees eat the hearts of foes to make themselves brave, viii. 150

Musquakie Indians, infant burial among the, v. 91 n. 3

Mutch, Captain J. S., on the dramatic contest between Summer and Winter among the Esquimaux, iv. 259 n. 1

Mutilation of the images of Hermes at Athens, iii. 75;

of dead bodies of kings, chiefs, and magicians, vi. 103 sqq.;

of dead magicians to prevent their souls from becoming dangerous ghosts, vi. 188;

of dead men intended to disable their ghosts, viii. 271 sqq.;

of ox, magical equivalent to mutilation of enemy, viii. 271

Muysca Indians of Colombia not allowed to look at their chiefs, iii. 121

Muyscas, the, of New Granada, their way of procuring rain, i. 303 sq.

See Chibchas

Muzaffarpur, district in India, rain-charm by means of frogs in, i. 293 sq.

Muzimbas or Zimbas, of South-East Africa, worship their king as a god, i. 392

Muzimos, spirits of the dead, among the Maraves, viii. 111

Muzimu, the human spirit or soul, among the Winamwanga, viii. 112 n. 3

Muzzaffarnagar, in the Punjaub, ceremony for stopping rain at, i. 296

Mwamba, chief of the Wemba, swallowed the ashes of his victims to avert their furies, viii. 158

Mwanga, king of the Baganda, converted to Christianity, ii. 150

Mycenae, golden lamb of, i. 365;

royal graves at, v. 33, 34;

shield of Euphorbus at, viii. 300

Mycenaean age of Greece, v. 34

Myconus, sacrifices to Subterranean Zeus and Subterranean Earth at, vii. 66

Mylasa in Caria, v. 182 n. 4

Mylitta, Babylonian goddess, ix. 372 n. 2, 390;

sacred prostitution in her worship, v. 36, 37 n. 1

Myndus, in Asia Minor, rain-making pebbles at, i. 305

Myres, Professor J. L., on the season of threshing in Greece, vii. 62 n. 5

[pg 382]

Myrrh or Myrrha, the mother of Adonis, v. 43, 227 sq.

Myrrh-tree, Adonis born of a, v. 227, vi. 110

Myrtle-tree with pierced leaves at Troezen, i. 25

—— -trees of the Patricians and Plebeians at Rome, xi. 168

Myrtles of Latium, ii. 188

Mysore in Southern India, rain-making in, i. 285;

mimic rite of circumcision in, iv. 220;

sacred women in, v. 62 n.;

the Komatis of, v. 81 sq.;

Munzerabad in, ix. 172

Mysteries as magical ceremonies, ix. 374

—— of Attis, v. 274 sq.

—— of Dionysus, vii. 15

——, Eleusinian, ii. 138 sq., vii. 35, 37 sqq., 65 sqq., 69 sq., 78 sq., 111, 161 sq., 188;

founded by Demeter, vii. 37;

the myth of Demeter and Persephone acted at the, vii. 39, 66;

the Great, their date, vii. 51 sqq.;

instituted by Eumolpus, vii. 70;

associated with belief in immortality, vii. 90 sq.;

designed to promote the growth of the corn, vii. 110 sq.

See also Eleusinian Mysteries

——, Greek, bull-roarers swung at, vii. 110

—— at Mantinea, vii. 46 n. 2

—— of Sabazius, v. 90 n. 4

Myth of Adonis, v. 1 sqq.;

and ritual of Attis, v. 263 sqq.;

myth of Demeter and Persephone, vii. 35 sqq.;

myth less constant than custom, viii. 40

Mythical beings represented by men and women, ix. 385 sq.

Mythologists, two rival schools of, their views not necessarily exclusive of each other, ix. 385 sq.

Mythology, Roman, vi. 235

Myths explanatory of festivals, ii. 142 sq.;

supposed to originate in verbal misapprehensions or a disease of language, vi. 42;

in relation to magic, ix. 374;

performed dramatically in dances, ix. 375 sqq.;

dramatized in ritual, x. 105

—— of creation, iv. 106 sqq.

—— of gods and spirits to be told only in spring and summer, iii. 384;

not to be told by day, iii. 384 sq.;

to be told only in winter, iii. 385 sq.

——, Italian, of kings or heroes begotten by the fire-god, vi. 235

—— of the origin of death, ix. 302 sqq.

Mytilene, titular kings at, i. 45, 46 n. 4

Na Ivilankata, a Fijian clan, members of, walk over oven of hot stones, xi. 10

Naaburg, in Bavaria, custom at sowing at, v. 239

“Naaman, wounds of the,” Arab name for the scarlet anemone, v. 226

Nabataeans, Agriculture of the, ii. 100

Nabopolassar, king of Babylon, v. 174

Nabu, a Babylonian god, ix. 358 n.;

marriage of, ii. 130;

his temple in Borsippa, iv. 110

Nága, serpent god, v. 81

Naga-padoha, the agent of earthquakes, among the Battas, v. 200

—— tribes of Manipur, their belief as to the state of the spirits of the dead, iv. 11

Nagas, demi-gods, concerned in the production of rain, i. 294

—— of Assam, their burial custom, viii. 100;

believe that the dead are reborn as butterflies or flies, viii. 290 sq.;

the tug-of-war among the, ix. 177;

their ceremony of the new fire, x. 136

—— of the Mahabharata, i. 383 n. 4

Nagin, “wives of the snake,” in Behar, ii. 149

Nagir, island of Torres Straits, mode of imparting courage in, viii. 153

Nagpur, the cobra the crest of the Maharajah of, iv. 132 sq.;

story of the type of Beauty and the Beast told in, iv. 132 sq.

Nagual, external soul, among the Indians of Guatemala and Honduras, xi. 212 sqq., 220, 226 n. 1

Nahak, rubbish used in magic, in Tana, i. 341

Nahals, the, a forest tribe of the Central Provinces in India, their worship of trees, viii. 119

Nahanarvals, German tribe, priest dressed as a woman among the, vi. 259

Nahr Ibrahim, the river Adonis, v. 14, 28

Nahum, the prophet, on Nineveh, ix. 390

Nahuntí, an Elamite goddess, ix. 369 n. 1

Nahuqua Indians of Brazil, their use of bull-roarers, xi. 230

Nail of coffin in magic, i. 210, 211

Nail-parings swallowed, iii. 246.

See also Nails

Nails, golden or silver, driven into a sacred tree, ii. 36;

knocked into trees, walls, etc., ii. 42, 76, ix. 56 sqq.;

knocked into doors to keep out witches, ii. 339 sq.;

used as charms against fairies, demons, and ghosts, iii. 233, 234, 236;

knocked as a solemn ceremony by the highest magistrate at Rome, ix. 64 sqq.;

annually knocked into walls to record the years, ix. 67, 67 n. 2;

knocked into ground as cure for [pg 383] epilepsy, ix. 68, 330;

knocked into idols or fetishes, ix. 69 sq.

Nails, pegs, or pins knocked into images, i. 61, 64, 65, 68, 69

Nails, parings of, used in magic, i. 57, 64, 65, 66;

of father of twins not to be cut for a time, ii. 102;

of owners of silk-worms not to be cut for a time, iii. 194;

parings of, swallowed by attendants, iii. 246;

of children not pared, iii. 262 sq.;

parings of, swallowed by treaty-makers, iii. 274;

clippings of, in popular cures, ix. 68 n. 2

—— and hair, cut, disposal of, iii. 267 sqq.;

as rain-charms, iii. 271, 272;

deposited in sacred places, iii. 274 sqq.;

stowed away in any secret place, iii. 276 sqq.;

kept for use at the resurrection, iii. 279 sqq.;

burnt to prevent them from falling into the hands of sorcerers, iii. 281 sqq.;

in popular cures, ix. 57, 58

—— and teeth of sacred kings preserved as amulets, ii. 6

Nakedness of women in rain-charms, i. 248, 282, 283

Nakelo tribe in Fiji, custom at burial of chief in the, iii. 29

Nakiza, the river, worshipped by the Baganda, ix. 27

Namal tribe of West Australia, their belief as to birth of children, v. 105

Namaquas, their fear of falling stars, iv. 61;

their belief in the homoeopathic magic of a flesh diet, viii. 141

Nambutiris of Malabar, their use of magical images, i. 64

Name, the personal, regarded as a vital part of the man, iii. 318 sqq.;

identified with the soul, iii. 319;

the same, not to be borne by two living persons, iii. 370;

changed as a cure for ill health, iv. 158

Names of kings changed in time of drought, i. 355;

of common objects changed when they coincide more or less with the names of relations, iii. 335, 336, 337, 339, 339 sq., 340, 341, 345, 346;

of relations tabooed, iii. 335 sqq.;

changed to deceive ghosts, iii. 354 sqq.;

of common objects changed when they are the names of the dead, iii. 358 sqq., 375, or the names of chiefs and kings, iii. 375, 376 sqq.;

of ancestors bestowed on their reincarnations, iii. 368 sq.;

of kings and chiefs tabooed, iii. 374 sqq.;

of supernatural beings tabooed, iii. 384 sqq.;

of gods tabooed, iii. 387 sqq.;

of spirits and gods, magical virtue of, iii. 389 sqq.;

of Roman gods not to be mentioned, iii. 391 n. 1;

lucky, iii. 391 n. 1;

of dangerous animals not to be mentioned, iii. 396 sqq.;

conventional, for common objects on long and perilous journeys, iii. 404 n. 3;

royal, signifying relation to deity, v. 15 sqq.;

Semitic personal, indicating relationship to a deity, v. 51;

Hebrew, ending in -el or -iah, v. 79 n. 3;

on chimney-piece, divination by, x. 237;

of savages kept secret, xi. 224 n. 2

Names of the dead tabooed, iii. 349 sqq.;

not borne by the living, iii. 354;

revived after a time, iii. 365 sqq.

——, new, given to the sick and old, iii. 319;

taken by novices at initiation, iii. 320, 383, xi. 259

——, personal, tabooed, iii. 318 sqq.;

kept secret from fear of magic, iii. 320 sqq.;

different in summer and winter, iii. 386

Namesakes of the dead change their names to avoid attracting the attention of the ghost, iii. 355 sqq.;

of deceased persons regarded as their reincarnations, iii. 365 sqq.

Naming the dead a serious crime, iii. 352, 354;

of children, solemnities at the, connected with belief in the reincarnation of ancestors in their namesakes, iii. 372

Namoluk, one of the Caroline Islands, traditionary origin of fire in, xi. 295

Namosi, in Fiji, human sacrifice at cutting a chief's hair in, iii. 264

Namuci and Indra, legend of, xi. 280

Namur, Lenten fires in, x. 108

Nana, mother of Attis, v. 263, 269, 281

Nana or Nanaea, goddess of Elymais, i. 37 n. 2

Nandi of British East Africa, power of medicine-men among the, i. 344;

their custom as to an unchaste girl, ii. 112;

their fire-drill, ii. 210;

taboos observed by those who have handled the dead among the, iii. 141;

purification of man-slayers among the, iii. 175;

their use of shorn hair as hostage for a prisoner, iii. 273;

their use of magic knots on a journey, iii. 310;

names of absent warriors not mentioned among the, iii. 330;

reluctant to name the dead, iii. 353;

certain words tabooed to warriors among the, iii. 401;

their belief as to stepping over things, iii. 423;

their belief in serpents as reincarnations of the dead, v. 82, 85;

their ceremony at the ripening of the eleusine grain, vi. 47;

boys dressed as women and girls dressed as men at circumcision among the, vi. 263;

woman's share in agriculture among the, vii. 117;

their observation of the Pleiades, vii. 317;

their ceremonies at eating the new eleusine grain, viii. 64;

warriors eat hearts of foes to become brave among the, viii. 149;

man-slayers drink the blood of their enemies among the, viii. 155;

their custom of driving sick cattle round a fire, xi. 13;

use of bull-roarers among the, xi. 229 n.

Nanga, sacred enclosure in Fiji, viii. 125, xi. 243, 244

Nanja spots, local totem centres in Central Australia, i. 96, 97;

trees, haunted by disembodied spirits, i. 96

Nanjundayya, H. V., on serpent worship in Mysore, v. 81 sq.

Nanna, the wife of Balder, x. 102, 103

Nanny, a Yorkshire witch, x. 317

Nanumea, island of, precautions against strangers in, iii. 102 sq.

Naples, custom observed by boys on the first Sunday of April at, iv. 241;

grotto del cani at, v. 205 n. 1;

custom of bathing on St. John's Eve at, v. 246;

protected against flies and grasshoppers, viii. 281;

feast of the Nativity of the Virgin at, x. 220 sq.

Náráyan-chakra, a rain-making stone, i. 305

Narbrooi, a spirit or god of the forest, in New Guinea, iii. 60 sq.

Narcissus and his reflection, iii. 94

Narmer, the mace of, king of Egypt represented as Osiris on, vi. 154

Narrative spells, vii. 104 sqq.

Narrinyeri, the, of South Australia, take great care of the refuse of their food, iii. 126 sq.;

names of the recent dead not mentioned among, iii. 372;

their custom at breaking bones of animals, viii. 259 n.

Narrow openings, creeping through, in order to escape ghostly pursuers, xi. 177 sqq.

Nass River in British Columbia, the Indians of the, believe that a physician may swallow his patient's soul, iii. 76

Nat, spirit, in Burma, ii. 46

Nat superstition in Burma, ix. 90 n. 1

Natal, the Caffres of, their rain-charm by means of a black sheep, i. 290

Natchez Indians of North America, their rain-making, i. 249;

claim kindred with the sun, i. 313 n. 3;

special terms used with reference to persons of the blood royal among the, i. 401 n. 3;

their perpetual fires, ii. 262 sq.;

customs of man-slayers among the, iii. 181;

their festival of new corn, viii. 77 sqq.;

their festival of New Fire, viii. 135 sqq.

[pg 384]

Nathuram, image supposed to make women fruitful, xi. 3

National character partly an effect of geographical and climatic conditions, vi. 217

Nativity of the Sun at the winter solstice, v. 303 sqq.

“—— of the sun's walking-stick,” ancient Egyptian festival, i. 312

—— of the Virgin, feast of the, x. 220 sq.

Nats, spirits in Burma, iii. 90, ix. 175 sq.;

propitiation of, ix. 96

Natural calendar of the husbandman, shepherd, and sailor, vi. 25

—— death of sacred king or priest, supposed fatal consequences of, iii. 6, 7;

regarded as a calamity, iv. 11 sq.

—— law, the conception of, gradually evolved, i. 374;

not grasped by primitive man, i. 376

—— timekeepers, vii. 53

Nature, conception of immutable laws of, not primitive, i. 374;

the order and uniformity of, ii. 376;

of Osiris, vi. 96 sqq.

Nauders in the Tyrol, sacred larch-tree at, ii. 20

Naudowessies, Indian tribe of North America, ritual of death and resurrection among the, xi. 267

Naueld, need-fire, in Norway, x. 280

Nauras Indians of New Granada ate the hearts of Spaniards to make themselves brave, viii. 150

Nauroz and Eed festivals in Dardistan, women swing at the, iv. 279

Nauru, in the Marshall Islands, lives of people bound up with a fish in, xi. 200

Navajoes of New Mexico, their ceremony at the return of a man from captivity, iii. 112 sq.;

keep their names secret, iii. 325;

tell their stories only in winter, iii. 385;

their story of the external soul, xi. 151 sq.;

use of bull-roarers among the, xi. 230 n., 231

Navarre, rain-making, by means of images of St. Peter in, i. 307

Navel-string, contagious magic of, i. 182-201;

planted with or under a tree, i. 182, 184, 186, 196;

worn as an amulet, i. 183, 187, 197, 198;

thrown into the sea, i. 184, 185, 190, 191;

hung on a tree, i. 185, 186, 190, 198, ii. 56;

regarded as brother or sister of child, i. 186, 189, xi. 162 n. 2;

called the “twin,” i. 195;

worn as amulet by camels, i. 195;

used in divination, i. 196;

of the living king of Uganda preserved and inspected every new moon, i. 196, vi. 147 sq.;

seat of external soul, i. 200 sq.;

used to recall the soul, iii. 48;

term applied to last [pg 385] handful of corn, vii. 150;

buried under a plant or tree, xi. 160 sq., 161, 163

Navel-strings of dead kings of Uganda preserved, vi. 167, 168, 171;

preserved by the Baganda as their twins and as containing the ghosts of their afterbirths, vi. 169 sq.

Navona, Piazza, at Rome, ceremony of Befana on the, ix. 166 sq.

Nawng Tung Lake, in Burma, virgins dedicated in marriage to the spirit of the lake, ii. 150 sq.

Naxos, Dionysus Meilichios in, vii. 4

Nayan, a rebel against Kublai Khan, iii. 242

Nazarite, vow of the, iii. 262

Ndem Efik, tutelary deity of Calabar, iii. 22

Ndembo, secret society on the Lower Congo, xi. 251 sqq.

Ndjambi, Njambi, Njame, Zambi, Nyambe, etc., name of the supreme god among various tribes of Africa, vi. 186, with note 5

—— Karunga, the supreme god of the Herero, vi. 186

Ndok, biennial expulsion of spirits at Calabar, ix. 204

Ndolo, on the Moeko River, West Africa, chief with external soul in hippopotamus at, xi. 200

Nebseni, the papyrus of, vi. 112

Nebuchadnezzar, his record of the festival of Marduk, ix. 357

Neck, crying the, at harvest in Devonshire, vii. 264 sqq.

—— of the corn-spirit, vii. 268

Neckar, the river, requires three human victims at Midsummer, xi. 26;

loaf thrown into the river, xi. 28

Necklace, girl's soul in a, xi. 99 sq.

Necropolis, ancient, in the Roman forum, ii. 186;

near Albano, ii. 201 sq.

Neda, River, at Phigalia, cave of Demeter in the ravine of the, viii. 21

Need-fire, x. 269-300;

made without metal, iii. 229;

John Ramsay's account of, x. 147 sq.;

kindled as a remedy for cattle-plague, x. 270 sqq., 343;

cattle driven through the, x. 270 sqq.;

derivation of the name, x. 270 n.;

kindled by the friction of a wheel, x. 270, 273, 289 sq., 292;

kindled with oak-wood, x. 271, 272, 275, 276, 278, 281, 289 sq., 294;

called “wild-fire,” x. 272, 273, 277;

kindled by nine kinds of wood, x. 278, 280;

kindled by fir-wood, x. 278, 282;

kindled as a remedy for witchcraft, x. 280, 292 sq., 293, 295;

called “living fire,” x. 281, 286;

healing virtue ascribed to, x. 281, 286;

kindled by lime-wood, x. 281, 283, 286;

kindled by poplar-wood, x. 282;

regarded as a barrier interposed between cattle and an evil spirit, x. 282, 285 sq.;

kindled by cornel-tree wood, x. 286;

revealed by an angel from heaven, x. 287;

used to heat water, x. 289;

kindled on an island, x. 290 sq., 291 sq.;

kindled by birch-wood, x. 291;

kindled between two running streams, x. 292;

kindled to prevent fever, x. 297;

probable antiquity of the, x. 297 sq.;

kindled by elm-wood, x. 299;

the parent of the periodic fire-festivals, x. 299, 343;

Lindenbrog on, x. 335 n. 1;

used by Slavonic peoples to combat vampyres, x. 344;

sometimes kindled by the friction of fir, plane, birch, lime, poplar, cornel-wood, xi. 91 n. 1

Neftenbach, in Canton of Zurich, the Corn-mother at harvest at, vii. 232

Negative magic or taboo, i. 111 sqq., 143

Negritos of the Philippine Islands, their religion a fear of the dead, ix. 82

Negro children pale at birth, xi. 251 n. 1, 259 n. 2;

gods black and snub-nosed, iii. 387

Negroes of Guiana, their homoeopathic cure for stammering, i. 156

—— of Surinam. See Bush negroes

Nehrung, in East Prussia, custom at sowing among the Kurs of, i. 137

Neil, R. A., on Hyes Attes, viii. 22 n. 4;

on Gaelic name for mistletoe, xi. 82 n.

Neilgherry Hills, the Todas of the, i. 402, ix. 37, x. 136;

the Burghers or Badagas of the, viii. 55, ix. 36, 37, xi. 8 sq.

Neisse, in Silesia, Oats-king and Oats-queen about, vii. 164;

precautions against witches in the district of, xi. 20 n.

Neit, Neith or Net, Egyptian goddess, patroness of matrimony, ii. 131, v. 282 n., vi. 51 n. 1

Nekht, the papyrus of, vi. 112

Nel Gwynne, ii. 52

Nellingen in Lorraine, simples gathered on Midsummer Day at, xi. 47

Nelson, A. E., on custom as to cutting the last corn at harvest in India, vii. 234 n. 2

Nelson, E. W., on the supposed effect of a breach of taboo among the Esquimaux, iii. 206;

on the bladder festival of the Esquimaux, iii. 228, viii. 249 n. 1;

on taboos observed by Esquimaux after a death, iii. 237;

on the masquerades of the Esquimaux, ix. 379 sqq.

Nemean games, celebrated in honour of Opheltes, iv. 93;

held every two years, vii. 86

[pg 386]

Nemi, sanctuary of Diana at, i. 2 sqq.;

the priest of Diana at, i. 8 sqq., 40, 41, ii. 376, 386, 387, iv. 28, 212 sq., 220, xi. 315;

the King of the Wood at, i. 11, 40 sqq., ii. 378 sqq., iv. 205 sq., 212 sqq., x. 2;

Virbius at, i. 20, 40, 41, ii. 378, 379;

derivation of the name, ii. 9;

sacred marriage of Diana and Virbius perhaps annually celebrated at, ii. 129;

Dianus and Diana at, ii. 376 sqq., v. 45;

sacramental bread at, xi. 286 n. 2;

at evening, xi. 308 sq.

——, the Lake of, i. 1 sqq.;

annual tragedy perhaps formerly enacted at, xi. 286

——, the sacred grove of, i. 2, 8, 12, 17, 40, 41, ii. 378, xi. 315;

perhaps composed of oaks, ii. 379, 386

Nemontemi, the five supplementary days of the Aztec calendar, ix. 339

Nemus, meaning of the word, i. 2 n. 1;

supposed town of, i. 3 n. 1;

a grove or woodland glade, ii. 9

Neolithic implements found in the peatbogs of Denmark and Scandinavia, ii. 352

Neoptolemus, son of Achilles, in Epirus, ii. 278

Nepaul, the Newars of, i. 294 sq.;

fossil ammonites found in, ii. 27 n. 2;

the Dassera festival of, iv. 277, ix. 226 n. 1

Nephele, wife of King Athamas, iv. 161

Nephews, uncles named after their, iii. 332

Nephthys watches over childbirth, ii. 133;

Egyptian goddess, sister of Osiris and Isis, vi. 6;

mourns Osiris, vi. 12;

the birth of, ix. 341

Neptune and Salacia, vi. 231, 233

Nepu, sorcerers, in New Guinea, i. 337

Nerechta, district of Russia, Whitsuntide custom in, ii. 93

Nerio, wife of Mars, vi. 232

Nero consecrates his first beard, i. 29

Nerthus, old German goddess, xi. 28 n. 1;

procession of, ii. 144 n. 1

Nestelknüpfen, spell laid on man and wife, x. 346 n. 2

Net to catch the sun, i. 316;

the soul or genius of a, ii. 147

Nets, marriage of girls to, ii. 147;

to catch souls, iii. 38, 69 sq.;

taboos observed at the making of fishing nets, iii. 192;

as amulets, iii. 300, 307;

treated as living beings, viii. 240 n. 1;

fumigated with smoke of need-fire, x. 280

Nettles, whipping with, ix. 263;

Indians beaten with, as an ordeal, x. 64

Neuautz, in Courland, pig's tail at sowing barley at, vii. 300

Neuchatel, Midsummer fires in the canton of, x. 172

Neuenkirchen, in Oldenburg, plague hammered into a doorpost at, ix. 64

Neuerburg, in the Eifel, King and Queen of the Bean near, ix. 313

Neugramatin, in Bohemia, custom of beating young women with green boughs in the Christmas holidays at, ix. 270

Neuhausen, near Merseburg, binder of last sheaf wrapt in ears of oats at, vii. 221

Neuhof, near Marburg, remedy for gout at, ix. 56

Neumann, J. B., on the belief in demons among the Battas, ix. 87;

on the Batta doctrine of souls, xi. 223 n. 2

Neumark, “Easter Smacks” in, ix. 269

Neusass, in West Prussia, the last sheaf called the Old Woman at, vii. 137

Neustadt, in Silesia, Midsummer fires at, x. 170;

near Marburg, the need-fire at, x. 270

Neuwied, Prince of, on a Minnetaree ceremony, vii. 209 n. 2

New, Charles, on the exorcism of strangers in East Africa, iii. 103

New birth, simulation of, among the Akikuyu, i. 75 sq., 96 sq.;

of Brahman sacrificer, i. 380 sq.;

through blood in the rites of Attis, v. 274 sq.;

savage theory of, v. 299;

of Egyptian kings at the Sed festival, vi. 153, 155 sq.;

of novices at initiation, xi. 247, 251, 256, 257, 261, 262 sq.

See also Birth

—— body obtained at initiation, xi. 252

—— -born children brought to the hearth, ii. 232

—— Britain, Gazelle Peninsula in, i. 175, iii. 202, iv. 65, vii. 123, ix. 303;

contagious magic by means of personal relics in, i. 175;

contagious magic of footprints in, i. 208;

rain-making in, i. 248 sq.;

the Sulka of, i. 252, 304, ii. 148, 155 n. 1, iii. 151, 331, 384, iv. 65;

charm to make the wind blow in, i. 320;

magical powers ascribed to chiefs in, i. 340;

new-born children passed through the smoke of fire in, ii. 232 n. 3;

artificial deformation of heads in, ii. 298 n. 2;

avoidance of wife's mother in, iii. 85;

magic practised on refuse of food in, iii. 128;

names of relations by marriage tabooed in, iii. 344;

theory of earthquakes in, v. 201;

the Melanesians of, their belief in demons, ix. 82 sq.;

expulsion of devils in, ix. 109 sq.;

the Duk-duk society of, x. 11, xi. 246 sq.

[pg 387]

New Calabar River, human victims thrown into the, ii. 158

—— Caledonia, magical effigies in, i. 78;

the Belep of, i. 150;

homoeopathic magic of stones in, i. 162 sqq.;

magic blent with the worship of the dead in, i. 164;

rain-making by means of a human skeleton in, i. 284 sq., 314, ii. 47;

ceremonies for making sunshine and drought in, i. 312 sq., 314;

ideas as to reflections among the natives of, iii. 92 sq.;

taboos observed by men who bury corpses in, iii. 141;

continence at the building of a canoe in, iii. 202;

names of relations tabooed in, iii. 344;

belief as to woman stepping over a cable in, iii. 424;

ceremony at eating first yams in, viii. 53;

bodies of slain foes eaten to acquire their bravery in, viii. 151;

burying the evil spirit in, ix. 110;

taro plants beaten to make them grow in, ix. 264

—— Caledonians, the, their ways of making rain and sunshine, i. 314;

their way of detaining the soul in the body, iii. 31

—— College, Oxford, Boy Bishop at, ix. 338

—— corn, eaten sacramentally, viii. 48 sqq.

——, everything, excites awe of savages, iii. 230 sqq.

—— fire, made by friction in rain-charm, i. 290;

made by the friction of sticks at Rome, ii. 207, 227;

made by the friction of sticks at rebuilding a village, ii. 217, 222;

made by friction at taking possession of a new house, ii. 237 sq.;

made by the friction of wood after a birth, ii. 239;

made at Midsummer, ii. 243;

made at beginning of a king's reign, ii. 262, 267;

made by friction of wood, iii. 286, vii. 310 sq., x. 264;

made at festivals of new fruits, viii. 65, 74, 75, 78;

festival of, among the Natchez, viii. 135;

kindled on Easter Saturday, x. 121 sqq.;

made at the New Year, x. 134 sq., 138, 140.

See also Fire, new

—— fruits, ceremonies at eating, viii. 52 sqq.

—— Granada, the Muyscas of, i. 303;

their belief as to water-serpents, ii. 156;

the Nauras Indians of, viii. 150

—— Guinea, the Toaripi or Motumotu of i. 125, 317, 327, iii. 92;

the Motu of, i. 317, ii. 106, iii. 141, 192, 203;

taboos on pregnant women in, i. 141 n. 1;

charms to detain the sun in, i. 317;

some of the natives of, reported to be ignorant of the art of making fire, ii. 253 sq.;

Geelvink Bay in, iii. 60;

use of effigies as substitutes for souls in, iii. 63 n. 2;

the Maclay Coast of, iii. 109;

seclusion and purification of man-slayers in, iii. 167 sqq.;

the Gebars of, iii. 190;

Mowat in, iii. 192;

the Wanigela River of, iii. 192;

dread of sorcery in, iii. 246;

cut hair destroyed for fear of witchcraft in, iii. 282 n.;

names of relations tabooed in, iii. 342 sq.;

bull-roarers used to ensure good crops in, vii. 110;

division of agricultural work between the sexes in, vii. 124;

mourners rub themselves with the juices of the dead in, viii. 163;

belief in the transmigration of human souls into animals in, viii. 295 sq.

New Guinea, British, charms used by hunters in, i. 109;

the Mekeo district of, i. 134, iii. 144, 148;

charm against snake-bite in, i. 152 sq.;

contagious magic of bodily impressions in, i. 213;

influence of magicians in, i. 337 sq.;

belief as to demons of trees in, ii. 42;

the Sinaugolo tribe of, iii. 147;

the Roro district of, iii. 148;

the Motumotu tribe of, iii. 167, 196, 329, viii. 145;

the Koita of, iii. 168;

the Roro-speaking tribes, iii. 168, 193;

the Massim of, iii. 169;

the Motu of, iii. 329;

changes in the languages of, caused by fear of naming the dead, iii. 361 sq.;

belief in ghosts in, ix. 84 sq.;

Mowat in, ix. 265;

festival of wild mango in, x. 7;

custom observed after childbirth in, x. 20;

seclusion of girls at puberty in, x. 35;

dread and seclusion of women at menstruation in, x. 79;

the Toaripi of, x. 84;

use of bull-roarers in, xi. 228 n. 2

—— Guinea, Dutch, Windessi in, iii. 169;

Doreh in, iii. 170, ix. 178;

the Nufoors of, iii. 329, 332, 415;

the Papuans of Doreh Bay in, iv. 287 (288, in Second Impression);

Kaimani Bay in, vii. 123;

the Papuans of Ayambori in, vii. 123;

the Papuans of, their belief in demons, ix. 83

—— Guinea, German, the Yabim of, i. 182, iii. 151, 170, 186 n. 1, 306, 342, 354, 386, vii. 228, viii. 275, 295 sq., ix. 188, 232;

contagious magic of personal remains in, i. 213;

charm to hasten the moon in, i. 319;

magic practised on refuse of food in, iii. 128;

the Monumbos of, iii. 169, xi. 382;

precaution as to spittle in, iii. 289;

the Kai of, v. 96, vii. 99 sqq., 313, viii. 33, 152, ix. 264, xi. 182;

the Tami of, v. 198;

the Bukaua [pg 388] of, vii. 103 sq., 313, viii. 124, ix. 83 sq.;

rites of initiation in, xi. 193, 239 sqq.

New Guinea, North-West, spirits of ancestors thought to live on trees in, ii. 32

—— Guinea, South-Eastern, annual expulsion of demons in, ix. 134

—— Hebrideans, their story of the origin of death, ix. 304

—— Hebrides, Tana (Tanna) in the, i. 206, viii. 125;

rain-making in the, i. 308;

supernatural powers of chiefs in the, i. 339;

artificial deformation of heads in the, ii. 298 n. 2;

ghosts impound souls in the, iii. 56;

Lepers' Island in the, iii. 65;

magic of refuse of food in the, iii. 127;

Vaté in the, iv. 12;

burial alive in the, iv. 12;

the natives of the, their observation of the Pleiades, vii. 313;

conception of the external soul in the, xi. 197 sqq.

—— Ireland, names of relations by marriage tabooed in, iii. 344;

seclusion of girls at puberty in, x. 32 sqq.;

Duk-duk society in, xi. 247

—— Mexico, the aridity of, i. 306;

the Navajoes of, iii. 325;

the Pueblo Indians of, vi. 54;

the Zuni Indians of, viii. 175, x. 132;

the Indians of, their attempts to escape the pursuit of smallpox, ix. 123;

and Arizona, use of bull-roarers in, xi. 230 n., 231

—— moon, ceremonies at the, vi. 141 sqq.

See also Moon

—— names given to the sick and old, iii. 319;

at initiation, iii. 320, 383, xi. 259

—— potatoes, how eaten, viii. 51

—— rice, ceremonies at eating the, viii. 54 sqq.

—— South Wales, custom observed at nose-boring in, i. 94;

the Kamilaroi of, i. 101, viii. 151, 162;

natives of, bury their dead at flood tide, i. 168;

the Murring tribe of, i. 176;

tribes of, their custom as to extracted teeth, i. 176;

way of stopping rain in, i. 253;

the Keramin tribe of, i. 304;

the Ta-ta-thi of, i. 304;

natives of, their charm for raising a wind, i. 321 n. 1;

the Hunter River tribes of, iii. 84;

the Yuin tribes of, iii. 84, 320;

rule as to covering the mouth observed by newly initiated men in, iii. 122;

the Ngarigo tribe of, iii. 141, iv. 60;

aboriginal tribes of, mourning custom among the, iii. 182;

namesakes of the dead change their names in, iii. 355;

sacrifice of first-born children among the aborigines of, iv. 179 sq.;

the aborigines of, their ideas as to the Pleiades, vii. 308;

the Wollaroi of, viii. 163;

fish invited to come and be caught among the aborigines of, viii. 312 n.;

dread of women at menstruation in, x. 78;

the Wongh tribe of, xi. 227;

the drama of resurrection at initiation in, xi. 235 sqq.

New vessels used for new fruits, viii. 81, 83

—— water at Easter, x. 123

—— World, bathing on St. John's Day in the, v. 249;

All Souls' Day in the, vi. 80;

Easter ceremonies in the, x. 127 sq.;

magical virtue of plants at Midsummer in the, xi. 50 sq.

—— yams, ceremonies at eating, viii. 53, 58 sqq., ix. 134 sqq.;

festival of the, in West Africa, viii. 115 sq.;

festival of the, in Tonga, viii. 128 sqq.

—— Year, dated by the Pleiades, vii. 116, 310, 312, 315;

the Chinese, viii. 10;

expulsion of evils at the, ix. 127, 133, 149 sq., 155;

in Siam, ix. 149 sq.;

not reckoned from first month, ix. 149 n. 2;

in Japan, ix. 154 n.;

sham fight at the, ix. 184;

the Tibetan, ix. 197, 203, 218;

ceremony at the Tibetan, ix. 197 sq.;

new fire made at the, x. 134 sq., 138, 140;

the Celtic, on November first, x. 224 sq.;

the Fijian, Tahitian, and Hawaiian, xi. 244

—— Year festival in Laos, i. 251;

at Babylon, iv. 100, 115, ix. 356 sqq.;

of the Kayans at the end of harvest, vii. 93, 96 sq., 98, 99;

among the Iroquois, ix. 127, 209 sq.;

among the Tenggerese of Java, ix. 184;

among the Mohammedans in North Africa, x. 217 sq.

—— Year's Day, festival of the dead on, vi. 53, 55, 62, 65;

part of Christmas Boar given to cattle on, vii. 302;

festival of new yams among the Igbiras on, viii. 115;

at Onitsha, on the Niger, ix. 133;

among the Wotyaks, ix. 155;

in Corea, annual riddance of evil on, ix. 202;

in Tibet, ceremony on, ix. 203;

in Breadalbane, ix. 209;

among the Swahili, ix. 226 n. 1;

young women beat young men on, ix. 271;

of the Jewish calendar, ix. 359

—— Year's Eve, divination by shadows on, iii. 88;

Highland custom of beating a man in a cow's hide on, viii. 322;

in Corea, ix. 147;

“Shooting the Witches” on, ix. 164;

in Macedonia, ix. 320.

See also St. Sylvester's Day

—— Year's Night, omens on, iv. 66 sq.

—— Zealand, customs as to the navel-string in, i. 182;

fires in the forests of, ii. 256;

sanctity of chiefs in, iii. [pg 389] 134 sqq.;

customs as to eating observed by chiefs in, iii. 138;

sacredness of chiefs' blood in, iii. 248;

sacredness of chiefs' heads in, iii. 256 sq.;

customs at hair-cutting in, iii. 264 sq.;

disposal of cut hair in, iii. 274;

magic use of spittle in, iii. 288;

names of chiefs not to be pronounced in, iii. 381;

Rotomahana in, v. 207, 209 n.;

effect of contact with a sacred chief in, viii. 28;

eyes of slain chiefs swallowed by warriors in, viii. 153;

sticks or stones piled on scenes of violent death in, ix. 15;

human scapegoats in, ix. 39.

See also Maori

Newars of Nepaul, their worship of frogs, i. 294 sq.

Newberry, Professor P. E., on Osiris as a cedar-tree god, vi. 109 n. 1

Newman, Ch. L., on the human god of the Makalakas, i. 394 n. 3

Newman, J. H., on music, v. 53 sq.

Newstead, Byron's oak at, xi. 166

Ngai, Masai god, festivals of prayer in honour of, i. 344;

god of the Akikuyu, sheep and goats sacrificed to, ii. 44, iii. 204 n. 3;

children of, ii. 150, v. 68

Nganga, medicine-man, among the Boloki, ix. 76;

“the Knowing Ones,” initiates, on the Congo, xi. 251

Ngarigo tribe of New South Wales, novices not allowed to touch food with their hands in the, iii. 141 sq.;

their belief as to falling stars, iv. 60;

ate the hands and feet of their foes, viii. 151

Ngarong, secret helper, of the Ibans of Borneo, xi. 224 n. 1

Ngoc hoang, in Annam, his message of immortality to men, ix. 303

Ngoio, a province of Congo, rule of succession to the chiefship in, iv. 118 sq.

Ngoni, the, of British Central Africa, their fear of being photographed, iii. 98;

their belief in serpents as reincarnations of the dead, v. 82.

See also Angoni

Ngumbu, of South Cameroons, their fire-drill, ii. 210

Nguôn So'n valley in Annam, iii. 155

Nguruhi, the supreme god of the Wahehe, vi. 188 sq.

Nguu, district of German East Africa, ghost consulted as oracle in, xi. 312

Niam-Niam, the, of Central Africa, women the agricultural labourers among, vii. 119

Niambe, the supreme god of the Barotse, vi. 193

Nias, island of, magical ceremony to catch wild pigs in, i. 109;

homoeopathic magic at planting rice in, i. 143;

conception of the soul in, iii. 29;

recovery of lost souls in, iii. 64, 67;

taboos observed by hunters in, iii. 196;

superstition as to personal names among the natives of, iii. 323;

taboos observed during the hunting season in, iii. 410;

special language of hunters in, iii. 410;

special language employed by reapers in, iii. 410 sq.;

custom of succession to the chieftain-ship in, iv. 198 sq.;

mock human sacrifices at funerals in, iv. 216;

conduct of the natives of, in an earthquake, v. 201 sq.;

head-hunting in, v. 296 n. 1;

division of agricultural work between the sexes in, vii. 124;

harvest custom in, vii. 233 sq.;

the Pleiades observed in, vii. 315;

crops guarded against wild pigs in, viii. 32;

mode of diverting dangerous spirits from pregnant women in, viii. 102 sq.;

first-fruits offered to ancestors in, viii. 124;

polite treatment of destructive ants in, viii. 276;

expulsion of demons in, ix. 113 sqq.;

explanation of human mortality in, ix. 303;

story of the external soul told in, xi. 148;

ceremonies performed by candidates for the priesthood in, xi. 173 sq.

Nias, the natives of, believe in demons of trees, ii. 33 sq.;

their custom of bunging up the nose and mouth of corpses, iii. 31;

their fear of a rainbow, iii. 79;

their custom of scrubbing the things they buy, iii. 107

Nibelungenlied, the, Brunhild and Gunther in, ii. 306

Nicaragua, maize mixed with human blood eaten at festivals in, viii. 91 sq.

——, Indians of, rules observed by them between sowing and harvest, ii. 105;

sacrifice human victims to volcanoes, v. 219;

their transference of weariness to heaps of stones, ix. 9

Niceros and the were-wolf, story of, x. 313 sq.

Nicholas Bishop, the Boy Bishop elected on St. Nicholas's Day, ix. 338

Nicholson, General, worshipped as a god in his life, i. 404

Nicholson, R. A., iii. 51 n.

Nicknames used in order to avoid the use of the real names, iii. 321, 331

Nicobar Islanders reluctant to name the dead, iii. 353;

their annual expulsion of demons in little ships, ix. 201 sq.

—— Islands, homoeopathic magic at sowing in the, i, 141;

pregnant woman used to fertilize the gardens in the, ii. 101;

customs as to shadows at burialsin the, iii. 80 sq.;

rain attributed to [pg 390] wrath of spirits in the, iii. 231;

changes in the language of the, caused by fear of naming the dead, iii. 362 sq.;

assumption of the names of dead grandparents in the, iii. 370;

demon of disease sent away in a boat from the, ix. 189 sq.

Nicobarese mourners change their names and shave themselves for fear of the ghost, iii. 357 sq.;

their sham fights in honour of the dead, iv. 96 sq.;

their belief in demons, ix. 88;

their ceremony of exorcism by means of pig's blood and leaves, ix. 262

Nicolaus Damascenus on a bad king of Lydia, i. 366

Nicolson, Sheriff Alexander, on the last sheaf in the Highlands of Scotland, vii. 164 sq.

Nicosia, in Sicily, ceremonies to procure rain at, i. 300

Nidugala, in the Neilgherry Hills, the fire-walk at, xi. 8

Niebuhr, B. G., on Servius Tullius, ii. 196 n.;

on the list of Alban kings, ii. 269

Nieces, aunts named after their, iii. 332

Nieder-Lausitz, the Midsummer log in, xi. 92 n. 1

Niederehe, in the Eifel Mountains, Midsummer flowers at, xi. 48

Niederpöring in Bavaria, pretence of beheading Whitsuntide mummer at, iv. 206 sq.

Nietzold, J., on the marriage of brothers with sisters in ancient Egypt, vi. 216 n. 1

Nieuwenhuis, Dr. A. W., on the Kayan fear of being photographed, iii. 99;

on the fear of strangers among the Kayans of Borneo, iii. 104;

on the association of agriculture with religion among the Kayans, vii. 93;

on the Kayan fear of strangers at religious rites, vii. 94 n. 2;

on a Kayan masquerade, vii. 95;

on the New Year festival of the Kayans, vii. 96 sqq.;

on games as religious rites among the Kayans, vii. 97 sqq., 107;

on the masked dances of the Kayans, ix. 382 sq.

Niger, the Bambaras of the, ii. 42;

Onitsha on the, ix. 133, 210;

use of human scapegoats on the, ix. 210 sq.;

belief as to external human souls lodged in animals on the, xi. 209

——, the Lower, customs observed by executioners among tribes of, iii. 172 n. 1, viii. 155

Niger Delta, tests of the reincarnation of the dead in the, i. 411 n. 1;

deceiving the ghosts of women who died in childbed in the, viii. 98;

burial custom in the, viii. 98

Nigeria, the Tomas or Habes of, iii. 124;

natives of, loth to mention the owl by its proper name, iii. 401;

custom of putting kings to death in, iv. 34 sq.

——, Northern, the Jukos of, viii. 160

——, Southern, chief as fetishman in, i. 349 sq.;

trees inhabited by the spirits of the dead in, ii. 32;

disposal of cut hair and nails in, iii. 278;

the Ijebu tribe of, iv. 112;

the Ibo of, x. 4;

theory of the external soul in, xi. 150, 200, 203 sqq.

Night, burial at, iii. 15;

King of the, at Porto Novo, iii. 23.

See also Twelfth Night

Night-jars, the lives of women in, among the Wotjobaluk, xi. 215;

called women's “sisters” among the Kulin, xi. 216

Nightingale, the flesh of, in homoeopathic magic, i. 154

Nights, custom of reckoning by, ix. 326 n. 2

See also Twelve Nights

Nigmann, E., on the religion of the Wahehe, vi. 188 sq.

Nihongi, a Japanese work, ix. 213

Nijegorod Government in Russia, smouldering faggots in stove not to be broken up in the, ii. 232

Nikclerith, Neane, buries cow alive, x. 324 sq.

Nikunau, one of the Gilbert Islands, sacred stones in, v. 108 n. 1

Nile, young virgin drowned as a sacrifice to the, ii. 151;

the rise and fall of the, vi. 30 sqq.;

rises at the summer solstice in June, vi. 31 n. 1, 33;

commanded by the king of Egypt to rise, vi. 33;

thought to be swollen by the tears of Isis, vi. 33;

gold and silver thrown into the river at its rising, vi. 40;

the rise of, attributed to Serapis, vi. 216 sq.

——, the Blue, custom as to kings of Fazoql on, iv. 16

——, the “Bride” of the, ii. 151, vi. 38

——, the Upper, medicine-men as chiefs among the tribes of, i. 345;

rain-makers on, i. 345 sqq.;

Kings of the Rain on, ii. 2;

the Alur of, x. 64

——, the White, the Shilluk of, iv. 17;

tribes of, never shed human blood in their villages, iii. 246 sq.;

the Dinka of, viii. 37, 114, ix. 193

Nilles, N., on the blessing of the herbs on August 15th, i. 15 n. 2

Nilsson, Professor M. P., on custom of sacred prostitution, v. 37 n. 2, 57 n. 1, 58 n. 2;

on the sacrifice of a bull to Zeus Sosipolis at Magnesia, vi. 239 n. 1, [pg 391] viii. 8 n. 2;

on “Bringing home the Maiden,” vii. 58 n. 1;

on the festival of the Threshing-floor at Eleusis, vii. 62 n. 6

Nim tree, leaves of, as an amulet, iii. 234

Nimm, a river goddess of the Ekoi, ix. 28

Nine, ruptured child passed nine times on nine successive mornings through a left ash-tree and attended by nine persons, xi. 170

—— bonfires on Midsummer Eve an omen of marriage, x. 174, 185, 189, 339

—— cows milked for king, iii. 292

—— different kinds of wood burnt in the Beltane fires, x. 155;

used for the Midsummer bonfires, x. 172, 201;

used to kindle need-fire, x. 271, 278, 280;

burnt in the need-fire, x. 278

—— fallen leaves in magic, i. 109

—— grains of oats in divination, x. 243

—— handfuls of each kind of grain at autumnal festival, viii. 49

—— knots in magic, iii. 302, 303, 304

—— leaps over Midsummer fire, x. 193

—— male animals of all sorts sacrificed at a festival held in Upsala every nine years and lasting nine days, ii. 364 sq.

—— men in purification of Orestes, i. 26;

employed to make fire by the friction of wood, x. 148, 155

—— ridges of earth brought from nine mountains in a magical ceremony performed nine times, ix. 8;

ridges of ploughed land in divination, x. 235

—— skeins of red wool in magic, iii. 307

—— sorts of flowers on Midsummer Eve, to dream on, x. 175, xi. 52;

gathered for purposes of divination or medicine on Midsummer Eve, xi. 52 sq.

—— stalks of rice in bunches to make up the Rice Mother, vii. 195

—— times to crawl under a bramble as a cure, xi. 180

—— times nine men make need-fire, x. 289, 294, 295

—— (thrice three) times passed through a girth of woodbine, xi. 184;

passed through a holed stone, xi. 187

—— turns round a rick, x. 243

—— waves, tops of, thrown on patient's head, xi. 186 sq.

Nineteen years' cycle of Meton, vii. 81 n. 3

Nineveh, capital of Assyria, ii. 130;

the end of, v. 174;

tomb of Sardanapalus at, ix. 388 n. 1;

the burning of Sandan at, ix. 390

Ningu, the paramour of Tiamat, tablets of destiny wrested from, iv. 110

Ninus, Assyrian hero, ix. 391

Nirriti, goddess of evil, in Brahman ritual, ix. 25

Nirvana, Buddhist monks seek to attain, through voluntary death by fire, iv. 42

Nisan, a Jewish month, vii. 259 n. 1, ix. 356, 361, 415

Nishga Indians of British Columbia, their use of effigies as substitutes to save the lives of people, viii. 106 sq.

Nishinam Indians of California, ceremony performed by childless women among the, i. 70 sq.;

secrecy of personal names among the, iii. 326;

husbands never call their wives by name among the, iii. 338

Niska Indians of British Columbia, their cannibal rites, vi. 20;

rites of initiation among the, xi. 271 sq.

Nisus and his purple or golden hair, story of, xi. 103

Niué or Savage Island, iv. 219.

See Savage Island

Njamus, the, of British East Africa, their sacrifices of sheep at irrigation channels, vi. 38 sq.

Nkimba, secret society on the Lower Congo, xi. 255 n. 1

No, annual expulsion of demons in China, ix. 145 sq.

Noa, common, opposed to tapu, sacred, iii. 109

Noah's ark, i. 334

Nobosohpoh, a Khasi state, two royal families in, ii. 295

Nocturnal creatures the sex totems of men and women, xi. 217 n. 4

Noessa Laut, East Indian island, fishermen's magic in, i. 109;

hunter's magic in, i. 114;

treatment of the afterbirth in, i. 187

Nograd-Ludany, in Hungary, Midsummer fires at, x. 179

Noguès, J. L. M., on the wonderful herbs of St. John's Eve, xi. 45

Noises made to expel demons, ix. 109 sqq., 147

Nöldeke, Professor Th., on the sacrifice of the first-born, iv. 179 n. 4;

on Purim and Esther, ix. 366 sq., 367 n. 1, 368 n.;

on proposed derivation of some names in the Book of Esther, ix. 368 n.;

on Omanos and Anadates, ix. 373 n. 1

Nomarchs in Egypt originally worshipped as gods, i. 390 n. 1

Nonae Caprotinae, Roman celebration of the, ii. 313 sq., ix. 258

Nonnus, on death of Dionysus, vii. 12 sq.

Noon, fear to lose the shadow at, iii. 87;

sacrifices to the dead at, iii. 88;

superstitious dread of, iii. 88

Noose, sun caught in a, i. 316

Nootka Indians of British Columbia, [pg 392] superstitions as to twins among the, i. 263 sq.;

their idea of the soul, iii. 27;

their recovery of lost souls, iii. 67 n.;

seclusion of girls at puberty among the, iii. 146 n. 1, x. 43 sq.;

their preparation for war, iii. 160 sq.;

their custom of devouring dogs, vii. 20;

their propitiation of slain bears, viii. 225;

their fear of offending fish, viii. 251;

ritual of death and resurrection among the, xi. 270 sq.

Nootka Sound, the Indians of, their preparation for whaling, iii. 191

—— wizard, his magic to procure fish, i. 108

Nord, the department of, giants at Shrove Tuesday in, xi. 35

Norden, E., on the Golden Bough, xi. 284 n. 3

Nördlingen, in Bavaria, last thresher wrapt in straw at, vii. 221 sq.;

strangers tied up in sheaves at harvest at, vii. 225;

saying as to wind in corn at, vii. 296

Nore, A. de, on the Yule log in France, x. 250 sq., 253

Norfolk, Plough Monday in, viii. 330 n. 1;

use of orpine for divination in, xi. 61 n. 4

Norman peasants gather seven kinds of plants on St. John's Day, xi. 51 sq.

Normandy, rain-producing spring in, i. 301;

Burial of Shrove Tuesday in, iv. 228;

rolling in dew on St. John's Day in, v. 248;

pretence of tying up landowner in last sheaf at harvest in, vii. 226;

the quail at harvest in, vii. 295;

the Bocage of, vii. 295, ix. 183 sq., 316, 323;

Midsummer fires in, x. 185 sq.;

the Yule log in, x. 252;

torchlight processions on Christmas Eve in, x. 266;

processions with torches on the Eve of Twelfth Day in, x. 340;

wonderful herbs and flowers gathered at Midsummer in, xi. 46;

wreaths of mugwort a protection against thunder and thieves in, xi. 59;

vervain gathered at Midsummer in, xi. 62

Norrland, Midsummer bonfires in, x. 172

Norse legends as to eating hearts of wolf, bear, and dragon, viii. 146

—— stories of the external soul, xi. 119 sq.

—— trinities, ii. 364

Norsemen, their custom of wounding the dying, iv. 13 sq.

North Africa, festivals of swinging in, iv. 284;

Midsummer festival of fire and water among the Mohammedans of, v. 249, x. 213 sqq.

North American Indian theory of brandy, viii. 147

—— American Indians, their exorcism of strangers, iii. 105;

their dread of menstruous women, iii. 145;

their customs on the war-path, iii. 158 sqq.;

ceremonies observed by manslayers among the, iii. 181 sqq.;

their chastity before hunting, iii. 197 sqq.;

their theory of names, iii. 318 sq.;

personal names kept secret among the, iii. 325 sq.;

namesakes of the dead change their names among the, iii. 356;

tell their mythic tales only in winter, iii. 385 sq.;

their funeral celebrations, iv. 97;

their firm belief in immortality, iv. 137;

the Corn Woman among the, vii. 177;

their theory of the lower animals, viii. 205 sq.;

their respect for rattlesnakes, viii. 217 sqq.;

their ceremonies at killing a wolf, viii. 220 sq.;

their propitiation of slain bears, viii. 224 sqq.;

their ceremonious treatment of dangerous animals, viii. 237;

their belief that each species of animals has its patron or genius, viii. 243 sq.;

may not break the bones of the animals they eat at feasts, viii. 258 n. 2;

their reluctance to let dogs gnaw the bones of animals, viii. 259;

revere their totem animals, viii. 311;

their personal totems, xi. 222 n. 5, 226 n. 1.

See also America and American Indians

—— Berwick, Satan preaches at, xi. 158

—— -West America, Indians of, do not speak of a person till his bones are finally disposed of, iii. 372

—— -Western Provinces of India, gods shut up in wood in the, ix. 61;

the tug-of-war in the, ix. 181.

See also India

Northampton, May garlands in, ii. 60 sq.

Northamptonshire, May-trees in, ii. 59 sq.;

May carols in, ii. 61 n. 1;

Plough Monday in, viii. 330 n. 1;

cure for cough in, ix. 51;

sacrifice of a calf in, x. 300

Northern Territory, Australia, beliefs as to the birth of children in the, v. 103 sq.

Northumberland, belief as to death at ebb-tide in, i. 168;

the Borewell, near Bingfield in, ii. 161;

child's first nail-parings buried under an ash-tree in, iii. 276;

the mell sheaf in, vii. 151;

Midsummer fires in, x. 197 sq.;

divination at Hallowe'en in, x. 245;

the Yule log in, x. 256;

need-fire in, x. 288 sq.;

ox burnt alive in, to stop a murrain, x. 301

[pg 393]

Nortia, Etruscan goddess, ix. 67

Norton Sound, the small sculpin of, i. 288

Norway, precautions against witches on Walpurgis Night in, ii. 54;

the Whitsuntide Bride and Bridegroom in, ii. 92;

buried timber in the peat-bogs of, ii. 352;

nail-parings burnt or buried for fear of elves in, iii. 283;

the Pea-mother in, vii. 132;

the Old Hayman killed at haymaking in, vii. 223;

harvest customs in, vii. 225, 282;

“Killing the Hare” at harvest in, vii. 280;

belief as to eating flesh of white snake in, viii. 146;

cairns in, ix. 14;

bonfires on Midsummer Eve in, x. 171;

the need-fire in, x. 280;

superstitions about a parasitic rowan in, xi. 281

Norwegian sailors, their use of rowan, ix. 267

—— witch sinks ship, i. 326

Norwich, greasing the weapon instead of the wound at, i. 203

—— Cathedral, the Boy Bishop at, ix. 337;

Easter candle in, x. 122 n.

Nose stopped to prevent the escape of the soul, iii. 31, 71

Nose-boring, custom observed by medicine-men at, in New South Wales, i. 94

Nostrils, soul supposed to escape by the, iii. 30, 32, 33, 122

Nosy Be, an island of Madagascar, worshipful black bull kept in, viii. 40 n.

Nottinghamshire, harvesters drenched with water in, v. 238 n.;

Plough Monday in, viii. 330 n. 1;

the Hemlock Stone in, x. 157

Nouer l'aiguilette, spells cast on man and wife, x. 346 n. 2

Nouzon, in the Ardennes, the Yule log at, x. 253

Novelties, the savage distrust of, iii. 230 sqq.

November, festivals of the dead in, vi. 51, 54, 69 sqq.;

the month of sowing in Egypt, vi. 94;

annual ceremony at catching sea-slug in, ix. 143;

expulsion of demons in, ix. 204

—— the 1st, All Saints' Day, vi. 70 sq., 77, 82, 83, x. 225;

old New Year's Day in the Isle of Man, x. 224 sq.

—— the 2nd, All Souls' Day, vi. 69, 70 sq., 81

Novgorod, image of Perun at, ii. 365;

perpetual fire of oak-wood at, ii. 365

Novices at initiation, taboos observed by, iii. 141 sq., 156 sq.;

supposed to be swallowed and disgorged by a spirit or monster, xi. 235, 240 sq., 242, 246;

supposed to be newly born, xi. 247, 251, 256, 257, 261, 262 sq.;

begotten anew, xi. 248;

at initiation killed as men and brought to life as animals, xi. 272

Novitiate of priests and priestesses, v. 66, 68

Nuba negroes, office of rain-maker among the, ii. 3

Nubas, the, of Jebel-Nuba, taboos observed by women in the absence of their husbands among, i. 122;

will not cut a certain thorn-tree during the rainy season, ii. 49 n. 3;

their priestly king, iii. 132;

their customs at millet-harvest, viii. 114

Nuehr, a pastoral tribe of the Upper Nile, their reverence for their cattle, viii. 39

Nufoors of Dutch New Guinea unwilling to mention their names, iii. 329;

and the names of their relations by marriage, iii. 332, 341 sq.;

taboo observed by them at sea, iii. 415

Nulit language in Victoria, iii. 110

Nullakun tribe of Australia, their belief as to the birth of children, v. 101

Numa, an adept in drawing down lightning, ii. 181;

as Flamen Dialis, ii. 192;

builds the temple of Vesta, ii. 200 sq.;

his sons, ii. 270 n. 3;

a Sabine of Cures, ii. 270 n. 6;

a priestly king, ii. 289;

born on the day of the Parilia, April 21st, ii. 325, 329

—— and Egeria, i. 18, ii. 172 sq., 193, 380

Numa's birthday, ii. 325, 348;

“Numa's crockery,” ii. 202

Numbering the herds on St. George's Day, ii. 338

Numicius, the river, ii. 181

Nuns of St. Brigit, at Kildare, ii. 240 sq.

Nuremberg, the “Carrying out of Death” at, iv. 234

Nurin, a mythical maiden in a rain-making ceremony, i. 275 sq.

Nurtunjas, sacred poles among the Arunta, xi. 219

Nusku, Egyptian fire-god, i. 67

Nut, Egyptian sky-goddess, mother of Osiris, v. 283 n. 3, vi. 6, 16, ix. 341;

in a sycamore tree, vi. 110

Nut-trees, foreskins placed in, i. 95 n. 3

—— -water brewed at Midsummer, xi. 47

Nutlets of pines used as food, v. 278 n. 2

Nutritive and vicarious types of sacrifice, vi. 226

Nuts passed across Midsummer fires, x. 190;

in fire, divination by, at Hallowe'en, x. 237, 239, 241, 242, 245

Nyadiri, river in Mashonaland, iii. 9

Nyakang, the first of the Shilluk kings, iv. 18 sqq.;

the shrines of, iv. 19;

as rain-giver, iv. 19, 20;

worshipped as the god of his people, vi. 162 sqq.;

incarnate in various animals, vi. 163 sq.;

his [pg 394] mysterious disappearance, vi. 163;

his graves, vi. 163, 166;

historical reality of, vi. 164, 166 sq.;

his relation to the creator Juok, vi. 164 sq.;

compared to Osiris, vi. 167

Nyalich, synonym for Dengdit, the name of the Supreme Being of the Dinka, viii. 40 n.

Nyanja chief vulnerable by a sand-bullet, xi. 314

—— -speaking tribes of British Central Africa, their belief that skin-disease is caused by eating the totem, viii. 26;

of Angoniland, their customs as to girls at puberty, x. 25 sq.

Nyanza, Lake, incarnate human god of, i. 395

——, Lake Victoria, vii. 118

Nyanza region, kings banished for drought in the, i. 353

Nyassa, Lake, iii. 97, viii. 99, 112, ix. 10, x. 28, 81;

people to the east of, crawl through an arch as a precaution against sickness, evil spirits, etc., xi. 181

Nyassa-Tanganyika plateau, custom of carriers to deposit stones on heaps in the, ix. 10 sq.

Nyassaland, women will not name their husbands in, iii. 336

Nyeledit, the Supreme Being of the Nuehr, viii. 39

Nyikpla or Nyigbla, a negro divinity, associated with falling stars, iv. 61, viii. 45

Nymphs of oaks at Rome, ii. 172, 185;

of the Fair Crowns at Olympia, vi. 240

Nysa, in the valley of the Maeander, v. 205, 206 n. 1;

sacrifice of bull at, v. 292 n. 3

Nyuak, L., on guardian spirits of Sea Dyaks, v. 83

Oak, statue of Artemis under an, i. 38 n. 1;

worshipped by the Galatians, ii. 126;

sanctuary of the, at Dodona, ii. 176;

its diffusion in Europe, ii. 349 sqq.;

worship of the, ii. 349 sqq.;

the British (Quercus robur), in France, Germany, Russia, and England, ii. 355;

oracular, at Dodona, ii. 358;

sacred to Jupiter, ii. 361;

worshipped by the ancient Celts, ii. 362 sq.;

worshipped by the ancient Teutons, ii. 363 sqq.;

worshipped by the ancient Slavs, ii. 365;

worshipped by the ancient Lithuanians, ii. 365 sqq.;

revered by the Esthonians, ii. 367 sq.;

worshipped in modern Europe, ii. 370 sqq.;

effigy of Death buried under an, iv. 236;

dance round, at harvest, vii. 288;

sacred, of old Prussians, ix. 391;

associated with thunder, x. 145;

the principal sacred tree of the Aryans, xi. 89 sq.;

human representatives of the oak perhaps originally burnt at the fire-festivals, xi. 90, 92 sq.;

children passed through a cleft oak as a cure for rupture or rickets, xi. 170 sqq.;

life of, in mistletoe, xi. 280, 292;

supposed to bloom on Midsummer Eve, xi. 292, 293;

struck by lightning oftener than any other tree of the European forest, xi. 298 sqq.

See also Oak-tree and Oaks

Oak of Errol, fate of the Hays bound up with the, xi. 283 sq.

——, evergreen, in making fire, ii. 251;

the Golden Bough grew on an, ii. 379

—— of the Guelphs, xi. 166 sq.

——, holy, of the old Prussians, iv. 42

—— planted by Byron, xi. 166

—— of Romove, xi. 286

“—— or rock, born of an,” i. 100 n. 1

——, sacred, in a Greek story, i. 158;

on the Capitol, ii. 176, 184;

at Delphi, iv. 80 sq.

—— or terebinth, sacred at Mamre, v. 37 n. 2

—— and thunder, the Aryan god of the, ii. 356 sqq., x. 265;

oak, sky, rain, and thunder, god of the, ii. 349 sq.

—— of the Vespasian family at Rome, xi. 168

—— and wild olive, pyre of Hercules made of, ix. 391

Oak branch in rain-charm, i. 309

—— branches, Whitsuntide mummer swathed in, iv. 207

—— crown sacred to Jupiter, ii. 176, 184, 189;

sacred to Juno, ii. 184, 189

—— -god married to the oak-goddess, ii. 142, 189 sq.;

how he became a god of lightning, thunder, and rain, ii. 372 sqq.

—— Grove, Chapel of the, at Rome, ii. 185;

Gate of the, at Rome, ii. 185;

Street of the, at Rome, ii. 186

—— groves in ancient Ireland, ii. 242 sq., 363

—— leaves, crown of, ii. 175, 176 sq., 184, iv. 80 sqq.;

“oil of St. John” found on St. John's Morning upon, xi. 82 sq.

—— log a protection against witchcraft, xi. 92

—— -mistletoe an “all-healer” or panacea, xi. 77, 79, 82;

a remedy for epilepsy, xi. 78, 83;

to be shot down with an arrow, xi. 82;

a panacea for green wounds, xi. 83;

a protection against conflagration, xi. 85, 293

—— -nymphs at Rome, ii. 172, 185

—— -spirit, the priest of the Arician grove a personification of an, xi. 285

[pg 395]

Oak-tree guarded by the King of the Wood at Nemi, i. 42;

worshipped in Syria, ii. 16;

pain pegged into an, ix. 58;

worshipped by the Cheremiss, x. 181

—— -trees revered by the Wends, ii. 55;

sacrifices to, ii. 366;

ague transferred to, ii. 57 sq.;

rupture nailed into, ix. 60;

toothache nailed into, ix. 60;

planted at marriage, xi. 165

—— twigs and leaves used to keep off witches, xi. 20

—— -wood, Vesta's fire at Rome fed with, ii. 186;

perpetual fire of, ii. 262, 365, 366, xi. 285 sq.;

ceremonial fires kindled by the friction of, ii. 372;

used to kindle the need-fire, x. 148, 271, 272, 275, 276, 278, 281, 289 sq., xi. 90 sq.;

used to kindle the Beltane fires, x. 148, 155;

used to kindle Midsummer fire, x. 169, 177, xi. 91 sq.;

used for the Yule log, x. 248, 250, 251, 257, 258, 259, 260, 263, 264 sq., xi. 92;

fire of, used to detect a murderer, xi. 92 n. 4

—— -woods on the site of ancient Rome, ii. 184 sqq.

—— -worship of the Druids, ii. 9, xi. 76 sq., 301

Oaken image dressed as a bride, ii. 140 sq.;

leaves in medicine, ix. 58

Oaks at Troezen, i. 26;

revered by heathen Lithuanians, ii. 9;

oracular, ii. 43;

sacred among the old Prussians, ii. 43;

sacred to Jupiter, ii. 175, 176;

in peat-bogs of Europe, ii. 350 sqq.;

in peat-bogs of Ireland, ii. 351;

in pile villages of Europe, ii. 352 sq.;

of Ireland, ii. 363;

sick people passed through holes in, ii. 371;

often struck by lightning, ii. 373;

mistletoe growing on, in Sweden, xi. 87;

planted by Sir Walter Scott, xi. 166;

mistletoe growing on, in England and France, xi. 316

Oath by passing between the pieces of a sacrificial victim, i. 289 n. 4;

taken by Mexican kings at their accession, i. 356, 416;

by the Styx, iv. 70 n. 1;

of Egyptian kings not to correct the vague Egyptian year by intercalation, vi. 26;

of women by the Pleiades, vii. 311;

not to hurt Balder, x. 101

Oaths on stones, i. 160 sq.;

by the king of Egypt, i. 419;

accompanied by eating a sacred substance, viii. 313

Oats, nine grains of, in divination, x. 243

Oats-bride, vii. 162, 163, 164

—— -bridegroom, vii. 163

—— -cow, reaper of last oats, vii. 289;

thresher of last oats, vii. 290

—— -fool, vii 148

—— -goat, at harvest, vii. 270, 282, 283, 284;

at threshing, vii. 286, 287;

mummer called the, viii. 327

—— -king, in Silesia, vii. 164

—— -man, at harvest, vii. 163, 221;

at threshing, vii. 223

—— -mother, the last sheaf, vii. 135

—— -queen, in Silesia, vii. 164

—— -sow, at making last sheaf, vii. 298

—— -stallion, the last sheaf, vii. 292

—— -wolf, in the last sheaf, vii. 271, 273;

woman who binds the last sheaf called, vii. 274

—— -woman, at harvest feast, vii. 163

Oban district, Southern Nigeria, belief as to external human souls lodged in animals in the, xi. 206 sqq.

Obassi Nsi, earth-god of the Ekoi, ix. 28

Obelisk, image of Astarte, v. 14

Obelisks, sacred, at Gezer, v. 108

Oberinntal, in Tyrol, the last thresher called Goat at, vii. 286

Oberkrain, the Slovenes of, their customs on Shrove Tuesday, ii. 93

Oberland, in Central Germany, the Yule log in the, x. 248 sq.

Obermedlingen, in Swabia, the Cow at threshing at, vii. 290 sq.;

fire kindled on St. Vitus's Day at, x. 335 sq.

Oberpfalz, Bavaria, the Old Man at threshing in some parts of, vii. 222

Objects, souls ascribed to inanimate, ix. 90

O'Brien, Murragh, executed for treason, iii. 244

Obscene images of Osiris, vi. 112

—— language in ritual, iii. 154, 155

—— songs sung by women on special occasions, viii. 280

Obscenities in the Eleusinian mysteries, the Festival of the Threshing-floor, and the Thesmophoria, vii. 62 sq.

Obscenity in rain-making, i. 267 sq., 269, 278, 284 n.

Observational power of savages, ix. 326

Obubura district of Southern Nigeria, human souls in fish in, xi. 204

Ocrisia, mother of Servius Tullius, conceives by the fire-god, ii. 195;

a slave-woman of Corniculum, ii. 270 n. 6

Octavian plunders the sanctuary at Nemi, i. 4;

his provision for knocking a nail into the temple of Mars, ix. 67 n. 1

Octennial cycle based on an attempt to harmonize lunar and solar time, iv. 68 sq.;

old, in Greece, vi. 242 n., vii. 80 sqq.

—— period of Greek games, vii. 80

—— tenure of the kingship, iv. 58 sqq. vii. 82, 85

[pg 396]

October, horse sacrificed at Rome in, ii. 229, 326, ix. 230;

the 1st of, a great Saxon festival, vi. 81 n. 3;

the vintage month in modern Greece, vii. 47;

the month of ploughing and sowing in Greece, vii. 50;

the 15th, annual sacrifice of horse at Rome on, viii. 42 sqq.;

annual expulsion of demons in, ix. 226 n. 1;

ceremony of the new fire in, x. 136;

the last day of (Hallowe'en), x. 139

Octopuses presented to Greek infants, i. 156

Ocymum sanctum, Holy Basil, worshipped in India, ii. 26 sq.

Ode branch of Ijebu tribe in Southern Nigeria, mysterious chief of the, iv. 112

Oder, the river, Whitsuntide custom on, ii. 84

Odessa, New Easter fire carried to, x. 130 n.

Odilo, abbot of Clugny, institutes Feast of All Souls, vi. 82

Odin, as a magician, i. 241 sq.;

King Olaf sacrificed to, for the crops, i. 367;

the Norse god of war, ii. 364;

thought to receive in Valhalla only the dead in war, iv. 13;

legend of the deposition of, iv. 56;

sacrifice of king's sons to, iv. 57, 160 sq., vi. 220;

human sacrifices to, iv. 160 sq., 188;

hanged on a tree, v. 290;

human victims dedicated by hanging to, v. 290

——, Othin, or Woden, the father of Balder, x. 101, 102, 103 n.

Ododop tribe of Southern Nigeria, chiefs of the, keep their external souls in buffaloes, xi. 208

O'Donovan, E., on a Turcoman remedy for fever by means of knotted threads, iii. 304

Oedipus, supposed effects of his incest with his mother, ii. 115;

his exposure, parricide, and incest, iv. 193

Oefoten, in Norway, laggards in reaping called goats at, vii. 282

Oels, in Silesia, expulsion of witches on Good Friday at, ix. 157;

Midsummer fires at, x. 170

Oeneus, king of Calydon in Aetolia, father of Tydeus, ii. 278

Oeniadae, the ancient, Prince Sunless at, x. 21

Oenomaus, king of Pisa, father of Hippodamia, ii. 300;

his chariot-race at Olympia, ii. 300, iv. 91;

his incest with his daughter, v. 44 n. 1

Oesel, the island of, the Esthonians of, i. 211, iii. 41 sq., vii. 298, viii. 51;

contagious magic of footprints in, i. 211;

custom of reapers in, i. 329;

belief as to whirlwinds in, iii. 41 sq.;

belief as to falling stars in, iv. 66;

the last sheaf called the Rye-boar in, vii. 298;

the Christmas Boar in, vii. 302;

custom at eating the new corn in, viii. 51;

heaps of sticks or stones in, ix. 14;

Midsummer fires in, x. 180;

St. John's herbs in, xi. 49

Oeta, Mount, Hercules burnt on, v. 111, 116, 211

Offenburg, in the Black Forest, Midsummer fires at, x. 168