General Index (continued 4)

Casalis, E., on purification of Basuto warriors, iii. 172;

on Zulu serpent-worship, v. 84;

on the worship of the dead among the Basutos, vi. 179 sq.

Cashmeer, the Takhas of, i. 383;

bulls as scapegoats in, ix. 190 n. 5

Cashmeer stories of the external soul, ix. 100 sq., 138 n. 1

Caspar, Melchior, and Balthasar, the Three Kings of Twelfth Day, ix. 329 sqq., xi. 68

Cassange Valley in Angola, the Bangalas of the, ii. 293;

human sacrifice at installation of king of, iv. 56 sq.;

kings of, their teeth preserved after death, iv. 203

Cassava or manioc cultivated by South American Indians, vii. 120 sq., 122

Cassel, in France, wicker giants on Shrove Tuesday at, xi. 35

Cassotis, oracular spring at Delphi, iv. 79

Cassowaries, souls of dead in, viii. 295;

imitated by masked dancers, ix. 382;

men disguised as, in Dukduk ceremonies, xi. 247

Cassowary totem in Mabuiag, viii. 207

Castabala in Cappadocia, the fire-walk at, v. 115, 168, xi. 14

—— in Cilicia, worship of Perasian Artemis at, v. 167 sqq.

Castabus, in the Carian Chersonese, sanctuary of Hemithea at, viii. 24 n. 5, 85

Castaly, the oracular spring of, at Delphi, iv. 79

Castel Gandolfo, on the Alban Lake, i. 2

Castellamare, seven-legged effigy of Lent at, iv. 245

Castelnau, F. de, on the reverence of the Apinagos for the moon, vi. 146 sq.

Castiglione a Casauria, in the Abruzzi, Midsummer customs at, v. 246, x. 210

Castilian peasants, their dances in May, ix. 280

Casting the skin supposed to be a mode of renewing youth, ix. 302 sqq.

Castle Ditches, in the Vale of Glamorgan, bonfires at, x. 156

Castor and Pollux thought to attend the Spartan kings, i. 49 sq.;

their appearance in battle, i. 50

Castor's tune, v. 196 n. 3

Castration, religious, in honour of Cybele, ii. 144 sq.;

practised by a modern sect in Russia, ii. 145;

of Cronus and Uranus, v. 283;

of sky-god, suggested explanation of, v. 283;

of priests, suggested explanation of, v. 283 sq.

Castres, in Southern France, xi. 187

Casuarina leptoclada in magic, i. 213

Cat, blind, in homoeopathic magic, i. 153;

wetted as a rain-charm, i. 262, 289;

black, in rain-charm, i. 291;

stone resembling a, used in rain-making, i. 308 sq.;

corn-spirit as, vii. 280 sq.;

killed at harvest, vii. 281;

fever transferred to a, ix. 51;

a representative of the devil, xi. 40;

story of a clan whose souls were all in one, xi. 150 sq.;

a Batta totem, xi. 223.

See also Cats

Cat's cradle forbidden to boys among the Esquimaux, i. 113;

as a charm to arrest the sun, i. 316 sq., vii. 103 n. 1;

as a charm to promote the growth of the crops, vii. 101, 103;

played by savages, vii. 103 n. 1

—— tail, name given to last standing corn, viii. 268

Catafalque burnt at funeral of king of Siam, v. 179

[pg 210]

Catalangans of Luzon offer first-fruits to the souls of their ancestors, viii. 124

Catalonia, funeral of Carnival in, iv. 225

Catania in Sicily, the vineyards of, v. 194;

gardens of Adonis at, v. 245

Catat, Dr., his difficulty in photographing in Madagascar, iii. 98

Caterpillars, superstitious precautions against, viii. 275 sq., 279, 280;

bonfires as a protection against, x. 114

Catgut plant in homoeopathic magic, i. 144

Catholic Church, ritual of the, v. 54;

ceremonies on Good Friday in the, v. 254, 255 sq.;

institutes feasts of All Saints and All Souls, vi. 83;

enjoins continence during Lent, ix. 348;

consecrates the Midsummer festival to St. John the Baptist, x. 181

—— custom of dedicating candles, i. 13;

as to partaking of the Eucharist, viii. 83;

of eating effigies of the Madonna, viii. 94

—— Germany, St. Leonhard in, i. 7

—— times in Scandinavia, i. 16

Catlin, George, on the power of medicine-men in North America, i. 356;

on the conciliation of the spirits of slain foes, iii. 182

Cato, the Elder, on dedication of Arician grove to Diana, i. 22, 23;

on expiation for thinning a grove, ii. 122;

on the fodder of cattle, ii. 328 n. 1;

on lucky and unlucky trees, iii. 275 n. 3;

on a Roman cure for dislocation, xi. 177

Cats worshipped in Egypt, i. 29 sq.;

witches changed into, ii. 334, x. 315 n. 1, 317, 318, 319 sq., xi. 311 sq.;

with stumpy tails, reason of, iii. 128 sq.;

burnt in bonfires, x. 109, xi. 39 sq.;

perhaps burnt as witches, xi. 41.

See also Cat

Cattle, magical stones for the increase of, i. 162;

Zulu charm to recover strayed, i. 212;

fire tied to tails of, in rain-charm, i. 303;

sacrificed in rain-making, i. 350;

influence of tree-spirits on, ii. 50 sq., 55, 124 sq.;

crowned, as a protection against witchcraft, ii. 75, 126 sq., 339, 341;

under the protection of woodland spirits, ii. 124 sq.;

crowned at the Ambarvalia, ii. 127 n. 2;

and milk, importance of, for the early Italians, ii. 324;

Roman personal names derived from, ii. 324 n. 1;

driven to pasture for the first time on St. George's Day, ii. 331;

bred by the people of the Italian pile villages, ii. 353 n. 3;

continence observed for sake of, iii. 204;

protected against wolves by charms, iii. 307;

sacrificed instead of human beings, iv. 166 n. 1;

driven out to pasture at Whitsuntide, iv. 207 n. 1;

last sheaf given to, vii. 134, 155, 158, 161, 170;

(plough oxen) Yule or Christmas Boar given to the, vii. 301, 302, 303;

worship of, viii. 35, 37 sqq.;

first-fruits offered to, viii. 118;

ceremony for recovering lost, ix. 14;

disease of, transferred to scapegoats, ix. 32 sq.;

exposed to attacks of witches, ix. 162;

beaten to do them good, ix. 266 sq.;

sacrificed at holy oak, x. 181;

protected against sorcery by sprigs of mullein, x. 190;

fire carried round, x. 201, 206;

driven out to pasture in spring and back in autumn, x. 223;

acquire the gift of speech on Christmas Eve, x. 254;

driven through the need-fire, x. 270 sqq.;

killed by fairy darts, x. 303;

lighted brands carried round, x. 341;

thought to benefit by festivals of fire, xi. 4, 7;

fumigated with smoke of Midsummer herbs, xi. 53.

See also Cows

Cattle and sheep driven through, round, or between bonfires, ii. 327, x. 108, 109, 141, 154, 157, 158, 159, 165, 175, 176, 179, 185, 188, 192, 202, 203, 204, 285, 301, xi. 8, 9, 11 sq., 13

Cattle disease, the Midsummer fires a protection against, x. 176;

attributed to witchcraft, x. 302 sq., 343.

See also Murrain

—— -plague, need-fire kindled as a remedy for, x. 270 sqq.;

sacrifice of an animal to stay a, x. 300 sqq.

—— -rearing tribes of South Africa, their dread of menstruous women, x. 79 sq.

—— stall, the, at Athens, ii. 137

Catullus on Diana, i. 6, 16;

on self-mutilation of a priest of Attis, v. 270

Caucasus, the Pshaws of the, i. 182;

the Chewsurs of the, i. 282, vi. 65;

the Abchases of the, i. 282 n. 4, ii. 370, viii. 105;

the Albanians of the, iii. 349, v. 73, ix. 218;

the Cheremiss of the, iii. 391;

funeral games among the people of the, iv. 97 sq.;

sacraments of pastoral tribes in the, viii. 313

Caul, children born with a, can see spirits and are counted lucky, i. 187 sq., 199;

used to fertilize a rice-field, i. 190 sq.;

guardian spirit of child thought to reside in its, i. 199 sq.

See also Cauls

Caul-fat extracted by Australian enemies, iii. 303;

human, rubbed on body as a magical ointment, viii. 162

“Cauld airn,” a protective charm, iii. 233

Cauldron, the magical, which makes the old young again, v. 181

Cauls bought by advocates, i. 199

Caunians of Asia Minor, their expulsion of foreign gods, ix. 116

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Causal sequences in nature, recognition of, i. 374

Cauxanas, Indian tribe of the Amazon, kill all their first-born children, iv. 185 sq.

Cava, preparation and drinking of, viii. 131

Cavan, County, legendary idol in, iv. 183

Cave, spirit of, worshipped, i. 302;

human god in, i. 394 sq.;

of Apollo at Hylae, i. 386;

spirit of reindeer in, viii. 245;

initiation of medicine-men by spirits in, xi. 237 sqq.

See also Caves

Cave of Cruachan, the “Hell-gate of Ireland,” x. 226

Caverns of Demeter, v. 88

Caves, prehistoric paintings of animals in, i. 87 n. 1;

in which ceremonies for producing rain are performed, i. 301 sq.;

limestone, v. 152;

in Semitic religion, v. 169 n. 3

See also Cave

Cavo, Monte, in the Alban Hills, i. 2

Cawthorne, in Yorkshire, May garlands (hoops) at, ii. 62 sq.

Caxton, in Cambridgeshire, ii. 71 n. 1

Cayeli, in Buru, sacrifice of girl to crocodile in, ii. 152

Cayenne, the Indians of, their belief in the transmigration of human souls into fish, viii. 285

Cayor, in Senegal, king of, not allowed to cross the river or the sea, iii. 9

Cayzac, P., on confession among the Akikuyu, iii. 214

Cazembe, the king of, not to be seen drinking, iii. 118

Cazembes, the, of Angola, their dread of contact with their king, iii. 132 sq.

Cecrops, first king of Attica, married the daughter of his predecessor, ii. 277;

said to have instituted marriage, ii. 284;

half-serpent, half-man, iv. 86 sq.;

father of Agraulus, v. 145;

father of Pandion, vii. 70;

institutes the festival of Cronus, ix. 351

Cedar, sacred, in Gilgit, ii. 49, 50 sq.;

smoke of, inhaled as mode of inspiration, i. 383 sq.

—— sprung from the body of Osiris, vi. 110

Cedar-bark, ornaments of, worn in dances, ix. 376;

red, used in ceremonies of a secret society, xi. 271

—— forests of Cilicia, v. 149, 150 n. 1

—— tree, girl annually sacrificed to, ii. 17;

Osiris interpreted as a cedar-tree god, vi. 109 n. 1

—— wood burned as a religious rite, ii. 130

Ceklinj, in Crnagora, divination on St. George's morning at, ii. 345

Celaenae in Phrygia, skin of Marsyas shown at, v. 288;

home of Lityerses, vii. 217

Celebes, the Buginese of, i. 158, iv. 277;

rain-making in, i. 277;

magical virtue of regalia in, i. 362 sqq.;

Loowoo in, i. 364;

fear of offending forest-spirits in, ii. 40;

hooking souls in, iii. 30;

the Alfoors of, iii. 33, 129, 260;

Bolang Mongando in, iii. 53, viii. 54, ix. 121 n. 3;

Minahassa in, iii. 63, 99, iv. 214, vii. 296, viii. 100, 123, 153;

exorcism of spirits by means of rice in, iii. 106;

propitiation of the souls of slain enemies in, iii. 166;

the Toumbuluh tribe of, iii. 295, 298;

Poso in, iii. 332, vii. 236, viii. 244;

Boni in, iv. 40;

the Bantiks of, iv. 130 n.;

sanctity of regalia in, iv. 202;

the Macassars of, iv. 277;

conduct of the inhabitants in an earthquake, v. 200;

division of agricultural work between the sexes in, vii. 124;

observation of the Pleiades in, vii. 313;

customs as to eating the new rice in, viii. 54;

harvest festivals in, viii. 122 sq.;

kinship of men with crocodiles in, viii. 212;

precautions against mice in, viii. 277 sq.;

sticks or stones piled on scenes of violent death in, ix. 15;

Macassar in, x. 14;

souls of persons removed for safety from their bodies in, xi. 153 sq.

——, Central, ix. 122 n.;

the Toradjas of, i. 109, 114, 129, 159, 172, 253, 271, 286, 303, ii. 39, 113, iii. 62, 111, 263, 340, 373 n., vi. 33, vii. 182 n. 1, 183, 228, 295, viii. 153, ix. 34, 112 n. 2, 265, x. 311 sqq.;

Parigi in, i. 188;

the Tolalaki of, i. 188, ii. 111, viii. 152;

the Toboongkoos of, i. 189, ii. 28, 35, iii. 48, 78, iv. 219;

the Tomori of, i. 189, ii. 29, 35, 110, vii. 193, 288;

Poso in, ii. 29, 35, iii. 411, vii. 194;

rice strewn on heads of warriors after a raid in, iii. 36;

the Tolindoos of, iii. 78;

the Tolampoos of, iii. 319

——, Northern, Minahassa in, i. 382, viii. 54, ix. 111 sq.

——, Southern, treatment of the navel-string and afterbirth in, i. 189 sq.;

rain-charm by means of a cat in, i. 289;

the Toorat-eyas of, i. 361;

customs at childbirth in, ii. 32, iii. 32, 245;

the Macassars and Bugineese of, ii. 110;

rice strewn on heads of bridegrooms and victors in, iii. 35 sq.;

rule as to treatment of a prince's corpse in, iii. 238;

marriage custom in, vi. 260;

birth-trees in, xi. 164

——, West, Bolang Mongondo in, iii. 341, 376, ix. 85, 121

Celenderis in Cilicia, v. 41

Celestial power acquired by inoculation, viii. 160 sq.

[pg 212]

Celeus, king of Eleusis, vii. 37;

and Demeter, viii. 334

Celibacy of holy milkmen, iii. 15, 16;

of the Vestal Virgins, x. 138 n. 5

Celtic bisection of the year, x. 223

—— calendar of Coligny, i. 17 n. 2

—— divinity akin to Artemis, ii. 126

—— festival of the dead, vi. 82

—— and Italian languages akin, ii. 189

—— population, their superstition as to Snake Stones, x. 15

—— stories of the external soul, xi. 126 sqq.

—— Vestals, ii. 241 n. 1

—— year reckoned from November 1st, vi. 81

Celts, their worship of the oak, ii. 9, 362 sq., xi. 89;

their worship of the Huntress Artemis, ii. 125 sq.;

their worship of Arduinna, ii. 126;

holy fires tended by virgins among the, ii. 240;

in Asia, ii. 363;

their theory of names, iii. 319;

their festival of All Souls, vi. 81 sq.;

their mode of forecasting the weather of the year, ix. 323 sq.;

their two great fire-festivals on the Eve of May Day and Hallowe'en, x. 222, 224

——, the British, their chief fire-festivals, Beltane and Hallowe'en, xi. 40 sq.

—— of Brittany, their use of mistletoe, xi. 320

—— of Gaul, their harvest festival, i. 17;

their indifference to death, iv. 142 sq.;

their calendar, ix. 342 sqq.;

their human sacrifices, xi. 32 sq.;

the victims perhaps witches and wizards, xi. 41 sq.;

W. Mannhardt's theory of the sacrifices, xi. 43

—— of Ireland, their belief in the blighting effect of incest, ii. 116;

their new fire on Hallowe'en, x. 139

—— of northern Italy, xi. 320

Celts (prehistoric implements), called “thunderbolts,” x. 14 sq.

Cemeteries, cut hair and nails buried in, iii. 274;

fairs held at, iv. 101, 102

Cenaed, king of the Scots, ii. 286

Censorinus, on the date of the rising of Sirius, vi. 34 n. 1;

on the octennial cycle, vii. 81 n. 4, 82 n. 2, 86 sq.

Centipedes not to be called by their proper name, iii. 407, 411

Central Provinces of India, belief as to twins in, i. 269;

use of frogs in rain-charms in, i. 293;

ceremonies observed by rearers of silk-worms in the, iii. 194 n. 1;

gardens of Adonis in the, v. 242 sq.;

custom as to cutting the last corn at harvest in the, vii. 222 n. 2;

the Parjas of the, viii. 27 sq., 28, 119;

customs as to first-fruits in the, viii. 118 sq.;

the Gadbas of the, viii. 118;

the Mannewars of the, viii. 119;

the Nahals of the, viii. 119;

cholera expelled by means of chickens in the, ix. 190;

cure for fever in the, xi. 190

Ceos, Greek island of, funeral customs in, i. 105;

the rising of Sirius observed in, vi. 35 n. 1;

rule as to the pollution of death in, vi. 227;

sick children passed through a cleft oak in, xi. 172

Ceram, i. 125;

treatment of the navel-string in, i. 187;

rain-making in, i. 248;

Alfoors of, their veneration for their high-priest, i. 400;

expiation for unchastity in, ii. 109 n. 1;

rule as to girl scratching herself in, iii. 146 n. 1;

fear of women's blood in, iii. 251;

men do not crop their hair in, iii. 260;

division of agricultural work between the sexes in, vii. 124;

ceremony at eating the new rice in, viii. 54;

offerings of first-fruits to ancestors in, viii. 123;

kinship of men with crocodiles in, viii. 212;

sicknesses expelled in a ship from, ix. 185;

sickness transferred to branches in, ix. 186;

seclusion of girls at puberty in, x. 36;

belief that strength of young people is in their hair in, xi. 158;

rites of initiation to the Kakian association in, xi. 249 sqq.

Ceramicus, the, at Athens, graves of warriors in, iv. 96

Cereal deity, viii. 52, 83

Cereals cultivated in ancient Egypt, vi. 30;

in Europe, antiquity of the cultivation of, vii. 79;

cultivated by the early Aryans, vii. 132

Ceremonial purity observed in war, iii. 157.

See Purity, Chastity, Continence

Ceremonies at cutting down haunted trees, ii. 34 sqq.;

at the reception of strangers, iii. 102 sqq.;

at entering a strange land, iii. 109 sqq.;

after slaughter of panthers, lions, bears, serpents, etc., iii. 219 sqq.;

at haircutting, iii. 264 sqq.

——, initiatory, of Central Australian aborigines, i. 92 sqq.

——, magical, for the multiplication of totems, i. 85 sqq.;

for the regulation of the seasons, v. 3 sqq.;

to ensure fertility of women, x. 23 sq., 31

——, purificatory, on return from a journey, iii. 111 sqq.

Ceremony of the Horse at rice-harvest among the Garos, viii. 337 sqq.

Ceres, names of fathers and daughters tabooed during the rites of, iii. 337;

married to Orcus, vi. 231;

corn the gift of, vii. 42;

the, in France, vii. 135;

festival of, vii. 297 n. 5;

Roman sacrifices to, viii. 133;

first ears of corn sacrificed to, viii. 133

[pg 213]

Cervulus muntjac, species of deer, supposed to house the soul of an ancestor, viii. 294

Cervus equinus, a species of deer, claimed as relations by Malanaus in Borneo, viii. 294

Cetchwayo, king of Zululand, iii. 377

Cetraro in Calabria, Easter custom at, x. 123

Ceylon, deega and beena marriage in, ii. 271 n. 1, vi. 215;

custom of tying a knot on a threshing-floor in, iii. 308 sq.;

sanctity of the threshing-floor in, viii. 110 n. 4;

fear of demons in, ix. 94 sq.;

the king of, and his external soul, xi. 102

Chaco, the Gran, Lengua Indians of, i. 313, 330, 359, iii. 38, 357, iv. 11, 63, viii. 245;

the Guaycurus of, iii. 357, vii. 309;

the Matacos of, x. 58, 59;

the Tobas of, x. 59;

marriage custom of Indians of, x. 75;

Indians of, their treatment of a wound, x. 98 n. 1

——, the Paraguayan, ix. 78, x. 56, 75 n. 2

Chadwars of the Central Provinces, India, expiation for slaughter of totemic animal among the, viii. 28

Chadwick, Professor H. M., on female descent of kingship in Greece and Sweden, ii. 278 n. 1;

on the story of Hamlet, ii. 281 n. 2;

on the marriage of Canute and Emma, ii. 283 n. 1;

on the festival of October 1st, vi. 81 n. 3;

on the dismemberment of Halfdan the Black, vi. 100 n. 2;

on a priest dressed as a woman, vi. 259 n. 2;

on a passage in the Voluspa, x. 103 n.

Chaeronea, the sceptre of Agamemnon worshipped at, i. 365;

the “expulsion of hunger” at, ix. 252

Chain used to expel demons, ix. 260

Chains, iron, worn as amulets, iii. 235;

clanked as a protection against witches, ix. 163;

clanked in masquerade, ix. 244

Chait, an Indian month, ii. 149, viii. 119

Chaka, the Zulu despot, iv. 36 sq., viii. 67, xi. 212 n.;

as a diviner, i. 350

Chaldean priests as to the human wife of Bel, ii. 129 sq.

Chaldeans, magic of, ix. 64

Chalk, white, bodies of newly initiated lads coated with, xi. 241

Chalk mark on brow a protection against a ghost, iii. 186 n. 1

Chalking up crosses as a protection against witches, ix. 160, 162, 165;

on Twelfth Night, ix. 314, 315 n., 331

Chama, town on the Gold Coast, Horse-mackerel people at, iv. 129

Chamar caste in the Punjaub, ix. 196

Chamba, in India, ceremony at the funeral of a Rani of, ix. 45

Chambers, E. K., on the Festival of Fools, ix. 336 n. 1;

on the Celtic bisection of the year, x. 223

Chambéry, the harvest Wolf near, vii. 275;

“the wound of the Ox” at harvest near, vii. 288;

“killing the Ox” at threshing at, vii. 291

Chambezi river in Central Africa, ii. 277

Chameleon, ceremony at killing a, ix. 28

Champion at English coronation ceremony, ii. 322

Chams, the, of Indo-China, their taboos in search for eagle-wood, i. 120;

their homoeopathic magic at sowing, i. 144;

precautions against ghosts among the, i. 280;

their fear of waking the rice at mid-day, ii. 28 sq.;

their traditions of human victims sacrificed by drowning, ii. 159;

continence at the making of a dam among the, iii. 202;

open cattle-stalls and unyoke ploughs to aid women in childbed, iii. 297;

use an artificial jargon in searching for eagle-wood, iii. 404;

their story of the type of Beauty and the Beast, iv. 130 n. 1;

their ceremonies at ploughing, sowing, reaping and eating the new rice, viii. 56 sqq.;

their sacrifices to the “god rat,” viii. 283;

their belief in transmigration, viii. 291 sq.

Chang, the house of, ancient Chinese family, i. 413

Change in date of Egyptian festivals with the adoption of the fixed Alexandrian year, vi. 92 sqq.

—— of language caused by taboo on the names of the dead, iii. 358 sqq., 375;

caused by taboo on names of chiefs and kings, iii. 375, 376 sqq.

—— of name to deceive ghosts, iii. 354 sqq.;

as a cure for ill health, iv. 158

Changes of shape, magical, vii. 305

Chants, plaintive, of corn-reapers in antiquity, vi. 45 sq.

“Charcoal Man” at Midsummer, xi. 26 n. 2

Charente Inférieure, department of, St. John's fires in the, x. 192

Chariot in rain-charm, i. 309;

procession with god riding in a, ii. 130;

patient drawn through the yoke of a, xi. 192

—— and horses dedicated to the sun, i. 315

Chariot-race at Olympia, iv. 91, 104 sq., 287;

annual, on the Field of Mars at Rome, viii. 42

—— -races in honour of the dead, iv. 93

Chariots, epidemics sent away in toy, ix. 193 sq.;

used by sacred persons, x. 4 n. 1

[pg 214]

Charlemagne, x. 270;

compared to Osiris, vi. 199

Charles I. touches for scrofula, i. 368

Charles II. touches for scrofula, i. 368 sq.;

champion at his coronation, ii. 322

Charlotte Waters, in Central Australia, the Blind Tree at, i. 147

Charm to protect a town, vi. 249 sqq.

Charms to ensure long life, i. 168 sq.;

to prevent the sun from going down, i. 316 sqq.;

to facilitate childbirth, iii. 295 sq.

See also Amulets, Magic, Talismans

Charon, places of, v. 204, 205

Charonia, places of Charon, v. 204

Chasas of Orissa believe that leprosy is caused by injuring a totemic animal, viii. 26 sq.

“Chasing the Wild Man out of the bush,” a Whitsuntide custom, iv. 208 sq.

“Chasms of Demeter and Persephone,” viii. 17

Chaste young men kindle need-fire, x. 273

Chastity observed for sake of absent persons, i. 123, 124, 125, 131;

required of rain-doctor, i. 271;

practised to make the crops grow, ii. 104 sqq.;

required of persons who handle dishes and food, ii. 115 sq., 205;

Milton on, ii. 118 n. 1;

as a virtue not understood by savages, ii. 118;

observed by sacred men, perhaps the husbands of a goddess, ii. 135, 136;

observed by sacred women, ii. 137;

observed by women in making pottery, ii. 204;

required in those who make fire by friction, ii. 238 sq.;

observed by women at festival of the corn-goddess, v. 43;

ordeal of, v. 115 n. 2;

required in sower of seed, vii. 115 sq.;

observed by matrons at the Thesmophoria, vii. 116;

required in service of sacred serpent, viii. 18;

required of hunter before hunting bears, viii. 226;

associated with abstinence from salt, x. 27 sq.

See also Continence

Château-Thierry, Midsummer fires at, x. 187 sq.

Chateaubriand, his description of the Natchez festival, viii. 135 sqq.

Chatham Islands, birth-trees in the, xi. 165

Chatti, German tribe, their custom as to their hair, iii. 262

Chauci, a German tribe, on the North Sea, ii. 353

Chauta, Master, prayer for rain to, i. 250

Chavandes, bonfires on the first Sunday in Lent, x. 109 n. 2

Chavantes, Indian tribe of the Tocantins River, iv. 12 n. 5

Cheadle, in Staffordshire, the Yule log at, x. 256

Cheese, eaten by human scapegoat before being put to death, ix. 255;

the Beltane, kept as a charm against the bewitching of milk-produce, x. 154

Cheese Monday, the Monday of the last week in Carnival, celebrated by Thracian and Bulgarian peasants, vii. 26, viii. 333

Chegilla, food taboos in Congo, iii. 137

Cheltenham, Jack-in-the-Green at, ii. 82 sq.

Chemakum tribe of Washington State, prohibition to mention the names of the dead in the, iii. 365

Chemistry, alchemy leads up to, i. 374

Chemmis in Egypt, temple of Perseus at, iii. 312 n. 2

Chêne-Doré, “the gilded oak,” in Perche, xi. 287 n. 1

Chenourazah, king of the Maldive Islands, ii. 153

Chent-Ament (Khenti-Amenti), title of Osiris, vi. 87

Chephren, king of Egypt, his statue, vi. 21 sq.

Chepstow oak, in Gloucestershire, mistletoe on the, xi. 316

Cheremiss, the, of Russia, their sacred groves, ii. 44;

will not fell trees while the corn is in bloom, ii. 49;

keep the names of their villages secret, iii. 391;

their custom at eating the new corn, viii. 51;

offer cakes instead of horses, viii. 95 n. 2;

their expulsion of Satan, ix. 156;

their Midsummer festival, x. 181

Chero, the, of Mirzapur, their contagious magic of footprints, i. 209

Cherokee Indians, their myth of the Old Woman of the Corn, vi. 46 sq.;

their lamentations after “the first working of the corn,” vi. 47;

annual expulsion of evils among the, ix. 128.

See also Cherokees

—— hunters pray to the eagles they have killed, viii. 236; ask pardon of the deer they kill, viii. 241

—— mythology, viii. 204 sq.

—— sorcery with spittle, iii. 287 sq.

Cherokees, homoeopathic magic of plants among the, i. 144, 146 sq.;

their charms to ensure success in ball-playing, i. 144, 155;

foods avoided by the, on homoeopathic principles, i. 155;

homoeopathic magic of animals among the, i. 155 sq.;

their charm to become good singers, i. 156;

their charm to strengthen a child's grip, i. 156; their mode of averting an evil omen, i. 172;

[pg 215]

their custom as to children's cast teeth, i. 180;

their treatment of the navel-string, i. 198;

their mode of averting a storm, i. 321;

try to deceive the spirits of rattlesnakes and eagles, iii. 399;

think that to step over a vine blasts it, iii. 424;

personify maize as an Old Woman, vii. 177;

their way of attracting the corn, vii. 190;

their festival of first-fruits, viii. 72 n. 2;

their belief in the homoeopathic magic of the flesh of animals, viii. 139;

no clear distinction between animals and men in their mythology, viii. 204 sq.;

their respect for rattlesnakes, viii. 218 sq.;

their ceremonies at killing a wolf, viii. 220 sq.;

their propitiation of the eagles which they have killed, viii. 236;

their custom of removing the hamstring of deer, viii. 266;

their sacred arks, x. 11 sq.;

their ideas as to trees struck by lightning, xi. 296 sq.

Cherrington, in Warwickshire, the Queen of May at, ii. 88

Cherry-tree, charm to make it bear fruit, i. 141;

wood used for Yule log, x. 250

—— -trees, branches of, used to beat people with in the Christmas holidays, ix. 270;

torches thrown at, x. 108

Chersonese, the Thracian, iv. 93

Chervil-seed burnt in Midsummer-fire, x. 213

Cheshire, May-poles in, ii. 70 sq.;

popular cure for rheumatism in, iii. 106 n. 2;

All Souls' Day in, vi. 79;

Plough Monday in, viii. 330 n. 1;

cure for thrush in, ix. 50;

cure for warts in, ix. 57

Chesnitsa, Christmas cake in Servia, x. 261

Chester, Midsummer giants at, xi. 37

Chet, Indian month (March-April), iv. 265

Chetang, mountains of, in Tibet, ix. 220

Chetti worshipped in the Deccan, vii. 7

Chevannes, bonfires on the first Sunday in Lent, x. 111 n. 1

Chevas of South Africa, their notion as to whirlwinds, i. 331 n. 2

Chewsurs of the Caucasus, their rain-charm, i. 282;

taboos observed by an annual official among the, iii. 292 sq.;

their annual Festival of All Souls, iv. 98, vi. 65;

their funeral games, iv. 98

Cheyenne Indians, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 54 sq.

—— women secluded at menstruation, x. 89

Cheyne, Professor T. K., on the brazen serpent, iv. 86 n. 4;

on lament for kings of Judah, v. 20 n. 2

Chhatarpur, in Bundelcund, ceremony for stopping rain at, i. 296 sq.

Chiambioa Indians of Brazil, their masked dances, viii. 208 n. 1

Chiaromonte in Sicily, Midsummer custom at, x. 210

Chibchas (Muyscas or Mozcas), the, of Colombia, their reverence for the pontiff of Sogamozo, i. 416

Chibisa, an African chief, killed by a sand-bullet, xi. 314

Chica or chicha, a native American intoxicant, ii. 105, iii. 250 n. 1, x. 57, 58

Chi-chi Mama, “the Drenched Mother,” in rain-making, in Armenia, i. 276

Chicken bones, omens from, ii. 70

Chickens, sickness transferred to, ix. 31;

as scapegoats, ix. 190

Chicomecohuatl, Mexican goddess of maize, vii. 176, ix. 286 n. 1, 291, 292;

girl annually sacrificed in the character of, ix. 292 sqq.

Chicory, the white flower of, opens all locks, xi. 71

Chidley, Cape, spirit of reindeer in cave at, viii. 245

Chief, power of divination possessed by, i. 344;

as priest, ii. 215 sqq.;

ancestral, reincarnate in snakes, v. 84;

the divinity of a, supposed to reside in his eyes, viii. 153.

See also Chiefs

Chiefs daughter, ceremonies observed by her at puberty, x. 30, 43

—— head not to be touched, i. 344

Chiefs, sorcerers regarded as, in New Guinea, i. 337 sq.;

in Melanesia, supernatural power of, i. 338 sqq.;

evolved out of magicians, especially out of rain-makers, in Africa, i. 342 sqq.;

magical powers ascribed to, i. 349;

not allowed to leave their premises, i. 349;

punished for drought and dearth, i. 352 sqq.;

as priests, ii. 215 sq., viii. 126;

chosen from several families in rotation, ii. 292 sqq.;

foods tabooed to, iii. 291, 292;

names of, tabooed, iii. 376 sq., 378 sq., 381, 382

——, dead, worshipped, vi. 175, 176, 177, 179, 181 sq., 187;

thought to control the rain, vi. 188;

sacrifices to, vi. 191, viii. 113;

spirits of, prophesy through living men and women, vi. 192 sq.;

spirits of, give rain, viii. 109;

deified after death, viii. 125;

souls of, in lions, viii. 287 sq.

—— and kings tabooed, iii. 131 sqq.

—— in the Pelew Islands, custom of slaying, vi. 266 sqq.

——, sacred, viii. 28;

not allowed to leave their enclosures, iii. 124;

regarded as dangerous, iii. 138

[pg 216]

Chiefs' daughters entrusted with the sacred fire among the Herero, ii. 215, 228

Chieftainship and kingship in Africa fully developed, i. 342

Chikumbu, a Yao chief, xi. 314

Chilblains, the Yule log a preventive of, x. 250

Chilcotin Indians of North-West America, their ceremony at an eclipse of the sun, i. 312, iv. 77

Child, carried by sower to ensure fertility, i. 142;

under puberty employed by Ba-Ronga women to light the potter's kiln, ii. 205;

placed in bride's lap as a fertility charm, ii. 230 sq.;

born on harvest-field, pretence of, vii. 150 sq.

See also Children

“—— of the assegai,” iv. 183

—— and father, supposed danger of resemblance between, iii. 88 sq., iv. 287 (288, in Second Impression)

“Child-stones,” where souls of dead await rebirth, v. 100

Child's life bound up with the tree with or under which its navel-string or after-birth was planted, i. 182, 184, 194

—— nails bitten off, iii. 262

—— Well at Oxford, ii. 161

Childbed, woman in, thought to control the wind, i. 324;

souls of women dying in, live in trees, ii. 31;

taboos on women in, iii. 147 sqq.;

precautions taken with women in, iii. 314;

deceiving the ghosts of women who have died in, viii. 97 sq.

Childbirth, Diana as goddess of, i. 12, ii. 128;

precautions taken with mothers at, iii. 32, 33, 233, 234, 239, 245;

women tabooed at, iii. 145;

supposed dangerous infection of, iii. 147 sqq.;

confessions of sins to expedite, iii. 216 sq.;

women after, their hair shaved and burnt, iii. 284;

knots untied at, iii. 294, 296 sq., 297 sq.;

homoeopathic magic to facilitate, iii. 295 sqq.;

primitive ignorance of the causes of, v. 106 sq.;

customs of women after, x. 20

Childermas (Holy Innocents' Day), the 28th day of December, Boy Bishop on, ix. 336, 337

Childless couples leap over bonfires to procure offspring, x. 214, 338

—— persons named after their younger brothers, iii. 332, 333

—— women divorced, i. 142;

their corpses thrown away, i. 142;

homoeopathic charm employed by, to ensure the birth of children, i. 157;

expect offspring from St. George, v. 78;

resort to Baths of Solomon, v. 78;

receive offspring from serpent, v. 86; resort to graves in order to secure offspring, v. 96;

resort to hot springs in Syria, v. 213 sqq.;

creep through a holed stone, xi. 187.

See also Barren

Children thought to be reincarnations of the dead, i. 103 sqq.;

taboos observed by, in the absence of their fathers, i. 116, 119, 122, 123, 127, 131;

homoeopathic charm to ensure the birth of, i. 157;

born with a caul thought to be lucky and to see spirits, i. 187 sq., 199;

buried to the neck as a rain-charm, i. 302 sq.;

dislike of parents to have children like themselves, iii. 88 sq., iv. 287 (288, in Second Impression);

young, tabooed, iii. 262, 283;

parents named after their, iii. 331 sqq., 339;

called the fathers or mothers of their first cousins, iii. 332 sq.;

sacrificed to Moloch, iv. 75;

sacrificed by the Semites, iv. 166 sqq.;

bestowed by saints, v. 78 sq.;

given by serpent, v. 86;

murdered that their souls may be reborn in barren women, v. 95;

sacrificed to volcano in Siao, v. 219;

sacrificed at irrigation channels, vi. 38;

sacrificed by the Mexicans for the maize, vi. 107;

presented to the moon, vi. 144 sqq.;

guarded against evil spirits, vii. 6 sqq.;

employed to administer drugs and the poison ordeal, vii. 115;

employed to sow seed, vii. 115 sq.;

sacrificed at harvest, vii. 236;

blood of, used to knead a paste, ix. 129;

personating spirits, ix. 139;

live apart from their parents among the Baganda, x. 23 n. 2;

passed across the Midsummer fires, x. 182, 189 sq., 192, 203;

born feet foremost, curative power attributed to, x. 295;

passed through holes in ground or turf to cure them, xi. 190 sq.

See also Child

—— of God in Kikuyu, v. 68

—— of living parents in ritual, vi. 236 sqq.;

apparently thought to be endowed with more vitality than others, vi. 247 sq.

——, new-born, brought to the spirits of the ancestors, ii. 216, 221;

passed through the smoke of a fire, ii. 232;

brought to the hearth, ii. 232;

placed in winnowing-fans, vii. 6 sqq.

Children's nails not pared, iii. 262 sq.

Chili, sacred cedar among the Aryan tribes of Gilgit, ii. 49, 50 sq.

Chili stone, ceremony of fertilizing goats at the, ii. 51

Chili, the Chilote Indians of, i. 168;

the Araucanians of, i. 292 n. 3, iii. 97;

disposal of shorn hair in, iii. 280;

earthquakes in, v. 202

Chillingworth, Thomas, passed through a cleft ash-tree for rupture, xi. 168 sq.

[pg 217]

Chiloe, the Indians of, keep their names secret, iii. 324

Chilote Indians of Chili, their belief as to death at ebb-tide, i. 168;

their magical use of shorn hair, iii. 268;

make magic with the spittle of an enemy, iii. 287

Chimaera, Mount, in Lycia, perpetual fire on, v. 221

Chimché-gelin, rain-bride, in Armenia, i. 276

Chimney, witches fly up the, xi. 74

Chimney-piece, divination by names on, x. 237

China, homoeopathic magic of city sites in, i. 169 sq.;

birthday celebration in, i. 169;

trees planted on graves in, ii. 31;

new-born children passed through the smoke of fire in, ii. 232 n. 2;

custom as to shadows at funerals in, iii. 80;

custom at an execution in, iii. 171;

geomancy in, iii. 239;

suicide of Buddhist monks in, iv. 42;

substitutes for corporal punishment in, iv. 275 sq.;

ceremony at beginning of spring in, viii. 10 sqq.;

belief in demons in, ix. 99;

men possessed by spirits in, ix. 117;

annual expulsion of demons in, ix. 145 sqq.;

annual ceremony of the new fire in, x. 136 sq., xi. 3;

were-wolves in, x. 310 sq.;

use of fire to bar ghosts in, xi. 17 sq.;

spirits of plants in snake form in, xi. 44 n. 1;

use of mugwort in, xi. 60.

See also Chinese

——, aboriginal tribes of, their use of a human scapegoat, ix. 196;

their annual destruction of evils, ix. 202

——, Emperor of, superior to the gods, i. 416 sq.;

seldom quitted his palace, iii. 125;

his directions for averting the devil, iii. 239;

his name not to be pronounced nor written by his subjects, iii. 375 sq.;

etiquette at his court, iv. 40;

funeral of, v. 294;

inaugurates the ploughing in spring, viii. 14 sq.

——, emperors of, as priests, i. 47;

held responsible for drought, i. 355

——, the Miotse of, ix. 4

——, the Mossos of, ix. 139

——, South and West, the Miao-Kia of, ii. 31

——, Southern, expulsion of the demons of cholera in, ix. 117 sq.;

the Shans of, ix. 141

Chinchvad, human gods at, i. 405 sq.

Chinese, magical images among the, i. 60 sq.;

their charms to ensure long life, i. 168 sq.;

their superstition as to placenta (afterbirth), i. 194;

their belief as to the influence of the dead on rain, i. 287;

their modes of compelling the rain-god to give rain, i. 297 sqq.;

their emperor responsible for drought, i. 355;

their belief in spirits of plants, ii. 14;

their custom of marrying a girl to the Yellow River, ii. 152;

kindle a sacred fire by means of a metal mirror or burning-glass, ii. 245 n.;

their story of a wandering human soul and its deserted body, iii. 49 sq.;

attribute convulsions to the action of demons, iii. 59;

their use of mirrors to frighten demons, iii. 93 n. 3;

use no knives nor needles after a death, iii. 238;

their belief as to the intimate association of names with beings, iii. 390;

their indifference to death, iv. 144 sqq., 273 sqq.;

report a custom of devouring first-born children, iv. 180;

their character compared to that of the ancient Egyptians, vi. 218;

their use of sieve or winnowing-fan in superstitious rites, vii. 6, 9 sq.;

their ceremony of ploughing, viii. 14 sq.;

their theory as to courage, viii. 145 sq., 152;

their ceremonies of purification in spring and autumn, ix. 213 n. 1;

their festival of fire, ix. 359, xi. 3 sqq.;

their story of the external soul, xi. 145 sq.;

their theories as to the human soul, xi. 221

Chinese of Amoy averse to call fever by its proper name, iii. 400;

their use of effigies to divert ghostly and other evil influences from persons, viii. 104 sq.

Chinese author on disturbance of earth-spirits by agriculture, v. 89

—— books, bleeding trees in, ii. 18

—— comedies played as a rain-charm, i. 301 n.

—— empire, incarnate human gods in the, i. 412 sqq.

—— geomancy, i. 170

—— New Year, viii. 10

—— writers on kings of Corea, i. 355;

as to injury to men and birds through their shadows, iii. 79;

as to blood containing the soul, iii. 241;

profess themselves unable to distinguish between men and animals, viii. 206

Chingilli, an Australian tribe, their custom of knocking out teeth, i. 99

Chinigchinich, a Californian god, viii. 170

Chinna Kimedy, in India, vii. 247, 249

Chinook Indians, prohibition to mention the names of the dead among the, iii. 365;

seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 43

Chins, the, of Upper Burma, their offerings of first-fruits to their ancestors, viii. 121;

their way of keeping off cholera, ix. 123

[pg 218]

Chios, titular kings in, i. 45, 46 n. 4;

human beings torn in pieces at the rites of Dionysus in, vi. 98 sq., vii. 24

Chippeway Indians, magical images among the, i. 77;

their dread and seclusion of menstruous women, x. 90 sq.

Chiquites Indians of Paraguay, their belief as to chica, iii. 250 n. 1;

their fear of dead deer and turtles, viii. 241;

their theory of sickness, xi. 226 n. 1

Chirbury, in Shropshire, the Yule log at, x. 257

Chiriguanos, the, of South America, their preference for a violent death, iv. 12;

their address to the sun, vi. 143 n. 4;

why they will not eat the vicuña, viii. 140;

their belief in the transmigration of human souls into animals, viii. 286;

their practice of bleeding themselves to relieve fatigue, ix. 13;

seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 56

Chiriqui, volcano, v. 181

Chirol, (Sir) Valentine, on substitutes for capital punishment in China, iv. 274

Chiron, the centaur, taught Hippolytus venery, i. 19

Chirouba, festival in Manipur, ix. 40

Chirus of Manipur, their rain-making by means of a crab, i. 289;

their tug-of-war, ix. 177 n. 3

Chisaks, a tribe of Garos, their harvest festival, viii. 337

Chissumpe, the spiritual head of the Maraves, i. 393

Chitariah Gossaih, god of a hill-tribe in India, viii. 118

Chitomé or Chitombé, a pontiff of Congo, his perpetual fire, ii. 261;

regarded as a god on earth, iii. 5 sq., 7;

slain by his successor, iv. 14 sq., 206

Chitral, devil-driving in, ix. 137

Chittagong, opening everything in house to facilitate childbirth in, iii. 297;

nail knocked into threshold at a burial in, ix. 63 n. 4

—— Hill Tracts, the Chukmas of the, ix. 174

Chittim (Citium) in Cyprus, Phoenician kings at, v. 31

Chnum of Elephantine, Egyptian god identified with the sun, vi. 123

Choctaws, taboos observed by manslayers among the, iii. 181;

their annual festival of the dead, vi. 53 sq.;

their women secluded at menstruation, x. 88

Chodoi, in Selangor, ceremony of bringing home the soul of the rice at, vii. 198

Choerilus, Greek historian, as to the epitaph of Sardanapalus, ix. 388 n. 1

Cholera sent away in animal scapegoats, ix. 190, 191 sq.

——, demon of, expelled, ix. 116, 117, 172;

threatened with swords, ix. 123;

conjured into an image, ix. 172;

sent away on a raft, ix. 190

——, goddess of, kept off by iron, iii. 234;

sent away in a little chariot, ix. 194

Cholones, the, of eastern Peru, their custom as to poisoned arrows, i. 116;

their charms against snake-bite, etc., i. 153

Cholula, a city of Mexico, worship of Quetzalcoatl at, ix. 281

Chonga, on the Niger, the king of, keeps himself concealed, iii. 121

Chopping-knife, soul of woman in childbirth transferred for safety to a, xi. 153 sq.

Chorinchen, custom at threshing at, vii. 148

Chorion or foetal membrane, Icelandic belief as to, i. 199 sq.

Chota Nagpur in India, ceremonies observed by rearers of silkworms in, iii. 194 n. 1;

the Oraons of, vii. 244;

stones or leaves piled on places where persons have been killed by wild beasts in, ix. 19;

annual expulsion of disease in, ix. 139;

the fire-walk in, xi. 5

Chouquet, in Normandy, the Green Wolf at, x. 185

Chouville, Léon, on the King of the Bean in France, ix. 315 n. 1

Chréais or Jaray, tribe in the mountains of Cambodia, their Kings of Fire and Water, ii. 3

Christ, his Nativity, v. 304 sq.;

his crucifixion, v. 306 sqq., ix. 412 sqq.;

his resurrection, v. 306, 307 n., 308 sqq.;

doubts as to his historical reality unfounded, v. 311 n. 2, ix. 412 n. 1;

and Osiris, vi. 59

Christbrand, the Yule log, x. 248

Christenburg Crags, in Northumberland, Midsummer fires at, x. 198

Christian, Captain, his mode of execution, iii. 244

Christian, F. W., on the prostitution of unmarried girls in Yap, vi. 265 sq.

Christian Church, its treatment of witches, xi. 42.

See Church

—— festivals displace heathen festivals, i. 14 sqq., v. 308, vi. 81 sqq.;

the great, timed by the Church to coincide with old pagan festivals, ix. 328

Christianity, purifying influence of, v. 80;

its conflict with the Mithraic religion, v. 302 sqq.;

its success due to the personal influence of its founder, vi. 159 sq.;

its rapid diffusion in Asia Minor, ix. 420 sq.

[pg 219]

Christianity, Latin, its tolerance of rustic paganism, ix. 346

—— and Buddhism, comparison between their history, v. 310 sqq.

—— and paganism, their resemblances explained as diabolical counterfeits, v. 302, 309 sq.

Christians, pretenders to divinity among, i. 407 sqq.

—— and pagans, their controversy as to Easter, v. 309 sq.

Christklotz, the Yule log, x. 248

Christmas, custom of swinging at, iv. 284;

festival of, borrowed from the Mithraic religion, v. 302 sqq.;

the heathen origin of, v. 305;

straw of Corn-mother placed in manger of cattle at, vii. 134;

the last sheaf given to cattle at, vii. 155, 158, 160 sq.;

boar sacrificed at, vii. 302;

pretence of human sacrifice at, vii. 302;

dances to make the flax grow at, viii. 328;

custom of young men and women beating each other at, ix. 270;

an old midwinter festival of the sun-god, ix. 328, x. 246, 331 sq.;

new fire made by the friction of wood at, x. 264;

mistletoe gathered at, xi. 291.

See also Yule

Christmas Boar among the Esthonians, vii. 302 sq.

—— cake, x. 257, 259, 261

—— candle, the, x. 255, 256, 260

—— custom in Poland, vii. 275;

in Sweden, vii. 301 sq.

—— Day, hunting the wren on, viii. 319, 320;

Mexican festival on, ix. 287;

divination on, ix. 316 n. 1;

Old (Twelfth Night), ix. 321

—— drama in Sweden, viii. 327 sq.

—— Eve, fruit-trees girt or tied together with straw on, ii. 17, 27 sq.;

barren fruit-trees threatened on, ii. 21;

presages as to shadows on, iii. 88;

celebration of, in Oesel, vii. 302;

hunting the wren on, viii. 318, 321;

witches active on, ix. 160;

cattle acquire the gift of speech on, x. 254;

torchlight processions on, x. 266;

trees fumigated with wild thyme on, xi. 64;

the fern blooms on, xi. 66;

witches dreaded on, xi. 73;

sick children passed through cleft trees on, xi. 172

—— night, fern-seed blooms on, xi. 289

—— pig in Servia, x. 259

—— visitor, the, x. 261 sq., 263, 264

Christs, Russian sect of the, i. 407 sq.

Chrudim in Bohemia, effigy of Death burnt at, iv. 239

Chu-en-aten, name assumed by King Amenophis IV. of Egypt, vi. 124

Chu-Tu-shi, a Chinese were-tiger, x. 310 sq.

Chua-hang or Troc, the caves of, in Annam, i. 301 sq.

Chuckchees or Chukchees of North-Eastern Asia, their chief sacrificed in time of pestilence, i. 367 n. 1;

sacred fire-boards of the, ii. 225 sq.;

divine by the shoulder-blades of sheep, iii. 229 n. 4;

change the name of the youngest son after his mother's death, iii. 358;

voluntary deaths among the, iv. 13;

effeminate sorcerers among the, vi. 256 sq.;

their ceremony at killing a wolf, viii. 221

Chukmas, a tribe of the Chittagong Hill racts, the tug-of-war among the, ix. 174

Chunar, in Bengal, rain-making ceremony t, i. 283

Church, the Christian, borrows the festival of Christmas from the worship of Mithra, v. 303 sqq.;

its compromise with paganism, v. 308;

its treatment of witches, xi. 42.

See also Catholic

Church bells a protection against witch-craft, ix. 157, 158;

on Midsummer Eve, custom as to ringing, xi. 47 sq.;

rung to drive away witches, xi. 73

Churches used as places of divination at Hallowe'en, x. 229

Churinga, sacred stick and stones, resembling bull-roarers, of the Arunta and other Central Australian tribes, i. 88, 199, 335, xi. 218 n. 3, 234

Churn, last corn cut, vii. 151, 153, 154 sq.

Churn wreathed with rowan on May Day, ii. 53

Churn-dashers ridden by witches, ix. 160

—— -staff made of rowan as a protection against witchcraft, ii. 53, 54

Churning, precaution against witches in, ii. 53 n. 1

Chuwash, their test of a sacrificial victim, i. 385

Chuzistan, rumour of the death of the King of the Jinn in, iv. 8

Chwolsohn, D., on the worship of Haman, ix. 366 n. 1

Ciallos, intercalary month of Gallic calendar, ix. 343

Cicero invited to meet the assassin Brutus, i. 5;

at Cybistra, v. 122 n. 3;

corresponds with Cilician king, v. 145 n. 2;

on the Attic origin of corn, vii. 58;

on transubstantiation, viii. 167;

on the custom of knocking in a nail annually, ix. 67 n. 2

Cieza de Leon on the Peruvian Vestals, ii. 244 n. 1 245 n.

Cilicia, male deity of, assimilated to Zeus, v. 118 sq., 144 sqq., 148, 152;

[pg 220]

kings of, their affinity to Sandan, v. 144;

names of priests in, v. 144;

pirates in, v. 149;

goddesses in, v. 161 sqq.;

the burning of gods in, v. 170 sq.;

the Assyrians in, v. 173;

Tarsus in, ix. 388, 389, 391

Cilicia, Western or Rugged, described, v. 148 sqq.;

fossils of, v. 152 sq.

Cilician Gates, pass of the, v. 120

Cimbrians, the, take arms against the tide, i. 331 n. 3

Ciminian forest, ii, 8

Cincius Alimentus, L., on Maia as the wife of Vulcan, vi. 232

Cinet or sinnet, iii. 69 n. 3

Cingalese (Cinglese), their fear of demons, ix. 95;

the tug-of-war among the, ix. 181.

See also Singhalese

Cingalese remedy by means of devil-dancers, ix. 38

Cinteotl or Centeotl, Mexican goddess of maize, vii. 176, ix. 286 n. 1;

personated by a priest, ix. 290

Cinyrads, dynasty of the, v. 41 sqq.

Cinyras, the father of Adonis, v. 13, 14, 49;

king of Byblus, v. 27;

founds sanctuary of Astarte, v. 28;

said to have instituted religious prostitution, v. 41, 50;

his daughters, v. 41, 50;

his riches, v. 42;

his incest, v. 43;

wooed by Aphrodite, v. 48 sq.;

meaning of the name, v. 52;

the friend of Apollo, v. 54;

legends of his death, v. 55

Ciotat in Provence, bathing at Midsummer at, v. 248;

Midsummer rites of fire and water at, x. 194

Circassia, custom as to pear-trees in, ii. 55 sq.;

games in honour of the dead in, iv. 98

Circe, the land of, ii. 188

Circensian games at Bovillae, ii. 180 n.

Circumambulating fields with lighted torches, x. 233 sq.

Circumcision, pretence of new birth at, i. 76, 96 sq.;

among the aborigines of Australia, i. 92 sqq.;

uses of blood shed at, i. 92, 94 sq., iii. 244;

among the dwarf tribes of the Gaboon, i. 95 n. 4;

suggested origin of, i. 96 sq.;

in Central Australia, i. 204, 208, iii. 244, xi. 227 sq., 233, 234, 235;

among the Caffres, iii. 156 sq.;

performed with flints, not iron, iii. 227;

of father as a mode of redeeming his offspring, iv. 181;

story told by Israelites to explain the origin of, iv. 181;

mimic rite of, iv. 219 sq.;

exchange of dress between men and women at, vi. 263;

period of seclusion after, determined by the appearance of the Pleiades, vii. 316;

ceremonies at, in South-East Africa, viii. 148;

custom at, in Celebes, viii. 153;

riddles asked at, ix. 122 n.;

among the Washamba, xi. 183;

in New Guinea, xi. 240 sq.;

in Fiji, xi. 243 sq.;

in Rook, xi. 246;

on the Lower Congo, xi. 251, 255 n. 1

Circumcision Day, the 1st of January, Pope of Fools on, ix. 334

Circumlocutions adopted to avoid naming the dead, iii. 350, 351, 355;

caused by fear of the dead, iii. 354;

employed by reapers, iii. 412

Circus, the games of the, ii. 174

Cirta, image of Jupiter at, ii. 177

Cithaeron, Mount, bonfire on the top of, ii. 140 sq.;

forest of oaks at, iv. 82;

Pentheus torn to pieces on, vii. 25 n. 3

Cities, guardian deities of, evoked by enemies, iii. 391;

Etruscan ceremony at the founding of, iv. 157

Citium (Chittim), in Cyprus, Phoenician kings at, v. 31, 50

Citrus hystrix, the afterbirth hung on a, i. 186

Civilization advanced by great conquering races, i. 218;

threatened by an underlying stratum of savagery, i. 236;

ancient, undermined by Oriental religions and other causes, v. 299 sqq.

Clach-nathrach, serpent stone, xi. 311

Clam shell, sacred, of the Omahas, x. 11

Clan of the Cat, xi. 150 sq.

Clangour of metal used to dispel demons, ix. 233

Clanking chains as a protection against witches, ix. 163

Clans, paternal and maternal, of the Herero, ii. 217

Clappers, used instead of church bells in Holy Week, x. 125;

wooden, used in China, x. 137

Clarian Apollo, the, iv. 80 n. 1

Clark, J. V. H., on the New Year festival of the Iroquois, ix. 209

Clarke, E. D., on the bride-race among the Calmucks, ii. 301 sq.;

on image of Demeter at Eleusis, vii. 64 n. 2;

on the Harvest Queen, vii. 146 sq.;

on heaps of sticks or stones on graves in Sweden, ix. 20 sq.

Clashing of metal instruments a protection against witchcraft, ix. 158;

used to dispel demons, ix. 233

Clasping of hands forbidden, iii. 298

Classificatory system of relationship, xi. 234 n. 1, 314 n. 4

Claudianus, Lucius Minius, on the goddess of Hieropolis-Castabala, v. 168

Claudius, the Emperor, shrine of, at Nemi, i. 13;

trial for incest under, ii. 115;

his marriage with Agrippina, ii. 129 n. 1;

[pg 221]

statues of, crowned with oak, ii. 177 n. 2;

his history of Etruria, ii. 196 n.;

on the Etruscan origin of Servius Tullius, ii. 196 n.;

on the foreign descent of the Roman kings, ii. 270 n. 6;

and the rites of Attis, v. 266;

his execution of a Gaulish knight, x. 15

Claudius Gothicus, the Emperor, v. 266 n. 2

Clavie at Burghead, made without the use of a hammer, iii. 229 sq.;

the burning of the, x. 266 sq.

Clavigero, F. S., historian of Mexico, on the Mexican calendar, vi. 29 n.;

on Cinteotl, the Mexican goddess of maize, ix. 286 n. 1

Claws of sea-eagle, charm made from, i. 152

Clay, people smeared with white, at festival, viii. 75;

plastered on girls at puberty, x. 31;

bodies of novices at initiation smeared with white, xi. 255 n. 1. 259

Clayton, A. C., on a Badaga funeral, ix. 36

Claytonia, a species of, principal vegetable food of the aborigines of Central Australia, vii. 128

Cleanliness promoted by contagious magic, i. 175, 342;

fostered by superstition, iii. 130;

personal, observed in war, iii. 157, 158 n. 1

Cleansing streets from superstitious motive, beneficial effect of, ix. 205 sq.

Clearing land for cultivation, ceremonies to appease the tree spirits at, ii. 36, 38 sq.

Cleary, Bridget, burnt as a witch in Tipperary, x. 323 sq.

Cleary, Michael, burns his wife as a witch, x. 323 sq.

Clee, in Lincolnshire, the Yule log at, x. 257

Clee Hills, in Shropshire, fear of witchcraft in the, x. 342 n. 4

Cleft stick, passage through a, in connexion with puberty and circumcision, xi. 183 sq.

Clement of Alexandria on the Eleusinian mysteries, vii. 39

Cleomenes, king of Sparta, and serpents, v. 87

Cleon of Magnesia at Gades, v. 113

Cleostratus of Tenedos, said to have introduced the Greek octennial cycle, vii. 81

Clergyman employed to cut first corn at harvest, viii. 51

Cleveland in Yorkshire, treatment of the placentas of mares at, i. 199

Climacteris scandens, women's “sister” among the Kulin, xi. 216

Climatic and geographical conditions, their effect on national character, vi. 217

Clippings of hair, magic wrought through iii. 268 sqq., 275, 277, 278 sq.

See also Hair

—— of nails in popular cures, ix. 57, 58.

See also Nails

Clisthenes and Hippoclides, ii. 307 sq.

Clitus and Dryas, their contest for a bride, ii. 307

—— and Pallene, ii. 307

“Clod festival of the fourth” at Benares, i. 279

Clodd, Edward, on the external soul, xi. 97 n. 1

Clog, the Yule, x. 247

Clonmel, trial for witch-burning at, x. 324

Clotaire murders his nephews, iii. 259

Clothes, homoeopathic magic of, i. 157;

magic sympathy between a person and his, i. 205-207;

of sacred persons tabooed, iii. 131.

See also Graveclothes

Cloths used to catch souls, iii. 46, 47, 48, 52, 53, 61, 64, 67, 75 sq.

Clotilde, Queen, the murder of her grand children, iii. 259

Cloud-dragon, myth of the, iv. 107

Clouds imitated by smoke, i. 249;

imitation of, in rain-making, i. 249, 256, 261, 262, 263, 275;

imitated by stones, i. 256;

magicians painted in imitation of, i. 323

Clove-trees in blossom treated like pregnant women, ii. 28.

See also Cloves

Clover, time for sowing, i. 167;

four-leaved, a counter-charm for witchcraft, x. 316;

found at Midsummer, xi. 62 sq.

Cloves, sexual ceremony to make cloves grow, ii. 100.

See also Clove-trees

Clovis, gift of touching for the evil derived from, i. 370

Clown in spring ceremonies, ii. 82, 89;

at Whitsuntide, ii. 89;

in processions, ix. 244 sq.

Clubhouses of men in New Guinea, i. 125, iii. 168, 169;

in the Caroline Islands, iii. 193;

in the Pelew Islands, iii. 193 n. 2

Clucking like a hen to recall a truant soul, iii. 34, 35, 55, 74, 75

Clucking-hen, the, at threshing, vii. 277

Clue of yarn, divination by a, at Hallowe'en, x. 235, 240, 241, 243

Cluis Dessus and Cluis-Dessous, custom of “Sawing the Old Woman” at, iv. 241 sq.

Clyack sheaf, vii. 158 sqq., 215 sq., viii. 43

Clyack-kebback, a cheese at the harvest supper in Aberdeenshire, vii. 160

Clymenus, king of Arcadia, his incest, v. 44 n. 1

[pg 222]

Clytaemnestra, a native of Lacedaemon, ii. 279

Cnossus in Crete, sacred marriage of Zeus and Hera at, ii. 143 n. 1;

Minos at, iv. 70 sqq.;

the labyrinth at, iv. 75 sqq.;

the bull perhaps the king's crest at, iv. 111 sq.;

prehistoric palace at, v. 34;

marriage of the Bull-god to the Queen at, vii. 31;

octennial tenure of kingship at, vii. 82, 85

Coal, magical, that turns to gold at Midsummer, xi. 60 sq.

Coast Murring tribe of New South Wales, the drama of resurrection exhibited to novices at initiation in the, xi. 235 sqq.

Cobern, effigy burnt on Shrove Tuesday at, x. 120

Coblentz, the Yule log near, x. 248

Cobra worshipped, i. 383 n. 4;

ceremonies after killing a, iii. 222 sq.;

the crest of the Maharajah of Nagpur, iv. 132 sq.

Cobra-capella, guardian-deity of Issapoo, viii. 174

Coca-mother, among the Peruvians, vii. 172, 173 n.

Coccus Polonica and St. John's blood, xi. 56

Cochin, Cranganore in, i. 280

Cochin China, the Chams of, i. 144, ii. 28, iii. 202, 297, iv. 130 n. 1;

the Bahnars of, iii. 52, 58;

tigers respected in, iii. 403, viii. 217;

annual festival of the dead in, vi. 65;

mode of disposing of ghosts in, ix. 62

Cock killed in fight not to be eaten by soldiers, i. 117;

king represented with the feathers of a, iv. 85;

as emblem of a priest of Attis, v. 279;

corn-spirit as, vii. 276 sqq.;

killed on harvest field, vii. 277 sq., xi. 280 n.;

effigy of, in bonfire, x. 111;

external soul of ogre in a, xi. 100

——, black, buried on spot where epileptic patient fell down, ix. 68 n. 2;

used as counter-charm to witchcraft, x. 321

—— and hen sacrificed by the Lithuanians at harvest, viii. 49 sq.;

or hen, striking blindfold at a, xi. 279 n. 4

——, red, killed to cure person struck by lightning, xi. 298 n. 2

——, white, buried at boundary, iii. 109;

sacrificed, viii. 117, 118;

disease transferred to a, ix. 187;

as scapegoat, ix. 210 n. 4;

burnt in Midsummer bonfire, xi. 40.

See also Cocks

Cock-sheaf, vii. 276

Cock's blood poured on divining-rod, xi. 282

Cockatoos, magical ceremony for the multiplication of, i. 89

Cockchafer, external soul in a golden, xi. 140

Cockchafers, witches as, x. 322

Cocks as scapegoats, ix. 191 sq.

Coco-nut, soul of child deposited in a, x. 154 sq.

—— -nuts, magical stones to produce a crop of, i. 162;

sacred and regarded as emblems of fertility in Upper India, ii. 51;

gathered by pure youths, iii. 201

Coco-nut oil made by chaste women, iii. 201;

a charm against demons, iii. 201

—— -nut palm worshipped, ii. 16;

planted over navel-string and afterbirth of child, xi. 161, 163, compare xi. 164;

attracts lightning, xi. 299 n. 2

—— -nut trees revered, ii. 12, 16

Codjour or Cogiour, a priestly king of the Nubas, iii. 132 n. 1, viii. 114

Codrington, Dr. R. H., on the confusion of religion and magic in Melanesia, i. 227 sq.;

on the supernatural powers ascribed to chiefs in Melanesia, i. 338;

on mother-kin in Melanesia, vi. 211;

on the Melanesian conception of the external soul, xi. 197 sq.

Codrus, king of Athens, Ionian kings descended from, i. 47

Coel Coeth, Hallowe'en bonfire, x. 239

Coffin, nails from a, in magic, i. 210, 211

Cogiour. See Codjour

Cohabitation of husband and wife enjoined as a matter of ritual, viii. 69, 70 n. 1.

See also Intercourse

Cohen, S. S., x. 128 n. 1

Coil, sick children passed through a, xi. 185 sq.

Coimbatore, dancing-girls at, v. 62

Coincidence between the Christian and the heathen festivals of the divine death and resurrection, v. 308 sq.

Coins from the eyes of corpses, their magical virtue, i. 149;

placed on the eyes of corpses, i. 149 n. 5;

portraits of kings not stamped on, iii. 98 sq.

Colchis, Phrixus in, iv. 162

Cold food, festival of the, in China, x. 137

—— weather, charm to bring on, i. 319;

ceremonies to procure, i. 329 n. 1

Cole, Lieut.-Colonel H. W. G., on a custom of the Lushais, xi. 185 sq.

Colic, a Bahnar cure for, iii. 59;

popular remedies for, x. 17;

leaping over bonfires as a preventive of, x. 107, 195 sq., 344;

attributed to witchcraft, x. 344

Coligny calendar of Gaul, i. 17 n. 2, ix. 342 sqq.

Coll, Dr. Samuel Johnson in the island of, viii. 322;

the Hole Stone in the island of, xi. 187

[pg 223]

Collatinus, L. Tarquinius, one of the first consuls, ii. 288, 290

Colleda, an old Servian goddess, x. 259

Collobrières in Provence, rain-making at, i. 307

Colluinn, custom of beating a cow's hide in the Highlands, viii. 323, 324

Colocasia antiquorum, charm used at gathering, ii. 23

Cologne, Petrarch at, on St. John's Eve, v. 247 sq.;

St. John's fourteen Midsummer victims at, xi. 27

Colombia, the Goajiro Indians of, iii. 30 sq., 325, 352. x. 34 n. 1;

the Muysca Indians of, iii. 121;

the Aurohuaca Indians of, iii. 215;

rule as to the felling of timber in, vi. 136;

the Popayan Indians of, their belief in the transmigration of human souls into deer, viii. 286;

Guacheta in, x. 74

Colophon, the Clarian Apollo at, iv. 80 n. 1

Columbia, British, the Indians of, their use of magical images to procure fish, i. 108;

taboos imposed on the parents of twins among the, i. 262 sqq.;

pay compliments to the first fish of the season, viii. 253

——, British, the Thompson Indians of, i. 132, 181, 197, 253, 288, 293, ii. 13, 208, iii. 37, 65, 117, 142, 181, 278, 399, viii. 81, 133, 140, 207, 226, 268, ix. 154;

the Kwakiutl Indians of, i. 197, 201, 263, 324, iii. 53, 76, 188, 386, viii. 250;

the Tsimshian Indians of, i. 262, viii. 254;

the Nootka Indians of, i. 263, iii. 27, 146 n. 1, viii. 225, 251;

the Lillooet Indians of, i. 265;

the Shuswap Indians of, i. 265, 319, iii. 83, 142, 146 n. 1, viii. 238;

the Skungen Indians of, ii. 32;

the Bella Coola Indians of, iii. 34, x. 46, xi. 174;

the Nass River in, iii. 76;

the Carrier Indians of, iii. 197, 367;

the Tsetsaut Indians of, iii. 198, 260;

the Tinneh or Déné Indians of, iii. 240;

the Kutonaqa of, iv. 183;

the coast tribes of, their ceremonial cannibalism, vii. 18 sqq.;

the Koskimo of, vii. 20 n.;

the Nishga Indians of, viii. 106;

the Okanaken Indians of, viii. 134

Columbia River, the Indians of, their customs in regard to the first salmon caught in the season, viii. 255

Columella, on chastity to be observed by those who handle food, ii. 205;

on the date for the fertilization of fig-trees, ii. 314;

on the fodder of cattle, ii. 328 n. 1;

on caprification, ix. 258

Comana in Cappadocia, v. 136 n. 1

—— in Pontus, worship of goddess Ma at, v. 39, ix. 421 n. 1;

swine not allowed to enter, v. 265 n. 1;

sacred harlots at, ix. 370 n. 1

Comana, the two cities, v. 168 n. 6

Comanches, the, their way of procuring rain or sunshine, i. 297;

changes in their language caused by fear of naming the dead, iii. 360

Combat, mortal, for the kingdom, ii. 322

Combe, in Oxfordshire, May garlands at, ii. 62 n. 2

Combe d'Ain, x. 114

Combing the hair forbidden, i. 157, iii. 14, 159 n., 181, 187, 203, 208, 264;

thought to cause storms, iii. 271

Combretum primigenum, the sacred tree of the Herero, ii. 213, 218

Combs not to be used by wives during absence of camphor hunters, i. 125;

in homoeopathic magic, i. 125, 157;

used by girls in their seclusion at puberty, iii. 146 n. 1;

of sacred persons, iii. 256

Comedies played as a rain-charm, i. 301 n.

Comitium, dances of the Salii in the, ix. 232

Commagny, the priory of, i. 307

Commemoration of the Dead at Athens, v. 234

Comminges, Midsummer fires in, x. 192 sq.

Commodus, the Emperor, conspiracy against, v. 273;

addicted to the worship of Isis, vi. 118

Common objects, names of, changed when they coincide more or less with those of relations, iii. 335, 336, 337, 338, 339 sq., 340, 341, 345, 346;

changed when they are the names of the dead, iii. 358 sqq., 375;

or the names of chiefs and kings, iii. 375, 376 sqq.

—— words tabooed, iii. 392 sqq.

Communal rights over women, v. 40, 61 n.

—— taboos, vii. 109 n. 2

Communion with demons by drinking blood, i. 383;

with deity in Eleusinian mysteries, vii. 38, 161;

with deity by eating of new fruits, viii. 83;

with the dead through food, viii. 154;

with the dead by swallowing their ashes, viii. 156 sqq.;

with deity by eating his body and drinking his blood, viii. 325;

with saints, alive or dead, by means of stones, ix. 21 sq.

Communion bread baked from the first corn cut, viii. 51

Communism, tradition of sexual, ii. 284

Community, welfare of, bound up with the life of the divine king, x. 1 sq.; [pg 224] purified in the persons of its representatives, xi. 24

Comorin, Cape, iv. 46

Compelling rain-gods to give rain, i. 296 sqq.

Compitalia, a Roman festival, effigies dedicated at, viii. 94, 96, 107

Complexity of social phenomena, i. 332;

of religious phenomena, viii. 36

Compromise of Christianity with paganism, parallel with Buddhism, v. 310 sqq.

Comrie, well of St. Fillan at, ii. 161

Con or Cun, a thunder-god of the Indians of the Andes, ii. 370

Conca d'Oro at Palermo, i. 299

Concealment from superstitious motives at eating and drinking, iii. 116 sqq.;

of the face or person from superstitious motives, iii. 120 sqq.;

of miscarriage in childbed, supposed effects of, iii. 152 sqq., 211, 213;

of cut hair and nails to prevent them from falling into the hands of sorcerers, iii. 276 sqq.;

of personal names from fear of magic, iii. 320 sqq.;

of graves, vi. 103 sqq., viii. 98 sqq.

Conception in women, supposed causes of, i. 100, v. 96, 102, 103, 104, 105;

caused by trees, ii. 51, 56 sq., 316-318;

supposed, without sexual intercourse, v. 91, 93 n. 2, 96 sqq., 264, ix. 18;

animals and plants as causes of, in women, v. 97 sq., 104 sq.

See also Impregnation

Conchucos, the, of Peru, esteemed foxes sacred, viii. 258 n. 1

Conciliating the spirits of the land, iii. 110 sq.

Conciliation involved in religion, i. 224;

of slain enemies, iii. 182

Concord, temple of, at Rome, i. 11, 21 n. 2

Concordia, nurse of St. Hippolytus, i. 21 n. 2

Concubines, temporary king allowed to use the real king's, iv. 114;

human, of the god Ammon, v. 72;

of a king taken by his successor, ix. 368

Condé, in Normandy, ix. 183;

bonfires on Christmas Eve near, x. 266

Conder, C. R., on “holy men” in Syria, v. 77 n. 4;

on turning money at the new moon, vi. 149 n. 2

Condor, the bird of the thunder-god, ii. 370

Conduct, standard of, shifted from natural to supernatural basis, iii. 213 sq.

Conductivity, electric, of various kinds of wood, xi. 299 n. 2

Condylea in Arcadia, sacred grove of Artemis at, v. 291

Cone, image of Astarte, v. 14.

Cones as emblems of a goddess, v. 34 sqq., 165, 166;

votive, found in Babylonia, v. 35 n. 5

Confession of the dead, the Egyptian, vi. 13 sq.

—— of sins, i. 266, iii. 114, 191, 195, 211 sq., 214 sqq., viii. 69, ix. 31, 36, 127;

enjoined as a religious duty among the Huichol Indians, i. 124;

originally a magical ceremony, iii. 217;

the Jewish, over the scapegoat, ix. 210

Conflagrations, bonfires supposed to protect against, x. 107, 108, 140, 142, 344;

brands of Midsummer bonfires thought to be a protection against, x. 165, 174, 183, 188, 196;

the Yule log a protection against, x. 248 sq., 250, 255, 256, 258;

Midsummer flowers a protection against, xi. 48;

mountain arnica a protection against, xi. 58;

oak-mistletoe a protection against, xi. 85

Conflict of calendars, solar and lunar, x. 218

Conflicts, sanguinary, as rain-charms, i. 258;

annual, at the New Year, old intention of, ix. 184

Confucianism, its success due to the personal influence of its founder, vi. 159 sq.

Confusion between a man and his totem, i. 107

—— of magic and religion, i. 226 sq.;

in Melanesia, i. 227 sq.;

in ancient India, i. 228 sq.;

in ancient Egypt, i. 230 sq.;

in modern Europe, i. 231 sqq.;

the confusion not primitive, i. 233 sq.

Congo Free State, the Ba-Yaka and Ba-Yanzi of the, i. 348, iii. 186 n. 1;

the Tofoke of the, vii. 119

Congo, the French, the Fans of the, xi. 161

——, kingdom or region of, palm-wine offered to trees in the, ii. 15;

custom observed by pregnant women in the, ii. 58;

the pontiff Chitomé in the, iii. 5, iv. 14;

conjuring spirits at meals in the, iii. 120;

food taboos in the, iii. 137;

precaution as to the spittle of the king of the, iii. 289 sq.;

priest dressed as a woman in, vi. 254 sq.;

images stuck with nails in the, ix. 70 n. 1;

birth-trees in the, xi. 161 sq.;

theory of the external soul in the, xi. 200;

the Bushongo of the, xi. 229 n.;

use of bull-roarers in the, xi. 229 n.

——, the Lower, belief in the reincarnation of the dead among the natives of, i. 103 sq.;

superstition as to resemblance between parent and child among the tribes of, iii. 89;

natives of, their belief as to stepping over a person, [pg 225] iii. 423 sq.;

burial of infants on the, v. 91;

taboos observed by women who plant seeds among the tribes of, vii. 115 sq.;

seclusion of girls at puberty on the, x. 31;

rites of initiation on the, xi. 251 sqq.

Congo, the Upper, Kibanga on, iv. 34;

the Bangala of, vii. 119;

the Boloki of, xi. 161, 229 n.

——, King of Rain at mouth of the, ii. 2

Congo negroes, their belief in the abstraction of souls by sorcerers, iii. 70

—— tribes, recall of stray souls among the, iii. 44 sq.

Congrégation de Notre Dame at Paris, Childermas at the, ix. 337

Conibos Indians of the Ucayali River, regard thunder as the voice of the dead, ii. 183 n. 2;

their theory of earthquakes, v. 198

Conical stone as divine emblem, v. 165, 166.

See also Cones

Conitz, in West Prussia, saying as to wind in corn at, vii. 288

Conjunction of sun and moon, viii. 15 n. 1;

a time for marriage, iv. 73;

time chosen for ritual observances, viii. 15 n. 1

Conjuring spirits at meals, iii. 120

Connaught, taboos observed by the ancient kings of, iii. 11 sq.;

Midsummer fires in, x. 203;

cave of Cruachan in, x. 226;

palace of the kings of, xi. 127

Connemara, Midsummer fires in, x. 203

Conquering races, great, have advanced civilization, i. 128

Conquerors sometimes leave a nominal kingship to the conquered, ii. 288 sq.

Consecration of the sacrificer of Soma in Vedic India, iii. 159 n.;

of the first-born among the Hebrews, iv. 172;

among the ancient Italians, iv. 187

Conservation of energy, viii. 262, 303

“Consort, the divine,” ii. 131, 135

Constance, the Council of, forbade processions with bears and other animals, viii. 326 n. 3

——, the Lake of, superstition as to St. John's Day on, xi. 26

Constantine destroys temple of Astarte, v. 28;

suppresses sacred prostitution, v. 37;

removes standard cubit from the Serapeum, vi. 216 sq.

Constantinople, accusation of binding the winds by magic at, 325;

protected against flies and gnats, viii. 281;

column at, xi. 157

Constellations observed by the aborigines of Victoria, vii. 308;

observed by savages, vii. 313, 314 sq., 315, 317

Constitution of Athens, Aristotle's, ii. 137 n. 1

Consuls, the first Roman, ii. 290

Consulship at Rome, institution of, ii. 290 sq.

Consummation of marriage prevented by knots and locks, iii. 299 sqq.

Consumption transferred to bird, ix. 51, xi. 187;

ashes of the Midsummer fires a cure for, x. 194 sq.

Consumptive patients passed through holes in stones or rocks, xi. 186 sq.

Consus and Ops, vi. 233 n. 6

Contact with sacred things deemed dangerous, viii. 27 sqq.;

between certain foods in stomach of eater forbidden, viii. 83 sqq., 90

—— or contagion in magic, law of, i. 52, 53

Contagion of death, banishment of the, ix. 37

Contagious magic, i. 52, 53 sq., 174-214, iii. 246, 268, 272;

of teeth, i. 176-182;

of navel-string and afterbirth (placenta), i. 182-201;

of wound and weapon, i. 201 sqq.;

of footprints, i. 207-212;

of other impressions, i. 213 sq.;

of the man-god, iii. 132

—— taboos, i. 117

Contempt of death, iv. 142 sqq.

Contest for the kingship at Whitsuntide, ii. 89 sq.;

for the throne of Egypt, traditions of a, vi. 17 sq.

——, Ancestral, at the Eleusinian Games, vii. 71, 74, 77

Contests for a bride, ii. 305 sqq.;

for possession of the corn-spirit, vii. 74 sq., 180;

between reapers, vii. 74 sq., 136, 140, 141, 142, 144, 152, 153 sq., 155, 156, 164 sq., 219, 253, 273;

between binders of corn, vii. 136, 137, 138, 218 sq., 220, 221, 222, 253, 273;

between threshers, vii. 147 sqq., 218, 219 sq., 221 sq., 223 sq., 253

——, dramatic, between actors representing Summer and Winter, iv. 254 sqq.

Conti, Nicolo, on religious suicide, iv. 54

Continence in magical ceremonies, i. 88;

required during the search for the sacred cactus, i. 124;

at rain-making ceremonies, i. 257, 259;

required of parents of twins, i. 266;

practised before fertility ceremonies, ii. 98;

practised in order to make the crops grow, ii. 104 sqq.;

enjoined on people during the rounds of sacred pontiff, iii. 5;

of priests, iii. 6, 159 n.;

on eve of period of taboo, iii. 11;

observed by those who have handled the dead, iii. 141, 142;

during war, iii. 157, 158 n. 1, 161, 163, 164, 165;

after victory, iii. 166 sqq., 175, 178, 179, 181;

by cannibals, iii. 188;

by fishers and hunters, iii. 191, [pg 226] 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 207;

by workers in salt-pans, iii. 200;

at brewing beer, wine, and poison, iii. 200 sq., 201 sq.;

at baking, iii. 201;

at making coco-nut oil, iii. 201;

at building canoes, iii. 202;

at house-building, iii. 202;

at making or repairing dams, iii. 202;

on trading voyages, iii. 203;

after festivals, iii. 204;

on journeys, iii. 204;

while cattle are at pasture, iii. 204;

by lion-killers and bear-killers, iii. 220, 221;

before handling holy relics, iii. 272;

by tabooed men, iii. 293;

at consulting an oracle, iii. 314;

at sowing and reaping, vii. 109 n. 2;

and fasting observed before ploughing and sowing, viii. 14, 15;

at festival of first-fruits, viii. 75;

combined with abstinence from salt, viii. 75, 93, 93 n.;

after eating of a god, viii. 93;

at bladder festival of the Esquimaux, viii. 248;

during Lent, ix. 348;

as preparation for walking through fire, xi. 3.

See also Chastity

Conty, in France, Lenten fires at, x. 113

Conway, Professor R. S., on the etymology of Virbius, ii. 379 n. 5;

on the etymology of Soranus, xi. 15 n. 1

Conybeare, F. C., on Christians worshipping each other as Christs, i. 407 n. 3;

on the feminine sex of the Holy Ghost, iv. 5 n. 3

Cook, A. B., i. 40 n. 3 and 4, ii. 307 n. 2, v. 49 n. 6;

on the slope of Virbius, i. 4 n. 5;

on circular basement at Nemi, i. 13 n. 5;

on Manius Egerius, i. 23 n.;

on association of horse and wolf, i. 27 n. 5;

on double-headed bust at Nemi, i. 42 n. 1;

on the name Egeria, ii. 172 n. 3;

on parallelism between Rome and Aricia, ii. 173 n. 2;

on personification of Zeus by Greek kings, ii. 177 n. 6;

on the Alban kings, ii. 178 n. 3;

on the Alban sow, ii. 187 n. 4;

on substitution of poplar for oak, ii. 220 n. 3;

on the consulship, ii. 290 n. 3;

on the death of Servius Tullius, ii. 321 n. 1;

on gongs at Dodona, ii. 358 n. 4;

on the oak as the tree of Zeus, ii. 359 n. 3;

on connexion of the King of the Wood with the Silvii, ii. 379 n. 4;

on Plautus, Casina, ii. 379 n. 5;

on association of Diana with the oak, ii. 380 n. 4;

on Jupiter-Janus, Juno-Diana, ii. 383 n. 2;

on derivation of janua from Janus, ii. 384 n. 2;

on Minos and Pasiphae, iv. 71 n. 2;

on octennial tenure of Greek kingship, iv. 78 n. 2;

on festival of Laurel-bearing at Thebes, iv. 79 n. 1, vi. 241 n. 3;

on sacred oak at Delphi, iv. 80;

on substitution of laurel for oak, iv. 81 sq.;

as to a scene on the frieze of the Parthenon, iv. 89 n. 5;

on assimilation of Olympic victors to Zeus, iv. 90;

on name of priest of Corycian Zeus, v. 155 n. 1;

on death of Romulus, vi. 98 n. 2;

on traces of mother-kin in myth and ritual of Hercules, vi. 259 n. 4;

on use of bells and gongs to ban demons in antiquity, ix. 246 n. 2;

on the oak of Errol, xi. 284 n. 1

Cook, Captain James, on the Tahitian belief in spirits or gods, ix. 80 sq.

Cook, menstruous women not allowed to, x. 80, 82, 84, 90

Cooking, taboos as to, iii. 147 sq., 156, 165, 169, 178, 185, 193, 194, 198, 209, 221, 256

Cooks, Roman, required to be chaste, ii. 115 sq., 205

Coomassie, in Ashantee, human sacrifice for earthquake at, v. 201;

the festival of the new yams at, viii. 62 sqq.;

bones of Sir Charles M'Carthy kept as fetishes at, viii. 149

Cooper, Rev. Sydney, on the harvest “neck” in Cornwall, vii. 262 n. 3

Coorgs, the, of Southern India, their ceremonies at reaping and eating the new rice, viii. 55 sq.

Cootchie, a demon of the Dieri, expelled by medicine-men, ix. 110

Copenhagen, the museum at, ii. 352;

bathing on St. John's Eve at, v. 248;

statue of Demeter at, vii. 43 n. 5

Copper, unstamped, early Italian money, i. 23

Copper needle, story of man who could only be killed by a, xi. 314

—— rings as amulets, iii. 315

—— River, Esquimaux of the, iii. 184

Coptic calendar, vi. 6 n. 3

—— church forbade use of iron in exorcism, iii. 235;

forbade the tying of magic knots, iii. 310 n. 5;

enjoins continence during Lent, ix. 348

Cor-mass, procession of wicker giants at Dunkirk, xi. 34

Cora Indians of Mexico, their magical images, i. 55 sq.;

their dance at sowing, ix. 238;

their dramatic dances, ix. 381

Coral rings as amulets, iii. 315

Coran, the, in incantations, i. 64;

verse of, recited as a charm, ix. 62.

See also Koran

Corannas of South Africa, custom as to succession among the, iv. 191 sq.;

their children after an illness passed under an arch, xi. 192

Corc, his purification, ii. 116

Cordia ovalis, used in kindling fire by friction, ii. 210

Cords, knotted, in magic, iii. 299, 302, [pg 227] 303 sq., 309;

tied tightly round the bodies of girls at puberty, x. 92 n. 1

Corea, offerings to souls of the dead in trees in, ii. 31;

the effigy of the king not struck on coins of, iii. 99;

clipped hair burned in, iii. 283;

custom of swinging in, iv. 284 sq.;

dance of eunuchs in, v. 270 n. 2;

use of effigies to prolong life in, viii. 105;

first-fruits of all crops formerly offered to king of, viii. 122;

bones of tigers prized in, as means of inspiring courage, viii. 145;

cairns to which each passer-by adds a stone in, ix. 11;

offerings at cairns in, ix. 27;

traps for demons in, ix. 61 sq.;

belief in demons in, ix. 99 sq.;

spirit of disease expelled in, ix. 119;

annual expulsion of demons in, ix. 147;

the tug-of-war in, ix. 177 sq.;

custom observed after childbirth by women in, x. 20;

use of torches to ensure good crops in, x. 340

——, the kings of, held responsible for rain and the crops, i. 355;

formerly confined to their palace, iii. 125;

not to be touched with iron, iii. 226;

their names not to be uttered by their subjects, iii. 376

Coreans, their belief as to absence of soul in sleep, iii. 41;

their ceremony on the fifteenth day of the moon, vi. 143;

their annual ceremonies for the riddance of evils, ix. 202 sq.

Corfu, May songs and trees in, ii. 63 sq.

Corinth, family supposed to control the winds at, i. 324

Corinthians make images of Dionysus out of a pine-tree, vii. 4

Cormac, on Beltane fires, x. 157

Cormac Mac Art, king of Ireland, iv. 39

Corn ground by pregnant women, i. 140;

defiled persons kept from the, ii. 112;

reaped ear of, displayed at mysteries of Eleusis, ii. 138 sq., vii. 38;

sheaf of, dressed up to represent Death, iv. 248;

water thrown on the last corn cut, a rain-charm, v. 237 sq.;

sprouting from the dead body of Osiris, vi. 89;

personified as Demeter, vii. 42;

the various kinds of, called “Demeter's fruits,” vii. 42;

first-fruits of, offered to Demeter and Persephone at Eleusis, vii. 53 sqq.;

first bestowed on the Athenians by Demeter, vii. 54;

personified as female, vii. 130;

wreath of, made from last sheaf, vii. 134;

double personification of, as mother and daughter, vii. 207 sqq.;

the first corn cut, customs connected with, vii. 215 sq.;

patches of unreaped, left at harvest, vii. 233;

identification of persons with, vii. 252;

the last left standing, the corn-spirit supposed to be in, vii. 254, 268;

the new, eaten sacramentally, viii. 48 sqq.;

the first cut, used to bake the communion bread, viii. 51;

sanctity of the, viii. 110;

the last cut, corn-spirit in, viii. 328;

charm to make the corn grow tall, x. 18;

thrown on the man who brings the Yule log, x. 260, 262, 264;

blazing besoms flung aloft to make the corn grow high, x. 340

Corn and grapes, symbols of the god of Tarsus, v. 119, 143;

of the god of Ibreez, v. 121;

figured with double-headed axe on Lydian coin, v. 183

—— and poppies as symbols of Demeter, vii. 43 sq.

—— and vine, emblems of the gods of Tarsus and Ibreez, v. 160 sq.

Corn Baby at harvest, vii. 150 sq., 152, 292

—— -bull at threshing, vii. 291

—— -cat in the corn, vii. 280

—— -cow at reaping, vii. 289

—— -dog at harvest, vii. 272

—— -ears, Queen of the, vii. 146;

crown of, vii. 163, 221, 283;

wreath of, as badge of priestly office, ix. 232

—— festivals of the Cora Indians, ix. 381

—— -flowers, the blue, supposed danger of plucking, vii. 272, 282

—— -foal, the corn-spirit as, vii. 294

—— -fool at threshing, vii. 148

—— -goat, vii. 282, 283, 286, 287

—— -god, Adonis as a, v. 230 sqq.;

Attis as a, v. 279;

mourned at midsummer, vi. 34;

Osiris as a, vi. 89 sqq., 96 sqq.

—— -harvest, the first-fruits of the, offered at Lammas, iv. 101 sq.

—— -horse, the corn-spirit as, vii. 294

—— -maiden at harvest, vii. 150, 230;

in the Highlands of Scotland, vii. 155 sqq., 164 sqq.

—— -mallet at threshing, vii. 148

—— -man at harvest, vii. 223;

the goal of a women's race, vii. 76 sq.

—— -mother, the, vii. 150;

at Eleusis, ii. 139;

in Northern Europe, vii. 131 sqq.;

makes the crops to grow, vii. 133;

in last sheaf, vii. 133 sqq.;

personated by a woman, vii. 150, 261;

primitive character of the European, vii. 170;

in America, vii. 171 sqq.;

in many lands, vii. 171 sqq.;

in canton of Zurich, vii. 232

—— -pug at threshing, vii. 273

—— queen made out of last sheaf, vii. 146

—— -reapers, songs of the, vii. 214 sqq.

—— -reaping in Egypt, Palestine, and Greece, date of the, i. 32, v. 231 n. 3

—— -sheaf, image of Metsik made of a, ii. 55

[pg 228]

Corn-sieve, severed limbs of Osiris placed on a, vi. 97;

new-born infant placed in, vii. 7;

beaten at ceremony of expulsion of poverty, ix. 145.

See also Winnowing-fan

—— -sow at harvest, vii. 271, 298

—— -spirit called the Old Man or the Old Woman, iv. 253 sq.;

Tammuz or Adonis as a, v. 230 sqq.;

propitiation of the, perhaps fused with a worship of the dead, v. 233 sqq.;

represented as a dead old man, vi. 48, 96;

represented by human victims, vi. 97, 106 sq.;

contests for possession of the, vii. 74 sq., 180;

conceived as old, vii. 136 sqq.;

in last sheaf threshed, vii. 139, 147, 168, viii. 48;

represented in duplicate, vii. 139;

lurks among the corn in the barn till driven out by the threshing-flail, vii. 147, 274 sq., 286;

personal representative of, killed in mimicry, vii. 149 sq., 224 sq.;

conceived as young, vii. 150 sqq.;

as Bride and Bridegroom, vii. 162 sqq.;

as male and female, vii. 164, viii. 9;

as female, both old and young, vii. 164 sqq.;

represented by person who cuts, binds, or threshes the last corn, vii. 167 sq., 220 sqq., 236, 253 sq.;

fertilizing influence of, vii. 168;

its influence on women, vii. 168;

represented by human beings, vii. 168, 204 sqq., viii. 333;

preserved in last sheaf, vii. 171;

conceived by the Iroquois as a woman, vii. 177;

in form of an old man, vii. 206 sq.;

conceived either as immanent in the corn or as external to it, vii. 211;

in first corn cut, vii. 215;

personal representative of, killed in mimicry, vii. 216;

killing the, vii. 216 sqq., 223 sqq.;

represented by living man, vii. 224;

represented by a puppet, vii. 224;

represented by persons wrapt in corn, vii. 225 sq.;

represented by a stranger, vii. 225 sqq., 230 sq.;

conceived as poor and robbed by the reapers, vii. 231 sqq.;

slain in his human representatives, vii. 251 sqq.;

in last standing corn, vii. 254, 268;

the neck of the, vii. 268;

beheaded when last corn is cut, vii. 268;

the tail of the, vii. 268, 272, 300, viii. 10, 43;

as animal, vii. 270 sqq., xi. 43;

as wolf or dog, vii. 271 sqq., viii. 327;

as cock, vii. 276 sqq.;

killed in form of live cock, vii. 277 sq.;

as hare, vii. 279 sq.;

as cat, vii. 280 sq.;

as goat, vii. 281 sqq.;

killed as goat, vii. 284 sq., 287, viii. 327 sq.;

lame, vii. 284;

as bull, cow, or ox, vii. 288 sqq., viii. 6 sqq., 8, 34;

killed in form of bull, vii. 290, 291 sq.;

killed at threshing, vii. 291 sq.;

in form of calf, vii. 292;

as old and young in form of cow and calf, vii. 292;

as horse or mare, vii. 292 sqq.;

as a bird, vii. 295;

as a quail, vii. 295;

as fox, vii. 296 sq.;

as pig (boar, sow), vii. 298 sqq.;

in form of boar, vii. 301, viii. 328;

immanent in the last sheaf, vii. 301;

on the animal embodiments of the, vii. 303 sqq.;

represented by an ox, viii. 9 sqq.;

killed in animal form and eaten sacramentally, viii. 20;

reason for killing the, viii. 138;

as a bear, viii. 325 sqq.;

represented dramatically, viii. 325;

as ram, viii. 328;

kept through the winter in the form of an animal, viii. 328;

represented by a man called the Straw-bear, viii. 329;

human representative of the, dragged over the fresh furrows, viii. 332, 333;

in last standing corn, x. 12;

human representatives of, put to death, xi. 25

Corn-spirits, male and female, a pair of, vii. 286

—— -stalks, harvesters wrapt up in, vii. 220 sqq.

—— -steer at reaping last ears of corn, vii. 289

—— -stuffed effigies of Osiris buried with the dead as a symbol of resurrection, vi. 90 sq., 114

—— -wolf in corn, vii. 272, 273, 275

—— -woman, vii. 230, 233;

at threshing, vii. 149;

among the North American Indians, vii. 177

—— -wreaths as first-fruits, v. 43;

worn by Arval Brethren, v. 44 n.

Cornaby, Rev. W. A., iv. 273;

on reported substitutes for capital punishment in China, iv. 275 sq.

Corne, near Tusculum, sacred grove of Diana at, ii. 190 n. 3

Cornel branches, men and beasts beaten with, for their health, ix. 266

—— -tree, sacred, in Rome, ii. 10;

in popular remedy, ix. 55;

laziness transferred to a, ix. 55;

wood used to kindle need-fire, x. 286

Corners of fields not to be reaped, vii. 234 sq.

Cornford, F. M., on the Olympic victors as personifying the Sun and Moon, iv. 91 n. 7

Cornish customs on May Day, ii. 52, 60, 67

Cornouaille, in Brittany, weather forecast for the year at, ix. 323 sq.

Cornstalks, festival of the, at Eleusis, vii. 63

Cornutus on the poppy as a symbol of Demeter, vii. 44;

on Persephone as the seed sown, vii. 46 n. 2

[pg 229]

Cornwall, May Day custom as to hawthorn in bloom in, ii. 52;

temporary king in, iv. 153 sq.;

custom of “crying the neck” in, vii. 266 sq.;

Snake Stones in, x. 15, 16 n. 1;

Midsummer fires in, x. 199 sq.;

burnt sacrifices to stay cattle disease in, x. 300 sq.;

holed stone through which people used to creep in, xi. 187

Coro, province of Venezuela, custom of drinking powdered body of dead chief in, viii. 157

Coronation, human sacrifices to prolong a king's life at his, vi. 223

Coronation ceremony in England, challenge to mortal combat at, ii. 322

Corp chre, magical clay image in Scotland, i. 68 sq.

Corporal punishment, voluntary substitutes for, in China, iv. 275 sq.

Corporeal relics of dead kings confer right to throne, iv. 202 sq.

Corpse, priest of Earth forbidden to see a, x. 4

“Corpse-praying priest,” ix. 45

Corpses, knots not allowed about, iii. 310;

devoured by members of Secret Societies, ix. 377

Corpulence regarded as a distinction and beauty, ii. 297

Corpus Christi Day, the Slaying of the Dragon on the Sunday after, ii. 163;

the Pleiades worshipped by the Peruvian Indians on, vii. 310;

processions on, x. 165

Corrèze, district of the Auvergne, superstition as to reflections in, iii. 95

—— and Creuse, departments of, St. John's fires in the, x. 190

Corsica, blood-revenge in, ii. 321;

Midsummer fires in, x. 209

Corsicans divine by the shoulder-blades of sheep, iii. 229 n. 4

Corycian cave, priests of Zeus at the, v. 145;

the god of the, v. 152 sqq.;

described, v. 153 sq.;

saffron at the, v. 187;

name perhaps derived from crocus, v. 187

Corycus in Cilicia, ruins of, v. 153

Cos, king of, sacrifices to Hestia, i. 45;

titular kings in, i. 46 n. 4;

sanctuary of Aesculapius in, ii. 10;

altar of Rainy Zeus in, ii. 360;

traces of mother-kin in, vi. 259;

Sacred Marriage in, vi. 259 n. 4;

bridegroom dressed as woman in, vi. 260;

harvest-home in, vii. 47;

image of Demeter in, vii. 47, 61;

Zeus Polieus in, viii. 5 n. 2;

custom of beating cattle in March in, ix. 266;

effigies of Judas burnt at Easter in, x. 130;

Midsummer fires in, x. 212

Cosenza in Calabria, Easter custom at, v. 254

Cosmogonies, primitive, perhaps influenced by human sacrifices, ix. 409 sqq.

Cosquin, E., on the book of Esther, ix. 367 n. 3;

on helpful animals and external souls in folk-tales, xi. 133 n. 1

Cosse de Nau, the Yule log, x. 251

Costa Rica, the Bribri Indians of, iii. 147, x. 86;

Indians of, their treatment of the bones of animals, viii. 259 n. 1;

their customs in fasts, x. 20;

ceremonial uncleanness among the, x. 65 n. 1;

the Guatusos of, xi. 230 n.

Côte d'Or, the Fox at reaping in, vii. 296

Cotton, the Mother of, in the Punjaub, vii. 178;

treatment of first cotton picked, viii. 119

Cotton-bleacher, human god the son of a, i. 376

Cottonwood trees, the shades or spirits of, ii. 12

Cotys, king of Lydia, v. 187

Coudreau, H., on the custom of stinging with ants among the Indians of French Guiana, x. 63 sq.

Coughs transferred to animals, ix. 51, 52

Couit-gil, the spirit of a dead person, among the aborigines of Victoria, iii. 350

Coulommiers, in France, notion as to mistletoe at, xi. 316 n. 1

Counter-charm for witchcraft, “scoring above the breath,” x. 316 n. 2

Couples married within the year obliged to dance by torchlight, x. 115, 339

Coupling ewes and rams, the time for, ii. 328, 328 n. 4

Couppé, Mgr., on the belief in demons in New Britain, ix. 82

Courage acquired by eating the flesh of fierce beasts, viii. 140, 141 sqq.;

seated in gall-bladder, viii. 145 sq.;

acquired by eating the flesh or drinking the blood of brave men, viii. 148 sqq.

Court etiquette, iv. 39 sq.

Courtiers required to imitate their sovereign, iv. 39 sq.

Cousins, male and female, not allowed to mention each other's names, iii. 344

Couteau or Knife Indians, viii. 227 n.

Covenant formed by eating together, iii. 130;

formed by mixing the blood of the covenanting parties, iii. 130;

spittle used in making a, iii. 290

Coventry, Midsummer giants at, xi. 37

Covering up mirrors at a death, iii. 94 sq.

Cow bewitched, iii. 93;

ceremony of rebirth from a golden, iii. 113;

as symbol of the moon, iv. 71 sq.;

image of, in the rites of Osiris, vi. 50, 84;