General Index (continued 18)

saying as to sleeping child in, iii. 37; story of a witch's soul in the shape of a fly in, iii. 38 sq.;

belief as to falling stars in, iv. 66;

“Sawing the Old Woman” among the gipsies of, iv. 243;

crown made of last ears cut at harvest in, v. 237 sq., vii. 221;

the Cock at reaping the last corn at Braller in, vii. 276;

cock beheaded on harvest-field near Klausenburg in, vii. 278;

live cock killed in last sheaf near Udvarhely in, vii. 278;

the Hare at reaping the last corn at Birk in, vii. 280;

catching the quail in the last corn reaped in the Bistritz district of, vii. 295;

customs at sowing to keep off birds and insects in, viii. 274 sq.;

belief as to children born on a Sunday in, xi. 288 n. 5.

See also Transylvanian

——, the Germans of, iii. 296, 310

——, the Roumanians of, iii. 88, 89, 238, ix. 16, 106 sq., x. 13;

harvest custom among, v. 237

——, the Saxons of, iii. 294, iv. 230, 248, 254, vii. 285, 295, viii. 274;

harvest customs among, v. 237 sq.;

story of the external soul among, xi. 116

Transylvanian gipsies, their way of stopping rain, i. 296

—— Saxons, their homoeopathic magic at sowing, i. 138

—— sowers carry locks as a charm to keep off birds, iii. 308

Traps for devils, iii. 59, 69 n. 4;

set for souls, iii. 70 sq.

Trasimene Lake, battle of, iv. 186

Traunstein, district of Upper Bavaria, the Oats-goat at harvest thought to be in the last sheaf of oats in, vii. 287;

[pg 501]

the last standing corn called the Sow in, vii. 298

Travail, women in, knots on their garments untied, iii. 294.

See also Childbirth

Travancore, special terms used with reference to persons of the blood-royal in, i. 401 n. 3;

serpents spoken of respectfully in, iii. 402;

dancing-girls in, v. 63 sqq.;

infants placed in winnowing-fans in, vii. 8 sq.;

customs at executions in, viii. 272;

the Rajah of, his sins transferred to a Brahman, ix. 42 sq.;

demon-worship in, ix. 94;

women deemed liable to be attacked by demons in, x. 24 n. 2;

the Pulayars of, x. 69

Travellers make knots in their garments as a charm, iii. 306

Travexin, in the Vosges, witch as hare at, x. 318

Treason, old English punishment of, v. 290 n. 2

Treasures guarded by demons, xi. 65;

found by means of fern-seed, xi. 65, 287;

discovered by divining-rod, xi. 68;

revealed by springwort, xi. 70;

revealed by mistletoe, xi. 287, 291;

bloom in the earth on Midsummer Eve, xi. 288 n. 5

Treasury of Minyas at Orchomenus, iv. 164

Treasury Islanders, their observation of the Pleiades, vii. 313

Treaty, blood of contracting parties sprinkled on their footprints in making a, i. 211

Trebius on the springwort, xi. 71

Tree thought to cause blindness, i. 147;

extracted teeth placed in a, i. 176;

child's life thought to be bound up with the tree which was planted with its navel-string, i. 182, 184;

embraced by barren women in hopes of obtaining offspring, i. 182;

the navel-string planted with or under a, i. 182, 184, 186, 196;

navel-string hung on a, i. 185, 186, 190, 198;

the afterbirth buried under a, i. 186, 187, 188, 194, 195;

the afterbirth hung on a, i. 186, 187, 189, 190, 191, 194, 198, 199;

that has been struck by lightning, i. 319;

on which an eagle has built its nest deemed holy, ii. 11;

culprits tied to sacred, ii. 112 sq.;

origin of men and cattle from a sacred, ii. 219;

fire kindled from ancestral, ii. 221;

decked with bracelets, anklets, etc., v. 240;

soul of a, in a bird, vi. 111 n. 1;

disease transferred to, ix. 6;

use of stick cut from a fruitful, ix. 264;

burnt in the Midsummer bonfire, x. 173 sq., 180, 183;

external soul in a, xi. 102, 156.

See also Trees

Tree of life in Eden, v. 186 n. 4

Tree-agates, homoeopathic magic of, i. 164 sq.

—— -bearers (Dendrophori) in the worship of Cybele and Attis, v. 266 n. 2, 267

—— -creeper (Climacteris scandens), women's “sister” among the Yuin, xi. 216

—— -gods banned at building a house, ix. 81

—— -spirit in the shape of a bull, ii. 14;

represented simultaneously in vegetable and human form, ii. 73 sqq.;

representative of, thrown into water to ensure rain, ii. 75, 76;

killing of the, iv. 205 sqq.;

resurrection of the, iv. 212;

in relation to vegetation-spirit, iv. 253;

Osiris as a, vi. 107 sqq.;

effigies of, burnt in bonfires, xi. 21 sqq.;

human representatives of, put to death, xi. 25;

human representative of the, perhaps originally burnt at the fire-festivals, xi. 90

—— -spirits, ii. 7 sqq.;

threatened, ii. 20 sqq.;

in house-timber propitiated, ii. 39 sq.;

beneficent powers of, ii. 45 sqq.;

give rain and sunshine, ii. 45 sq.;

make crops grow, ii. 47 sqq.;

make cattle and women fruitful, ii. 50 sqq., 55 sqq., xi. 22;

in human form or embodied in living people, ii. 71 sqq.;

fear of, iii. 412 sq.;

in the form of serpents, xi. 44 n. 1

—— -stone, marvellous virtue of a, i. 165 n. 1

—— -worship in ancient Rome, ii. 8;

among the ancient Germans, ii. 8 sq.;

among the European families of the Aryan stock, ii. 9 sqq.;

among the Lithuanians, ii. 9;

in ancient Greece and Italy, ii. 9 sq.;

among tribes of the Finnish-Ugrian stock in Europe, ii. 10 sq.;

notions at the root of, ii. 11 sqq.;

in modern Europe, relics of, ii. 59 sqq.

Trees married to men and women, i. 40 sq., ii. 57;

foreskins placed in, i. 95 sq.;

extracted teeth deposited in, i. 98;

the dead deposited in, i. 102 sq.;

navel-strings placed in, i. 182, 183, 185, 186;

afterbirth (placenta) placed in, i. 182, 187, 190, 191, 194, 199;

stones placed in, to prevent sun from setting, i. 318;

worship of, ii. 7 sqq.;

oracular, ii. 9;

regarded as animate, ii. 12 sqq.;

sacrifices offered to, ii. 15, 16 sq., 19, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 42, 44, 46, 47, 48;

rags hung on, ii. 16, 32;

[pg 502]

sensitive, ii. 18;

apologies offered to trees for cutting them down, ii. 18 sq., 36 sq.;

bleeding, ii. 18, 20, 33;

threatened to make them bear fruit, ii. 20 sqq.;

married to each other, ii. 24 sqq.;

in blossom treated like pregnant women, ii. 28;

animated by the souls of the dead, ii. 29 sqq.;

planted on graves, ii. 31;

bones of dead shamans placed in, ii. 32;

as the abode of spirits, ii. 33 sqq.;

ceremonies at cutting down, ii. 34 sqq.;

demons of, ii. 42;

drenched with water as a rain-charm, ii. 47;

grant women an easy delivery, ii. 57 sq.;

cut hair deposited on or under, iii. 14, 275 sq., 286;

the shadow of trees sensitive, iii. 82;

lucky and unlucky, iii. 275 n. 3;

struck by lightning used in magic, iii. 287;

masks hung on, iv. 283;

spirit-children awaiting birth in, v. 100;

sacrificial victims hung on, v. 146;

represented on the monuments of Osiris, vi. 110 sq.;

felled in the waning of the moon, vi. 133, 135 sq., 137;

growing near the graves of dead kings revered, vi. 162, 164;

in relation to Dionysus, vii. 3 sq.;

spirits of the dead in, viii. 124;

evils transferred to, ix. 52, 54 sqq.;

evils nailed into, ix. 59 sqq.;

men changed into, by look of menstruous women, x. 79;

burnt in spring fires, x. 115 sq., 116, 142;

burnt in Midsummer fires, x. 173 sq., 185, 192, 193, 209;

burnt at Holi festival in India, xi. 2;

burnt in bonfires, xi. 22;

lives of people bound up with, xi. 159 sqq.;

hair of children tied to, xi. 165;

the fate of families or individuals bound up with, xi. 165 sqq.;

creeping through cleft trees as cure for various maladies, xi. 170 sqq.;

fire thought by savages to be stored like sap in, xi. 295;

struck by lightning, superstitions about, xi. 296 sqq.

See also Tree and Fruit-trees

Trees and plants, attempts to deceive the spirits of, ii. 22 sqq.;

as life-indices, xi. 160 sqq.

—— and rocks, Greek belief as to birth from, v. 107 n. 1

——, sacred, ii. 40 sqq.;

smeared with blood, ii. 367

Tréfoir, the Yule log, x. 249

Tréfouet, the Yule log, x. 252 n. 2, 253

Tregonan, in Cornwall, Midsummer fires on, x. 199

Trench cut in ground at Beltane, x. 150, 152

Trespass on sacred groves, apologies for, ii. 328

Trevelyan, G. M., on the custom of a temporary king in Cornwall, v. 154 n. 1

Trevelyan, Marie, on Midsummer fires in Wales, x. 201;

on Hallowe'en in Wales, x. 226 n. 1;

on St. John's wort in Wales, xi. 55 n. 2;

on burnt sacrifices in Wales, xi. 301

Treveri, a Celtic tribe on the Moselle, their name preserved in Treves, ii. 126 n. 2

Trèves, “cutting the goat's neck off” at harvest near, vii. 268;

the Corn-wolf killed at threshing in the district of, vii. 275;

the Archbishop of, gives wine for burning wheel rolled down hill, x. 118

Triad, divine, at Tarsus, v. 171

Trial of the axe at Athens, viii. 5

Trials, judicial, of animals and inanimate things by the king at Athens, i. 45, viii. 5 n. 1

Triangle of reeds, passage of mourners through a, xi. 177 sq.

Tribes reported to be ignorant of the art of making fire, ii. 253 sq.

Tribute (presents) brought to rain-makers, i. 338, 342, 346, 348, 349, 351, 353, ii. 3;

of youths and maidens sent to the Minotaur, iv. 74 sqq.

Trident, emblem of Hittite thunder-god, v. 134, 135;

emblem of Indian deity, v. 170

Trie-Chateau, dolmen near Gisors, xi. 188

Triennial tenure of the kingship, iv. 112 sq.

Trieste, St. Sylvester's Eve at, ix. 165

Τριετηρίς, vii. 15 n.

Trilles, Father H., on the theory of the external soul among the Fans, xi. 201

Trimouzette, the, a flower-crowned girl in the Ardennes on May Day, ii. 80 n. 4

Tring, a Tonquinese general, restores the king, iii. 19

Trinidad, the fire-walk in, xi. 11

Trinities, the ancient Egyptian gods arranged in, iv. 5 n. 3

Trinity, Christian doctrine of the, iv. 5 n. 3

——, the Batta, ix. 88 n. 1

——, the Hindoo, i. 225, 404;

the Norse, ii. 364

Trinity College, Cambridge, Lord of Misrule at, ix. 332

Trinouxtion, in the Coligny calendar, seems to mark summer solstice, ix. 343 n.

Tripoli, fighting the wind in, i. 331;

ghosts of murdered men nailed into the earth in, ix. 63

Triptolemus, prince of Eleusis, vii. 37;

shown the corn by Demeter, vii. 38;

the agent of Demeter in disseminating [pg 503] corn over the world, vii. 54, 72 sq.;

victims sacrificed to him at Eleusis, vii. 56, 72;

his Threshing-floor at Eleusis, vii. 61, 72, 75;

in Greek art, vii. 68 n. 1, 72;

sows seed in Rarian plain, vii. 70, 74;

the corn-hero, vii. 72 sq.;

etymology of his name, vii. 72 sq.;

receives corn from Demeter, viii. 19

Triptolemus, play of Sophocles, vii. 54

Tristram, H. B., on date of corn-reaping in Palestine, v. 232 n.;

on wild boars in Palestine, viii. 31 sq.

Triumph, costume worn by Roman generals in celebrating a, ii. 174 sqq.

Triumphal arch, suggested origin of the, xi. 195

Troad, temple of Mouse (Smintheus) Apollo in the, viii. 283

Trobriands, Kiriwina, an island of the, v. 84

Trocadero Museum, statues of kings of Dahomey in the, iv. 85

Troezen, sanctuary of Hippolytus at, i. 24 sq.

Troezenians sacrificed first-fruits to Poseidon, viii. 133;

their festival resembling the Saturnalia, ix. 350

Trojeburg, labyrinths for children's games called, iv. 77

Trokoarbasis, priest of Corycian Zeus, v. 145

Trokombigremis, priest of Corycian Zeus, v. 145

Trolls, efforts to keep off the, x. 146;

and evil spirits abroad on Midsummer Eve, x. 172;

Midsummer flowers a protection against, xi. 54;

rendered powerless by mistletoe, xi. 86, 283, 294

Trophonius at Lebadea, iv. 166 n. 1

Troppau, in Silesia, “Carrying out Death” at, iv. 250 sq.

Trows, certain mythical beings in Shetland, ix. 168

Troy, sanctuary of Athena at, ii. 284;

the game of, iv. 76 sq.

“True of speech,” epithet of Osiris, vi. 21

“True Man, the,” official title of the head of Taoism in China, i. 413

—— Steel, whose heart was in a bird, xi. 110 sq.

Trumpets, blowing of, in the rites of Attis, v. 268;

in rites of Dionysus, vii. 15;

blown to expel demons, ix. 116, 117, 156;

blown at the feast of Purim, ix. 394;

sounded at initiation of young men, xi. 249

——, penny, blown at Befana (Twelfth Night) in Rome, ix. 166;

at the feast of the Nativity of the Virgin, x., 221, 222

Trumpets, sacred, blown to make palm-trees bear fruit, ii. 24

Truth the hypothesis which is found to work best, iii. 422

Tschudi, J. J. von, his communication of a Spanish tract to W. Mannhardt, vii. 172 n. 2

Tschwi, the, of West Africa, their custom after the death of a twin, viii. 98

Tsetsaut Indians of British Columbia, fasting and chastity of hunters among the, iii. 198;

men among the, do not cut their hair, iii. 260;

seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 46

Tshi-speaking peoples of the Gold Coast, rules observed by wives during absence of their husbands at war, i. 132;

descent of kingship among the, ii. 274 sq.;

their stories to explain their totemism, iv. 128 sq.;

dedicated men and women among the, v. 69 sq.;

ordeal of chastity among the, v. 115 n. 2;

their annual festival of the dead, vi. 66 n. 2

Tsimshian Indians of British Columbia, their beliefs as to twins, i. 262 sq.;

cannibal rites among the, vii. 19, 20;

their ceremonies after catching the first olachen fish of the season, viii. 254 sq.;

rules observed by their girls at puberty, x. 44 n. 2

Tsong-ming, Chinese island, mode of procuring rain in, i. 298

Tsuen-cheu-fu, in China, geomancy at, i. 170

Tsuina, expulsion of demons in Japan, ix. 212 sq.

Tsûl, the, a Berber tribe of Morocco, their tug-of-war, ix. 179

Tuaran district of British North Borneo, the Dusuns of, their annual expulsion of demons, ix. 200 sq.

Tuaregs of the Sahara, their seclusion at meals, iii. 117;

their men veil their faces, iii. 122;

reluctant to name the dead, iii. 353;

their fear of ghosts, iii. 353

Tubilustrium, purification of trumpets at Rome, v. 268 n. 1

Tübingen, “Burying the Carnival” near, iv. 230

Tubuan or Tubuvan, man disguised as cassowary in Duk-duk ceremonies, xi. 247

Tubuériki, a god in the Kingsmill Islands, first-fruits offered to, viii. 127 sq.

Tucanos, the, of the Amazon, their custom of drinking the ashes of the dead, viii. 157

Tud or Warrior Island, Torres Straits, sweat of warriors drunk in, viii. 152 sq.

Tug-of-war before sowing and at reaping [pg 504] of rice, ii. 100;

probably in origin a magical rite, vii. 103 n. 1, 110 n.;

as a religious or magical rite, ix. 173 sqq.;

as a charm to produce rain, ix. 175 sq., 178 sq.

Tugeri or Kaya-Kaya of Dutch New Guinea, their use of bull-roarers, xi. 242 sq.

Tuhoe tribe of Maoris, their belief as to the fertilization of barren women, ii. 56

Tui Nkualita, a Fijian chief, founder of the fire-walk, xi. 11

Tuic tribe of the Upper Nile, lion-tamer as chief of the, i. 347 sq.

Tuikilakila, a Fijian chief, claims to be a god, i. 389

Tukaitawa, a Mangaian warrior, whose strength waxed and waned with his shadow, iii. 87

Tul-ya's e'en, seven days before Christmas, the Trows let loose on, in Shetland, ix. 168

Tulasi, or Holy Basil, worshipped in India, ii. 26;

married to Krishna, ii. 26;

married to the Salagrama, ii. 26 sq.

Tulava, sacred prostitution in, v. 63

Tulle, in Berry, “Sawing the Old Woman” at Mid-Lent at, iv. 242

Tullus Hostilius, king of Rome, ii. 193;

killed by lightning, ii. 181, 320;

said to have instituted the Saturnalia, ix. 345 n. 1

Tully River, in Queensland, natives of, their ideas as to falling stars, iv. 60;

belief of the natives as to conception without sexual intercourse, v. 102

Tulsi plant, its miraculous virtue, xi. 5

Tum of Heliopolis, an Egyptian sun-god, i. 419, vi. 123

Tumbucas of South Africa, their notion as to whirlwinds, i. 331 n. 2

Tumleo, island of, treatment of spilt blood and rags in, i. 205;

contagious magic of bodily impressions in, i. 213;

seclusion of women after childbirth in, iii. 150;

annual fight in, ix. 142 sq.

Tummel, the valley of the, Hallowe'en fires in, x. 231

Tuña, a spirit, expulsion of, among the Esquimaux, ix. 124 sq.

Tundja River, the Orotchis of the, viii. 197

Tung ak, a powerful spirit, dreaded by the Esquimaux, ix. 79 sq.

Tunghät, wandering genii of the Esquimaux, ix. 379

Tunguzian people, the Gilyaks a, viii. 190;

the Orotchis a, viii. 197

Tunis, New Year fires at, x. 217;

gold sickle and fillet said to be found in, xi. 80 n. 3

Tunja, capital of the Chibchas, in Colombia, i. 416

Tunnel, creeping through a, as a remedy for an epidemic, x. 283 sq.

Tupi Indians of Brazil, their customs as to eating captives, iii. 179 sq.;

cut off the thumbs of dead enemies, viii. 272

Tupinambas of Brazil, their superstition as to planting earth-almonds, i. 142;

woman's share in agriculture among the, vii. 122

Turban, soul caught in a, iii. 75

Turcoman cure of fever by means of knotted thread, iii. 304

Turf, sick children and cattle passed through holes in, xi. 191

Turiks of Borneo, soul hooked fast to body among the, iii. 30

Turkana, the, of British East Africa, the power of medicine-men among, i. 344 sq.

Turkestan, human scapegoat in, ix. 45;

Ferghana in, ix. 184

Turkey, feathers of a, in homoeopathic magic, i. 155;

soul in form of, iii. 42 n.

Turkish tribes of Central Asia, girls propound riddles to their wooers among the, ix. 122 n.

—— village, oak-tree worshipped in, ii. 16

Turks, exorcism practised by the, iii. 102;

preserve their nail-parings for use at the resurrection, iii. 280;

their belief as to the bones of Scanderbeg, viii. 154

—— of Armenia, their rain-charm by means of pebbles, i. 305

—— of Central Asia give birds' tongues to backward child to eat, viii. 147

—— of Siberia, marriage custom of the, x. 75

Turmeric cultivated, vii. 245, 250

Turner, Dr. George, on the power of the disease-makers in Tana, i. 341 sq.;

on sacred stones, v. 108 n. 1

Turner, L. M., on the fear of demons among the Esquimaux of Labrador, ix. 79 sq.

Turner's picture of “The Golden Bough,” i. 1

Turning or whirling round, custom of, observed by mummers, i. 273, 275, ii. 74, 80, 81, 87

“Turquoise, Mistress of,” at Sinai, v. 53

Turrbal tribe of Queensland, rule observed by boys at initiation in the, iii. 156 n. 1

—— River in Queensland, natives of the, their ideas as to falling stars, iv. 60

Turrinus, P. Clodius, coin of, i. 12 n. 3

[pg 505]

Turtle, magical models of, i. 108

Turtle-catching, taboos in connexion with, iii. 192

—— -dove, consumption transferred to a, ix. 52

—— family in Samoa, their rule as to eating and cutting up turtles, iii. 122

—— -shell badges of homicide, iii. 168

Turtles, ancestral spirits in, in the Tenimber and Timor-laut Islands, viii. 123;

killing the sacred, among the Zuni, viii. 175 sqq.;

transmigration of human souls into, among the Zuni, viii. 178 sq.

Turukhinsk region, Samoyeds of the, xi. 196

Tusayan, an ancient province of Arizona, vii. 312

——, the Pueblo Indians of, their custom at planting, v. 239;

their observation of the Pleiades, vii. 312

Tuscan Romagna, Befana (Epiphany) in the, ix. 167

Tuscany, oak forests on the coast of, ii. 354;

volcanic district of, v. 208 n. 1;

omens from the cry of the quail in, vii. 295

Tusculum, Egerius Baebius or Laevius, of Tusculum, a Latin dictator, i. 22, 23 n. 3;

King of the Sacred Rites at, i. 44 n. 1

Tusks of ivory, souls shut up in, iii. 70

Tusser, Thomas, on planting peas and beans, vi. 134

Tutu, island of Torres Strait, treatment of girls at puberty in, x. 41

Tver Government in Russia, charm to keep wolves from cows in, iii. 307

Twana Indians of Washington State, recovery of lost souls by medicine-men among the, iii. 58;

prohibition to mention the names of the dead among the, iii. 365

Twanyirika, an Australian spirit whose voice is heard in the sound of the bull-roarer, xi. 233 sq.;

kills and resuscitates lads at initiation, xi. 234

Twelfth Day, dances on, i. 138;

ceremony of the King at Carcassone on, viii. 321;

mummers representing a Goat and a Bear on, viii. 327;

dances on the roof on, to make the hemp grow tall, ix. 315;

serious significance of, ix. 315;

the Three Kings on, ix. 329 sqq.

See also Twelfth Night

—— Day, the Eve of, expulsion of witches, etc., on, ix. 166 sq.;

twelve fires in Gloucestershire and Herefordshire on, ix. 318;

the bonfires of, x. 107;

processions with torches on, x. 340

—— Night, fruit-trees girt with straw ropes between Christmas and, ii. 17;

certain animals not to be called by their proper names between Christmas and, iii. 396 sq.;

expulsion of the powers of evil on, ix. 165 sqq.;

dances for the crops on, ix. 238;

Perchta's Day, ix. 244;

(Epiphany), the King of the Bean on, ix. 313 sqq., x. 153 n. 2;

divination on, ix. 316;

cake, x. 184;

the Yule log on, x. 248, 250, 251;

the divining-rod cut on, xi. 68.

See also Twelfth Day

Twelfth Night, the Eve of, old Mrs. Perchta on, ix. 240, 241;

ceremonial fires on, ix. 316 sqq.

Twelve Days from Christmas to Twelfth Night (Epiphany), precautions against witches during the, ix. 158 sqq., 164 sqq.;

in Macedonia, superstitions as to the, ix. 320;

weather of the twelve months supposed to be determined by the weather of the, ix. 322 sqq.;

in ancient India, ix. 324 sq.;

accounted a miniature of the year, ix. 324;

in the Highlands of Scotland, ix. 324;

difference of opinion as to the date of the, ix. 324, 327;

probably an old intercalary period at midwinter, ix. 325 sq., 328, 338 sq., 342

—— Days or Twelve Nights not of Christian origin, ix. 326 sqq.

—— fires on Eve of Twelfth Day, ix. 318 sq., 321 sq.

—— Gods, images of the, carried in procession at Magnesia, viii. 8

—— Nights, remains of Yule log scattered on fields during the, x. 248;

between Christmas and Epiphany, were-wolves abroad during the, x. 310 n. 1

—— years, king's reign limited to, in South India, iv. 46 sqq.

“Twice-born” Brahman, xi. 276

Twin, name applied by the Baganda to the navel-string, i. 195, 196, vi. 170;

the navel-string of the king of Uganda called his, vi. 147.

See also Twins

——, ghost of a, lodged in a wooden figure, viii. 98

Twin brothers in ritual, x. 278

—— girl charged with special duty, viii. 280

—— -producing virtue ascribed to a kind of mistletoe, xi. 79

Twining thread forbidden to women and children during absence of warriors, i. 131

Twins in war, i. 49 n. 3;

produced by eating two mice, two bananas, or two grains of millet, i. 118, 145;

taboos laid on parents of, i. 262, 263 sq.;

supposed to possess magical powers, especially [pg 506] over the weather and rain, i. 262-269, ii. 183;

supposed to be salmon, i. 263;

thought to be related to grizzly bears, i. 264 sq.;

thought to be related to apes, i. 265;

thought to be the sons of lightning, i. 266;

called the children of the sky, i. 267, 268;

water poured on graves of, i. 268, iii. 154 sq.;

custom observed by mother of still-born, i. 269 n. 1;

parents of, thought to be able to fertilize plantain-trees, ii. 102;

mothers of, not allowed to go near farm at sowing and reaping, ii. 102 n. 1;

customs of the Baganda in regard to, ii. 102 sq.;

precautions taken by women at the graves of, v. 93 n. 1;

precautions against the ghosts of, viii. 98;

deemed a great misfortune in Kamtchatka, viii. 173 n. 4, ix. 178;

crocodiles thought to be born as the twins of human children, viii. 212;

Baganda women throw sticks or stones on the graves of, ix. 18

Twins and their afterbirths counted as four children, xi. 162 n. 2

——, father of, taboos observed by the, iii. 239 sq.;

his hair shaved and nails cut, iii. 284;

no male except the, allowed to enter hut of girl in her seclusion at puberty, x. 24

Two bananas eaten produce twins, i. 145

—— Brothers, ancient Egyptian story of the, xi. 134 sqq.

—— days, heathen festivals displaced in the Christian calendar by, i. 14

—— -faced statue set up by the mother of still-born twins, i. 269 n. 1;

mask worn by image of goddess, ix. 287

—— Goddesses, the, Demeter and Persephone at Eleusis, vii. 56, 59, 73, 90

—— grains of millet eaten produce twins, i. 145

—— -headed bust at Nemi, portrait of the King of the Wood, i. 41 sq.

—— -headed deity on a Cilician coin, v. 165 sq.

—— mice eaten produce twins, i. 118

Tyana, Hittite monument at, v. 122 n. 1

Tybi, an Egyptian month, vi. 98 n. 2

Tycoons, the, long the temporal sovereigns of Japan, iii. 19

Tydeus marries the daughter of the king of Argos, ii. 278

Tyers, Lake, in Victoria, reluctance to mention personal names among the blacks about, iii. 321

Tying up the winds in knots, i. 326;

the soul to the body, iii. 32 sq., 43

Tylon or Tylus, a Lydian hero, v. 183;

his death and resurrection, v. 186 sq.

Tylor, Sir Edward B., on fertilization of date-palm, i. 25 n.;

on magic, i. 53 n. 1;

on the fire-drill, ii. 208;

on Garcilasso's account of the Peruvian priestesses of fire, ii. 244 n. 1;

on the association of flints with lightning, ii. 374 n. 2;

on reincarnation of ancestors, iii. 372 n. 1;

on fossil bones as a source of myths, v. 157 sq.;

on names for father and mother, v. 281;

on a theory of totemism, viii. 298 n. 2

Tyndarids (Castor and Pollux) thought to attend the Spartan kings, i. 49

Types of animal sacrament, viii. 310 sqq.

Typhon, or Set, the brother of Osiris, vi. 6;

the sea called the foam of, iii. 10;

invoked by his true names, iii. 390;

the soul of, in the Great Bear, iv. 5;

murders Osiris, vi. 7 sq.;

mangles the body of Osiris, vi. 10, viii. 30;

interpreted as the sun, vi. 129;

the enemy of Osiris, vii. 262, 263, viii. 100;

his injury of the eye of Horus, viii. 30;

as a pig or boar, viii, 30, 31, 33, 34;

the birth of, ix. 341.

See also Set

——, in Greek mythology, slays Hercules, v. 111;

Corycian cave of, v. 155 sq.;

his battle with the gods, v. 193, 194;

the gods flee before, vii. 18

—— and Zeus, battle of, v. 156 sq.

Tyre, Melcarth at, v. 16;

burning of Melcarth at, v. 110 sq.;

festival of “the awakening of Hercules” at, v. 111;

king of, his walk on stones of fire, v. 114 sq.

——, kings of, their divinity, v. 16;

as priests of Astarte, v. 26

—— and Sidon, ix. 17

Tyrie, parish of, in Aberdeenshire, the cutting of the clyack sheaf in, vii. 158

Tyrimnus, axe-bearing hero at Thyatira, v. 183 n.

Tyrol, sacred larch-tree in the, ii. 20;

“ringing out the grass” on St. George's Day in the, ii. 343 sq.;

witches in the, their magic use of cut hair, iii. 271;

disposal of loose hair in the, iii. 282;

wedding rings as amulets in the, iii. 314;

Feast of All Souls in the, vi. 73 sq.;

the Wheat-bride and Rye-bride at harvest in the, vii. 163;

treatment of man who gives last stroke at threshing at Volders in the, vii. 224;

last thresher said to “strike down the Dog” at Dux in the, vii. 273;

the last thresher called the Goat at Oberinntal in the, vii. 286;

annual “Burning out of the Witches” on May Day in the, ix. 158 sq., x. 160;

the Perchten in the, ix. 240, 242 sq.;

Senseless Thursday in the, ix. 248;

burning the [pg 507] witch on the first Sunday in Lent at Voralberg in the, x. 116;

Midsummer fires in the, x. 172 sq.;

magical plants culled on Midsummer Eve in the, xi. 47;

St. John's wort in the, xi. 54;

mountain arnica gathered at Midsummer in the, xi. 58;

four-leaved clover gathered on Midsummer Eve in the, xi. 62 sq.;

dwarf-elder gathered at Midsummer in the, xi. 64;

the divining-rod in the, xi. 68;

mistletoe used to open all locks in the, xi. 85;

belief as to mistletoe growing on a hazel in the, xi. 291 n. 3

Tyrolese peasants use fern-seed to discover buried gold and to prevent money from decreasing, xi. 288

—— story of a girl who was forbidden to see the sun, x. 72

Tyropoeon, ravine at Jerusalem, v. 178

Tyrrel, Colonel F., as to the story of Sultan Bayazid and his external soul, iii. 51 n.

Tzentales, the, of Mexico, propitiate dead deer, viii. 241

Tzultacca, a mythical being of the Central American Indians, viii. 241

Ualaroi, the, of the Darling River, their belief as to initiation, xi. 233

Uap (Yap), one of the Caroline Islands, taboos observed by fishermen in, iii. 193;

custom as to cutting hibiscus tree in, iii. 227;

the natives of, burn or throw into the sea their cut hair and nails for fear of witchcraft, iii. 281 sq.

See also Yap

Uaupes of Brazil, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 61

—— River, woman's share in agriculture among the tribes of the, vii. 121 sq.

Ubemba, a royal family in Central Africa, ii. 277

Ucayali river in Peru, the Conibos of the, ii. 183 n. 2, v. 198;

the Indians of the, their greetings to the new moon, vi. 142

Ucria, in Sicily, barren fruit-trees threatened at, ii. 21 sq.

Udvarhely in Transylvania, wreath made out of the last ears cut at harvest at, vii. 221;

cock killed in last sheaf at, vii. 278

Uea, one of the Loyalty Islands, recall of a lost soul in, iii. 54

Uelzen in Hanover, the Harvest-goat at, vii. 283

Uffizi, the temple of Vesta represented on a relief in the gallery of the, at Florence, ii. 186

Uganda, priest inspired by tobacco smoke in, i. 384;

ceremonies observed by the parents of twins in, ii. 102;

the king's perpetual fire in, ii. 261;

licence accorded to the Queen-Dowager and Queen-Sister in, ii. 275 sq.;

descent of the totems in, ii. 288;

avoidance of wife's mother in, iii. 84 sq.;

rule as to the Queen-mother of, iii. 86;

ceremony on return from a journey in, iii. 112;

uncleanness of women at menstruation and childbirth in, iii. 145;

seclusion of brides in, iii. 148 n. 1;

intercourse of chiefs with their wives before going to war in, iii. 164 n. 1;

taboos observed by fishermen in, iii. 194 sq.;

weapons removed from room at childbirth in, iii. 239;

taboos observed by fathers of twins in, iii. 239 sq.;

king's brothers burnt in, iii. 243;

custom as to roofing the king's palace in, iii. 254;

rule as to cutting child's hair in, iii. 263;

disposal of cut hair and nails in, iii. 277;

custom as to the hair and nails of fathers of twins in, iii. 284;

reluctance of people to name their totems in, iii. 330;

spirits of ancestors reincarnate in their namesakes in, iii. 369;

etiquette at the court of the king of, iv. 39 sq.;

human sacrifices in, iv. 139;

first-born sons strangled in, iv. 182;

dead kings of, give oracles through inspired mediums, iv. 200 sq., vi. 167, 171 sq.;

priest drinks beer out of skull of dead king in, iv. 200, viii. 150;

temples of the dead kings of, vi. 167, 168 sq., 170 sqq.;

human sacrifices offered to dead kings of, vi. 168, 172 sq.;

human sacrifices offered to prolong the lives of the kings of, vi. 223 sqq.;

men inspired by the spirits of lions, leopards, and serpents in, viii. 213;

funeral ceremony in, ix. 45 n. 2;

human scapegoats in, ix. 42, 194 sq.;

kings of, not allowed to set foot on ground, x. 3 sq.;

life of the king of, bound up with barkcloth trees, xi. 160;

passage of sick man through a cleft stick or a narrow opening in, xi. 181 sq.;

cure for lightning-stroke in, xi. 298 n. 2

See also Baganda

Uganda Protectorate, the Bahima of the, iii. 183 n., ix. 6

Ugi, one of the Solomon Islands, fear of passing under a fallen tree in, iii. 250;

cut hair buried in, iii. 277;

observation of the Pleiades in, vii. 313

Uisnech, in County Meath, great fair at, x. 158

Uist, in the Hebrides, rain-making in, i. 308;

Beltane cakes in, x. 154

——, North, the harvest Cailleach in, vii. 166;

need-fire in, x. 293 sq.

——, South, fairies at Hallowe'en in, x. [pg 508] 226;

salt cake at Hallowe'en in, x. 238 sq.

Uiyumkwi tribe, in Red Island, their treatment of girls at puberty, x. 39 sq.

Ujjain, the old capital of Malwa, in Western India, iv. 132, 133;

tradition as to killing kings after one day's reign in, iv. 122 sq.;

Vikramaditya's Gate at, iv. 124

Ukami, in German East Africa, xi. 313

Ukpong, external soul in Calabar, xi. 206

Ukraine, ceremony to fertilize the fields on St. George's Day in the, ii. 103

Ulad Bu Aziz, Arab tribe in Morocco, their Midsummer fires, x. 214

Ulawa, one of the Solomon Islands, soul of dead man in a shark at, viii. 297;

soul of dead man in bananas in, viii. 298

Uliase, East Indian island, fear to lose the shadow at noon in, iii. 87;

sick people sprinkled with pungent spices in, iii. 105

Ullensvang, Hardanger, Norway, Whitsuntide Bride and Bridegroom at, ii. 92

Ulster, taboos observed by the ancient kings of, iii. 12;

tombs of the kings of, iv. 101

Ulysses wins Penelope in a foot-race, ii. 300 sq.

—— and Aeolus, i. 326

Umbandine, king of the Swazies, expected to make rain for his people, i. 350

Umbrella, white, carried over Athenian priests and priestess, x. 20 n. 1;

carried over bride in procession, x. 31

Umbrellas in ritual, x. 20 n. 1

Umbrians, ordeal of battle among the, ii. 321

Unalashka, one of the Aleutian Islands, stones piled on a grave in, ix. 16

Uncle, dead, worshipped among the Awemba, vi. 175

——, maternal, preferred to father, mark of mother-kin, ii. 285;

in marriage ceremonies in India, v. 62 n. 1

Unclean and sacred, correspondence of the rules regarding the, iii. 145

Unclean animals originally sacred, viii. 24

Uncleanness regarded as a vapour, iii. 152, 206;

of man-slayers, of menstruous and lying-in women, and of persons who have handled the dead, iii. 169;

of whalers, iii. 191, 207;

of lion-killer, iii. 220;

of bear-killers, iii. 221;

caused by contact with the dead, vi. 227 sqq.;

ceremonial, among the Indians of Costa Rica, x. 65 n. 1;

of women at menstruation, x. 76 sqq.;

and sanctity not clearly differentiated in the primitive mind, x. 97 sq.

See also Menstruous

Uncles named after their nephews, iii. 332

Unconquered Son, Mithra identified with the, v. 304

Uncovered in the open air, prohibition to be, iii. 3, 14

Underground Zeus, Greek ploughman prayed to, vii. 45, 50

Undiara in Central Australia, magical stones at, i. 147

Ungarisch Brod, in Moravia, dramatic contest between Summer and Winter among the Slavs near, iv. 257 sq.

Unguent of lion's fat, magic virtue of an, viii. 164;

made from fat of crocodiles and snakes, x. 14

Uniformity of occupation in primitive society, i. 245;

of nature, ii. 376

Unis, king of Egypt, mentioned in the Pyramid Texts, vi. 5

Universal healer, name given to mistletoe, xi. 77

Unkareshwar, the goddess of cholera at, ix. 194

Unkulunkulu, “the Old-Old-one,” the first man in the traditions of the Zulus, vi. 182

Unleavened bread baked with new corn at the harvest festival of the Natchez Indians, viii. 136

Unlucky, intercalary days regarded as, ix. 339 sq.;

Midsummer Day regarded as, xi. 29

—— children passed through narrow openings, xi. 190

—— marriages in India, ii. 57 n. 4

Unmasking a were-wolf or witch by wounding him or her, x. 315, 321

Unmatjera tribe of Central Australia, their disposal of foreskins at circumcision, i. 95 sq.;

burial customs of the, i. 102;

their charm to ensure wakefulness, i. 154;

their contagious magic of footprints, i. 208;

their rites of initiation, xi. 234;

initiation of a medicine-man in the, xi. 238

Unna, in Westphalia, treatment of the last sheaf at, vii. 138

Unnefer, “the Good Being,” a title of Osiris, vi. 12

Unreaped corn, patches of, left at harvest, viii. 233

Unreason, Abbot of, in Scotland, ix. 331

“Unspoken water” in marriage rites, vi. 245 sq.

Unyoro, king of, his custom of drinking milk, iii. 119;

not to be seen drinking, iii. 119;

cowboy of the king of, [pg 509] iii. 159 n.;

diet of the king of, iii. 291 sq.;

kings of, put to death, iv. 34

Up-helly-a', popular festival on January 29th in Shetland, ix. 168 sq., x. 269 n.

Up-uat, Egyptian jackal-god, vi. 154

Upias, King, father of Bormus, vii. 216

Upis, a Hyperborean maiden, i. 34 n.;

a name of Artemis, i. 34 n.

Upsala, popular assembly at, i. 366 sq.;

sacred grove at, ii. 9, 364, 365;

temple of Frey at, ii. 144;

images of Thor, Odin, and Frey at, ii. 364;

sacrificial spring at, ii. 364;

great temple and festival at, ii. 364 sq., iv. 58;

sepulchral mound at, iv. 57, 161;

sacrifice of king's sons at, iv. 160;

human sacrifices in the holy grove at, v. 289 sq., vi. 220;

the reign of Frey at, vi. 100

Upulero, the spirit of the sun, in the Babar Archipelago, prayers for offspring to, i. 72

Ur, the fourth dynasty of, i. 417

Urabunna tribe of Central Australia, their fire-drill, ii. 209;

their rites of initiation, xi. 234

Uranium, atomic disintegration of, viii. 305

Uranus mutilated by his son Cronus, iv. 192, v. 283

Uraons. See Oraons

Urewera, in New Zealand, magic use of spittle in, iii. 288

Uri-melech or Adom-melech, king of Byblus, v. 14

Urns, funereal, in shape of huts, ii. 201 sq.

Urquhart, Sir Thomas, on the Lord of Misrule, ix. 332

Urua, in Central Africa, divinity claimed by the chief of, i. 395

Urvasi and King Pururavas, Indian story, ii. 250, iv. 131

Usagara hills in German East Africa, the Wamegi of the, vii. 240

Usener, H., on Befana at Rome, ix. 167 n. 1;

on the etymology of Veturius, ix. 229 n. 2

Ushnagh, in Ireland, pagan cemetery at, iv. 101

Usirniri, temple of, at Busiris, vi. 151

Usondo, the lord of rain, in Zululand, i. 303

Ussingen, in Nassau, saying as to wind in corn at, vii. 296

Ussukuma (Usukuma), district on the southern bank of Lake Victoria Nyanza, sultans of, expected to make rain and drive away locusts, i. 353;

heads not to be shaved till corn is sown in, iii. 260

Ustrels, a species of vampyre in Bulgaria, supposed to attack cattle, x. 284

Utch Kurgan, in Turkestan, human scapegoat at, ix. 45

Uttoxeter, May garlands at, ii. 61

Ututwa, sultan of, expelled for drought, i. 353

Uuayayab, demon of evil in Yucatan, ix. 171

Uwet, tribe on the Calabar River, their excessive use of the poison ordeal, iv. 197

Vagney, in the Vosges, Christmas custom at, x. 254

Vagueness and inconsistency of primitive thought, xi. 301 sq.

Val di Ledro, effigy burnt in the, at Carnival, x. 120

Valais, the canton of, Midsummer fires in, x. 172;

cursing a mist in, x. 280

Vale of Tempe, Apollo purified from the dragon's blood in the, iv. 81, vi. 240

Valenciennes, Lenten fire-custom at, x. 114 n. 4

Valentines at bonfires, x. 109 sq.

Valerius Soranus, said to have divulged the name of Rome, iii. 391

Valesius, on the standard Egyptian cubit, vi. 217 n. 1

Valhalla, the dead in battle received by Odin in, iv. 13

Vallabhacharyas or Maharajas, a Hindoo sect, believe that barren women can be fertilized by bathing in a sacred well, ii. 160;

men assimilated to women in the, vi. 254.

See also Maharajas

Vailancey, General Charles, on Hallowe'en customs in Ireland, x. 241 sq.

Vallée des Bagnes, cursing a mist in the, x. 280

Vallericcia, near the Alban Lake, archaic Greek relief found in the, i. 11 n. 1

Valley of Hinnom, sacrifices of children to Moloch in the, iv. 169, v. 178

—— of the Kings of Thebes, vi. 90

—— of Poison, in Java, v. 203 sq.

Vampyres, charms against, ix. 153 n. 1;

need-fire kindled as a safeguard against, x. 284 sqq., 344

Vancouver Island, the Lkungen Indians of, i. 145;

wind-stones in, i. 322;

the Ahts of, vi. 139 n. 1, x. 43;

the Songish or Lkungen tribe of, viii. 254

Vanua Lava, in the Banks Islands, avoidance of wife's mother at, iii. 85

Vapour thought to be exhaled by lying-in women and hunters, iii. 152, 206, 213;

supposed, of blood and corpses, iii. 210 sq.;

supposed to be produced by the violation of a taboo, iii. 212

[pg 510]

Vapour bath taken by girls at puberty, x. 40

Vapours, worship of mephitic, v. 203 sqq.

Var, Midsummer fires in the French department of, x. 193

Varanda, in Armenia, rain-charm at, i. 306

Varé, African kingdom, power of rain-making ascribed to the kings of, i. 348

Varini, a tribe akin to the Saxons, marriage with a step-mother among the, ii. 283

Varro, on the oak groves of Rome, ii. 185;

on the so-called temple of Vesta, ii. 200;

on the foundation of Rome by shepherds and herdsmen, ii. 324 n. 1;

on Pales, ii. 326;

on Janus as a sky-god, ii. 381;

on a Roman funeral custom, iv. 92;

on suicides by hanging, iv. 282;

on the marriage of the Roman gods, vi. 230 sq., 236 n. 1;

his derivation of Dialis from Jove, vi. 230 n. 2;

on Salacia, vi. 233;

on Fauna or the Good Goddess, vi. 234 n. 4;

on the rites of Eleusis, vii. 88;

on killing oxen in Attica, viii. 6;

on annual sacrifice of goat on the Acropolis of Athens, viii. 41;

on the fire-walk of the Hirpi Sorani, xi. 14 n. 3

Varuna, festival of, wife of the sacrificer obliged to name her paramours at the, iii. 217

Vase, external soul of habitual criminal in a, xi. 145 sq.

Vase-paintings of Cadmus and the dragon, iv. 78, 79;

of Croesus on the pyre, v. 176

Vashti, derivation of the name, ix. 366

—— and Esther, temporary queens, ix. 365, 401

—— and Haman the duplicates of Esther and Mordecai, ix. 406

Vasse River in Western Australia, mourners cut themselves for the dead on the, i. 91

Vaté, in the New Hebrides, the aged buried alive in, iv. 12

Vatican, worship of Cybele and Attis on the site of the, v. 275 sq.

Vatican hill, evergreen oak on the, ii. 186

—— statue of Ephesian Artemis, i. 38 n. 1

Vaughan Stevens, H., on the wild tribes of the Malay region, ii. 236 n. 1

Veal eaten by Egyptian kings, iii. 13, 291

Veckenstedt, E., i. 326 n. 5

Vecoux, in the Vosges, cattle believed to talk on Christmas Eve at, x. 254

Vedas, the magical ritual of the, akin to shamanism, i. 229

Vedic age, the Aryans of the, their calendar, ix. 342

—— hymns, the fire-god Agni in the, xi. 295 sq.

—— India, consecration of the sacrificer of soma in, iii. 159 n.;

belief and custom as to meteors in, iv. 63;

swinging as a religious rite in, iv. 279 sq.

—— rites, magical nature of, i. 229

—— times, charm to restore a banished prince in, i. 145;

transference of sin in, ix. 3;

cure for consumption in, ix. 51;

the creed of the, ix. 90;

riddles asked at sacrifice of horse in, ix. 122 n.;

the Aryans of the, ix. 324

Vedijovis, she-goat sacrificed like human victim to, vii. 33.

See also Vejovis

Vegetable and animal life associated in primitive mind, v. 5

—— food prescribed for man-slayers, iii. 167

Vegetables at Midsummer, their fertilizing influence on women, xi. 51

Vegetation, homoeopathic influence of persons on, i. 142;

spirit of, newly awakened in spring, ii. 70;

spirit of, brought to houses, ii. 74;

spirit of, represented by mummers dressed in leaves, branches, and flowers, ii. 74 sqq., 78 sqq., 97;

spirit of, represented by a tree and a living man, ii. 76;

spirit of, represented in duplicate by a girl and an effigy, ii. 78;

spirit of, represented by a king or queen, ii. 84, 87, 88;

influence of the sexes on, ii. 97 sqq.;

men and women masquerading as spirits of, ii. 120;

marriage of the powers of, ii. 142, 171;

death and revival of the spirit of, iv. 212, 252, 263 sqq.;

perhaps generalized from a tree-spirit, iv. 253, v. 233;

mythical theory of the growth and decay of, v. 3 sqq.;

annual decay and revival of, represented dramatically in the rites of Adonis, v. 227 sqq.;

gardens of Adonis charms to promote the growth of, v. 236 sq., 239;

Midsummer fires and couples in relation to, v. 250 sq.;

Attis as a god of, v. 277 sqq.;

Osiris as a god of, vi. 112, 126, 131, 158;

decay and growth of, conceived as the death and resurrection of gods, vii. 1 sq.;

Mars a deity of, ix. 229 sq.;

outworn deity of, ix. 231;

processions representing spirits of, ix. 250;

spirit of, burnt in effigy, xi. 21 sq.;

reasons for burning a deity of, xi. 23;

leaf-clad representative of the spirit of, burnt, xi. 25;

W. Mannhardt's view that the victims burnt by the Druids represented spirits of, xi. 43

Vegetation-god, Easter an old vernal [pg 511] festival of the death and resurrection of the, ix. 328

Vehicle, expulsion of evils in a material, ix. 185 sqq., 198 sqq., 224

Vehicles, material, of immaterial things (fear, misfortune, disease, etc.), ix. 1 sqq., 22 n. 2, 23 sqq.

Veil over mouth worn by Parsee priests, ii. 241, 241 n. 4

Veiling faces to avert evil influences, iii. 120 sqq.

Veils worn by candidates for initiation at Eleusis, vii. 38

“Veins of the Nile,” near Philae, offerings of money and gold thrown into the, vi. 40

Vejovis, the Little Jupiter, ii. 179, 180 n.

See also Vedijovis

Velamas, in India, their belief as to third marriages being unlucky, ii. 57 n. 4

Veleda, deified woman among the Bructeri, i. 391

Vellalas, of Southern India, their custom at marrying a second, third, or fourth wife, ii. 57 n. 4

Velten, C., on an African Balder, xi. 312 sq.

Vendée, custom at threshing in, vii. 149 sq.

Veneti sacrifice white horses to Diomede, i. 27;

on the Atlantic coast of Brittany, their boats of oak, ii. 353

Venezuela, province of Coro in, viii. 157;

sticks or stones piled on scenes of violent death in, ix. 15

Venison, taboos concerning, iii. 208 sq.;

Esquimaux rules as to eating, viii. 84;

eaten as a protection against fever, viii. 143;

not eaten by young men lest it make them timid like deer, viii. 144;

not brought into hut by door, viii. 242 sq.;

not eaten because the souls of the dead are believed to be in deer, viii. 286, 293

Ventriloquism a basis of political power, i. 347

Ventriloquist as chief of his tribe, i. 347

Venus (Aphrodite) and Adonis, i. 21, 25, 40, 41, ix. 406.

See also Adonis, Aphrodite

——, the bearded, in Cyprus, vi. 259 n. 3

—— and Vulcan, vi. 231

Venus, the planet, identified with Astarte, v. 258, vi. 35

Venus' fly-trap (Dionaea), homoeopathic magic of, i. 144

Vera Cruz, in Mexico, the Indian tribes of, dated the beginning of their years by the setting of the Pleiades, vii. 310

Verbascum, mullein, gathered at Midsummer, xi. 63 sq.;

its relation to the sun, xi. 64

Verbena officinalis, vervain, gathered at Midsummer, xi. 62

Verdun, “killing the dog” at harvest near, vii. 272

Verges, in the Jura, Lenten fire-custom at, x. 114 sq.

Vermilion applied to bride in Hindoo marriage ceremony, ii. 25;

faces of Roman generals at a triumph reddened with, ii. 175

Vermin from hair returned to their owner, iii. 278;

propitiated by farmers, viii. 274 sqq.;

images of, made as a protection against them, viii. 280 sq.;

exorcized with torches, x. 340

Vernal festival of Adonis, v. 226

Verrall, A. W., as to Mohammed's prohibition of the artificial fertilization of the palm, ii. 25 n. 1;

on the Anthesteria, v. 235 n. 1;

on the pyre of Hercules, ix. 391 n. 4

Verres, C., carried off image of Demeter from Henna, vii. 65

Versipellis, a were-wolf, x. 314 n. 1

Vertumnus and Pomona, vi. 235 n. 6

Vervain, root of, in homoeopathic cure, i. 84;

garlands or chaplets of, at Midsummer, x. 162, 163, 165;

burnt in the Midsummer fires, x. 195;

used in exorcism, xi. 62 n. 4;

gathered at Midsummer, a protection against thunder and lightning, sorcerers, demons, and thieves, xi. 62

Vesoul, the Cat at cutting the last corn at, vii. 280

Vespasian, monument of, at Nemi, i. 5 sq.;

German woman worshipped as a deity in the reign of, i. 391

Vespasian family, the oak of the, xi. 168

Vesper-bell on Midsummer Eve, xi. 62

Vessels used by tabooed persons destroyed, iii. 4, 131, 139, 145, 156, 185, 284;

new or specially reserved, to hold new fruits, viii. 50, 53, 65, 66, 72, 81, 83

——, special, employed by tabooed persons, iii. 138, 139, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 160, 167, 185, 189, 197, 198;

reserved for eating bear's flesh, viii. 196, 198;

used by menstruous women, x. 86, 90;

used by girls at puberty, x. 93

Vesta, her round temple, i. 13, ii. 200 sq.;

her sacred fires in Latium, i. 13 sq.;

worshipped at Lavinium, i. 14;

her festival in June, ii. 127 n. 3;

at Rome, the grove of, ii. 185;

her fire at Rome fed with oak wood, ii. 186, xi. 91, 286;

called Mother, not Virgin, ii. 198, 229;

as Mother, ii. 227 sqq.;

a goddess of fecundity, ii. [pg 512] 229 sq.;

sacred fire in the temple of, annually kindled, x. 138

Vestal fire at Alba, i. 13;

at Rome a successor of the fire on the king's hearth, ii. 200 sqq.;

rekindled by the friction of wood, ii. 207;

at Nemi, ii. 378 sq., 380

—— Virgin, mother of Servius Tullius, ii. 196;

mother of Romulus and Remus, ii. 196, vi. 235

—— Virgins, in Latium, i. 13 sq.;

become mothers by the fire, ii. 196 sq.;

regarded as wives of the fire-god, ii. 198, 199, 229;

relit the sacred fire of Vesta, ii. 207, x. 138;

their function at the Parilia, ii. 229, 326;

an order of, among the Baganda, ii. 246;

their address to the King of the Sacred Rites, ii. 265;

daughters of the Latin kings, ii. 271;

their shorn tresses hung on a lotus-tree, iii. 275;

rule as to their election, vi. 244;

ceremonies performed by them on April 21st, viii. 42;

their rule of celibacy, x. 138 n. 5

Vestals fetch water from the spring of Egeria, i. 18;

African, ii. 150;

house of the, at Rome, ii. 201;

their coarse earthenware, ii. 202;

of the Herero, ii. 213, 214;

custom of burying alive unfaithful Vestals, ii. 228;

at Rome the wives or daughters of the kings, ii. 228;

adore the male organ, ii. 229;

rites performed by them for the fertility of the earth and the fecundity of cattle, ii. 229, 326;

Celtic, ii. 241 n. 1;

Peruvian, ii. 243 sqq.;

in Yucatan, ii. 245 sq.

—— and pontiffs threw puppets annually into the Tiber at Rome, viii. 107

Vestini, the ancient, Midsummer fires in the territory of, x. 209

Veth, P. J., on the Golden Bough, xi. 319

Vi River, the Orotchis of the, viii. 197

Vicarious and nutritive types of sacrifice, vi. 226

—— sacrifices in ancient Babylon and on the Slave Coast, iv. 117;

in ancient Greece, iv. 165, 166 n. 1;

for kings, iv. 220 sq.

—— suffering, principle of, ix. 1 sq.

—— use of images, viii. 96 sqq.

Victim, passing between the pieces of a sacrificial, i. 289, 289 n. 4

——, human, taken in procession from door to door, vii. 247

Victims give signs of inspiration by shaking themselves, i. 384 sq.

——, human, sacrificed to man-gods, i. 386, 387;

treated as divine, vii. 250;

assimilated to gods, vii. 261 sq.;

personating gods and goddesses in ancient Mexico, ix. 275 sqq.;

claimed by St. John on St. John's Day (Midsummer Day), x. 27, 29;

claimed by water at Midsummer, xi. 26 sqq.

See also Human sacrifices

Victims, sacrificial, hung on trees, v. 146;

carried round city, iii. 188

——, white, sacrificed for sunshine, i. 291, 292, 314

Victoria, the late Queen, worshipped as a deity in Orissa, i. 404

Victoria, the Wotjobaluk of, i. 206, 251 sq.;

rain-making in, i. 251, 252;

the Wurunjeri tribe of, iii. 42;

the Kurnai of, iii. 83, 84;

the Bad Country in, iii. 109;

human hair used to cause rain by the tribes of, iii. 272;

avoidance of wife's mother among the tribes of, iii. 345 sq.;

difference of language between husbands and wives in some tribes of, iii. 347 sq.;

the Gowmditch-mara tribe of, iii. 348;

personal names rarely perpetuated among the tribes of, iii. 353 sq.;

kinsfolk of the dead change their names in some tribes of, iii. 357;

the natives of, their observation of Canopus and the Pleiades, vii. 308;

sex totems in, xi. 217

——, aborigines of, use of magical images among the, i. 62;

their custom as to teething, i. 180;

contagious magic of footprints among the, i. 212;

mourning custom among the, iii. 182 n. 2;

concealment of personal names among the, iii. 321;

fear of naming the dead among the, iii. 350, 365;

changes in their vocabulary caused by their fear of naming the dead, iii. 359 sq.;

women's share in the search for food among the, vii. 127 sq.;

their custom as to emu fat, x. 13;

their dread of women at menstruation, x. 77 sq.

——, in Vancouver's Island, wind-stones at, i. 322

Victoria Nyanza, Lake, Kadouma near, i. 328;

Ussukuma, on the southern bank of, i. 353, iii. 260;

Mukasa, the god of the, ii. 150, vi. 257;

customs of Baganda fishermen on, iii. 194 sq.;

the Wanyamwesi, to the south of, vii. 118;

Kiziba, to the west of, viii. 219

Victory, temple of, on the Palatine Hill at Rome, v. 265

Vicuña, reason for not eating the, viii. 140

Vidovec in Croatia, Midsummer fires at, x. 178

Viehe, Rev. G., on the huts of the Herero, ii. 213 n. 2;

on the fire-sticks of the Herero, ii. 218 n. 1;

on sacred sticks representing ancestors among the Herero, ii. 222, 223 sq.;

on the [pg 513] worship of the dead among the Herero, vi. 187 n. 1

Vienne, the Boy Bishop at, ix. 337 n. 1;

Midsummer fires in the department of, x. 191;

the Yule log in, x. 251

Vieux-Pont, in Orne, game of ball at, ix. 183 n. 3

Vigil, the all-night, in the mysteries of Eleusis, vii. 38

Vikramaditya, legendary king of Ujjain in Western India, iv. 122 sqq., 132

Vilavou, New Year's Men, the name given to newly initiated lads in Fiji, xi. 244

Village, double-headed idol set up as guardian at entrance of, ii. 385;

continence at building a new, iii. 202;

tabooed at feast of first-fruits in Borneo, viii. 122;

surrounded with a ring of fire as a protection against an evil spirit, x. 282

Village May-poles in England, ii. 66 sqq.

Villages, expulsion of demons from, ix. 111 sqq.

See also Pile-villages

Villagomez, Pedro de, on the Peruvian Maize-mother, etc., vii. 172 n. 2

Vimeux, Lenten fires at, x. 113

Vine, Flamen Dialis not allowed to walk under a, iii. 14, 248;

the cultivation of, introduced by Osiris, vi. 7, 112;

in relation to Dionysus, vii. 2.

See also Vines

——, wild, used in kindling fire by friction, ii. 251

Vine-branches used to beat people with at Easter, ix. 269

Vines blessed on the Assumption of the Virgin (15th August), i. 14 sq.;

Festival of the Threshing-floor held at the pruning of the, vii. 61

Vineyards dedicated to Artemis, i. 15

Vintage, first-fruits of, offered to Icarius and Erigone, iv. 283, viii. 133;

inaugurated by priests, viii. 133;

omens of, x. 164

—— in Greece, time of, vii. 47

Vintage festival, Oschophoria, at Athens, vi. 258 n. 6

—— rites at Athens, vi. 238

—— song, Phoenician, vii. 216, 257

Vintagers and vine-diggers, treatment of strangers by, vii. 257 sq.

Violence done to the rain-powers in drought, i. 296 sqq.

Violent deaths of the Roman kings, ii. 313 sqq.

Violets sprung from the blood of Attis, v. 267

Vipers sacred to balsam trees in Arabia, xi. 44 n. 1

Viracocha, name applied by the Peruvian Indians to the Spaniards, i. 56, 57 n.

Virbius, the mate of Diana at Nemi, i. 19-21, 40 sqq., ii. 129, 378, v. 45;

the mythical predecessor or archetype of the Kings of the Wood at Nemi, i. 40 sq., ii. 129;

perhaps annually married to Diana at Nemi, ii. 129;

perhaps a local form of Jupiter, ii. 379;

etymology of the name, ii. 379 n. 5;

restored to life by Aesculapius, iv. 214;

interpreted as an oak-spirit, xi. 295

—— or Hippolytus killed by horses, iv. 214

—— and the horse, viii. 40 sqq.

——, the slope of, i. 4 n. 5, ii. 321

Virgil, the witch in, i. 206 n. 4;

the story of Polydorus in, ii. 33;

on the oak-crowned kings of Alba, ii. 178;

an antiquary as well as a poet, ii. 178;

on the Capitoline hill, ii. 184;

on the primitive inhabitants of Rome, ii. 186;

on the Golden Bough, ii. 379, xi. 284 sq., 286, 293 sq., 315 sqq.;

the enchantress in, iii. 305;

on the rustic militia of Latium, iii. 311;

on Dido's magical rites, iii. 312;

on the game of Troy, iv. 76;

on the creation of the world, iv. 108 sq.;

as an enchanter, viii. 281;

on the fire-walk of the Hirpi Sorani, xi. 14

Virgin, the Assumption of the, in relation to Diana, i. 14-16;

festival of the, in the Armenian Church, i. 16;

in relation to Ephesian Artemis, i. 38 n. 1;

blesses the fruits of the earth, x. 118;

the hair of the Holy, found in ashes of Midsummer fire, x. 182 sq., 191;

feast of the Nativity of the, x. 220 sq.

—— and child supposed to sit on the Yule log, x. 253 sq.

——, the Heavenly, mother of the Sun, v. 303

Virgin birth of Perseus, v. 302 n. 4

—— Mary and Isis, vi. 118 sq.

—— Mary of Kevlaar, the pilgrimage to, i. 77

—— Mother, the Phrygian Mother Goddess as a, v. 281

——mothers, tales of, v. 264;

of gods and heroes, v. 107

—— priestesses of Ephesian Artemis, i. 38;

in Peru, Mexico, and Yucatan, ii. 243 sqq.

Virginia, rites of initiation among the Indians of, xi. 266 sq.

Virginity offered to rivers, ii. 162;

test of, by blowing up a flame, ii. 239 sq., x. 139 n.;

sacrifice of, v. 60;

recovered by bathing in a spring, v. 280

Virgins plant and gather olives, ii. 107;

sacrificed to serpents, dragons, or other monsters, folk-tales of, ii. 155;

supposed to conceive through eating [pg 514] certain food, v. 96;

sacrificed to goddess in Mexico, vii. 237

Virgins of the Sun at Cuzco, x. 132

——, the Vestal, and the sacred fire, x. 136.

See also Vestal Virgins and Vestals

Virility, hierophant at Eleusis temporarily deprived of his, ii. 130;

sacrifice of, to Cybele, ii. 144 sq.;

sacrifice of, in the rites of Attis and Astarte, v. 268 sq., 270 sq.;

other sacrifices of, v. 270 n. 2;

supposed to be lost by contact with menstruous women, x. 81

Viscum album, common mistletoe, xi. 315 sqq.

—— quernum, xi. 317

Vishnu invoked at rain-making, i. 283;

a Brahman sacrificer supposed to become, i. 380;

embodied in the Salagrama, a fossil ammonite, ii. 26, 27 n.;

supposed to pervade the Holy Basil (tulasi), ii. 26;

mock human sacrifice in the worship of, iv. 216

Vision, charm by means of eagle's gall to ensure good, i. 154;

sharpness of, conferred by dragon-stone, i. 165 n. 6

Visiter, the Christmas, among the Servians, x. 261 sq., 263, 264

Visve Devah, the common mob of deities, a pap of boiled grain offered to, in ancient Hindoo ritual, viii. 120

Vitellius at Nemi, i. 5

—— and Otho, iv. 141

Viti Levu, the largest of the Fijian Islands, the drama of death and resurrection at initiation in, xi. 243

Vitrolles, bathing at Midsummer at, v. 248, x. 194

Vitruvius, on the origin of fire among men, ii. 257 n.

Vituperation thought to cause rain, i. 278

Vitzilipuztli or Vitzilopochtli, Mexican god, dough image of him made and eaten sacramentally, viii. 86 sqq.;

young man annually sacrificed in the character of, ix. 280 sq.

Viza in Thrace, Carnival customs at, vi. 91, vii. 26, 28

Vizagapatam, in the Madras Presidency, human god at, i. 405;

the Kudulu tribe near, vii. 244

Vizyenos, G. M., on a Carnival custom in Thrace, vii. 25 n. 4, 26

Vogel Mountains, burning wheels on the first Sunday in Lent near the, x. 118

Vohumano or Vohu Manah, a Persian archangel, ix. 373 n. 1

Voigtland, leaping as a charm to make flax grow tall in, i. 139 n.;

locks unlocked at childbirth in, iii. 296;

toothache nailed into trees in, ix. 59;

belief in witchcraft in, ix. 160;

witches driven away in, ix. 160;

“Easter Smacks” in, ix. 268;

young people beat each other at Christmas in, ix. 271;

bonfires on Walpurgis Night in, x. 160;

tree and person thrown into water on St. John's Day in, xi. 27 sq.;

divination by flowers on Midsummer Eve in, xi. 53;

mountain arnica gathered at Midsummer in, xi. 57 sq.;

wild thyme gathered at Midsummer in, xi. 64;

precautions against witches in, xi. 73 sq.

Volcanic eruptions supposed to be caused by incest, ii. 111

—— region of Cappadocia, v. 189 sqq.

—— religion, v. 188 sqq.

Volcano, criminals thrown into, ii. 111;

sacrifice of child to, iv. 218.

See also Volcanoes

Volcano Bay, in Yezo, viii. 185

Volcanoes, fire perhaps first procured from, ii. 256;

the worship of, v. 216 sqq.;

human victims thrown into, v. 219 sq.

Volders, in the Tyrol, custom at threshing at, vii. 224

Volga, sacred groves among the tribes of the, ii. 10;

the Cheremiss of the, viii. 51, x. 181

Volksmarsen in Hesse, Easter fires at, x. 140

Volos, the beard of, name given to unreaped patches of corn in Russia, vii. 233

Voluntary human victims at religious rites, iv. 140 sq., 143 sq., 145;

substitutes for capital punishment in China, iv. 145 sq., 273 sqq.

Voluspa, the Sibyl's prophecy in the, x. 102 sq.

Vomiting, homoeopathic cure for, i. 84;

as a religious rite, viii. 73, 75

Voralberg, in the Tyrol, “burning the witch” on the first Sunday in Lent at, x. 116

Vorges, near Laon, Midsummer fires at, x. 187

Vorharz, the Oats-man and Oats-woman at the harvest feast in the, vii. 163

Voroneje, in Russia, patch of rye left for Elijah at harvest at, vii. 233

Vosges, peasants of the, preserve their extracted teeth against the resurrection, iii. 280;

disposal of cut hair and nails in the, iii. 281;

“the Dog of the harvest” in the, vii. 272;

toothache nailed into trees in the, ix. 59;

Midsummer fires in the, x. 188, 336;

the Yule log in the, x. 254;

cats burnt alive on Shrove Tuesday in the, xi. 40

[pg 515]

——, the Upper, rule as to the shearing of sheep in, vi. 134 n. 3

Vosges Mountains, homoeopathic magic at sowing in the, i. 137;

May custom in the, ii. 63;

French peasants of the, their belief in St. George as protector of flocks, ii. 334 n. 2;

belief as to shooting stars in the, iv. 67;

Feast of All Souls in the, vi. 69;

“to catch the Hare” at harvest in the, vii. 279;

“catching the cat” at haymaking and harvest in the, vii. 281;

dances on Twelfth Day in the, ix. 315;

the Three Kings of Twelfth Day in the, ix. 330;

Lenten fires in the, x. 109;

witches as hares in the, x. 318;

magic herbs culled on Eve of St. John in the, xi. 47

Votaries, female, of Marduk, ix. 372 n. 2

Votiaks (Wotyaks) of Russia, annual festivals of the dead among the, vi. 76 sq.

See also Wotyaks

Votive images among the Kusavans, i. 56 n. 3

—— offerings at Nemi, i. 4, 6, 12, 19, 23;

to St. Leonhard, i. 7 sq.;

to the Virgin Mary, i. 77 sq.

Vow, hair kept unshorn during a, iii. 261 sq., 285

Voyage, charm to make or mar a, i. 163;

in boats of papyrus in the rites of Osiris, vi. 88

Voyagers, fire kept burning at home in absence of, i. 121;

sympathetic taboos observed by girls in absence of, i. 126

Voyages, telepathy in, i. 126

Vrid-eld, need-fire in Sweden, x. 280

Vrigne-aux-Bois, in the Ardennes, mock execution of Carnival at, iv. 226

Vrtra, the dragon, conquered by Indra, in the Rigveda, iv. 106 sq.

Vulcan, the fire-god, father of Caeculus, ii. 197, vi. 235;

the husband of Maia or Majestas, vi. 232 sq.;

his Flamen, vi. 232

—— and Venus, vi. 231

Vulci, Etruscan tomb at, ii. 196 n.

Vulsinii, in Etruria, nails annually knocked into the temple of Nortia at, ix. 67

Vulture, wing-bone of, in homoeopathic magic, i. 151;

in divination, i. 158;

transmigration of sinner into, viii. 299.

See also Vultures

——, the black, mimicked by actor or dancer among the Kobeua and Kaua Indians of Brazil, ix. 381

Vulture's feather in a charm, viii. 167

Vultures not to be called by their proper names, iii. 408;

lives of persons bound up with those of, xi. 201, 202

Vunivalu, the War King of Fiji, iii. 21

Wa, the Wild, a tribe of Upper Burma, their custom of head-hunting for the sake of the crops, vii. 241 sqq.

Wa-teita, the, of East Africa, their fear of being photographed, iii. 98

Wabisa, Bantu tribe of Rhodesia, their great god, vi. 174

Wabondei of East Africa, their sacrifices to baobab-trees, ii. 47;

preserve the hair and nails of dead chiefs as charms, iii. 272;

their belief in serpents as reincarnations of the dead, v. 82;

their rule as to the cutting of posts for building, vi. 137;

eat hearts of lions and leopards to become brave, viii. 142

Wachsmuth, C., on Easter ceremonies in the Greek Church, v. 254

Wachtl in Moravia, drama of Summer and Winter at, iv. 257

Wadai, the Sultan of, conceals his face, iii. 120;

the Sultan of, must have no bodily defect, iv. 39;

ceremony of the new fire in, x. 134, 140

Waddell, L. A., on the kings of Sikhim, iii. 20;

on demonolatry in Sikhim and Tibet, ix. 94

Wade, Sir Thomas, formerly Professor of Chinese at Cambridge, iv. 273 sq.

Wadowe, the, of German East Africa, woman's share in agriculture among, vii. 118;

their story of an African Balder, xi. 312

Wafiomi, of East Africa, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 28

Waga-waga, in British New Guinea, changes of vocabulary caused by fear of naming the dead at, iii. 362

Wageia, the, of German East Africa, purification of man-slayers among the, iii. 177

Waggum, in Brunswick, the May Bride at Whitsuntide at, ii. 96

Wagogo, of German East Africa, chastity of women during absence of warriors among the, i. 131;

their rain-making by means of black animals, i. 290 sq.;

chiefs as rain-makers among the, i. 343;

custom observed by man-slayers among the, iii. 186 n. 1;

their ceremony at the new moon, vi. 143;

their belief in the effect of eating a totemic animal, viii. 26;

eat the hearts of lions to become brave, viii. 142;

eat the hearts of enemies to make them brave, viii. 149;

their way of getting rid of birds that infest gardens, viii. 276;

their transference of sickness, ix. 6 sq.

Wagogo hunters, taboos observed by wives in absence of, i. 123

Wagstadt in Silesia, Judas ceremony on Wednesday before Good Friday at, x. 146 n. 3

[pg 516]

Wagtail, the yellow, in magic, i. 79

Wahehe, a Bantu tribe of German East Africa, custom before marriage among the, iii. 86 n.;

the worship of the dead among the, vi. 188 sqq.;

their belief in a supreme god Nguruhe, vi. 188 sq.;

their belief that skin disease is caused by eating a totemic animal, viii. 26

Waheia, the, of German East Africa, their belief that skin disease is caused by eating a totemic animal, viii. 26

Wahoko, the, of Central Africa, their disposal of their cut hair and nails, iii. 278

Wahrstedt, in Brunswick, Whitsuntide King at, ii. 85

Wahuma, the, of the Albert Nyanza Lake, their rain-making, i. 250

Wailing of women for Adonis, v. 224

Waizganthos, an old Prussian god, prayers and offerings for the growth of the flax to, iv. 156

Wajagga, the, of German East Africa, their treatment of the corpses of childless women, i. 142;

their charm for runners, i. 151;

their rain-making, i. 250;

mourners cut their hair among the, iii. 286;

their covenant by means of spittle, iii. 290;

their custom of leaping over a grandfather's corpse, iii. 424;

their way of appeasing ghosts of suicides, v. 292 n. 3;

their human sacrifices at irrigation, vi. 38;

their way of diverting locusts from the fields, viii. 276;

plants planted at birth of infants among the, xi. 160

Wajagga warriors swallow shavings of rhinoceros hide and horn to make them strong, viii. 143

Wak, a sky-spirit of the Borans, children and cattle sacrificed to, iv. 181

Wakamba, the, of East Africa, sacrifice to baobab-trees, ii. 46.

See Akamba

Wakan, in the Dacotan language, mysterious, sacred, taboo, iii. 225 n., viii. 180 n. 2

Wakanda, a spirit recognized by the Omahas, iii. 187

Wakefulness, homoeopathic charms to ensure, i. 154, 156

Wakelbura, the, of Australia, their way of disabling ghosts, iii. 31 sq.;

dread and seclusion of women at menstruation among the, x. 78

Wakondyo (Wakondjo), the, of Central Africa, their way of obtaining rain by means of a stone, i. 305;

their custom as to the afterbirth, xi. 162 sq.

Walachia (or Wallachia), precautions against witches on St George's Day in, ii. 338;

crown of last ears of corn worn by girl at harvest in, v. 237

Walachians, herdsman's festival on St. George's Day among the, ii. 338 sq.

Walber, a tree and a man disguised in corn-stalks, on May 2nd in Bavaria, ii. 75, 78

Walburgis Day, the 2nd of May in the Franken Wald mountains of Bavaria, ii. 75 n. 2

Waldemar I., king of Denmark, magical powers attributed to, i. 367

Wales, belief as to death at ebb-tide in, i. 167 sq.;

All Souls' Day in, vi. 79;

harvest customs in, vii. 142 sqq.;

the last sheaf called the Hag in, vii. 142 sqq.;

Snake Stones in, x. 15 sq.;

Beltane fires and cakes in, x. 155 sq.;

Beltane fire kindled by the friction of oak-wood in, x. 155, xi. 91;

Midsummer fires in, x. 200 sq.;

divination at Hallowe'en in, x. 229, 240 sq.;

Hallowe'en fires in, x. 239 sq.;

the Yule log in, x. 258;

burnt sacrifices to stop cattle-disease in, x. 301;

witches as hares in, x. 315 n. 1;

belief as to witches in, x. 321 n. 2;

bewitched things burnt in, x. 322;

divination by flowers on Midsummer Eve in, xi. 53;

St. John's wort used to drive away fiends in, xi. 55;

mistletoe to be shot or knocked down with stones in, xi. 82;

mistletoe gathered at Midsummer in, xi. 86, 293;

mistletoe used to make the dairy thrive in, xi. 86;

mistletoe used to dream on at Midsummer in, xi. 293.

See also Welsh

Walhalla, mistletoe growing east of, x. 101.

See also Valhalla

Walking over fire as a rite, xi. 3 sqq.

Wall, Roman ceremony of knocking nails into a, ix. 65 sqq.

See also Walls

Wallace, A. R., on women's work among the tribes of the Uaupes River, vii. 121 sq.

Wallace, Sir Donald Mackenzie, on the Russian sect of the Christs, i. 407 sq.

Wallachia. See Walachia

Wallis Island, tabooed persons not allowed to handle food in, iii. 140

Walls of houses beaten to expel ghosts, iii. 170;

maladies and devils nailed into, ix. 62 sqq.;

fortified, of the ancient Gauls, x. 267 sq.

Walnut, branches of, passed across Midsummer fires and fastened on cattle-sheds, x. 191

Walo, on the Senegal, the king of, not to be seen eating, iii. 118

Walos of Senegambia, their royal family thought to possess the power of healing by touch, i. 370 sq.;

their belief as to sort of mistletoe, xi. 79 sq.

[pg 517]

Walpi, Pueblo Indian village, use of bull-roarers at, xi. 231

Walpurgis Day, the 1st of May, charred sticks of Judas fire planted in the fields on, x. 143

—— Night (the Eve of May Day), dances on, to make flax grow tall, i. 138, 139 n.;

precautions against witches on, ii. 52, 54, 55, xi. 20 n.;

milk and butter stolen by witches on, ii. 127;

witches abroad on, ix. 158 sqq., x. 159 sq.;

annual expulsion of witches on, ix. 159 sqq.;

dances for the crops on, ix. 238;

a witching time, x. 295;

witches active on, xi. 73, 74

Walrus, taboos concerning, among the Esquimaux, iii. 208 sq.

Walton, Izaak, on Lapland witches, i. 326 n. 2

Wamara, a worshipful dead king in Kiziba, vi. 174

Wambuba, the, of Central Africa, carry fire on the march, ii. 255

Wambugwe of East Africa, their rain-charm by means of black animals, i. 290;

sorcerers as chiefs among the, i. 342;

their belief as to falling stars, iv. 65

Wamegi, the, of German East Africa, their human sacrifices at harvest and sowing, vii. 240

Wand, magic, made from a tree growing on a grave, ii. 33

Wandorobbo, of East Africa, their continence at brewing poison, iii. 200 sq.

Wangala, harvest-festival of the Garos, viii. 337 sq.

Wangen in Baden, bonfire and burning discs on the first Sunday in Lent at, x. 117

Wanigela River, in New Guinea, purification of manslayers among tribes on the, iii. 167 sq.;

preparations for fishing turtle and dugong among the tribes of the, iii. 192

Waniki, the, of East Africa, their belief in the spirits of trees, ii. 12;

their reverence for coco-nut palms, ii. 16;

their mode of killing their cattle, iii. 247

Waning of the moon, theories to account for the, vi. 130;

time for felling timber, vi. 135 sqq.

Wannefeld, in the Altmark, the last stalks at reaping left for the He-goat at, vii. 287

Wanyamwesi, the, of Central Africa, iii. 109;

their belief in the association of twins with water, i. 268 sq.;

ceremony observed by them on return from a journey, iii. 112;

their custom as to personal names, iii. 330;

woman's share in agriculture among the, vii. 118;

their propitiation of slain elephants, viii. 227;

their practice of adding to heaps of sticks or stones, ix. 11 n. 1;

their belief as to wounded crocodiles, xi. 210 n. 1

Wanyoro (Banyoro), the, of Central Africa, their disposal of their cut hair and nails, iii. 278.

See Banyoro

Wanzleben, near Magdeburg, man called the Wolf at threshing at, vii. 274 sq.

War, use of twins in, i. 49 n. 3;

telepathy in, i. 126 sqq.;

continence in, iii. 157, 158 n. 1, 161, 163, 164, 165;

rules of ceremonial purity observed in, iii. 157 sqq.;

hair kept unshorn in, iii. 261;

sacrifice of a blind bull before going to, vi. 250 sq.

“——, the sleep of,” among the Black foot Indians, ii. 147

War chief, or war king, iii. 20, 21, 24

—— -dance of villagers round victor, iii. 169;

of manslayers on their return, iii. 170, 178;

of old men round manslayer, iii. 182;

of king before the ghosts of his ancestors, vi. 192;

at festival of new corn among the Natchez Indians, viii. 79

—— -god, dog sacrificed to, i. 173

Ward, Professor H. Marshall, on the respective hardness of ivy and laurel, ii. 252;

on the artificial fertilization of the fig, ii. 315 n. 1

Ward, Professor James, as to Hegel's views on magic and religion, i. 423

Warlock, the invulnerable, stories of, xi. 97 sqq.

Warm food tabooed, iii. 189

Warner, Mr., on Caffre ideas about lightning, vi. 177 n. 1

Warramunga, the, of Central Australia, their magical ceremonies for the multiplication of their totems, i. 89;

their custom at subincision, i. 93;

custom observed by Warramunga women while the men are fighting each other with torches, i. 94;

knocking out of teeth among the, i. 99;

their homoeopathic charm to catch euros, i. 162;

their custom as to extracted teeth, i. 181;

their treatment of the navel-string, i. 183;

believe certain trees to be inhabited by disembodied human spirits, ii. 34;

their propitiation of a mythical water-snake, ii. 156;

will not call the mythical snake Wollunqua by its proper name, iii. 384;

their belief in the reincarnation of the dead, v. 100;

their tradition of purification by fire, v. 180 n. 2;

their cure for headache, ix. 2

Warrior Island, Torres Straits. See Tud

[pg 518]

Warriors tabooed, iii. 157 sqq., x. 5;

worship their weapons, ix. 90

Warts supposed to be affected by the moon, vi. 149;

transferred to other people, ix. 48 sq.;

transferred to the moon, ix. 54;

transferred to an ash-tree, ix. 57

Warua, their seclusion at meals, iii. 117;

unwilling to tell their names, iii. 329

Warundi, the, of East Africa, custom as to girls at puberty among the, iii. 225 n.

Warwickshire, Arden in, ii. 7 sq.;

the Queen of May in, ii. 88;

the Yule log in, x. 257

Washamba, the, of German East Africa, dance and deposit stones at dangerous places, ix. 29;

their custom at circumcision, xi. 183

Washing forbidden for magical reasons during a rhinoceros-hunt, i. 115,

during husband's absence, i. 122,

during heavy rain, i. 253;

practised as a rain-charm, i. 253;

practised as a ceremonial purification by the Jews after reading the scripture, viii. 27,

by the Jewish high priest after the sin-offering, viii. 27,

by the Greeks after expiatory sacrifices, viii. 27, 85,

by the Parjas after killing a totemic animal, viii. 27 sq.,

by the Matabele at eating the new fruits, viii. 71,

by the Esquimaux before a change of diet, viii. 84, 85,

by the Basutos after the slaughter of foes, viii. 149.

See also Bathing

—— and bathing forbidden to rain-doctor when he wishes to prevent rain from falling, i. 271, 272

—— the feet of strangers, iii. 108

—— the head, customs as to, in Siam, Burma, ancient Persia, ancient Rome, and Peru, iii. 253

Washington group of the Marquesas Islands, seclusion of man-slayers in the, iii. 178.

See also Marquesas

—— State, rain-charm in, i. 309;

the Twana Indians of, iii. 58;

the Klallam Indians of, iii. 354;

the Twana, Chemakum, and Klallam tribes of, iii. 365;

seclusion of girls at puberty among the Indians of, x. 43

Wasmes, processions with torches on the first and second Sundays in Lent at, x. 108

Wasp, external soul of enchanter in a, xi. 143

Wasps in homoeopathic magic, i. 152;

young men stung with, as an ordeal before marriage among the Roocooyen Indians, ix. 263, x. 63

Wassailing on Eve of Twelfth Day in Herefordshire for the sake of the crops, ix. 319

Wassgow mountains, the need-fire as a remedy for cattle-plague in the, x. 271

Wata, a caste of hunters in East Africa, children of the Borans sent away to be reared by the, iv. 181

Wataturu, the, of East Africa, their chiefs sorcerers, i. 342 sq.;

their rule as to partaking of flesh and milk, viii. 84

Watchandie woman, in Australia, her fear of naming the dead, iii. 350

Watchdogs, charm to silence, i. 149

Water not to be touched by people at home in absence of hunters, i. 120;

splashed by wife in absence of her husband, i. 120 sq.;

sprinkled as rain-charm, i. 248 sqq.;

poured on graves as a rain-charm, i. 268, 286;

puppet representing the tree-spirit thrown into, ii. 75, 76;

serpent or dragon of, ii. 155 sqq.;

conspicuous part played by, in the Midsummer festival, ii. 273, v. 246 sqq., x. 172, 205 sq., 216, xi. 26 sqq.;

poured as a rain-charm, iii. 154 sq.;

not allowed to touch the lips, iii. 160;

to be called by another name in brewing, iii. 395;

effigies of Death thrown into the, iv. 234 sqq., 246 sq.;

thrown on the last corn cut as a rain-charm, v. 237 sq.;

marvellous properties attributed to, at Midsummer (the festival of St. John), v. 246 sqq., x. 172, 205 sq., 216, xi. 29 sqq.;

used to wash away sins, ix. 39;

not to cross, in ritual, ix. 58;

from sacred wells, x. 12;

menstruous women not to go near, x. 77;

consecrated at Easter, x. 122 sqq., 125;

turned to wine at Easter, x. 124;

improved by charred sticks of Midsummer fires, x. 184;

at Midsummer, people drenched with, x. 193 sq.;

heated in need-fire and sprinkled on cattle, x. 289;

claims human victims at Midsummer, xi. 26 sqq.;

haunted and dangerous at Midsummer, xi. 31

—— and Fire, kings of, in the backwoods of Cambodia, ii. 3 sqq.

——, holy, sprinkling with, iii. 285 sq.;

a protection against witches, ix. 158, 164 sq.

—— of Life, Ishtar sprinkled with the, in the lower world, v. 9;

prince restored to life by the, in a folk-tale, xi. 114 sq.

——, prophetic, drunk on St. John's Eve, v. 247

——, rites of, at Midsummer festival in Morocco, x. 216;

at New Year in Morocco, x. 218

—— of springs and wells thought to [pg 519] acquire medicinal qualities on Midsummer Eve, x. 172, 205 sq.

Water-bird, a Whitsuntide mummer, iv. 207 n. 1

“—— -carriers,” maidens called, at Athens, viii. 5

—— -cross, a stone cross in Uist, used in rain-ceremonies, i. 308

—— -dragon, drama of the slaying of the, at Delphi and Thebes, iv. 78

—— -fowl, migratory, as representatives of the Old Woman of maize, vii. 204 sq.

—— -lilies, charms to make water-lilies grow, i. 95, 97, 98

—— nymphs, fertilizing virtue of, ii. 162

—— -ousel, heart of, eaten to make the eater wise and eloquent, viii. 144

—— -spirits, propitiation of, ii. 76;

women married to, ii. 150 sqq.;

sacrifices to, ii. 155 sqq.;

as beneficent beings, ii. 159;

bestow offspring on women, ii. 159 sqq.;

danger of, iii. 94;

offerings to, at Midsummer, xi. 28

—— totem among the Arunta, rain made by men of the, i. 259 sq.

Waterbrash, a Huzul cure for, vi. 149 sq.

Waterfalls, spirits of, ii. 156, 157

Watford, in Hertfordshire, May garlands at, ii. 61

Watubela Islands, treatment of the afterbirth in the, i. 187

Watuta, the, an African tribe of freebooters, iii. 109

Wave accompanying earthquake, v. 202 sq.

Waves, water from nine, in cure, xi. 186 sq.

Wawamba, the, of Central Africa, their way of making rain by means of a stone, i. 305

Wawanga, tribe of Mount Elgon, in British East Africa, their kings not allowed to die a natural death, iv. 287 (in Second Impression)

Wax melted to cause love, i. 77

Wax figures in magic, i. 66, 67, iii. 74, ix. 47

Waxen models of the human body or of parts of it as votive offerings, i. 77 sq.

Wayanas of French Guiana, ordeals among the, x. 63 sq.

Waziguas of East Africa do not call the lion by his proper name, iii. 400

Wealds of Kent, Surrey, and Sussex, ii. 7

Wealth acquired by magicians, i. 347, 348, 351, 352

Weaning of children, belief as to the, in Angus, vi. 148

Weapon and wound, contagious magic of, i. 201 sqq.

Weapons, prayers to, i. 132;

sharp, tabooed, iii. 237 sqq.;

of man-slayers, purification of, iii. 172, 182, 219;

turned against spiritual foes, ix. 233

Weariness transferred to stones or sticks, ix. 8 sqq.;

attributed to an evil spirit in the body, ix. 12;

magical plants placed in shoes a charm against, xi. 54, 60.

See also Fatigue

Weasels, superstition of farmers as to, viii. 275

Weather, the magical control of the, i. 244 sqq.;

of the twelve months determined by the weather of the Twelve Days, ix. 322 sqq.

Weather doctors in Melanesia, i. 321

Weaver, the wicked, of Rotenburg, xi. 289 sq.

Weavers, the Kaikolans, a caste of, v. 62

Weaving forbidden during absence of warriors, i. 131;

homoeopathic charm to ensure skill in, i. 154 sq.

Weber, A., on origin of the Twelve Days, ix. 325 n. 3

Wedau, in New Guinea, the chief of, a sorcerer, i. 338

Wedding rings amulets against witchcraft, iii. 314, 314 sq.

Weeks, Rev. J. H., on inconsistency of savage thought, v. 5 n.;

on the names for the supreme god among many tribes of Africa, vi. 186 n. 5;

on the fear of the spirits of the dead among the Boloki, ix. 76 sq.;

on the fear of witchcraft among the natives of the Congo, ix. 77 n. 2;

on rites of initiation on the Lower Congo, xi. 255 n. 1

Weeping of the women of Jerusalem for Tammuz, vi. 11;

for the gods, Xenophanes on the custom of, vi. 42;

of savages for the animals and plants they kill, vi. 43;

of sowers, vi. 45;

of Karok Indians at hewing sacred wood, vi. 47 sq.;

of oxen an omen of good crops, viii. 9;

at slaughter of worshipful bear, viii. 189;

at thanksgiving for the crops, ix. 293;

of girls at puberty, x. 24, 29.

See also Tears

Weevils, spared by Esthonian peasants, viii. 274

Weiden, in Bavaria, cutter of last sheaf tied up in it at, vii. 139

Weidenhausen, in Westphalia, the Yule log at, x. 248

Weidulut, heathen priest among the old Prussians, vii. 288

Weights and measures, false, corrected after an earthquake, v. 201 sq.;

corrected in time of epidemic, ix. 115

Weihaiwei, in Northern China, ceremony of “the Beginning of Spring” in the cities nearest to, viii. 11

[pg 520]

Weinhold, K., as to the sacrifice of a king's son every ninth year, v. 57 n. 2;

on the superstitions connected with the Twelve Nights, ix. 327 n. 4

Weitensfeld, in Carinthia, bride-race at, ii. 304

Wellalaick, festival of the dead among the Letts, vi. 74

Wellhausen, J., on Arab rain-charm, i. 303

Wells cleansed as rain-charm, i. 267, 323;

married to the holy basil, ii. 26 sq.;

bestow offspring on women, ii. 160 sq.;

divination by means of, ii. 345;

sacred, in Scotland, x. 12;

menstruous women kept from x. 81, 96 sq.;

charred sticks of Midsummer fires thrown into, x. 184;

crowned with flowers at Midsummer, xi. 28

——, goddess of, married to a wooden image of a god, ii. 146

——, holy, resorted to on Midsummer Eve in Ireland, x. 205 sq.

——, the Lord of the, at Fulda on Midsummer Day, xi. 28

Welsh, Miss, on the custom of the churn in the north of Ireland, vii. 155 n. 1

Welsh cure for cough by transferring it to a dog, ix. 51;

by crawling under a bramble, xi. 180;

by passing under an ass, xi. 192 n. 1

—— custom of sin-eating, ix. 43 sq.

—— name, alleged, for mistletoe, xi. 286 n. 3.

See also Wales

Wemba, the, of Rhodesia, punishment of adultery among, viii. 158.

See Awemba

Wen-Ammon, Egyptian traveller, at Byblus, v. 14, 75 sq.

—— -chow, city in China, iv. 43

Wend cure for jaundice, i. 81.

See also Wends

Wendland, P., on the crucifixion of Christ, ix. 412 sq., 415, 418 n. 1

Wends, their superstition as to oaks, ii. 55;

their ancient custom of killing and eating the old, iv. 14;

call the last sheaf the Old Man, vii. 138;

the Harvest-cock among the, vii. 276;

their faith in Midsummer herbs, xi. 54

—— of Saxony, their custom of the May-tree, ii. 69;

say that the man who gives the last stroke at threshing “has struck the Old Man,” vii. 149;

their precautions against witches on Walpurgis Day, ix. 163;

their idea as to wood of trees struck by lightning, xi. 297

—— of the Spreewald gather herbs and flowers at Midsummer, xi. 48;

their belief as to the divining-rod, xi. 68 n. 4

Wensleydale, in Yorkshire, the Yule log in, x. 256

Werboutz, in Russia, rain-making at, i. 277

Were-tigers in China and the East Indies, x. 310 sq., 313 n. 1

—— -wolf, how a man becomes a, x. 310 n. 1;

story in Petronius, x. 313 sq.

—— -wolves in Livonia, belief as to, iii. 42;

active during the Twelve Days, ix. 164;

compelled to resume their human shape by wounds inflicted on them, x. 308 sqq.;

put to death, x. 311;

and the full moon, x. 314 n. 1;

and witches, parallelism between, x. 315, 321

Wermland, in Sweden, treatment of strangers on the threshing-floor in, vii. 230;

grain of last sheaf baked in a girl-shaped loaf in, viii. 48

Werner, Miss Alice, on the sanctity of the wild fig-tree in Africa, ii. 317 n. 1;

on a soul-box in Africa, xi. 156 n. 1;

on African Balders, xi. 314

Wernicke, on the character of Artemis, i. 35 sq.

West, Oriental religions in the, v. 298 sqq.

West Indian Islands, precaution as to spittle in the, iii. 289

Westenberg, J. C., on the Batta theory of souls, xi. 223 n. 2

Westerhüsen in Saxony, last corn cut at harvest made up like a woman at, vii. 134

Westermann, D., on the worship of Nyakang among the Shilluks, vi. 165

Westermarck, Dr. E., as to king-killing on the Blue Nile, iv. 16 n. 1;

on annual mock sultans in Morocco, iv. 153 n. 1;

on the reason for killing the first-born, iv. 189 n. 2;

on the hereditary holiness of kings, iv. 204 n. 2;

on the tug-of-war in Morocco, ix. 180;

on New Year rites in Morocco, x. 218;

on Midsummer festival in North Africa, x. 219;

his theory that the fires of the fire-festivals are purificatory, x. 329 sq.;

on water at Midsummer, xi. 31

Westphalia, the Whitsuntide Bride in, ii. 96;

the Femgericht in, ii. 321;

sacred oaks in, ii. 371;

the last sheaf called the Great Mother in, vii. 135 sq., 138;

the hörkelmei at harvest in, vii. 147 n. 1;

the Harvest-cock in, vii. 276 sq., 277 sq.;

children warned against the Fox in the corn at Ravensberg in, vii. 296;

fox carried from house to house in spring in, vii. 297;

custom of “quickening” [pg 521] cattle on May Morning in, ix. 266;

Easter fires in, x. 140;

the Yule log in, x. 248;

divination by orpine at Midsummer in, xi. 61;

camomile gathered at Midsummer in, xi. 63;

the Midsummer log of oak in, xi. 92 n. 1

Westphalian form of the expulsion of evil, ix. 159 n. 1

Wetar (Wetter), East Indian island, stabbing people's shadows in, iii. 78;

fear of women's blood in, iii. 251;

leprosy supposed to be caused by eating of a sacred animal in, viii. 25

Wetter, East Indian island, no fire after a death in, ii. 268 n.

See also Wetar

Wetteren, wicker giants carried in procession at, xi. 35

Wetterpfähle, oak sticks charred in Easter bonfires, x. 145

Wetting people with water as a rain-charm, i. 250, 251, 269 sq., 272, 273, 274, 275, 277 sq., ii. 77, v. 237 sqq.;

the last corn cut, as a rain-charm, v. 237 sq.;

ploughmen and sowers as a rain-charm, v. 238 sq.

Weverham, in Cheshire, May-poles at, ii. 70 sq.

Wexford, in Leinster, great fair formerly held at, iv. 100;

Midsummer fires in, x. 203

Whakatane valley in New Zealand, hinau tree thought to make barren women fertile in the, i. 182

Whale, solemn burial of dead, iii. 223;

represented dramatically as a mystery, ix. 377.

See also Whales

Whale-fishing, telepathy in, i. 121

Whale's ghost, fear of injuring, iii. 205

Whalers, taboos observed by, iii. 191 sq., 205 sqq.;

their bodies cut up and used as charms, vi. 106

Whales not mentioned by their proper names, iii. 398;

ceremonies observed after the slaughter of, viii. 232 sqq.;

worshipped by the Indians of Peru, viii. 249

Whalton, in Northumberland, Midsummer fires at, x. 198

Wheat, charm at sowing, i. 137;

offerings of, at Lammas, iv. 101;

forced for festival, v. 243, 244, 251 sq., 253;

thrown on the man who brings in the Christmas log, x. 260, 262, 264;

protected against mice by mugwort, xi. 58 sq.

—— and barley, the cultivation of, introduced by Osiris, vi. 7;

discovered by Isis, vi. 116

Wheat-bride, name given to the last sheaf of wheat and to the woman who binds it, vii. 162, 163

Wheat-cock, the last sheaf at harvest called the, vii. 276

—— -cow, the man who cuts the last ears of wheat at harvest called the, vii. 289

—— -dog, the man who cuts or binds the last sheaf called the, vii. 272

—— -goat, at cutting the last corn, vii. 282

—— -harvest, time of, in ancient Greece, vii. 48

—— -mallet, the man who gives the last stroke at threshing called the, vii. 148

—— -man, said to be killed by the last stroke at threshing, vii. 223

—— -mother, name given to wreath made out of last stalks at harvest, vii. 135

—— -pug, name given to man who gives the last stroke at threshing, vii. 273

—— -sow, name given to the last sheaf, vii. 298

—— -sowing, ceremony at, among the tribes of Gilgit, ii. 49, 50 sq.

—— -wolf, thought to be in the last bunch of standing corn, vii. 273;

effigy of wolf made out of the last sheaf of wheat, vii. 274

Wheaten flour, the Flamen Dialis not allowed to touch, iii. 13

Wheel, magic, spun by witch in an enchantment, iii. 270;

effigy of Death attached to a, iv. 247;

fire kindled by the rotation of a, x. 177, 179, 270, 273, 289 sq., 292, 335 sq., xi. 91;

as a symbol of the sun, x. 334 n. 1, 335;

as a charm against witchcraft, x. 345 n. 3

Wheels, burning, rolled down hill, x. 116, 117 sq., 119, 141, 143, 161, 162 sq., 163 sq., 166, 173, 174, 201, 328, 334, 337 sq., 338;

thrown into the air at Midsummer, x. 179;

rolled over fields at Midsummer to fertilize them, x. 191, 340 sq.;

perhaps intended to burn witches, x. 345