General Index (continued 6)

—— stories of the type of Beauty and the Beast, iv. 126 sqq.

—— taboos observed in absence of hunters, i. 120

—— warriors shear their hair on their return, iii. 261

Dyaks, the, of Borneo, ceremony to aid a woman in childbirth among, i. 73 sq.;

telepathy in war among, i. 127;

their way of strengthening their souls, i. 159 sq.;

their ascription of souls to trees, ii. 13;

believe that the souls of those who die by accident or drowning pass into trees, animals, or fish, ii. 30 sq.;

call on tree-spirit to quit tree before it is felled, ii. 37;

their custom at felling a jungle, ii. 38;

their belief as to the blighting effects of sexual crimes, ii. 108 sq.;

their use of effigies to heal the sick, iii. 63 n. 2, viii. 100 sq., 102;

their mode of securing the souls of their enemies, iii. 71 sq.;

extract the souls of captured foes, iii. 72 n. 1;

taboos as to tying knots during a woman's pregnancy among, iii. 294;

children called the fathers or mothers of their first cousins among, iii. 332 sq.;

names of relations tabooed among, iii. 339 sq.;

their belief as to the spirit of gold, iii. 409 sq.;

taboos observed by, in digging for gold, iii. 410;

sacrifice cattle instead of human victims, iv. 166 n. 1;

practice of swinging among their medicine-men, iv. 280 sq.;

their whole life dominated by religion, vii. 98;

their ceremonies to secure the rice-soul, vii. 188 sq.;

their sun-dial, vii. 314 n. 4;

their use of images to deceive demons of plague, viii. 100 sq.;

their festival of first-fruits, viii. 122;

will not let warriors eat venison lest it make them timid, viii. 144;

their unwillingness to kill crocodiles, viii. 209;

their ceremonies at killing crocodiles, viii. 209 sqq.;

their priestesses, ix. 5;

their transference of evil, ix. 5;

their “lying heaps,” ix. 14;

their mode of neutralizing bad omens, ix. 39;

their Head Feast, ix. 383;

birth-trees among, xi. 164;

trees and plants as life indices among, xi. 164 sq.;

their doctrine of the plurality of souls, xi. 222.

See also Sea Dyaks

—— of Landak and Tajan, marriage custom of the, x. 5;

birth-trees among the, xi. 164

—— of Pinoeh, their custom at a birth, xi. 154 sq.

[pg 251]

—— of Poelopetak, their words for soul, vii. 182 sq.

—— of Sarawak, their belief in the power of the Rajah to fertilize the rice-crops, i. 361 sq.;

their custom at rice harvest and sowing, ii. 48;

story of their descent from a fish, iv. 126;

their custom of swinging at harvest feast, iv. 277;

their observation of the Pleiades, vii. 314;

eat parts of slain foes, viii. 152

——, the Sea, or Ibans, of Sarawak, viii. 279;

rules observed by women among, while the men are at war, i. 127 sq.;

their sacred trees, ii. 40 sq.;

their sorcerers supposed to hook departing souls, iii. 30;

their modes of recalling the soul, iii. 47 sq., 52 sq., 55 sq., 60, 67;

taboos observed by head-hunters among, iii. 166 sq.;

their propitiation of dead omen birds, iv. 126;

their sacrifices during an epidemic, iv. 176 n. 1;

their custom of head-hunting, v. 295 sq.;

the idea of metampsychosis among, viii. 294 sq.;

their modes of protecting their farms against mice, viii. 279;

their festival of departed spirits, ix. 154

Dying at ebb tide, i. 167 sq.;

custom of catching the souls of the, iv. 198 sqq.;

by deputy, iv. 56, 160

Dying god as scapegoat, ix. 227

—— and Reviving God, vii. 1, 33

—— and risen god, the, in Western Asia, ix. 421 sq.

Dynder, in Herefordshire, sin-eater at, ix. 43

Dziewanna, puppet representing the goddess of spring in Polish districts of Silesia, iv. 246

Ea, Babylonian god, v. 9;

the inventor of magic, i. 240

Eabani, Babylonian hero, his death and resurrection, ix. 398 sq.

Eagle, guardian spirit as, i. 200;

tree on which an eagle has built its nest deemed holy, ii. 11;

the bird of Jove, ii. 175;

soul in form of, iii. 34;

to carry soul to heaven, v. 126 sq.;

sacrifice to, x. 152

——, double-headed, Hittite emblem, v. 133 n.

Eagle bone, used to drink out of, x. 45

—— clan of the Niskas, xi. 271, 272 n. 1

—— hawk totem, i. 162;

legs of boys beaten with leg-bone of, to make them strong, viii. 165 n. 2;

external soul of medicine-man in, xi. 199

—— hunters, taboos observed by, i. 116, iii. 198 sq.;

taboos observed by the wives and children of, i. 119;

charms employed by, i. 149 sq.

Eagle-owl worshipped by the Ainos, viii. 199 sq.

—— -spirits and buried treasures, x. 218

—— -wood, telepathy in search for, i. 120;

special language employed by searchers for, iii. 404

Eagle's gall in homoeopathic magic, i. 154

—— tongue torn out and worn as talisman, viii. 270

Eagles not called by their proper names, iii. 399;

worshipped by the Ainos, viii. 200;

propitiation of dead, viii. 236

——, sacred among the Ostyaks, ii. 11

Eames, W., on voluntary substitutes for capital punishment in China, iv. 273

Ear of corn, reaped, displayed to the initiates at the Eleusinian mysteries, ii. 138 sq., vii. 38;

emblem of Demeter, v. 166

Ears cleansed by serpents, i. 158;

stopped to prevent the escape of the soul, iii. 31;

of sacrificial victims cut off, iv. 97;

of seers licked by serpents, vii. 147 n. 1;

regarded as the seat of intelligence, vii. 148;

of brave men eaten, viii. 148;

of dead enemies cut out, viii. 271 sq.;

blood drawn from, as penance, ix. 292

Earth, inspired priestess of, i. 381 sq.;

from a grave, magical uses of, i. 147 sq., 150;

spring festival of the marriage of, ii. 76 sq., 94;

conceived by the Greeks as the Mother of corn, cattle, and human beings, ii. 128 n. 4;

praying to Zeus for rain, image of, ii. 359;

festival in honour of, iii. 247;

subterranean, sacrifices to, vii. 66;

Lithuanian prayers to the, viii. 49;

the spirit of, worshipped before sowing, viii. 120;

first berries of the season offered to the, viii. 133 sq.;

taboos observed by the priest of, in Southern Nigeria, x. 4;

prayers to, x. 50

——, the goddess, mother of Typhon, v. 156

——, Grandmother, the cause of earthquakes, v. 198

—— and heaven, between, xi. 1 sqq.

——, the Mistress of the, ix. 85

——, Mother, v. 27;

prayed to for rain, i. 283;

festival of, v. 90;

vicarious sacrifices offered to, viii. 105

——, the Nursing-Mother at Athens, vii. 89 n. 2

—— and sky, myth of their violent separation, v. 283

——, the spirit of the, worshipped before sowing, viii. 120

—— and Sun, marriage of the, ii. 98 sq., 148

[pg 252]

Earth-demons dreaded by Tibetans, viii. 96

—— -god, vii. 69, ix. 28, 61; the Egyptian, ix. 341

—— -goddess, sacrifice for rain to, i. 291;

pregnant cows sacrificed to, ii. 229;

annually married to Sun-god, v. 47 sq.;

disturbed by the operations of husbandry, v. 88 sqq.;

married to Sky-god, v. 282, with n. 2;

distinguished from Demeter, vii. 41, 43, 89;

in Greek art, vii. 89;

human sacrifices offered to, vii. 245, 246, 249, 250;

first-fruits of maize offered to the, viii. 115

—— -gods, slaves of the, viii. 61, 62 n. 1

—— -mothers, name given to maize-spadices growing as twins, vii. 173 n.

—— -spirits possess the ore in mines, iii. 407 n. 2;

disturbed by agriculture, v. 89

Earthman, the, representing the god of the earth, ix. 61

Earthquake god, v. 194 sqq.

Earthquakes supposed to be caused by indulgence in illicit love, ii. 111 n. 3;

attempts to stop, v. 196 sqq.;

Manichean theory of, v. 197

Earthworms eaten by dancing girls, viii. 147

Easing nature, a charm used by robbers, vii. 235

East, the ascetic idealism of the, ii. 117;

mother-kin and Mother Goddesses in the ancient, vi. 212 sqq.;

the Wise Men of the, ix. 330 sq.

—— Indian evidence of the belief in the transmigration of human souls into animals, viii. 298 n. 2

East Indian islands, epilepsy transferred to leaves in the, ix. 2;

demons of sickness expelled in little ships in the, ix. 185

—— Indies, pregnant women forbidden to tie knots in the, iii. 294;

everything in house opened to facilitate childbirth in the, iii. 297;

reluctance of persons to tell their names in the, iii. 328;

the Rice-mother in the, vii. 180 sqq.;

sacrifices of first-fruits in the, viii. 122 sqq.;

the tug-of-war in the, ix. 177

Easter, rolling down a slope at, ii. 103;

first Sunday after, iv. 249;

custom of swinging on the four Sundays before, iv. 284;

gardens of Adonis at, in Sicily, v. 253 sq.;

resemblance of the festival of, to the rites of Adonis, v. 254 sqq., 306;

the festival of, assimilated to the spring festival of Attis, v. 306 sqq.;

controversy between Christians and pagans as to the origin of, v. 309 sq.;

White Russian custom at, to preserve the corn from hail, vii. 300;

an old vernal festival of the vegetation-god, ix. 328;

fern-seed blooms at, xi. 292 n. 2

Easter candle, x. 121, 122, 125

—— ceremonies in the New World, x. 127 sq.

—— eggs, ix. 269, x. 108, 143, 144

—— Eve, in Albania, expulsion of Kore on, iv. 265, ix. 157;

grain of Corn-mother scattered among the young corn on, vii. 134;

new fire on, x. 121, 124, 126, 158;

the fern blooms at, xi. 66

—— fires, x. 120 sqq.

—— Islanders, their modes of killing animals, iii. 247;

their offerings of first-fruits, viii. 133

—— Man, burning the, x. 144

—— Monday, festival of Green George on, ii. 76;

“Easter Smacks” on, ix. 268;

fire-custom on, x. 143

—— Mountains, bonfires at Easter on, x. 140, 141

—— Saturday, barren fruit-trees threatened on, ii. 22;

new fire on, x. 121, 122, 124, 127, 128, 130;

the divining-rod baptized on, xi. 69

“—— Smacks” in Germany and Austria, ix. 268 sq.

—— Sunday, vii. 33;

ceremony observed by the gipsies of South-Eastern Europe on the evening of, ix. 207 sq.;

red eggs on, x. 122

—— Tuesday, swinging on, iv. 283;

“Easter Smacks” on, ix. 268, 270 n.

Eastertide, death and resurrection of Kostrubonko at, iv. 261;

expulsion of evils at, in Calabria, ix. 157

Eater of animals, as epithet of a god, vii. 23

“—— of the Dead,” fabulous Egyptian monster, vi. 14

Eating out of sacred vessels, supposed effect of, iii. 4;

together, covenant formed by, iii. 130;

piece of slain man, custom obligatory on the slayer, iii. 174;

the bodies of aged relations, custom of, iv. 14

—— and drinking, taboos on, iii. 116 sqq.;

fear of being seen in the act of, iii. 117 sqq.

—— the god, viii. 48 sqq.;

among the Aztecs, viii. 86 sqq.;

reasons for, viii. 138 sq., 167

—— the soul of the rice, viii. 54

Eaves, rain-drops from, in magic, i. 253

Eavesdropping, divination by, x. 238, 243, 244

Ebb tide, death at, i. 167 sq.

Echinadian Islands, death of the Great Pan announced at the, iv. 6

Echternach in Luxemburg, Lenten fire-custom at, x. 116

[pg 253]

Eck, R. van, on the belief in demons in Bali, ix. 86

Eckstein, Miss L., on hunting the wren, viii. 317 n. 2

Eclipse, ceremonies at an, i. 311 sq.

—— of the moon, custom of the Indians of the Orinoco at an, i. 311;

Athenian superstition as to an, vi. 141

—— of the sun, burning arrows shot into the air at an, i. 311;

practice of the Kamtchatkans at an, i. 312;

practice of the Chilcotin Indians at an, i. 312, iv. 77

—— of the sun and moon, belief of the Tahitians as to, iv. 73 n. 2

Eclipses attributed to monster biting or attacking the sun or moon, i. 311 n. 1, x. 70, 162 n.;

air thought to be poisoned at, x. 162 n.

Ecliptic perhaps mimicked in dances, iv. 77

Economic history, the discovery of agriculture the greatest advance in, vii. 129

—— progress, a condition of intellectual progress, i. 218

Ecstasy induced by smoking, viii. 72

Ecuador, the Canelos Indians of, iii. 97, viii. 285;

the Saragacos Indians of, iii. 152;

human sacrifices for the crops in, vii. 236;

the Zaparo Indians of, viii. 139

Edbald, king of Kent, married his stepmother, ii. 283

Edda, the prose, story of Balder in, x. 101;

the poetic, story of Balder in, x. 102

Eddesse, in Hanover, need-fire at, x. 275 sq.

Eden, the tree of life in, v. 186 n. 4

Edersleben, Midsummer fire-custom at, x. 169

Edgewell Tree, oak at castle of Dalhousie, thought to be linked with the fate of the Dalhousie family, xi. 166, 284

Edom, blood royal apparently traced in the female line in, v. 16 n.

——, the kings of, take the name of a divinity, v. 15;

their bones burned by the Moabites, vi. 104

Edonians, a Thracian tribe, their king Lycurgus put to death to restore fertility to the land, i. 366, vi. 98, 99, vii. 24

Edward the Confessor, English kings said to derive their power of healing scrofula from, i. 370

Edward VI., his Lord of Misrule, ix. 332, 334

Eel-skins in homoeopathic magic, i. 155

Eels regarded as water-serpents, iv. 84;

souls of dead in, viii. 289, 290, 292

Eesa, a Somali tribe, their custom of milk-drinking on the morning after a marriage, vi. 246

Effacing impressions from bed-clothes, ashes, etc., from superstitious motives, i. 213 sq.

Effect of geographical and climatic conditions on national character, vi. 217;

supposed, of killing a totem animal, xi. 220

Effeminate sorcerers or priests, order of, vi. 253 sqq.

Effigies, substituted for human victims, iv. 215, 217 sq., ix. 408;

disease transferred to, ix. 7;

demons conjured into, ix. 204, 205;

burnt in bonfires, x. 106, 107, 116, 118 sq., 119 sq., 121, 122, 159;

burnt in the Midsummer fires, x. 167, 172 sq., 195;

of witches burnt in the fires, x. 342, xi. 19, 43;

of human beings burnt in the fires, xi. 21 sqq.;

of giants burnt in the summer fires, xi. 38.

See also Effigy, Dolls, Images, Puppets

—— of Carnival destroyed, iv. 222 sqq.

—— of Death, iv. 233 sq., 246 sqq.

—— of Judas burnt at Easter, x. 121, 127 sq., 130 sq.

—— of Kupalo, Kostroma, and Yarilo drowned or buried in Russia, iv. 262 sq.

—— of Lent, seven-legged, in Spain and Italy, iv. 244 sq.

—— of men and women hung at doors of houses, viii. 94;

buried with the dead to deceive their ghosts, viii. 97 sq.;

used to cure or prevent sickness, viii. 100 sqq.

—— of Osiris, stuffed with corn, buried with the dead as a symbol of resurrection, vi. 90 sq., 114

—— of Shrove Tuesday destroyed, iv. 227 sqq.

—— of Winter burnt at Zurich, iv. 260 sq.

Effigy, human sacrifices carried out in, iv. 217 sqq.;

of an ox broken as a spring ceremony in China, viii. 10 sqq.;

of man used in exorcizing misfortune, ix. 8;

of baby used to fertilize women, ix. 245, 249;

of absent friend cut in a tree, xi. 159 sq.

Effiks or Agalwa, the, of West Africa, their custom of carrying fire, ii. 259;

their belief in external or bush souls, xi. 206

Efiat, human sacrifices offered by the fishermen of, ii. 158

Efugaos, the, of the Philippine Islands, suck the brains of dead foes to acquire their courage, viii. 152

Egbas, the, of West Africa, their custom of putting their kings to death, iv. 41

Egede, Hans, on impregnation by the moon among the Greenlanders, x. 76

[pg 254]

Egeria, water nymph at Nemi, i. 17-19, 41;

and Numa, i. 18, ii. 172 sqq., 193, 380;

perhaps a local form of Diana, ii. 171 sq., 267, 380;

an oak-nymph, ii. 172, 267;

the grove of, ii. 185

Egerius Baebius or Laevius, Latin dictator, dedicated the sacred grove at Nemi, i. 22

Egg broken in water, divination by means of, x. 208 sq.

—— -shells preserved lest chickens should die, viii. 258 n. 2

Egghiou, a district of Abyssinia, rain-making in, i. 258

Eggs eaten by sower to make hemp grow tall, i. 138;

of raven in homoeopathic magic, i. 154;

or egg-shells, painted, in spring ceremonies, ii. 63, 65;

collected on May Day, ii. 64, 65;

yellow and red, fastened to Midsummer trees, ii. 65;

collected at spring ceremonies, ii. 78;

begged for by singers or maskers at Whitsuntide, ii. 81, 84, 85, 91 sq.;

in purificatory rite, ii. 109;

offered at entering a strange land, iii. 110;

reason for breaking shells of, iii. 129 sq.;

reason for not eating, viii. 140;

charm to make hens lay, viii. 326;

charm to ensure plenty of, x. 112, 338;

begged for at Midsummer, x. 169;

divination by white of, x. 236 sq., 238;

external souls of fairy beings in, xi. 106 sqq., 110, 125, 132 sq., 140 sq.

——, Easter, ix. 269, x. 108, 122, 143, 144

Egin, in Armenia, rain-making at, i, 276;

rain-pebbles at, i. 305

Egypt, the hawk the symbol of the sun and of the king in, iv. 112;

wives of Ammon in, v. 72;

date of the corn-reaping in, v. 231 n. 3;

the Nativity of the Sun at the winter solstice in, v. 303;

in early June, vi. 31;

the gods flee into, vii. 18;

ghosts of murdered men nailed into the earth in, ix. 63;

Isis and Osiris in, ix. 386

——, ancient, magical images in, i. 66, 67 sq.;

theocratic despotism of, i. 218;

power of magicians in, i. 225;

confusion of magic and religion in, i. 230 sq.;

ceremonies for the regulation of the sun in, i. 312;

kings blamed for failure of the crops in, i. 354;

the sacred beasts held responsible for the course of nature in, i. 354;

the royal crowns in, i. 364;

king of, masquerading as Ammon, ii. 133;

sacrifice to the Sun in, iii. 227 n.;

mock human sacrifices in, iv. 217;

mother-kin in, vi. 213 sqq.;

human sacrifices in, vii. 259 sqq.;

stratification of religion in, viii. 35;

story of the external soul in, xi. 134 sqq.

——, the Flight into, xi. 69 n.

——, kings of, derive their titles from the sun-god, i. 418.

See Egyptian

——, Lower, the Red Crown of, vi. 21 n. 1;

Sais in, vi. 50

——, modern, magicians work enchantments through the name of God in, iii. 390;

headache nailed into a door in, ix. 63;

belief in the jinn in, ix. 104

——, Queen of, married to the god Ammon, ii. 131 sq.

——-, Upper, temporary kings in, iv. 151 sq.;

the White Crown of, vi. 21 n. 1;

new-born babes placed in corn-sieves in, vii. 7

Egyptian calendar, the official, vi. 24 sqq.;

date of its introduction, vi. 36 n. 2

—— ceremony to help the sun-god against demons, i. 67 sq.

—— custom of drowning a girl as a sacrifice to the Nile, ii. 151

—— deities arranged in trinities, iv. 5 n. 3

—— doctrine that a woman can conceive by a god, ii. 135

—— farmer, calendar of the, vi. 30 sqq.;

his festivals, vi. 32 sqq.

—— festivals, their dates shifting, vi. 24 sq., 92 sqq.;

readjustment of, vi. 91 sqq.

—— gods, mortality of the ancient, iv. 4 sqq.;

trinities of gods, iv. 5 n. 3

—— influence on Christian doctrine of the Trinity, iv. 5 n. 3

—— kings deified in their lifetime, i. 418 sqq.;

rules of life observed by, iii. 12 sq.;

flesh diet of, iii. 13, 291;

drank no wine, iii. 249;

called bulls, iv. 72;

worshipped as gods, v. 52;

the most ancient, buried at Abydos, vi. 19;

their oath not to correct the vague Egyptian year by intercalation, vi. 26;

perhaps formerly slain in the character of Osiris, vi. 97 sq., 102;

as Osiris, vi. 151 sqq.;

renew their life by identifying themselves with the dead and risen Osiris, vi. 153 sq.;

born again at the Sed festival, vi. 153, 155 sq.;

perhaps formerly put to death to prevent their bodily and mental decay, vi. 154 sq., 156;

their animal masks, vii. 260;

deified, their souls deposited during life in portrait statues, xi. 157

—— kings and queens, their begetting and birth depicted on the monuments, ii. 131 sqq.

—— magicians, their power of compelling the deities, iii. 389 sq.

[pg 255]

Egyptian months, table of, vi. 37 n.

—— mothers glad when the holy crocodiles devoured their children, iv. 168 n. 1

—— myth of the separation of earth and sky, v. 283 n. 3

—— priests loathed the sea, iii. 10;

abstained from swine's flesh, viii. 24 n. 2

—— reapers, their lamentations and invocations of Isis, v. 232, vi. 45, 177, vii. 215, 261, 263;

their song or cry, vii. 215, 263

—— religion, the development of, vi. 122 sqq.;

dominated by Osiris, vi. 158 sq.

—— sacred beasts, offerings to the, i. 29 sq.

—— sovereigns masked as lions, bulls, and serpents, iv. 72 n. 7

—— standard resembling a placenta, vi. 156 n. 1

—— tombs, plaques or palettes of schist in, xi. 155

—— type of animal sacrament, viii. 312 sq., 314

—— women plaster their heads with mud in mourning, iii. 182

—— year vague, not corrected by intercalation, vi. 24 sq.;

the sacred, began with the rising of Sirius, vi. 35

Egyptians, their worship of sacred beasts, i. 29 sq.;

kept their hair unshorn on a journey, iii. 261;

their funeral rites a copy of those performed over Osiris, vi. 15;

their hope of immortality centred in Osiris, vi. 15 sq., 114, 159;

their dead identified with Osiris, vi. 16;

their astronomers acquainted with the true length of the solar year, vi. 26, 27, 37 n.;

their ceremony at the winter solstice, vi. 50;

their sacrifice of red-haired men, vi. 97, 106;

their language akin to the Semitic, vi. 161;

the conservatism of their character, vi. 217 sq.;

compared to the Chinese, vi. 218;

worshipped crocodiles, viii. 209 n.;

their doctrine of the ka or external soul, xi. 157 n. 2

——, the ancient, their festival, “the nativity of the sun's walking-stick,” i. 312;

worshipped men and animals, i. 389 sq.;

sycamores worshipped by, ii. 15;

ritual flight at embalming among, ii. 309 n. 2;

their conception of the soul, iii. 28 sq.;

their practice as to souls of the dead, iii. 68 sq.;

personal names among, iii. 322;

question of their ethnical affinity, vi. 161;

human sacrifices offered by, vii. 259 sq., xi. 286 n. 2;

their religious attitude to pigs, viii. 24 sqq.;

their belief in spirits, ix. 103 sq.;

their use of bulls as scapegoats, ix. 216 sq.;

the five supplementary days of their year, ix. 340 sq.

Eifel Mountains, the King of the Bean in the, ix. 313;

Lenten fires in the, x. 115 sq., 336 sq.;

effigy burnt at Cobern in the, x. 120;

St. John's fires in the, x. 169;

the Yule log in the, x. 248;

Midsummer flowers in the, xi. 48

Eight days, feast and license of, before expulsion of demons, ix. 131

—— years, reign of kings apparently limited in ancient Greece to, iv. 58, 70 sqq.;

cycle in ancient Greece, iv. 68 sqq., vii. 80 sqq.

Eighty-one (nine times nine) men make need-fire, x. 289, 294, 295

Eimine Ban, an Irish abbot, legend of his self-sacrifice, iv. 159 n. 1

Eiresione of ancient Greece, ii. 48, 71

Eisenach, effigy of Death burnt on the fourth Sunday of Lent at, iv. 247;

harvest customs near, vii. 231

—— Oberland, the Corn-cat in the, vii. 280

Ekebergia sp., used in kindling fire by friction, ii. 210

Eket, in North Calabar, sacred lake near, xi. 209

Ekoi, the, of West Africa, their custom of mutilating men and women at festivals, v. 270 n. 2;

ceremony observed by them at crossing a ford, ix. 28;

throw leaves on dead chameleons, ix. 28;

their belief in external or bush souls, xi. 206 sqq.

El, Phoenician god, v. 13, 16 n. 1;

identified with Cronus, v. 166

—— -Bûgât, festival of mourning for Tammuz in Harran, v. 230

—— Kiboron, a Masai clan, may not pluck out their beards lest they lose their power of making rain, iii. 260;

their respect for serpents as embodiments of the dead, viii. 288

—— Obeid, i. 122

Elam, the kings of, their bones carried off by Ashurbanipal, vi. 103 sq.

Elamite deities in opposition to Babylonian deities, ix. 366;

inscriptions, ix. 367

Elamites, the hereditary foes of the Babylonians, ix. 366

Elangela, external soul in Fan language, xi. 201, 226 n. 1

Elans treated with respect by American Indians, viii. 240

Elaphebolion, an Athenian month, ix. 143 n., 351

Elaphius, an Elean month, x. 352

Elbe, the river, dangerous on Midsummer Day, xi. 26

Elder brother, his name not to be pronounced, [pg 256] iii. 341;

the sin of marrying before an, ix. 3

Elder, dwarf, in rain-making, i. 273

—— -bush, cut hair buried under an, iii. 275;

creeping under an, as a cure for fever, ix. 55

—— -flowers gathered at Midsummer, xi. 64

—— -tree, cut hair and nails inserted in an, iii. 275 sq.;

fever transferred to a twig of the, ix. 49

—— -trees sacred among the old Prussians, ii. 43

Elders, council of, in savage communities, i. 216 sq.

Eldest sons sacrificed for their fathers, iv. 161 sqq.

Elecampane in a popular remedy for worms, x. 17

Elective and hereditary monarchy, combination of the two, ii. 292 sqq.

—— kings and hereditary queens, ii. 295

Electric conductivity of various kinds of wood, xi. 299 n. 2

—— lights on mast-heads, spears, etc., ancient superstitions as to, i. 49 sq.

Electricity, spiritual, royal personages charged with, i. 371

Elephant-hunters, taboos observed by wives of absent, i. 120, x. 5;

telepathy of, i. 123;

scarify themselves after killing an elephant, iii. 107;

continence of, iii. 196 sq.;

special language employed by, iii. 404;

not to touch the earth with their feet, x. 5

—— -hunting, inoculation before, viii. 160

Elephant's flesh tabooed, i. 118 sq.;

thought to make eater strong, viii. 143

Elephants not to be called by their proper name, iii. 403, 407;

souls of dead transmigrate into, iv. 85, viii. 289;

ceremonies observed at the slaughter of, viii. 227 sq., 237;

lives of persons bound up with those of, xi. 202, 203;

external human souls in, xi. 207

Eleusine grain, cultivated by the Nandi, vii. 117

Eleusinian Games, vii. 70 sqq., 110, 180;

held every four or two years, vii. 70, 77;

victors in the, rewarded with measures of barley, vii. 73;

primarily concerned with Demeter and Persephone as goddesses of the corn, vii. 74;

less ancient than the Eleusinian mysteries, vii. 87 sq.

—— inscription dealing with first-fruits, vii. 55 sq.

—— mysteries, vii. 35 sqq.;

presided over by the king, i. 44;

sacred marriage of Zeus and Demeter in the, ii. 138 sq., vii. 65 sqq., viii. 9;

origin of, told in the Homeric Hymn to Demeter, vii. 35 sqq.;

instituted by Demeter, vii. 37;

the myth of Demeter and Persephone acted at the, vii. 39, 66, 187 sq.;

date of the celebration of the, vii. 69 sq.;

said to be instituted by Eumolpus, vii. 70;

great antiquity of the, vii. 78 sq.;

hope of immortality associated with initiation into the, vii. 90 sq.;

designed to promote the growth of the corn, vii. 110 sq.;

sacrament of barley-meal and water at the, vii. 161 sq.

Eleusinian priests, their names sacred, iii. 382 sq.

Eleusis, mysteries of, ii. 138 sq., vii. 35 sqq.;

Demeter and the king's son at, v. 180;

sacrifice of oxen at, v. 292 n. 3;

mysteries of Demeter at, vi. 90;

Demeter at, vii. 36 sq., viii. 334;

the Rarian plain at, vii. 36, 70, 74, 234, viii. 15;

offerings of first-fruits at, vii. 53 sqq.;

festival of the threshing-floor at, vii. 60 sqq.;

the Green Festival and the Festival of Cornstalks at, vii. 63;

image of Demeter at, vii. 64;

prayer for rain at, vii. 69;

the rites of, essentially concerned with the cultivation of the corn, vii. 88;

Varro on the rites of, vii. 88

Eleutherian games at Plataea, vii. 80

Elfin race averse to iron, iii. 232 sq.

Elgin, medical use of mistletoe in, xi. 84

Elgon, Mount, ix. 246;

the Bagishu of, i. 103

Eli, the sons of, their loose conduct, v. 76

Elijah as a rain-maker, i. 258 n. 3;

patch of rye left at harvest for, vii. 233

Elipandus of Toledo, on the divinity of Christians, i. 407

Elis, titular kings at, i. 46 n.;

Dionysus hailed as a bull by the women of, vii. 17;

the ivory shoulder of Pelops at, viii. 263 sq.

——, law of, ix. 352 n. 2

Elisha prophesies to music, v. 53, 54;

finds water in the desert, v. 53, 75

Elizabeth, Queen, touches for scrofula, i. 368

Elk, a totem of the Omahas, viii. 25;

treated with respect, viii. 240;

embryos of, not eaten, viii. 243

Elk clan of the Omaha Indians, their belief as to effect of touching an elk, viii. 29;

their sacred clam shell, x. 11

Ellgoth, in Silesia, the King's Race at Whitsuntide at, ii. 84

Elliot, R. H., on Indian indifference to death, iv. 136

Ellis, A. B., on Ewe superstition as to eating, iii. 116;

on the supposed material connexion between a man [pg 257] and his name, iii. 323;

on sacred prostitution in West Africa, v. 65 sq., 69 sq.;

on tattoo marks of priests, v. 74 n. 4;

on an ordeal of chastity, v. 115

Ellis, William, on the inspiration of priests in the Southern Pacific, i. 377 sq.;

on the observation of the Pleiades in the Society Islands, vii. 312;

on faditras in Madagascar, ix. 33 sq.;

on Polynesian mythology, ix. 80

Ellwangen, in Würtemberg, the Goat at threshing at, vii. 287

Elm wood in the pile-dwellings of the Po, ii. 353;

used to kindle need-fire, x. 299

Elopango, in Mexico, human sacrifices at, vii. 237

Eloquence, homoeopathic charms to ensure, i. 156

Elpenor, the grave of, on the headland of Circe, ii. 188

Elves, fear of, iii. 283

Elymais, Nanaea the goddess of, i. 37 n. 2

Emain, in Ireland, annual fair at, iv. 100

—— Macha, in Ireland, pagan cemetery at, iv. 101

Embalming, flight and pursuit of man who opened body for purpose of, ii. 309 n. 2;

as a means of prolonging the life of the soul, iv. 4;

dead bodies of kings of Uganda embalmed, vi. 168

Embers of bonfires planted in fields, x. 117, 121;

stuck in cabbage gardens, x. 174, 175;

promote growth of crops, x. 337.

See also Ashes and Sticks, charred

—— of Midsummer fires a protection against conflagration, x. 188;

a protection against lightning, x. 190

Emblica officinalis, a sacred tree in Northern India, ii. 51

Embodied evils, expulsion of, ix. 170 sqq.

Embodiment, human, of the corn-spirit, viii. 333

Emboq Sri, rice-bride in Java, vii. 200 sq.

Embryos of elk not eaten, viii. 243

Emesa, sun-god Heliogabalus at, v. 35

Emetic as mode of purification, iii. 175, 245;

pretended, in auricular confession, iii. 214

Emetics used before eating new corn, viii. 73, 75 sq., 76, 135;

sacred, employed by the Creek Indians, viii. 74;

as remedies for sins, ix. 263

Emily plain of Central Australia, xi. 238

Emin Pasha, on the Monbutto custom of lengthening the head, ii. 297 n. 7;

his reception in a village, iii. 108

Emma, widow of Ethelred and wife of Canute, ii. 282 sq.

Emmenthal, in Switzerland, superstition as to Midsummer Day in the, xi. 27;

use of orpine at Midsummer in the, xi. 62 n.

Empedocles, his claim to divinity, i. 390;

leaps into the crater of Etna, v. 181;

his doctrine of transmigration, viii. 300 sqq.;

his resemblance to Buddha, viii. 302;

his theory of the material universe like that of Herbert Spencer, viii. 303 sqq.;

as a forerunner of Darwin, viii. 306;

his posing as a god, viii. 307

Emperor of China, funeral of an, v. 294

Emperors of China as priests, i. 47

Emu-wren, called men's “brother” among the Kurnai, xi. 215 n. 1, 216, 218

Emu's flesh eaten to make eater swift-footed, viii. 145;

fat not allowed to touch the ground, x. 13

Emus, ceremony for the multiplication of, i. 85 sq.

En, the, of Burma, worship the spirits of hills and trees, ii. 41

En gidon, a Masai clan, i. 343

En-jemusi, the, of British East Africa, women's work among the, vii. 118

Ἐναγίζειν distinguished from Θύειν, v. 316 n. 1

Enchanters of crops, foods forbidden to, vii. 100

Encheleans or Eel-men in Illyria, iv. 84

Encounter Bay tribe of South Australia, magic practised on refuse of food by, iii. 127;

their fear of women's blood, iii. 251;

namesakes of the dead change their names in the, iii. 355;

changes in their vocabulary caused by their fear of naming the dead, iii. 359;

names of the recent dead not mentioned in the, iii. 372;

division of work between the sexes in the, vii. 126;

their dread of women at menstruation, x. 76

Endle, Rev. S., on the fear of demons among the Kacharis, ix. 93

Endymion and the Moon, i. 18;

set his sons to race at Olympia, ii. 299;

the sunken sun overtaken by the moon, iv. 90;

his tomb at Olympia, iv. 287

Enemies, mutilation of dead, viii. 271 sq.

Enemy, animal, of god originally identical with god, vii. 23, viii. 16 sq., 31

——, charms to disable an, vi. 252

Energy, the conservation of, viii. 226;

sanctity and uncleanness, different forms of the same mysterious, x. 97 sq.

Eneti, in Washington State, rain-charm at, i. 309

Englam-Mana, a tribe of New Guinea, their mode of making fire, ii. 254

[pg 258]

England, belief as to death at ebb-tide in, i. 168;

custom of anointing the weapon instead of the wound in the eastern counties of, i. 203;

green branches and flowers on May Day in the north of, ii. 60;

May garlands in, ii. 60 sqq.;

the May Queen in, ii. 87;

rolling down a slope on May Day in, ii. 103;

oak and fir in the sunken forests and peat-bogs of, ii. 351;

acorns eaten in, ii. 356; mirrors covered after a death in, iii. 95;

harvest custom in, v. 237;

the Feast of All Souls in, vi. 78 sq.;

superstitions as to the wren in, viii. 317 sq.;

mummer called the Straw-bear in, viii. 328 sq.;

cure for warts in, ix. 48;

the King of the Bean in, ix. 313;

fires kindled on the Eve of Twelfth Day in, ix. 318;

the Festival of Fools in, ix. 336 n. 1;

the Boy Bishop in, ix. 337 sq.;

belief as to menstruous women in, x. 96 n. 1;

Midsummer fires in, x. 196 sqq.;

the Yule log in, x. 255 sqq.;

the need-fire in, x. 286 sqq.;

Midsummer giants in, xi. 36 sqq.;

divination by orpine at Midsummer in, xi. 61;

fern-seed at Midsummer in, xi. 65;

the north of, mistletoe used to make the dairy thrive in, xi. 85 sq.;

birth-trees in, xi. 165;

children passed through cleft ash-trees as a cure for rupture or rickets in, xi. 168 sqq.;

oak-mistletoe in, xi. 316

English cure for whooping-cough, rheumatism, and boils, xi. 180

—— custom of undoing locks and bolts at a death, iii. 307

—— kings touch for scrofula, i. 368 sqq.

—— middle class, their clinging to life, iv. 146

—— superstition as to water-fairies, iii. 94

Enigmas, ceremonial use of, ix. 121 n. 3.

See Riddles

Ἐννέωρος βασίλευε, iv. 70 n. 3

Enniskerry, near Dublin, Whit-Monday custom observed near, ii. 103 n. 3

Ennius, on Hora and Quirinus, vi. 233

Ensanzi, a forest of Central Africa, dead Bahima kings carried to, viii. 288

Ensival, in Belgium, bonfires on the first Sunday in Lent at, x. 108

Entellus monkey, sacrifice of an, ix. 208 sq.

Entlebuch in Switzerland, expulsion of Posterli at, ix. 214

Entraigues, hunting the wren at, viii. 321

Entrails of cattle tabooed as food, i. 119;

divination by the inspection of, i. 344;

external soul in, xi. 146 sq., 152

“Entry of Osiris into the moon,” vi. 130

Enylus, king of Byblus, v. 15 n.

Ephesus, Artemis of, i. 7, 37 sq., ii. 128, v. 269;

titular kings at, i. 47;

the Essenes or King Bees at, ii. 135 sq.;

Hecate at, v. 291;

the priesthood of Apollo and Artemis at, vi. 243 sq.;

Demeter worshipped at, vii. 63 n. 14

Ephors, Spartan, bound to observe the sky for omens every eighth year, iv. 58 sq.

Epic of Kings, Firdusi's, x. 104

Epicurus, sacrifices offered to, i. 105

Epidaurus, Aesculapius at, v. 80, ix. 47;

Demeter worshipped at, vii. 63 n. 14

Epidemic, creeping through a tunnel as a remedy for an, x. 283 sq.

Epidemics thought to be caused by incest, ii. 108;

attributed to evil spirits, iii. 30;

sacrifices in times of, iv. 176 n. 1;

attributed to demons, ix. 111 sqq.;

kept off by means of a plough, ix. 172 sq.;

sent away in toy chariots, ix. 193 sq.

Epilepsy, supposed cause of, iii. 83;

attributed to possession by a demon, iii. 235;

transferred to leaves, ix. 2;

Highland treatment of, ix. 68 n. 2;

Roman cure for, ix. 68;

nails used in cure for, ix. 68, 330;

Hindoo cure for, ix. 69 n.;

cured by beating, ix. 260;

amulet a protection against, ix. 331;

yellow mullein a protection against, xi. 63;

mistletoe a cure for, xi. 78, 83, 84.

See also Falling sickness

Epimenides, the Cretan seer, his rambling soul, iii. 50 n. 2

Épinal, “killing the dog” at harvest at, vii. 272 sq.;

Lenten fires at, x. 109

Epiphany, the 6th of January, v. 305;

part of Christmas Boar given to cattle on, vii. 302;

annual expulsion of the powers of evil at, ix. 165 sqq.;

the King of the Bean on, ix. 313 sqq.

See also Twelfth Night

Epirus, the kings of, their bones scattered by Lysimachus, vi. 104;

the Athamanes of, vii. 129

Epitherses and the death of the Great Pan, iv. 6

Epithets applied to Demeter, vii. 63 sq.

Eponymate, the Assyrian, iv. 116 sq.

Eponymous magistrates, iv. 117 n. 1

Eponyms, annual, as scapegoats, ix. 39 sqq.

Equinox, the autumnal, Egyptian festival of “the nativity of the sun's walking-stick” after the, i. 312

——, the spring (vernal), festival at Upsala at, ii. 364;

Babylonian festival of the, iv. 110;

drama of Summer and Winter at, iv. 257;

custom of [pg 259] swinging at, iv. 284;

resurrection of Attis at, v. 273, 307 sq.;

date of the Crucifixion assigned to, v. 307;

tradition that the world was created at, v. 307;

human sacrifice offered soon after, vii. 239;

festival of Cronus at, ix. 352;

Persian marriages at, ix. 406 n. 3

Equos, a Gallic month, ix. 343 n.

Erech, Babylonian city, Ishtar at, ix. 398, 399

Erechtheum, on the Acropolis of Athens, perpetual lamp of Athena in the, ii. 199;

sacred serpent in, iv. 87, v. 87

Erechtheus or Erichthonius, and Minerva (Athena), i. 21;

king of Athens, the Erechtheum his house, ii. 199;

in relation to the sacred serpent on the Acropolis, iv. 86 sq., v. 87;

identified with Poseidon, iv. 87;

voluntary death of the daughters of, iv. 192 n. 3;

his incest with his daughter, v. 44 n. 1;

the Eleusinian mysteries instituted in the reign of, vii. 70

Eregh (the ancient Cybistra) in Cappadocia, v. 120, 122

Eresh-Kigal, Babylonian goddess, v. 9

Erfurt, harvest customs in the district of, vii. 136, 221

Ergamenes, king of Meroe, slays the priests, iv. 15

Erhard, Professor A., on the martyrdom of St. Dasius, ii. 310 n. 1

Erica-tree, Osiris in the, vi. 9, 108, 109

Erichthonius, son of the fire-god Hephaestus, ii. 199.

See Erechtheus

Erigone, her suicide by hanging, iv. 281 sq.

—— and Icarius, first-fruits of vintage offered to, viii. 133

Erin, the king idol of, iv. 183

Eriphyle, the necklace of, v. 32 n. 2

Eriskay, fairies at Hallowe'en in, x. 226;

salt cake at Hallowe'en in, x. 238 sq.

Erithasean Apollo, sacred trees in the sanctuary of, ii. 121

Erlangen, the “carrying out of Death” in the villages near, iv. 234

Erman, Professor Adolf, on the confusion of magic and religion in ancient Egypt, i. 230;

on Anubis at Abydos, vi. 18 n. 3;

on corn-stuffed effigies of Osiris, vi. 91;

on the development of Egyptian religion, vi. 122 n. 2

Erme or Nenneri, gardens of Adonis in Sardinia, v. 244

Errephoroi or Arrephoroi at Athens, ii. 199

Errol, the Hays of, their fate bound up with oak-mistletoe, xi. 283 sq.

Error of judging savages by European standards, iv. 197 sq.

Ertingen, in Würtemberg, the Lazy Man on Midsummer Day at, ii. 83;

festival of St. George at, ii. 337

Erukhan plant (Calotropis gigatea), man married to, in India, ii. 57 n. 4

Eruptions of volcanoes supposed to be caused by incest, ii. 111

Erysipelas, fox's tongue a remedy for, viii. 270

Erzgebirge, Shrovetide custom in the, iv. 208 sq.;

young men and women beat each other with something green at Christmas in the, ix. 271

Esagil or Esagila, temple of Marduk at Babylon, iv. 113, ix. 356

Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, his great inscription, iv. 116

Escouvion or Scouvion, the Great and the Little, in Belgium, x. 108

Eshmun, Phoenician deity, v. 111 n. 6

Esne, the festal calendar of, vi. 49 sq.

Esquiline Hill at Rome, its name derived from oaks, ii. 185;

the oak groves of the, ii. 320

Esquimaux, their belief as to the sculpin and rain, i. 288;

play cat's cradle to detain the sun, i. 316 sq., vii. 103 n. 1;

play cup-and-ball to hasten the return of the sun, i. 317;

their ways of calming the wind, i. 327 sq.;

their conception of the soul, iii. 27;

their dread of being photographed, iii. 96;

ceremony at the reception of strangers among the, iii. 108;

avoid dishes used by women in childbed, iii. 145;

their ideas as to the dangerous vapour exhaled by lying-in women, iii. 152;

taboos observed by hunters among the Esquimaux after killing sea-beasts, iii. 205 sq.;

use of iron implements tabooed at certain times among the, iii. 228;

taboos observed by them after a death, iii. 237;

take new names when they are old, iii. 319;

unwilling to tell their names, iii. 328;

namesakes of the dead among the, iii. 371;

their belief that animals understand human speech, iii. 399;

suicide among the, iv. 43;

their belief as to falling stars, iv. 65;

their story of the type of Beauty and the Beast, iv. 131 n.;

dramatic contest between Winter and Summer among the, iv. 259;

their belief in the resurrection of seals, viii. 257;

careful not to break bones of deer, viii. 258 n. 2;

their reluctance to let dogs gnaw the bones of animals, viii. 259;

their superstition as to various meats, x. 13 sq.;

seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 55;

ceremony of the new fire among the, [pg 260] x. 134;

their custom at eclipses, x. 162 n.

Esquimaux of Aivilik and Iglulik, magical telepathy among the, i. 121 sq.

—— of Alaska, taboos observed by women in absence of whalers among the, i. 121;

their annual festival of the dead, v. 51 sq.;

their custom at killing a fox, viii. 267;

child's soul deposited in a bag among the, xi. 155

—— of Baffin Land, boys forbidden to play cat's cradle among the, i. 113;

their use of a fox in homoeopathic magic, i. 151;

their women in mourning may not mention the names of animals, iii. 399;

their custom when a boy has killed his first seal, viii. 257;

their expulsion of Sedna, ix. 125 sq.

—— or Inuit of Bering Strait, iii. 205;

manslayers among the, i. 9;

their use of magical images, i. 70;

their annual festival of bladders, iii. 206 sq.;

drank blood of foes to acquire their bravery, viii. 150;

their ceremony of restoring the bladders of dead sea-beasts to the sea, viii. 247 sqq.;

uncleanness of girl at puberty among the, viii. 268 n. 4;

cut the sinews of bad dead men to prevent their ghosts from walking, viii. 272;

their masquerades, ix. 379 sq.;

their belief as to menstruous women, x. 91

——, the Central, dietary rules of, viii. 84;

their ceremonious treatment of dead sea-beasts, viii. 246;

the tug-of-war among the, ix. 174

—— of Hudson Bay, propitiate the spirit who controls the reindeer, viii. 245 sq.

—— of Labrador, their fear of demons, ix. 79 sq.

—— of Point Barrow, Alaska, return the bones of seals to the sea, viii. 258 n. 2;

their expulsion of the mischievous spirit Tuña, ix. 124 sq.

Esquimaux mourners plug their nostrils, iii. 32

Essenes or King Bees at Ephesus, i. 47 n. 2, ii. 135 sq.

Essex, greasing the weapon instead of the wound in, i. 204;

May garlands in, ii. 60;

hunting the wren in, viii. 320

Esther, the story of, acted as a comedy at Purim, ix. 364;

her name equivalent to Ishtar, Astarte, ix. 365;

fast of, ix. 397 sq.

——, the book of, its date and purpose, ix. 360;

its Persian colouring, ix. 362, 401;

based on a Babylonian myth, ix. 398;

duplication of the personages in, ix. 400 sq.;

the personages unmasked, ix. 405 sqq.

—— and Mordecai equivalent to Ishtar and Marduk, ix. 405;

the duplicates of Vashti and Haman, ix. 405 sq.

Esther and Vashti, ix. 365;

temporary queens, ix. 401

Esthonia, the Christmas Boar in, vii. 302;

bathing at Midsummer in, xi. 29;

flowers gathered for divination and magic at Midsummer in, xi. 53 sq.

Esthonian belief as to the effect of seeing women's blood, iii. 251

—— celebration of St. John's Day by swings and bonfires, iv. 280

—— charm to make a wolf disgorge his prey, i. 135

—— charms to make cabbages thrive, i. 136 sq.

—— custom of throwing a knife, hat, stick, or stone at a whirlwind, i. 329, 330

—— fishermen, their use of curses for good luck, i. 280 sq.

—— mode of strengthening weakly children by means of hemp seed, vii. 11

—— peasants threaten cabbages to make them grow, ii. 22;

loth to mention wild beasts by their proper names, iii. 398;

regulate their sowing and planting by the moon, vi. 135;

their treatment of weevils, viii. 274

—— reapers slash the wind with their sickles, i. 329;

their belief as to pains in the back, vii. 285

Esthonians, their contagious magic of footprints, i. 211, 212;

their ways of raising the wind, i. 323;

their dread of Finnish witches and wizards, i. 325;

their sacred trees, ii. 43;

their worship of Metsik, a mischievous forest-spirit, ii. 55;

their folk-tale of a tree-elf, ii. 71 sqq.;

their custom of leading a bride to the hearth, ii. 231;

their custom of leading a bride thrice round a burning tree, ii. 234;

St. George's Day among the, ii. 330 sqq.;

sacrifice under holy trees for the welfare of their horses, ii. 332;

their thunder-god Taara, ii. 367;

oak worshipped by the, ii. 367;

their superstition as to a water-mill, iii. 232;

refuse to taste blood, iii. 240;

preserve their nail-parings against the day of judgment, iii. 280;

their belief as to shooting stars, iv. 63, 66 sq.;

their custom on Shrove Tuesday, iv. 233, 252 sq.;

their celebration of St. John's Day, iv. 280;

their ceremony at the new moon, vi. 143;

their Christmas Boar, vii. 302 sq.;

their mode of transferring bad luck to trees, ix. 54;

their expulsion of the devil, ix. 173;

Midsummer fires among the, x. 179 sq.

—— of Oesel, their belief as to absence of souls from bodies, iii. 41 sq.;

call the [pg 261] last sheaf the Rye-boar, vii. 298, 300;

their custom at eating new corn, viii. 51;

cull St. John's herbs on St. John's Day, xi. 49

Estremadura, acorns as fodder for hogs in, ii. 356

Etatin, on the Cross River, in Southern Nigeria, the chief as fetish-man at, i. 349

Eteobutads as umbrella-bearers at the festival of Scira, x. 20 n. 1

Eteocles and Polynices, their grave at Thebes, ii. 33

Eternal life, initiates born again to, in the rites of Cybele and Attis, v. 274 sq.

Etesian winds, v. 35 n. 1

Ethelbald, king of the West Saxons, marries his stepmother, ii. 283

Ethelbert, king of Kent, ii. 283

Ethelwulf, king of the West Saxons, ii. 283

Ethical evolution, iii. 218 sq.

—— precepts developed out of savage taboos, iii. 214

Ethiopia, priestly kings in, iii. 13;

shut up in their palace, iii. 124;

chosen for their beauty, iv. 38 sq.

Ethiopian kings of Meroe put to death, iv. 15, 38

Ethiopians, succession to the kingdom among the, ii. 296 sq.

Etiquette at courts of barbarian kings, iv. 39 sq.

Etna, Mount, Typhon buried under, v. 156, 157;

the death of Empedocles on, v. 181;

the ashes of, v. 194;

offerings thrown into the craters of, v. 221;

Demeter said to have lit her torches at the craters of, vii. 57

Eton, Midsummer fires at, x. 197

Eton College, Boy Bishop at, ix. 338

Etruria, funeral games at Agylla in, iv. 95;

actors fetched from, to Rome in time of plague, ix. 65

Etruscan crown, ii. 175 n. 1

—— letters, ii. 186, 186 n. 4

—— wizards, i. 310

Etruscans, female kinship among the, ii. 286 sq.;

their alleged Lydian descent, ii. 287;

their ceremony at founding cities, iv. 157

Etymology, its uncertainty as a base for mythological theories, viii. 41 n.

Euboea subject to earthquakes, v. 211;

date of threshing in, v. 232 n.;

harvest custom in, v. 238

Eubuleus, legendary swineherd, brother of Triptolemus, viii. 19

Eubulus, sacrifices offered to, at Eleusis, vii. 56

Eucharist partaken of by Catholics fasting, viii. 83

Eudanemi at Athens, i. 325 n. 1

Eudoxus of Cnidus, Greek astronomer, on the Egyptian festivals, vi. 35 n. 2;

corrections of the Greek calendar perhaps due to, vii. 81;

on the utility of the pig in ancient Egypt, viii. 30

Euhemerism, a theory of mythology, ix. 385

Euhemerists, ix. 385

Eukleia, epithet of Artemis, i. 37 n. 1

Eumolpids direct the sacrifices of first-fruits, vii. 56

Eumolpus, prince of Eleusis, vii. 37;

said to have founded the Eleusinian mysteries, vii. 70;

founder of priestly Eleusinian family, vii. 73

Eunuch priests of Ephesian Artemis, i. 38;

of the Mother Goddess, v. 206;

in the service of Asiatic goddesses of fertility, v. 269 sq.;

in various lands, v. 270 n. 2;

of Attis tattooed with pattern of ivy, v. 278;

of Cybele, vi. 258

Eunuchs, dances of, v. 270 n. 2, 271 n.;

dedicated to a goddess in India, v. 271 n.;

sacred, at Hierapolis-Bambyce, their rule as to the pollution of death, vi. 272;

perform a ceremony for the fertility of the fields, x. 340

Euphemisms employed for certain animals, iii. 397 sqq.;

for smallpox, iii. 400, 410, 411, 416

Euphorbia antiquorum, cactus, hung at door of house where there is a lying-in woman, iii. 155

—— lathyris, caper-spurge, sometimes identified with the mythical springwort, xi. 69

Euphorbus the Trojan, the soul of Pythagoras in, viii. 300

Euphorion of Chalcis, Greek writer, on Roman indifference to death, iv. 143, 144

Euripides, the Hippolytus of, i. 25;

on Artemis as a midwife, i. 37;

on the dragon at Delphi, iv. 79;

on the death of Pentheus, vi. 98 n. 5;

his account of Aegisthus pelting the tomb of Agamemnon with stones, ix. 19;

his play on Meleager, xi. 103 n. 2

Europa, a personification of the moon conceived as a cow, ii. 88;

and Zeus, iv. 73;

her wanderings, iv. 89

Europe, dancing or leaping high as a homoeopathic charm to make crops grow high in, i. 137;

the Hand of Glory in, i. 148 sq.;

belief as to death at ebb-tide in, i. 167;

treatment of the navel-string and afterbirth in, i. 198 sqq.;

contagious magic of footprints in, i. 210 sq.;

confusion of magic and religion in modern, i. 231-233;

the belief in magic in modern, i. 235 sq.;

forests of ancient, ii. 7 sq.;

the May-tree [pg 262] or May-pole as an instrument of fertility in, ii. 51 sq.;

relics of tree-worship in modern, ii. 59 sqq.;

Midsummer festival in, ii. 272 sq.;

diffusion of the oak in, ii. 349 sqq.;

peat-bogs of, ii. 350 sqq.;

the lake-dwellings of, ii. 352 sq.;

fear of having one's likeness taken in, iii. 100;

spitting as a charm in, iii. 279;

belief as to consummation of marriage being impeded by knots and locks in, iii. 299;

beliefs as to shooting stars in, iv. 66 sqq.;

fear of death in, iv. 135 sq., 146;

custom of showing money to the new moon in, vi. 148 sq.;

barley and wheat cultivated in prehistoric, vii. 79;

transference of evil in, ix. 47 sqq.;

faith in magic and witchcraft in Christian, ix. 89;

annual expulsion of demons and witches in, ix. 155 sqq.;

annual expulsion of evils in, ix. 207 sq.;

folk-custom of “carrying out Death” in, ix. 227 sq.;

masquerades in modern, ix. 251 sq.;

superstitions as to menstruous women in, x. 96 sq.;

the fire-festivals of, x. 106 sqq.;

great dread of witchcraft in, xi. 342;

birth-trees in, xi. 165;

belief in, that strength of witches and wizards is in their hair, xi. 158

Europe, Eastern, great popular festival of herdsmen and shepherds on St. George's Day in, ii. 330

——, Eastern and Central, custom of beating people and cattle in spring in, ix. 266

——, mediaeval, belief in demons in, ix. 105 sq.;

human scapegoats in, ix. 214

——, Northern, human sacrifices in, iv. 214;

Corn-mother and Corn-maiden in, vii. 131 sqq.

—— South-Eastern, rain-making ceremonies in, i. 272 sqq.;

superstitions as to shadows in, iii. 89 sq.

European custom as to green bushes on May Day, ii. 56

—— processions of animals or of men disguised as animals, viii. 325

—— rule that children's nails should not be paired, iii. 262 sq.

Euros, magical ceremony for the multiplication of, i. 89;

homoeopathic charm to catch, i. 162

Eurydice, Orpheus and, xi. 294

Eurylochus rids Aegina of a snake, iv. 87 n. 5

Eusebius on sacred prostitution, i. 30 n. 3, v. 37 n. 2, 73 n. 1

Euyuk in Cappadocia, Hittite palace at, v. 123, 132, 133 n.;

bull worshipped at, v. 164

Evadne and Capaneus, v. 177 n. 3

Evans, D. Silvan, on the sin-eater in Wales, ix. 44

Evans, Sebastian, as to a passage in the History of the Holy Graal, iv. 122 n. 1

Eve and Adam, Mr. W. R. Paton's theory of, ix. 259 n. 3

Eve, Christmas, the fern blooms on, xi. 66

——, Easter, in Albania, iv. 265;

the fern blooms on, xi. 66

——, Fingan, in the Isle of Man, x. 266

—— of St. John (Midsummer Eve), Russian ceremony on, iv. 262

—— of Samhain (Hallowe'en) in Ireland, x. 139.

See also Christmas Eve, Easter Eve, St. John's Eve, etc.

Evelyn, John, on Charles II. touching for scrofula, i. 369

Evening Star, Keats's sonnet to the, i. 166;

the goddess of the, ix. 369 n. 1

Everek (Caesarea), in Asia Minor, creeping through a rifted rock at, xi. 189

Evergreen oak, the Golden Bough grew on, ii. 379

—— trees in Italy, i. 8

Evessen, in Brunswick, toothache nailed into a tree at, ix. 59 sq.

Evil, the transference of, ix. 1 sqq.;

transferred to other people, ix. 5 sqq., 47 sqq.;

transferred to sticks and stones, ix. 8 sqq.;

transferred to animals, ix. 31 sqq., 49 sqq.;

transferred to men, ix. 38 sqq.;

transference of, in Europe, ix. 47 sqq.;

transferred to inanimate objects, ix. 53 sq.;

transferred to trees or bushes, ix. 54 sqq.

See also Evils

Evil Eye, bad names a protection against the, i. 280;

dreaded at eating, iii. 116 sq.;

boys dressed as girls to avert the, vi. 260;

bridegroom disfigured in order to avert the, vi. 261;

disguises to avert the, vi. 262;

preservatives against the, viii. 326 n. 3;

rain-water mixed with tar, a protection against the, x. 17.

See also Eye, the Evil

—— spirit, mode of cure for possession by an, xi. 186

—— spirits transferred from men to animals, ix. 31;

banishment of, ix. 86;

driven away at the New Year, x. 134 sq.;

kept off by fire, x. 282, 285 sq.;

St. John's herbs a protection against, xi. 49;

kept off by flowers gathered at Midsummer, xi. 53 sq.;

creeping through cleft trees to escape the pursuit of, xi. 173 sqq.

See also Demons

Evil-Merodach, Babylonian king, ix. 367 n. 2

Evils transferred to trees, ix. 54 sqq.;

nailed into trees, walls, etc., ix. 59 [pg 263] sqq.;

public expulsion of, ix. 109 sqq., 185 sqq.;

periodic expulsion of, ix. 123 sqq., 198 sqq.;

expulsion of embodied, ix. 170 sqq.;

expulsion of, in a material vehicle, ix. 185 sqq.;

expulsion of, timed to coincide with some well-marked change of season, ix. 224 sq.

See also Expulsion

Evolution of kings out of magicians or medicine-men, i. 420 sq.;

industrial, from uniformity to diversity of function, i. 421;

political, from democracy to despotism, i. 421;

ethical, iii. 218 sq.;

religious, powerful influence of the fear of the dead on the course of, viii. 36 sq.

—— and dissolution, viii. 305 sq.

Ewe, white-footed, as scapegoat, ix. 192 sq.

See also Ewes

Ewe farmers fear to wound the Earth goddess, v. 90

—— hunters, their contagious magic of footprints, i. 212;

of Togo-land, their ceremony after killing an antelope, viii. 244

—— negroes, their festival of new yams, viii. 58 sqq.;

their belief as to the spirit-land, viii. 105 sq.;

their ceremonies after killing leopards, viii. 228 sqq.;

feed their nets, viii. 240 n. 1;

their dread of menstruous women, x. 82

—— negroes of Guinea worship falling stars, iv. 61 sq.

—— negroes of the Slave Coast, their charm to catch a runaway slave, i. 317;

their reverence for silk-cotton trees, ii. 15;

human wives of gods among the, ii. 149;

taboos observed by their kings, iii. 9;

their belief as to spirits entering the body through the mouth, iii. 116;

their kings not to be seen eating or drinking, iii. 119;

penance for killing a python among the, iii. 222;

a mother's vow among the, iii. 263;

their belief that a man can be injured through his name, iii. 323;

rebirth of ancestors among the, iii. 369;

sacred prostitution among the, v. 65 sq.;

worship pythons, v. 83 n. 1;

their conception of the rain-god as a horseman, viii. 45;

their belief in demons, ix. 74 sqq.

—— negroes of Togo-land, their festival in honour of Earth, iii. 247;

reincarnation of the dead among the, iii. 369;

their belief in the marriage of Sky with Earth, v. 282 n. 2;

their use of clay images as substitutes to save the lives of people, viii. 105 sq.;

their worship of the Earth, viii. 115;

their worship of goddess Mawu Sodza, viii. 115;

their propitiation of slain leopards, wild buffaloes, etc., viii. 228 sqq.

Ewe-speaking negroes deem the heart the seat of courage and intellect, viii. 149

—— -speaking people of West Africa, their contagious magic of footprints, i. 210;

eat elephant's flesh to become strong, viii. 143

Ewes and rams, the time for coupling, ii. 328, 328 n. 4

Exaggerations of anthropological theories, i. 333

Exchange of wives at appearance of the Aurora Australis, iv. 267 n. 1;

of dress between men and women in rites, vi. 259 n. 3;

of dress at marriage, vi. 260 sqq.;

of dress at circumcision, vi. 263

Exclusion of strangers, iii. 108 sq., vii. 94, 111

Excommunication of human scapegoat, ix. 254

Excuses offered by savages to the animals they kill, viii. 222 sqq.

Execution, peculiar modes of, for members of royal families, iii. 241 sqq.;

Roman mode of, iv. 144;

by stoning, ix. 24 n. 2

Executioners, their precautions against the ghosts of their victims, iii. 171 sq.;

seclusion and scarification of, iii. 180 sq.;

taste the blood of their victims, viii. 155

Exeter, the Boy Bishop at, ix. 337

Exile of gods for perjury, iv. 70 n. 1

Exodus (xiii. 1 sq., 12, xxii. 29 sq., xxxiv. 19), on the sanctification of the first-born, iv. 172

Exogamous clans in the Pelew Islands, vi. 204

—— classes in Duke of York Island, xi. 248 n.

Exogamy, ii. 271, iv. 130

Exorcising harmful influence of strangers, iii. 102 sqq.

Exorcism of demons of sickness, iii. 105 sq.;

of ghosts after a funeral, iii. 106 sq.;

of demons by devil dancers, iv. 216;

by means of music, v. 54 sq.;

of devils in Morocco, ix. 63;

of demons in China, ix. 99;

annual, of the evil spirit in Japan, ix. 143 sq.;

of spirits at sowing the seed, ix. 235;

Nicobarese ceremony of, ix. 262;

of evil spirits at a funeral ceremony, x. 5;

and ordeals, x. 66;

at Easter, x. 123;

of vermin with torches, x. 340;

use of St. John's wort in, xi. 55;

use of mugwort in, xi. 60;

by vervain, xi. 62 n. 4.

See also Demons and Expulsion

Exorcists, ix. 2 sq., 33

Expiation by means of blood for sexual crimes, ii. 107 sqq.;

for adultery or fornication, ii. 109 sq.;

for incest, ii. [pg 264] 110 sq., 115, 116, 129;

for violating the sanctity of a grove, ii. 122;

for hearing thunder, iii. 14;

for contact with a sacred chief, iii. 133 sq.;

for miscarriage in childbed, iii. 153 sqq.;

for bringing an iron tool into the grove of the Arval Brothers, iii. 226;

for killing sacred animals, iv. 216 sq.;

for suicide by hanging, iv. 282;

for homicide, v. 299 n. 2;

Roman, for prodigies, vi. 244;

for the defilement of the Eleusinian plain, vii. 74;

for agricultural operations, vii. 228;

for sin, ix. 39.

See also Atonement and Purification

Expiatory sacrifices, Greek ritual of, viii. 27

Expulsion of evils, ix. 109 sqq.;

the direct or immediate and the indirect or mediate, ix. 109, 224;

occasional, ix. 109 sqq., 185 sqq.;

periodic, ix. 123 sqq., 198 sqq.;

annual, of demons and witches in Europe, ix. 155 sqq., x. 135;

of Trows in Shetland, ix. 168 sq.;

of embodied evils, ix. 170 sqq.;

of evils in a material vehicle, ix. 185 sqq.;

of evils timed to coincide with some well-marked change of season, ix. 224 sq.;

of devils timed to coincide with seasons of agricultural year, ix. 225;

of hunger at Chaeronea, ix. 252;

of winter, ceremony of the, ix. 404 sq.

External soul in afterbirth or navel-string, i. 200 sq.;

in folk-tales, xi. 95 sqq.;

in folk-custom, xi. 153 sqq.;

in inanimate things, xi. 153 sqq.;

in plants, xi. 159 sqq.;

in animals, xi. 196 sqq.;

kept in totem, xi. 220 sqq.

See also Souls, external

Extinction of fires on chief's death, ii. 217;

in village or parish before the making of “living fire” or need-fire, ii. 237, 238;

at king's death, ii. 261 sqq., 267;

in houses after any death, ii. 267 sq.;

annual, of the sacred fire at Rome, ii. 267;

of common fires before the kindling of the need-fire, x. 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277 sq., 279, 283, 285, 288, 289, 289 sq., 291, 291 sq., 292, 294, 297, 298 sq.;

of fires after tree has been kindled by lightning, xi. 297 sq.

Extinguishing fire, power of, ascribed to priests, i. 231,

and to chaste women, ii. 240 n. 2

Eye as a symbol of Osiris, vi. 121;

of sacrificial ox cut out, vi. 251 sq.

See also Eyes

——, the Evil, precautions against the, at meals, iii. 116 sq.;

boys dressed as girls to avert the, vi. 260;

bride-groom disfigured in order to avert, vi. 261;

cast on cattle, x. 302, 303;

oleander a remedy for sickness caused by, xi. 51.

See also Evil Eye

Eye of Horus, vi. 17, 121, with n. 3

Eyelashes offered to the sun, i. 318

Eyeo, kings of, put to death, iv. 40 sq.

Eyeos, the, not allowed to behold the sea, iii. 9

Eyes smeared with eagle's gall to make them sharp-sighted, i. 154;

shut at prayer, viii. 81;

of owl eaten to make eater see in dark, viii. 144 sq.;

of men eaten, viii. 153;

of falcon used to impart sharpness of sight, viii. 164;

of slaughtered animals cut out, viii. 267 sqq., 271;

of dead enemies gouged out, viii. 271 sq.;

looking through flowers at the Midsummer fire thought to be good for the, x. 162, 163, 165 sq., 171, 174 sq., 344;

ashes or smoke of Midsummer fire supposed to benefit the, x. 214 sq.;

sore, attributed to witchcraft, x. 344;

mugwort a protection against sore, xi. 59;

of newly initiated lads closed, xi. 241

—— of the dead, Egyptian ceremony of opening the, vi. 15

Eyre, E. J., on menstruous women in Australia, x. 77

Ezekiel (viii. 10-12), on idolatrous practices of the Israelites, i. 87 n. 1;

(xxxii. 18-32), H. Gunkel's interpretation of, i. 101 n. 2;

(xiii. 17 sqq.), the hunting of souls in, iii. 77 n. 1;

(xvi. 20 sq., xx. 25, 26, 31), on the burnt sacrifice of children, iv. 169 n. 3;

(xx. 25, 26, 31), on the sacrifice of the first-born, iv. 171 sq.;

(viii. 14), on the mourning for Tammuz, v. 11, 17, 20;

(xxiii. 5 sq., 12), on the Assyrian cavalry, v. 25 n. 3;

(xxviii. 14, 16), on the king of Tyre, v. 114

E-zida, the temple of Nabu in Borsippa, iv. 110

Face of sleeper not to be painted or disfigured, lest his absent soul should not recognize his body, iii. 41;

of human scapegoat painted half white half black, ix. 220

Faces veiled to avert evil influences, iii. 120 sqq.;

of warriors blackened, iii. 163;

of manslayers blackened, iii. 169;

of bear-hunters blackened, vii. 291, 299;

blackened, vii. 302, viii. 321, 332, ix. 247, 314, 330;

of bear-hunters painted red and black, viii. 226;

of priests at exorcism reddened with paint and blood, ix. 189

Faditras among the Malagasy, ix. 33 sq.

Fàdy, taboo, iii. 327, viii. 46

“Faery dairts” thought to kill cattle, x. 303

[pg 265]

Fafnir, the dragon, slain by Sigurd, iii. 324, viii. 146

Failles, bonfires on the first Sunday in Lent, x. 111 n. 1

Fair, great, at Uisnech in County Meath, x. 158.

See also Fairs

Fairies thought to be in eddies of wind, i. 329;

averse to iron, iii. 229, 232 sq.;

let loose at Hallowe'en, x. 224 sqq.;

carry off men's wives, x. 227;

at Hallowe'en, dancing with the, x. 227;

thought to kill cattle by their darts, x. 303;

active on Hallowe'en and May Day, xi. 184 n. 4, 185

Fairs of ancient Ireland, iv. 99 sqq.

Fairy Banner, Macleod's, i. 368

—— changelings, x. 151 n.;

mistletoe a protection against, xi. 283

Faiths of the world, the great, their little influence on common men, ix. 89

Falcon stone, at Errol, in Perthshire, xi. 283

Falcon's eyes used to impart sharpness of sight, viii. 164

Falerii, Juno at, ii. 190 n. 2

Faleshas, a Jewish sect of Abyssinia, remove the vein from the thighs of slaughtered animals, viii. 266 n. 1

Falkenauer district of Bohemia, custom at threshing in the, vii. 149

Falkenstein chapel of St. Wolfgang, creeping through a rifted rock near the, xi. 189

Fallacy of magic not easily detected, i. 242 sq.;

gradually detected, i. 372

Falling sickness transferred to fowl, ix. 52 sq.;

nails used in cure for, ix. 68, 330;

mistletoe a remedy for, xi. 83, 84.

See also Epilepsy

—— star as totem, iv. 61

—— stars, superstitions as to, iv. 58 sqq.;

associated with the souls of the dead, iv. 64 sqq.

Fallow, thrice-ploughed, vii. 66, 69;

lands allowed to lie, vii. 117, 123

False Bride, custom of the, vi. 262 n. 2

—— graves and corpses to deceive demons, viii. 98 sqq.

Falstaff, the death of, i. 168

Famenne in Namur, Lenten fires in, x. 108

Familiar spirits of wizards in boars, xi. 196 sq.

Families, royal, kings chosen from several, ii. 292 sqq.

Famine attributed to the anger of ghosts, iv. 103

Fan country, West Africa, custom of throwing branches on heaps in the, ix. 30 n. 2

—— negro, his belief as to the effect of seeing women's blood, iii. 251

Fan tribe of West Africa, chiefs as medicine-men in the, i. 349.

See also Fans

Fangola, a potent idol in Nias, viii. 102, 103

Fanning away ill luck, vii. 10

Fans of the French Congo, birth-trees among the, xi. 161

—— of the Gaboon, their theory of the external soul, xi. 200 sqq., 226 n. 1;

guardian spirits acquired in dreams among the, xi. 257

—— of West Africa, esteem the smith's craft sacred, i. 349;

their rule as to eating tortoises, viii. 140;

their custom of adding to heaps of leafy branches, ix. 30 n. 2;

custom at end of mourning among the, xi. 18

Fans in homoeopathic magic, i. 130 sq.

Fantee country, succession of slaves to the kingship in the, ii. 275

Faosa, a Malagasy month, vii. 9

Farghana, rain-producing well in, i. 301

Farinaceous deities, viii. 169

Farmer, calendar of the Egyptian, vi. 30 sqq.;

saturnine temperament of the, vi. 218

Farmer's wife, ceremony performed by her to promote the rice-crop, ii. 104;

pretence of threshing, vii. 149 sq.

Farmers, propitiation of vermin by, viii. 274 sqq.

Farnell, Dr. L. R., on Artemis as the patroness of childbirth, i. 36 sq.;

on Plautus, Casina (ii. 5, 23-29), ii. 379 n. 5;

on Greek religious music, v. 55 ns. 1 and 3;

on religious prostitution in Western Asia, v. 57 n. 1, 58 n. 2;

on the position of women in ancient religion, vi. 212 n. 1;

on the Flamen Dialis, vi. 227;

on the children of living parents in ritual, vi. 236 sq.;

on the festival of Laurel-bearing at Thebes, vi. 242 n.;

on eunuch priests of Cybele, vi. 258 n. 1;

on Thracian origin of Dionysus, vii. 3 n. 1;

on the biennial period of certain Greek festivals, vii. 15 n.;

on the resemblance of the artistic types of Demeter and Persephone, vii. 68 n. 1;

on Pan, viii. 2 n. 9

Farwardajan, a Persian festival of the dead, vi. 68

Fashoda, the capital of the Shilluk kings, iv. 18, 19, 21, 24

Faslane, on the Gareloch, Dumbartonshire, last standing corn called the Head or Maidenhead at, vii. 158, 268

Fast from bread in mourning for Attis, v. 272;

in the Eleusinian mysteries, vii. 38;

before eating new fruits, viii. 73 sq., 76 sq.;

before the festival of the [pg 266] Mexican goddess of Maize, ix. 291 sq.;

from flesh, eggs, and grease at sowing, ix. 347 n. 4;

at puberty, xi. 222 n. 5

See also Fasts and Fasting

“Fast of Esther” before Purim, ix. 397 sq.

Fasting obligatory on woman during absence of her husband at whale-fishery, i. 121;

as a means of ensuring success in hunting, i. 121, 124;

obligatory on women during the absence of warriors, i. 131;

obligatory on all people left in camp during absence of warriors, iii. 157 n. 2;

rigorous, of warriors before going to war, iii. 161;

of warriors as a preparation for attacking the enemy, iii. 162;

of executioner after discharging his office, iii. 180;

of warriors after killing enemies, iii. 182, 183;

of eagle-hunters before trapping eagles, iii. 199;

of Catholics before partaking of the Eucharist, viii. 83;

of men and women at a dancing festival, x. 8 sqq.;

of girls at puberty, x. 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 66;

of women at menstruation, x. 93, 94;

as preparation for gathering magical plants, xi. 45, 55 n. 1, 58

—— and continence observed by parents of twins, i. 266;

by Blackfoot priest, iii. 159 n.;

as preparation for office among the Peruvian Indians, iii. 159 n.;

of Indian warriors as preparation for war, iii. 163;

of whalers before whaling, iii. 191;

of hunters before hunting, iii. 198;

before ploughing and sowing, viii. 14, 15

Fastnachtsbär, viii. 325

Fasts imposed on heirs to thrones in South America, x. 19;

rules observed by Indians of Costa Rica during, x. 20

—— observed by the worshippers of Cybele and Attis, v. 280;

of Isis and Cybele, v. 302 n. 4

See also Fast and Fasting

Fat, anointing the body with, from superstitious motives, viii. 162 sq., 164, 165;

of emu not allowed to touch the ground, x. 13;

of crocodiles and snakes as unguent, x. 14

Fate of the king's life annually determined at a festival, ix. 356, 357

Father, reborn in his son, iv. 188 sqq., 287 (288 in Second Impression);

funeral rites performed for a, in the fifth month of his wife's pregnancy, iv. 189;

named after his son, v. 51 n. 4;

of a god, v. 51, 52;

dead, worshipped, vi. 175, 184 sq.;

the head of the family under a system of mother-kin, vi. 211

—— and child, supposed danger of resemblance between, iii. 88 sq., iv. 287 (288 in Second Impression)

—— of Heaven, title of the Esthonian thunder-god, ii. 367

—— and mother, their names not to be mentioned, iii. 337, 341;

names for, v. 281;

as epithets of Roman gods and goddesses, vi. 233 sqq.

——, Mother, and Son divinities represented at Boghaz-Keui, v. 140 sqq.

Father-deity of the Hittites, the god of the thundering sky, v. 134 sqq.

—— God succeeded by his divine son, iv. 5;

his emblem the bull, v. 164;

Attis as the, v. 281 sqq.;

often less important than Mother Goddess, v. 282

—— -in-law, his name not to be pronounced by his daughter-in-law, iii. 335 sqq., 343, 345, 346;

by his son-in-law, iii. 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344

—— Jove and Mother Vesta, ii. 227 sqq.

—— -kin at Rome, v. 41

—— May, leaf-clad mummer, ii. 75, 79

—— Sky fertilizes Mother Earth, v. 282

Fatherhood of God, the physical, v. 80 sq.

Fathers named after their children, iii. 331 sqq., 339

Fatigue transferred to leaves, stones, or sticks, ix. 8 sqq.;

let out with blood, ix. 12

—— of the Horse, vii. 294.

See also Weariness

Fattening-house for girls in Calabar, xi. 259

Fattest men chosen kings, ii. 297

Fauna, rustic Roman goddess, her relationship to Faunus, vi. 234

Fauns, rustic Italian gods, in relation to goats, viii. 1 sqq.

Faunus, old Roman god, consultation of, iii. 314;

his relationship to Fauna or the Good Goddess, vi. 234

Fawckner, Captain James, on the annual expulsion of demons in Benin, ix. 131 sq.

Fazoql or Fazolglou, on the Blue Nile, kings of, put to death, iv. 16

Fear as a source of religion, ix. 93;

the source of the worship of the dead, ix. 98

—— of having a likeness taken, iii. 96 sqq.;

of spirits, taboo on common words based on a, iii. 416 sqq.;

of death entertained by the European races, iv. 135 sq., 146;

of the dead one of the most powerful factors in religious evolution, viii. 36 sq.

Feast. See also Festival

—— of All Saints on November 1st, perhaps substituted for an old pagan festival of the dead, vi. 82 sq.;

instituted by Lewis the Pious, vi. 83

[pg 267]

—— of All Souls, vi. 51 sqq., x. 223 sq., 225 n. 3;

the Christian, originally a pagan festival of the dead, vi. 81

—— of Fire at winter solstice, iv. 215

—— of Florus and Laurus on August 18th, x. 220

—— of the Golden Flower at Sardes, v. 187

——, the Great, in Morocco, ix. 180, 182, 265

—— of Lanterns in Japan, vi. 65, ix. 151 sq.

—— of the Nativity of the Virgin, x. 220 sq.

—— of Yams, iii. 123

Feathers worn by manslayers, iii. 180;

red, of a parrot worn as a protection against a ghost, iii. 186 n. 1;

of cock mixed with seed-corn, vii. 278;

of wren, virtue attributed to, viii. 319

February, annual expulsion of demons in, ix. 148

—— the 1st, St. Bride's Day, ii. 94 sq.

—— the 2nd, Candlemas, ii. 94 n. 2

—— the 22nd, St. Peter's Day, vii. 300

—— the 24th, the Flight of the King of the Sacred Rites on, ii. 308 sq.

—— and March, the season of the spring sowing in Italy, ix. 346

Fechenots, fechenottes, Valentines, x. 110

“Feeding the dead,” iv. 102;

in Ceram, viii. 123

Feet, homoeopathic charm to strengthen the, i. 151;

washed, ceremony at reception of strangers, iii. 108;

not to wet the, iii. 159;

bare in certain magical and religious ceremonies, iii. 310 sq.

See also Foot

—— of enemies eaten, viii. 151

—— first, children born, superstition as to, i. 266;

custom observed at their graves, v. 93;

sticks or grass piled on their graves, ix. 18;

curative power attributed to children so born, x. 295

Fehrle, E., as to the chastity of the Vestals, ii. 199 n. 5

Feilenhof, in East Prussia, wolf as corn-spirit at, vii. 272

Felkin, Dr. R. W., on the sacrament of a lamb among the Madi or Moru of Central Africa, viii. 314 sq.

——, Dr. R. W., and C. T. Wilson, on the worship of the dead kings of Uganda, vi. 173 n. 2

Fellows, Ch., on flowers in Caria, v. 187 n. 6

Feloupes of Senegambia, curse their fetishes in drought, i. 297

Female descent of the kingship in Rome, ii. 270 sqq.;

in Africa, ii. 274 sqq.;

in Greece, ii. 277 sq.;

in Scandinavia, ii. 279 sq.;

in Lydia, ii. 281 sq.;

among Danes and Saxons, ii. 282 sq.

Female kinship or mother-kin defined, ii. 271;

rule of descent of the throne under, ii. 271, vi. 18;

indifference to paternity of kings under, ii. 274 sqq.;

at Athens, ii. 277;

indifference to paternity in general under, ii. 282;

among the Aryans, ii. 283 sqq.

See also Mother-kin

—— slaves, licence accorded to them on the Nonae Caprotinae, ii. 313 sq.

Femgericht in Westphalia, ii. 321

Feminine weakness, infection of, dreaded by savages, iii. 164 sq., 202 sq.

Fen-hall, Frigga weeping in, x. 102

Feng, king of Denmark, married the widow of his predecessor, ii. 281

—— and Wiglet, ii. 281, 283

Fennel, fire carried in giant, ii. 260

Fenua, placenta, among the Maoris, i. 182

Ferghana, a province of Turkestan, combats between champions at the New Year in, ix. 184

Feriae Latinae, iv. 283

Ferintosh district, in Scotland, dancing with the fairies in, x. 227

Fern growing on a tree, in a popular remedy, x. 17;

the male (Aspidium filix mas), a protection against witchcraft, xi. 66;

blooms on Christmas Eve, Easter Eve, and St. John's Day, xi. 66;

the root detects and foils sorcerers, xi. 66 sq.

—— owl or goatsucker, sex totem of women in Victoria, xi. 217

—— -seed gathered on Midsummer Eve, magical properties ascribed to, xi. 65 sqq.;

blooms on Midsummer Eve, xi. 287;

reveals treasures in the earth, xi. 287 sqq.;

blooms on Christmas Night, xi. 288 sq.;

brought by Satan on Christmas Night, xi. 289;

gathered at the solstices, Midsummer Eve and Christmas, xi. 290 sq.;

procured by shooting at the sun on Midsummer Day, xi. 291;

blooms at Easter, xi. 292 n. 2

Fernando Po, taboos observed by kings of, iii. 8 sq., 115, 123, 291;

the cobra-capella worshipped in, viii. 174

Feronia, Italian goddess, her sanctuary at Soracte, iv. 186 n. 4, xi. 14

Ferrara, synod of, denounces practice of gathering fern-seed, xi. 66 n.

Ferrers, George, a Lord of Misrule, ix. 332

Ferret, in homoeopathic magic, i. 150

Fertilization of women by a rattle, i. 347;

of women by the wild fig-tree, ii. 316;

of women by the wild banana-tree, ii. 318;

of women by mummers, [pg 268] ix. 249;

of barren women by striking them with stick which has been used to separate pairing dogs, ix. 264;

of mango trees, ceremony for the, x. 10;

of fields with ashes of Midsummer fires, x. 170.

See also Conception, Impregnation

Fertilization, artificial, of the date palm, ii. 24 sq., ix. 272 sq.;

of fig-trees, ii. 314 sq., vi. 98, ix. 257, 258, 259, 272 sq.

Fertilizing influence of the corn-spirit, vii. 168

—— power ascribed to the effigy of Death, iv. 250 sq.

—— virtue attributed to trees, ii. 49 sqq., 316 sqq.;

attributed to sticks which have separated pairing dogs, ix. 264

Fertility, Artemis the embodiment of, i. 35;

Asiatic goddesses of, i. 37;

the coco-nut regarded as an emblem of, ii. 51;

Diana as a goddess of, ii. 120 sqq.;

the thunder-god conceived as a deity of fertility, ii. 368 sqq.;

goddess of, served by eunuch priests, v. 269 sq.;

Osiris as god of, vi. 112 sq.;

supposed to be procured through masked dances, ix. 382

—— of the ground, thought to be promoted by prostitution, v. 39;

promoted by marriage of women to serpent, v. 67;

ceremonies to ensure the, viii. 332 sqq.;

magical ceremony to promote the, ix. 177;

processions with lighted torches to ensure the, x. 233 sq.;

supposed to depend on the number of human beings sacrificed, xi. 32, 33, 42 sq.

—— of women, magical images designed to ensure the, i. 70 sqq.;

magical ceremonies to ensure the, x. 23 sq., 31

Ferula communis, L., giant fennel, its stalks used to carry fire, ii. 260, 260 n. 1

Festival. See also Feast

—— of All Souls, iv. 98

—— of the Assumption of the Virgin, August 15th, i. 14, 16

—— of “the awakening of Hercules” at Tyre, v. 111

—— of bladders among the Esquimaux, viii. 247 sqq.

—— of the cold food in China, shifted in the calendar, x. 137

—— of the Cornstalks at Eleusis, vii. 63

—— of the Cross on 1st August, x. 220

—— of the Crowning at Delphi, iv. 78 sq., vi. 241

—— of the Dead, x. 223 sq., 225 sq.;

among the Hurons, iii. 367;

among the Esquimaux, iii. 371;

in Java, v. 220.

See also Dead

—— of Departed Spirits in Sarawak, ix. 154

“Festival of dreams” among the Iroquois, ix. 127

—— of the Flaying of Men, Mexican, ix. 296 sqq.

—— of Flowers (Anthesteria), v. 234 sq.

—— of Fools in France, ix. 334 sqq.;

in German, Bohemia, and England, ix. 336 n. 1

—— of the Innocents, ix. 336 sqq.

—— of Joy (Hilaria) in the rites of Attis, v. 273

—— of lamps, Hindoo, ix. 145

—— of the Laurel-bearing at Thebes, iv. 78 sq., 88 sq.

—— of Mascal or the Cross in Abyssinia, ix. 133 sq.

—— of the Matronalia, ix. 346

—— of New Fire, vii. 135

—— before Ploughing (Proerosia), at Eleusis, vii. 51 sqq., 60, 108

—— of the Sacaea, at Babylon, iv. 113 sqq., ix. 354 sqq.

—— of Sais, vi. 49 sqq.

—— of the Saturnalia, ix. 306 sqq.

—— of the Threshing-floor (Haloa) at Eleusis, vii. 60 sqq., 75;

obscenities in the, vii. 62

—— of the winter solstice, vii. 90

Festivals explained by myths, ii. 142 sq.;

of the Egyptian farmer, vi 32 sqq.;

of Osiris, the official, vi. 49 sqq.;

Egyptian readjustment of, vi. 91 sqq.;

of new yams, vii. 58 sqq.;

the great Christian, timed by the Church to coincide with old pagan festivals, ix. 328;

ancient Greek resembling the Saturnalia, ix. 350 sqq.;

popular, primitive character of, ix. 404;

of fire in Europe, xi. 106 sqq.

Festus, on a proposed etymology of Rome and Romulus, 11. 318 n. 3;

on “the Sacred Spring,” iv. 186;

on the Roman custom of knocking a nail into a wall, ix. 67 ns. 1 and 2

“Fetching the Wild Man out of the Wood,” a Whitsuntide custom, iv. 208 sq.

Fête des Fous in France, ix. 334 sqq.

—— des Rois, Twelfth Day, ix. 329

Fetish of taboo rajah in Timor, iii. 24;

the great, in West Africa, xi. 256

Fetish kings in West Africa, iii. 22 sqq.

Fetishes cursed in drought, i. 297

Fetishism early in human history, vi. 43

Feuillet, Madame Octave, on the burning of Shrove Tuesday at Saint-Lô, iv. 228 sq.

Fever cured by knotted thread, iii. 304;

euphemism for, iii. 400;

typhoid, transferred to tortoise, ix. 31;

transferred to bald-headed widow, ix. 38;

Roman cure for, ix. 47;

transferred to a [pg 269] person by a scrap of paper or a twig, ix. 49;

transferred to a dog, cat, or snipe, ix. 51;

transferred to a pillar, ix. 53;

transferred to a tree or bush, ix. 55 sq., 56, 57, 58, 59;

nailed into a wall, ix. 63;

driven away by firing-guns, etc., ix. 121;

leaping over the Midsummer bonfires as a preventive of, x. 166, 173, 194;

Midsummer fires a protection against, x. 190;

need-fire kindled to prevent, x. 297;

cure for, in India, by walking through a narrow passage, xi. 190

Fewkes, J. Walter, on the observation of the Pleiades among the Pueblo Indians, vii. 312

Fey, devoted, x. 231

Fez, annual temporary sultan in, iv. 152 sq.;

orgiastic rites at, vii. 21;

talisman against scorpions at, viii. 281;

Midsummer custom of throwing water on people at, x. 216, xi. 31

Fictitious burials to divert the attention of demons from the real burials, viii. 98 sqq.

Fictores Vestalium, fictores Pontificum, ii. 204

Ficus Indica (the bar tree) sacred in India, ii. 43

—— religiosa (the pipal tree) sacred in India, ii. 43

—— Ruminalis, the fig-tree under which Romulus and Remus were suckled, ii. 318

—— sycomorus, used in kindling fire by friction, ii. 210

Fida. See Whydah

“Field of the giants,” called so from great fossil bones, v. 158

“—— of God,” viii. 14, 15

—— of Mars at Rome, viii. 42, 43, 44

“—— of secret tillage,” viii. 57

Field-mice, burning torches as a protection against, x. 114, 115;

and moles driven away by torches, xi. 340

“—— speech,” a special jargon employed by reapers, iii. 410 sq., 411 sq.

Fielding, H., on the Buddhist Lent, ix. 349 sq.

Fields, miniature, dedicated to spirits, vii. 233 sq.;

cultivated, menstruous women not allowed to enter, x. 79;

protected against insects by menstruous women, x. 98 n. 1;

processions with torches through, x. 107 sq., 110 sqq., 113 sqq., 179, 339 sq.;

protected against witches, x. 121;

made fruitful by bonfires, x. 140;

fertilized by ashes of Midsummer fires, x. 170;

fertilized by burning wheel rolled over them, x. 191, 340 sq.;

protected against hail by bonfires, x. 344

Fiends burnt in fire, ix. 320

Fierte or shrine of St. Romain at Rouen, ii. 167, 168, 170 n. 1

Fife, custom of “dumping” at harvest in, vii. 227

Fifeshire, the harvest Maiden in, vii. 162

Fifty-two years, Aztec cycle of, vii. 310 sq.

Fig, as an article of diet, ii. 315 sq.;

artificial fertilization of the, at Rome in July, vi. 98;

Dionysus perhaps associated with the artificial fertilization of the, vi. 259;

the wild, human scapegoats beaten with branches of, ix. 255.

See also Figs and Fig-tree

Fig Dionysus at Lacedaemon, vii. 4

—— -god perhaps personified by Roman kings, ii. 319, 322

—— -leaves, aprons of, worn by Adam and Eve, ix. 259 n. 3

—— -tree of Romulus (Ficus Ruminalis), ii. 10, 318

—— -tree, sacred, ii. 44, 99, 249, 250, ix. 61;

artificial fertilization (caprification) of the, ii. 314 sq., ix. 257 sqq., 272 sq.

—— -tree, the wild, its milky juice sacrificed to Juno Caprotina, ii. 313;

a male, ii. 314 sq.;

supposed to fertilize women, ii. 316 sq.;

haunted by spirits of the dead, ii. 317;

sacred all over Africa and India, ii. 317 n. 1

—— -trees worshipped by the Akikuyu, ii. 44;

associated with Dionysus, vii. 4;

wild, held sacred as the abodes of the spirits of the dead, viii. 113;

personated by human victims, ix. 257;

charm to benefit, x. 18;

sacred among the Fans, xi. 161

Fighting the wind, i. 327 sqq.;

the king, right of, iv. 22

Fights, sanguinary, as a ceremony to procure rain, i. 258;

annual, at the New Year, old intention of, ix. 184;

between men and women about their sex totems, xi. 215, 217

Figo, bonfire on the first Sunday in Lent, x. 111

Figs, soul-compelling virtue of, iii. 46;

black and white, worn by human scapegoats, ix. 253, 257, 272;

crowns of, worn at sacrifice to Saturn (Cronus), ix. 253 n. 3;

eaten by human scapegoat before being put to death, ix. 255.

See also Fig

Fiji, treatment of the navel-string in, i. 184;

catching the sun in, i. 316;

temporary inspiration of priests in, i. 378;

special vocabularies employed with reference to divine chiefs in, i. 402 n.;

War King and Sacred King in, iii. 21;

catching away souls in, iii. 69;

superstitions connected with eating in, iii. 117;

tabooed persons not [pg 270] to handle food in, iii. 134 n. 1;

taboo for handling dead chiefs in, iii. 141;

manslayers tabooed in, iii. 178 sq.;

custom at cutting a chief's hair in, iii. 264;

shorn hair hid in thatch of house in, iii. 277;

voluntary deaths in, iv.11 sq.;

custom of grave-diggers in, iv. 156 n. 2;

abdication of father when his son is grown up in, iv. 191;

circumcision practised in, iv. 220;

chiefs buried secretly in, vi. 105;

sacrifice of first-fruits in, viii. 125;

leaves piled on spots where men were clubbed to death in, ix. 15;

annual ceremony at appearance of sea-slug in, ix. 141 sq.;

brides tattooed in, x. 34 n. 1;

the fire-walk in, xi. 10 sq.;

birth-trees in, xi. 163;

the drama of death and resurrection exhibited to novices at initiation in, xi. 243 sqq.

Fijian belief as to a whirlwind, i. 331 n. 2

—— chiefs claim divinity, i. 389;

supposed effect of using their dishes or clothes, iii. 131

—— custom of personal cleanliness, iii. 158 n. 1

—— god of fruit-trees, v. 90

—— Lent, v. 90

Fijians, gods of the, i. 389;

their conception of the soul, iii. 29 sq., 92;

their notion of absence of the soul in dreams, iii. 39 sq.;

their custom of frightening away ghosts, iii. 170;

their theory of earthquakes, v. 201

Filey, in Yorkshire, the Yule log and candle at, x. 256

Financial oppression, Roman, v. 301 n. 2

Finchra, mountain in Rum, xi. 284

Fingan Eve (St. Thomas's Day) in the Isle of Man, x. 266

Finger bitten off as sacrifice, iii. 166 n. 2

Finger-joints, custom of sacrificing, iv. 219;

mock sacrifice of, iv. 219

—— -rings as amulets, iii. 315

Fingers cut off as a sacrifice, iii. 161

Finistère, effigy of Carnival at Pontaven in, iv. 230;

the harvest Wolf in, vii. 275;

bonfires on St. John's Day in, x. 183

Finland, sacred groves and trees in, ii. 11;

cattle protected by the woodland spirits in, ii. 124;

Midsummer fires in, x. 180 sq.;

fir-tree as life-index in, xi. 165 sq.

—— Gulf of, i. 325

Finlay, George, on Roman financial oppression, v. 301 n. 2

Finnisch-Ugrian peoples, sacred groves of the, ii. 10 sq.

Finnish hunters do not call animals by their proper names, iii. 398

Finnish witches and wizards thought to cause winds, i. 325 sq.

Finns, feared as sorcerers, iii. 281;

their propitiation of slain bears, viii. 223 sq.

Finow, a Tongan chief, iii. 140

Finsch Harbour in German New Guinea, Kolem on, i. 338;

the Papuans of, iii. 329;

the Kai tribe inland from, vii. 99, viii. 296, xi. 239

Fir used to beat people with at Christmas, ix. 270, 271

—— or beech used to make the Yule log, x. 249

Fir-branches, prayers of girl at puberty to, x. 51;

at Midsummer, x. 177;

Midsummer mummers clad in, xi. 25 sq.

—— -cones, seeds of, gathered on St. John's Day, xi. 64

—— -tree as life-index, xi. 165 sq.

—— -trees set up at Midsummer, ii. 65;

gout transferred to, ix. 56;

mistletoe on, xi. 315, 316

—— -wood used to kindle need-fire, x. 278, 282

Firdusi's Epic of Kings, x. 104

Fire in the worship of Diana, i. 12 sq.;

power of extinguishing, ascribed to priests, i. 231, and to chaste women, ii. 240 n. 2;

used to stop rain, i. 252 sq.;

used in rain-making ceremonies, i. 303 sq.;

as a charm to rekindle the sun, i. 311, 313;

the King of, in Cambodia, ii. 3 sqq.;

birth from the, ii. 195 sqq.;

the king's, ii. 195 sqq.;

impregnation of women by, ii. 195 sqq., 230 sqq., 234, vi. 235;

kindled by the friction of wood, ii. 207 sqq., 235 sqq., 237 sq., 243, 248 sqq., 258 sq., 262, 263, 336, 366, 372, viii. 127, 136, 314, x. 132, 133, 135, 136, 137, 138, 144 sq., 148, 155, 169 sq., 175, 177, 179, 220, 264, 270 sqq., 335 sq., xi. 8, 90, 295;

taken from sacred hearth to found a new village, ii. 216;

custom of extinguishing fire and rekindling it by the friction of wood, ii. 217, 237;

kindled from ancestral tree, ii. 221, 233 sq.;

on the hearth, souls of ancestors in the, ii. 232;

reasons for attributing a procreative virtue to, ii. 233 sq.;

made jointly by man and woman or boy and girl, ii. 235 sqq.;

need-fire made by married men, ii. 238;

not to be blown upon with the breath, ii. 240, 241, iii. 136, viii. 254, x. 133;

tribes reported to be ignorant of the art of kindling, ii. 253 sqq.;

people reported to be ignorant of the use of, ii. 254 n. 1;

discovery of, by mankind, ii. 255 sqq.;

[pg 271]

kindled by natural causes, ii. 256;

kindled by lightning, beliefs and customs concerning, ii. 256 n. 1, 263, xi. 297 sq.;

art of making fire by friction, how discovered, ii. 256 sq.;

carried about by savages, ii. 257 sqq.;

kept burning in houses of chiefs and kings, ii. 260 sqq.;

extinguished on the death of the king, ii. 261 sqq.;

carried before king or chief, ii. 263 sq.;

a symbol of life, ii. 265;

leaping over a, ii. 327, 329;

sheep driven over, as a purification, ii. 327;

rule as to removing fire from priest's house, iii. 13;

purification by, iii. 108, 109, 111, 114, 168, 197, v. 115 n. 1, 179 sqq., xi. 19;

tabooed, iii. 178, 182, 256 sq.;

not to be blown upon by sacred chiefs, iii. 256;

of a kiln called by a special name in the Outer Hebrides, iii. 395;

not to be called by its proper name, iii. 411;

voluntary death by, iv. 42 sqq.;

Persian reverence for, v. 174 sq.;

death in the, as an apotheosis, v. 179 sq.;

not given out, vii. 249;

leaping through, as a form of purification, viii. 249;

girls at puberty forbidden to see or go near, x. 29, 45, 46;

menstruous women not allowed to touch or see, x. 84, 85;

extinguished at menstruation, x. 87;

in fire-festivals, different possible explanations of its use, x. 112 sq.;

made by flints or by flint and steel, x. 121, 124, 126, 127, 145, 146, 159;

made by a burning-glass, x. 121, 127;

made by a metal mirror, x. 132, 137, 138 n. 5;

year called a fire, x. 137;

thought to grow weak with age, x. 137;

pretence of throwing a man into, x. 148, 186, xi. 25;

carried round houses, corn, cattle, and women after child-bearing, x. 151 n.;

used to drive away witches and demons at Midsummer, x. 170;

as a protection against evil spirits, x. 282, 285 sq.;

made by means of a wheel, x. 335 sq., xi. 91;