General Index (continued 16)

Ships sunk by witches, i. 135;

ancient processions with, perhaps rain-charms, i. 251 n. 3

Shire River, the Makanga on the, viii. 287

Shirley Heath, cleft ash-tree at, xi. 168

Shirt worn by the effigy of Death, its use, iv. 247, 249

——, wet, divination by, at Hallowe'en, x. 236, 241

Shiverings and shakings as signs of inspiration, i. 377

Shoa, belief as to the shadow of an enemy in, iii. 83;

a province of Abyssinia, customs observed at eating in, iii. 116

Shoe untied at marriage, iii. 300;

custom of going with one shoe on and one shoe off, iii. 311 sqq.;

divination by thrown, x. 236

Shoes of priestess not to be made from skin of animal that died a natural death, iii. 14;

not to be brought into the sanctuary of Alectrona, viii. 45;

not to be worn in sanctuary of the Mistress at Lycosura, viii. 46;

of boar's skins worn by king at inauguration, x. 4;

magical plants at Midsummer put in, xi. 54, 60, 65

Shogun's palace in Japan, ix. 144

Shooter, Rev. J., on the agricultural labours of women among the Zulus, vii. 113 sq.;

on breaking a calabash and sacrifice of bulls at Zulu festival of first-fruits, viii. 68 n. 3

Shooting at the sun on Midsummer Day, xi. 291

“—— the Witches” on St. Sylvester's Day in Bohemia, ix. 164;

at witches in the clouds among the South Slavs, x. 345

Shooting stars, superstitions as to, iv. 58 sqq.

Shorea robusta, the sâl tree, sacred groves of, among the Khonds, ii. 41

Shortland, E., on taboo in New Zealand, iii. 134 n. 3

“Shot-a-dead” by fairies, x. 303

Shoulder-blades of sheep used in divination, iii. 229, 229 n. 4, viii. 234

Shoulders of medicine-men especially sensitive, v. 74 n. 4

Shouting as a means of stopping earthquakes, v. 197 sqq.

Shravan, an Indian month, iv. 55

Shrew-ash, how prepared, i. 83

—— -mouse in magic, i. 83

Shrine (fierte) of St. Romain at Rouen, ii. 167, 168, 170 n. 1;

of Aesculapius at Sicyon, v. 81

——, golden models of, found in royal graves at Mycenae, v. 33

Shrines of dead Shilluk kings, iv. 24 sq.;

of shark-shaped and crocodile-shaped heroes in Yam, v. 139 n. 1

Shropshire, Feast of All Souls in, vi. 78;

cutting “the neck” at harvest in, vii. 268;

“to loose the goose” at harvest in, vii. 277 n. 3;

“crying the Mare” at harvest in, vii. 293 sq.;

the sin-eater in, ix. 44;

the tug-of-war at Ludlow in, ix. 182;

fires on Twelfth Night in, ix. 321;

the Yule log in, x. 257;

fear of witchcraft in, x. 342 n. 4;

the oak thought to bloom on Midsummer Eve in, xi. 292, 293

Shrove Tuesday, dances on, to make the hemp or flax grow tall, i. 138 sq.;

straw puppet burnt by the Slovenes on, ii. 93;

Burial of the Carnival on, iv. 221 sqq.;

mock death of, iv. 227 sqq.;

drama of Summer and Winter on, iv. 257;

pig's flesh boiled on, vii. 300;

dances to make the flax thrive on, viii. 326;

the tug-of-war on, ix. 182 sq.;

game of ball on, ix. 183;

dances to promote the growth of the crops on, ix. 239, 347;

effigies burnt on, x. 120;

straw-man burnt on, xi. [pg 460] 22;

wicker giants on, xi. 35;

cats burnt alive on, xi. 40;

the divining-rod cut on, xi. 68;

custom of striking a hen dead on, xi. 279 n.

Shrovetide Bear, the, iv. 230, viii. 325 sq.

—— custom in the Erzgebirge, iv. 208 sq.;

in Bohemia, iv. 209

Shu, Egyptian god of light, v. 283 n. 3

Shumpaoli, god of the Makalaka, first-fruits offered to him, viii. 110 sq.

Shurii-Kia-Miau, aboriginal tribe in China, annual human sacrifice among the, iv. 145

Shushan (Susa), fast of the Jews in, ix. 397

Shuswap Indians of British Columbia, their contagious magic of foot-prints, i. 210;

their beliefs and customs concerning twins, i. 265;

their way of bringing on cold weather, i. 319;

their recovery of lost souls, iii. 67 n.;

their belief as to the shadows of mourners, iii. 83;

customs observed by mourners among the, iii. 142;

girls at puberty forbidden to scratch themselves among the, iii. 146 n. 1;

continence of hunters among the, iii. 198;

eat nutlets of pines, v. 278 n. 2;

their propitiation of slain bears, viii. 226 sq.;

their regard for the bones of beavers, viii. 238;

seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 53 sq.;

girls at puberty forbidden to eat anything that bleeds among the, x. 94;

fence themselves with thorn bushes against ghosts, xi. 174 n. 2;

personal totems among the, xi. 276 n. 1;

their belief as to trees struck by lightning, xi. 297 n. 3

Shway Yoe (Sir George Scott), on the worship of nats in Burma, ix. 96

Sia Indians, chastity of hunters among the, iii. 197 sq.

Siam, use of fire kindled by lightning in, ii. 256 n. 1;

modes of executing royal criminals in, iii. 241 sq.;

forbidden to walk over the head of a superior in, iii. 254;

tigers and crocodiles not named in their haunts in, iii. 403 sq.;

annual temporary kings in, iv. 149 sqq.;

catafalque burnt at funeral of king of, v. 179;

annual festival of the dead in, vi. 65;

sickness transferred from sick man to image in, viii. 103;

the Laosians of, ix. 97;

annual expulsion of demons in, ix. 149 sqq.;

human scapegoats in, ix. 212;

tree-spirit in serpent form in, xi. 44 n. 1.

See also Siamese

——, king of, divinity of, i. 401;

his perpetual fire, ii. 262;

not allowed to set foot on ground, x. 3

——, kings of, their bodies not to be touched under pain of death, iii. 226;

names of, concealed from fear of sorcery, iii. 375

Siamese, the, do violence to the gods in time of drought or excessive rain, i. 299;

fear to fell fine trees, ii. 41;

kindle a sacred fire by means of a metal mirror or burning-glass, ii. 245 n.;

their belief as to foundation sacrifices, iii. 90;

their superstition as to passing under a rope, iii. 250;

their belief as to a guardian spirit in the head, iii. 252 sq.;

mock human sacrifices among the, iv. 218;

their explanation of a first menstruation, x. 24;

their story of the external soul, xi. 102

Siamese children, ceremony at cutting their hair, iii. 265 sqq.;

disposal of their cut hair, iii. 275

—— monks, their respect for trees, ii. 13

—— objection to stamping coins with the image of the king, iii. 98 sq.

—— year of twelve lunar months, ix. 149 n. 2

Siaoo, or Siauw, East Indian island, belief as to sylvan spirits in, ii. 33;

magic wrought by means of spittle in, iii. 288;

puppets substituted for human sacrificial victims in, iv. 218;

children sacrificed to volcano in, v. 219

Sibaia, a good spirit in Nias, viii. 276

Siberia, the Jukagirs of, i. 122; the Buryats of, ii. 32;

the Orotchis of, iii. 232;

the Samoyeds of, iii. 353;

the natives of, will not call bears by their proper name, iii. 398;

Eastern, the Gilyaks of, viii. 190;

North-East, the Chuckchees of, viii. 221;

North-East, the Koryaks of, viii. 232;

marriage custom in, x. 75;

external souls of shamans in, xi. 196 sq.

Siberian sable-hunters, their respect for dead sables, viii. 238

Sibitti-baal, king of Byblus, paid tribute to Tiglath-pileser, v. 14

Sibree, Rev. J., on divinity of Betsileo chiefs, i. 397

Sibyl, the, and the Golden Bough, i. 11;

and Aeneas, i. 11;

the Grotto of, at Marsala, v. 247;

the Norse, her prophecy, x. 102 sq.

Sibyl's wish, the, x. 99

Sibylline Books, v. 265

Sicilians, Demeter's gift of corn to the, vii. 56 sq.;

their lamentations at being robbed of an image of Demeter, vii. 65

Sicily, stones tied to fruit-trees in, i. 140;

attempts to compel the saints to give rain in, i. 299 sq.;

barren fruit-trees threatened in, ii. 21 sq.;

date of the artificial fertilization of fig-trees in, ii. 314;

Syrian prophet in, v. 74; fossil bones in, v. 157;

hot springs in, v. [pg 461] 213;

gardens of Adonis in, v. 245, 253 sq.;

divination at Midsummer in, v. 254;

Good Friday ceremonies in, v. 255 sq.;

worship of Demeter and Persephone in, vii. 56, 65;

Ascension Day in, ix. 54;

Midsummer fires in, x. 210;

St. John's Day (Midsummer Day) regarded as dangerous and unlucky in, xi. 29;

bathing at Midsummer in, xi. 29;

St. John's wort as a balm in, xi. 55

Sick, sacrifices for the, iv. 20, 25;

thought to be possessed by the spirits of kings, iv. 25 sq.

Sick man, attempts to prevent the escape of the soul of, iii. 30 sqq.

—— and old people put to death, iv. 14

—— people passed through a hole in an oak, ii. 371;

not allowed to sleep, iii. 95;

sprinkled with pungent spices, iii. 105 sq.;

resort to cave of Pluto, v. 205 sq.

See also Sickness

—— -room, mirrors covered up in, iii. 95

Sickles thrown at last standing corn, vii. 136, 142, 144, 153, 154, 165, 267, 268, 279, 296

Sickness, homoeopathic magic for the cure of, i. 78 sqq.;

explained by the absence of the soul, iii. 42 sqq.;

caused by ancestral spirits, iii. 53;

ascribed to possession by demons and cured by exorcism, iii. 105 sq.;

thought to be caused by demons or ghosts, viii. 100 sqq., ix. 88, 94, 100, 102, 103, 109 sqq.;

cured or prevented by effigies, viii. 100 sqq.;

transferred to things, ix. 2 sq., 4 sq.;

transferred to people, ix. 6 sq.;

transferred to animals in Africa and other parts of the world, ix. 31 sqq., xi. 181;

transferred to animals in Europe, ix. 49 sqq.;

bonfires a protection against, x. 108, 109.

See also Disease

Sicknesses expelled in a ship, ix. 185 sqq.

Sicyon, the wooing of Agariste at, ii. 307;

shrine of Aesculapius at, v. 81;

the sanctuary of Wolfish Apollo at, viii. 283;

wolves at, viii. 283, 284

Sidon, kings of, as priests of Astarte, v. 26

Siebold, H. von, on the bear-festivals of the Ainos, viii. 185 n.

Sieg, the Yule log in the valley of the, x. 248

Siem, king, among the Khasis of Assam, vi. 210 n. 1

Siena, the, of the Ivory Coast, their totemism, xi. 220 n. 2

Sierck, town on the Moselle, the mayor of, officiates at the lighting of the Midsummer fire, x. 164

Sierra Leone, the Grebo people of, iii. 14;

custom of beating a king before proclaiming him in, iii. 18;

the Pleiades observed by the natives of, vii. 317 sq.;

birth-trees in, xi. 160;

secret society in, xi. 260 sq.

Sierra Nevada in Colombia, the Aurohuaca Indians of the, iii. 215, 216

Sieves in homoeopathic magic, i. 157;

in rain-making, i. 251;

water poured through, as a rain-charm, i. 285;

children at birth placed in, vii. 6 sqq.;

divination by, x. 236

Sigai, hero in form of shark, v. 139 n. 1

Sigurd and the dragon Fafnir, iii. 324, viii. 146

Sihanaka, the, of Madagascar, funeral custom of the, vi. 246;

transference of sickness to things among the, ix. 2 sq.

Sikhim, kings of, puppets in the hands of priests, iii. 20;

villagers in, their fear of being photographed, iii. 98;

the people of, believe that ores and veins of metal are the treasure of earth-spirits, iii. 407 n. 2;

offerings at cairns in, ix. 26;

demonolatry in, ix. 94;

custom after a funeral in, xi. 18

Silberberg, in Bohemia, custom at flax-dressing in, vii. 194

Silence observed by women in making pottery, ii. 204;

enforced during absence of fisher, viii. 256;

at transferring fever to willow, ix. 58;

compulsory, to deceive demons, ix. 132 sq., 140;

compulsory on girls at puberty, x. 29, 57;

at bathing on Easter Saturday night, x. 123;

at fetching water on Easter Saturday night, x. 124;

at digging the root of the yellow mullein at midnight on Midsummer Eve, xi. 63;

at cutting a branch of hazel to form a divining-rod by night on Midsummer Eve, xi. 67;

in passing a ruptured or rickety child through a cleft tree, xi. 171;

in creeping through a hoop of willow as a cure, xi. 184

Silenuses, minor deities associated with Dionysus, viii. 1 sq.

Silesia, custom as to children's cast teeth in, i. 181;

precautions against witches on May Day in, ii. 54 sq.;

Whitsuntide King in, ii. 84;

contest for the kingship at Whitsuntide in, ii. 89 sq.;

St. George's Day in, ii. 336 sq.;

Whitsuntide mummers in, iv. 207 n. 1;

“Carrying out Death” in, iv. 236 sq., 239 sq., 250 sq., 264 sq., x. 119;

bringing in Summer in, iv. 246;

athletic sports at harvest in, vii. 76;

the Grandmother sheaf at harvest in, vii. 136;

the last sheaf called the Old Woman or Old Man in, vii. 138, 148 sq.;

Girlachsdorf in, vii. 138;

Hermsdorf in, vii. 139;

woman binder of last sheaf tied up in it in, vii. 139, 222;

loaf baked from corn [pg 462] of last sheaf in, vii. 148 sq.;

Langenbielau in, vii. 148;

the Wheat-bride, Oats-bride, Oats-king, and Oats-queen at harvest in, vii. 163 sq.;

Neisse in, vii. 164;

man who binds the last sheaf called the Beggar-man in, vii. 231;

Alt Lest in, vii. 231;

corn-stalks left on harvest-field in, vii. 233;

man who cuts or binds last sheaf called Wheat-dog or Peas-pug in, vii. 272;

reaping the last corn called “catching the Wolf” in, vii. 273;

the Harvest-cock in, vii. 277;

reaping the last corn called “catching the Cat” in, vii. 280;

reaper of last corn called the Tom-cat in, vii. 281;

Grüneberg in, vii. 281;

last sheaf shaped like a horned ox in, vii. 289;

Bunzlau in, vii. 289;

“catching the quail” at harvest in, vii. 295;

expulsion of witches on Good Friday in, ix. 157;

precautions against witches on Walpurgis Night in, ix. 162 sq.;

precautions against witches at Christmas and New Year in, ix. 164;

“Easter Smacks” in, ix. 268, 269;

mode of reckoning the Twelve Days in, ix. 327;

Spachendorf in, x. 119;

fires to burn the witches in, x. 160;

Midsummer fires in, x. 170 sq., 175;

need-fire in, x. 278;

witches as cats in, x. 319 sq.;

divination by flowers on Midsummer Eve in, xi. 53 Silili, a Babylonian goddess, ix. 371

Silius Italicus, on the fire-walk of the Hirpi Sorani, xi. 14 n. 3

Silk-cotton trees reverenced, ii. 14 sq.

Silkworms, taboos observed by breeders of, iii. 194

Sill of door, unlucky children passed under the, xi. 190

Silvanus, the Roman wood-god, his representations in art, ii. 45 n. 2;

associated with Diana, ii. 121;

god of cattleas well as woods, ii. 124;

associated with the Fauns, viii. 2

Silver and gold as totems, iii. 227 n.

Silver poplar a charm against witchcraft, ii. 336

—— sixpence or button used to shoot witches with, x. 316

Silvia and Mars, story of, xi. 192

Silvii, the family name of the kings of Alba, ii. 178 sqq., 192, 379

Silvius, first king of Alba, ii. 179

Simbang, in German New Guinea, belief in the transmigration of human souls into crocodiles at, viii. 295

Simbirsk, Government of, in Russia, the “Funeral of Kostroma” in, iv. 262

Simeon, prince of Bulgaria, his life bound up with the capital of a column, xi. 156 sq.

Similarity in magic, law of, i. 52, 53

Similkameen Indians, of British Columbia, eat hearts of bears to make them brave, viii. 146

Simla, annual fair and dance near, x. 12

Simplification, danger of excessive simplification in science, i. 332 sq.

Simpson, W., as to Emperors of China, iii. 125 n. 3

Simurgh and Rustem, in Firdusi's Epic of Kings, x. 104

Sin regarded as something material, iii. 214, 216, 217 sq.;

transferred to things, ix. 3. See also Sins

Sin-eater, the, ix. 43 sq.

—— -eating in Wales, ix. 43 sq.

—— -offering, x. 82

Sinai, “Mistress of Turquoise” at, v. 35

Sinaitic Peninsula, annual festival of Bedouins in the, iv. 97

Sinaugolo tribe of British New Guinea, women after childbirth not allowed to handle food in the, iii. 147 sq.

Sinew of the thigh, customs and myths as to, viii. 264 sqq.

Sinews of sacrificial ox cut, vi. 252;

of dead men cut to disable their ghosts, viii. 272

Singa Bonga, spirit who dwells in the sun, the first-fruits of the harvest dedicated to him by the Hos of Bengal, viii. 117

Singalang Burong, a Dyak war-god, invoked in a long liturgy at the Head-feast, ix. 383, 384 n. 1;

the Ruler of the Spirit World, story of the marriage of his daughter to a mortal man, iv. 127 sq.

Singarmati Devi, Indian goddess, worshipped by breeders of silkworms in Mirzapur, iii. 194

Singer, charm to become a good, i. 156;

navel-string used to make a boy a fine, i. 197 sq.;

the best, chosen chief, ii. 298 sq.

Singhalese, their fear of demons, iii. 233 sq.;

their use of iron as a talisman against demons, iii. 233 sq.;

unlock locks to facilitate childbirth, iii. 297;

their custom of tying a knot as a charm on a threshing-floor, iii. 308 sq.;

seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 69. See also Cingalese

Singhalese custom as to cast teeth, i. 180

—— sorcerers, their use of magical images, i. 65

Singing to the moon by wives and sisters in the absence of the men, i. 125

Singleton, Miss A. H., on hunting the wren in Ireland, viii. 320 n. 1;

on an Irish cure for whooping-cough, xi. 192 n. 1

Sink or swim, in divination, i. 196;

test [pg 463] used to determine a new incarnation, i. 413

Sins, the remission of, through the shedding of blood, v. 299;

transferred to a buffalo calf, ix. 36 sq.;

transferred vicariously to human beings, ix. 39 sqq.;

of people transferred to animals, ix. 210;

the Jewish confession of, over the scapegoat, ix. 210;

the absolution of, pronounced by the Mikado, ix. 213 n. 1;

Delaware Indian remedies for, ix. 263

——, confession of, i. 266, iii. 114, 191, 195, 211 sq., 214 sqq., ix. 31, 36, 127;

originally a magical ceremony, iii. 217

Sinsharishkun, last king of Assyria, burned himself in his palace, v. 174

Sintang, district of West Borneo, use of rice to attract souls in, iii. 35

Sinuessa, in Campania, its waters thought to fertilize women, ii. 161

Siouan tribes of North America, names of clans not used in ordinary conversation among the, xi. 224 n. 2

Sioux Indians ate the hearts of brave enemies to make themselves brave, viii. 150;

their respect for turtles, viii. 243;

ritual of death and resurrection among the, xi. 268 sq.

—— girl sacrificed for the crops, vii. 238 sq.

Siphnos, titular kings in, i. 46 n. 4;

ceremonies at felling a tree in the island of, ii. 37

Siphoum, in Laos, taboos observed by salt-workers at, iii. 200

Sipi in Northern India, annual fair and dance at, x. 12

Sipylus, Mother Plastene on Mount, v. 185

Siriac or Sothic period in ancient Egypt, vi. 36

Sirius (the Dog-star), the soul of Isis in, iv. 5;

observed by Egyptian astronomers, vi. 27;

called Sothis by the Egyptians, vi. 34;

date of its rising in ancient Egypt, vi. 34;

heliacal rising of, on July 20th, vi. 34 n. 1, 93;

the star of Isis, vi. 34, 119;

its rising marked the beginning of the sacred Egyptian year, vi. 35;

its rising observed in Ceos, vi. 35 n. 1;

sacrifices offered at its rising on the top of Mount Pelion, vi. 36 n.;

in connexion with the Sed festival, vi. 152 sq.;

associated with Ishtar, ix. 359 n. 1;

how the Bushmen warm up, x. 332 sq.

Sis in Cilicia, v. 144

Sister, marriage with, in royal families, iv. 193 sq.

—— and brother not allowed to mention each other's names, iii. 344

—— of a god, v. 51

Sister's Beam (Sororium tigillum) at Rome, xi. 194, 195 n. 4

—— children preferred to man's own children, mark of mother-kin, ii. 285

Sisters, taboos observed by, in the absence of their brothers, i. 122, 123, 125, 127;

kings marry their, v. 316

—— of king, licence accorded to, ii. 274 sqq.

—— of hunters, taboos observed by, i. 122

Sisters-in-law, their names not to be pronounced, iii. 338, 342, 343

Sisyphus, the stone of, x. 298

Sit (Set), malignant Egyptian god, iii. 68. See Set

Sita, wife of Rama, the Holy Basil (tulasi) regarded as an embodiment of, ii. 26

Sithon, king of the Odomanti, and his daughter Pallene, ii. 307

Sitting on the ground prohibited to warriors, iii. 159, 162, 163

Situa, annual festival of the Incas, ix. 128

Siu, a Sea Dyak, and his bird wife, iv. 127 sq.

Siva, one of the persons of the Hindoo Trinity, i. 404;

his wife Gauri, ii. 77 sq.

—— and Pârvati, marriage of the images of, iv. 265 sq.

Six hundred and sixty-six, the number of the Beast, iv. 44

Sixpence, silver, witches shot with a, x. 316

Sixth day of the moon, mistletoe cut on the, xi. 77

Sixty years, cycles of, xi. 77 n. 1

Siyins of North-Eastern India, their belief in demons, ix. 93

Sizu in Cilicia, v. 144

Skates worshipped by the Indians of Peru, viii. 250

Skatsantzari, fiends or monsters in Macedonia, ix. 320

Skeat, W. W., on Malay rain-making, i. 262;

on the sanctity of the regalia among the Malays, i. 398;

on the Rice-mother and Rice-child among the Malays, vii. 197 sqq.

—— and Blagdon, C. O., on the power of medicine-men among the wild tribes of the Malay Peninsula, i. 360 sq.

Skein, tangled, as a talisman to keep off ghosts, ix. 153 n. 1

Skeleton drenched with water as a rain-charm, i. 284

Skene, W. F., on the Picts as Celts, ii. 286 n. 2

Skin of slain animal placed on a dead man to recruit his strength, iii. 68 sq.;

of sacrificial victim in Greek ritual, iii. [pg 464] 312;

of ox stuffed and set up, v. 296 sq., viii. 5;

body of Egyptian dead placed in a bull's, vi. 15 n. 2;

of sacrificial victim used in the rite of the new birth, vi. 155 sq.;

of sacrificed ram placed on statue of Ammon, viii. 41, 172;

of sacrificed bird or animal, uses of, viii. 170, 173 sq.

See also Skins

Skin-disease, bathing in dew at Midsummer as remedy for, v. 247, 248, x. 208;

caused by eating a sacred animal, viii. 25 sqq.;

supposed remedy for, ix. 266;

Mexican remedy for, ix. 298;

leaping over ashes of fire as remedy for, xi. 2;

traditional cure of, in India, xi. 192

Skinner, Principal J., on the burnt sacrifice of children, vi. 219

Skins of sacrificed animals hung in sacred groves, ii. 11;

of horses stuffed and set up at graves, v. 293, 294;

of sacrificed animals stuffed or stretched on frameworks, viii. 5, 257 sq.;

of sacrificial victims used to beat people, ix. 265;

creatures that slough their, supposed to renew their youth, ix. 302 sqq.

—— of human victims, uses made of, v. 293;

worn by men in Mexico, ix. 265 sq., 288, 290, 294 sq., 296 sqq., 301 sq.

Skipping-rope played by Gilyaks at bear-festival, viii. 192

Skoptsi or Skoptsy, the, a fanatical Russian sect, mutilate themselves, ii. 145 n. 1, iv. 196 n. 3

Skull of dead king, drinking out of, as a means of inspiration, iv. 200, vi. 171;

drinking out of a human, in order to acquire the qualities of the deceased, viii. 150;

of enemy, lad at circumcision seated on, viii. 153.

See also Skulls

Skull-cap worn by girls at their first menstruation, iii. 146;

worn by Australian widows, iii. 182 n. 2

Skulls used as charms to cause invisibility, i. 150;

of raccoons prayed to for rain, i. 288;

of bears nailed to sacred firs, ii. 11;

of dead used as drinking-cups among the Australian aborigines, iii. 372;

of dead kings of Uganda removed and kept, iv. 202 sq., vi. 169;

human, as protection against powers of evil, vii. 241;

the Place of, vii. 243;

spirits of ancestors in their, viii. 123;

of bears worshipped by the Ainos, viii. 181, 184;

of foxes consulted as oracles, viii. 181; of bears as talismans, viii. 197;

of turtles propitiated by turtle-fishermen, viii. 244;

of enemies destroyed, viii. 260

——, ancestral, used in magical ceremonies, i. 163; in rain-charm, i. 285;

rubbed as a propitiation, iii. 197;

offerings set beside, viii. 127

Sky, twins called the children of the, i. 267, 268;

appeal to the pity of the, as a rain-charm, i. 302 sq.;

Aryan god of the, ii. 374 sq.;

observation of the, for omens, iv. 58;

conceived by the Egyptians as a cow, v. 283 n. 3;

girls at puberty not allowed to look at the, x. 43, 45, 46, 69

—— and earth, myth of their violent separation, v. 283

Sky-god, Attis as a, v. 282 sqq.;

married to Earth-goddess, v. 282, with n. 2;

mutilation of the, v. 283;

invoked at Eleusis, vii. 69

—— -god Zeus, vii. 65

—— -goddess, the Egyptian, ix. 341

—— -spirit, sacrifice of children to, iv. 181

Skye, x. 289;

sacred wood in the island of, ii. 44;

the need-fire in, ii. 238, x. 148;

the last sheaf called the Cripple or Lame Goat at harvest in, vii. 164, 284

Sladen, Colonel, expulsion of fire-spirit among the Shans witnessed by, ix. 141

Slain, fear of the ghosts of the, iii. 165 sqq.

Slane, the hill of, Paschal fire lit by St. Patrick on the, x. 158

Slaughter of the Dragon, drama of the, at Delphi and Thebes, iv. 78 sqq., 89;

myth of the, iv. 105 sqq.

—— of prisoners often a sacrifice to the gods, v. 290 n. 2

Slave, charm to bring back a runaway, i. 152, 317;

whipped for rain or sunshine, i. 297;

treated as the representative of heaven, i. 399 sq.

Slave Indians will not taste blood, iii. 241;

do not pare nails of female children, iii. 263

—— priests at Nemi, i. 11

—— women, religious ceremony performed by, ii. 313, ix. 258

Slave Coast of West Africa, custom observed by the mother of stillborn twins on the, i. 269 n. 1;

the Ewe negroes of the, i. 317, iii. 263;

the Ewe-speaking peoples of the, ii. 15, 149, iii. 9, 116, 119, 222, 323, v. 83 n. 1, ix. 74;

negroes of the, their story of a fungus which revealed a murder, ii. 33;

negroes of the, allure the tree-spirit from the tree, ii. 35;

exorcism of demons from children on the, iii. 106;

Jebu on the, iii. 121;

children protected against demons by iron on the, iii. 235;

the Yoruba-speaking negroes of the, iii. 252, viii. 149;

custom at [pg 465] end of mourning on the, iii. 286;

precaution as to the spittle of kings on the, iii. 289;

Porto Novo on the, iv. 117;

Whydah on the, iv. 188;

sacred men and women on the, v. 65, 68;

the Adeli of the, viii. 116;

custom of widows on the, xi. 18 sq.;

use of bull-roarers on the, xi. 229 n.

See also Ewe negroes

Slaves succeed to kingdom in Ashantee in default of sons and sisters' sons, ii. 275;

succeed to kingdom in the Fantee country to exclusion of sons, ii. 275;

licence granted to, at Saturnalia, ii. 312, ix. 307 sq., 350 sq., 351 sq.;

female, licence accorded to, at the Nonae Caprotinae, ii. 313 sq.;

runaway, charm for recovering, iii. 305 sq.;

sacrificed as substitutes for their masters at the funeral of a king, iv. 117;

sacred, in Western Asia, v. 39 n. 1;

feasted by their masters, ix. 308, 350 sq.;

feasted by their mistresses, ix. 346.

See also Slave

—— of the Earth Gods among the Ewe negroes, viii. 61, 62 n. 1

Slavonia, “Carrying out Death” in, iv. 240;

Good Friday custom in, ix. 268;

the Yule log in, x. 262 sq.;

need-fire in, x. 282

—— (South), peasants of, threaten fruit-trees to make them bear fruit, ii. 21;

crown their cattle on St. George's Day as a protection against witchcraft, ii. 126 sq.;

the measures they take to bring down witches from the clouds, x. 345.

See also Slavonians and Slavs

Slavonian bride led thrice round the fire of her new home, ii. 230

—— custom of throwing a knife or a hat at a whirlwind, i. 329

Slavonians, South, housebreaker's charm to cause sleep among the, i. 148;

thief's charm among the, i. 153;

their custom as to cast teeth, i. 178;

their belief as to trees growing on graves, ii. 32 sq.;

their belief as to the fertilization of barren women by fruit-trees, ii. 56 sq., 344;

wash their cows in dew on Midsummer morning, ii. 127;

their custom of impregnating a woman by sparks of fire, ii. 231;

their belief as to stepping over a person, iii. 424;

transfer their laziness to a cornel-tree, ix. 54 sq.

See also Slavonia and Slavs

Slavonic countries, the corn-spirit as a dog or wolf in, vii. 271

—— custom of “Carrying out Death,” ix. 230

—— peoples, harvest customs concerning the last sheaf among the, vii. 144 sqq.;

“Easter Smacks” among the, ix. 268;

need-fire among the, x. 280 sqq., 344

Slavonic stories of the external soul, xi. 108 sqq.

—— year, the beginning of the, ix. 228

Slavs, tree-worship among the heathen, ii. 9;

love charms and divination on St. George's Day among the, ii. 345 sq.;

the thunder-god Perun of the, ii. 365;

custom of regicide among the, iv. 52;

festival of the New Year among the old, iv. 221;

the old, began their year with March, iv. 221 sq.;

“Sawing the Old Woman” among the, iv. 242;

the Corn-mother among the, vii. 132, 135;

black god and white god among the, ix. 92;

the oak a sacred tree among the, xi. 89;

oak-wood used to kindle sacred fires among the, xi. 91

—— of the Balkan Peninsula, their mode of kindling fire by friction, ii. 237;

will not blow on fire of hearth with their mouths, ii. 241;

locks and keys as amulets among the, iii. 308

—— of Carinthia, Green George on St. George's Day among the, ii. 75, 343

——, South, their magic of footprints, i. 211;

St. George's Day the chief festival of spring among the, ii. 339 sq.;

divine by the shoulder-blades of sheep, iii. 229 n. 4;

names of relations tabooed among the, iii. 337;

practice of childless women among the, in order to obtain children, v. 96;

children of living parents at marriage among the, vi. 246;

Midsummer fires among the, x. 178;

the Yule log among the, x. 247, 258 sqq.;

divination from flowers at Midsummer among the, xi. 50;

their belief in the activity of witches at Midsummer, xi. 74 sq.;

need-fire sometimes kindled by the friction of oak-wood among the, xi. 91

——, the Western, religious capital of, i. 383

Slayers of leopards, rules of diet observed by, viii. 230 sq.

Slaying of the Dragon, annual drama at Furth in Bavaria, ii. 163 sq.;

of the king in legend, iv. 120 sqq.;

of the Dragon by Apollo at Delphi, vi. 240 sq.

Sleeman, General Sir William, on the use of scapegoats in India, ix. 190 sq.

Sleep, homoeopathic magic of the dead used to produce, i. 147 sqq.;

charms employed by burglars to cause, i. 148 sq.;

absence of soul in, iii. 36 sqq.;

forbidden in house after a death, iii. 37 sq.;

sick people not allowed to, iii. 95;

on the ground forbidden, iii. 110;

in bed forbidden, iii. 194;

forbidden [pg 466] to unsuccessful eagle-hunter, iii. 199;

magic, at initiation, xi. 256 sq.

Sleep of the god in winter, according to the Phrygians, vi. 41

“—— of war,” among the Blackfoot Indians, i. 147

Sleeper not to be wakened suddenly, iii. 39 sqq.;

not to be moved nor his appearance altered, iii. 41 sq.

Sleeping by day forbidden to women during the absence of warriors, i. 127 sq.;

on the ground, custom observed by certain priests, ii. 248

Sligo, County, the Druids' Hill in, x. 229

Sloe, twigs of the, burnt on May Day as a protection against witches, ix. 158 sq.

Slope of Big Stones in Harris, x. 227

—— of Virbius on the Esquiline hill at Rome, i. 4 n. 5, ii. 321

Sloth, the animal, imitated by masker, ix. 381

Sloughing the skin supposed to be a mode of renewing youth, ix. 302 sqq.

Slovenes, their custom of Green George on St. George's Day, ii. 79, 343

—— of Overkrain burn a straw puppet on Shrove Tuesday, ii. 93

Slovenians, their belief in the activity of witches on Midsummer Eve, xi. 75

Slow-footed animals not eaten by some savage tribes lest they make the eaters slow also, viii. 139 sq.;

eaten by preference by the Bushmen, viii. 140 sq.

Small Bird clan of the Dinkas, iv. 31

Smallpox not mentioned by its proper name, iii. 400, 410, 411, 416;

Chinese cure for, by means of beans and a winnowing-sieve, vii. 9 sq.;

clay figures offered as substitutes for living persons to the spirit of, viii. 106;

transference of, in Mirzapur, ix. 6;

demon of, transferred to a sow, ix. 33;

attempt to deceive the spirit of, ix. 112 n. 2;

blood of monkey used to exorcize the devil of, ix. 117;

spirit of, dismissed with tokens of respect and good-will, ix. 119;

spirit of, driven out of village by drumming and dancing, ix. 120;

flight from the evil spirit of, ix. 122 sq.;

barricade of cutting weapons erected against the evil spirit of, ix. 122;

demon of, expelled by means of an image, ix. 172;

expelled in a proa from Buru, ix. 186;

sent away in a canoe by the Yabim of New Guinea, ix. 188 sq.

Smearing the body as a means of imparting certain qualities, viii. 162 sqq.

—— blood on the person as a purification, iii. 104, 115;

on persons, dogs, and weapons as a mode of pacifying their souls, iii. 219;

on worshippers as a mode of communion with the deity, viii. 316

Smearing fat on person after a long absence, iii. 112

—— gall of eagle on eyes of blear-sighted persons, i. 154

—— lampblack on forehead to avert the evil eye, vi. 261

—— porridge on the face before and after a journey, iii. 112;

on the bodies of manslayers, iii. 176

—— red paint on girls at puberty, x. 31

—— sheep's entrails on body as mode of purification, iii. 174

—— white clay on people after festival of first-fruits, viii. 75;

on novices at initiation, xi. 255 n. 1, 259

Smell, evil, used to drive demons away, vi. 261, ix. 112

Smeroe, Mount, volcano in Java, idols worshipped on, v. 221

Smet, J. de, on human sacrifices among the Pawnees, vii. 239 n. 1

Smintheus Apollo, his worship said tohave been instituted in order to avert mice, viii. 283;

image of mouse in histemple in the Troad, viii. 283

Smith, George Adam, on fertility of Bethlehem, v. 257 n. 3

Smith, Professor G. C. Moore, on theStraw-bear at Whittlesey, viii. 329

Smith, W. Robertson, on rain thought to be caused by defilement, i. 301 n. 2;

on the hunting of souls, iii. 77 n. 1;

on the Raskolniks, iii. 96 n. 1;

on the covenant formed by eating together, iii. 130 n. 1;

on the Mosaic laws compared with savage customs, iii. 219 n. 1;

on Arab legend of king bled to death, iii. 243 n. 7;

on the original sanctity of domestic animals, iii. 247 n. 5;

on a vintage piaculum, iv. 8 n. 1;

on the date of the month Tammuz, v. 10 n. 1;

on anointing as consecration, v. 21 n. 3;

on Baal as god of fertility, v. 26 sq.;

on caves in Semitic religion, v. 169 n. 3;

on Tophet, v. 177 n. 4;

on the predominance of goddesses over gods in early Semitic religion, vi. 213;

on the sacrifice of children to Moloch, vi. 220 n. 1;

on the date of the month Lous at Babylon, vii. 259 n. 1;

on the bouphonia, viii. 5 n. 2;

on the sacrifice of wild boars in Cyprus, viii. 23 n. 3;

on ceremonial purification, viii. 27 n. 5;

on the annual sacrifice of a sacred animal, viii. 31 n. 1;

on the reverence of pastoral peoples for their cattle, viii. 35 n. 2;

as to disrespect for herring, viii. 251 n. 5;

on the sinew of the thigh, viii. 266 n. 1;

on a Syrian remedy for caterpillars, viii. 280 n.;

on an Arab [pg 467] cure for melancholy, ix. 4 n. 2;

on Semiramis, ix. 369 sq.

Smith, a spectral, x. 136

Smith Sound, the Esquimaux of, iii. 32 n. 2

Smith's craft regarded as uncanny, iii. 236 n. 5

Smiths sacred, i. 349;

viewed as inspired, iii. 237 n.

Smoke used in rain-making, i. 249, 291;

of cedar inhaled as means of inspiration, i. 383 sq.;

as a charm against witchcraft, ii. 330;

made in imitation of rain-clouds, x. 133;

used to stupefy witches in the clouds, x. 345;

used to fumigate sheep and cattle, xi. 12, 13

—— of bonfires, omens drawn from the, x. 116, 131, 337;

intended to drive away dragons, x. 161;

allowed to pass over corn, x. 201, 337

—— of Midsummer bonfires a preservative against ills, x. 188;

a protection against disease, x. 192;

beneficial effects of, x. 214 sq.

—— of Midsummer herbs a protection against thunder and lightning, xi. 48;

used to fumigate cattle, xi. 53

—— of need-fire used to fumigate fruit-trees, nets, and cattle, x. 280

Smoke-hole, remains of slain bear at festival brought into the house through the, viii. 189 sq., 196, 256, 256 n. 1

Smoking as a means of inducing prophetic trance or inspiration, iv. 201, vi. 172;

as a means of inducing state of ecstasy, viii. 72;

to appease a rattlesnake, viii. 219;

in honour of slain bears, viii. 224, 226

Smoking first tobacco of season, ceremony at, viii. 82

Smolensk Government, St. George's Day in the, ii. 333 sq.

Smut in wheat, ceremony to prevent, ix. 318

Smyth, R. Brough, on fire customs of the Australian aborigines, ii. 257;

on menstruous women in Australia, x. 13

Snail supposed to suck blood of cattle, iii. 81 sq.

Snails as scapegoats, ix. 52, 53

Snake, used in rain-making, i. 287 sq.;

rajahs of Manipur descended from a, iv. 133;

white, eaten to acquire supernatural knowledge, viii. 146;

worshipped, viii. 316 sq.;

said to wound a girl at puberty, x. 56;

seven-headed, external soul of witch in a, xi. 144;

external soul of medicine-man in a, xi. 199.

See also Snakes and Serpent

—— or lizard in annual ceremony for the riddance of evils, ix. 208

Snake-bites, homoeopathic charms against, i. 152 sq.;

cured by snake-stones, i. 165;

rattlesnake dance to ensure immunity from, i. 358;

inoculation against, viii. 160

Snake clan exposed their infants to snakes, viii. 174 sq.

—— -entwined goddess found at Gournia in Crete, v. 88

—— -priest, his ceremonies to appease spirit of slain serpent, viii. 219

—— skin a charm against witchcraft, ii. 336

—— -stones thought to cure snake-bites, i. 165; superstitions as to, x. 15 sq.;

belief of the Scottish Highlanders concerning, xi. 311

—— tribe in the Punjaub, their worship of snakes, viii. 316 sq.;

their treatment of dead snakes, viii. 317

Snake's tongue on St. George's Day or Eve, a charm to ensure talkativeness, ii. 345 n., viii. 270

Snakes, magical ceremony for the multiplication of, i. 90;

human wives of, ii. 149, 150;

not called by their proper names, iii. 399, 401 sq., 407, 408, 411;

as fathers of human beings, v. 82;

fed with milk, v. 84 sqq.;

respected by North American Indians, viii. 217 sqq.;

sacred at Whydah, viii. 287;

souls of dead princes in, viii. 288;

souls of dead in, viii. 293, 294 sq.;

dead, accorded a regular funeral, viii. 317;

fat of, used as a hair-restorer, x. 14;

thought to congregate on Midsummer Eve or the Eve of May Day, x. 15 sq.;

rain-water used as a charm against, x. 17;

spirits of plants and trees in the form of, xi. 44 n.;

sympathetically related to human beings, xi. 209 sq.

See also Snake, Pythons, Rattlesnakes, and Serpents

Snapping the thumbs to prevent the departure of the soul, iii. 31

Snares set for souls, iii. 69

Snipe, fever transferred to a, ix. 51

Snorri Sturluson, on the dismemberment of Halfdan the Black, vi. 100

Snow, external soul of a king in, xi. 102

Snowdon, rain-making on, i. 307

“Sober” sacrifices, offered without wine by the ancient Greeks, i. 311 n. 1

Sobk, a crocodile-shaped Egyptian god, identified with the sun, vi. 123

Sochit or Sochet, epithet of Isis, vi. 117

Social progress, i. 420

—— ranks, inversion of, at festivals, ix. 350, 407

—— revolution from democracy to despotism, i. 371

Societies, secret, in North-Western [pg 468] America, ix. 377 sqq.;

and clans, totemic, related to each other, xi. 272 sq.

See also Secret societies

Society, uniformity of occupation in primitive, i. 245;

ancient, built on the principle of the subordination of the individual to the community, v. 300;

stratification of religion according to types of, viii. 35 sqq.;

three stages of, the hunting, the pastoral, and the agricultural, viii. 35, 37

Society Islanders, their observation of the Pleiades, vii. 312

—— Islands, offering of first-fruits in the, viii. 132 sqq.

Socrates, church historian, on sacred prostitution, v. 37 n. 2;

on a reported murder of a Christian child by Jews, ix. 394 sq.

Söderblom, N., on an attempted reform of the old Iranian religion, vi. 83 n. 2

Sodewa Bai and the golden necklace, story of, xi. 99 sq.

Sodom and Gomorrah, the destruction of, v. 222 n. 1

Sods, grassy, a protection against witches, ii. 54; of turf, a protection against witchcraft, ii. 335, 338;

freshly cut, a protection against witches, ix. 163

Sodza, a lightning goddess, among the Hos of Togoland, ii. 370

Soemara, in Celebes, were-wolf at, x. 312

Soerakarta, district of Java, conduct of natives in an earthquake, v. 202 n. 1

Soest, customs at flax-pulling near, vii. 225

Sofala in East Africa, the Caffres of, their objection to be struck with anything hollow, i. 157;

king of, revered as a god by his people, i. 392;

kings of, put to death, iv. 37 sq.;

dead kings of, consulted as oracles, iv. 201;

the Makalanga near, x. 135 n. 2

Sogamoso or Sogamozo, in South America, the pontiff of, supernatural powers ascribed to, i. 416;

heir to the throne of, not allowed to see the sun, x. 19

Sogble, a lightning god, among the Hos of Togoland, ii. 370

Sogne Fiord in Norway, Balder's Grove on the, x. 104, xi. 315

Soissons, the Boy Bishop at, ix. 337 n. 1

Sokari (Seker), a title of Osiris, vi. 87

Soku, West Africa, cut hair buried in cairns at, iii. 274 sq.

Sol invictus, title of Mithra, v. 304 n. 1

Solanum campylanthum, burned by Nandi women in the cornfields, vi. 47

Solaparuta in Sicily, custom on Palm Sunday at, i. 300

Solar festival in spring, xi. 3

Solar and lunar years, early attempts to harmonize, iv. 68 sq., vii. 80 sq., ix. 325 sq., 339, 341 sqq.

—— myth theory, i. 333

—— theory of the fires of the fire-festivals, x. 329, 331 sqq., xi. 15 sq., 72

Soldiers, foods tabooed to, in Madagascar, i. 117 sq.;

Roman, celebration of the Saturnalia by, ii. 310, ix. 308 sq.

See also Warriors

Solms-Laubach, Graf zu, on the artificial fertilization of fig-trees, ii. 314 n. 2

Solok district of Sumatra, rain-making in, i. 278

Solomon, King, his name used by Malay fowlers in snaring pigeons, iii. 408, 418;

puts Adoni-jah to death, v. 51 n. 2

——, the Baths of, in Northern Palestine, resorted to by childless wives in the hope of obtaining children, v. 78;

in Moab, visited by barren women in order to get children, v. 215 sq.

Solomon Islanders, their expulsion of demons, ix. 116

—— Islands, Florida, one of the, iii. 80, viii. 85, 126, 297;

places sacred to ghosts in the, iii. 80;

pigs sacrificed to ghosts in the, iii. 247;

San Cristoval in the, iii. 247;

fear of passing under a fallen tree in the, iii. 250;

Ugi, one of the, iii. 250, 277;

cut hair buried in the, to prevent it falling into the hands of sorcerers, iii. 277;

ghosts of gardens feared in the, viii. 85;

Guadalcanar one of the, viii. 126;

first-fruits offered to the dead in the, viii. 126 sq.;

Saa, one of the, viii. 127, 297;

belief in the transmigration of human souls into animals in the, viii. 296 sqq.;

Savo, one of the, viii. 297;

Ulawa, one of the, viii. 297, 298;

fatigue transferred to sticks, stones, or leaves in the, ix. 9

Solör, in Norway, harvest custom at, vii. 225

Solstice, the summer, and the Olympic festival, iv. 90;

swinging at, iv. 280;

the Nile rises at, vi. 31 n. 1, 33;

Basuto chiefs regulate the calendar at, vii. 117;

rain-making ceremony of the Zuni at, viii. 179;

new fire kindled by the Zuni at, x. 132, 133;

its importance for primitive man, x. 160 sq.

——, the winter, reckoned by the ancients the Nativity of the Sun, v. 303, x. 246;

Egyptian ceremony at, vi. 50;

Aztec festival of killing and eating a god at, viii. 90;

dramatic processions representing the corn spirit at, viii. 325;

festival of the Koryaks after, ix. 126 sq.;

new fire kindled by the Zuni at, x. 132;

Persian festival of fire at, x. 269

[pg 469]

Solstices observed by Californian Indians, vii. 125;

festivals of fire at the, x. 132 sq., 246, 247, 331 sq.;

the old pagan festivals of the two, consecrated as the birthdays of Christ and St. John the Baptist, x. 181 sq.;

fern-seed gathered at the, xi. 290 sq.;

mistletoe gathered at the, xi. 291 sq.

Solstitial fires perhaps sun-charms, xi. 292

Soma, Hindoo deity, x. 99 n. 2;

sacrifice of, in Vedic India, iii. 159 n.;

worship of the stone which presses out the juice of the, ix. 90

Somali, marriage custom of the, vi. 246, 247

Somersetshire, Midsummer fires in, x. 199

Somerville, Professor William, on the time for coupling ewes and rams, ii. 328 n. 4;

on the agricultural term “to stool,” vii. 193 n.

Somme, the river, ceremony of carrying lighted torches on the first Sunday in Lent in villages on, x. 113;

the department of, mugwort at Midsummer in, xi. 58

Sommerberg, the Grass King at Whitsuntide on the, ii. 86

Somosomo, a Fijian island, sacredness of priests and chiefs in, i. 389

Son, father thought to be reborn in his, iv. 188 sqq., 287 (288 in Second Impression);

abdication of father on birth of a son in Polynesia, iv. 190;

abdication of father when his son comes of age, in Fiji, iv. 191;

father fought and dispossessed by his son among the Corannas, iv. 191 sq.

“—— of the Father,” ix. 419 sq.

—— of God, alleged incarnation of the, in America, i. 409

—— of a god, v. 51.

See also Sons

—— of the king sacrificed for his father, iv. 160 sqq.

Son-in-law, his name not to be pronounced, iii. 338 sq., 344, 345

Songish or Lkungen tribe of Vancouver Island, their formal reception of the first salmon caught in the season, viii. 254

Songs of the corn-reapers, vii. 214 sqq.;

liturgical, revealed by gods, ix. 381

—— and dances, religious, of North-West American Indians, ix. 378 sq.

Sonnenberg, gout transferred to fir-tree in, ix. 56

Sonnerat, French traveller, on the fire-walk in India, xi. 6 sqq.

Sons, Roman kings not succeeded by their, ii. 270;

of king's sister preferred to king's own sons under female kinship, ii. 274 sq.

Sons of God, v. 78 sqq.

—— of gods, iv. 5

Soosoos of Senegambia, their secret society, xi. 261 sq.

Sopater accused of binding the winds, i. 325

Sophocles, on the calamities entailed by the crimes of Oedipus, ii. 115;

on the wooing of Dejanira by the river Achelous, ii. 161 sq.;

on the burning of Hercules, v. 111;

his play Triptolemus, vii. 54

Soracte, Mount, ix. 311;

sanctuary of Feronia at, iv. 186 n. 3;

fire-walk of the Hirpi Sorani on, xi. 14 sq.

“Soranian Wolves” (Hirpi Sorani), at Soracte, iv. 186 n. 4, xi. 14, 91 n. 7

Soranus, Italian god of Mount Soracte, xi. 14;

etymology of his name, xi. 15 n. 1, 16

Sorcerers regarded as chiefs, i. 337 sq., 342 sq.;

souls extracted or detained by, iii. 69 sqq.;

influence wielded by, iii. 107;

make use of cut hair and other bodily refuse, iii. 268 sq., 274 sq., 278, 281 sq.;

injure men through their names, iii. 320, 322, 334;

as protectors against demons, ix. 94;

exorcize demons, ix. 113;

Midsummer herbs a protection against, xi. 45;

detected by St. John's wort, xi. 55;

detected by fern root, xi. 67.

See also Magic, Magicians, Medicine-men

—— or priests, order of effeminate, vi. 253 sqq.

Sorcery, the dread of, iii. 268;

pointing sticks or bones in, x. 14;

bonfires a protection against, x. 156;

sprigs of mullein protect cattle against, x. 190;

mistletoe a protection against, xi. 85;

savage dread of, xi. 224 sq.

See also Magic, Witchcraft

—— and witchcraft, Midsummer plants and flowers a protection against, xi. 45, 46, 49, 54, 55, 59, 60, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 72

Sorcha, the King of, in a Celtic tale, xi. 127 sq.

Sori, a person of the Batta Trinity, ix. 88 n. 1

Sorrentine Peninsula, puppet representing Lent sawn in two in the, iv. 245

Sorrowful One, the vaults of the, opened by the Boeotians in the month of sowing, vi. 41

Sorrows, the Master of, at funerals among the Chams, i. 280

Sositheus, his play Daphnis, vii. 217

Sothic or Siriac period in ancient Egypt, vi. 36

Sothis, Egyptian name for the star Sirius, vi. 34.

See Sirius

[pg 470]

Sotih, the, of Burma, revere a priestly king, iii. 237

Soul, belief in the pre-existence of the human, i. 104;

the perils of the, iii. 26 sqq.;

conceived as a mannikin, iii. 26 sqq.;

ancient Egyptian conception of the, iii. 28 sq.;

representations of the soul in Greek art, iii. 29 n. 1;

as a butterfly, iii. 29 n. 1, 41, 51 sq.;

absence and recall of the, iii. 30 sqq.;

attempts to prevent the soul from escaping from the body, iii. 30 sqq.;

sickness attributed to the absence of the, iii. 32, 42 sqq.;

tied by thread or string to the body, iii. 32 sq., 43, 51;

conceived as a bird, iii. 33 sqq.;

absent in sleep, iii. 36 sqq.;

in form of fly, iii. 36, 39;

in form of mouse, iii. 37, 39 n. 2;

in form of lizard, iii. 38;

caught in a cloth, iii. 46, 47, 48, 52, 53, 64, 67, 75 sq.;

identified with the shadow, iii. 77 sqq.;

identified with the reflection in water or a mirror, iii. 92 sqq.;

supposed to escape at eating and drinking, iii. 116;

in the blood, iii. 240, 241, 247, 250;

identified with the personal name, iii. 319;

of rice not to be frightened, iii. 412;

of man-god transferred to his successor, iv. 10;

of a tree in a bird, vi. 111 n. 1;

of the rice in the first sheaf cut, vi. 239;

of the rice captured in a basket or box, vii. 185;

of rice in a blue bird, vii. 295;

thought to be seated in the liver, viii. 147 sq.;

the notion of, a quasi-scientific hypothesis, xi. 221;

the unity and indivisibility of the, a theological dogma, xi. 221.

See also Souls

—— of chief in sacred grove, xi. 161

—— of child deposited in a coco-nut, xi. 154 sq.;

deposited in a bag, xi. 155;

bound up with knife, xi. 157

——, external, in afterbirth (placenta) or navel-string, i. 200 sq.;

in folk-tales, xi. 95 sqq.;

in parrot, xi. 97 sq.;

in bird, xi. 98 sq.;

in necklace, xi. 99 sq.;

in a fish, xi. 99 sq., 122 sq.;

in cock, pigeon, starling, spinning-wheel, pillar, xi. 100 sq.;

in a bee, xi. 101;

in a lemon, xi. 102;

in a tree, xi. 102;

in a barley plant, xi. 102;

in a box, xi. 102, 117, 143 n. 4, 149;

in a firebrand, xi. 103;

in hair, xi. 103 sq.;

in snow, xi. 103 sq.;

in two or three doves, xi. 104;

in a ten-headed serpent, xi. 104 sq.;

in a pumpkin, xi. 105;

in a spear, xi. 105;

in a dragon, xi. 105;

in a gem, xi. 105 sq.;

in an egg, xi. 107, 125, 127, 140 sq.;

in a duck's egg, xi. 109 sq., 115 sq., 116, 119 sq., 120, 126, 130, 132;

in a blue rose-tree, xi. 110;

in a bird, xi. 111, 119, 142, 150;

in a pigeon, xi. 112 sq.;

in a light, xi. 116;

in a flower, xi. 117 sq.;

in grain of sand, xi. 120;

in a stone, xi. 125 n. 1, 156;

in a thorn, xi. 129;

in a gem, xi. 130;

in a pigeon's egg, xi. 132, 139;

in a dove's egg, xi. 133;

in a box-tree, xi. 133;

in the flower of the acacia, xi. 135 sq.;

in a sparrow, xi. 137;

in a beetle, xi. 138, 140;

in a bottle, xi. 138;

in a golden cockchafer, xi. 140;

in a dish, xi. 141 sq.;

in a precious stone, xi. 142;

in a bag, xi. 142;

in a white herb, xi. 143;

in a wasp, xi. 143 sq.;

in a twelve-headed serpent, xi. 143;

in a golden ring, xi. 143;

in seven little birds, xi. 144;

in a seven-headed snake, xi. 144;

in a quail, xi. 144 sq.;

in a vase, xi. 145 sq.;

in a golden sword and a golden arrow, xi. 145;

in entrails, xi. 147 sq.;

in a golden fish, xi. 147 sq., 220;

in a hair as hard as copper, xi. 148;

in a cat, xi. 150 sq.;

in a bear, xi. 151;

in a buffalo, xi. 151;

in a hemlock branch, xi. 152;

in folk-custom, xi. 153 sqq.;

in inanimate things, xi. 153 sqq.;

in a mountain scaur, xi. 156;

in ox-horns, xi. 156;

in roof of house, xi. 156;

in a tree, xi. 156;

in a spring of water, xi. 156;

in capital of column, xi. 156 sq.;

in a portrait statue, xi. 157;

in plants, xi. 159 sqq.;

in animals, xi. 196 sqq.;

of shaman or medicine-man in animal, xi. 196, 199;

kept in totem, xi. 220 sqq.

Soul of iron, xi. 154

“—— of Osiris,” a bird, vi. 110

—— of rice, vii. 180 sqq.;

eating the, viii. 54

—— of ruptured person passes into cleft oak-tree, xi. 172

——, succession to the, iv. 196 sqq.

—— of woman at childbirth deposited in a chopping-knife, xi. 153 sq.

Soul-boxes, amulets as, xi. 155

—— -cakes eaten at the Feast of All Souls in Europe, vi. 70, 71 sq., 73, 78 sqq.

—— -stones, xi. 156

—— -stuff in the East Indies, vi. 182 sq.; of ghosts, ix. 182

Soule, a ball contended for in Normandy, ix. 183

“Souling,” custom of, on All Souls' Day in England, vi. 79

“—— Day” in Shropshire, vi. 78

Soulless King, whose soul was in a duck's egg, Lithuanian story of the, xi. 113 sqq.

Souls strengthened with iron, i. 159 sq.;

ascribed to trees, ii. 12 sqq.;

of ancestors in trees, ii. 29 sq., 30, 31, 32;

of ancestors supposed to be in fire [pg 471] on the hearth, ii. 232;

every man thought to have four, iii. 27, 80;

light and heavy, thin, and fat, iii. 29;

transference of, iii. 49, 51;

impounded in magic fence, iii. 56;

abducted by demons, iii. 58 sqq.;

transmigrate into animals, iii. 65, viii. 285 sqq.;

brought back in a visible form, iii. 65 sqq.;

caught in snares or nets, iii. 69 sqq.;

extracted or detained by sorcerers, iii. 69 sqq.;

enclosed in tusks of ivory, iii. 70;

conjured into jars, iii. 70;

shut up in boxes, iii. 70, 76;

shut up in calabashes, iii. 72;

gathered into a basket, iii. 72;

transferred from the living to the dead, iii. 73;

wounded and bleeding, iii. 73;

supposed to be in portraits, iii. 96 sqq.;

of slain enemies propitiated, iii. 166;

of beasts respected, iii. 223;

immortal, attributed by savages to animals, viii. 204;

of people at a house-warming collected in a bag, xi. 153;

male and female, in Chinese philosophy, xi. 221;

the plurality of, xi. 221 sq.

Souls of the dead, trees animated by the, ii. 29 sqq.;

in certain fish, ii. 30;

all malignant, iii. 145;

cannot go to the spirit-land till the flesh has decayed from their bones, iii. 372 n. 5;

supposed to resemble their bodies, as these were at the moment of death, iv. 10 sq.;

associated with falling stars, iv. 64 sqq.;

transmitted to successors, iv. 198;

reincarnation of the, v. 91 sqq.;

brought back among the Gonds, v. 95 sq.;

in caterpillars, viii. 275 sq.;

received once a year by their relations, ix. 150 sqq.;

sit round the Midsummer fire, x. 183, 184

——, feasts of All, vi. 51 sqq.

——, human, attracted by rice, iii. 34 sqq., 45 sqq.;

transmigrate into totemic animals, xi. 223

South America. See America, South

—— American Indians, their insensibility to pain, iv. 138;

their indifference to death, iv. 138;

women's agricultural work among the, vii. 120 sqq.;

their practice of bleeding themselves to relieve fatigue, ix. 12 sq.;

attribute fatigue to a demon, ix. 20;

their mutual scourgings at ceremonies connected with the dead, ix. 262

—— Sea Islands, human gods in the, i. 387;

continence of fishermen in the, iii. 193;

the Pleiades worshipped in the, vii. 312

—— Slavonian housebreakers, their charm to cause sleep, i. 148.

See also Slavonians, South

—— Slavs, devices of women to obtain offspring among the, v. 96;

marriage customs of the, vi. 246.

See also Slavs, South

Southey, R., on women's agricultural work among the Brazilian Indians, vii. 122;

on custom of consuming the ashes of relations among the Brazilian Indians, viii. 157

Sovereignty, reluctance to accept the, on account of its burdens, iii. 17 sqq.

Sovkou, ancient Egyptian deity, represented by a masker, ii. 133

Sow, the white, of Alba Longa, ii. 187 n. 4;

corn-spirit as a, vii. 298 sqq.;

as scapegoat, ix. 33;

the cropped black, at Hallowe'en, x. 236, 240

Sower, the Wicked, driven away on the first Sunday in Lent, x. 107, 118

Sowerby, James, on mouse-ear hawk-weed, xi. 57;

on orpine, xi. 61 n. 4;

on yellow hoary mullein, xi. 64;

on the Golden Bough, xi. 284 n. 3;

on mistletoe, xi. 316 n. 5

Sowers carry locks as charm to keep off birds, iii. 308;

and ploughmen drenched with water as a rain-charm, v. 238 sq.

Sowing, homoeopathic magic at, i. 136 sqq.;

curses for good luck at, i. 281;

sexual intercourse before, ii. 98;

periods of abstinence observed before, ii. 98, 105;

tug-of-war before, ii. 100;

continence at, ii. 105, 106;

in Italy and Sicily, time of, ii. 311 n. 5;

Prussian custom at, v. 238 sq.;

rites of, vi. 40 sqq.;

in Greece, time for, vii. 45, 50, 318;

festival of Demeter at, vii. 46 n. 2;

sacrifice to Demeter at, vii. 57;

festival of the Kayans of Borneo at, vii. 93 sqq., 111;

masquerade of the Kayans at, vii. 186 sq.;

time of, determined by observation of the sun, vii. 187;

goat killed at, vii. 288;

the corn-spirit as a pig at, vii. 300;

cake called Christmas Boar eaten by farm-servants and cattle at time of barley sowing, vii. 303;

at Magnesia in the Greek month Cronion, viii. 7, 8 n. 1;

ceremonies at, among the Chams, viii. 57;

offerings at, in the North-Western provinces of India, viii. 117;

offerings at, among the Kachins of Burma, viii. 120 sq.;

customs observed by Saxons of Transylvania at, viii. 274 sq.;

prayer at, among the Khonds, ix. 138;

expulsion of demons at, ix. 225;

Saturn the god of, ix. 232, 346;

dances at, ix. 234 sqq.;

in Italy, season of the spring, ix. 346;

fast from flesh, eggs, and grease at, ix. 347 n. 4

——, goddesses of, personated by old women, ix. 238

[pg 472]

Sowing and planting, time of, determined by the observation of the Pleiades, vii. 309, 313 sqq.;

regulated by the phases of the moon, vi. 133 sqq.

—— and ploughing, ceremony of, in the rites of Osiris, vi. 87, 90, 96;

rite of, at the Carnival, vii. 28

Sowing corn, Ovambo custom at, ii. 46

—— the fields, human sacrifices at, vii. 236, 238 sq., 240 sq.

—— hemp seed, divination by, at Hallowe'en, x. 235

—— seed, to make children grow, vii. 11;

done by women, vii. 113 sqq.;

done by children, vii. 115 sq.

—— the winter corn, goat killed at, vii. 288

Sown fields, fire applied to, on Eve of Twelfth Night, ix. 316, 318, 321

Sozomenus, church historian, on sacred prostitution, v. 37

Spachendorf, in Silesia, “the Burying of Death,” effigy burnt at, iv. 250, x. 119

Spades and hoes, human victim killed with, vii. 239, 251

Spae-wives and Gestr, Icelandic story of the, xi. 125 sq.

Spain, belief as to death at ebb-tide in, i. 167;

acorns used as food in, ii. 355, 356;

“Sawing the Old Woman” at Mid-Lent in, iv. 240, 242;

seven-legged effigies of Lent in, iv. 244;

custom of swinging at Christmas in, iv. 284;

bathing on St. John's Eve in, v. 248;

the Iberians of, vii. 129;

sticks or stones piled on scenes of violent death in, ix. 15;

the three mythical kings on Twelfth Day in, ix. 329;

Midsummer fires and customs in, x. 208;

bathing at Midsummer in, xi. 29;

vervain gathered at Midsummer in, xi. 62

Spanish cathedrals, the Boy Bishop in, ix. 338

Spark Sunday in Switzerland, x. 118

Sparks of fire supposed to impregnate women, ii. 197, 231;

of Yule log prognosticate chickens, lambs, foals, calves, etc., x. 251, 262, 263, 264

Sparrow, external soul of a jinnee in a, xi. 137

Sparrows, charms to keep them from the corn, viii. 274

Sparta, the two kings of, i. 46 sq.;

their relation to Castor and Pollux, i. 48-50

——, state sacrifices offered by the kings at, i. 46;

warned by oracle against a “lame reign,” iv. 38;

funeral games in honour of Leonidas and Pausanias at, iv. 94;

destroyed by an earthquake, v. 196 n. 4;

octennial tenure of kingship at, vii. 82, 85

Spartan king, his fire-bearer, ii. 264

—— kings, supposed divinity of, i. 48 sq.;

not to be touched, iii. 226

Spartans, their sacrifice of horses to the sun, i. 315 sq.;

their kings liable to be deposed every eighth year, iv. 58 sq.;

their attempt to stop an earthquake, v. 196;

their flute-band, v. 196;

their red uniform, v. 196;

at Thermopylae, v. 197 n. 1;

their regard for the full moon, vi. 141;

their brides dressed as men on the wedding night, vi. 260

Spear in magic, i. 347;

custom of wounding the dying with a, iv. 13 sq.;

sacred, used to slay human victim, ix. 218;

used to help women in hard labour, xi. 14;

external soul in a, xi. 105

Spearing taro stalks, as a charm, vii. 102, 103

Spears, sacred, used to slaughter sacrificial victims, iv. 19, 32, v. 274;

used to expel demons, ix. 115, 116

Spectral Huntsman, iv. 178

Speech, particular forms of, used in addressing social superiors, i. 402 n.;

special form of, used between a man and his wife's mother, iii. 346;

special form of, used by rice-reapers to deceive the rice-spirit, vii. 184.

See also Language and Words

Speicher, in the Eifel, St. John's fires at, x. 169

Speke, Captain J. H., his experience of the distrust of strangers in Africa, iii. 108 sq.

Spell recited at kindling need-fire, x. 290;

of witchcraft broken by suffering, x. 304

—— and prayer, vii. 105

Spells cast by strangers, iii. 112;

at hair-cutting, iii. 264 sq.;

for growth of crops, vii. 100;

narrative, vii. 104 sqq.;

imperative, vii. 105;

and incantations used in arts and crafts, ix. 81;

cast on cattle, x. 301, 302;

cast by witches on union of man and wife, x. 346

Spelt-goat, name given to the last sheaf threshed at harvest in Baden, vii. 286

Spencer, Baldwin, on reincarnation of the dead, v. 100 n. 3

Spencer, B., and F. J. Gillen, on a ceremony for the multiplication of white cockatoos, i. 89;

on the confusion of a man with his totem, i. 107 n. 4;

on infanticide among the Australian aborigines, iv. 180 n. 1, 187 n. 6;

on Australian belief in conception without sexual intercourse, v. 99;

on an Australian [pg 473] cure for headache, ix. 2;

on initiation of Australian medicine-men, xi. 238

Spencer, Herbert, his theory of the material universe compared to that of Empedocles, viii. 303 sqq.

Spenser, Edmund, on an Irish custom as to blood of friends, iii. 244 sq.

Sperchius, River, hair of Achilles devoted to the, iii. 261

Spermus, king of Lydia, marries the widow of his predecessor, ii. 281;

his wickedness, v. 183

Spices used in exorcism of demons, iii. 105 sq.

Spider imitated by actor or dancer, ix. 381

Spiders in homoeopathic magic, i. 152;

ceremony at killing, viii. 236 sq.;

used to extract vicious propensity, ix. 34

Spieth, J., on human gods among the Hos of Togoland, i. 397;

on the Ewe peoples, v. 70 n. 2;

on the ceremonies at eating the new yams among the Hos, viii. 59 sqq.;

on the religion of the Ewe negroes, ix. 76 n. 1

Spindle, woman winds thread on, while sugar-cane is planted, viii. 119

Spindles not to be carried openly on the highroads, i. 113;

not to be twirled while men are in council, i. 114

Spinning forbidden to women under certain circumstances, i. 113 sq.

—— on highroads forbidden in ancient Italy, i. 113, viii. 119 n. 5

—— of mummer at Carnival, viii. 333

Spinning-wheel, external soul of ogress in a, xi. 100

Spinning acorns or figs as a charm to promote the growth of the crops, vii. 102, 103

—— tops at sowing festivals, vii. 95, 97, 187

Spirit of Beans, Iroquois, vii. 177

——, Brethren of the Free, i. 408

—— of the Corn, Iroquois, vii. 177.

See Corn-spirit

—— of dead apparently supposed to decay with the body, iii. 372

—— or god of vegetation, effigies of, burnt in spring, xi. 21 sq.;

reasons for burning, xi. 23;

leaf-clad representative of, burnt, xi. 25

——, the Great, of the American Indians, iv. 3;

his gift of corn to men, vii. 177

—— of Squashes, Iroquois, vii. 177

—— of vegetation brought to houses, ii. 74.

See also Vegetation

Spirit animals supposed to enter women and be born from them, v. 97 sq.

—— -children left by ancestors, v. 100 sq.

—— -house shut during absence of warriors, i. 129

Spirits of dead fathers thought to attend warriors, i. 129;

of plants in shape of animals, ii. 14;

of trees threatened, ii. 20 sqq.;

of wild beasts killed in the chase, hunting dogs protected against, ii. 128;

women married to water-spirits, ii. 150 sqq.;

sacrifices to water-spirits, ii. 155 sqq.;

of slain enemies conciliated, iii. 182;

of slain animals propitiated by savages, iii. 190;

averse to iron, iii. 232 sqq.;

evil, fear of attracting the attention of, iii. 334;

of tin mines and gold mines treated with deference, iii. 407, 409 sq.;

taboos on common words based on a fear of, iii. 416 sqq.;

of ancestors in the form of animals, v. 83;

supposed to consort with women, v. 91;

of forefathers thought to dwell in rivers, vi. 38;

evil, averted from children, vii. 6 sqq.;

of the dead supposed to influence the crops, vii. 104;

distinguished from gods, vii. 169;

imitation of, vii. 186;

retreat of the army of, ix. 72 sq.;

guardian, ix. 98;

good and evil, personated by children, ix. 139;

Festival of Departed, ix. 154;

of water propitiated at Midsummer, xi. 31;

of plants and trees in the form of snakes, xi. 44 n. 1

See also Ancestral spirits, Dead, and Souls

—— of dead chiefs worshipped by the whole tribe, vi. 175, 176, 177, 179, 181 sq., 187;

thought to control the rain, vi. 188;

prophesy through living men and women, vi. 192 sq.;

reincarnated in animals, vi. 193.

—— of the hills, their treasures, xi. 69

—— of land, conciliation of the, iii. 110 sq.

Spiritual economy, mysterious law of, i. 405

—— husbands among the Akamba, ii. 316 sq.

—— power, its divorce from temporal power, iii. 17 sqq.

Spitting in contagious magic, i. 201;

in a purificatory rite, iii. 175;

forbidden, iii. 196;

as a protective charm, iii. 279, 286, 350, 395;

upon knots as a charm, iii. 302;

to avert evil omens, iv. 61;

at sight of falling stars, iv. 61, 63, 65;

to avert demons, iv. 63;

as a mode of transferring evil, ix. 3, 10, 11, 41 sq., 187;

at ceremony for expulsion of evils, ix. 208

Spittle, used in magic, i. 57, iii. 268, 269, 287 sqq.;

divination from, i. 99;

tabooed, iii. 287 sqq.;

effaced or concealed, iii. 288 sqq.;

used in making a covenant, iii. 290;

magical virtue of, vii. 247, 250;

as a protection against demons, ix. 118

[pg 474]

Spoil taken from enemy purified, iii. 177

Spoletium, sacred grove near, ii. 122

Spoons used in eating by tabooed persons, iii. 141, 148, 189

Sports, athletic, at harvest, vii. 76 sq.

See also Contests, Games

Spottiswoode, in Berwickshire, harvest customs at, vii. 153 sq.

Sprachbrücken, in Hesse, the Harvest-goat at, vii. 283

Sprained leg, Scotch cure for, by means of nine knots in a black thread, iii. 304 sq.

Spree, the river, requires its human victim on Midsummer Day, xi. 26

Spreewald, the Wends of the, their wreaths at Midsummer, xi. 48

Sprenger, the inquisitor, his practice of shaving the heads of witches and wizards, xi. 158

Sprigs, green, placed on stumps of felled trees, ii. 37 sq.

Spring, magical ceremonies for the revival of nature in, iv. 266 sqq.;

called Persephone, vi. 41;

ceremony at beginning of, in China, viii. 10 sqq.;

rites to ensure the revival of life in, ix. 400

“——, the Sacred,” among the ancient Italian peoples, iv. 186 sq.

—— and summer, myths of divinities and spirits to be told only in, iii. 384

Spring customs and harvest customs compared, vii. 167 sqq.

—— equinox, drama of Summer and Winter at the, iv. 257;

custom of swinging at the, iv. 284;

(vernal), sacrifice to Cronus at the, ix. 352

—— festival of Dionysus, vii. 15

Spring, oracular, at Dodona, ii. 172;

sacrificial, at Upsala, ii. 364;

external soul in a, xi. 156.

See also Springs

Springbok, why Bushman hunters will not eat, viii. 141

Springs troubled to procure rains, i. 301;

hot, resorted to by women in order to get offspring, ii. 161, v. 213 sqq.;

which confer prophetic powers, ii. 172;

oracular, iv. 79 sq.;

worship of hot, v. 206 sqq.;

bathing in, at Midsummer, v. 246, 247, 248, 249;

underground, detected by divining-rod, xi. 67 sq.

Springwort, mythical plant, procured at Midsummer, xi. 69 sqq.;

reveals treasures, opens all locks, and makes the bearer invisible and invulnerable, xi. 69 sq.

Sprinkling with holy water, iii. 285 sq.

Sproat, G. M., on seclusion of girls at puberty, x. 43 sq.

Spruce trees free from mistletoe, xi. 315

Squashes, the spirit of, conceived by the Iroquois as a woman, vii. 177

Squeals of pigs necessary for fruitfulness of mangoes, x. 9

Squills used to beat human scapegoats and image of Pan, ix. 255 sq.

Squirrels in homoeopathic magic, i. 155;

asked to give new teeth, i. 180;

souls of dead in, viii. 291 sq.;

burnt in the Easter bonfires, x. 142, xi. 40

Squirting water as a rain-charm, i. 249 sq., 277 sq.;

on people at Midsummer, v. 248, x. 193

Sri, Hindoo goddess of crops, vii. 182

Srongtsan Gampo, king of Tibet, introduced Buddhism into Tibet, iii. 20

Stabbing men's shadows in order to injure the men, iii. 78, 79

—— reflections in water to injure the persons reflected, iii. 93

—— a transformed witch or were-wolf in order to compel him or her to reveal himself or herself, x. 315

Stade, Hans, captive among Brazilian Indians, on their distrust of books, iii. 231

Stadium, the Olympic, iv. 287

Staffordshire, All Souls' Day in, vi. 79;

the Yule log in, x. 256

Stag, emblem of longevity, i. 169 n. 1

Stamfordham, in Northumberland, need-fire at, x. 288 sq.

Stammering, homoeopathic charm to cure, i. 156

Standard of conduct shifted from natural to supernatural basis, iii. 213

——, Egyptian, resembling a placenta, vi. 156 n. 1;

Egyptian cubit, deposited in the temple of Serapis, xi. 217

Standing on one foot, custom of, iv. 149, 150, 155, 156;

on sacrificed human victim as a purificatory rite, ix. 218

Stanikas, male children of sacred prostitutes in Southern India, v. 63

Star, falling, in magic, i. 84;

falling, as totem, iv. 61

—— of Bethlehem, v. 259, ix. 330

——, the Evening, in Keats's last sonnet, i. 166

——, the Morning, said to have enjoined human sacrifices on the Pawnees, vii. 238;

personated by a man, ix. 238

—— of Salvation, v. 258

Star-spangled cap of Attis, v. 284

Starling, external soul of ogress in a, xi. 100

Stars, time when the stars are vanishing, i. 83 n. 2;

the souls of Egyptian gods in, iv. 5;

shooting, superstitions as to, iv. 58 sqq.;

shooting, associated with the souls of the dead, iv. 64 sqq.;

[pg 475]

their supposed influence on human destiny, iv. 65 sq., 67 sq.;

effect of agriculture in stimulating a knowledge of the, vii. 307;

their supposed influence on the weather, vii. 318

Starvation as a mode of executing royal criminals, iii. 242, 243

Statius, on the festival of Diana at Nemi, i. 12 n. 2;

on the grove of Egeria, i. 18 n. 4

Statue beheaded instead of man, iv. 158

Stebbing, E. B., on Loranthus vestitus in India, xi. 317 n. 2

Steele, Sir Richard, on titular kings in the Temple, ix. 333

Steiermark, Marburg in, the corn-spirit as wolf and bear at, viii. 327

Steinau, in Kurhessen, the Fox in the corn at, vii. 296

Steinen, Professor K. von den, on the discovery of fire by friction, ii. 257 n. 1;

on the bull-roarer, xi. 233 n. 2

Steinn in Hringariki, barrow of Halfdan at, vi. 100

Stelis, a kind of mistletoe, xi. 317, 318

Stella Maris, an epithet of the Virgin Mary, vi. 119

Stengel, P., on sacrificial ritual of Eleusis, v. 292 n. 3

Stepmother, marriage with a, as a title to the throne, ii. 283, iv. 193

Stepping over persons or things forbidden, iii. 159 sq., 194, 423 sqq.;

over dead panther, iii. 219;

or jumping over a woman, viii. 70 n. 1

See also Jumping

Sterile beasts passed through Midsummer fires, x. 203, 338

Sterilizing influence ascribed to barren women, i. 142

Sternberg, Leo, on the bear-festivals of the Gilyaks, viii. 196, 199 n. 1, 201 sq.;

on attitude of the Gilyaks towards animals, viii. 206;

on the belief in demons among the Gilyaks, ix. 101 sq.

Sternberg, in Mecklenburg, need-fire at, x. 274

Stettin, the Old Man at harvest in the villages near, vii. 220 sq.

Stevens, Captain John, on a temporary substitute for a Shah of Persia, iv. 158 sq.

Stevens, H. Vaughan, on fire-making among the Djakuns, ii. 236

Stevenson, Mrs. Matilda Coxe, on the Zuni custom of killing tortoises from a sacred lake, viii. 179

Stewart, Balfour, on the conservation of energy, viii. 262 n. 1

Stewart, C. S., on Polynesian atua, i. 387 n. 1

Stewart, Jonet, a wise woman, xi. 184

Stewart, W. Grant, on witchcraft in the Highlands, x. 342 n. 4

Stheni, near Delphi, old chestnut trees at, xi. 317

Sticks, fertilizing virtue attributed to certain, ix. 264 sq.

See also Digging-sticks

——, charred, of bonfires, protect fields against hail, x. 144

——, charred, of Candlemas bonfires, superstitious uses of, x. 131

——, charred, of Easter fire, superstitious uses of, x. 121;

preserve wheat from blight and mildew, x. 143

——, charred, of Midsummer bonfires, planted in the fields, x. 165, 166, 173, 174;

a charm against lightning and foul weather, x. 174, 187, 188, 190;

kept to make the cattle thrive, x. 180;

thrown into wells to improve the water, x. 184;

a protection against thunder, x. 184, 192

——, sacred, representing ancestors, ii. 214, 216, 222 sqq.

See also Churinga

—— and stones, evils transferred to, ix. 8 sqq.;

piled on the scene of crimes, ix. 13 sqq.

See also Throwing

—— whittled, in religious rites, viii. 185, 186 n., 192, 196, 278, ix. 261, x. 138 n. 1

Stiens of Cambodia propitiate the souls of the animals which they kill, viii. 237

Stiffness of back set down to witchcraft, x. 343 n., 345

Stigand, Captain C. H., on the sacrifice of the first-born among tribes to the south of Abyssinia, iv. 182

Stinging young people with ants and wasps, custom of, ix. 263, x. 61, 62 sq.;

as a form of purification, x. 61 sqq.

Stipiturus malachurus, emu-wren, men's “brother” among the Kurnai, xi. 216

Stlatlum Indians of British Columbia respect the animals and plants which they eat, vi. 44

Stockholm, leaf-market on the Eve of St. John at, ii. 65

Stocks, sacred, among the Semites, v. 107 sqq.

Stolen kail, divination by, at Hallowe'en, x. 234 sq.

Stomach of eater, certain foods forbidden to meet in, viii. 83 sqq.

Stone used in ceremony to facilitate childbirth, i. 74;

supposed to cure jaundice, i. 80;

bitten by a dog in homoeopathic magic, i. 157;

treading on a, as a homoeopathic charm, i. 160;

magic of heavy, vii. 100;

toothache [pg 476] nailed into a, ix. 62;

look of a girl at puberty thought to turn things to, x. 46;

external soul in a, xi. 125 n. 1, 156;

precious, external soul of khan in a, xi. 142;

magical, put into body of novice at initiation, xi. 271

Stone, the Hairy, at Midsummer, x. 212

——, holed, in magic, to make sunshine, i. 313

——, sacred, used in purification of murderer, i. 26;

(lapis manalis), used in rain-making at Rome, i. 310, ii. 183

Stone Age in Denmark, ii. 352;

agriculture in the, vii. 79, 132

—— -curlew as a cure for jaundice, i. 80

—— knives and arrow-heads used in religious ritual, iii. 228

—— -throwing as a fertility charm, i. 39;

at Mecca, rite of, ix. 24;

in ancient Greece, ix. 24 sq.

Stonehaven, the last sheaf called the Bride at, vii. 163

Stones anointed in order to avert bullets from warriors, i. 130;

tied to trees to make them bear fruit, i. 140;

magical, which cause boils, i. 147;

homoeopathic magic of, i. 160 sqq.;

oaths upon, i. 160 sq.;

employed to make fruits and crops grow, i. 162 sqq.;

thrown on grave as a rain-charm, i. 286;

rain-making by means of, i. 304 sqq., 345, 346;

in charms to make the sun shine, i. 312, 313, 314;

put in trees to prevent sun from setting, i. 318;

placed in trees to indicate height of sun, i. 318;

in wind charms, i. 319, 322 sq.;

oiled as a rain-charm, i. 346;

human souls conveyed into, iii. 66, 73;

ghosts in, iii. 80;

on which a man's shadow should not fall, iii. 80;

fastened to last sheaf, vii. 135 sq., 138, 139;

criminal crushed between, at Mexican harvest-festival, vii. 237;

worshipped, viii. 127 sq.;

heaped up near shrines of saints, ix. 21 sq.;

communion by means of, ix. 21 sq.;

thrown at demons, ix. 131, 146, 152;

thrown into Midsummer fire, x. 183, 191, 212;

placed round Midsummer fires, x. 190;

carried by persons on their heads at Midsummer, x. 205, 212;

at Hallowe'en fires, divination by, x. 230 sq., 239, 240;

used for curing cattle, x. 324, 325;

magical, inserted by spirits in the body of a new medicine-man, xi. 235

——, the Day of, the day of the new moon in the month of Bhadon (August), i. 279

Stones, holed, custom of childless women passing through, v. 36, xi. 187;

to commemorate the dead, vi. 203;

sick people passed through, xi. 186 sqq.

——, precious, homoeopathic magic of, i. 164 sq.

——, sacred, anointed, v. 36;

among the Semites, v. 107 sqq.;

among the Khasis, v. 108 n. 1

See also Churinga

—— and sticks, evil transferred to, ix. 8 sqq.;

piled on the scene of crimes, ix. 13 sqq.

See also Throwing

Stoning, execution by, ix. 24 n. 2

Stoning human scapegoats, ix. 253, 254

Stool at installation of Shilluk kings, iv. 24

Stoole, near Downpatrick, Midsummer ceremony at, x. 205

Stopfer, maskers in Switzerland, ix. 239

Storeroom (penus), sacred, ii. 205 sq.

Stories told as charms, vii. 102 sqq.

Storm fiend exorcized by bells, ix. 246 sq.

Storms, Catholic priests thought to possess the power of averting, i. 232;

thought to be caused by the spirits of the dead, ii. 183;

caused by cutting or combing the hair, ii. 271, 282

Stourton, in Warwickshire, the Queen of May at, ii. 88

Stout, Professor G. F., on an argument for immortality, viii. 261 n. 1

Stow, in Suffolk, witch at, i. 210

Stow, John, on Lords of Misrule, quoted, ix. 331 sq.;

on Midsummer fires in London, x. 196 sq.

Strabo, on a marriage custom of the Samnites, ii. 305;

on the use of acorn-bread in Spain, ii. 355;

on the concubines of Ammon, v. 72;

on Albanian moon-god, v. 73 n. 4;

on Castabala, v. 168 n. 6;

his description of the Burnt Land of Lydia, v. 193;

on the frequency of earthquakes at Philadelphia, v. 195;

his description of Rhodes, v. 195 n. 3;

on Nysa, v. 206 n. 1;

on the priests of Pessinus, v. 286;

on the Sacaea, ix. 355, 369, 402 n. 1;

on the sacred slaves at Comana, ix. 370 n. 4;

on the worship of the goddess Ma at Comana, ix. 421 n. 1;

on the sanctuary at Zela, ix. 421 n. 1;

on the Hirpi Sorani, xi. 14;

on the human sacrifices of the Celts, xi. 32

Strack, H. L., on the accusations of ritual murder brought against the Jews, ix. 395 n. 3

Strackerjan, L., on fear of witchcraft in Oldenburg, x. 343 n.

Strange land, ceremonies at entering a, iii. 109 sqq.

[pg 477]

Strangers, taboos on intercourse with, iii. 101 sqq.;

suspected of practising magical arts, iii. 102;

ceremonies at the reception of, iii. 102 sqq.;

dread of, iii. 102 sqq.;

spells cast by, iii. 112;

killed, iii. 113;

excluded from religious rites, vii. 94, 111, 187, 249;

slain as representatives of the corn-spirit, vii. 217;

regarded as representatives of the corn-spirit, vii. 225 sqq., 230 sq., 253;

preferred as human victims, vii. 242

Strangulation as a mode of executing royal criminals, iii. 242, 243

Strap of wolf's hide used by were-wolves, x. 310 n. 1

Strata of religion and society, viii. 36 sq.

Strath Fillan, the harvest Cailleach (Old Wife) in, vii. 166

Strathpeffer, in Ross-shire, Beltane bannocks near, x. 153

Strathspey, sheep passed through a hoop of rowan on All Saints' Day and Beltane in, xi. 184

Stratification of religion according to types of society, viii. 35 sqq.;

of religious beliefs among the Malays, ix. 90 n. 1

Stratonicea in Caria, eunuch priest at, v. 270 n. 2;

rule as to the pollution of death at, vi. 227 sq.

Straubing, in Lower Bavaria, the Corn-goat at cutting the last corn at, vii. 282

Straw, the Yule, vii. 301 sq.;

of Shrovetide Bear used to make geese and hens lay eggs, viii. 326;

wrapt round fruit-trees as a protection against evil spirits, ix. 164;

tied round trees to make them fruitful, x. 115

Straw-bear at Whittlesey, viii. 329

—— -bull, effigy placed on land of laggard farmer at harvest, vii. 289 sq.

—— -goat at threshing in Bavaria, vii. 286

—— -man placed on apple-tree on April 24th or 25th, viii. 6

Stream, burial under a running, iii. 15

Streams, menstruous women not allowed to cross running, x. 97;

need-fire kindled between two running, x. 292

Strehlitz, in Silesia, athletic sports at harvest near, vii. 76;

driving away witches on Good Friday near, ix. 157

Strength of people bound up with their hair, xi. 158 sq.

Strepsiades in Aristophanes, on the cause of rain, i. 285

Striking or throwing blindfold at corn, cocks, and hens, xi. 279 n. 4

String or thread used to tie soul to body, iii. 32 sq., 43, 51

String music in religion, v. 54

Strings, knotted, as amulets, iii. 309.

See also Cords, Knots, and Threads

Striped Petticoat Philosophy, The, x. 6

Stromberg Hill, burning wheel rolled down the, at Midsummer, x. 163

Stromness in the Orkneys, witch at, i. 326

“Strong names” of kings of Dahomey, iii. 374

Strudeli and Strätteli, female spirits of the wood, driven away on Twelfth Night at Brunnen, ix. 165

Strutt, Joseph, on Midsummer fires in England, x. 196

Struys, John, on dances of women during war in Madagascar, i. 131

Stseelis Indians of British Columbia, dread and seclusion of menstruous women among the, x. 89

Stuart, Mrs. A., on withered mistletoe, xi. 287 n. 1

Stuart Lake in British Columbia, Tinneh Indians about, x. 47

Stubbes, Phillip, his Anatomie of Abuses, ii. 66;

on May-poles, ii. 66 sq.

Stubble-cock, name of harvest-supper in Silesia, vii. 277

Students of Fez, their mock sultan, iv. 152 sq.

Stuhlmann, Fr., on ceremony at entering a strange land, iii. 109

Stukeley, W., on a Christmas custom at York, xi. 291 n. 2

Stumps of felled trees, green sprigs on, ii. 37 sq.

Stuttgart, saying as to wind in corn near, vii. 292

Styria, belief as to falling stars in, iv. 66;

the Corn-mother in, vii. 133;

the Corn-goat at harvest in, vii. 283;

fern-seed on Christmas night in, xi. 289

Styx, oath by the, iv. 70 n. 1;

the passage of Aeneas across the, xi. 294

Su-Mu, a tribe of Southern China, said to be governed by a woman, vi. 211 n. 2

Sub-totems in Australia, xi. 275 n. 1

Subincision, use of blood shed at, i. 92, 94 sq.;

among the aborigines of Central Australia, i. 92, 93, 95, 97, 154;

in South-Eastern Australia, i. 202;

at initiation of lads in Australia, xi. 227 sq., 234, 235

Sublician bridge at Rome, puppets of rushes annually thrown from the, viii. 107

Subordination of the individual to the community, the principle of ancient society, v. 300

Substitutes put to death instead of kings, iv. 56 sqq., 115, 160, 194 sq.;

slaves killed as substitutes for their masters at a king's funeral, iv. 117;

for human sacrifices, iv. 124, 214 sqq., v. 146 sq., 219 sq., 285, 289, vi. 99, 221, ix. 396 [pg 478] sq., 408;

voluntary, for capital punishment in China, iv. 145 sq., 273 sqq.;

temporary, for the Shah of Persia, iv. 157 sqq.;

voluntary, for corporal punishment in China, iv. 275 sq.;

for animal sacrifices, viii. 95 n. 2

“Substitutes for a person” in China, puppets burnt to avert misfortune, viii. 104

Substitution of souls as a remedy for sickness, iii. 57;

of puppet for soul of a sick man, iii. 62 sq.;

of animals for human victims, iv. 124, 165, 166 n. 1, 177, vii. 24, 33 sq., 249;

of child for parent in sacrifice, iv. 188, 194;

of criminals for innocent victims in human sacrifices, iv. 195;

of effigies for human victims in sacrifice, iv. 215, 217 sq., viii. 94 sqq.;

of rice-cakes for human victims, viii. 89;

of cakes for animal victims, viii. 95 n. 2

Subterranean Zeus, title of Pluto as god of fertility, vii. 66

Subugo tree revered by the Masai, ii. 16

Subura at Rome, viii. 42, 43, 44

Succession to the chieftainship or kingship alternating between several families, ii. 292 sqq.;

in Polynesia, customs of, iv. 190 sq.;

to the crown under mother-kin (female kinship), v. 44, vi. 18, 210 n. 1

—— to the kingdom, in ancient Latium, ii. 266 sqq.;

determined by a race, ii. 299 sqq.;

determined by mortal combat, ii. 322;

through marriage with the king's widow, ii. 283, iv. 193 sq.;

through marriage with a sister, iv. 193 sq.;

conferred by personal relics of dead kings, iv. 202 sq.

—— to the soul, iv. 196 sqq.

Sucla-Tirtha in India, expulsion of sins in, ix. 202

Sudan, the negroes of, their regard for the phases of the moon, vi. 141;

ceremony of new fire in the, x. 134;

human hyaenas in the, x. 313

Sudanese, their conduct in an earthquake, v. 198;

their respect for ravens, viii. 221

Sudeten Mountains in Silesia, bonfires on Midsummer Eve on the, x. 170

Suffering, principle of vicarious, ix. 1 sq.;

intensity of, a means to break the spell of witchcraft, x. 304

Sufferings and death of Dionysus, vii. 17

Suffetes of Carthage, v. 116

Suffocation as a mode of executing royal criminals, iii. 242

Suffolk, anointing the weapon instead of the wound in, i. 203;

contagious magic of footprints in, i. 210;

May Day custom as to hawthorn in bloom in, ii. 52;

cure for ague in, ix. 68;

belief as to menstruous women in, x. 96 n. 2;

duck baked alive as a sacrifice in, x. 303 sq.

Sufi II., Shah of Persia, temporary substitute for, iv. 158

Sugar-bag totem in Australia, v. 101

—— -cane cultivated, vii. 121, 123;

custom at planting, viii. 119;

first-fruits of, offered to the sugar-cane god, viii. 119

Suicide of Buddhist monks, iv. 42 sq.;

epidemic of, in Russia, iv. 44 sq.;

as a mode of revenge, iv. 141;

by hanging, iv. 282

——, hand of, cut off, iv. 220 n.

——, religious, iv. 42 sqq., 54 sqq.;

in India, iv. 54 sq.

Suicides, ghosts of, feared, iv. 220 n., v. 292 n. 3, ix. 17 sq.;

custom observed at graves of, v. 93

Suk, the, of British East Africa, power of medicine-men among the, i. 344 sq.;

their belief in serpents as reincarnations of the dead, v. 82, 85;

women's work among the, vii. 117 sq.;

their rule as to partaking of meat and milk, viii. 84;

give children the fat and hearts of lions to eat, viii. 142;

their dread of menstruous women, x. 81

Sukandar River, in Mirzapur, ghosts shut up in a tree on the, ix. 60 sq.

Sulka (Sulkas), the, of New Britain, their way of stopping rain, i. 252 sq.;

their rain-making by means of stones, i. 304;

their sacred stones, ii. 148;

their notion as to the phosphorescence of the sea, ii. 155 n. 1;

their dread of a woman in childbed, iii. 151;

will not speak of their enemies by their proper name, iii. 331;

tell stories only at evening or night, iii. 384 sq.;

their belief as to meteors, iv. 65

Sulla at the temple of Diana on Mount Tifata, ii. 380; at Aedepsus, v. 212

“Sultan of the Oleander,” magical efficacy attributed by the Moors to the, x. 18

“—— of the Scribes,” an annual mock sultan at Fez, iv. 152 sq.

Sultan Bayazid and his soul, iii. 50

Sultans veiled, iii. 120

Sumatra, images used in evil magic in, i. 58;

magical images to obtain offspring in, i. 71;

pregnant woman not to stand at the door in, i. 114;

homoeopathic magic at sowing rice in, i. 136;

rain-charm by means of a black cat in, i. 291;

rain-charm by means of a stone in, i. 308 sq.;

ceremony at felling a tree in, ii. 37;

special language used in searching for camphor in, iii. 406 n. 2;

spirits of gold mines treated with deference in, [pg 479] iii. 409;

personification of the rice in, vii. 191 sq., 196 sq.;

observation of the Pleiades in, vii. 315;

kinship of men with crocodiles in, viii. 212;

tigers respected in, viii. 215 sqq.;

use of bull-roarers in, xi. 229 n.

Sumatra, the Battas (Bataks) of, i. 71, 193, 330, 398, ii. 41, 108, iii. 34, 45 sq., 104, 116, 296, 338, 405, v. 199, vi. 239, viii. 216, ix. 34, 87, 213;

totemism among, xi. 222 sqq.

——, Central, treatment of the afterbirth in, i. 193

——, Gayo, a district of, ii. 29, viii. 33

——, the Gayos of, ii. 125, iii. 409 n. 3, 410

——, Jambi kingdom in, iv. 154

——, the Karo-Bataks of, i. 277 sq., iii. 52, 263

——, the Kooboos of, xi. 162 n. 2

——, Lampong in, iii. 10

——, the Loeboes or Looboos of, vi. 264, xi. 182 sq.

——, Mandeling in, i. 192 sq., vii. 197, viii. 216

——, the Mandelings of, ii. 36, iii. 296

——, the Minangkabauers of, i. 58, 140, 193, iii. 32, 36, 41, vii. 191, viii. 211 sq., 215, x. 79

——, Northern, the Gayos of, ii. 36

——, Passier in, iv. 51

——, the Solok district of, i. 278

Sumba, East Indian island, custom as to the names of princes in, iii. 376;

annual festival of the New Year and of the dead in, vi. 55 sq.

Sumerians, their origin and civilization, v. 7 sq.

Summer, bringing in the, ii. 74, iv. 233, 237, 238, 246 sqq.;

myths of gods and spirits not to be told in, iii. 385 sq.;

on the Mediterranean rainless, v. 159 sq.;

in Greece rainless, vii. 69

—— called Aphrodite, vi. 41

——, King of, chosen on St. Peter's Day, x. 195

—— and winter, personal names different in, iii. 386;

dramatic battle of, iv. 254 sq.

Summer festival of Adonis, v. 226, 232 n.

—— solstice in connexion with the Olympic festival, iv. 90;

swinging at the, iv. 280.

See also Solstice

—— trees, carried from house to house in Silesia, iv. 246;

compared to May-trees, iv. 251 sq.

Sun, prayers for children offered to the spirit of the, i. 72;

prayers of women to the, after the departure of the warriors, i. 130;

charm of the setting, i. 165 sq.;

asked to give a new tooth, i. 181 sq.;

magical control of the, i. 311 sqq.;

charms to cause the sun to shine, i. 311 sqq.;

prayers to the, at an eclipse, i. 312;

ancient Egyptian ceremonies for the regulation of the, i. 312;

human sacrifices offered by the Mexicans to the, i. 314 sq.;

chief deity of the Rhodians, i. 315;

supposed to drive in chariot, i. 315;

chariots and horses dedicated by the Rhodians and kings of Judah to the, i. 315, viii. 45;

horses sacrificed to the, i. 315 sq.;

caught by net or string, i. 316;

worshipped by the Lithuanians, i. 317 sq.;

the father of the Incas, i. 415;

Parthian monarchs the brothers of the, i. 417 sq.;

incense deposited in sanctuaries of the, ii. 107;

marriage of a woman to the, ii. 146 sq.;

worshipped by the Blackfoot Indians, ii. 146;

virgins of, in Peru, ii. 243 sqq.;

not allowed to shine on sacred persons, iii. 3, 4, 6;

sacrifices to, in ancient Egypt, iii. 227 n.;

represented by a bull, iv. 71 sq.;

represented as a man with a bull's head, iv. 75;

perhaps personated by the Olympic victors, iv. 91, vii. 86;

sacrifice of first-born children to the, iv. 183 sq.;