General Index (continued 19)

Wherry, Mrs., as to Lenten fires in Belgium, x. 108 n. 2;

as to processions with effigies of giants, xi. 36 n. 1

Whetham, W. C. D., on atomic disintegration, viii. 305 n. 2

Whip made of human skin used in ceremonies for the prolongation of the king's life, vi. 224, 225.

See also Whips

Whipping people on Senseless Thursday in the Tyrol, ix. 248 sq.;

to rid them of ghosts, ix. 260 sqq.

See also Beating

Whips used in the expulsion of demons and witches, ix. 156, 159, 160, 161, 165, 214;

used by maskers, ix. 243, [pg 522] 244;

cracked to make the flax grow, ix. 248;

cracked to drive away witches, xi. 74

Whirling or turning round, custom of, observed by mummers, i. 273, 275, ii. 74, 80, 81, 87

Whirlwind, attacking the, i. 329 sqq.

Whirlwinds thought to be demons or spirits, i. 331 n. 2

Whit-Monday, custom observed by Russian girls on, ii. 80;

the Leaf King at Hildesheim on, ii. 85;

the King in Bohemia on, ii. 85;

the king's game on, ii. 89, 103;

custom of rolling down a slope on, ii. 103;

pretence of beheading leaf-clad man on, iv. 207 sq.;

pretence of beheading the king on, iv. 209 sqq.

See also Whitsuntide

Whitby, All Souls' Day at, vi. 79;

the Yule log at, x. 256

White, Rev. G. E., on dervishes of Asia Minor, v. 170;

on passing through a ring of red-hot iron, xi. 186;

on passing sheep through a rifted rock, xi. 189 sq.

White, Miss Rachel Evelyn (Mrs. Wedd), on the position of women in ancient Egypt, vi. 214 n. 1, 216 n. 1

White, faces and bodies of man-slayers painted, iii. 175, 186 n. 1;

widows painted, iii. 178 n. 1;

lion-killer painted, iii. 220;

the colour of Upper Egypt, vi. 21 n. 1;

as a colour to repel demons, ix. 115

—— and black in relation to human scapegoats, ix. 220;

figs worn by human scapegoats, ix. 253, 257, 272

White birds, souls of dead kings incarnate in, vi. 162;

ten, external soul in, xi. 142

—— bull, soul of a dead king incarnate in a, vi. 164

—— bulls sacrificed to Jupiter, ii. 188 sq.;

sacrificed by Druids at cutting the mistletoe, ii. 189, xi. 77

—— chalk, bodies of newly initiated lads coated with, xi. 241

—— clay, Caffre boys at circumcision smeared with, iii. 156;

people smeared with, at festival, viii. 75;

bodies of novices at initiation smeared with, xi. 255 n. 1, 257

—— cloth, fern-seed caught in a, x. 65, xi. 291;

springwort caught in a, x. 70;

mistletoe caught in a, xi. 77, 293;

used to catch the Midsummer bloom of the oak, xi. 292, 293

—— cloths in homoeopathic magic, i. 137

—— cock buried at boundary, iii. 109;

disease transferred to, ix. 187;

as scapegoat, ix. 210 n. 4;

burnt in Midsummer bonfire, xi. 40

White crosses made by the King of the Bean, ix. 314

—— Crown of Upper Egypt, vi. 20, 21 n. 1;

worn by Osiris, vi. 87

—— dog, Iroquois sacrifice of a, viii. 258 n. 2, ix. 127, 209

—— god and black god among the Slavs, ix. 92

—— herb, external souls of two brothers in a, xi. 143

—— horse, effigy of, carried through Midsummer fire, x. 203

—— horses sacrificed to Diomede, i. 27;

used to draw triumphal car of Camillus, ii. 174 n. 2;

sacred among the Aryans, ii. 174 n. 2

—— Maize, Goddess of the, in Mexico, lepers sacrificed to her, vii. 261

—— mice spared by Bohemian peasants, viii. 279, 283;

under the altar of Apollo, viii. 283

—— Nile, the Dinkas of the, ix. 193

—— ox, sacrament of, among the Abchases, viii. 313 n. 1

—— poplar, the, at Olympia, ii. 220, xi. 90 n. 1, 91 n. 7

—— ram, consecration of a, among the Kalmucks, viii. 313 sq.

—— and red wool in ceremony of the expulsion of evils, ix. 208

—— roses dyed red by the blood of Aphrodite, v. 226

—— sails that turned black, ix. 202

—— snake eaten to acquire supernatural knowledge, viii. 146

—— Sunday, the first Sunday in Lent and the first Sunday after Easter, x. 11 n. 1

—— thorn, a charm against witches, ii. 53, 191

—— victims sacrificed for sunshine, i. 291, 292, 314

Whiteborough, tumulus near Launceston, Midsummer fires on, ii. 141, x. 199

Whitekirk, St. Mary's well at, ii. 161

Whitethorn a protection against witches, ii. 53, 191

Whiteway, R. S., on custom of regicide in Bengal and Sumatra, iv. 51 n. 2

Whitsun-bride in Denmark, ii. 91 sq.

Whitsunday, dragon carried in procession at Tarascon on, ii. 170 n. 1

Whitsuntide, rain-charms at, ii. 47;

races, ii. 69, 84;

contests for the kingship at, ii. 84, 89;

rolling down a slope at, ii. 103;

cattle first driven out to pasture at, ii. 127 n. 2, iv. 207 n. 1;

drama of Summer and Winter at, [pg 523] iv. 257;

ceremonies concerned with vegetation at, ix. 359

Whitsuntide Basket in Frickthal, ii. 83

—— Bride, the, ii. 89, 91 sq., 96

—— Bridegroom, the, ii. 91

—— customs in Brunswick, ii. 56 n. 3, 85, 96;

in Holland, ii. 80, 104;

in Russia, ii. 64, 79 sq., 93

—— crown, the, ii. 64, 89 sq., 91

—— Flower, ii. 80

—— King, ii. 84 sqq., 89, 90, iv. 209 sqq.

See also Whit-Monday

—— -lout, the, ii. 81

—— Man, the Little, ii. 81

—— Mummers, iv. 206 sqq.

—— Queen, ii. 87, 89 sq., iv. 210

Whittled sticks in religious rites, viii. 185, 186 n., 192, 196, 278, ix. 261

Whittlesey in Cambridgeshire, the Straw-bear at, viii. 328 sq.

Whooping-cough cured by crawling under a bramble, xi. 180;

Bulgarian cure for, by crawling under the root of a willow, xi. 181;

child passed under an ass as a cure for, xi. 192

Whydah, on the Slave Coast, human sacrifices by drowning at, ii. 158;

expiation for the slaughter of a sacred python at, iii. 222;

the doctrine of reincarnation at, iv. 188;

serpents fed with milk at, v. 86 n. 1;

snakes sacred at, viii. 287

—— (Fida), in Guinea, king of, rule as to his drinking, iii. 129;

his worship of serpents, v. 67;

the hoeing and sowing of his fields, ix. 234

Wicked after death, fate of the, in Egyptian religion, vi. 14

Wicked Sower, driving away the, on the first Sunday in Lent, x. 107, 118

Wicken (rowan) tree, a protection against witchcraft, x. 326, 327 n. 1

See also Rowan

Wicker giants at popular festivals in Europe, xi. 33 sqq.;

burnt in summer bonfires, xi. 38

Widow, claim to kingdom through marriage with the late king's, ii. 281 sqq.; iv. 193;

re-marriage of, in Salic law, ii. 285 sq.

——, bald-headed, in cure, ix. 38

Widow-burning in Greece, v. 177 n. 3

Widowed Flamen, the, vi. 227 sqq.

Widows painted white, iii. 178 n. 1;

wear skull-caps of clay, iii. 182 n. 2;

cleansing of, ix. 35 sq.;

drag plough round village in time of epidemic, ix. 172

—— and widowers, mourning customs observed by, iii. 142 sq., 144 sq.;

not allowed to eat fresh salmon, viii. 253 sq.

Wied, Prince of, on the objection of Indians to have their portraits taken, iii. 96 sq.

Wiedemann, Professor Alfred, on the confusion of religion and magic in ancient Egypt, i. 230 sq.;

on Wen-Ammon, v. 76 n. 1;

on the Egyptian name of Isis, vi. 50 n. 4, viii. 35 n. 4

Wiedingharde, in Schleswig, custom at threshing at, vii. 230

Wieland's House, name given to certain labyrinths used for children's games in Northern Europe, iv. 77

Wiesensteig, in Swabia, witch as horse at, x. 319

Wiesent, the valley of the, in Bavaria, the last sheaf called Goat in, vii. 282 sq.

Wife, the Old, name given to the last corn cut, vii. 140 sqq.

Wife's infidelity thought to injure her absent husband, i. 123, 124 sq., 128.

See also Wives

—— mother, the savage's dread of his, iii. 83 sqq.;

her name not to be pronounced by her son-in-law, iii. 337, 338, 343

—— name not to be pronounced by her husband, iii. 337, 338, 339

Wiglet, king of Denmark, killed his predecessor and married the widow, ii. 281, 283

Wigtownshire, water thrown on last wagon-load of corn at harvest in, v. 237 n. 4

Wiimbaio tribe of South-Eastern Australia, bleeding in the, i. 91;

their medicine-men, v. 75 n. 4

Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, U. von, on the Sacred Marriage of Dionysus, ii. 137 n. 1

Wild animals propitiated by hunters, viii. 204 sqq.

—— beasts not called by their proper names, iii. 396 sqq.

—— Dog clan of the Arunta, i. 107

—— fig-trees held sacred as the abodes of the spirits of the dead, viii. 113.

See also Fig-Tree

“—— fire,” the need-fire, x. 272, 273, 277

—— fruits and roots, ceremonies at gathering the first of the season, viii. 80 sqq.

—— Huntsman, ix. 164, 241

—— Man, a Whitsuntide mummer, iv. 208 sq., 212

—— parsnip stalks burnt for ceremonial fumigation, viii. 248, 249

—— seeds and roots collected by women, vii. 124 sqq.

[pg 524]

Wild Wa, the, of Burma, vii. 241 sqq.

See Wa

Wilde, Lady, her description of Midsummer fires in Ireland, x. 204 sq.

Wilhelmina, a Bohemian woman, worshipped, i. 409

Wilken, G. A., on the transmigration of human souls into animals as a base of totemism, viii. 298 n. 2;

on the external soul, xi. 96 n. 1

Wilkes, Charles, on seclusion of girls at puberty among the Indians of Washington State, x. 43

Wilkinson, Sir J. G., on corn-stuffed effigies of Osiris, vi. 91 n. 3

Wilkinson, R. J., on different dialectic names for the same animal in the Malay language, ii. 383 n. 1;

on the Malay's attitude to nature, iii. 416 n. 4;

on the Indonesian conception of the rice-soul, vii. 181 sq.

Will-fire, or need-fire, x. 288, 297

Willcock, Rev. Dr. J., on Up-helly-a' at Lerwick, ix. 169 n. 2

William III. refuses to touch for scrofula, i. 369 sq.

William of Wykeham, his provisions for a Boy Bishop, ix. 338

Williams, Sir Monier, on the divinity of Brahmans, i. 403 sq.;

on the fear of demons in modern India, ix. 91 sq.

Willkischken, in the district of Tilsit, man who cuts the last corn called “the killer of the Rye-woman” at, vii. 223

Willoughby, Rev. W. C., on the purification of Bechuana warriors, iii. 173

Willow used to beat people with at Easter and Christmas, ix. 269, 270;

mistletoe growing on, xi. 79, 315, 316;

children passed through a cleft willow-tree as a cure, xi. 170;

crawling under the root of a willow as a cure, xi. 181;

crawling through a hoop of willow branches as a cure, xi. 184;

Orpheus and the, xi. 294

Willow-tree at festival of Green George among the gipsies, ii. 76

—— -trees, maladies transferred to, ix. 56, 58, 59;

needles stuck into, as a cure for toothache, ix. 71

—— wands as disinfectants, iii. 143

—— -wood used against witches, ix. 160

Willstad, the Yule-goat at, viii. 328

Wilson, Colonel Henry, on a custom at hop-picking, vii. 226 n. 6

Wilson, C. T., and R. W. Felkin, on the worship of the dead kings of Uganda, vi. 173 n. 2

Wilson, Rev. J. Leighton, on the annual expulsion of demons in Guinea, ix. 131

Wilton, near Salisbury, May garlands at, ii. 62

Wimmer, F., on the various sorts of mistletoe known to the ancients, xi. 318

Winamwanga of East Africa, their custom as to fire kindled by lightning, ii. 256 n. 1, xi. 297 sq.;

alternate dynasties among the, ii. 293;

their offerings of first-fruits to the spirits of the dead, viii. 112;

seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 24 sq.

Winchester College, Boy Bishop at, ix. 338

Winckler, H., his excavations at Boghaz-Keui, v. 125 n., 135 n.

Wind, magical control of the, i. 319 sqq.;

charms to make the wind drop, i. 320;

fighting and killing the spirit of the, i. 327 sqq.;

charm to produce a rainy or dry, ix. 176, 178 sq.;

bull-roarers sounded to raise a, xi. 232.

See also Winds

—— in the corn, sayings as to the, vii. 132, 271, 281 sq., 288, 292, 296, 298, 303

—— of the Cross, Finnish wizards supposed to ride on the, i. 325

Wind clan of the Omahas, their way of starting a breeze, i. 320

—— -doctor among the Caffres of South Africa, his mode of procedure, i. 321 sq.

Windessi, in Dutch New Guinea, customs observed by head-hunters on their return, iii. 169 sq.

Winding thread on spindle at planting sugar-cane, viii. 119

Window, skins of slain bears brought in through the, viii. 193;

dead game brought in through the, viii. 256;

magic flowers to be passed through the, xi. 52

Winds, charms to calm the, i. 320 sqq.;

thought to be caused by a fish, i. 320 sq.;

sold to sailors, i. 325, 326;

tied up in knots, i. 326;

kept in jars, iii. 5.

See also Wind

Wine not offered to the sun-god, i. 311;

poured on head of sacrificial victim, i. 384;

considered as a spirit, iii. 248;

the blood of the vine, iii. 248;

called milk, iii. 249 n. 2;

tabooed in certain Egyptian, Roman, and Greek rites, iii. 249 n. 2;

new, offered to Liber, viii. 133;

the sacramental use of, viii. 167;

thought to be spoiled by menstruous women, x. 96

Wine-jars, Dionysiac festival of the opening of the, ix. 352

Winenthal in Switzerland, new fire made by friction at Midsummer in the, x. 169 sq.

Wing-bone of vulture in homoeopathic [pg 525] magic, i. 151;

of eagle used to drink through, iii. 189

Winged deities in Cilicia and Phoenicia, v. 165 sq.

—— disc as divine emblem, v. 132

Winnebagoes, ritual of death and resurrection among the, xi. 268

Winnowing done by women, vii. 117, 128

Winnowing-basket, image of snake in, viii. 316;

beaten at ceremony of expulsion of poverty, ix. 145;

divination by, x. 236

—— -fan in rain-making, i. 294;

in magic rites, iii. 55;

used to scatter ashes of human victims, vi. 97, 106, vii. 260, 262;

an emblem of Dionysus, vii. 5 sqq., 27, 29;

as cradle, vii. 6 sqq.;

used at reception of “the bridal pair” at rice-harvest in Java, vii. 200

—— -fork in rain-making, i. 276

Winter, myths of gods and spirits to be told only in, iii. 385 sq.;

effigy of, burned at Zurich, iv. 260 sq.;

called Cronus, vi. 41;

name given to man who cuts the last sheaf, vii. 142;

name of harvest-supper, vii. 160;

mummer personating, viii. 326 n. 1;

ceremony at the end of, ix. 124;

general clearance of evils at the beginning or end of, ix. 224;

dances performed only in, ix. 376;

ceremony of the expulsion of, ix. 404 sq.;

effigies of, destroyed, ix. 408 sq.

——, Queen of, in the Isle of Man, iv. 258

—— and Summer, dramatic battle of, iv. 254 sqq.

Winter festival of Dionysus, vii. 16 sq.

—— sleep of the god, vi. 41

—— solstice, reckoned the Nativity of the Sun, v. 303, x. 246;

Egyptian ceremony at the, vi. 50;

Aztec festival of the, viii. 90;

corn-spirit represented dramatically in processions about the, viii. 325;

ceremony after the, ix. 126;

Persian festival of fire at the, x. 269

“Winter's Grandmother,” burning the, x. 116

Winterbottom, Thomas, on a secret society of Sierra Leone, xi. 260

Wintun, Indian tribe of California, fear of naming the dead among the, iii. 352;

seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 42 sq.

Wiradjuri or Wirajuri tribe of South-East Australia, the headman always a magician, i. 335 sq.;

their belief as to sorcery, iii. 269

Wissowa, Professor G., on Manius Egerius, i. 22 n. 5;

on altar at Nemi, i. 23 n. 2;

on sacrifices to Janus, ii. 382 n. 1;

on Janus as the god of doors, ii. 383 n. 3;

on introduction of Phrygian rites at Rome, v. 267 n.;

on Orcus, vi. 231 n. 5;

on Ops and Consus, vi. 233 n. 6;

on the marriage of the Roman gods, vi. 236 n. 1

Wit, Miss Augusta de, on the importance of rice for Java, vii. 200 n. 1

Witch, Mac Crauford, the great arch, x. 293

Witch burnt in Ireland, i. 236, x. 323 sq.;

soul departs from her in sleep, iii. 39, 41, 42;

burned at St. Andrews, iii. 309;

name given to the last corn cut after sunset, vii. 140;

effigy of, burnt on first Sunday in Lent, x. 116, 118 sq.;

effigy of, burnt on Walpurgis Night, x. 159;

compelled to appear by burning an animal or part of an animal which she has bewitched, x. 303, 305, 307 sq., 321 sq.;

in form of a toad, x. 323.

See also Witches

——, Old, burning the, on the last day of harvest in Yorkshire, vii. 224;

on Twelfth Day in Herefordshire, ix. 319

“Witch-shot,” a sudden stiffness in the back, x. 343 n., 345

Witch's herb, St. John's wort, xi. 56 n. 1

“—— nest,” a tangle of birch-branches, xi. 185

Witchcraft, precautions against, on May Day, ii. 52 sqq.;

the rowan a protection against, ii. 53, 54, ix. 267, x. 154, 327 n. 1, xi. 184 n. 4, 185, 281;

strangers suspected of practising, iii. 102;

almost universal dread of, iii. 281;

the harvest Maiden a protection against, vii. 156;

singed sheepskin a protection against, viii. 324;

practised in cures in Scotland, ix. 38 sq.;

on the Congo, dread of, ix. 77 n. 2;

the belief in, persists under the higher religions, ix. 89 sq.;

in Moravia, precautions against, ix. 162;

bonfires a protection against, x. 108, 109;

holy water a protection against, x. 123;

cattle driven through Midsummer fire as a protection against, x. 175;

burs and mugwort a preservative against, x. 177, xi. 59 sq.;

Midsummer fires a protection against, x. 185, 188;

a broom a protection against, x. 210;

need-fire kindled to counteract, x. 280, 292 sq., 293, 295;

in Devonshire, x. 302;

great dread of, in Europe, x. 340;

the fire-festivals regarded as a protection against, x. 342;

stiffness in the back attributed to, x. 343 n., 345;

colic and sore eyes attributed to, x. 344;

a wheel a charm against, x. 345 n.;

thought to be the source of almost all calamities, xi. 19 sq.;

leaping over [pg 526] bonfires as a protection against, xi. 40;

its treatment by the Christian Church, xi. 42;

and sorcery, Midsummer herbs and flowers a protection against, xi. 45, 46, 49, 54, 55, 59, 60, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 72;

St. John's wort a protection against, xi. 54;

dwarf-elder used to detect, xi. 64;

fern root a protection against, xi. 67;

mistletoe a protection against, xi. 85 sq., 282, 283, 294;

fatal to milk and butter, xi. 86;

oak log a protection against, xi. 92;

children passed through a ring of yarn as a protection against, xi. 185;

a “witch's nest” (tangle of birch-branches) a protection against, xi. 185.

See also Witch, Witches, and Sorcery

Witches sink ships, i. 135;

raise the wind, i. 322, 326;

in the wind, knives thrown at, i. 329;

souls of dead, said to pass into trees, ii. 32;

buried under trees, ii. 32;

steal milk of cows on May Day or Walpurgis Night, ii. 52 sqq., ix. 267;

precautions against, ii. 52 sqq.;

in the shape of hares suck the milk of cows, ii. 53;

steal butter, ii. 53;

burned out on May Day, ii. 54;

driven away by the sound of church bells, ii. 127;

steal milk from cows on Midsummer Eve, ii. 127, x. 176, xi. 74;

steal milk on Eve of St. George, ii. 334 sqq.;

as cats and dogs, ii.334, 335;

make use of cut hair, iii. 270, 271, 279, 282;

wedding rings a protection against, iii. 314, 314 sq.;

steal cows' milk, iii. 314 sq., x. 343;

burnt alive in Africa, ix. 18, 19;

special precautions against, at certain seasons of the year, ix. 157 sqq.;

annually expelled in Calabria, Silesia, and other parts of Europe, ix. 157 sqq.;

active during the Twelve Days from Christmas to Twelfth Night, ix. 158 sqq.;

the burning out of the, in the Tyrol, ix. 158 sq.,

in Bohemia, ix. 161,

in Silesia and Saxony, ix. 163;

shooting the, ix. 164;

driving out the, ix. 164;

burnt in Scotland, ix. 165;

beaten with rods of buckthorn on Good Friday, ix. 266;

not allowed to touch the bare ground, x. 5 sq.;

burnt and beheaded, x. 6;

effigies of, burnt in bonfires, x. 107, 116 sq., 118 sq., 342, xi. 43;

charm to protect fields against, x. 121;

Beltane fires a protection against, x. 154;

cast spells on cattle, x. 154;

steal milk from cows at Beltane, x. 154;

in the form of hares and cats, x. 157, 315 n. 1, 316 sqq., 317, 318, 319 sq., xi. 41, 311 sq.;

burnt on May Day, x. 157, 159, 160;

fires to burn the witches on the Eve of May Day (Walpurgis Night), x. 159 sq., xi. 20 n.;

abroad on Walpurgis Night, x. 159 sq.;

kept out by crosses, x. 160 n. 2;

driving away the, x. 160, 170, 171;

resort to the Blocksberg, x. 171;

Midsummer fires a protection against, x. 176, 180;

steal milk and butter at Midsummer, x. 185;

active on Midsummer Eve, x. 210, xi. 19;

abroad at Hallowe'en, x. 226, 245;

burnt in Hallowe'en fires, x. 232 sq.;

the Yule log a protection against, x. 258;

thought to cause cattle disease, x. 302 sq.;

at Ipswich, x. 304 sq.;

transformed into animals, x. 315 sqq.;

as cockchafers, x. 322;

come to borrow, x. 322, 323, xi. 73;

cause hail and thunder-storms, x. 344;

brought down from the clouds by shots and smoke, x. 345 sq.;

burning missiles hurled at, x. 345;

active on Hallowe'en and May Day, xi. 19, 73 sqq., 184 n. 4, 185;

burnt or banned by fire, xi. 19 sq.;

gather noxious plants on Midsummer Eve, xi. 47;

gather St. John's wort on St. John's Eve, xi. 56;

purple loosestrife a protection against, xi. 65;

tortured in India, xi. 159;

animal familiars of, xi. 202.

See also “Burning the Witches”

“Witches, Burning the,” a popular name for the fires of the festivals, xi. 43

—— and hares in Yorkshire, xi. 197

—— and were-wolves, parallelism between, x. 315, 321

—— and wizards thought to keep their strength in their hair, xi. 158 sq.;

put to death by the Aztecs, xi. 159

—— and wolves the two great foes dreaded by herdsmen in Europe, ii. 330 sqq., x. 343

Witches' Sabbath on the Eve of St. George, ii. 335, 338;

on the Eve of May Day and Midsummer Eve, x. 171 n. 3, 181, xi. 73, 74

Witchetty grubs, ceremony for the multiplication of, among the Arunta, i. 85

“Withershins,” against the sun, in curses and excommunication at Hallowe'en, x. 234

Wittichenau, in Silesia, custom at end of threshing at, vii. 149

Witurna, a spirit whose voice is heard in the sound of the bull-roarer, xi. 234

Wives, taboos observed by, in the absence of their husbands, i. 116, 119, 120, 121, 122 sqq., 127 sqq.;

exchanged at the appearance of the Aurora Australis, iv. 267 n. 1;

of dead kings sacrificed at their tombs, vi. 168;

of a king [pg 527] taken by his successor, ix. 368 n. 1

See also Wife

Wives, human, of gods, v. 61 sqq., vi. 207;

in Western Asia and Egypt, v. 70 sqq.

“—— of Marduk,” at Babylon, ii. 130

Wiwa, the, of East Africa, their custom as to fire kindled by lightning, ii. 256 n. 1

Wiwa chiefs reincarnated in pythons, vi. 193

Wizards in Melanesia, the variety of their functions, i. 227 sq.;

who raise winds, i. 323 sqq.;

Finnish, i. 325;

capture human souls, iii. 70, 73;

gather baleful herbs on the Eve of St. John, xi. 47;

gather purple loosestrife at Midsummer, xi. 65;

animal familiars of, xi. 196 sq., 201 sq.

See also Medicine-men and Sorcerers

Woden, Odin, or Othin, the master of spells, iii. 305;

the father of Balder, x. 101, 102, 103 n. 1

See also Odin

Wogait, Australian tribe, their belief in conception without cohabitation, v. 103

Woguls, sacred groves of the, ii. 11

Wohlau, district of Silesia, custom of “Carrying out Death” in, iv. 237

Wolf, charm to make a wolf disgorge his prey, i. 135;

imitation of, as a homoeopathic charm, i. 155;

track of, in contagious magic, i. 211;

transformation into, iv. 83;

said to have guided the Samnites, iv. 186 n. 4;

corn-spirit as, vii. 271 sqq., viii. 327;

the last sheaf at harvest called the, vii. 273;

the woman who binds the last sheaf called the, vii. 273 sq.;

the last sheaf shaped like a, vii. 274;

man after threshing wrapt in threshed-out straw and called the, vii. 274 sq.;

stuffed, carried about, vii. 275;

the beast-god of Lycopolis in Egypt, viii. 172;

figure of, kept throughout the year, viii. 173 n. 4;

ceremonies at killing a, viii. 220 sq., 223;

name given to thresher of last corn, viii. 327.

See also Wolves

——, Brotherhood of the Green, at Jumièges in Normandy, x. 185 sq., xi. 15 n., 25

Wolf clan among the Moquis, viii. 178;

in North-Western America, xi. 270, 271, 272 n. 1

—— -god, Zeus as the, iv. 83

—— masks worn by members of a Wolf secret society, xi. 270 sq.

—— -mountain (Lycaeus) in Arcadia, iv. 83

—— society among the Nootka Indians, rite of initiation into the, xi. 270 sq.

Wolf-worshippers, cannibal, iv. 83

Wolf's heart eaten to make eater brave, viii. 146

—— hide, strap of, used by were-wolves, x. 310 n. 1

—— skin, man clad in, led about at Christmas, vii. 275

Wolfeck, in Austria, leaf-clad mummer on Midsummer Day at, xi. 25 sq.

Wolfenbüttel, need-fire near, x. 277

Wolfish Apollo, viii. 283 sq.;

his sanctuary at Sicyon, viii. 283

Wollaroi, the, of New South Wales, rubbed themselves with the juices of the dead, viii. 163

Wolletz in Westphalia, the last sheaf called the Old Man at, vii. 238

Wollunqua, a mythical serpent, iii. 384

Wolofs of Senegambia, their superstition as to their names, iii. 323

Wolves in relation to horses, i. 27;

feared by shepherds, ii. 327, 329, 330 sq., 333, 334, 340, 341;

charms to protect cattle from, iii. 308;

not to be called by their proper names, iii. 396, 397, 398, 402;

sacrifices offered to, viii. 284;

transmigration of sinners into, viii. 308

——, the place of (Lyceum), at Athens, viii. 283 sq.

——, Soranian, iv. 186 n. 4

—— and witches, the two great foes dreaded by herdsmen in Europe, ii. 330 sqq., x. 343

Woman representing the Moon and married to the Sun, ii. 146 sq.;

feeding serpent in Greek art, v. 87 sq.;

as inspired prophetess of a god, vi. 257;

burnt alive as a witch in Ireland, i. 236, x. 323 sq.

——, Sawing the Old, a Lenten ceremony, iv. 240 sqq.

Woman's bracelets and earrings worn by man who has been stung by a scorpion, iii. 95 n. 8

—— dress assumed by men to deceive dangerous spirits, vi. 262 sq.

—— ornaments, scapegoat decked with, ix. 192

—— part in primitive agriculture, vii. 113 sqq.

Women forbidden to spin under certain circumstances, i. 113 sq.;

observe certain rules while the men are away hunting, i. 120 sqq.;

forbidden to sew in the absence of whalers and warriors, i. 121, 128;

observe certain rules while the men are away fighting, i. 127 sqq.;

forbidden to sleep by day in the absence of warriors, i. 127 sq.;

forbidden to cover their faces in the absence of warriors, i. 128;

dance while the men [pg 528] are at war, i. 131 sqq.;

dance to make crops grow tall, i. 139 n.;

employed to sow the fields on the principle of homoeopathic magic, i. 141 sq.;

who have borne many children employed to fertilize fruit-trees, i. 141;

plough as a rain-charm, i. 282 sq.;

chief makes women fruitful, i. 347;

worshipped by the ancient Germans, i. 391;

married to gods, ii. 129 sqq., 143 sq., 146 sq., 149 sqq.;

fertilized by water-spirits, ii. 159 sqq.;

impregnated by fire, ii. 195 sqq., 230 sq., vi. 235;

alone allowed to make pottery, ii. 204 sq.;

tabooed at menstruation, iii. 145 sqq., x. 76 sqq.;

tabooed at childbirth, iii. 147 sqq., x. 20;

abstinence of men from, during war, iii. 157, 158 n. 1, 161, 163, 164;

in childbed holy, iii. 225 n.;

dying in childbed, precautions against the return of their ghosts, iii. 236, viii. 97 sq.;

blood of, dreaded, iii. 250 sq.;

not allowed to see the drawing of men's blood, iii. 252 n.;

not allowed to mention their husband's names, iii. 333, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339;

impregnated by dead saints, v. 78 sq.;

impregnated by serpents, v. 80 sqq.;

fear to be impregnated by ghosts, v. 93;

impregnated by the flower of the banana, v. 93;

excluded from sacrifices to Hercules, v. 113 n. 1, vi. 258 n. 5;

their high importance in the social system of the Pelew Islanders, vi. 205 sqq.;

the cultivation of the staple food in the hands of women (Pelew Islands), vi. 206 sq.;

their social importance increased by the combined influence of mother-kin and landed property, vi. 209;

their legal superiority to men in ancient Egypt, vi. 214;

priests dressed as, vi. 253 sq.;

dressed as men, vi. 255 n. 1, 257, 262 sqq., 263;

milk cows, vii. 118;

influence of corn-spirit on, vii. 168;

swear by the Pleiades, vii. 311;

thought to have no soul, viii. 148;

ceremonies performed by, to rid the fields of vermin, viii. 279 sq.;

impregnated by ghosts, ix. 18;

as exorcizers, ix. 200;

personating goddesses, ix. 238;

fertilized by effigy of a baby, ix. 245, 249;

fertilized by mummers, ix. 249;

put to death in the character of goddesses in Mexico, ix. 283 sqq.;

in hard labour, charm to help, x. 14;

who do not menstruate supposed to make gardens barren, x. 24;

impregnated by the sun, x. 74 sq.;

impregnated by the moon, x. 75 sq.;

dread of menstruous, x. 76 sqq.;

at menstruation painted red, x. 78;

leap over Midsummer bonfires to ensure an easy delivery, x. 194, 339;

fertilized by tree-spirits, xi. 22;

creep through a rifted rock to obtain an easy delivery, xi. 189;

not allowed to see bull-roarers, xi. 234, 235, 242.

See also Barren, Childless, Menstruous, Pregnant, and Sacred women

Women, barren, thought to sterilize gardens, i. 142;

tied to wild fig-trees to be fertilized by them, ii. 316;

passed through holed stones as cure for barrenness, v. 36, with n. 4, xi. 187;

fertilized by being struck with stick which has been used to separate pairing dogs, ix. 264;

hope to conceive through fertilizing influence of vegetables, xi. 51

——, living, regarded as the wives of dead kings, vi. 191, 192;

reputed the wives of gods, vi. 207

——, pregnant, employed to fertilize crops and fruit-trees, i. 140 sq.;

taboos on, i. 141 n. 1;

wear garments made of bark of sacred tree, ii. 58;

mode of protecting them against dangerous spirits, viii. 102 sq.

—— as prophetesses inspired by dead chiefs, vi. 192 sq.;

inspired by gods, vi. 207

Women's clothes, supposed effects of touching, iii. 164 sq.

—— hair, sacrifice of, v. 38

—— race at harvest, vii. 76 sq.

“—— speech” among the Caffres, iii. 335 sq.

Wonghi or Wonghibon tribe of New South Wales, ritual of death and resurrection at initiation in the, xi. 227

Wonkgongaru tribe of Central Australia, their magical ceremony for the multiplication of fish, i. 90

Wood, fire kindled by the friction of, ii. 207 sqq., 235 sqq., 243, 248 sqq., 258 sq., 262, 263, 336, 366, 372.

See also Fire

——, King of the, at Nemi, i. 1 sqq., ii. 1 sq., 378 sqq., iv. 28, x. 2, xi. 285, 286, 295, 302, 309;

at Aricia, ix. 409

——, Lord of the, prayed to by the Gayos before they clear the forest, ii. 36;

prayed to by the Gayos before they hunt in the woods, ii. 125

Wood-spirits in goat form, viii. 2 sq.

—— woman, stalks of corn left on the harvest field for the, vii. 232

Woodbine as a charm to keep witches from cows on May Day, ii. 53, ix. 267;

sick children passed through a wreath of, xi. 184

[pg 529]

Woodford, C. M., on offering of canarium nuts to ghosts, viii. 126 sq.

Woodmen, sacrifices offered by, at felling trees, ii. 14, 15;

ask pardon of trees at felling them, ii. 18, 19;

form blood-brotherhood with the trees which they fell, ii. 19 sq.;

ceremonies observed by, at felling trees, ii. 37 sqq.

Woodpecker (picus) said to have guided the Piceni, iv. 186 n. 4;

sacred among the Latins, iv. 186 n. 4;

brings the mythical springwort, xi. 70 sq.

Woods (forests), of ancient Europe, ii. 7 sq., 350 sqq.;

of England, the old, ii. 7 sq.;

of ancient Italy and Greece, ii. 8;

of ancient Latium, ii. 188

Woods used in house-building, homoeopathic magic of, i. 146;

species of, used in making fire by friction, ii. 248-252

Wootton-Wawen, in Warwickshire, the Yule log at, x. 257

Words tabooed, iii. 318 sqq.;

savages take a materialistic view of words, iii. 331.

See also Language and Speech

——, common, changed because they are the names of the dead, iii. 358 sqq., 375,

or the names of chiefs and kings, iii. 375, 376 sqq.;

tabooed, iii. 392 sqq.

——, special, applied to the person and acts of a sacred chief or king, i. 398, 401, 401 n. 3;

used by Scotch fowlers, iii. 393 sq.;

used by Scotch fishermen, iii. 393 sqq.;

used by German huntsmen, iii. 396;

used by Nandi warriors, iii. 401;

used by elephant-hunters in Laos, iii. 404;

used by searchers for eagle-wood and lignum aloes in Indo-China, iii. 404;

used by searchers for camphor in the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo, iii. 405 sqq.;

used by Malay tin-miners, iii. 407;

used by Malay fowlers, iii. 407 sq.;

used by Malay fishermen, iii. 408 sq.;

used by Achinese fishermen, iii. 409;

used by gold-miners in Sumatra, iii. 409;

used by reapers in Nias, iii. 410 sq.;

used by the Javanese at night and in gathering simples, iii. 411;

used by workers in the harvest-fields in Celebes, iii. 411 sq.;

used by the Toradjas of Celebes in the forest, iii. 412 sq.;

used by the Bugineese and Macassars of Celebes at sea, iii. 413;

used by the Sangi Islanders at sea, iii. 414;

used by the Kenyahs of Borneo in poisoning fish, iii. 415;

used by reapers among the Tomori of Celebes, vii. 193

Wordsworth, W., on the pre-existence of the human soul, i. 104

Work in huts of absent whalers tabooed, i. 121;

on holy days, the Flamen Dialis not allowed to see, iii. 14

“Working for need-fire,” a proverb, x. 287 sq.

World regarded by early man as the product of conscious will and personal agency, i. 374;

conceived as animated, ix. 90 sq.;

daily created afresh by the self-sacrifice of the deity, ix. 411

Worm, transmigration of sinner into, viii. 299

Wormeln, holy oak of, ii. 371

Worms, charm against, i. 152;

souls of dead in, viii. 289;

popular cure for, x. 17

Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium), xi. 58 n. 3;

burnt to stupefy witches, x. 345;

superstitions concerning, xi. 61 n. 1

Wororu, man supposed to cause conception in women without sexual intercourse, in West Australia, v. 105

Worship of trees, ii. 7 sqq.;

of the oak, ii. 349 sqq., xi. 298 sqq.;

of mephitic vapours, v. 203 sqq.;

of hot springs, v. 206 sqq.;

of volcanoes, v. 216 sqq.;

of cattle, viii. 35 sqq.;

of animals, two forms of the, viii. 311;

of snake, viii. 316 sq.;

paid to human representatives of gods in Mexico, ix. 278, 282, 289, 293;

of ancestors in Fiji, xi. 243 sq.

—— of ancestral spirits among the Bantu tribes of Africa, vi. 174 sqq.;

among the Khasis of Assam, vi. 203

—— of the dead, magic blent with the, i. 164;

perhaps fused with the propitiation of the corn-spirit, v. 233 sqq.;

founded on the theory of the soul, vii. 181;

among the Thay of Indo-China, ix. 97

—— of dead kings and chiefs, iv. 24 sq.;

in Africa, vi. 160 sqq.;

among the Shilluks, vi. 161 sqq.;

among the Baganda, vi. 167 sqq.;

among the Barotse, vi. 194 sq.;

an important element in African religion, vi. 195 sq.

—— of frogs by the Newars, i. 294 sq.

Worshipful animal killed once a year, viii. 322

Worshippers of Osiris forbidden to injure fruit-trees and to stop up wells, vi. 111

Worth, R. N., on burnt sacrifices in Devonshire, x. 302

Worthen, in Shropshire, the Yule log at, x. 257

Wotjobaluk tribe in Victoria, contagious magic of clothes among the, i. 206;

their rain-making, i. 251 sq.;

their notion as to falling stars, iv. 64;

their sorcery by means of spittle, iii. 288;

sex totems among the, xi. 215 sq.

Wotyaks (Votiaks), the, of Russia, sacred [pg 530] groves of the, ii. 43 sq.;

their marriage of Keremet to the Earth-wife, ii. 145 sq.;

their custom of leading a bride to the hearth, ii. 231;

their annual festivals of the dead, vi. 76 sq.;

annual expulsion of Satan among the, ix. 155 sq.

Wound and weapon, contagious magic of, i. 201 sqq.

Wounded men not allowed to drink milk, iii. 174 sq.

Wounding the dead or dying, custom of, iv. 13 sq.

—— were-wolves in order to compel them to resume their human shape, x. 308 sqq.

Wounds at reaping, customs and sayings as to, vii. 281, 285, 288, 296;

self-inflicted, of inspired men, ix. 117 sq.;

St. John's wort a balm for, xi. 55

“—— between the arms” of Hebrew prophets, v. 74 n. 4

“—— of the Naaman,” Arab name for the scarlet anemone, v. 226

Wrach (Hag), name given to last corn cut in Wales, vii. 142 sqq.

Wreath of woodbine, sick children passed through a, xi. 184

Wreaths of flowers thrown into water, divination from, ii. 339;

as amulets, vi. 242 sq.;

of corn made out of last sheaf at harvest, vii. 134, 135;

of flowers thrown across the Midsummer fires, x. 174;

superstitious uses made of the singed wreaths, x. 174;

hung over doors and windows at Midsummer, x. 201

Wren, hunting the, viii. 317 sqq.,

in the Isle of Man, viii. 318 sq.,

in Ireland, viii. 319 sq.,

in England, viii. 320,

in France, viii. 320 sq.;

called the king of birds, viii. 317;

superstitions as to the, viii. 317 sq., 319

Wrestling-matches in honour of the dead among the Kirghiz, iv. 97;

at New Year festival among the Kayans, vii. 98;

at festival of first-fruits in Tonga, viii. 131

Wright, Dr. Joseph, on hockey, vii. 147 n. 1;

on the mell-sheaf, vii. 152 n.

Wrist-bands as amulets, iii. 315

Wrists tied to prevent escape of soul, iii. 32, 43, 51

Wukari, in Nigeria, custom of king-killing at, iv. 35

Wunenberger, Ch., on kings as rain-makers in Africa, i. 348

Wünsch, R., on the Anthesteria, v. 235 n. 1;

on modern survivals of festivals of Adonis, v. 246;

on Easter ceremonies in the Greek Church, v. 254 n.

Wünschensuhl, in Thüringen, the Harvest-cock at, vii. 276

Wurmlingen in Swabia, pretence of beheading a leaf-clad mummer at Whitsuntide at, iv. 207 sq.;

the Carnival Fool at, iv. 231 sq.

——, in Thüringen, man who gives the last stroke at threshing called the Barley-cow, Oats-cow, Peas-cow, etc., at, vii. 290

Würtemberg, bushes set up on houses on Palm Sunday in, ii. 71;

the Lazy Man on Midsummer Day at Ertingen in, ii. 83;

thresher of last corn called the He-goat at Tettnang in, vii. 286;

effigy of goat made out of last corn threshed at Ellwangen in, vii. 287;

Midsummer fires in, x. 66;

leaf-clad mummer at Midsummer in, xi. 26

Wurunjeri tribe of Victoria, recovery of lost soul in the, iii. 42 sq.

Würzburg, Midsummer fires at, x. 165

Wuttke, A., on the superstitions connected with the Twelve Nights, ix. 327 n. 4

Wyingurri, tribe of Western Australia, their contagious magic of footprints, i. 208

Wyld, E., on shrieks of tree-spirits, ii. 18

Wyse, Miss A., on May Day custom at Halford in Warwickshire, ii. 89 n. 1

Wyse, William, as to circumcision in the Old Testament, i. 101 n. 2;

as to the Greek custom of sacrificing to the dead on their birthdays, i. 105 n. 5;

as to edible acorns in Don Quixote, ii. 356 n. 3;

as to Cretan sacrifices without the use of iron, iii. 227 n. 2;

on a reported Roman custom, iv. 144;

on the causes of the downfall of ancient civilization, v. 301 n. 2;

as to the fixed and movable Egyptian festivals, vi. 35 n. 2;

as to an Egyptian festival of lights, vi. 51 n. 1

Wyttenbach, D., his emendation of Plutarch, ix. 341 n. 1

Xanthicus, a Macedonian month, vii. 259 n. 1

Xenophanes of Colophon, on the creation of the gods in the likeness of men, iii. 387;

on the Egyptian rites of mourning for gods, vi. 42, 43

Xenophon, his rural home, i. 7;

on Triptolemus, vii. 54

Xeres, Fr., Spanish historian, on the sacrifice of children among the Indians of Peru, iv. 185

Xerxes in Thessaly, iv. 161, 163;

identified with Ahasuerus, ix. 360

Xilonen, Mexican goddess of the Young Maize, ix. 285;

woman annually [pg 531] sacrificed in the character of, ix. 285 sq.

Ximanas, an Indian tribe of the Amazon, kill all their first-born children, iv. 185 sq.

Xipe, “the Flayed One,” Mexican god, ix. 297, 298, 299;

statuette of, ix. 291 n. 1;

his festival of the flaying of men, ix. 296 sqq.;

his image clad in the skin of a flayed man, ix. 297

Xixipeme, men clad in skins of human victims, in ancient Mexico, ix. 298, 299

Xnumayo tribe of Zulus, change of word to avoid the use of chief's name in the, iii. 377

Xochiquetzal, wife of Tlaloc, the Mexican thunder-god, human sacrifices offered to, vii. 237

Xomanas, an Indian tribe of the Rio Negro in Brazil, drink the ashes of their dead as a mode of communion, viii. 157

Yabim (Jabim), tribe of German New Guinea, their treatment of the navel-string, i. 182;

their custom at childbirth, iii. 151;

drive away the ghosts of the murdered, iii. 170;

precaution against the ghost of a murdered man among the, iii. 186 n. 1;

their use of magic knots in fishing-boats, iii. 306;

avoidance of parents-in-law among the, iii. 342;

unwilling to name the dead, iii. 354;

tell stories to promote the growth of the crops, iii. 386;

propitiate the souls of the dead for the sake of the crops, vii. 104;

tell tales to get good harvests, vii. 104 sq.;

their offerings to the souls of the dead for the sake of the crops, vii. 228;

their way of getting rid of caterpillars and worms, viii. 275 sq.;

their belief in the transmigration of some human souls into swine, viii. 295 sq.;

their custom of sending disease away in a small canoe, ix. 188 sq.;

girls at puberty secluded among the, x. 35;

use of bull-roarers among the, xi. 232;

rites of initiation among the, xi. 239 sqq.

Yaguas, Indians of the Amazon, girls at puberty secluded among the, x. 59

Yakut shamans, their descent into the lower world to recover lost souls, iii. 63;

keep their external souls in animals, xi. 196

Yakuts, their charm to make the wind blow, i. 319;

inspired sacrificial victims among the, i. 384;

leap over fire after a burial, xi. 18

Yakutsk, rain-making by means of bezoa stones at, i. 305

Yam, island of Torres Straits, heroes worshipped in animal forms in, v. 139 n. 1;

treatment of girls at puberty in, x. 41

Yam vines, continence observed at the training of, ii. 105 sq.

Yams, magical stones to promote the growth of, in New Caledonia, i. 163;

feast of, at Onitsha on the Niger, iii. 123;

charm for the growth of, among the Kai of New Guinea, vii. 100, 101;

cultivated in Africa, vii. 119;

cultivated in South America, vii. 120, 121;

cultivated in New Britain, vii. 123;

dug by Australian aborigines, vii. 126 sq.

——, ceremonies at eating the new, in New Caledonia, viii. 53;

in West Africa, viii. 58 sqq., ix. 134

——, festivals of the new, in West Africa, viii. 115 sq.;

in Tonga, viii. 128 sqq.

Yang-Seri, prayers for the crops offered by the Banars of Cambodia to, viii. 33

Yaos, the, of British Central Africa, their fear of being photographed, iii. 97 sq.;

their offerings of first-fruits to the dead, viii. 111 sq.

Yap (Uap), one of the Caroline Islands, precaution as to the spittle of important people in, iii. 290;

taboos observed by men for the sake of immature girls in, iii. 293;

prostitution of unmarried girls in, vi. 265 sq.;

seclusion of girls at puberty in, x. 36.

See also Uap

Yaraikanna, the, of Northern Queens land, seclusion of girls at puberty among, x. 37 sq.

Yarilo, the funeral of, celebrated in Russia on June 29th, iv. 261, 262 sq.;

a personification of vegetation, v. 253

Yarn, divination by, at Hallowe'en, x. 235, 240, 241, 243;

sick children passed through a ring of, xi. 185

Yarra river in Victoria borders the Bad Country, iii. 109;

treatment of girls at puberty among the aborigines of the Upper, x. 92 n. 1

Yasawu Islands of Fiji, reverence for coco-nuts in the, ii. 12 sq.

Yassin, king of Fazoql, put to death, iv. 16

Yawning, soul supposed to depart in, iii. 31

Year, beginning of, marked by appearance of Pleiades, vii. 309, 310, 312, 313, 314, 315;

divided into thirteen moons, viii. 77;

burning out the Old, ix. 165, 230 n. 7;

supposed representatives of the old, ix. 230;

called a fire, x. 137.

See also New Year

——, the fixed Alexandrian, vi, 28, 49, 92

[pg 532]

——, the Caffre, beginning of, marked by festival of new fruits, viii. 64 sq.

——, the Celtic, reckoned from November 1st, vi. 81

——, the Egyptian, a vague year, not corrected by intercalation, vi. 24 sq.

——of God, a Sothic period, in ancient Egypt, vi. 36 n. 2;

began with the rising of Sirius, vi. 35

——, the Great, in ancient Greece, iv. 70

——, the old Iranian, vi. 67

——, the Julian, vi. 28

——, lunar, of old Roman calendar, ix. 232;

equated to solar year by intercalation, ix. 325, 342 sq.

——, the old Roman, began in March, ix. 229

——, the Slavonic, beginning of, ix. 228

——, solar, length of, determined by the Theban priests, vi. 26;

intercalation of the, ix. 407 n. 1

——, the solar and lunar, early attempts to harmonize, ix. 325 sq., 339, 341 sqq.

——, the Teutonic, reckoned from October 1st, vi. 81

Year-man, the, in Japan, ix. 144

Years, cycle of eight, in ancient Greece, iv. 68 sqq., vii. 80 sqq.;

mode of counting the, in Manipur, iv. 117 n. 1;

named after eponymous magistrates, ix. 39 sq.

——, the King of the, in Tibet, ix. 220, 221

Yegory or Yury, Russian name for St. George, ii. 332, 333.

See St. George

Yehar-baal, king of Byblus, v. 14

Yehaw-melech, king of Byblus, v. 14

Yellow the royal colour among the Malays, i. 362, ix. 187

—— and black, face of human representative of goddess painted, ix. 287

Yellow birds in magic, i. 79 sq.

—— colour in magic, i. 79 sqq.

—— Day of Beltane, x. 293

—— Demeter, vii. 41 sq.

—— River, girls married to the, ii. 152

—— snow, the year of the, x. 294

—— things supposed to cure jaundice, i. 79 sqq.

Yerkla-mining tribe of South-Eastern Australia, their belief in the contagious magic of wounds, i. 202;

the headmen medicine-men in the, i. 336

Yerrunthally tribe of Queensland, their ideas as to falling stars, iv. 64

Yewe order, secret society in Togo, iii. 383

Yezidis, their belief as to New Year's Day, iv. 117

Yezo or Yesso, Japanese Island, the Ainos of, viii. 180, 185

Yibai, tribal subdivision of the Coast Murring tribe, xi. 236

Yluta, in Mexico, bones of the dead preserved for the resurrection in, viii. 259

Ynglingar family, members of the, obtain kingdoms in Norway through marriage, ii. 279 sq.

Ynglings, a Norse family, descended from Frey, vi. 100

Yoke, purification by passing under a, xi. 193 sqq.;

ancient Italian practice of passing conquered enemies under a, xi. 193 sq.

Yokuts, a tribe of Californian Indians, influence of rain-makers among the, i. 358

Yombe, the, of Rhodesia, their sacrifice of first-fruits to the dead, vi. 191, viii. 112 sq.

Yopaa, in southern Mexico, governed by a sacred pontiff, iii. 6

Yopico, temple in Mexico, ix. 299

York, the Boy Bishop at, ix. 337, 338;

custom formerly observed at Christmas, in the cathedral at, xi. 291 n. 2

Yorkshire, custom as to the placentas of mares at Cleveland in, i. 199;

May garlands (hoops) in, ii. 62 sq.;

the mell-sheaf in, vii. 151 sq.;

“burning the Old Witch” on the last day of harvest in, vii. 224;

first corn cut at harvest by clergyman in, viii. 51;

Plough Monday in, viii. 330 n. 1;

belief as to menstruous women in, x. 96 n. 2;

Beal-fires on Midsummer Eve in, x. 198;

the Yule log in, x. 256 sq.;

need-fire in, x. 286 sqq.;

witch as hare in, x. 317, xi. 197

Yoruba, West Africa, fear of strangers in, i. 103

—— -land, the paramount king of, iv. 203

—— race in the province of Lagos, iv. 112

—— -speaking negroes of the Slave Coast eat the hearts of men to make themselves brave, viii. 149 sq.

Yorubas of West Africa, sanctity of the king's crown among the, i. 364 sq.;

rule of succession to the chieftainship among the, ii. 293 sq.;

their theory of a guardian spirit in the head, iii. 252;

rebirth of ancestors among the, iii. 369;

their custom of putting their kings to death, iv. 41;

their custom after the death of a twin, viii. 98;

their use of human scapegoats, ix. 211 sq.;

use of bull-roarers among the, xi. 229 n.

Young, Arthur, on “hurling” for a bride in Ireland, ii. 305 sq.

Young, E., on the ceremony of the first ploughing in Siam, iv. 150 n.

[pg 533]

Young, Hugh W., on the rampart of Burghead, x. 268 n. 1

Young, Issobell, buries ox and cat alive, x. 325

Youngest person cuts the last corn, viii. 158, 161

—— son, his name changed after his mother's death in order to deceive her ghost, iii. 358

Younghusband, Sir Francis, in the desert of Gobi, ix. 13

Yourouks of Asia Minor, their sacred trees, ii. 43

Youth restored by the witch Medea, v. 180 sq.;

supposed to be renewed by sloughing of skin, ix. 302 sqq.

Youths and maidens, tribute of, sent to Minos, iv. 74 sqq.

Ypres, wicker giants at, xi. 35

Yu-ă, spirits of the elements believed in by the Esquimaux, ix. 379, 380

Yucatan, Indians of, their way of detaining the sun, i. 318;

Vestals in, ii. 245 sq.;

fire-worship among the Indians of, ii. 246 n. 1;

calendar of the Indians of, vi. 29 n.;

the Mayas of, ix. 171, 340;

human blood smeared on face of idol at sacrifices in, ix. 256 n. 3;

fire-walk among the Indians of, xi. 13 sq., 16

Yuchi Indians of Oklahoma, their festival of new fruits, viii. 75;

their respect for their totems, viii. 311 n. 1

Yuin tribe of South-East Australia, political power of medicine-men in the, i. 336;

avoidance of wife's mother among the, iii. 84;

totem names among the, iii. 320;

their sex totems, xi. 216;

totem names kept secret among the, xi. 225 n.

Yuki Indians of California, dances of their women while the men were away fighting, i. 133

Yukon River, the Lower, in Alaska, the Esquimaux of, their fear of being photographed, iii. 96;

their festivals of the dead, vi. 51 sq.;

their double-faced masks, ix. 380;

seclusion of girls at puberty among them, x. 55

—— territory, Indians of the, place their cut hair and nails in crotches of trees, iii. 276

Yule, Colonel Henry, on modes of executing royal criminals in the East, iii. 242

Yule Boar, a loaf baked in the form of a boar-pig in Sweden and Denmark, vii. 300 sqq., viii. 328;

often made out of the corn of the last sheaf, vii. 300 sq., viii. 328;

part of it mixed with the seed-corn, part given to the ploughmen and plough-horses or plough-oxen to eat, vii. 301, viii. 43, 328

Yule cake, x. 257, 259, 261

—— candle, x. 255, 256, 260

—— Goat, the, personated by a man wearing goat's horns at Christmas in Sweden, viii. 327 sq.

—— Island, Torres Straits, magical telepathy in, i. 121

—— log, x. 247 sqq.;

in Germany, x. 247 sqq.;

made of oak-wood, x. 248, 250, 251, 257, 258, 259, 260, 263, 264 sq., xi. 92;

a protection against conflagration, x. 248 sq., 250, 255, 256, 258;

a protection against thunder and lightning, x. 248, 249, 250, 252, 253, 254, 258, 264;

in Switzerland, x. 249;

in Belgium, x. 249;

in France, x. 249 sqq.;

helps cows to calve, x. 250, 338;

in England, x. 255 sq.;

in Wales, x. 258;

among the Servians, x. 258 sqq.;

a protection against witches, x. 258;

in Albania, x. 264;

privacy of the ceremonial of the, x. 328;

explained as a sun-charm, x. 332;

made of fir, beech, holly, yew, crab-tree, or olive, xi. 92 n. 2

—— Night in Sweden, customs observed on, x. 20 sq.

—— ram, the, straw-effigy at Christmas in Dalarne, viii. 328

—— straw in Sweden, magical virtues ascribed to, vii. 301 sq.

Yules, the, in Shetland, ix. 168

Yumari, a dance of the Tarahumare Indians, ix. 237 sq.

Yung-chun, city in China, i. 170

Yungman tribe of Australia, their belief as to the birth of children, v. 101

Yuracares, the, of Bolivia, their superstitions as to the making of pottery, ii. 204;

their propitiation of the apes which they have killed, viii. 235 sq.;

take great care of the bones of the animals and fish which they eat, viii. 257;

their practice of bleeding themselves to relieve fatigue, ix. 13;

seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 57 sq.

—— of Peru threaten the thunder-god, ii. 183 n. 2

Yuruks, pastoral people of Cilicia, v. 150 n. 1

Zabern, in Alsace, May-trees at, ii. 64;

the goat or fox at threshing at, vii. 287, 297

Zadrooga, Servian house-community, x. 259

Zafimanelo, the, of Madagascar, their seclusion at eating, iii. 116

Zagreus, a form of Dionysus, murdered by the Titans, vii. 12 sq.

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Zakmuk or Zagmuk, the Babylonian festival of the New Year, iv. 110 sq., 113, 115 sq., ix. 356 sqq.

—— and the Sacaea, iv. 113, 115 sqq., ix. 355 sqq., 399, 402

Zambesi, the River, the Angoni to the north of, i. 291, iii. 174;

short-handled hoes used by Caffres above the, vii. 116;

the Makanga of the, viii. 287;

belief in transmigration among the Caffres of the, viii. 289;

Sena-speaking people to the north of the, ix. 7;

heaps of sticks and stones to which passers-by add on the, ix. 11

——, the Lower, rain-maker at Boroma on, iii. 259

——, the Upper, the Barotse of, i. 310 n. 7, 392, vi. 193, x. 28;

the Maraves or Zimbas of, i. 393 n. 2, viii. 111;

tribes of, their belief in the homoeopathic magic of a flesh diet, viii. 141

Zanzibar, custom at sowing in, vii. 233

Zaparo Indians of Ecuador, their belief in the homoeopathic magic of animal flesh, viii. 139

Zapotecs of Mexico, their harvest customs, vii. 174 sq.;

their belief that their lives were bound up with those of animals, xi. 212

——, the pontiff of the, rule of continence observed by, iii. 6 sq.;

not allowed to set foot on ground, iii. 6, x. 2;

the sun not allowed to shine on him, iii. 6, x. 19

Zaramamas, Maize-mothers, name given to certain maize-stalks or stones carved in the likeness of maize-cobs among the Indians of Peru, vii. 173 n.

Zas, name of priest of Corycian Zeus, v. 155

Zealand, the Rye-beggar at harvest in, vii. 231;

treatment of strangers at the madder-harvest in, vii. 231

Zechariah on the mourning of or for Hadadrimmon, v. 15 n. 4;

on wounds of prophet, v. 74 n. 4

Zekar-baal, king of Byblus, v. 14

Zela in Pontus, priestly kings at, i. 47;

Anaitis and the Sacaea at, ix. 370, 372, 373, 421 n. 1;

Omanos and Anadates at, ix. 373 n. 1

Zemis of Assam, parents named after their children among the, iii. 333

Zemmur, the, of Morocco, their Midsummer custom, x. 215

Zend-Avesta, the, on cut hair and nails, iii. 277;

on the Fravashis, vi. 67 sq.

Zengwih, in Burma, priestly king near, iii. 237

Zenjirli in Syria, Hittite sculptures at, v. 134;

statue of horned god at, v. 163

Zer, old Egyptian king, his true Horus name Khent, vi. 20 n. 1, 154.

See Khent

Zerdusht and Isfendiyar, story of, in Firdusi's Epic of Kings, x. 104

Zerka, river in Moab, the ancient Callirrhoe, v. 215 n. 1

Zeus, at Panamara in Caria, sacrifice of men's hair to, i. 29;

mated with Artemis, i. 36;

Spartan kings descended from, i. 48;

Castor and Pollux the sons of, i. 49;

rids himself of his love for Hera, i. 161;

rain made by, i. 285;

the priest of, makes rain by an oak branch, i. 309;

mimicked by King Salmoneus, i. 310;

crowned with chaplet of oak leaves at Dodona, ii. 177;

Greek kings called, ii. 177, 361;

at Olympia, the sacred white poplar of, ii. 220;

priests of, at Dodona, ii. 248;

Spartan kings sacrifice to, ii. 264;

as god of the oak, the rain, the thunder, and the sky, ii. 358 sqq.;

his oracular oak at Dodona, ii. 358;

prayed to for rain by the Greeks, ii. 359;

father of Aeacus, ii. 359;

the sign-giving, on Mount Parnes, ii. 360;

his resemblance to Donar and Thor, ii. 364;

his resemblance to Perun and Perkunas, ii. 365, 367;

as sky-god, ii. 374;

his sanctuary on Mount Lycaeus, iii. 88;

the fleece of, Διὸς κώδιον, iii. 312 n. 3;

the grave of, in Crete, iv. 3;

oracular cave of, on Mount Ida in Crete, iv. 70;

father of Minos, iv. 70;

festival of, on Mount Lycaeus, iv. 70 n. 1;

his transformations into animals, iv. 82 sq.;

the Olympic victors regarded as embodiments of, iv. 90 sq.;

swallows his wife Metis, iv. 192;

saved by a trick from being swallowed by his father Cronus, iv. 192;

his marriage with his sister Hera, iv. 194;

god of Tarsus assimilated to, v. 119, 143;

Cilician deity assimilated to, v. 144 sqq., 148, 152;

the flower of, v. 186, 187;

identified with Attis, v. 282;

castrates his father Cronus, v. 283;

the father of dew, vi. 137;

the Saviour of the City, at Magnesia on the Maeander, vi. 238;

his intrigue with Persephone, vii. 12;

father of Dionysus by Demeter, vii. 12, 14, 66;

said to have transferred the sceptre to the young Dionysus, vii. 13;

said to have swallowed the heart of Dionysus, vii. 14;

his intrigue with Demeter, vii. 66;

his temple at Olympia, viii. 85;

his appearance to Hercules in the shape of a ram, viii. 172;

cake with twelve knobs offered to, ix. 351;

an upstart at Olympia, ix. 352;

identified with the Babylonian Bel, ix. 389;

and his [pg 535] sacred oak at Dodona, xi. 49 sq.;

wood of white poplar used at Olympia in sacrificing to. xi. 90 n. 1, 91 n. 7

Zeus, Corycian, priests of, v. 145, 155;

temple of, v. 155

—— and Cronus, ii. 323

—— and Danae, how he visited her in a shower of gold, x. 74

—— and Demeter, viii. 9;

their marriage perhaps dramatically celebrated in the Eleusinian mysteries, ii. 138 sq., vii. 65 sqq.

—— the Descender, places struck by lightning consecrated to, ii. 361

——, Dictaean, his sacred precinct in Crete, ii. 122

—— and Dione at Dodona, ii. 189, 381

—— and Europa, iv. 73

—— the Fly-catcher, viii. 282

——, the Fruitful One, ii. 360

——, Heavenly, at Sparta, i. 47

—— and Hecate at Stratonicea in Caria, v. 270 n. 2, 227

—— and Hephaestus, x. 136

—— and Hera, sacred marriage of, ii. 140 sq., 142 sq., 359, iv. 91;

sacrifices for rain to, ii. 360

—— and Hercules, viii. 172

—— the Husbandman, ii. 360

—— Labrandeus, the Carian, v. 182

—— Lacedaemon, at Sparta, i. 47

——, Laphystian, his sanctuary at Alus, iv. 161;

associated with human sacrifices, iv. 162, 163, 164, 165, vii. 25;

his sanctuary on Mount Laphystius, iv. 164

—— the Leader, Spartan king sacrifices to, ii. 264

——, Lightning, the hearth of, at Athens, i. 33, ii. 361

——, Lycaean, on Mount Lycaeus, human sacrifices to, ix. 353, 354

——, Olbian, ruins of his temple at Olba, in Cilicia, v. 151;

his cave or chasm, v. 158 sq.;

his priest Teucer, v. 159;

a god of fertility, v. 159 sqq.

——, Olybrian, of Anazarba in Cilicia, v. 167 n. 1

——, Olympian, his temple at Athens, ix. 351

——, Panhellenian, at Aegina, ii. 359

—— Papas, in Phrygia, v. 281 n. 2

——, Pelorian, in Thessaly, ix. 350

—— Polieus in Cos, ox sacrificed to, viii. 5 n. 2;

on the Acropolis of Athens, viii. 5, 7

——, Rainy, the birthplace of, ii. 360;

sacrifices for rain to, ii. 360

——, Showery, on Hymettus, ii. 360

—— Sosipolis at Magnesia on the Maeander, ox sacrificed to, viii. 7

—— Subterranean, vii. 66, viii. 9;

sacrifices for the crops offered to, at Myconus, vii. 66

Zeus, surnamed Thunderbolt at Olympia and elsewhere, ii. 361

—— and Typhon, battle of, v. 156 sq., 160

——, surnamed Underground, Greek ploughman's prayer to, vii. 45, 50

——, the Wolf-god, on the Wolf-mountain (Mount Lycaeus) in Arcadia, transformation of men into were-wolves at his festival, iv. 83

Zileh, the modern successor of Zela, ix. 370 n. 2

Zimbales, a province of the Philippines, superstition as to a parasitic plant in, xi. 282 n. 1

Zimbas or Muzimbas, of South-East Africa, regard their king as a god, i. 392

—— or Maraves offer the first-fruits to the spirits of the dead, viii. 111

Zimmer, H., on the Picts, ii. 286 n. 2

Zimmern, Professor H., as to the myth celebrated at the Babylonian Zakmuk, iv. 111 n. 1;

on Mylitta, v. 37 n. 1;

as to Nabu and Marduk, ix. 358 n.;

on the distinction of Sacaea from Zakmuk, ix. 359 n. 1;

on the derivation of the name Purim, ix. 361 n. 4;

on the principal personages in the Book of Esther, ix. 406 n. 2

Zimri, king of Israel, burns himself, v. 174 n. 2, 176

Zion, Mount, traditionally identified with Mount Moriah, vi. 219 n. 1

Zoganes, temporary king at Babylon, put to death after a reign of five days, iv. 114, ix. 355, 357, 365, 368, 369, 387, 388, 406

Zoilus, priest of Dionysus at Orchomenus, iv. 163

Zombo-land, traps to catch the devil in, iii. 69 n. 4

Zonares, on the triumphal crowns, ii. 175 n. 1

Zoroaster, gods worshipped by the Persians before, ix. 389;

on the uncleanness of women at menstruation, x. 95

Zoroastrian fire-worship in Cappadocia, v. 191

Zoznegg, in Baden, Easter fires at, x. 145

Zulu custom of putting the king to death when his strength failed, viii. 68

—— fancy as to eating forehead and eyebrow of enemy, viii. 152

—— hunters, their use of magic knots, iii. 306

—— king, dance of the, viii. 66

—— kings put to death, iv. 36 sq.

—— language, its diversity, iii. 377

[pg 536]

—— medicine-men or diviners, their shoulders sensitive to the Amatongo (ancestral spirits), v. 74 n. 4, 75;

their charm to fertilize fields, vi. 102 sq.

—— women may not utter their husbands' names, iii. 333

Zululand, rain-making by means of the dead in, i. 286;

children buried to the neck as a rain-charm in, i. 302 sq.;

hoes used by women in, vii. 116

Zulus, use made by them of twins in war, i. 49 n. 3;

foods tabooed among the, i. 118 sq.;

employ pregnant women to grind corn, i. 140;

their contagious magic of footprints, i. 212;

their belief as to twins, i. 268;

their rain-making by means of a “heaven-bird,” i. 302;

their superstition as to reflections in water, iii. 91;

names of chiefs and kings tabooed among the, iii. 376 sq.;

their belief in serpents as reincarnations of the dead, v. 82, 84;

their observation of the moon, vi. 134 sq.;

the worship of the dead among the, vi. 182 sqq.;

their sacrifice of a bull to prolong the life of a king, vi. 222;

women's part in agriculture among the, vii. 113 sq.;

their fences to keep wild boars from gardens, viii. 32;

their festival of first-fruits, viii. 64 sqq.;

eat leopards, lions, etc., in order to become brave like the beasts, viii. 142;

their charm for attaining old age, viii. 143;

their inoculation, viii. 160 sq.;

seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 22, 30;

fumigate their gardens with medicated smoke, x. 337;

their custom of fumigating sick cattle, xi. 13;

their belief as to ancestral spirits incarnate in serpents, xi. 211

Zülz, in Silesia, Midsummer fires at, x. 170

Zündel, G., on demonolatry in West Africa, ix. 74 sqq.

Zungu tribe of Zulus, special words used by them in order to avoid mentioning the name of their chief, iii. 376

Zuni Indians of New Mexico, their custom of killing sacred turtles, viii. 175 sqq., ix. 217;

their totem clans, viii. 178;

their ritual at the summer solstice to ensure rain, viii. 179;

their new fires at the solstices, xi. 132 sq.;

use of bull-roarers among the, xi. 230 n., 231

Zürcher Oberland, Switzerland, charm to make a cherry-tree bear in, i. 141

Zurich, effigies of Winter burnt after the spring equinox at, iv. 260 sq., x. 120;

the Canton of, the Corn-mother in, vii. 232;

the Thresher-cow at threshing in, vii. 291;

the last sheaf called the Fox in, vii. 297

Zygadenus elegans, Pursch., roots of, inserted in eyes of dead grouse by father of pubescent girl among the Thompson Indians, viii. 268

Zytniamatka, the Corn-mother, represented by a woman who pretends to give birth to the Corn-baby on the harvest field (Prussian custom), vii. 209

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