CONTENTS.

Introductory Remarks . . . 1

EUROPE. I. Geographical Importance . . . 5 II. Extent and Boundaries . . . 6 III. Natural Divisions and Mountains . . . 9 IV. The Maritime Regions . . . 13 V. Climate . . . 16 VI. Inhabitants . . . 18

THE MEDITERRANEAN. I. Hydrology . . . 23 II. Animal Life, Fisheries, and Salt-pans . . . 28 III. Commerce and Navigation . . . 31

GREECE. I. General Aspects . . . 36 II. Continental Greece . . . 45 III. The Morea, or Peloponnesus . . . 56 IV. The Islands of the Ægean Sea . . . 69 V. The Ionian Isles . . . 75 VI. The Present and Future of Greece . . . 80 VII. Government and Political Divisions . . . 85

TURKEY IN EUROPE. I. General Aspects . . . 87 II. Crete and the Islands of the Archipelago . . . 90 III. Turkey of the Greeks (Thracia, Macedonia, and Thessaly) . . . 98 IV. Albania and Epirus . . . 115 V. The Illyrian Alps, Bosnia, and Herzegovina . . . 126 VI. Bulgaria . . . 131 VII. Present Position and Prospects of Turkey . . . 145 VIII. Government and Administration . . . 150 Treaties of San Stefano and Berlin . . . 153 RUMANIA . . . 155

SERVIA AND MONTENEGRO. I. Servia . . . 172 II. Montenegro . . . 179

ITALY. I. General Aspects . . . 183 II. The Basin of the Po: Piemont, Lombardy, Venetia, and Emilia . . . 189 III. Liguria and the Riviera of Genoa . . . 230 IV. Tuscany . . . 239 V. The Roman Apennines, the Valley of the Tiber, the Marches, and the Abruzzos . . . 257 VI. Southern Italy: Naples . . . 286 VII. Sicily . . . 309 The Æolian or Liparic Islands . . . 331 The Ægadian Islands . . . 334 Malta and Gozzo . . . 335 VIII. Sardinia . . . 338 IX. The Present and Future of Italy . . . 352 X. Government and Administration . . . 358 CORSICA . . . 363

SPAIN. I. General Aspects . . . 370 II. The Castiles, Leon, and Estremadura . . . 377 III. Andalusia . . . 394 IV. The Me­di­ter­ra­nean Slope: Murcia and Valencia . . . 414 V. The Balearic Islands . . . 423 VI. The Valley of the Ebro: Aragon and Catalonia . . . 427 VII. Basque Provinces, Navarra, and Logroño . . . 439 VIII. Santander, the Asturias, and Galicia . . . 448 IX. The Present and Future of Spain . . . 460 X. Government and Administration . . . 465

PORTUGAL. I. General Aspects . . . 469 II. Northern Portugal: the Valleys of the Minho, Douro, and Mondego . . . 473 III. The Valley of the Tagus . . . 482 IV. Southern Portugal: Alentejo and Algarve . . . 490 V. The Present and Future of Portugal . . . 496 VI. Government and Administration . . . 498

INDEX . . . 501