GLOSSARY

A

a-, an. A prefix conveying a negative meaning—without, not, away from.

aa. A sign used in prescription writing to indicate equal parts of each ingredient so designated.

ab. A prefix signifying from, away from, off.

abdominal. Relating to the abdomen or belly.

abduction. Rotation of the foot outward.

abnormal. Not normal, contrary to the rule or type; irregular.

aboriginal. Primitive, existing from the beginning.

abrasion. A circumscribed removal of the epidermis of skin or mucous membrane.

abscess. A circumscribed cavity in the tissues containing pus.

absorption. The taking into the tissues, through the medium of the lymphatics or blood vessels, of any material in suitable form.

acetanilid. An analgesic made from aniline by treating it with acetyl chloride.

acetic. Relating to vinegar; acid.

acid. A chemical compound containing replacible hydrogen, having a sour taste, and neutralizing a base to form a salt and water.

acidum. Acid.

a. Aceticum, acetic acid; useful as a counter-irritant.

a. aceticum glaciale, glacial acetic acid; employed externally as a caustic.

a. boricum, boric acid; dusting powder, antiseptic.

a. carbolicum, carbolic acid, phenol; antiseptic.

a. chromicum, chromic acid; caustic.

a. dichloraceticum, dichloracetic acid; caustic.

a. hydrochloricum, hydrochloric acid; escharotic.

a. iodicum, a white crystalline powder; antiseptic and deodorant.

a. monochloraceticum, a white deliquescent powder; caustic.

a. nitricum, nitric acid; caustic.

a. nitricum fumans, fuming nitric acid; caustic.

a. nitrohydrochloricum; a fusing corrosive liquid; caustic.

a. salicylicum, salicylic acid; disintegrant.

a. sulphocarbolicum, sozolic acid; antiseptic and disinfectant.

a. sulphuricum, sulphuric acid, oil of vitriol; caustic.

a. tannicicum, tannic acid, astringent.

a. trichloraceticum, trichloracetic acid; caustic.

acquired. Noting a disease which is not congenital but has taken possession of one at some period after birth.

actinic. Relating to chemically active rays.

actinotherapy. The treatment of disease by radiant energy.

acute. Of short and sharp duration, not chronic; said of a disease.

adduction. Rotation of the foot inward.

adhesive. Sticky; causing adhesion.

adipose. Fatty; relating to fat.

adjacent. Next to; along side of.

adjuvants. Agents added to a prescription to assist or increase the action of the main ingredient.

adolescents. Youths, those between the ages of puberty and the attainment of full growth.

adrenalin. A principle obtained from the suprarenal glands having marked astringent and hemostatic powers.

agar. A gelatinous substance prepared from seaweed, and used as a base for culture media.

agent. Anything which produces an effect upon the organism.

agnail. Hangnail, whitlow.

albumin. A protein contained in the tissues of plants and animals.

albuminous. Containing or consisting of albumin.

albuminuria. The presence of albumin in the urine as voided.

alcohol. One of a series of organic compounds, especially one whose formula is C₂H₅OH, and called ethyl alcohol.

algia. A suffix indicating pain. (Exam. metatarsalgia—pain in the metatarsals).

alignment. Alinement; the act of bringing into line.

alkaline. Relating to an alkali; having the reaction of an alkali.

alkaloid. A basic substance found in plants, usually constituting the active principle of the crude drug.

alum. A double sulphate of aluminum; burnt a. alumen exsiccatum.

aluminum chloride. A substance used as an astringent in hyperidrosis and bromidrosis.

alypin. A crystalline powder used as a local anesthetic.

ammoniated mercury. See unguentum, hydrarg, amm.

ampere. The unit of strength of an electric current.

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A form of progressive muscular atrophy with increased reflexes due to hardening of the lateral columns of the spinal cord.

anærobe. A microorganism which thrives best or only when deprived of oxygen.

analgesic. An agent which causes analgesia or freedom from pain.

anastomose. To open one into the other directly or by connecting channels; said of blood vessels and nerves.

anatomy. The science devoted to the study of the structure of organized bodies, more especially the human body.

anemia. A condition in which the blood is reduced in amount, or is deficient in red blood cells or in hemoglobin.

anesthesia. Loss of sensation, especially of tactile sensibility.

anesthetic. 1. Insensible to touch or to pain or to other stimuli. 2. A drug which produces local or general anesthesia.

anesthetize. To induce anesthesia; to render anesthetic.

aneurism. A blood-containing tumor connecting directly with the lumen of an artery.

angioma. A swelling or tumor due to dilatation of a blood vessel.

ankylosis. Stiffening or fixation of a joint.

anterior. In front of, or, in the front part of.

anterior poliomyelitis. Inflammation of the anterior horns of the spine; infantile spinal paralysis.

antheloticum or remedium heloticum. Remedy for helomata.

anti. A prefix signifying against, opposing. (Exam. antifebrile—against fever).

anticathode. The platinum or other plate in a Crookes tube on which the cathode rays impinge, giving origin to the X-rays.

antiphlogistic. An agent which subdues or allays inflammation.

antisepsis. The destruction of germs causing disease, fermentation or putrefaction.

antiseptic. 1. Destructive to the germs of disease, fermentation or putrefaction. 2. A substance which prevents the action of the germs of fermentation, decomposition, or disease.

aperture. An opening, orifice.

apex. The summit or tip.

apodal. Without feet.

apodia. Congenital absence of feet.

apoplectic. Relating to, predisposed to or suffering from apoplexy.

apoplexy. A sudden loss of consciousness followed by paralysis, due to cerebral hemorrhage or blocking of an artery of the brain.

apothesine. A synthetic product used to produce local anesthesia, which came into popular favor at a time when the usually employed local anesthetics were unobtainable because of war conditions.

apparatus. A collection of instruments adapted for a special purpose.

appendage. Any part, subordinate in size, attached to a main structure.

appendicitis. Inflammation of the vermiform appendix.

applicator. A slender rod of wood or metal by means of which with cotton, local applications may be made to a part.

apus. A monster without feet.

aqua. Water.

aqua cinnamomi. Cinnamon water.

aqua fortis. Nitric acid; see acidum nitricum.

aqueous. Watery.

arch. In anatomy, any vaulted or arch-like structure.

argentum. The metal, silver.

aristol. Trade name of thymol iodide, a local antiseptic.

armamentarium. In podiatry, all the means (drugs, instruments, etc.) at the disposal of the podiatrist to fit him for the practice of his profession.

arsenic. A steel-gray metal, one of the elements; arsenic trioxide, white arsenic.

arteria. Artery: a blood vessel conveying blood away from the heart.

arteries of the foot:

a. communicans; communicating branch of dorsalis pedis (to plantar surface to join plantar arch).

a. digitales dorsales; digital branches of dorsalis pedis (dorsal surface of the toes).

a. dorsalis pedis; dorsalis pedis artery (dorsum of foot).

a. metatarsae dorsales; metatarsal branch of dorsalis pedis (dorsum of foot to metatarsus).

a. plantaris lateralis; external plantar artery (plantar surface, joining communicating branch of dorsalis pedis, completing the plantar arch).

a. plantaris medialis; internal plantar artery (plantar surface of foot).

a. tarsae lateralis; tarsal branch of dorsalis pedis (dorsum of foot to the tarsus).

arteriosclerosis. Hardening of the arteries.

areolar. A tissue made up of loose connective tissue, with many interspaces and found under the skin.

arsenical. Relating to or containing any of the salts of arsenic.

arthritis. Inflammation of the joints.

articulation. A joining or connecting together loosely so as to allow of motion between the parts.

articular. Relating to a joint.

ascites. An accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity.

asepsis. A condition in which living bacteria are absent.

astasia-abasia. Inability through muscular incoordination, to walk or stand, although the muscles functionate normally when the patient is lying down.

astragalus. The ankle bone.

astringent. An agent which causes contraction of the tissues or arrest of the secretions.

ataxia. A loss of the power of muscular coordination.

ataxic. Relating to ataxia.

atony. Lack of tone or tension.

atrophy. A wasting of the tissues of a part or of the entire body.

atypical. Not typical.

auto. A prefix denoting self. (Exam. autogenesis—self-production).

auto-serotherapic. Relating to the treatment of certain conditions by the injection of the patient’s own blood serum.

axilla. The armpit (pl. axillae).

axis. A straight line passing through a spherical body between its two poles and about which the body may revolve.

B

bacillus. A bacterium; more especially, a rod-shaped or elongated variety.

bacillus aërogenes capsulatus. The specific organism causing gas infection and gas gangrene. b. of Welch, the same; b. perfringens, the same.

bacteria. Unicellular vegetable microorganisms, usually those which produce disease.

bactericidal. Causing the death of bacteria.

bacterium fetidum. A microorganism producing a stench. b. prodigiosus. A microorganism found on food, but not pathogenic.

bandage. A piece of cloth or other material applied to any part of the body, to make compression, prevent motion and to retain surgical dressings.

base. The lower part or bottom. In pharmacy, the chief ingredient of a compound. In chemistry, a compound which neutralizes an acid to form a salt.

belladonna. Deadly nightshade. A perennial herb, the leaves and roots of which are used in medicine.

beneficent. The disposition to do good; of help to.

benign. Mild in character, said of an illness; not malignant.

benzine. A purified distillate of American petroleum.

beriberi. Endemic neuritis; a specific polyneuritis occurring in eastern and southern Asia. It prevails especially in armies, prisons, ships, etc., wherever large numbers of men are kept together.

bi. A prefix denoting two, twice, or double. (Exam. bicuspid—having two prongs).

bichloride of mercury. A chemical compound, HgCl₂, called corrosive sublimate and mercuric chloride. It is used as an antiseptic.

bifid. Split or cleft bilateral. Having two sides, biped. Two-footed.

bismuth subgallate. A yellowish dusting powder; trade name, dermatol.

bismuth subnitrate. A white dusting powder with astringent properties.

bistoury. A long, narrow-bladed knife, straight or curved on the edge, sharp or blunt pointed; employed for opening abscesses, slitting up sinuses, etc.

bleb. A circumscribed area of separation of the epidermis due to the presence of a clear non-purulent fluid.

blister. A bleb.

blood. Sanguis, cruor; the red fluid circulating in the arteries, capillaries and veins. b. plasma, the fluid portion of the blood as it is contained in the vessels. b. serum, the fluid which is squeezed out by shrinkage of a blood clot.

bones. The hard substances that make up the framework of the body.

bones of the foot:

astragalus. Ankle bone.

cuboid. In front of the os calcis.

internal, middle and external cuneiforms. In front of the scaphoid.

metatarsals. Five; in front of the tarsal bones.

os calcis. Heel bone.

phalanges. Fourteen; in front of the metatarsals, two in the great toe and three in each of the four lesser toes.

scaphoid. In front of the astragalus.

boric acid. A powder, soluble in water used as an antiseptic dusting powder.

bromidrosis. Foul-smelling perspiration.

buckskin. A leather made from the skin of the buck.

buffing. Polishing by means of some soft material, attached to a rapidly revolving motor.

bulb. Any globular or fusiform structure.

bulbar palsy. Paralysis of the tongue and larynx.

bulla. A bleb.

bullous. Relating to or of the nature of bullae.

bunion. An inflammatory swelling of the bursa over the metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe.

bur. A small disc or bulb, made to revolve rapidly and used by podiatrists in connection with their employment of the rotary drill, or file.

Burow’s solution. A solution of alum and lead acetate.

bursa (plural, bursae). A closed sac or pouch containing synovial fluid, found over joints and where tendons play over bones.

bursitis. Inflammation of a bursa.

C

caisson disease. The bends, divers’ paralysis, tunnel disease; a symptom-complex, occurring in tunnel workers and others working in places under high air pressure when they return too suddenly to the normal atmosphere.

calamine. Zinc carbonate; a pink powder used as an astringent.

calcaneoastragaloid. Relating to the os calcis and the astragalus.

calcareous. Chalky.

calcified. Hardened by the deposition of lime salts in a part.

calcium. A metallic element having a yellow color.

calibre. The diameter of a canal or vessel.

callositas. Callous, tyloma, a circumscribed thickening of the epidermic layers of the skin.

callous. Callositas.

callus. Callosity. The bone-like substance thrown out between and around the ends of a fractured bone.

calomel. Hydrargyrum chloride mite.

calor. Heat.

camphorated soap liniment. Soap liniment, camphorated tincture of soap.

capillary. One of the microscopic blood vessels forming the capillary system, intermediate between the arteries and the veins.

capsicum. The dried fruit of Cayenne, African or red pepper.

capsule. A membranous structure enveloping an organ or any other part.

carbolic acid. Phenol.

carbon. An element, occurring in the form of the diamond, graphite and coal.

carbon dioxide pencil. A mass of solidified carbon dioxide used for the destruction of verruca, etc.

carborundum. A very hard substance (carbide of silicon) used to sharpen instruments.

caries. Molecular decay of a bone.

carpal. Relating to the wrist.

carpus. The wrist.

cartilage. A connective tissue substance.

cashmere. A woolen fabric made from goat hair.

cast. An object formed by the solidification of a liquid poured into a mold.

castor oil. Oleum ricini; a fixed oil from the seeds of Ricinus communis.

catalepsy. A morbid state in which there is rigidity of the limbs.

cataplasma. A poultice, a soft magma or mush, prepared by wetting or heating various powders or other absorbent substances.

catatonia. Stupor.

cathode. The negative pole of an electric current.

caustic. Corrosive.

cautery. An agent used for scarring or burning the skin or tissues by means of heat or of caustic chemicals.

c.c. Abbreviation for cubic centimeter.

cell. A minute structure, the living active basis of all plant and animal organization, composed of a mass of protoplasm and containing a nucleus.

cellulitis. Inflammation of the cellular or connective tissue.

centigrade scale. A thermometer scale, in which there are 100 degrees between the freezing point and the boiling point of water.

centimeter. The hundredth part of a meter or .3937 (²⁄₅) of an inch.

cerate (Lat. ceratum). An unctuous solid preparation, containing sufficient wax to prevent it from liquefying when applied to the skin.

cerebellar. Relating to the cerebellum or hind-brain.

cerebral. Referring to the brain.

cerebral cortex. The external layer of gray matter covering the hemispheres of the brain.

cerebral hemisphere. The large mass of brain substance on either side of the great longitudinal fissure.

cerebrospinal. Relating to the brain and the spinal cord.

cerebrospinal meningitis. An acute infectious inflammation of the brain and spinal cord caused by the meningococcus.

chamois. The skin of the goat family, prepared for purposes of utility.

chancre. The initial sore of syphilis.

characteristics. The traits which mark a substance or condition, and differentiate it from others.

Charcot’s disease. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

chauffeur’s foot. A painful condition of the anterior part of the foot.

chilblain. An inflammation of the skin due to exposure to cold and dampness.

chimatlon. Chilblains, an inflammation of the skin due to exposure to cold and dampness.

chiropodical. Relating to chiropody (podiatry).

chiropodist. One who treats the minor lesions of the foot. Originally probably, chirurg-podist, a surgeon of the foot.

chiropody. The study of the minor lesions of the foot. Podiatry.

chisel. The podiatrist’s instrument; helotomon.

chlorine. An element in nature; an irritating, greenish, gaseous element used for disinfectant and bleaching purposes.

cholesterin. A monatomic alcohol.

chorea. A disorder of childhood characterized by spasmodic, involuntary movements of the limbs and facial muscles; St. Vitus’ dance.

chromidrosis. A disease of the sweat glands in which the perspiration is colored.

chromium. A very hard steel-gray element.

chronic. Of long duration; noting a disease of slow progress and long continuance.

cicatricial. Referring to scars or scar tissue.

cicatrix. A scar.

circinate. Circular, ring-shaped.

circum. A prefix denoting a circular movement. (Exam. circumcision—to cut around).

circumduction. Movement of a part in a circular direction.

circumscribed. A definitely limited area.

claudication. Limping.

claw-foot. Muscular atrophy with caval contraction of the foot.

clavus. Heloma, corn.

clinic. An institution in which medical attention is given to patients who live elsewhere and do not require hospital care.

clonic. Marked by alternate contraction and relaxation of muscle.

clot. Coagulated blood.

club-foot. Talipes.

coagulation. Clotting, the process of changing from a liquid state to that of a soft, jelly-like solid.

coalesce. To grow together, to become one.

coaptation. The joining together of two surfaces, as in sewing up a wound or setting a fracture.

cocaine. An alkaloid derived from coca and used for producing local anesthesia.

cocoon dressing. A dressing made of absorbent cotton covered with collodion.

cohesion. The power of attraction between the molecules of any substance, keeping the mass from falling apart.

collateral. Secondary or subordinate.

collodial. Glue-like. A substance which remains permanently suspended in a liquid, but does not dissolve.

collodion (Collodium). A solution of guncotton in ether and alcohol.

coma. A state of profound unconsciousness from which one cannot be roused.

comatose. A state of coma.

comminuted. Broken into a number of fragments, as in a multiple fractured bone.

compound. Not simple but made up of two or more parts. In chemistry, a substance formed by the chemical union of two or more elements.

compress. A pad of gauze or other material placed over a part to make compression.

concave. A surface which is evenly curved inward.

concentrated. Referring to a solution which has been made strong by evaporation or other means.

concentric. Having a common centre.

concomitant. Accompanying; occurring at the same time.

concrete. Hardened; solidified into a mass.

condyle. A rounded articular surface at the extremity of a long bone.

configuration. External form.

congelation. Freezing.

congenital. Existing at birth.

congestion. The presence of an abnormal amount of blood in the vessels of a part.

connective. Binding, joining.

c. tissue. The general supporting or uniting tissue of the body.

constitutional. Relating to the system as a whole; not local.

contact. The touching or apposition of two bodies.

contagion. Transmission of an infectious disease.

contamination. Pollution, soiling with infectious matter.

continuity. Without a break; absence of interruption.

contour. The outline of a part, the surface configuration.

contra. A prefix signifying against or opposite. (Exam. contra-lateral—relating to the other side).

contra-indicated. Not indicated, as in the purposed use of a remedy or in the consideration of a surgical procedure.

contract. To shorten.

contracture. A permanent muscular contraction, due to tonic spasm or to loss of muscular equilibrium, the antagonists being paralyzed.

contused. Bruised.

convex. A surface which is evenly curved outward.

coordination. The harmonious working together of several muscles or groups of muscles.

core. The central mass of necrotic tissue in a boil.

corium. Cutis vera, true skin; the deeper or connective tissue layers of the skin.

corn. Heloma, an overgrowth of the epidermic layers of the skin, containing a radix, or nucleus.

cornification. Conversion into a horny substance.

corpuscle. A primary atom.

corrode. To wear away gradually.

corrosive sublimate. Bichloride of mercury.

cortex. The outer portion of an organ.

cosmetic. Relating to the care of a person with a view to improving the appearance.

cotton. The white fluffy fibrous covering of the seeds of the plant, genus gossypium, used in surgical dressings.

counterextension. The resistance, or back-pull, made to extension on a limb.

counter-irritant. An agent which causes counter-irritation.

counter-irritation. Inflammation or irritation of the skin excited for the purpose of relieving an inflammation of the deeper structures.

coup de fouet. Rupture of the plantaris muscle; lawn tennis leg.

c. p. Abbreviation for chemically pure.

cramp. A painful tonic muscular contraction; spasm.

creosote. A substance obtained from beechwood tar.

crepitus. The sensation (a crackling) felt when the hands are placed over the seat of a fracture, and the broken ends of the bones are moved against each other.

cretinism. A disease occurring in the first three years of life, and resulting in the arrest of bodily growth and of mental development.

crinoline. A stiff material with a coarser mesh, and heavier than gauze or cheesecloth.

criss-cross. Referring to plaster applied to a part, each strip when applied being at an angle to the strip previously applied.

Crookes tube. See Chapter, “X-rays in Podiatry.”

croupous. Marked by a fibrinous exudation.

crural. Relating to the leg or thigh.

crystalline. Clear, transparent.

cuboid. A bone of the tarsus.

cuneiform. Three bones of the tarsus.

curettage. Scraping the interior of a cavity for the removal of the abnormal tissues, with the curette.

cutaneous. Relating to the skin.

cuticle. Epidermis or outer horny layer of the skin.

cutis. The skin.

cylinder. A geometric figure formed by the revolution of a rectangle around one of its sides.

cylindrical. Relating to or the shape of a cylinder.

cyst. An abnormal sac containing gas, fluid or a semi-solid material.

cytoplasm. Protoplasm, the substance of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus. It is composed of spongioplasm and hyaloplasm.

D

D. Abbreviation in prescription writing for da, give, detur, let there be given.

dactyl. A finger or toe.

Dakin Solution. A solution compounded by Dr. Dakin for the treatment of wounds by means of chlorine gas in solution, applied directly to the parts affected or injured.

dancer’s foot. A painful condition of the great toe joint.

decay. Slow destruction of an organic substance.

débris. Fragments; broken rubbish.

deformity. A deviation from the normal shape or size, resulting in disfigurement.

degeneration. Deterioration; sinking from a higher to a lower level of a type.

dehydrating. Losing water; being deprived of water.

deliquesce. To become damp or liquid by absorbing water from the atmosphere.

delirium. A condition of extreme mental excitement, marked by confused ideas.

demarcation. A setting of limits, determining a boundary. Line of d., a zone of inflammatory reaction separating a gangrenous area from healthy tissue.

dementia paralytica. General paresis, or paralysis, of the insane.

denuded. Deprived of a covering; bared.

deodorant. An agent which destroys odors, especially disagreeable odors.

depressed. Flattened from above downward. as in fractures of that type.

derma. The connective tissue layer of the skin; the true skin.

dermatalgia. Skin pain.

dermatitis. Inflammation of the skin.

dermatitis calorica. Inflammation of the skin resulting from the action of cold or heat.

dermatol. Trade name of bismuth subgallate.

dermatorrhea. Excessive skin secretion.

dermosynovitis. Perforating ulcer of the foot.

desiccant. A skin-drying agent.

desiccation. Drying.

desquamation. The shedding of the cuticle in scales or shreds.

developer. A solution of chemicals used to develop photographic and X-ray plates.

devitalized. Deprived of vitality or energy.

dexter. Right, in contradistinction to sinister, left.

diabetes. A disease in which sugar is excreted in the urine, and is also present in the blood. There are two types, insipidus and mellitus. The latter is the diabetes in which sugar is excreted. In the former, large quantities of pale urine are excreted.

diachylon. Lead plaster.

diagnosis. The determination of the nature of a disease.

diapedesis. The passage of the blood cells through the unruptured walls of the blood vessels.

diathesis. A constitutional state predisposing to any disease or group of diseases.

digit. A finger or toe.

diet. Food and drink in general. A prescribed course of eating and drinking.

dietetics. The therapeutics of food and drink in relation to health and disease.

diffuse. Spread about; not confined.

dioxygen. Trade name for hydrogen peroxide.

diphtheria. A specific infectious disease caused by the Klebs-Loeffler bacillus.

direct cautery. Actual fire or heat applied to a part to destroy it.

disbasia angiosclerotica. A disease characterized by intermittent limping.

disease. Illness, sickness; an interruption of the function of any part of the body.

disintegration. Separation of the component parts of a substance.

dislocation. A disturbance of the relation of the bones entering into a joint.

dissection. The act of cutting apart or separating the tissues of the body in the study of anatomy. In an operation, to separate the structures along natural lines. In podiatry, to remove a growth in its entirety and as a whole.

disseminatum. Widely scattered, referring to heloma d., which is so scattered.

distal. Farthest from the centre or median line. Opposed to proximal.

distension. The act of stretching.

dorsal. Referring to the upper or posterior surface, or the back of any part.

douche. A current of water or other fluid, directed against the surface or projected in a cavity.

drain. To draw off the fluid from a cavity.

dressings. The materials applied to a wound for the purpose of excluding the air, stimulating repair, etc.

drop-foot. Paralysis of the dorsal flexor muscles of the foot.

dropsy. An excessive accumulation of clear watery fluid in any of the tissues or cavities of the body. (Latin—hydrops).

duck shield. A dressing for heloma molle, devised by Alfred Ahrens.

duct. A tubular structure giving exit to the secretion of a gland, or conducting any fluid.

ductility. The quality possessed by some metals to spread and elongate without breaking.

dys. A prefix meaning bad or difficult. (Exam. dysphasia—an impairment in the sense of touch).

dyspnea. Shortness of breath, difficult respiration.

E

ebullition. Boiling.

ecchymosis. A purplish patch of the skin caused by extravasation of blood.

ectrodactylia. A congenital malformation in which one or more fingers or toes are absent.

eczema. Salt rheum, tetter; an inflammation of the skin, characterized by weeping and itching.

edema. An abnormal amount of clear watery fluid in the lymph spaces of the tissues.

edematous. Dropsical, marked by edema.

effusion. Escape of fluid from the blood vessels or lymphatics into the tissues or a cavity.

electrode. One of the two poles of an electric battery or of the ends of the conductors connected therewith.

electrolysis. Decomposition of the tissues by means of electricity.

eleidin. A deeply staining substance forming the granules of the stratum granulosum of the epidermis.

element. A simple substance which has not been subdivided.

elephantiasis. Barbados leg. Hypertrophy of the skin and subcutaneous tissues.

eliminants. Agents promoting the removal of waste.

emaciation. Extreme loss of flesh.

embolism. Obstruction of a vessel due to a clot or foreign matter, which has been transported to it, usually from a thrombus.

emollient. Soothing to the skin.

emphysema. The presence of air in the spaces of the connective tissues of a part.

empiric. Founded on experience; the treatment of disease based on experience; opposed to rational.

encapsulated. Inclosed in a sheath or capsule.

encysted. Encapsuled; surrounded by a closed membrane.

endarteritis. Inflammation of the inner coat of an artery.

endemic. Noting a disease common to a region.

endo. A prefix signifying within. (Exam. endotoscope—a form of ear speculum).

endosmosis. Osmosis in a direction towards the interior of a cavity.

endothelium. A layer of flat cells lining serous cavities, blood vessels, etc., and cavities not exposed to the air.

enervation. Failure of nerve force.

engorgement. Distension with fluid or other material; congested.

enucleate. To remove in its entirety.

epidemic. Noting a disease which attacks, nearly simultaneously, a large number of people in a community.

epidermis. The epithelial layer of the skin; the scarf skin or outer skin.

epithelioid. Resembling epithelium.

epithelioma. A cancerous growth originating from squamous epithelium.

epithelium. The purely cellular, non-vascular layer covering all cavities and surfaces exposed to the air, such as the epidermis, mucous membrane, etc.

eponychium. The skin adherent to the nail at its root; the nail skin.

eradicated. Removed.

ergot. Spurred rye, rye smut; a drug made from rye.

erosion. A wearing away.

erysipelas. An acute spreading inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissues.

erythema. A redness of the skin; rose-rash.

erythematous. Relating to or marked by redness.

eschar. A slough following a burn or cauterization of the skin.

escharotic. Caustic, corrosive; an agent producing an eschar.

Esmarch’s bandage. A rubber bandage wound tightly about a limb in order to exsanguinate the member preparatory to offering a bloodless field for operation.

essence of geranium. A solution of the volatile oil of geranium.

essence of thyme. A solution of the volatile oil of thyme.

ether. An organic oxide, more especially ethyl ether (C₂H₅)₂O.

ethics. The principles of correct professional conduct as they relate to the public, to the practitioner, and to his fellow-practitioners.

ethyl bromide. A colorless liquid employed as a local anesthetic.

ethyl chloride. A colorless liquid employed as a local anesthetic, by spraying.

ethylate of soda. A reddish yellow powder, employed in aqueous solution in the treatment of lupus and other skin diseases.

etiology. The causes of disease.

eucalyptol oil. Oleum eucalypti; an oil distilled from the leaves of the Eucalyptus globulus.

evaporate. To change from liquid to vapor form.

evaporation. A change from liquid to vapor form.

eversion. A turning outward.

ex. A prefix denoting out of, from, away from. (Exam. excision—to cut out).

excavator. A spoon-shaped instrument used to scrape out pathologic tissue.

excision. The operative removal of a limb, organ or other part.

excrementitious. Relating to any cast-out waste material.

excrescence. Any outgrowth from the surface, especially a pathologic growth.

excretion. The process whereby the waste material is thrown out of the body.

excretory. Relating to excretion.

exfoliate. To strip off in layers or sheets, noting especially a form of desquamation.

exostosis. A bony tumor springing from the surface of a bone.

expansion. Spreading out; an increase in size.

exsanguinate. To make bloodless.

exsiccant. A dusting or drying powder.

extension. The act of extending a limb; the position of a limb that is extended.

extr. cannabis indica. A soft solid (Indian hemp) of blackish-green color.

extravasated. Exuded from, or passed out of a vessel into the tissues.

exuberant. Copious, plentiful, as exuberant granulations.

exudate. To exude; a fluid, or formed elements of the blood, which enters the tissues or any cavity.

F

F. Abbreviation for Fahrenheit temperature.

fabella. One of two small fibro-cartilages or sesamoid bones in the tendons of the gastrocnemius muscle.

fabric. The structure of anything.

fabrics. Materials constructed for manufacturing purposes.

facet. A small smooth area on a bone or other firm structure.

Fahrenheit scale. The degree markings on the F. thermometer in which the freezing point is 32° and the point of boiling water is 212°.

faradic. Relating to induced electricity.

fasciculi. Small bands or bundles of fibres, usually of muscle or nerve tissue.

fascia. A sheet of fibrous tissue enveloping the body beneath the skin and also enclosing the muscles.

fatty degeneration. A retrogressive change associated with the appearance of fat in the cells and formed within them. f. infiltration. A deposit of fat in abnormal quantity between and in the cells, and not formed within them.

felon. Paronychia, inflammation around the nail. Whitlow.

felt. Matted wool, unwoven. Used for podiatry dressings.

femur. The thigh bone.

fermentation. A chemical change induced in an organic compound by the action of a ferment.

ferrum. The metal iron; the basic ingredient of tincture of the subsulphate of iron.

festination. The peculiar acceleration of gait noted in paralysis agitans and some other nervous affections.

fetid. Foul-smelling; having a rank odor.

fibre. A filamentous element; an elongated cell or cell process.

fibrillae. Minute fibres.

fibrin. An elastic filamentous substance derived from the blood after coagulation.

fibroblast. A cell produced by the connective tissue in the formation of fibrous tissue.

fibula. The external and smaller of the two bones of the leg.

filament. A fibril, a fine fibre, or thread-like structure.

fish skin. A preparation used as a covering to wounds, etc.; a substitute for oil-silk.

fissure. A furrow, cleft or slit.

fistula. A sinus leading from an abscess cavity to the surface.

flaccid. Relaxed; flabby; without bone.

flail-like. Resembling an instrument used for thrashing or beating.

flat foot. Pes planus; a foot in which the arch is sunken.

flax-seed. Linseed. Used in making poultices.

flexion. Bending; bending of a joint so as to approximate the parts they connect.

fluctuation. A wave-like motion felt on palpating a cavity containing fluid.

fluffy. Feathery.

fluoroscope. An apparatus for rendering visible the effects of the X-rays.

fluoroscopy. Examination of the inner parts of the body by means of the fluoroscope.

flux. Flow of electricity or other substance.

focal infection. An infectious process which starts at a point remote from the part where the symptoms manifest themselves.

follicle. A simple tubular gland.

fomentation. The application of warmth and moisture in the treatment of disease; poulticing.

foot. Pes; the lower, pedal, extremity of the leg.

forceps. An instrument for seizing anything and for making compression or traction.

formaldehyde. An antiseptic gas with a pungent odor. The water solution, formalin, is used in podiatry.

fracture. A break, especially of a bone.

friction. Rubbing.

Friedreich’s ataxia. Hereditary spinal ataxia.

frost bite. Inflammation of the skin and deeper tissues due to exposure to severe cold. Chimatlon severe.

fulguration. Lightning stroke. Treatment of tumors by means of the sparks of the high frequency current.

function. The special action or physiologic property of a part.

fusiform. Spindle-shaped; tapering at both ends.

fusion. Liquefaction by heat; melting.

G

G. Abbreviation for gram.

gait. Specific manner of walking; manner of stepping.

gallic acid. A yellowish-white substance used as an astringent.

gallstone. A concretion, chiefly of cholesterin, formed in the gall bladder or bile-duct.

galvanic. Constant current electricity produced by chemical action.

gangrene. Death of the soft tissues, en masse.

gas gangrene. Gangrene caused by the bacillus of Welch; gaseous gangrene.

gastric. Relating to the stomach.

gastrocnemius. One of the calf muscles.

gastro-intestinal. Referring to the stomach and the intestines.

gauze. A thin loose-meshed cloth employed for dressings, bandages, etc.

genitalia. The genitals.

genu. The knee.

germ. A rudiment. A microbe.

germicide. An agent which destroys germs or microorganisms.

ginglymus. A hinge joint.

glands. Secreting organs or excreting organs, such as the sebaceous or sweat glands.

gliomatous. Relating to a tumor formed of the nerves of the brain and spinal cord.

glucose. Grape sugar.

gluteal. Relating to the buttocks.

glycerin. Glycerinum; a sweet, oily fluid obtained by the saponification of fats and fixed oils.

golfer’s foot. A painful condition of the dorsum of the foot.

gomenol. A germicidal, ethereal oil obtained from a plant.

gonococcus. The specific organism causing gonorrhea.

gonorrheal heel. A focal infection of the heel caused by an original urethral infection with the gonococcus.

Goulard’s extract. A solution of lead subacetate.

gout. A disease of metabolism characterized by recurrent attacks of arthritis, particularly in the metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe, though any joint may be attacked, by deposits of sodium biuret in and around the affected joints, and by inflammation of fibrous structures elsewhere (Stedman).

grain. A unit of weight, ¹⁄₆₀ dram.

gram, gramme. A unit of weight equal to 15.4 grains.

granulation. The formation of minute, rounded, fleshy projections on the surface of a wound in the process of healing.

gross. Large, coarse, macroscopic in contradistinction to microscopic.

growth. The increase in size of a living being or any of its parts.

gt. (plural gtt.). Abbreviation of drop or drops.

gumma. An infectious granuloma, the characteristic lesion of late or tertiary syphilis.

guncotton. Pyroxylin.

gutta percha. The dried milky juice of a Malay tree.

gypsum. Calcium sulphate. Dried g. Calcii sulphas exsiccatus, plaster of Paris.

H

hair follicle. A cylindrical pit dipping down through the corium and containing the root of the hair.

hallux. The great toe; the first digit of the foot.

hallux dolorosus. Painful toe.

hallux flexus. Hammer toe.

hallux rigidus. Stiff toe.

hallux valgus. A deformity in which the great toe is bent outwards.

hallux varus. Deviation of the great toe to the inner side of the foot away from its neighbor.

hammer toe. A condition of permanent flexion of the mid-phalangeal joint of one or more of the toes; hallux flexus.

heloma (plural, helomata). Corn; clavus; an overgrowth of the epidermis, with a central core or nucleus.

heloma durum. Hard corn.

heloma miliare. Seed corn.

heloma molle. Soft corn.

heloma neurofibrosum. Corn containing nerve fibres.

heloma vasculare. Vascular corn.

helosis. The condition of having heloma.

helotomeia. The surgery of helomata.

helotomon. The knife for cutting helomata.

hematidrosis. The excretion of sweat stained with blood.

hematocele. A blood cyst; hematocist.

hemi. A prefix signifying one-half. (Exam. hemiplegia—half paralysis).

hemichorea. Chorea involving the muscles of one side, only.

hemiplegia. Paralysis of one side of the body.

hemoglobin. The coloring matter of the blood.

hemorrhage. Bleeding; a flow of blood.

hemorrhoids. Piles; a varicose condition of the external hemorrhoidal veins causing painful swellings at the anus.

hemostatic. Arresting hemorrhage; styptic.

hereditary. Transmitted from parent to offspring.

hermetically. In an air-tight manner; noting a vessel closed or sealed in such a way that air can neither enter it nor issue from it.

hidrosis. Sweating, especially heavy sweating; hyperidrosis; sudoresis.

high frequency. An electric current with a high voltage, and a rapid change in direction from one pole to the other.

hirsute. Hairy; pertaining to hair.

histology. The branch of anatomy which deals with the cells and the minute structure of the tissues; microscopic anatomy.

homogeneous. Of uniform structure or composition throughout.

homo heloticus. The person having helomata.

hone. A flat stone or a piece of leather used to sharpen knives.

hookworm. A worm of the genus ankylostoma or uncinaria.

hornification. Conversion into horn; cornification.

Huntington’s chorea. Hereditary chorea.

hydrocephalus. A condition, usually congenital, marked by an extensive effusion of serum into the cerebral ventricles.

hydrochloric acid. See acidum.

hydrogen. An odorless, colorless, tasteless gaseous element, the lightest substance known.

hydro-therapeutics. The treatment of disease by the use of water, in a scientific way; hydrotherapy.

hygiene. The science of health.

hyper. A prefix denoting excessive. (Exam. hyperidrosis—excessive sweating).

hyperemia. The presence of an increased amount of blood in a part; congestion.

hyperesthesia. Excessive sensibility to touch, to pain or to other sensory stimuli.

hyperidrosis. Hyperhidrosis; excessive sweating.

hyperporosis. Excessive formation of callus after fracture of a bone.

hypertonicity. A greater degree of tension.

hypertrophy. Overgrowth; general increase in a part, not due to tumor formation.

hypodermatic. Hypodermic; under the skin.

hysteria. A chronic neurosis or psycho-neurosis, characterized by disorders of the will, and partial cessation or exaltation of the individual functions of the brain.

I

iasis. See osis.

ichnogram. An imprint of the soles of the feet, showing a series of steps.

ichorous. Relating to a thin watery discharge from an ulcer.

ichthyol. Ichthyolum; a brownish oil, used in medicine and in podiatry because of the sulphur (from fossil fish) which it contains.

ichthyosis. A congenital rough skin due to hypertrophy of the horny layer of the epidermis with diminished sweat and sebaceous secretion; fish-skin disease.

idiopathic. Noting a primary disease, one originating without apparent extrinsic cause.

idiosyncrasy. An individual mental or physical characteristic or peculiarity.

immersion. The placing of a body under water or other liquid.

immobility. Incapability of moving; the fixed position of a part.

immune. Free from the possibility of infection.

impacted. Pressed closely together so as to be immovable as in impacted fracture.

impermeable. Impervious.

impervious. Impassable, impenetrable, to fluids.

impingement. Used in podiatry to denote the pinching of tissues between two adjacent or opposite bones or muscles.

incipient. Just beginning.

incision. A cut; a division of the soft parts made with a knife.

incompatible. Not capable of being mixed without undergoing radical changes.

incoordination. Lack of harmonious action, as of muscles.

indentation. The act of notching or pitting.

indolent. Inactive; sluggish; painless, or nearly so.

induction. Production or causation.

induction coil. An apparatus for the induction of a secondary electric current.

induration. Hardening.

inert. Slow in action, sluggish.

infant. A child during the first two years of life; a babe.

infection. Invasion by living pathogenic bacteria of a part of the body where conditions are favorable to their growth and whence they act injuriously upon the tissues.

infiltration. The act of passing into or interpenetrating a cell or tissue; said of gases and fluids.

inflammation. The reaction of the tissues against injury or bacterial invasion, characterized by heat, redness, pain, swelling and impaired function.

inflation. Distension of a part by a gas or a liquid.

inflection. An inward bending.

influenza. The grip; an acute infectious disease caused by Pfeiffer’s bacillus.

in-footed. Pigeon-toed; standing or walking with toes turned in.

ingrown toe nail. Onychocryptosis.

inhibition. The diminution or arrest of function in an organ.

injection. The introduction of a substance in fluid form into the tissues or cavities of the body.

innervation. Distribution of the nerves in a part.

innocuous. Harmless.

inoculate. To introduce the virus of a disease into the tissues or blood vessels.

in situ. In position.

instep. The arch, or highest part of the dorsum of the foot.

instrument. A tool or implement.

integument. The enveloping membrane of the body; the skin.

inter. A prefix denoting between or among. (Exam. interdigital—between the fingers or toes).

intercellular. Between or among cells.

interosseous. Between bones.

interphalangeal. Between the phalanges.

intertrigo. Dermatitis occurring between two folds of the skin.

intestinal. Relating to the intestine or belly.

intima. The inner coat of a blood vessel.

intoe. Hallux valgus.

intoxication. Acute alcoholism; drunkenness.

inunction. The administration of a drug in ointment form by rubbing it into the skin.

inversion. Bending inward.

involuntary. Independent of the will; not volitional.

involution. The return of an enlarged organ to normal size.

iodine. A non-metallic element occurring in lustrous steel-gray crystals, soluble in water and alcohol and used externally as a counter-irritant and antiseptic.

iodoform. Iodoformum; a yellow crystalline powder having a strong, disagreeable odor; employed as an antiseptic dusting powder to wounds and syphilitic sores.

ions. A group of atoms carrying an electric charge.

irritation. Extreme reaction of the tissues to an insult or injury; incipient inflammation.

ischemia. Local anemia due to mechanical obstruction of the blood supply.

ischidrosis. Suppression of the perspiration.

ist. An affix denoting an agent. (Exam. podiatrist).

itis. A suffix grown to mean inflammation of. (Exam. osteitis—inflammation of bone).

J

jaborandi. See pilocarpin.

joint-capsule. Capsular ligament of a joint.

joint-muscle. A muscle which causes motion at a joint.

K

kakidrosis. Bromidrosis.

keloids. Lesions of a skin disease marked by patches of a whitish color surrounded by a purplish border.

keratin. A scleroprotein present in hair, in nails, in horn, etc.

keratogenesis. The production of horny cells or tissue.

keratohyalin. Eleidin.

keratoma. A horny tumor.

keratosis. Circumscribed overgrowth of horny tissue.

kilogram. One thousand grams weight.

kinesiatrics. The therapeutic employment of movements; movement-cure.

kinetic. Relation to motion or muscular movements.

Kneipp method. The treatment of disease by water; hydrotherapy.

knock-knee. Genu valgum.

kolionychia. Spoon-nail; a malformation of the nails in which the outer surface is concave.

Korsakoff’s disease. Polyneuritic psychosis.

kyllosis. Club-foot.

L

labyrinthine. Perplexing, intricate, involved.

laceration. A tear or torn wound.

laity. Non-professional persons.

lamb’s wool. A material used in shielding.

lamelia. In osteology, a thin sheet or scale of bone.

lancet. A surgical knife with a short, sharp pointed, two-edged blade.

lancinating. Noting a sharp cutting or tearing pain.

Landry’s disease. Acute ascending paralysis.

Langerhans’ cells. Star-shaped cells in the deeper part of the stratum germinativum of the epidermis.

lanolin. An oily substance extracted from the wool of sheep; adeps lanae.

larynx. The organ of voice production.

larvae. The worm-like forms of insects on issuing from the egg.

Lassar’s paste. An ointment containing salicylic acid, talcum, zinc oxide and vaseline; it is used for eczema.

lateral. On the side, as distinguished from medial.

lathyrism. Lupinosis; poisoning by flour adulterated with chick-pea.

lead. A metallic element.

lead and opium wash. A solution of lead acetate and tr. opium in water; used to allay pain.

lead neuritis. Inflammation of the nerves, due to poisoning by lead.

lead palsy. Paralysis of the extensor muscles of the wrist, due to poisoning by lead; wrist drop.

leprosy. A chronic disease believed to be due to the presence of the bacillus leprae, or Hansen’s bacillus. It occurs in two forms; tubercular, affecting the skin; anesthetic, affecting the nerves.

lesion. A more or less circumscribed pathologic change in the tissues.

lethal. Fatal, mortal, causing death.

leucocyte. A white blood cell.

leuconychia. The occurrence of white spots or patches under the nails.

leucorrhea. A discharge from the vagina of a white, viscid fluid containing mucous and pus cells.

leverage. The mechanical power gained by using a lever.

lichen planus. A skin disease occurring on the soles of the feet.

ligaments. Bands of fibrous tissue connecting two or more bones.

ligation. The application of a ligature.

ligature. A thread, wire or piece of catgut, tied tightly around a blood vessel, a pedicle or a tumor in order to constrict it.

limewater. A solution of calcium hydroxide.

line of demarcation. A zone of inflammatory reaction separating a healthy from a gangrenous area.

liniment. A solution of a medicament in mucilage, starch or other substance, in combination with the white of egg.

linseed. Flaxseed; used in making poultices.

lint. A soft, absorbent material used in surgical dressings.

lipoma. A tumor of fatty tissue.

liquor ferri subsulphate. Monsel’s solution.

liquor potassae. A 5% solution of potassium hydroxide.

lisle. A material woven from cotton and silk.

liter. A measure of capacity equal to a trifle over a quart; 1000 cubic centimeter.

lithemia. The presence of uric acid, in excess, in the blood.

Lobstein’s disease. Constitutional fragility of the bones, fractures being produced by slight injuries.

locomotion. Movement from one place to another.

longitudinal. Running lengthwise; in the direction of the long axis of the body.

lordosis. Curvature of the spine with the convexity looking anteriorally.

lues. A plague or pestilence; specifically, syphilis.

luetin skin reaction. The reaction of the skin in a specific test for syphilis.

lumen. The space in the interior of a tubular structure, such as an artery.

lunula. The opaque whitish semi-lunar area near the root of the nail.

lycopodium. Vegetable sulphur. A yellow tasteless powder used as a dusting powder.

lymphangitis. Inflammation of the lymphatic vessels.

lymph. A clear light, straw-colored fluid, which circulates in the lymph spaces or lymphatic vessels of the body.

lymphatics. A series of vessels acting as auxiliaries to the venous system, and containing the lymph.

lysis. The gradual subsidence of the symptoms of an acute disease.

lysol. Trade name of a mixture of soaps and phenols, used as a disinfectant dressing and hand-wash.

M

M. Abbreviation for (1) mille, a thousand; (2) in prescriptions, for misce, mix; (3) minim, a drop; (4) meter, French measure.

macerate. To soften by soaking or steeping.

maceration. Softening by the action of a liquid.

mackintosh. A waterproof cloth or tissue used for surgical dressings.

macrodactylism. Abnormal size of a finger or of a toe.

macroscopic. Observable to the naked eye, in contradistinction to microscopic.

maculae. Small spots or patches on the skin, not elevated above the general surface.

Madura foot. Mycetoma; a disease occurring in the East Indies, characterized by large subcutaneous tubercles and nodules which break down and discharge pus.

mal. A prefix meaning bad. (Exam. malposition—bad position).

malalignment. Not in normal position.

malaria. A disease caused by the presence of a protozoan parasite (plasmodium) of the red blood cells.

malignant. Resistant to treatment; occurring in severe form; tending to grow worse, and (in the case of a tumor) to recur after removal. Not benign.

malingerer. One who feigns disease.

malpractice. Mistreatment of a patient’s ills through carelessness, ignorance or criminal intent.

malleolus. One of the two rounded prominences on either side of the ankle joint.

manicure. To care for the hands and finger-nails, cosmetically.

marasmus. Extreme emaciation occurring in children.

massage. A scientific method of manipulation of the body by rubbing, pinching, kneading, tapping, etc.

masseur. A male who massages.

masseuse. A female who massages.

massotherapy. The therapeutic uses of massage.

materia medica. The branch of medicine which treats of the origin, preparation, doses and modes of administration of drugs.

matrix. The formative portion of a nail.

maximum. The highest limit, the greatest amount possible in contradistinction to minimum, the least limit.

M.Cp. Abbreviation of Master of Chiropody.

mechanotherapy. Treatment of disease by means of apparatus or mechanical appliances.

medicament. A medicine; a remedy.

medicine. The art of preventing or curing disease. A drug.

medullated. Having a soft marrow-like structure, especially in the centre of a part.

megalodactylism. Abnormal size of a finger or toe.

membrana propria. The basement layer of the epidermis, and separating it from the true skin.

membrane. A thin sheet or layer of tissue serving as a covering or envelope of a part.

meningeal. Relating to the meninges or membranous envelope of the brain and spinal cord.

menthol. A camphor obtained from oil of peppermint.

mercuric chloride. Corrosive sublimate.

mercury. An element (quicksilver), compounds of which are used in podiatry.

metabolism. Tissue change, the sum of the chemical changes whereby the function of nutrition is regulated.

metacarpal. Referring to the long bones of the hand between the carpus and the phalanges.

metacarpophalangeal. Relating to the metacarpus and the phalanges.

metamorphosis. A change in form, structure, or function.

metastasis. The shifting of a disease from one part of the body to another.

metatarsal. Relating to the bones in front of the tarsus, and called the metatarsal bones; they are five in number.

metatarsalgia. Pain in the metatarsal region.

metatarsophalangeal. Between the metatarsal and phalanx.

meter. A measure of length the equivalent of 39.4 inches.

methyl. The radical of wood alcohol.

methylene blue. A compound of methylene, used as a caustic in treating verruca.

microbe. A minute one-celled creation, animal or vegetable; a microorganism.

microorganism. A microscopic plant or animal, a bacterium or protozoan.

microscopic. Of minute size, visible only through a microscope; the reverse of macroscopic.

miliaria. An eruption of minute vesicles due to retention of fluid at the mouth of the sweat glands.

miliary. Representing a millet seed in size.

milligram. One-thousandth of a gram—1-65 grain.

milliliter. One-thousandth of a liter—about 15 minims.

millimeter. One-thousandth of a meter 1-25 inch.

milliampere. An electric unit of current-strength, the thousandth of an ampere.

milliamperemeter. An instrument used for measuring milliamperes of electric current.

millet seed. A small seed of the millet plant; a grain.

minim. One-sixtieth of a fluid drachm, equivalent to about one drop of water.

misce. Mix; the character which directs the druggist to mix the ingredients of a prescription.

mistura. A pharmacal mixture.

mobility. The quality of being movable.

molecular. Relating to the smallest possible unit of existence of any substance.

moleskin. An adhesive substance used in shielding.

mollifying. Calming; softening.

mono. A prefix denoting the participation of a single element or part. (Syn. uni). (Exam. monodactyl—a single finger or toe).

Monsel’s solution. Liquor ferri subsulphatis.

morbid. Diseased; pathologic.

morphine. The chief active principle of opium.

morphologic. Relating to the structure of the tissues of the body.

morphology. The science which treats of the external configuration or the structure of animals and plants.

Morton’s disease. Morton’s neuralgia.

Morton’s neuralgia. A pain in the metatarsophalangeal joint of the fourth toe; also called Morton’s toe.

motile. Having the power of spontaneous movement.

mucous. Relating to mucous or to the mucous membrane (m. membrane), a membrane which secretes mucus, and lines the cavities connected with the outer air.

multiple. Occurring in several parts at the same time.

mummification. Dry gangrene, shriveling.

muscle. One of the contractile organs of the body, by which the movements of the various organs and parts are effected.

muscle-corpuscle. The nucleus of a muscle-fiber.

muscle-fiber. One of the cylindrical fibers, an inch or more in length and about 1-500 inch in diameter, composing voluntary muscle tissue.

muscle-plasma. The fluid portion of muscle tissue.

musculature. The arrangement of the muscles in a part or in the body as a whole.

musculus. Muscle. Important muscles of the foot.

m. Abductor hallucis.

m. Abductor obliquus hallucis.

m. Adductor transversis hallucis.

m. Extensor digitorum brevis.

m. Extensor digitorum longus.

m. Extensor hallucis longus.

m. Flexor accessorius.

m. Flexor brevis hallucis.

m. Flexor brevis minimi digiti.

m. Flexor digitorum brevis.

m. Flexor digitorum longus.

m. Flexor hallucis longus.

m. Gastrocnemius.

m. Interosseous dorsalis.

m. Interosseous plantaris.

m. Lumbricalis (4).

m. Peroneus brevis.

m. Peroneus longus.

m. Peroneus tertius.

m. Plantaris.

m. Soleus.

m. Tibialis anticus.

m. Tibialis posticus.

mustard. The dried, ripe seeds of the white or black mustard plant.

mycetoma. Madura foot; a disease of the foot occurring in the East Indies.

myelitis. Inflammation of the spinal cord, or of the bone marrow (osteomyelitis).

myeloma. A tumor due to hyperplasia of the bone marrow.

myocellulitis. Inflammation of muscle and cellular tissue.

myoclonia. Any disorder characterized by muscular twitching.

myocyte. A muscle cell.

myodynia. Muscle pain; myalgia.

myology. The branch of science which deals with muscles and their accessory parts.

myositis. Muscle inflammation.

myotonia. Any disorder characterized by tonic spasm or temporary rigidity of a muscle.

N

naevus. A congenital mark or discolored patch of the skin; a mole.

nafalan. A proprietary remedy containing Caucasian naphtha in a soap base.

nail. Unguis; the horny plate covering the dorsal surface of the distal half of the terminal phalanx of each finger and toe.

nail bed. A portion of the distal phalanx covered by the nail.

nail fold. A groove in the skin in which lie the margins and the proximal edge of the nail.

nail groove. A groove in the distal phalanx in which the nail lies.

nail plate. The horny substance which makes up the nail proper.

nanomelous. Having very small extremities.

narcosis. Stupor or general anesthesia produced by some narcotic drug.

narcotic. Relating to or causing narcosis; an agent which produces narcosis.

navicular. One of the bones of the tarsus of the foot.

nebulizer. An atomizer; a vaporizer; an apparatus for throwing a liquid in a fine spray.

necrosis. Local death; the death of more or less extensive groups of cells.

neo. A prefix noting new or recent. (Exam. neoplasm—new growth).

neoplasm. A new growth; tumor.

nephritis. Inflammation of the kidney.

nerve. A collection of fibres in the form of a whitish cord through which stimuli are transmitted from the central nervous system to the periphery, or the reverse.

nervousness. A condition of unrest and of irritability to the nervous system.

nervus. Nerve; a whitish cord made up of nerve fibres.

nerves of the foot:

n. musculocutaneus; musculo-cutaneous nerve (dorsal surface and in front of leg).

n. plantaris externus; external plantar nerve (plantar surface).

n. plantaris internus; internal plantar nerve (plantar surface).

n. saphenus externus; external saphenous nerve (dorsal surface and in front of leg).

n. tibialis anticus; anterior tibial nerve (dorsal surface and in front of leg).

n. tibialis posticus; posterior tibial nerve (back of leg).

neuralgia. Nerve-pain; pain of a severe, throbbing or stabbing character in the course of a nerve.

neurasthenics. Those suffering from neurasthenia, or nervous exhaustion.

neuritis. Inflammation of the nerves.

neuro-fibrous. Containing nerve fibres; said of an heloma.

neuroma (plural neuromata). A tumor made up of nerve tissue.

N. F. Abbreviation for National Formulary, a book issued by the American Pharmaceutical Association containing formulas of preparations not official in the Pharmacopeia.

nitric acid. HNO₃. Employed as a caustic for verrucæ.

nodule. A small node or circumscribed swelling.

Noguchi test. A test for tabes dorsalis depending upon an albumin reaction of the spinal fluid; a test for syphilis—a modification of the Wassermann test.

non. A latin prefix denoting a negation or absence of the quality or fact expressed in the word to which it is prefixed.

non-medullated. Without a medulla or medullary substance.

non-striated. Without stripes or bands.

normal. Typical; usual; healthy.

nostrum. A quack remedy.

novocaine. A synthetic local anesthetic.

noxious. Injurious; harmful.

nucleus. The centre of functional activity of a cell; the central portion of an heloma.

nutrient. Carrying nourishment.

O

obesity. An abnormal increase of fat in the subcutaneous connective tissues; corpulence; fatness; general adiposis.

obliterated. Destroyed by the effects of time; effaced.

occlusive. Noting a dressing which excludes the air.

official. Authoritative; noting a drug or chemical found in the Pharmacopeia.

ohm. The unit of electric resistance.

oid. A suffix denoting resemblance to the thing indicated by the other part of the word. (Exam: osteoid—resembling bone).

oil stone. A hone upon which oil is used.

oiled silk. A waterproof substance used in surgical dressings.

ointment. A medicated fatty mixture with the consistency of butter, and employed externally.

oligodactylia. A deformity marked by fewer than five fingers or toes on each hand or foot.

ology. A suffix denoting a special branch of study. (Exam: podology—the branch of medical science which has to do with the feet in all their relations).

oma. A suffix noting a tumor or neoplasm. (Exam: neuroma—a nerve tumor).

onychatrophia. Atrophy of the nails.

onychauxis. Hypertrophy of the nails.

onychia (onychitis). Inflammation of the nail bed or matrix.

onychocryptosis. Ingrown toe nail.

onychogryphosis. Hypertrophy of the nails with curvature or deformity.

onychoid. Resembling a nail in structure or in form.

onycholysis. Loosening or shedding of the nails.

onychoma. A tumor arising from the nail bed.

onychomalacia. Absence of rigidity of the nails; hapalonychia.

onychomycosis. Any parasitic disease of the nails, such as tinea or favus.

onychotrophy. Nutrition of the nails.

onychopathy. Any disease of the nails; onychosis.

onychophag. A victim of the nail-biting habit.

onychophosis. Calloused nail groove.

onycophyma. Swelling or hypertrophy of the nails.

onychoptosis. Falling off of the nails.

onychorrhexis. Brittle nails.

onyx. The greek word for finger-nail or toe nail.

oozing. Flowing slowly; gradually escaping.

operation. Any surgical procedure.

opisthotonos. A tetanic spasm in which the spine and extremities are bent with convexity forward, the body resting on the head and heels.

organ. Any part of the body exercising a specific function.

origin. The less movable of the points of attachment of a muscle.

orthoform. A white crystalline powder used as a local anesthetic and antiseptic.

orthopedics. A branch of surgery which has to do with the treatment of chronic diseases of the joints and spine, and the correction of deformities.

orthopedist. One who practices orthopedics; orthopaedist.

os. A bone.

os calcis. The calcaneus; the heel bone.

oscillate. To vibrate.

osis. A suffix noting an Increase. (Exam. tuberculosis—an increase in tubercles).

osmidrosis. (See bromidrosis).

osmosis. The passage of certain fluids through an animal membrane or other porous substance.

ossification. The formation of bone.

ossiferous. Containing bone.

ostealgia. Bone pain.

osteanabrosis. Bone atrophy.

osteanaphysis. Bone reproduction.

osteotomy. Surgical removal of bone.

osteitis. Bone inflammation.

osteoarthritis. Inflammation of the articular extremity of a bone involving the contiguous joint structure.

osteochondritis. Inflammation of a bone and its cartilage.

osteogenesis. The formation of bone.

osteoma. A bone tumor.

osteomyelitis. Inflammation of the bone marrow.

osteopsathyrosis. Bone fragility; fragilitas ossium.

osteotomy. Bone cutting, usually by means of a saw or a chisel.

ounce (abr. oz.). A weight containing 48.0 grains, apothecaries’ weight.

oxidation. A combination with oxygen.

oxygen. A gaseous element, symbol, O.

ozone. A condensed form of oxygen, containing three atoms in a molecule.

P

pachyacria. A bulbous thickening of the extremities of the fingers or toes.

pachydactylous. Abnormal thickness of fingers or of toes.

pachydermia. Elephantiasis.

pachypodous. Having large thick feet.

pacinian. Named after Filippo Pacini, an Italian anatomist, and noting especially the Pacinian body or corpuscle found in the skin, and which is a touch organ.

palliative. Mitigating; reducing the severity of; noting a method of treatment of a disease or of its symptoms.

pallor. Paleness.

palpate. Examining by feeling and pressing with the palms of the hands and with the fingers.

pan. A prefix implying all, entire. (Exam: panhidrosis—perspiration of the entire body).

panaris. Paronychia.

papilla. A conical elevation found beneath the epidermis, and containing capillary loops and nerve endings.

papillary layer. The outer connective tissue layer of the true skin, and made up of numbers of papillæ.

papilloma. A circumscribed overgrowth or hypertrophy of the papillæ of a cutaneous or mucous surface.

papoid. A digestive enzyme from the fruit of the pawpaw, resembling papain.

papule. A small circumscribed elevation of the skin containing no fluid; a pimple.

papulosquamous. Relating to both papules and scales.

para. A prefix denoting (1) a departure from normal; (2) an involvement of like parts. (Exam: (1) parachroma—abnormal coloration of the skin or other parts; (2) paraplegia—paralysis of both lower extremities).

paraffin. A white solid hydrocarbon, having the consistency of wax.

paralysis. Palsy; loss of power of voluntary movement in a muscle through injury or disease of its nerve supply; loss of any function.

paralysis agitans. Parkinson’s disease; shaking palsy; a disorder marked by muscular weakness, stiffness and tremor.

paralysis, pseudo-bulbar. Paralysis of the lips and tongue due to a cerebral lesion.

paralyzant. Causing paralysis; any agent causing paralysis.

paramyoclonus multiplex. An affection characterized by sharp, frequently repeated clonic, muscular contractions.

paraplegia. Paralysis of both lower extremities and also of more or less of the trunk.

parasite. An animal or vegetable organism which lives on or in another from which it draws its nourishment.

parasiticide. Destructive to parasites.

paresis. Cortical paralysis.

paresthesia. An abnormal sensation, such as burning, pricking, numbness, etc.

paretic. Relating to, or suffering from paresis.

paronychia. Inflammation of the tissues around the nail, felon; panaris; whitlow.

parresine. A paraffin preparation used for burns.

passive. Not active.

pathogenic. Causing disease.

pathognomonic. Characteristic of a disease, noting certain typical symptoms.

pathology. The science that deals with the change in function or in structure of an organ or tissue in a diseased state.

pedal. Relating to the feet.

pedarthrocace. Joint disease in children.

pediculis corporis. The body louse.

pedicure. One who treats the feet cosmetically.

pedunculated. Stalked, having a peduncle; not sessile.

pellagra. An affection characterized by gastro-intestinal disturbances and mental disorders.

pelma. The sole of the foot.

pelmatogram. An imprint of the sole of the foot made by resting the inked foot on a sheet of paper, or by pressing the greased foot on a plaster of Paris paste.

pelvis. Any basin-like or cup-shaped cavity.

pemphigus. An infection of the skin characterized by the production of bullae.

per. A prefix denoting through. (Exam: perennial—lasting through several years).

perforating. Piercing with one or more holes.

peri. A prefix denoting around or about. (Exam: periosteum—around the bone).

periarthritis. Inflammation of the parts surrounding a joint.

periodic. Recurring at regular intervals.

perionychia. (See paronychia.)

periosteum. The thick fibrous membrane covering the entire surface of a bone except its articular cartilage.

periphery. The outer part or surface; away from the centre.

periphlebitis. Inflammation of the outer coat of a vein or of the tissues surrounding a vein.

pernio. Chilblains; chimatlon mild.

perodactylus. A monster with defective fingers and toes.

peronei. Relating to the peroneus muscles.

peropus. A monster with defective feet.

peroxide of hydrogen. Oxygenated water, H₂O₂, used as an antiseptic and deodorant.

perspiration. The excretion of fluid by the sweat glands. The fluid excreted by the sweat glands; transpiration.

perverted. Turned from what is normal or proper.

pes, gen. pedis, pl. pedes. The foot.

pes cavus. Hollow-foot.

pes planus. Flat foot.

petrogen. The proprietary name of refined mineral oil, used as a base for remedial agents. p. iodine. Iodine mixed with petrogen.

petrolatum. Vaseline; a yellowish mixture of the softer members of the paraffin or methane series of the hydrocarbons, obtained from petroleum as an intermediate product in its distillation.

phadena. A sloughing ulcer.

phagocytosis. The process of ingestion and digestion by the cells; the substances ingested are other cells, bacteria, bits of necrosed tissue, foreign particles, etc.

phalanges. Long bones of the fingers or toes, fourteen in number, two on each great toe and three on each of the remaining toes.

phenol. Carbolic acid.

phenomenon. A symptom; any unusual fact or occurrence.

phlebitis. Inflammation of a vein.

phlegmon. Acute suppurative inflammation of the subcutaneous connective tissue.

phosphoridrosis. Phosphorescent sweating.

physical. Relating to the body as distinguished from the mind.

physics. The branch of science which deals with the phenomena of matter.

physiology. The science that treats of the functions of the organs and tissues of the human body.

picric acid. A yellowish, crystalline powder used in burns and eczema.

pigment. Coloring matter; the coloring matter found in the epidermis.

pilocarpin. An alkaloid obtained from the leaves of pilocarpus; used externally to stimulate the growth of hair.

pit. Any natural depression on the surface of the body.

pityriasis. A dermatosis marked by branny desquamation; p. rubra pilaris, an eruption of papules surrounding the hair follicles.

plantar. Relating to the sole of the foot.

plantar flexion. A term used to indicate extension of the foot forward at the ankle joint.

plaster. A solid preparation which can be spread when heated and which becomes adhesive at the temperature of the body.

plaster of Paris. Gypsum, calcium sulphate; used in podiatry for dressings and to make casts.

plasticity. The capability of being formed or moulded.

platinum. A silver white metal.

pledget. A small mass or tuft of wool, cotton or lint.

plexiform. Resembling a plexus or network.

plexus. A network or interjoining of structures in the body, especially of veins, nerves or lymphatics.

pliability. The capability of being pliable or flexible.

plumbism. Lead poisoning.

podagra. Gout, especially of the great toe.

podalgia. Pain in the foot.

podarthritis. Inflammation of any of the tarsal or metatarsal joints.

podiatrist. One who practises podiatry.

podiatry. The scientific care of the foot in health and in disease.

poisoning. Administering of poison; state of being poisoned.

policeman’s heel. A painful condition of the inferior surface of the os calcis.

poliomyelitis. Inflammation of the grey matter of the spinal cord.

poly. A prefix conveying the notion of multiplicity. (Exam.: polyarthritis—simultaneous inflammation of several joints).

polydactylism. More than five digits on either the hand or the foot.

polyneuritis. Multiple neuritis.

polynuclear. Multinuclear, having more than one nucleus.

pompholyx. An inflammatory eruption of the skin of the hands and feet, accompanied by itching and burning.

popliteal. Relating to the posterior surface of the knee.

positive pole. Anode; the chemically active pole of an electric battery, the one connected with the electronegative element.

pore. One of the minute openings of the sweat glands of the skin.

post. A prefix denoting after. (Exam.: postmortem—after death).

posterior. Behind or after.

post-operative. Following a surgical operation.

posture. The term applied to the position of the body in space.

potassium hydroxide. Caustic potash, a white crystalline mass used in solution form to treat verruca.

potassium iodide. A white, crystalline powder used in the internal treatment of syphilis.

potassium permanganate. A violet substance used as a deodorant in bromidrosis.

potential cautery. A caustic; an agent such as potassium hydroxide which forms an eschar without the agency of actual fire.

potentiality. A state of tension in an electric source.

poultice. Cataplasma; a soft mush prepared by wetting absorbent substances with fluids and usually applied hot to the surface.

pre. A prefix to words formed from Latin roots, denoting anterior or before. (Exam.: prepatellar—in front of the patella or knee cap).

precursor. Forerunner.

predisposing. Affecting the body in such a way as to render it vulnerable to the action of the exciting cause.

pregnancy. Gestation; the state of a female after conception until the birth of the child.

prescription. A written formula for the preparation and administration of any remedy or remedies.

process. A projection or outgrowth.

profuse. Exuberant; liberal to excess.

prognosis. The foretelling of the probable course of a disease.

progression. Advance; the act of walking.

proliferation. Exuberant growth by reproduction of similar cells.

prophylaxis. The prevention of disease.

propulsion. The tendency to fall forward that causes festination in paralysis agitans.

protonuclein. Trade name of a nuclein preparation derived from lymphoid tissue.

protoplasm. Living matter, of which animal and vegetable tissues are formed.

prototype. The primitive form.

proud flesh. Exuberant granulations; a fungus growth from a granulating surface which shows no tendency toward cicatrization.

proximal. Nearest the trunk or point of origin; opposed to distal.

pruritus. Itching.

pseudo. A prefix denoting a resemblance, like. (Exam.: pseudomania—pretended insanity).

pseudoarthritis. Hysteric joint inflammation.

pseudoankylosis. False ankylosis, fibrous ankylosis.

pseudo-hypertrophic paralysis. Progressive muscular atrophy, a disease of childhood in which fat takes the place of wasted muscle.

pseudo-tabetic (pseudataxic). False wasting; false locomotor ataxia.

psoriasis. A skin disease characterized by the formation of white scales over rounded, red patches. It appears mostly on the extensor surfaces of the elbows and knees.

psychosis. A disorder of the mind; p. polyneuritica, psychosis associated with polyneuritis characterized by failure of memory, hallucinations, and imaginary reminiscences.

pterygium. A forward growth of the eponychium with adherence to the surface of the nail.

puncture. To make a hole with a small pointed object, such as a needle.

purpura. An affection characterized by hemorrhage into the skin.

purulent. Suppurating, containing or forming pus.

pus. A fluid product of inflammation, consisting of exuded serum, leucocytes and the débris of dead cells.

pustule. A small circumscribed elevation on the skin, containing pus.

puttees. Leather leggings worn by soldiers and others who ride horses.

putrefaction. Decomposition; the cleavage or splitting up of the molecules of a protein, resulting in the formation of other substances of less complex constitution, accompanied by the formation of ammoniac and sulphur gases.

pyemia. The presence of pus in the blood.

pyogenic. Pus-forming; relating to pus formation.

pyrogallic acid. A substance obtained from gallic acid; used in podiatry in the treatment of verruca.

pyrogallol. Pyrogallic acid.

pyroxylin. Gun cotton, an ethereal solution of which makes collodion.

Q

quinine and urea hydrochloride. A mixture of quinine, as its name indicates, used as a local anesthetic.

R

radical. As a radical operation, one which removes every trace of possibly diseased tissue, or makes recurrence impossible.

radiograph. An X-ray machine.

radiogram. An X-ray picture.

radiography. The science of obtaining X-ray pictures.

radioscopy. Fluoroscopy.

radix. The hard, usually central portion of a corn, root. r. unguis. The root of the nail.

rancid. Characterizing an oil or other fat which is decomposing.

rational. Reasonable; not delirious or comatose.

rays. Lines of light, heat or other forms of radioactivity. alpha rays. Rays charged with positive electricity. beta rays. Rays charged with negative electricity. gamma rays. Waves of motion not charged with electricity.

Raynaud’s disease. Symmetrical gangrene of the extremities.

receptacle. A storage place.

R. The abbreviation of the latin word recipe—take, used as the superscription of a prescription.

recumbent. Lying down.

recurrent. Returning; applied to symptoms.

redintol. A paraffin preparation used for burns.

reduce. To replace, as a fracture or a dislocation.

redundant. Exuberant, more than normal.

reenforcement. Augmented enforcement, as of a bandage or a dressing.

reflex. A reaction; an involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part.

ankle r., ankle-jerk; a sudden contraction of the calf muscles, extending the foot when the tendo Achillis is tapped, the subject kneeling on a chair with the foot hanging loosely.

Babinski’s r.; extension of the toes follows tickling of the sole; usually a sign of organic disease of the pyramidal tracts.

patellar r., a sudden contraction of the anterior muscles of the thigh from a tap on the patellar tendon, which brings up the foot, the subject being seated on the edge of a chair with legs loosely crossed; knee-jerk.

plantar r.; a flexion of the toes following scratching or tickling the sole of the foot.

tarsophalangeal, r.; flexion of the 2nd and 3rd (sometimes 2nd to 5th) toes when the dorsum of the foot is lightly tapped, indicating an organic lesion of the motor nerve-centres.

tendo Achillis r.; a contraction of the calf muscles when the tendo calcaneus is sharply struck.

toe r.; strong passive flexion of the great toe excites contraction of the flexor muscles in the leg; sudden passive extension causes rhythmical contraction of the great toe—toe-clonus.

regeneration. Reproduction or repair of lost or injured parts.

relapse. Return of a disease after it has once spent its force.

relax. To loosen; to slacken.

remedy. An agent applied to cure a disease or to alleviate its symptoms.

renal. Relating to the kidneys.

repair. Restoration after injury.

resect. To cut off, especially to cut off the articular ends of a bone or bones forming a joint.

resin. The residue after the distillation of turpentine.

resolution. The arrest of an inflammatory process without suppuration; the absorption or breaking down and removal of the products of inflammation.

resonator. An apparatus for producing sounds.

resorcin. A phenol derivative used for ulcers.

respiration. A function common to all living plants or animals, consisting in man in the taking in of oxygen and the throwing off of the products of oxidation.

resorption. Removal of an exudate, a blood clot, pus, etc., by absorption.

rete Malpighii. Stratum germinativum, the lowest layers of cells of the epidermis; the reproducing cells of the epidermis.

reticular layer. The inner layer of the corium, composed of connective tissue bundles.

retrogressive. Degenerative; a reversal of metabolic changes.

retropulsion. An involuntary backward running or walking occurring in certain nervous affections; a pushing back of any part.

reversed. Turned backward or in an opposite direction.

rheostat. A resistance coil; an instrument used to regulate the degree of resistance in an electric current.

rickets. Rachitis, a disease occurring in infants and young children; it is characterized by softening of the bones, etc.

ridge. A linear bone elevation.

rigid. Stiff; inflexible.

rigor. Rigidity.

rigor mortis.; stiffening of the body from one to seven hours after death.

Roentgen rays. X-rays.

roentgenography. Radiography.

roentgenoscopy. Fluoroscopy.

roentgenotherapy. The treatment of disease by the X-rays.

root. In anatomy, the base, foundation or beginning of any part; radix.

radix unguis; the root of the nail.

rotary file. An instrument used for grinding nails.

rubefacient. A mild counter-irritant which reddens the skin.

rubor. Redness; one of the classical symptoms of inflammation.

ruby lamp. A lamp colored red, and used in the dark room for developing purposes. It does not affect the sensitized plates.

runaround. A superficial paronychia.

rupture. A tear or solution of continuity.

S

S. Abbreviation of Latin, signa, remark, the usual introduction to the directions in a prescription.

sac. A pouch, a bursa; the capsule of a tumor, the envelop of a cyst.

sacro-iliac disease. A disease occurring in the region of the sacrum and ilium.

salicylic acid. An acid derived from the oil of wintergreen. Largely used in podiatry to remove helomata and verrucæ.

saline solution. A solution of sodium chloride and water in the proportion in which it exists in the blood.

salol. Phenyl salicylate.

saltatory. Relating to or marked by dancing or leaping.

salvarsan. Trade name of Ehrlich’s 606, employed in the treatment of syphilis.

salve. An ointment, ceratum, unguentum.

sandal. An old form of footgear.

sanguineous. Relating to the blood.

sapo. Soap.

saponaceous. Soapy; resembling soap.

sapremia. Septicemia.

sarcoma. A malignant connective tissue neoplasm.

saturated. Impregnated to the greatest possible extent; said of a solution; a liquid holding all of a given solute that it can dissolve.

saturnism. Lead poisoning.

scab. A crust formed by the drying of the pus on the surface of an ulcer or excoriation.

scalloped. Cut in curves.

scalpel. A pointed knife with a convex edge.

scarfskin. Epidermis.

scar tissue. White fibrous tissue formed in the healing of wounds; cicatrix.

scarify. To make a number of superficial incisions in the skin.

scarlet red. An organic dye-stuff used in ointment form as an antiseptic and as a stimulant in the treatment of ulcers.

sciatic. Relating to sciatica.

sciatica. Sciatic neuritis. Neuralgia of the sciatic nerve.

sclerodactylia. Scleroderma affecting the digits of the hands or feet.

scleroderma. A hardening and thickening of the skin with loss of elasticity.

scleronychia. Induration and thickening of the nails.

sclerosis. Induration or hardening, of chronic inflammatory origin.

scoliosis. Lateral curvature of the spine.

scorbutus. Scurvy.

scrofula. A constitutional state, occurring in the young and marked by a lack of tissue resisting power.

scurvy. A disease marked by inanition, debility, anemia, edema of the dependent parts; a spongy condition, sometimes with ulceration of the gums and hemorrhages into the skin and from the mucous membranes.

sebaceous. Carrying or producing sebum.

sebum. The fluid excreted by the sebaceous glands of the skin.

seborrhea. Overaction of the sebaceous glands.

secondary. One of the symptoms of syphilis, following the development of the chancre.

secretion. The product (solid, liquid or gaseous) of cellular or glandular activity. A secretion is stored up in or utilized by the animal or plant in which it is produced, thereby differing from an excretion which is intended to be expelled from the body.

secretory. Relating to secretion or to the secretions.

sedative. An agent which quiets nervous excitement.

semi. A prefix denoting one-half or partly. (Exam. semi-flexion—midway between flexion and extension).

semis. One-half; noted in prescription writing as ss.

senility. Old age.

sensitized. Rendered sensitive.

sensory. Relating to sensation.

septic. Unclean, contaminated with bacteria.

septicemia. A systemic disease caused by the presence of microorganisms or their toxins in the blood; sepsis.

septum. A thin wall dividing two cavities or masses of softer tissue.

sequestrum. A piece of necrosed bone which has become separated from the surrounding healthy osseous tissue.

serofibrinous. Noting an exudate composed of serum and fibrin.

sero-purulent. Containing both serum and pus.

serous. Relating to, containing or producing serum.

serpiginous. Noting an ulcer or other cutaneous lesion which extends gradually over the surface on one side while usually healing on the other.

serrated. Notched, toothed.

serum. A clear, watery fluid that moistens the surface of serous membranes. The fluid portion of the blood obtained after coagulation.

sesamoid. Resembling in size or shape a grain of sesame; an oval nodule of bone or fibro-cartilage in a tendon playing over a joint surface; most common in the metacarpo and metatarsophalangeal articulations and other joints of the fingers and toes.

sessile. Having a broad base of attachment, not pedunculated.

sheath. Any enveloping structure, such as the membranous covering of a muscle, nerve or blood vessel.

sheepskin. Prepared skin of the sheep, used for shields.

shield. An agent used in podiatry to protect a part from friction or pressure.

shock. A sudden physical or mental disturbance.

silver. Argentum; a metal of lustrous white color.

s. nitrate; largely used in podiatry as a caustic, escharotic and stimulant.

s. stick; fused silver nitrate in stick form.

sinew. Tendon.

sinister. Of evil import, of bad prognosis; Latin for left, in contradistinction to dexter, meaning right.

sinistrapodeal. Left footed.

sinuous. Tortuous, bending in several directions.

sinus. A tortuous tract opening on a free surface and leading down to an abscess cavity.

sirenomelia. A monstrosity having two lower limbs fused in one.

skiagram. A print made from a photographic plate exposed to the action of the X-rays.

skiagraphy. Radiography.

skiascopy. Fluoroscopy.

skin. The membranous covering of the body, cutis, integumentum.

skin grafting. The placing of bits of epidermis or larger strips of the entire skin on a denuded surface in order to supply defects or to stimulate a new skin growth.

skiving. The process of thinning shields at their borders.

skiving knife. An instrument used for skiving.

slough. Necrosed tissue separated from the living structure.

sodium. A metallic element. The following salts of sodium are used in podiatry.

s. bicarbonate; used as a dusting powder in acidity of the skin.

s. borate; (borax) used as an antiseptic.

s. chloride; (common salt) used as an antiseptic.

s. ethylate; used as a caustic in verruca.

s. hydroxide; (caustic soda) used as a caustic.

s. sulphide; used to remove superfluous hair.

soggy. Soaked; wet.

sole. The under part of the foot, the plantar surface.

solution. The incorporation of a solid or gas in a fluid.

spasm. An involuntary convulsive muscular contraction; cramp.

spastic. Spasmodic, convulsive.

spatula. A flat blade used for spreading plasters and ointments.

spatulate. Shaped like a spatula.

specific. Relating to an individual infectious disease, one caused by a special microorganism; in a special restricted sense, syphilis.

sphacelous. Necrotic, gangrenous, sloughing.

spheroidal. Resembling a sphere.

spica. A form of bandage with overlapping turns.

spinal. Relating to the vertebral column.

spiral. Coiled; winding around a center.

spiritus (spirit). An alcoholic solution of a gaseous or volatile substance.

Spirochaeta pallida. The protozoan which when present in the blood indicates syphilis.

splay-foot. Flat foot, talipes valgus.

splint. An apparatus for rendering a part immobile, as in fractures.

spontaneous. Occurring without external stimulation.

sporadic. Occurring singly; neither endemic nor epidemic.

spur. A dull spine or projection from a bone.

staphylococcus. A group of cocci in which the individuals are arranged in irregular masses somewhat resembling a bunch of grapes.

stasis. Stagnation of the blood or other fluids.

static. In a state of equilibrium or rest; not in action.

static ataxia. Inability to preserve equilibrium in standing through loss of the deep sensibility.

station. Power of standing more or less firmly on one’s feet.

stereognosis. Ascertaining the form of an object by means of touch.

sterile. Surgically clean; free from bacteria.

sterilization. The act of making a person or thing sterile.

sterilizer. An apparatus for making anything aseptic or germ free.

stimulant. An agent that arouses organic activity.

stimulation. The arousing of the body or any of its parts or organs to increased functional activity.

stovaine. A local anesthetic, used especially to induce spinal anesthesia.

stratum. Layer.

streptococcus. A group of cocci in which the arrangement resembles chains.

streptococcus viridans. A form of streptococcus which grows in green colonies and is not hemolytic; the bacterium responsible for most focal infections in the teeth.

striated. Striped.

stroma. The framework made of connective tissue.

strychnine. An alkaloid of nux vomica.

stump-foot. Club-foot.

styptic. Astringent, hemostatic.

sub. A prefix denoting beneath, less than normal or typical; inferior; corresponds to hypo. (Exam. subastragular—under the astragalus).

subacute. Not frankly acute, yet not chronic, noting the course of a disease.

subcutaneous. Beneath the skin.

subluxation. An incomplete luxation or dislocation.

sudamina. Minute vesicles due to retention of fluid at the mouth of a sweat follicle.

sudoriferous. Carrying or producing sweat.

sulphur. Brimstone; a chemical element; used in ointment form as a stimulant.

super. A prefix signifying in excess, above, superior, same as supra and hyper. (Exam. supertension—extreme tension).

superficial. Near the surface; cursory, not thorough.

superfluous. More than sufficient.

supernumerary. More than normal in number.

supersaturated. Said of a solution which holds more than a normal quantity of a solute, and caused by heating the liquid.

suppurate. To form pus.

supra. A prefix denoting a position above. (Exam. supracostal—above the ribs).

surgery. The branch of medicine which has to do with the treatment of disease by means of operative procedures.

suture. The surgical uniting of two surfaces by means of stitches, with silk thread, catgut, wire, etc., the material by which the two surfaces are held in apposition.

swab. A tuft of cotton or other like material attached to the end of a stick or wire; used for cleansing cavities or applying remedies.

sweat gland. One of the tubular coil-glands in the corium and subcutaneous connective tissue, secreting sweat.

swell-foot. Swelling and redness of the metatarsus, with pain and disability, due to sprain of the ligaments which are frequently detached from the bones.

symptomatology. The science of the symptoms of disease.

symptoms. Any morbid phenomenon or departure from the normal in function, appearance or sensation experienced by the patient and indicative of disease. Objective s., one which is evident to the observer. Subjective s., one apparent only to the patient.

synarthrosis. A fixed articulation.

syndactylous. Having webbed fingers or toes.

synonyms. Words having the same meaning as others.

synovia. A clear fluid secreted by a synovial membrane and used to lubricate the joints.

synovial membrane. The lining membrane of a joint, secreting the synovia.

synthetic. Relating to the formation of chemical compounds by the union of simpler compounds.

syphilide. Any skin lesion of syphilitic origin.

syphilis. An infectious disease spread by inoculation, usually by sexual intercourse, and due to the spirochaeta pallida.

syphiloderma. Syphilis of the skin.

syringe. An instrument for injecting fluids.

syringomyelia. The presence of cavities in the spinal cord due to the breaking down of gliomatous new formations.

systemic. Relating to the entire organism as distinguished from any of its individual parts.

systremma. A muscular cramp in the calf of the leg.

T

tabes dorsalis. Locomotor ataxia, a disease of the spinal ganglia and roots usually found in middle age and often the sequel of syphilis.

tactile. Relating to touch or to the sense of touch.

talipes. Kyllosis; club-foot in general.

t. calcaneovalgus; t. calcaneus and t. valgus, combined;

t. calcaneovarus; t. calcaneus and t. varus, combined;

t. calcaneus; permanent dorsal flexion of the foot, so that the weight of the body rests on the heel, only;

t. cavus; hollow-foot, an exaggeration of the normal arch of the foot.

t. equinovalgus; t. equinus and t. valgus, combined;

t. equinovarus; t. equinus and t. varus, combined;

t. equinus; permanent extension of the foot so that only the ball rests on the ground;

t. percavus; an extreme degree of t. vagus;

t. planovalgus; t. valgus;

t. planus; flat foot, splay-foot—a condition in which the arch of the foot is broken down, the entire sole touching the ground;

t. spasmodicus; a temporary distortion of the foot, usually t. equinus, due to muscular spasm;

t. vagus; permanent eversion of the foot, the inner side alone of the sole resting on the ground;

t. varus; inversion of the foot, the outer side of the foot only touching the ground.

talus. Ankle bone, astragalus.

tampon. To plug a canal with gauze, cotton wool or other substance; the substance used for the above purpose is also known by the same name.

tangent. A straight line that touches or meets a circle or curve, but does not cut it.

tannoform. Trade name of a compound of tannin with ferric aldehyde.

tarsal. Relating to a tarsus in any sense.

tarsalgia. Podalgia; policeman’s disease; pain in the tarsus usually due to incipient flat foot or to a shortening of the tendo Achillis.

tarsometatarsal. Relating to the tarsal and metatarsal bones of the foot or region.

tarsophalangeal. Relating to the tarsus and the phalanges.

tarsus. The root of the foot, or instep.

T. B. C. (tuberculosis). A specific disease caused by the presence of bacillus tuberculosis; it may affect almost any tissue or organ of the body, the most common seats of the disease being the lungs and joints.

teat. Any nipple-like protuberance.

technic. The manner of performance of any surgical operation.

temper. Elasticity or hardness in steel.

tenalgia. Pain referred to a tendon.

tendo Achillis. The tendon of insertion of the gastrocnemius and the soleus muscles into the tuberosity of the os calcis.

tendon. A fibrous cord or band which connects the muscle to its bony attachment.

tenotomy. The surgical division of a tendon.

tension. The act of stretching.

tepid. Lukewarm, for a bath, 86°F.

tertiary. The final stages of syphilis.

tetanus. An infectious disease marked by painful tonic muscular contractions; caused by the toxin of bacillus tetani acting upon the central nervous system.

tetany. A disorder marked by intermittent tonic muscular contractions.

tetradactyl. Having only four fingers or toes on a hand or foot.

therapeutic. Relating to the treatment of disease; curative.

thermal. Relating to warmth or heat.

thermocautery. The actual cautery; destruction of tissue by heat.

Thiersch’s solution. An antiseptic solution containing boric acid and salicylic acid.

Thomsen’s disease. Myotonia congenita. An hereditary disease marked by momentary tonic spasms which occur when a voluntary movement is attempted.

thrombosis. Formation or presence of a thrombus.

thrombus. A plug more or less completely occluding a blood vessel or one of the cavities of the heart.

tibia. Shin-bone; the inner and larger of the two bones of the leg.

tinctura. An alcoholic solution or extract of a non-volatile vegetable substance; a tincture.

t. arnicae; used for sprains and bruises;

t. benzoini comp.; used for sunburn, chimatlon, etc.;

t. calendulae; used for sprains and bruises;

t. cresolis saponata; used as an antiseptic;

t. ferri chloridi;

t. iodi;

t. iodi (Churchill);

t. iodi decolorata;

t. saponis viridis.

tinea unguium. Ringworm of the nail.

tip-foot. Talipes equinus.

tissue. A collection of cells or of cell derivatives forming a definite structure.

titubation. A staggering or stumbling in trying to walk, due to spinal lesion; restlessness.

toe. Digitus pedis, one of the digits of the feet.

great t., the toe on the inner, tibial side of the foot corresponding to the thumb.

hammer t., permanent flexion at the mid-phalangeal joint.

toe drop. A drooping of the anterior portion of the foot, due to paralysis.

toe separator. An instrument used for separating the toes.

toe webs. The skin at the base of the toes.

tonic. In a state of continuous, unremitting action, noting especially a muscular contraction. Increasing physical or mental tone or strength, invigorating. A remedy given or applied to tone up the system.

touch corpuscles. Special bodies found in the true skin, especially at the ends of the fingers, and used for the sense of touch.

tourniquet. An instrument for arresting the flow of blood through a part.

toxemia. Blood-poisoning; the presence of toxins in the blood.

toxic. Poisonous. Relating to a toxin.

toxin. A poisonous substance of undetermined chemical nature, developed during the growth of pathogenic bacteria.

transient. Not permanent; coming and going.

transition. Passage from one condition or one part to another.

trauma. A wound or injury.

traumatic. Relating to or caused by a wound or injury.

tremor. Trembling, shaking; a disorder of the muscular tonus or loss of equilibrium, the normal inappreciable tonic contractions being exaggerated.

trench foot. A disease of the present war. See full description in the body of the book as per index.

tropacocaine. An alkaloid obtained from Java coca leaves; a local anesthetic.

trophic. Relating to or dependent upon nutrition.

tuberculosis. A specific disease caused by the bacillus tuberculosis; it may affect any tissue of the body.

tumor. Neoplasm; a circumscribed growth, not inflammatory in character.

tungsten. A metallic element, symbol W, atomic weight 184, occurring as a gray powder of metallic lustre. A form of incandescent electric lamp is made of a tungsten filament.

turpentine. Terebinthina. Prepared in the form of oil and of spirit for external applications.

tyloma. Callosity, tylosis.

tyroma. A caseous (cheese-like) tumor.

typhoid. Typhus-like; stuporous from fever; same as typhoid fever.

U

ulcer. A circumscribed open sore which shown no tendency to heal; ulcus.

uncinariasis. Hookworm disease.

undertoe. Displacement of the great toe beneath the second toe.

ungual. Relating to the nail.

unguentum. Ointment, salve.

u. acidi borici, boric acid ointment; used in burns and abrasions.

u. acidi salicylici, salicylic acid ointment; used as a disintegrant.

u. acidi carbolici, carbolic acid or phenol ointment; used in burns and in superficial wounds.

u. balsam Peruvianum, balsam of Peru ointment; stimulating.

u. camphorae, camphor ointment; stimulating.

u. cantharidis, cantharidal ointment; rubefacient.

u. capsici, capsicum ointment; rubefacient.

u. creosoti, creosote ointment; applied to chilblains, indolent ulcers and various skin affections.

u. diachylon, Hebra’s lead ointment; employed in hyperidrosis.

u. hamamelidis, witch hazel ointment; a soothing application.

u. hydrargyri ammoniati, white precipitate ointment; applied in chronic skin conditions and in tubercular syphilides.

u. hydrargyri oxide rubri, red precipitate ointment; used in the treatment of indolent ulcers.

u. ichthyoli, ichthyol ointment; emollient.

u. iodi, iodine ointment; used in chilblains and in glandular enlargements.

u. picus compositum, compound tar ointment; employed in wounds and in burns.

u. plumbi acetatis, lead acetate ointment; astringent application to burns and superficial inflammations.

u. resorcini compositum, “soothing ointment”; astringent and antiseptic.

u. scarlet red, scarlet red ointment; stimulating.

u. sulphuris, sulphur ointment; used in scabies.

u. zinci oxidi, ointment of zinc oxide; a soothing mild astringent application in skin diseases, burns and abrasions.

unguis. Nail; a thin, horny, transparent plate covering the dorsal surface of the distal end of each terminal phalanx of fingers and toes.

Unverricht’s progressive myoclonus. See Thomsen’s disease.

uric acidemia. See lithemia.

uridrosis. The excretion of urea or uric acid in the sweat.

union. The joining together of the opposing parts of a wound.

unofficial. Not official; said of a remedial agent not described in the pharmacopeia.

uremia. An auto-intoxication occurring in certain cases of nephritis or in anuria from any cause.

U. S. P. Abbreviation for the United States Pharmacopeia.

V

vacuum. A space from which the air has been practically extracted.

valgus. Bending outward; noting a condition of the great toe, in which it is bent outward; knock-knees; see talipes valgus.

vanadium chloride. A yellowish substance used in bromidrosis.

varicose. Relating to or affected with large and tortuous veins.

variola. Smallpox.

varix. An enlarged and tortuous vein, artery or lymphatic vessel.

vascular. Relating to or containing blood vessels.

vasoconstrictors. Agents which cause narrowing of the blood vessels; nerves, stimulation of which cause vascular constriction.

vasodilators. Agents which cause dilatation of the blood vessels; a nerve, stimulation of which results in dilatation of the blood vessels.

vasomotor. The nerves which have the power of dilating or constricting the blood vessels.

vein. A blood vessel conveying blood towards the heart. Lat. vena.

veins of the foot:

v. plantaris interna; internal plantar vein (plantar surface, deep).

v. plantaris externa; external plantar vein (plantar surface, deep).

v. saphena brevis; external or short saphenous vein (dorsal surface, superficial).

v. saphena longa; internal or long saphenous vein (dorsal surface, superficial).

v. tibialis anticus; anterior tibial vein (dorsal surface, deep).

No veins on the superficial plantar surface.

verbatim. Word for word.

vermiform appendix. A blind sac of the intestine, extending from the head of the cecum.

verruca. A circumscribed overgrowth of the layers of the skin, including those of the derma (plural, verrucæ).

vertebral caries. Molecular death of the bones of the spinal column.

vertigo. Dizziness, giddiness.

vesicant. An agent which when applied to the skin produces a blister.

vesicle. A small circumscribed elevation on the skin, containing non-purulent fluid; a blister.

vesicular. Relating to a vesicle; containing vesicles.

vibration. A shaking, oscillation.

vice versa. The terms in the case being reversed.

virulent. Extremely poisonous.

vocational. Referring to occupation.

volatile. Not permanent; evaporating spontaneously.

voltage. The electromotive force of a current expressed in volts.

vulcanizing. Adhering rubber by means of heat.

W

wart. A circumscribed hypertrophy of the papillæ of the corium. (See verruca).

Wassermann test. A diagnostic test for syphilis, based upon the theory of complement fixation.

web. The skin found at the base of the fingers or toes.

wheal. An acute, circumscribed elevation of the skin due to edema in the derma.

whitlow. Felon, paronychia, inflammation of the tissues around the nail.

whorl. A set of organs arranged in a circle around an axis.

wick. A piece of gauze or other material used for draining cavities.

wipe. A piece of gauze or cotton used in wiping instruments.

wool fat. Adeps lanae. Used as an embrocation in podiatry. Lanolin.

Woulfe’s bottle. A bottle with two or three necks, for working with gases (washing, drying, etc.).

wound. Loss in continuity upon the surfaces of the body.

wrist drop. Paralysis of the extensors of the wrist and fingers.

X

X-rays. Roentgen rays.

xystus. Scraped lint; lint made by scraping linen with a sharp instrument.

Z

Zander’s system. Treatment by means of mechanical apparatus giving passive movements.

zinc oxide. A white powder used as an astringent.

zinc stearate. A white powder used as an antiseptic dusting powder.

zymotic. Relating to fermentation; noting an infectious disease.

(We are obligated to Stedman’s Practical Medical Dictionary for many of the definitions of medical terms above noted—Editor).