A CYCLOPÆDIA OF PRACTICAL RECEIPTS, &c. VOLUME II (continued 26)

The microscopic detection of potato starch is easy. Instead of being round or oval, and with a central hilum, the starch grains are pyriform, with an eccentric hilum placed at the smaller end, and with well-marked concentric rings. A weak solution of liquor potassæ (one drop of the Pharmacopœia preparation to ten of water) swells them out greatly after a time; while wheat starch is little affected by potash of this strength; if the strength is 1 to 3 (as in the figs.) the swelling takes place very rapidly.

POT POURRI. [Fr.] A mixture of odorous flowers, roots, gums, &c., varied according to the taste of the operator, either mixed together dry, or in the fresh state preserved with salt. “The usual way of making it is to collect roses, lavender, and other sweet-scented flowers, as they blow; to put them into a large jar mixed (stratified) with salt, until a sufficient quantity has been collected; then to add to these such other odorous substances as may be required to form an agreeable perfume.” Among the substances thus added are—ambergris, benzoin, calamus root, cascarilla, cassia, cassia buds, cinnamon, civet, cloves, musk, musk seed, orange berries and flowers, orris root, pimento, storax, vanilla, yellow sandal wood, &c.

“Instead of the fresh flowers, dried roses are sometimes used, and, with the addition of some essential oils, these answer quite as well.” (Redwood.)

The following is a French formula:—Take the petals of the pale and red roses, pinks, violets, moss rose, orange flower, lily of the valley, acacia flowers, clove gilliflowers, mignonette, heliotrope, jonquils, with a small proportion of the flowers of myrtle, balm, rosemary, and thyme; spread them out for some days, and as they become dry put them into a

POT′TED MEATS. See Putrefaction and Potting (below).

POT′TERY. The mechanical operations connected with the manufacture of pottery (CERAMIC ART) do not come within the province of this work. The materials employed, in this country, to produce the best kind of earthenware (Staffordshire ware) are the fine white clays of Devonshire and Cornwall, and powdered chert or flint. This is brought to a perfectly homogeneous plastic mass with water, and in this state is fashioned upon the potter’s wheel and lathe, or by moulding, into all the varied objects of utility and ornament, which are made in this material. After the newly formed vessels and other articles have been dried by exposure in heated rooms, they are enclosed in clay cases (SEGGARS) and exposed to heat in a kiln, by which they arrive at a state (BISCUIT) which renders them fit for glazing; the patterns (if any) and, afterwards, appropriate vitreous materials having been applied to their surfaces, they are again placed in the seggars, and are again exposed in a kiln to a heat sufficiently high to fuse the newly applied compound, by which they acquire a uniform enamelled surface, and become fit for the market. Porcelain, or China, as it is commonly called, is manufactured in a nearly similar manner, but the materials are selected and the various processes conducted with corresponding skill and care.

The ornamental patterns are produced upon both Staffordshire ware and porcelain by a number of ingenious processes, among which printing, painting, and moulding are the principal. The colours employed are those which have been already referred to under Enamels.

The metallic lustres now so common on stoneware, &c., are given as follows:—

1. Gold lustre. Dissolve grain-gold, 1 dr., in aqua regia, ³⁄₄ oz.; to the solution add of metallic tin, 6 gr.; and when this is dissolved, pour it very gradually, with constant stirring, into a mixture of balsam of sulphur, ¹⁄₂ dr.; oil of turpentine, 20 gr.; when the mass begins to stiffen, ¹⁄₂ dr. more of oil of turpentine must be added, and well mixed in. More gold deepens and brightens the lustre; more tin turns it on the violet or purple.

2. Iron lustre. From a mixture of ‘muriate of iron’ (ferric chloride) and spirit of tar.

3. Platinum lustre. To a solution of platinum in aqua regia (platinic chloride) is added, drop by drop, a mixture of spirit of tar and balsam of sulphur in equal proportions, until by a trial the composition is found to give the required result. This gives the appearance of polished steel.

4. Silver lustre. The ammonio-chloride of platinum is reduced to an impalpable powder, ground up to the requisite consistence with a little spirit of tar, and at once applied with a brush.

The above lustres are applied, over an easily fusible glaze, to the outer surfaces only of the vessels, after which adhesion is produced by exposing the pieces to a slight degree of heat in the muffle. To give them their full beauty they must be rubbed with cotton, wool, or chamois leather, after the firing. See Alumina, Clay, Enamels, Gilding, Glazes, Kaolin, &c.

POT′TING. A term commonly applied to the operation or practice of preserving animal substances in a state fit for immediate use, in small pots or jars. The method of proceeding is, first, to mince the substance (previously well dressed, and carefully deprived of bones, sinews, skin, &c.), and, next, to pound it in a clean polished marble or iron mortar, along with a little butter and some cayenne pepper, or other suitable spice or sauce, until it forms a perfectly smooth paste; this is pressed into the pots, so as to about 2-3rds fill them, and clarified melted butter is then poured in to the depth of about 1-8th of an inch; the pots are, lastly, closely covered over, and kept in a cool situation. In this state their contents may be preserved for a year, or longer. Potted beef, ham, veal, poultry, game, anchovies, bloaters, salmon, &c., are commonly sold in the shops. They are all intended for relishes, and are spread upon bread in the same manner as butter.

POUDRE KOUSIQUE. [Fr.] A French nostrum, consisting of nitre and sulphur, of each 50 parts; charcoal and antimony, of each 1 part. It is divided into ¹⁄₂-dr. doses, of which three are put into each packet. It is given to dogs in a ball of butter, to prevent the disorders to which they are liable.

POUDRE METALLIQUE. [Fr.] See Tooth cements.

POUDRE SUBTILE. [Fr.] See Depilatory.

POUDRETTE. [Fr.] Dried night-soil. The manure sold under this name is a compound of night-soil with clay, charcoal, or gypsum, made into balls or cakes. Its extensive use in Belgium, France, the United States of America, and, more particularly, in China, where it was first employed, has shown it to be the most fertilising and generally applicable of all the numerous substances used as manure. Unfortunately, the prejudices of Englishmen lead them to poison the air of their cities and towns, and the waters of their rivers, with a substance which, if rightly applied, would crown their fields with golden harvests, and drive pauperism from the land.

Tardieu, speaking of the men engaged in making poudrette, says:—“The action of the exhalations from the manure manufacturers is certainly not injurious. The workmen show actually no trace of sickness or disease which

That ‘poudrette’ is, however, occasionally liable to set up fermentation seems undeniable; and when this is the case, and large quantities of poudrette are stored within a small space, serious consequences may ensue.

Parent Duchâtelet cites the case of a vessel carrying poudrette to Guadaloupe, in which half the crew died, and the remainder were in a very low state of health on the arrival of the vessel at Guadaloupe, owing, as he affirms, to the exhalations given off by the poudrette.

POUL′TICE. Syn. Cataplasm; Cataplasma, L. An external application, generally extemporaneous, used to promote suppuration, allay pain and inflammation, resolve tumours, &c.

Poultices (cataplasmata) are generally prepared with substances capable of absorbing much water, and assuming a pulpy consistence, so as to admit of their application to any surface, however irregular. Their curative action principally depends upon the liquids with which they are moistened, and the heat retained by the mass. With this object they should never be heavy or very bulky, and should be frequently repeated, and lightly, but securely, bandaged on, to prevent displacement.

The addition of a little lard, olive oil, or, still better, glycerin, to a poultice, tends greatly to promote its emollient action, and to retard its hardening.

As the continued medication of the part with warmth and moisture, or with substances applied in the moist way, is the principal object to be attained in the application of poultices, a fold or two of lint or soft linen dipped in hot water, either simple or medicated, and covered with a piece of thin sheet gutta percha or india-rubber cloth, to prevent evaporation, may be often conveniently applied in their stead. A very elegant and useful substitute of this kind is sold under the name of ‘spongio piline.’ Its cleanliness, lightness, and ease of application has led to its extensive adoption by the medical profession.

The following formulæ embrace all the cataplasma of the Pharmacopœias:—

Poultice of Al′um. Syn. Cataplasma aluminis, L. Prep. (B. P., Ph. D. 1826.) Alum (in powder), 1 dr.; whites of 2 eggs; shake them together until they form a coagulum. Applied, between the folds of fine linen, to chilblains, sore nipples, inflamed eyes, &c.

Poultice, Anodyne. (P. Cod.) Syn. Cataplasma anodynum. Prep. Poppy heads, 1 oz.; dried leaves of henbane, 2 oz.; water, 24 oz. Boil, strain, and add to the liquor 4 oz. of emollient meals, to form a poultice.

Poultice, Antiseptic. (Fr. Hosp.) Syn. Cataplasma antisepticum. Prep. Barley flour, 6 oz.; powdered Peruvian bark, 1 oz.; water, q. s. Boil and, when cool enough, add camphor in powder, 1 dr.

Poultice, Astringent. (Foy.) Syn. Cataplasma astringens. Prep. Catechu, 1 oz.; powdered oak bark and barley meal, of each 1 oz.; cold water, q. s.

Poultice of Belladonna. (Dr Reece.) Syn. Cataplasma belladonnæ. Prep. Extract of belladonna, made in vacuo, 1 dr.; oatmeal, ¹⁄₂ lb.; boiling water, q. s.

Poultice, Bran. Syn. Cataplasma furfuris. Prep. Fine bran, with one tenth of linseed meal, made into a poultice with boiling water. Mr Payne recommends, as a cheap hospital poultice, 3¹⁄₂ pecks of pollard, 14 lbs. of bruised meal, and ¹⁄₄ lb. of lard.

Poultice of Bread. Syn. Cataplasma panis, L. Prep. From crum of bread, soaked in hot water, slightly pressed, and then beaten up with a little lard, butter, or oil. Emollient. See Poultice, Linseed meal (below).

Poultice of Car′rot. Syn. Cataplasma dauci, L. Prep. 1. From the common esculent carrot, scraped fine, so as to form a pulp.

2. (Ph. D. 1826.) From the cultivated carrot boiled with a little water until it becomes soft enough to form a poultice. Anodyne and antiseptic. Used in foul and painful ulcers, burns, contusions, &c. That from the first formula is the more stimulant.

Poultice of Char′coal. Syn. Cataplasma carbonis (B. P., Ph. L.), C. c. ligni, L. Prep. 1. (Ph. L.) Soak bread, 2 oz., in boiling water, ¹⁄₂ pint; to this add, by degrees, of linseed meal, 10 dr.; and, afterwards, of powdered (recently burnt) charcoal, 2 dr.; lastly, sprinkle on the surface of the poultice powdered charcoal, 1 dr. As an application to fetid and gangrenous sores; frequently renewed.

2. (B. P.) Wood charcoal, ¹⁄₂ oz.; bread, 2 oz.; linseed meal, 1¹⁄₂ oz.; boiling water, 10 oz.; soak the bread in the water near the fire, add the linseed meal and half the charcoal, stirring to a soft poultice, sprinkling the remainder of the charcoal on the surface.

Poultice of Chlo′′ride of So′da. Syn. Cataplasma sodæ chlorinatæ (B. P., Ph. L.), L. Prep. 1. (Ph. L.) Boiling water, 6 fl. oz.; linseed meal, 4¹⁄₂ oz.; mix gradually, then add of solution of chlorinated soda, 2 fl. oz. Applied to foul ulcers, gangrenous parts, &c.

2. (B. P.) Solution of chlorinated soda, 1; linseed meal, 2; boiling water, 4; add the linseed meal gradually to the water, stirring constantly, then mix the solution of chlorinated soda.

Poultice, Compound Farina. Syn. Cataplasma farinæ compositum. Prep. Rye flour, 1 lb.; old yeast, 4 oz.; salt, 2 oz.; hot water, q. s.

Poultice, Cummin. (L. Ph. 1788.) Syn. Cataplasma cumini. Prep. Cummin seeds, 1 lb.; bay berries, scordium leaves, serpentaria root, of each 3 oz.; cloves, 1 oz.; to be powdered together and mixed with thrice their weight of honey.

Poultice, Discutient. Syn. Cataplasma discutiens. Prep. Barley meal, 6 oz.; fresh hemlock, 2 oz.; vinegar, q. s. Boil and add sal ammoniac, ¹⁄₂ oz. (Fr. Hosp.) The same, with 2 dr. of acetate of lead added.

Poultice, Effervescing. Syn. Cataplasma effervescens. Prep. Fresh wort thickened with oatmeal, and a spoonful of yeast added.

Poultice, Emetic. Syn. Cataplasma emeticum. Prep. Bruised groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) applied over the stomach produces vomiting.

Cataplasma of Fig. Syn. Cataplasma fici. Prep. A dried fig, roasted or boiled (sometimes in milk), is frequently applied to gum-boils, &c.

Poultice, Foxglove. (Mr Alland.) Syn. Cataplasma digitalis. Prep. A strong decoction of foxglove, with bread-crum, or linseed meal, q. s.

Poultice, Galbanum. Syn. Cataplasma galbani. Prep. Lily roots, 4 oz.; figs, 1 oz.; boil till soft, and bruise them with 1¹⁄₂ oz. of onions and ¹⁄₂ oz. of galbanum, triturated with yolk of egg and a sufficient quantity of linseed meal.

Poultice, Galvanic. (Recamier.) Syn. Cataplasma galvanicum. It consists of cotton wadding containing a layer of very thin zinc plates, and another layer of copper ones. This pad, conveniently quilted, is enclosed in a bag, one face of which is of quilted calico, the other of impermeable tissue. The natural perspiration, confined by the impermeable tissue, excites galvanic action between the metals.

Poultice of Hem′lock. Syn. Cataplasma conii (B. P., Ph. L.), L. Prep. 1. (Ph. L.) Boiling water, ¹⁄₂ pint; linseed meal, 4¹⁄₂ oz., or q. s.; make a poultice, and on this spread of extract of hemlock (Ph. L.), 1 oz., first softened with a little hot water. Anodyne. In irritable and painful cancerous, scrofulous, and syphilitic sores, tumours, &c.

2. (B. P.) Hemlock leaf, in powder, 1 oz.; linseed meal, 3 oz.; boiling water, 10 oz.; mix the ingredients, then add them to the water gradually, constantly stirring.

Poultice, Henbane. Syn. Cataplasma hyoscyami. The same as Poultice of poppy.

Poultice, Hop. (Dr Trotter.) Syn. Cataplasma humuli. Hops softened with hot water. To foul ulcers.

Poultice, Iodine. Syn. Cataplasma ioduretum. To a common poultice add solution or tincture of iodine.

Poultice, Lead. Syn. Cataplasma plumbi. Prep. Goulard water, 1 lb.; bread crum, q. s.

Poultice, Lily. Syn. Cataplasma lilii. The pulp of the white lily boiled and bruised.

Poultice, Lime. Syn. Cataplasma calcis. Prep. Slaked lime, 2 oz.; oatmeal, 2 oz.; lard, 4 oz. Formerly used at Bath Hospital.

Poultice of linseed Meal. Syn. Cataplasma lini (B. P., Ph. L.), L. Prep. 1. (Ph. L.) To boiling water, ¹⁄₂ pint, add, gradually, constantly stirring, of linseed meal, 4¹⁄₂ oz., or q. s. Emollient. Used to promote the suppuration or ‘ripening’ of tumours. A little oil or lard should be added, and some smeared over the surface as well, to prevent its getting hard. For small ‘gatherings,’ as of the fingers, a little chewed bread and butter is an efficient and convenient substitute.

2. (B. P.) Linseed meal, 4; olive oil, ¹⁄₂; boiling water, 10; mix the linseed meal with the oil, add the water gradually, constantly stirring.

Obs. Linseed meal prepared from the cake, from which the oil has been expressed, is less adapted for poultices than that prepared from the unpressed, whole seed. The latter is ordered in the Ph. L.

Poultice, Malt. (Guy’s Hosp.) Syn. Cataplasma bynes. Prep. Ground malt, with yeast, q. s., to form a poultice; to be applied warm.

Poultice, Maturative. (L. 1745.) Syn. Cataplasma maturans. Prep. Pulp of figs, 4 oz.; resin ointment, 1 oz.; strained galbanum, ¹⁄₂ oz.

Poultice of Mus′tard. Syn. Cataplasma sinapis (Ph. L.), L. Prep. 1. (B. P., Ph. L.) Linseed meal and powdered mustard, of each 2¹⁄₂ oz., or q. s.; boiling water, ¹⁄₂ pint; mix as before.

2. (Ph. L. 1836.) As the last, but substituting boiling vinegar for water. Used as a powerful counter-irritant, stimulant, and rubefacient; in low fevers, apoplexy, coma, &c., where there is a determination of blood to the head; in deep-seated inflammatory pains, neuralgic pains, &c. It should not be left on long enough to raise a blister. See Plasters.

Poultice, Onion. Syn. Cataplasma cepæ. Prep. Onions roasted and mashed.

Poultice of Pop′py. Syn. Cataplasma papaveris, L. Prep. 1. (P. Cod. 1839.) A strong decoction of poppies, thickened with crum of bread. Anodyne.

Poultice, Potash, Acetate of. Syn. Cataplasma potassæ acetatis; Cataplasma neutrale. Prep. Acetate of potash, 1 oz.; water, 1 pint; crum of bread, q. s. To ill-conditioned sores.

Poultice of Po′tato. Syn. Cataplasma solani tuberosi, L. Prep. From the raw potato, scraped or grated fine. A popular application to fresh bruises, extravasations, burns, scalds, &c.

Poultice of Potato Starch. (P. Cod.) Syn. Cataplasma feculæ. Prep. Potato starch, 2 oz.; mix with a little cold water, add to it 20 oz. of boiling water, and boil for an instant. Cataplasms of rice and wheat starch are made in the same manner.

Poultice, Pradier’s. Syn. Pradier’s cataplasma; Cataplasme de Pradier, Fr. Prep. Take of balsam of Mecca, 6 dr.; rectified spirit, 16 oz.; dissolve; next, separately, take red cinchona bark, sarsaparilla, and sage, of each 1¹⁄₂ oz.; rectified spirit, 32 oz.; digest for 48 hours, and filter; mix the two liquors; add to them twice their weight of lime water. In gout; 2 fl. oz. are sprinkled on the surface of a hot linseed-meal poultice sufficiently large to surround the affected part. It is said that the Emperor Napoleon gave £2500 for this receipt.

Poultice of Pyroligneous Acid. (Dr Reece.) Syn. Cataplasma acidi pyrolignosi. Prep. Bran, 1 lb.; linseed meal, 1 oz.; impure pyroligneous acid, q. s. For scrofulous ulcers; occasionally 30 minims of tincture of perchloride of iron, and 3 dr. of extract or powder of hemlock, are added.

Poultice of Red Wine. (Gl. Hosp.) Syn. Cataplasma vini rubri. Prep. Linseed meal, 1¹⁄₂ oz.; boiling water, 5 oz.; stir it over a slow fire for a minute, remove, and add 2 oz. of red wine.

Poultice, Roasted Apple. Syn. Cataplasma mali. The soft pulp of roasted apple, applied to inflamed eyes. Other ingredients are sometimes added.

Poultice, Rose. Syn. Cataplasma rosæ. Prep. Powdered alum, 30 gr.; confection of roses, 4 oz.; mix.

Poultice of Sea-wrack. (Dr Russell.) Syn. Cataplasma fuci. Prep. Fresh bladder fucus (sea-wrack) bruised. Applied to glandular tumours, &c.

Poultice, Sim′ple. Syn. Cataplasma simplex, L. Prep. (Ph. D. 1826.) Powder for a cataplasma and boiling water, of each q. s. to form a poultice, the surface of which is to be smeared over with olive oil. Emollient. Bread poultice and linseed-meal poultice are now generally called by this name. See Powder (Poultice).

Poultice of Slippery Elm. Cataplasma ulmi. The powdered bark of the slippery elm (Ulmus fulva) mixed with a sufficient quantity of hot water.

Poultice of Soap. Syn. Cataplasma saponis, L. Prep. From white soap (scraped or sliced), 1 oz.; boiling water, ¹⁄₄ pint; dissolve, and add crum of bread, q. s. As an application to scalds and burns.

Poultice, Sorrel. Syn. Cataplasma oxalis. Prep. Bruised sorrel leaves, mixed with oatmeal and beer.

Poultice, Stimulating. (Dr Hugh Smith.) Syn. Cataplasma stimulans. Prep. Rye flour, 1 lb.; old yeast, 4 oz.; common salt, 2 oz.

Poultice, Sulphate of Lime. (Blizard.) Syn. Cataplasma calcis sulphatis. Prep. Paris plaster mixed with water to a soft paste, and applied before it hardens. Formerly applied to ulcers to form an artificial scab; now occasionally used to afford mechanical support in some surgical cases.

Poultice of Sulphate of Soda. (Kirkland.) Syn. Cataplasma sodæ sulphatis. Prep. Sulphate of soda, 1 oz.; boiling water, ¹⁄₂ lb.; crum of bread, a sufficient quantity.

Poultice to cause Suppuration. (E. Ph. 1774.) Syn. Cataplasma suppurans. To an emollient cataplasm add bruised onions, 1¹⁄₂ oz.; basilicon ointment, 1 oz.

Poultice of Tannate of Lead. (G. Ph.) Syn. Cataplasma ad decumbitum; Plumbum tannicum pultiforme. Prep. Boil 2 oz. Of oak bark in sufficient water to yield 10 oz. of strained decoction; add to this 1 oz. (by weight) of liquid subacetate of lead, collect the precipitate on a filter, and put it into a bottle with 2 dr. of rectified spirit.

Poultice, Tonic. (G. Hosp.) Syn. Cataplasma tonicum. Prep. Powdered bark, 1 oz.; charcoal, 1 oz.; camphor, 1¹⁄₂ dr.; oil of turpentine, q. s.

Poultice, Turnip. Syn. Cataplasma rapi. Prep. Peel turnips, boil them till soft, beat them to a pulp, and apply warm.

Poultice, Turpentine. (Dr Reece.) Syn. Cataplasma terebinthinæ. Prep. Oil of turpentine, 2 dr.; olive oil, 1 oz.; linseed meal, 1 oz.; oatmeal, 4 oz.; boiling water, q. s. To indolent ulcers, and, with more turpentine, to deep burns, scalds, and chilblains.

Poultice of Vin′egar. Syn. Cataplasma aceti, L. Prep. From crum of bread soaked in vinegar. Applied cold in bruises, extravasations, &c., especially black eyes. Verjuice is often employed in the same way.

Poultice of Walnut Leaves. (Perfect.) Syn. Cataplasma juglandis. Prep. The fresh leaves of walnut bruised and mixed with honey. Applied over the abdomen as a vermifuge.

Poultice of Yeast. Syn. Cataplasma fermenti (B. P., Ph. L.), C. f. cerevisiæ, L. Prep. 1. (Ph. L.) Beer yeast and water at 100° Fahr., of each 5 fl. oz.; mix, stir in flour, 1 lb., and place it near the fire until it rises. In gangrenous or foul ulcers; to correct the fetor of the discharge, and to hasten the sloughing.

2. (B. P.) Beer yeast, 6; flour, 14; water (at 100° Fahr.), 6; mix. Place the mass near the fire till it rises.

POUL′TRY. Domestic birds, which are propagated and fed for the table, and for their eggs, feathers, &c.

The poultry of this country are the common domestic fowl, the turkey, the duck, and the goose; to which some writers add the guinea-fowl and the peacock. Of these, the first is the most generally useful. Though a native of India, it accompanies man through almost every gradation of civilisation and climate, and flourishes almost everywhere, when properly secured from the inclemency of the weather, and allowed an ample supply of fresh air, with proper food. For the production of abundance of eggs it must, however, be well fed and warmly lodged. The hen-roosts and poultry-houses should be well protected from the weather, and their temperature should be duly maintained by proximity to the stables, cow-houses, or dwelling-house, and, in cold weather,

POUNCE. Powdered gum sandarac generally passes under this name. It is used to prepare parchment for writing on, and to prevent ink from spreading upon paper after erasures. Powdered cuttle-fish bone is occasionally employed in the same way. Both are applied to the surface by means of a cylindrical roll of list called a ‘rubber.’ Packers rub the surface of porous and greasy woods, as the heads of boxes, cases, casks, &c., with whiting or powdered resin, to make them bear the ink. The coloured powders used by pattern drawers, for sprinkling over pricked papers, are also called ‘pounce.’ For liquid pounce, see Marking ink.

POWDER. Syn. Pulvis, L. Powders are divided by pharmaceutical writers into two classes—simple and compound. The first are prepared by simple pulverisation; the second by the admixture of two or more simple powders. For use the appropriate doses are separately weighed, and placed in separate papers. They are usually exhibited in a little honey, sugar, or milk, either taken from a spoon or made into an electuary or bolus, and swallowed in the semi-solid form. Metallic and other heavy powders are best taken in the latter state. Very active substances should be, in all cases, mixed with some inert powder, as that of starch, gum, liquorice, or marshmallow, at the time of ‘dispensing’ them.

“This form of preparing medicines is the simplest, and perhaps the least objectionable; but it is not applicable to all the articles of the Materia Medica. Those remedies which are very unpleasant to the taste; those which deliquesce rapidly when exposed to the air, or are very volatile; and those which require to be given in very large doses, or which are not diffused readily in water, cannot, with propriety, be administered in the form of powder. Some substances cannot be reduced to powder unless they be very much dried, and the heat necessary for that purpose alters their properties.” Nor can we “be surprised that a great alteration should be effected in a short time by the action of the air on so great an extension of surface as takes place in the operation usually adopted for reducing drugs to a fine powder.” (A. T. Thomson.)

In this country compound powders appear to be a favourite form of medicine in the diseases of infancy and childhood.

“It is necessary that whatever we order to be reduced to powder should be rubbed through a fine sieve, so that the impurities and coarser parts may be separated; and it is needful that most powders should be recently prepared, and not too long kept.” (Ph. L.)

As nearly all powders suffer by exposure to the air and light, they should be preserved in closely-corked opaque or green-glass bottles, or in tin canisters from which the external air is carefully excluded. See Pulverisation, &c.

Powder, Algaroth’s. See Antimony, Oxychloride.

Powder of Al′oes (Compound). Syn. Pulvis aloës compositus (Ph. L.), P. aloës cum guaiaco, L. Prep. (Ph. L.) Socotrine or hepatic aloes (in powder), 1¹⁄₂ oz.; guaiacum (in powder), 1 oz.; compound cinnamon powder, ¹⁄₂ oz.; rub them together. A warm, sudorific purgative.—Dose, 10 to 20 gr.

Powder of Aloes with Canel′la. Syn. Aloetic powder, Holy bitter†; Hiera picra†, Pulvis aloes cum canellâ, L. Prep. From powdered Socotrine or hepatic aloes, 4 parts; powdered white canella, 1 part. Uses and dose, as the last.

Obs. Once a highly popular remedy. It was originally made into an electuary with honey, and in this form was frequently called ‘HIERA LOGADII,’ It is still a favourite in domestic medicine and veterinary practice. The principal objection to both this and the preceding preparation is the nauseous flavour of the aloes, which is ill concealed by the aromatics. The ‘HIERA PICRA’ for farriers is usually made with the cheapest Cape aloes.

Powder of Aloes with Iron. (L. Ph. 1788.) Syn. Pulvis aloeticus cum ferro. Prep. Aloes, 1¹⁄₂ oz.; myrrh, 2 oz.; sulphate of iron, 1 oz.; dried extract of gentian, 1 oz.

Powder of Al′um (Compound). Syn. Styptic powder; Pulvis stypticus, P. aluminis compositus (Ph. E.), L. Prep. (Ph. E.) Alum, 4 oz.; kino, 1 oz.; mix them, and reduce them to fine powder. Astringent and styptic.—Dose, 5 to 15 gr.; in diarrhœa, profuse menstruation, &c. Externally, in hæmorrhages, &c.

Powder, Alum, Opiated. (Bouchardat.) Syn. Pulvis aluminis opiatus. Prep. Alum, 1 dr.; sugar, 1 dr.; opium, 4 gr.; mix for 12 powders. 2 or 3 daily in obstinate diarrhœas and passive hæmorrhages.

Powder of Alum with Capsicum. (Dr Turnbull.)Syn. Pulvis aluminis cum capsico. Prep. Alum, 3 parts; concentrated tincture of capsicum, 1 part; mix, dry, and triturate again. Applied to the tonsils.

Powder of Alum with Gum. (Frankel.) Prep. Alum, gum tragacanth, of each equal parts. Applied to sore breasts.

Powder of Alum with Starch. (St. Th. Hosp.) Syn. Pulvis aluminis cum amylo. Prep. Alum and starch, equal parts. In insufflation of rhinorrhœa.

Powder of Ambergris with Musk. (Bat. Ph.) Syn. Pulvis ambergriseæ moschatus. Prep. Ambergris, 6 dr.; musk, 1 dr.; oil of cinnamon, 2 scruples; refined sugar, 11¹⁄₂ oz.; mix.

Powder, Ammoniated Aromatic. Syn. Pulvis ammoniatus aromaticus; Leayson’s ammoniacal collyrium. Prep. Muriate of ammonia, 1 dr.; slaked lime, 1 oz.; charcoal, 15 gr.; cinnamon, 15 gr.; cloves, 15 gr., bole, ¹⁄₂ dr. Put them into a bottle and moisten with a little water.

Powder of Ancho′vy. Syn. Pulvis clupeæ encrasicoli, L. Prep. Pound anchovies to a paste, then rub them through a sieve, and add enough flour to make a dough, which must be rolled out into thin slices and dried by a gentle heat in a stove; it is, lastly, powdered and bottled. Colouring is frequently added. Chiefly used to make sauces. British anchovies are frequently substituted for the genuine fish.

Powder, Anthrakokali, Compound. Syn. Pulvis anthrakokali, compound. Prep. Anthrakokali, 2 gr.; washed sulphur, 6 gr.; mix. For 1 dose.

Powder, Anthrakokali, Simple. (Poyla.) Syn. Pulvis anthrakokali simplex. Prep. Anthrakokali, 2 gr.; liquorice powder, 6 gr.; mix. For 1 dose.

Powder, Antiepileptic. Syn. Pulvis antiepilepticus (E. Ph., 1744.) Prep. White dittany, pæony, valerian, mistletoe of the oak, equal parts.—Dose, 10 to 6 gr. (Behrends.) Prep. Valerian, 4 dr.; magnesia, muriate of ammonia, oil of cajeput, of each 1 scruple.—Dose. A teaspoonful three times a day. Dr Paris says the following was used successfully by a Dutch empiric:—Sulphur, 1 scruple; sulphate of potash, 10 gr.; rhubarb, 5 gr.; nutmeg, 2 gr.; mix. (Germ. Hosp.) Prep. Oxide of zinc, 16 gr.; carbonate of magnesia, 48 gr.; oleo-saccharum of cajeput, 3 dr. Mix for 8 doses. Poudre de Ragolo. Oxide of zinc, 10 gr.; valerian, mistletoe, sugar, orange leaves, of each 4 dr.; magnesia, 2 scruples; oil of cajeput, 2 scruples; a teaspoonful three times a day. Pasquier prescribes—Wall crop, 10 gr.; gum Arabic, 10 gr.; 1 to 4 powders daily for eight times. Sommer’s specific consists of—Wall crop, 6 to 10 gr.; oleo-saccharum of mint, 8 gr.; one morning and evening for six times. See Pulvis artemisiæ saccharatus. The Poudre de Guttète consists of mistletoe, 2 parts; white dittany, 2; pæony root and seeds, 2; prepared coral, 1; elk’s hoof, 2; seeds of orache, 2. Given in doses of a few grains in convulsions of infants, or in larger doses for epilepsy.

Powder, Antihydrophobic. (Dr Mead.) Syn. Pulvis antilyssus. Prep. Ash-coloured ground liver-wort (Pettidea canina), ¹⁄₂ oz.; black pepper, 2 dr.; mix, and give a fourth part every morning for 4 times.

Powder, Antimo′′nial. Syn. Fever powder, Lisle’s p., James’s p.; Pulvis Jacobi, Pulvis antimonialis (B. P., Ph. E., & D.), Pulvis antimonii compositus (Ph. L.), L. Prep. 1. (Ph. L.) A mixture of tersulphide of antimony, 1 lb., and hartshorn shavings, 2 lbs., is reduced to powder, thrown into a crucible heated to whiteness, and stirred constantly until vapour no longer rises; the calcined mixture is then rubbed to powder, again put into the crucible, and the heat gradually increased to whiteness, and maintained so for 2 hours; the residuum is, lastly, reduced to a very fine powder.

2. (Ph. E.) From sulphide of antimony and hartshorn shavings, equal weights; as the last.

3. (Ph. D.) Tartarised antimony, 4 oz., is dissolved in water, ¹⁄₂ gall., and added to solution of phosphate of soda, 4 oz., in water, 1 quart; a solution of chloride of calcium, 2 oz., in water, 1 quart, and to which solution of ammonia (Ph. D.), 4 fl. oz., has been added, is next poured in, and the whole boiled for 20 minutes; the precipitate is then collected on a calico filter, and washed with hot distilled water, until the liquid which passes ceases to give a precipitate with a weak solution of nitrate of silver; it is, lastly, dried by a steam or water heat, and reduced to a fine powder.

4. (B. P.) Oxide of antimony, 1; precipitated phosphate of lime, 2; mix.—Dose, 2 to 6 gr.

Uses, &c. Febrifuge and diaphoretic. Intended as a substitute for the proprietary and more expensive James’s powder.—Dose, 3 to 10 or 12 gr., or more, repeated every fourth or fifth hour until diaphoresis is set up; in fevers, rheumatic affections, chronic skin diseases, &c. It is a very uncertain and variable compound, unless it has been carefully prepared. Dr Elliotson exhibited it in doses of 100 gr. without producing any sensible effect. A spurious article, made by triturating 1 oz. of tartar emetic with 18 or 19 oz. of burnt hartshorn, is frequently sold for it in the shops. See Antimonious acid and James’s powder.

Powder, Antispasmodic. (P. Cod.) Syn. Pulvis antispasmodicus. Prep. Cyanide of zinc, 3 gr.; calcined magnesia, 24 gr.; cinnamon, 12 gr.; mix. For 6 doses.

Powder, Antispasmodic. (Jourdan.) Syn. Pulvis antispasmodicus. Prep. Valerian, 1 oz.; oxide of zinc, 1 scruple; musk, 8 gr.; mix.

Powder, Aromat′ic. See Powder, Compound Cinnamon.

Powder, Arsen′ical. See Powder, Escharotic.

Powder of Asarabac′ca (Compound). See Snuff (Cephalic).

Powder, Astrin′gent. Syn. Pulvis astringens, P. stypticus, L. Prep. 1. From Aleppo galls and burnt alum, in fine powder, equal parts. Used in piles, soft polypi of the nose, chilblains, &c.

Powder, Ba′′king. Prep. 1. Tartaric acid, ¹⁄₂ lb.; bicarbonate of soda and potato farina or British arrow-root, of each ³⁄₄ lb. (each in powder); separately dry them perfectly by a very gentle heat, then mix them in a dry room, pass the mixture through a sieve, and at once put it into packets, observing to press it hard, and to cover it with tinfoil or close-made paper, to preserve it as much as possible from the air and moisture.

2. (Delforte’s.) Powdered tartaric acid, ¹⁄₄ lb.; powdered alum, ¹⁄₂ lb.; bicarbonate of soda, ³⁄₄ lb.; farina, 1 lb.; dry separately, as before, mix, and further add of sesquicarbonate of ammonia (in powder), 3 oz.; lastly, closely pack it in tinfoil.

3. (Green’s.) Tartaric acid, 35 lbs.; sesquicarbonate of soda, 56 lbs.; potato flour, 1 cwt.; mix as before.

Uses, &c. Baking powder is chiefly employed as a substitute for yeast. 1 or 2 teaspoonfuls are mixed with the dry flour and other ingredients, which are then made into a dough, as quickly as possible, with cold water, and at once baked or boiled as the case may be. By the addition of about ¹⁄₂ dr. of turmeric powder to each pound of the mixture it is converted into egg powder. When intended to be kept for any length of time it should be preserved in bottles or tins, so as to prevent the absorption of moisture. We have discovered traces of arsenic in some of the baking powders of the shops, which we refer to common washerwoman’s soda being used in their composition, instead of the pure carbonate or sesquicarbonate.

Powder, Basil′ic. Syn. Royal powder, Cornachini’s p.; Pulvis Basilicus, P. Cornachini, L. Prep. From scammony, calomel, cream of tartar, and diaphoretic antimony, equal parts. This is the formula generally adopted for this compound, which has now long been omitted from the Pharmacopœias. It is still a favourite with many practitioners, as an alterative purgative, and vermifuge for children.—Dose. For a child, 2 to 8 gr.; for an adult, 5 to 20 gr. Compound powder of scammony is now generally sold for it.

Powder, Belladonna, Saccharated. (Wertzler.) Syn. Pulvis belladonnæ saccharatus. Prep. Belladonna root, 15 gr.; pure sugar, 1 dr.; mix. For 72 powders. One twice a day, or oftener, according to the age. In hooping-cough.

Powder, Blaine’s Distem′per. The basis of this preparation is the ‘aurum musivum,’ or bisulphuret of tin. (Dr Paris.)

Powder, Blancmange′. Prep. From sago meal, 1 lb.; essence of lemon, 15 drops; mace, 12 gr.; mix.

Powder, Bleaching. Chloride or hypochlorite of lime.

Powder, Blue. See Smalts.

Powder, Bronze. See Stannic sulphide, Bronzing, &c.

Powder of Burnt Hartshorn. Syn. Pulvis cornu cervini usti, L. Prep. From pieces of hartshorn calcined to whiteness, and powdered. It consists principally of phosphate of lime.—Dose, 10 to 30 gr.; in rickets, &c.

Powder of Burnt Hartshorn with O′pium. Syn. Pulvis opiatus, Pulvis cornu usti cum opio, L. Prep. From powdered calcined hartshorn, 1 oz.; powdered opium and cochineal, of each 1 dr.—Dose, 5 to 20 gr.

Powder of Camphor. Camphor may be readily pulverised by triturating it with the addition of a few drops of rectified spirit or ether.

Powder, Camphorated Nitre. (Swediaur.) Syn. Pulvis nitro camphoratus. Prep. Nitre, 10 gr.; camphor, 4 gr.; gum Arabic, 24 gr.; mix. For two or three doses.

Powder, Capuchin′. Prep. From powdered cevadilla, parsley seed, stavesacre, and tobacco, equal parts. Used to destroy pediculi.

Powder, Castillon’s. Prep. From sago meal, salep, and gum tragacanth, of each 3 dr.; prepared oyster shells, 1 dr.; cochineal, q. s. to colour. Absorbent.—Dose, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr., boiled in milk; in diarrhœa, &c.

Powder of Cat′echu (Compound). Syn. Pulvis catechu compositus (B. P., Ph. D.), L. Prep. 1. (Ph. D.) Take catechu and kino, of each 2 oz.; cinnamon and nutmeg, of each ¹⁄₂ oz.; reduce each to a fine powder, mix, and keep the prepared powder in a well-stopped bottle. Aromatic and astringent.—Dose, ¹⁄₄ dr. to 2 dr.; in various affections.

2. (B. P.) Pale catechu; kino, 2; rhatany, 2; cinnamon, 1; nutmeg, 1; mix.—Dose, 15 to 30 gr.

Powder of Chalk (Compound). Syn. Pulvis cretæ aromaticus (B. P.), Pulvis cretæ compositus (Ph. L., E., & D.), P. carbonatis calcis comp., L. Prep. 1. (Ph. L.) Prepared chalk, ¹⁄₂ lb.; cinnamon, 4 oz.; tormentil and gum acacia, of each 3 oz.; long pepper, ¹⁄₂ oz.; rub them, separately, to a very fine powder, and mix them.

2. (Ph. E.) Prepared chalk, 4 oz.; cinnamon, in fine powder, 1¹⁄₂ dr.; nutmeg, in fine powder, 1 dr.

3. (Ph. D.) Prepared chalk, 5 oz.; cinnamon, 2¹⁄₂ oz.; gum, 2 oz.; nutmeg, ¹⁄₂ oz.

4. (Aromatic Powder of Chalk—B. P.) Chalk, 11; cinnamon, 4; nutmeg, 3; saffron, 3; cloves, 1¹⁄₂; cardamom seed, 1; refined sugar, 25; all in powder; mix.—Dose, 30 to 60 gr.

Uses, &c. Aromatic, astringent, and antacid.—Dose, 10 to 30 gr.; in acidity, flatulence, heartburn, diarrhœa, &c. The following form is used by many wholesale houses:—Prepared chalk, 4 lbs.; powdered cassia, 2 lbs.; powdered calamus aromaticus, ³⁄₄ lb.; powdered gum, 1¹⁄₂ lb.; long pepper, ¹⁄₄ lb.

Powder of Chalk with Opium (Compound). Syn. Pulvis cretæ aromaticus cum opio (B. P.); Opiated chalk powder; Pulvis cretæ compositus cum opio (Ph. L.), Pulvis cretæ opiatis (Ph. E. & D.), L. Prep. 1. (Ph. L.) Compound chalk powder, 6¹⁄₂ oz.; powdered opium, 80 gr.

2. (Ph. E.) Compound chalk powder, 6 oz.; powdered opium, 80 gr.

3. (Ph. D.) Compound chalk powder, 4 oz. 7 dr.; opium, in fine powder, 1 dr.

4. (Wholesale.) Compound chalk powder, 21 oz.; powdered opium, ¹⁄₂ oz. Anodyne, antacid, and carminative.—Dose, 10 to 30 gr.; in the same cases as the preceding, than which it is more active. It has long been a favourite remedy in all cases of simple and even choleraic diarrhœa.

5. Aromatic powder of chalk (see Powder of Chalk (Compound), 4), 39; opium, in powder, 1; mix thoroughly, and pass through a sieve.—Dose, 10 to 40 gr.

Powder, Chalk Mixture. Syn. Pulvis pro mistura cretæ, L. Prep. (Beasley.) Powdered gum acacia, 5 oz.; prepared chalk, 4 oz.; white sugar, 3 oz.; oil of cinnamon, 1¹⁄₂ fl. dr.; mix. 40 gr. of this powder, triturated with 1 fl. oz. of water.

Powder, Chol′era (Saline). Syn. Pulvis salinus anticholericus, L. Prep. 1. (Dr O’Shaughnessy.) Carbonate of soda, 5 gr.; chloride of sodium, phosphate of soda, and sulphate of soda, of each 10 gr. For a dose.

Powder of Cin′namon (Compound). Syn. Aromatic powder; Pulvis cinnamomi compositus (B. P., Ph. L.), Pulvis aromaticus (Ph. E.), L. Prep. 1. (Ph. L.) Cinnamon, 2 oz.; cardamoms, 1¹⁄₂ oz.; ginger, 1 oz.; long pepper, ¹⁄₂ oz.; rub them together so that a fine powder may be made.

2. (B. P., Ph. E.) Cinnamon, cardamom seeds, and ginger, equal parts; to be kept in a well-closed glass vessel.

3. (Ph. D.) Cinnamon and ginger, of each 2 oz.; cardamom seeds (husked), and nutmegs, of each 1 oz. Aromatic and carminative.—Dose, 10 to 30 gr. In the powder of the shops cassia is generally substituted for cinnamon.

Powder, Cla′rifying. Flake albumen. See Albumen.

Powder, Cock′le. From the well-known shell-fish Cardium edule (Linn.), as oyster powder.

Powder, Colbatche’s Specific. Prep. From solution of sesquichloride of iron and acetate of lead, of each 4 oz.; mix, evaporate to dryness, powder the residuum, and preserve it from the air. Astringent and hæmostatic.—Dose, 3 to 8 grs.

Powder of Col′ocynth. Syn. Pulvis colocynthidis, L. That of the shops is generally prepared from the whole of the peeled fruit, with the seeds, instead of merely from the pulp, by which its activity is greatly lessened. A factitious article is also met with in trade, made by grinding bryony root with about twice its weight of colocynth seeds and a very small quantity of gamboge.

Powder, Compound Almond. (B. Ph.) Syn. Pulvis amygdalæ compositus. Prep. Steep 8 oz. of Jordan almonds in warm water till their skins can be easily removed; and, when blanched, dry them thoroughly with a soft cloth, and rub them lightly in a mortar to a smooth consistence; mix gum Arabic in powder, 1 oz.; and refined sugar, in powder, 4 oz.; and adding them to the pulp gradually, rub the whole to a coarse powder. Keep it in a lightly covered jar.

Powder, Compound Bark. (Geneva Ph.) Syn. Pulvis cinchonæ compositus. Prep. Peruvian bark, 1 oz.; rhubarb, 1¹⁄₂ dr.; muriate of ammonia, 1¹⁄₂ dr.; mix.

Powder, Compound Belladonna. 1. (Hecker.) Prep. Belladonna, 1 to 3 gr.; musk, 5 gr.; camphor, 5 gr.; white sugar, 30 gr.; mix. For 8 powders.

2. (Kopp.) Belladonna root, 2 gr.; ipecacuanha, 2 gr.; sulphur, 32 gr.; sugar of milk, 32 gr. Mix, and divide into 3 powders, three daily. In hooping-cough.

Powder, Compound Ceruse. (Ph. L. 1788.) Syn. Pulvis cerusæ compositus. Prep. Carbonate of lead, 5 oz.; sarcocol, 1¹⁄₂ oz.; tragacanth, ¹⁄₂ oz.; mix. For outward use.

Powder, Compound, of Cyanide of Zinc. (Guibourt.) Syn. Pulvis zinci cyanidi compositus. Prep. Cyanide of zinc, 2 gr.; calcined magnesia, 27 gr.; cinnamon, 10 gr.; mix. For 6 doses, in cramp of the stomach.

Powder, Compound Fennel. (Brunsw. Ph.) Syn. Pulvis fœniculi compositus. Prep. Carbonate of magnesia, 1 oz.; fennel seeds, 1-2 oz.; orange peel, 2 dr.; white sugar, 2 dr. Reduce each to a fine powder and mix.

Powder, Compound Musk. (Russ. Ph.) Syn. Pulvis moschi compositus. Prep. Musk, 8 parts; valerian, 10 parts; camphor, 3 parts.

Powder, Compound Opium. (B. P.) Syn. Pulvis opii compositus. Prep. Mix thoroughly 1¹⁄₂ oz. of opium, in powder, with 2 oz. of powdered black pepper, 5 oz. of ginger, 6 oz. of caraways, and ¹⁄₂ oz. of tragacanth. Pass the powders through a fine sieve, rub them lightly in a mortar, and keep the powder in a stoppered bottle. This powder nearly represents the dry ingredients of confection of opium, L.—Dose, 2 to 5 gr.

Powder, Compound Silver. (Serre.) Syn. Pulvis argenti compositus. Prep. Chloride of silver, 1 gr.; washed orris powder, 2 gr.COMPOUND GOLD POWDER.

Powder, Compound of Sulphate of Soda. Syn. Pulvis sodæ sulphatis compositus. Sel de Guindre. Prep. Dried sulphate of soda, 18 dr.; nitrate of potash, ¹⁄₂ dr.; potassio-tartrate of antimony, 1 gr. A third part to be taken in water or herb broth.

Powder, Compound Sulphur. Syn. Pulvis sulphuris compositus. Ratier:—Sulphur, 1 oz.; cream of tartar, 1 oz.; white sugar, q. s. Van Mons (antidysenteric powder):—Sulphur, 1 oz.; fennel seed, 1 dr.; white sugar, 2 oz.; gum Arabic, 2 oz.; mix. Swediaur (pectoral powder):—Sulphur, ¹⁄₂ oz.; liquorice, 1 oz.; orris, 2 dr.; benzoic acid, 1 scruple; white sugar, 2 oz.; oil of anise and fennel, of each 10 drops.

Powder of Contrayer′va (Compound). Syn. Pulvis contrayervæ compositus, L. Prep. (Ph. L. 1824.) Powdered contrayerva root, 5 oz.; prepared oyster shells, 1¹⁄₂ lb.; mix. A tonic absorbent or antacid.—Dose, 10 gr. to ¹⁄₂ dr., as required.

Powder, Cooling. (G. Ph.) Syn. Pulvis temperane. Prep. Nitrate of potash, 1 oz.; cream of tartar, 3 oz.; sugar, 6 oz.

Powder, Corn. See Corn solvent and Powder, Wart (below).

Powder, Cosmet′ic. Syn. Pulvis cosmeticus, L. Prep. (Ph. Hann. 1831.) Blanched sweet almonds and beans, of each 18 oz.; orris root, 8 oz.; white Spanish soap, 6 oz.; spermaceti, 1¹⁄₂ oz.; dried carbonate of soda, 1 oz.; oils of lavender, bergamot, and lemon, of each 6 dr.; mix, and beat them to a powder. See Powder, Hair, and Hand (below), Paste (Almond), Powders (Scented), &c.

Powder of Cryst′al. From quartz, like Powdered glass (page 805). Used to make fine glass; also for a dryer for paints, and sold under the name of ‘diamond dust’ for razor strops.

Powder of Cubebs with Alum. (Matthieu.) Syn. Pulvis cubebæ cum alumine. Prep. Cubebs, 2 oz.; alum, 4 dr.; mix. For 9 doses. Three daily, in gonorrhœa.

Powder, Cur′ry. Syn. Indian curry powder. The samples of this compound prepared by different houses vary so greatly from each other in the proportions of the ingredients, that it is difficult to regard any one as a standard. The following are therefore merely given as examples:—

Prep. 1. Corianders, 1 lb.; turmeric, ³⁄₄ lb.; black pepper, ¹⁄₂ lb.; scorched mustard, ¹⁄₄ lb.; ginger, 2 oz.; cumin seed, 1 oz.; capsicums, ³⁄₄ oz.; mace, ¹⁄₄ oz. (all in powder); mix well.

2. Coriander seeds and black pepper, of each 8 lbs.; turmeric and cumin seeds, of each 4 lbs., allspice, ³⁄₄ lb.; mace, 1 oz. (all in powder); mix. This receipt is employed by an eminent wholesale house that does very largely in curry powder.

3. (See page 524.)

Used as a condiment and flavouring ingredient. The addition of a few heads of garlic gives it an increased zest for Indian veterans.

Powder, Cust′ard. Prep. From sago meal, 2 lbs.; powdered turmeric, ¹⁄₂ oz.; bitter-almond powder, cassia, and mace, of each ¹⁄₂ dr.

Powder, Cyprus. From Cladonia rangiferina, or reindeer moss. It has a very agreeable smell, and, being extremely retentive of odours, is much used as a basis for scent-powders, sachets, &c. The lichen known as the ragged hoary evernia also possesses nearly similar properties, and is often substituted for it. See Powders (Scented).

Powder, Diapente. (Ed. Ph. 1744.) Syn. Pulvis diapente. Prep. Aristolochia root, gentian, bay berries, myrrh, ivory dust, of each 2 oz.; mix.

Powder, Disinfect′ing. Syn. Pulvis disinfectans, L. Prep. (Keist.) Bisulphate of potassa, 41 parts; sugar of lead, 7 parts; binoxide of manganese, 3 parts, reduce them separately to a fine powder, and, when wanted for use, mix a proper quantity in any suitable vessel. For other formulæ, see Disinfecting compounds. The name is generally applied to hypochlorite of lime.

Powder, Diuretic. (P. Cod.) Syn. Pulvis diureticus. Prep. Gum Arabic, 6 oz.; sugar of milk, 6 oz.; nitrate of potash, 1 oz.; marshmallow root, 1 oz.; liquorice root, 2 oz.; mix.

Powder, Dover’s. Syn. Pulvis Doveri, L. Prep. (Original formula.) Nitre and sulphate of potassa, of each 4 oz.; melt them together in a red-hot crucible, reduce the cold fused matter to powder, and add powdered ipecacuanha, liquorice, and opium, of each 1 oz. This is the formula adopted in the Paris Codex. Compound ipecacuanha powder is now sold under this name. (See below.)

Powder, Duke of Portland’s. Syn. Pulvis antiarthriticus. Prep. Round birthwort, gentian, tops of lesser centaury, tops of ground pine, and germander, of each equal parts.—Dose, 1 dr.

Powder, Egg. See Powder, Baking.

Powder of Elaterium, Compound. (B. Ph.) Pulvis elaterii compositus. Prep. Elaterium, 10 gr.; sugar of milk, 90 gr. Rub them together to fine powder.—Dose, ¹⁄₂ gr. to 5 gr.

Powder, Emmen′agogue. Syn. Pulvis emmenagogus, P. hæmatinus, P. contra amenorrhœam, L. Prep. 1. Saccharine carbonate of iron, 3 parts; powdered myrrh, ginger, and nutmeg, of each 1 part; divide into ¹⁄₂-dr. papers. One for a dose, twice or thrice daily.

2. (Augustin.) Myrrh, 12 gr.; saffron, 3 gr.; oil of cloves, 1 drop. For a dose, as the last.

3. (Klein.) Calomel, 4 gr.; extract of yew, 10 gr.; powdered savine, 1 dr.; Quevenne’s¹⁄₂ dr.; loaf sugar, 2 dr. For 6 powders; as before.

Powder, Emulsive, of Gluten. (Taddei.) Syn. Pulvis glutenis emulsivus. Prep. Fresh vegetable gluten, 10 oz.; soap, 2 oz.; water, 1 pint. Dissolve, evaporate the solution, dry it on plates, and reduce to powder. As an antidote to corrosive sublimate.

Powder, Escharot′ic (Arsenical). Syn. Pulvis escharoticus arsenicalis, L.; Poudre du Frères Cosme, Fr. Prep. 1. (Original formula.) From white arsenic, 12 gr.; burnt hartshorn, ¹⁄₂ dr.; cinnabar, 1 dr.

2. (P. Cod.) Red sulphuret of mercury and powdered dragon’s blood, of each 2 parts; levigated arsenious acid, 1 part; carefully mixed together. See Caustic, Arsenical.

Powder of Extract of Col′ocynth (Compound). Syn. Pulvis extracti colocynthidis compositi, L. Prep. From compound extract of colocynth (Ph. L. 1836), dried by a gentle heat, and powdered.

Obs. This, like many other articles employed by lazy dispensers, does not represent the preparation for which it is used as a substitute; whilst, from its peculiar character, it is very open to sophistication—a practice, we regret to say, very general with certain druggists. Indeed, some of these parties make this article by simply throwing the ingredients of the extract into a pan along with a little water, and, when they have become soft, stirring them together with a spatula, after which they are desiccated and powdered. This is then labelled by certain houses, “Pulv. Ext. Coloc. co.—P. L.,” and sold to their unfortunate customers as such, although no such an extract has been in the Ph. L. since that of 1836.

Powder, Faynard’s. The charcoal of beechwood, finely powdered. (Paris.) Used in piles, and as a styptic.

Powder, Fe′ver. See Powder, Antimonial (above).

Powder of Flint. Syn. Silex contritus (Ph. L.), L. Prep. As powdered glass. (See page 805.) It is ordered in the Ph. L. to be employed, instead of magnesia, for the purpose of mechanically dividing the essential oils used in the preparation of distilled water. It is also used as an escharotic.

Powder, Fly. Prep. From white arsenic, 5 oz.; white sugar, 6 lbs.; rose pink, 2 oz.; mix, and put 6 dr. in each paper. Used to kill flies. It is poisonous, and should be employed with great caution, particularly where there are children.

Powder, Fu′′migating. Syn. Pulvis fumalis, L. Prep. (Ph. Russ.) Amber, mastic, and olibanum, of each 3 parts; storax, 2 parts; benzoin and labdanum, of each 1 part; reduce them to coarse powder, and mix them well. See Fumigation.

Powder, Galls of (Compound). Syn. Pulvis gallæ compositus, L. See Powder, Astringent.

Powder, Gascoign’s. Syn. Pulvis echelis compositus. Prep. Prepared crab shells, 1 lb.; prepared chalk, 3 oz.; prepared coral, 3 oz.; mix.

Powder, Goelis’s Antihec′tic. Prep. From burnt hartshorn, powdered nutmeg, black pepper, and roasted laurel berries, of each 1 part; liquorice powder, 3 parts.—Dose, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr; in the hectic fever of scrofulous subjects.

Powder, Gold. Syn. Pulvis auri. Triturate gold leaf with 10 or 12 times its weight of sulphate of potash till bright particles are no longer visible; pass it through a sieve, mix with boiling water, wash what remains on the filter, and dry in a stove.

Powder, Gold Compound. Syn. Pulvis auri compositus. Prep. Auro-chloride of sodium, 1 gr.; lycopodium, starch, or washed orris powder, 1 scruple; mix. A ¹⁄₁₅th part, gradually increased to ¹⁄₈th part, of this powder to be rubbed on the gums.

Powder of Gold and Iron. (Buckler.) Syn. Pulvis auri et ferri. Prep. Pulverised gold, 2 scruples; clean levigated iron filings, 2 scruples; gum Arabic in powder, 30 gr.; mix. For one dose, to be given in water acidulated with a few drops of sulphuric acid, as an antidote for corrosive sublimate.

Powder, Goulard. Effloresced sugar of lead. Poisonous.

Powder, Grey. Mercurial powder.

Powder, Gregory’s. See Powder of Rhubarb (Compound).

Powder of Guarana, Compound. (Dr Gavrelle). Syn. Pulvis paulliniæ compositus. Prep. Guarana, 1 dr.; compound cinnamon powder, 4 dr. Mix.

Powder, Gum. (G. Ph.) Syn. Pulvis gummosus. Prep. Gum Arabic, 3 oz.; liquorice, 2 oz.; refined sugar, 1 oz. Mix.

Powder, Hæmostat′ic. Syn. Pulvis hæmostaticus, L. Prep. 1. (Guibourt.) Charcoal and gum Arabic, of each, in powder, 1 part; powdered resin, 4 parts.

2. (Mialhe.) From powdered alum, gum tragacanth, and tannin, equal parts. Used to check local bleeding.

3. (P. Cod.) Prep. Resin, 4 dr.; gum Arabic, 1 dr.; powdered catechu, 1 dr. Mix.

Powder, Hair. Syn. Pulvis pro crine, L. Starch reduced to a very fine powder, and then scented according to the fancy of the artist; it is, lastly, passed through a gauze sieve. In its simple form, without any addition, it constitutes ‘plain hair powder.’ In other cases it is distinguished by the name of the substance added to perfume it. Thus, we have ‘rose hair powder,’ ‘violet h. p.,’ &c. Potato farina, well triturated, is now commonly used for hair powder. Amongst the lower classes, the contents of the ‘flour dredger’ of the kitchen are frequently misappropriated to this purpose. See Powders, Scented (below).

Powder, Hand. Prep. From almond powder,Powder, Cosmetic.

Powder, Helvetius’s. Syn. Pulvis Helvetii, L. A mixture of powdered alum and dragon’s blood. (Dr Paris.)

Powder, Herrenschwand’s Specific. See Patent Medicines.

Powder, Hiera Picra. Powder of aloes with canella (see above).

Powder, Hufeland’s. Syn. Hufeland’s quinquina factice, Pulvis cinchonæ factitius, P. salicis compositus, L. Prep. From bennet (the herb), calamus aromaticus, chestnut bark, gentian root, and willow bark, equal parts; reduced to powder.

Powder, Hunter’s. See Powder, Wart (below).

Powder, Hunt’s. See Powder, Breakfast.

Powder of Ipecacuan′ha (Compound). Syn. Dover’s powder, Compound powder of ipecacuanha with opium; Pulvis Doveri, Pulvis ipecacuanhæ compositus (B. P., Ph. L., E., & D.), L.; Poudre d’ipecacuanha et d’opium, Fr. Prep. 1. (B. P., Ph. L.) Ipecacuanha and opium, of each, in fine powder, 1 dr.; sulphate of potassa, in fine powder, 1 oz.; mix them (thoroughly). The Edin. and Dublin Formulæ are similar.

2. (P. Cod.) Nitre and sulphate of potassa, of each 4 oz.; ipecacuanha, liquorice root, and hard extract of opium, of each 1 oz. This closely resembles the original formula.

3. (Wholesale.) From powdered ipecacuanha and opium, of each 1 lb.; powdered sulphate of potassa, 8 lbs. Uses, &c. ‘Dover’s powder’ is a powerful and valuable sudorific.—Dose, 5 to 15 or 20 gr., followed by warm diluents; in inflammatory affections, rheumatisms, colds, &c.

Powder, Itch. Syn. Pulvis antipsoricus, L. Prep. 1. Sulphur and potato farina, of each ¹⁄₂ lb.; essence of bergamot, ¹⁄₄ oz.; mix.

2. (Poudre de Pihorel.) A mixture of finely pulverised sulphuret of calcium and farina, in nearly equal quantities. Used either as a dusting powder or mixed with a little oil or fat, and rubbed into the affected part.

3. (Fr. Hosp.) Flowers of sulphur, 1 oz.; acetate of lead, 1 oz. Mix.

4. Equal parts of sulphur and charcoal.

Powder of Jal′ap (Compound). Syn. Pulvis jâlapæ compositus (B. P., Ph. L., E., & D.), L. Prep. 1. (Ph. L.) Jalap, 3 oz.; bitartrate of potassa, 6 oz.; ginger, 2 dr.; rub them separately into fine powder, then mix them.

2. (Ph. E.) As the last, omitting the ginger.

3. (Ph. D.) Jalap, 2 oz.; bitartrate of potassa, 3¹⁄₂ oz.; ginger, ¹⁄₂ oz. (all in fine powder); mix by careful trituration.—Dose, 20 to 60 gr.; as a purgative in habitual costiveness, dropsies, &c.; also in worms, the tumid bellies of children, &c.

4. (B. P.) Jalap, in powder, 5; acid tartrate of potash, 9; ginger, in powder, 1; mix.—Dose, 20 to 60 gr.

5. (Pulvis lenitivus; Sucre orange purgativ.) From refined sugar, ³⁄₄ lb.; jalap and cream of tartar, of each 2 oz.; oil of orange peel, ¹⁄₄ oz. A popular purgative on the Continent.—Dose, 1 to 3 dr.

Powder, James’s. Syn. Pulvis Jacobi, P. febrifugus Jacobi, L. The antimonial powder, or compound powder of antimony, of the Pharmacopœias (see above) is the preparation which usually passes under this name; but the true James’s powder is a nostrum the pretended secret of the preparation of which is claimed to be possessed by only two parties in the kingdom. The patent specification of the once celebrated Dr James runs as follows:—

“Take of antimony, calcine it with a continued protracted heat, in a flat, unglazed earthen vessel, adding to it, from time to time, a sufficient quantity of any animal oil and salt, well dephlegmated; then boil it in melted nitre for a considerable time, and separate the powder from the nitre by dissolving it in water.” On this it has been remarked that it yields a product totally different from that which Dr James and his successors have sold under the name, and he has hence been charged with concealing the real formula for his powder, and publishing a false one in its stead.

According to Dr Robinson, the original formula for this nostrum, and that still adopted by the vendors of the proprietary article at the present day, is—Tartarised antimony, 1 part; prepared burnt hartshorn and calx of antimony, of each 5 parts; carefully mixed together, and divided into 21-gr. powders. (‘Phil. Journ. Pharm.,’ vi, 282.)

From analyses recently made of three specimens of James’s powder (‘Newberry’s,’ ‘Butler’s,’ and a sample of 60 years old obtained by Mr Squire), it appears that antimonious acid was present in different proportions, from about 45% to 33%, the amount being greatest in the old specimen; teroxide of antimony was also present to the extent of from 9% to less than 1%, the greatest quantity being again in the old preparation; the remainder in each specimen consisted chiefly of phosphate of lime; no trace of tartaric acid was discoverable in any of the samples.

Perhaps no nostrum ever received such extensive patronage from the faculty as James’s powder. Dr James himself was remarkably successful in its use; but whether his success depended upon his powder or the mercurials and bark which he commonly employed at the same time is still undetermined.

Powder of Kermes with Camphor. (Germ. Hosp.) Syn. Pulvis kermetis cum camphora. Prep. Kermes mineral, 3 gr.; camphor,

Powder of Kermes with Ipecacuanha. (Fr. Hosp.) Syn. Pulvis kermetis cum ipecacuanha. Prep. Kermes, 2 gr.; ipecacuanha, 2 gr.; crabs’ eyes, 2 scruples; gum Arabic, 2 scruples; mix. For 12 doses. In hooping-cough.

Powder of Ki′no (Compound). Syn. Pulvis kino compositus (Ph. L.), L. Prep. (Ph. L.) Kino, 15 dr.; cinnamon, 4 dr.; dried opium, 1 dr.; reduce them separately to fine powder, and then mix them.—Dose, 5 to 20 gr.; in diarrhœa, pyrosis, &c.

(B. P.) Prep. Kino, 3³⁄₄ oz.; cinnamon, 1 oz.; opium, ¹⁄₄ oz.; mix.—Dose, 5 to 20 gr.

Powder, Lausanne. Prep. From nitre, 1¹⁄₂ dr.; carbonate of magnesia, bitartrate of potassa, precipitated sulphur, and oleo-saccharum of peppermint, of each 4 dr.; sugar of milk, 1 oz. Lenitive and antidysenteric.

Powder, Lax′ative. See Species, Laxative.

Powder of Liquorice (Compound). Syn. Pulvis glycyrrhizæ compositus, L. Prep. 1. (Ph. Bor.) Liquorice root and senna leaves, of each 6 oz.; fennel seed and milk of sulphur (pure), of each 3 oz.; white sugar, 18 oz. (all in fine powder); mix. Pectoral and laxative.

2. (B. Ph.) Prep. Senna and liquorice root, both in fine powder, of each 2 oz.; sugar, in fine powder, 6 oz. Mix thoroughly and pass through a fine sieve.—Dose, ¹⁄₂ dr. to 1 dr.

Powder of Magne′sia and Rhu′barb. See Powder of Compound Rhubarb (below).

Powder, Martin’s Cancer. An American nostrum, composed of the powdered stems of the Orobanche Virginiana (Linn.), combined with a very small quantity of arsenious acid. It is used as a sprinkle for open cancers and cancerous sores.

Powder, Mercu′′rial. Syn. Grey powder (Hydrargyrum cum cretâ, B. P.), Mercury with chalk. Prep. 1. (B. P.) Mercury, 1; prepared chalk, 2; triturate till the globules disappear.—Dose, 3 to 8 gr.

2. Mercury, 3 oz.; powdered resin, ³⁄₄ oz.; prepared chalk, 5 oz.; rectified spirit, q. s.; make a paste with the resin and a small quantity of the spirit; add the mercury, which may be extinguished in a short time; then the chalk and alcohol, gradually, so as to keep up the pasty consistence; lastly, add sufficient spirit to dissolve out the resin, wash the powder on a filter, and dry it. Rectified oil of turpentine may be substituted for the spirit.

Powder, Morison’s Ape′′rient. See Patent medicines.

Powder of Mugwort, Saccharated. (Bresler.) Powdered mugwort root, 3 oz.; sugar, 6 oz.; a teaspoonful four times a day in chorea and epilepsy.

Powder of Mush′room. Syn. Pulvis agarici, P. a. esculenti, L. From edible mushrooms, dried by a gentle heat, and then powdered along with a little white pepper, cloves, and mace. Some cayenne is frequently added.

Powder of Mus′sel. From the Mytilus edulis (Linn.), or common mussel, in the same way as POWDER OF OYSTER.

Powder of Myrrh (Compound). Syn. Pulvis è myrrhâ compositus, L. Prep. (Ph. L. 1788.) Myrrh, dried savine, dried rue, and Russian castor, equal parts, rubbed to powder, and then well mixed. Emmenagogue and antispasmodic.—Dose, 12 to 30 gr.

Powder, Nephritic. (Fuller.) Syn. Pulvis Nephriticus. Prep. Powdered roots of smallage and saxifrage, of each 2 dr.; crabs’ eyes, 1 dr.; sulphate of potash, 1 dr.; sal prunella, 2 scruples; oil of juniper, 4 drops. Mix.—Dose, 20 to 60 gr.

Powder, Nur′sery. See Powder, Violet (below).

Powder of Nux Vomica, Compound. Syn. Pulvis nucis vomicæ compositus; Vogt’s stomachic powder. Prep. Nux vomica, 18 gr.; ipecacuanha, 24 gr.; rhubarb, 1 dr.; prepared oyster shell, 48 gr.; oleo-saccharum of mint, 1 dr. Mix, and divide into 12 powders.

Powder, O′′piated. Powder of chalk with opium.

Powder, Opiated Guaiacum. (Pareira.) Syn. Pulvis guaiaci opiatus. Prep. Guaiacum, 1 dr.; orange leaves, ¹⁄₂ dr.; acetate of morphia, ³⁄₄ gr. Mix, and divide into 6 powders. One every two hours in articular rheumatism.

Powder of Oys′ter. Syn. Pulvis ostræ, L. Prep. From the common oyster (Ostrea edulis—Linn.), pulped through a sieve, made into a paste with wheaten flour and a little salt, and then rolled out into thin pieces, and dried; these are reduced to powder, sifted, and packed in well-corked bottles. Used to make sauce; about 1 oz., to water, 1 pint. Other shell-fish are treated in the same way.

Powder of Oxide of Zinc with Starch. (Cazenave.) Syn. Pulvis zinci oxydi cum amylo. Prep. Starch, 1 oz.; oxide of zinc, 1 dr.; camphor, in powder, 1 dr. For excoriations and bed-sores.

Powder, Parturifacient. (E. Ph. 1744). Syn. Pulvis ad partum. Prep. Borax, 4 dr.; castor, 1¹⁄₂ dr.; saffron, 1¹⁄₂ dr.; oil of cinnamon, 8 drops; oil of amber, 6 drops. Mix.—Dose, 20 to 30 gr. (This name, and also that of PULVIS PARTURIFACIENS, has been given to powdered ergot.)

Powder, Pea. Syn. Pea flour; Farina pisorum, L. Prep. From peas, in the usual manner. Used to make extemporaneous pea-soup.

Powder, Pearl. Prep. From pure pearl white and French chalk (scraped fine by Dutch rushes), equal parts; triturated together, Some makers add more French chalk. Used as a skin cosmetic. This mixture is preferable to pearl white alone, from being more adhesive.

Powder, Pease. Prep. From dried mint and sage, of each 4 oz,; celery seed and white pepper, of each ¹⁄₂ oz.; turmeric powder, ¹⁄₄ oz.; reduced to fine powder. Used as a condiment and kitchen-spice.

Powder, Pec′toral. See Powder of Liquorice, &c.

Powder of Phosphate of Lime, Saccharated. Syn. Pulvis calcis phosphatis, saccharatus. Prep. Precipitated phosphate of lime, 15 gr., white sugar, 85 gr.; triturate and divide into 20 packets. Two or more powders daily, according to age of child. In rickets.

Powder, Piles. Syn. Pulvis antihæmorrhoidalis, P. Hæmorrhoidalis, L. Prep. 1. (Fr. Hosp.) Precipitated sulphur, 3 oz.; cream of tartar and black pepper, of each 1 oz.; oil of cubebs, ¹⁄₂ dr.—Dose. A teaspoonful, in milk or honey, thrice a day.

2. (External.)—a. From Aleppo galls, in very fine powder, 2 oz.; opium, in fine powder, 1 dr. A pinch to be applied occasionally.

b. From sesquioxide of iron, 1 oz.; powdered acetate of lead, ¹⁄₂ dr. As the last.

Powder of Pitch, Compound. Syn. Pulvis Picis Compositus; Disinfecting Powder Of Corne and Demaux. 100 parts of plaster of Paris are triturated thoroughly with 1 to 5 parts of coal tar. Used as an absorbent and disinfectant to fetid ulcers and wounds.

Powder, Plate. Syn. Pulvis pro argento, L. Prep. 1. Jeweller’s rouge, ¹⁄₄ lb.; prepared chalk or levigated burnt hartshorn, ³⁄₄ lb.; mix.

2. Levigated putty powder, ¹⁄₄ lb.; burnt hartshorn, ¹⁄₂ lb.; prepared chalk, 1 lb.; rose pink, 1 oz.

3. (Mercurial.) From quicksilver with chalk, 1 oz.; prepared chalk, 11 oz.; mix. Used to clean and polish plate. See Plate.

Powder, Plate Boiling. Prep. From cream of tartar, common salt, and alum, equal parts. A little of this powder, added to the water in which plate is boiled, gives to it a silvery whiteness.

Powder, Plummer’s Al′terative. See Antimony, Ethiops of.

Powder, Poul′tice. Syn. Pulvis pro cataplasmate (Ph. D. 1826), L. Prep. From linseed meal, 1 part; oatmeal, 2 parts; mixed together.

Powder, Purgative and Anthelmintic. (Boerhaave). Syn. Pulvis purgans anthelminticus. Prep. Jalap, 12 gr. (or agaric, 8 gr.), Ethiops mineral, 12 gr.; for one dose.

Powder of Quinine, Aerated. (Dr Meireu). Syn. Pulvis quiniæ aeratus. Prep. Tartaric acid, 15 gr.; disulphate of quinia, 1¹⁄₂ gr. Mix, and add bicarbonate of soda, 18 gr.; refined sugar, 30 gr. Mix for one dose, between the fits of intermittent fever.

Powder of Quinine and Tobacco. (Hug.) Syn. Pulvis quiniæ sulphatis et tabaci. Prep. Disulphate of quinine, 12 gr.; snuff, 1 oz. To be used as a snuff for nervous headaches.

Powder, Rat. See Rats.

Powder of Rhu′barb (Compound). Syn. Gregory’s mixture, Gregory’s powder; Pulvis rhei compositus (B. P., Ph. E. and D.) L. Prep. 1. (Ph. E.) Calcined magnesia, 1 lb.; rhubarb, 4 oz.; ginger, 2 oz. (all in fine powder); mix, and preserve it from the air.

2. (B. P., Ph. D.) Calcined magnesia, 6 oz.; rhubarb, 2 oz.; ginger, 1 oz.

3. Calcined magnesia, 8 oz.; rhubarb, 3 oz.; chamomile, 2 oz.; ginger, 1 oz.

Obs. An excellent stomachic, antacid, and laxative.—Dose, 20 gr. to ¹⁄₂ dr. Some druggists substitute the heavy carbonate for the calcined magnesia ordered above, but this alters the nature of the preparation, and requires the dose to be increased. Heavy calcined magnesia may, however, be employed with advantage.

Powder, Sach′et. See Scented powders.

Powder, Saline′ (Compound). Syn. Pulvis salinus compositus (Ph. E.), L. Prep. (Ph. E.) Pure chloride of sodium and sulphate of magnesia, of each 4 oz.; sulphate of potash, 3 oz.; each separately dried by a gentle heat, and pulverised, then triturated together, and preserved in well-closed vessels. An excellent saline purgative.—Dose, 2 to 6 dr., in ¹⁄₂ pint of water or table-beer, in the morning, fasting.

Powder of Scammony (Compound). Syn. Pulvis scammonii compositus (B. P., Ph. L., E., & D.), L. Prep. 1. (Ph. L.) Scammony and hard extract of jalap, of each 2 oz.; ginger, ¹⁄₂ oz.; rub them separately to a very fine powder, and then mix them.—Dose, 5 to 15 gr.

2. (Ph. E.) Scammony and bitartrate of potassa, of each, in very fine powder, equal parts.—Dose, 7 to 20 gr.

3. (Ph. D.) Scammony, in fine powder, 1 oz.; compound powder of jalap, 3 oz.; mix,—Dose, 10 to 30 gr.

4. (B. P.) Scammony, 4; jalap, 3; ginger, 1; mix, and reduce to fine powder.—Dose, 10 to 20 gr.

Obs. The above are favourite cathartics in worms, especially for children. They are commonly sold for basilic powder. (See above.)

Powder of Scammony with Cal′omel. Syn. Pulvis scammonii cum calomelane, L. Prep. From scammony, ¹⁄₂ oz.; calomel and white sugar, of each 2 dr. An excellent vermifuge for children.—Dose. For an adult, 5 to 20 gr.; for a child, 2 to 8 gr. Sold for basilic powder, to which it approaches nearer in composition than the preceding.

Powder of Scammony with Soot. Syn. Pulvis scammonii cum fuligine; Poudre d’Ailhaut. Prep. Scammony, 1 dr.; wood soot, 1¹⁄₂ dr.; resin, 2 dr.; mix. Dose, ¹⁄₂ dr. A once fashionable purgative.

Powder, Schmidt’s Parturifa′′cient. Syn. Schmidt’s poudre ocytique, Fr. Prep.

Powder of Scordium (Compound). Syn. Pulvis e scordio compositus. (L. Ph. 1746.) Prep. Bole, 4 oz.; scordium, 2 oz.; cinnamon, 1¹⁄₂ oz.; styrax tormentil, bistort, gentian, dittany, galbanum, gum acacia, red rose petals, of each 1 oz.; long pepper, ¹⁄₂ oz.; ginger, ¹⁄₂ oz. Make a powder.

Powder of Scordium with Opium. Syn. Pulvis e scordio cum opio. Prep. Add to the preceding, 3 dr. of dry strained opium, and powder it with the other ingredients.

Powder of Senna (Battley’s Green). Syn. Pulvis sennæ viridis, L. Prep. From senna leaves, dried and heated until they turn yellow, then powdered along with a little (blue) charcoal, to give a green colour.

Powder of Sen′na (Compound). Syn. Pulvis sennæ compositus, L. Prep. (Ph. L. 1824.) Senna and bitartrate of potassa, of each 2 oz.; scammony, ¹⁄₂ oz.; ginger, 2 dr.; all in fine powder; mix.—Dose, 20 to 30 gr., or more; as a purgative or anthelmintic.

Powder, Sil′vering. Prep. 1. Silver dust (fine), 20 gr.; alum, 30 gr.; common salt, 1 dr.; cream of tartar, 3 dr.; rub them together to a fine powder.

2. As the last, but substituting 35 gr. of nitrate of silver for the silver dust.

3. Chloride of silver is dissolved in a solution of hyposulphite of soda, and the solution made into a paste with levigated burnt hartshorn or bone dust; this is next dried, and powdered.

4. Silver dust, 1 oz.; common salt and sal ammoniac, of each 4 oz.; corrosive sublimate, ¹⁄₄ oz.

Obs. The above powders, made into a paste with a little water, are used to silver dial-plates, statuettes, and other articles in copper, previously well cleaned, by friction. The best silver powder for the purpose is that precipitated from its nitric solution by means of a copper plate. When the product of the last formula is used, the articles should be afterwards made red hot, and polished.

Powder of Soap. Syn. Sapo contritus, Pulvis saponis, L. Castile soap, sliced or cut small, dried by exposure to a warm atmosphere, or by a very gentle heat, and then powdered. Used in dispensing; also as a hand, shaving, and tooth powder. As a cosmetic it may be scented at will.

Powder, Spermaceti. Syn. Pulvis cetacei. Spermaceti is pulverised as camphor, by the aid of a few drops of spirit.

Powder of Spermaceti, with Sugar. Syn. Pulvis cetacei cum saccharo. One part of powdered spermaceti with two of sugar. Pectoral.

Powder of Sponge. Syn. Pulvis spongiæ, P. spongiæ ustæ, L. Prep. Let sponge, cut into small pieces, be beaten so as to free it from sand or stones; then burn it in a covered iron vessel, until it becomes black and friable; finally, reduce it to powder. Deobstruent.—Dose, ¹⁄₂ to 3 dr.; in glandular indurations and enlargements, &c. It should be of a brownish-black colour; if over burnt its efficacy is destroyed.

Powder of Squills. Syn. Pulvis scillæ, L. Prep. Remove the membranous integuments from the bulb of the squill, cut it into thin slices, and dry it at a heat between 90° and 100° Fahr.; next reduce it to powder, and keep it in well-stoppered bottles.

Powder, Sternuta′tory. See Snuffs (Medicated).

Powder, Stahl’s Resolvent. Syn. Pulvis resolvens stahlii. Prep. Antimonial powder, nitre, prepared crabs’ eyes, in equal parts.

Powder of Starch with Soda. Syn. Pulvis amyli et sodæ; Devergie’s alkaline powder. Prep. Mix 1 part of carbonate of soda in fine powder with 10 of white starch. For external use in some skin diseases.

Powder, Styp′tic. See Powder, Astringent, Faynard’s p., &c.

Powder, Tonquin. Syn. Pulvis antityssus tunquinensis; Sir G. Cobb’s tonquin powder. Prep. Musk, 16 gr.; cinnabar, 48 gr.; to be mixed or washed down with arrack or other spirit. Three doses to be given on three alternate days, and three more on the three next changes of the moon.

Powder of Trag′acanth (Compound). Syn. Pulvis tragacanthæ compositus (B. P., Ph. L. & E.), L. Prep. 1. (Ph. L.) Gum tragacanth, gum acacia, and starch, of each, in fine powder, 1¹⁄₂ oz.; powdered white sugar, 3 oz. The Edinburgh formula is similar. Demulcent.—Dose, ¹⁄₂ dr. to 2 dr., in water or any simple liquid; in hoarseness and catarrhs, combined with squills and henbane, to allay irritation; in dysentery, combined with ipecacuahna; in gonorrhœa, strangury, &c., combined with acetate of potassa or nitre.

2. (B. P.) Tragacanth, in powder, 1; gum Arabic, in powder, 1; starch, in powder, 1; refined sugar, in powder, 3; rub well together.—Dose, 10 to 60 gr.

Powder of Vanilla, with Sugar. (P. Cod.) Syn. Pulvis vanillæ cum saccharo; Poudre de vanille sucrée. Vanilla is reduced to powder by cutting it in pieces, and triturating it with 9 times its weight of refined sugar.

Powder of Verdigris with Calomel. Syn. Pulvis æruginis cum calomelane. Prep. Prepared verdigris, 1 dr.; calomel, 1 dr.; mix. For external use.

Powder, Violet. Syn. Nursery powder, Skin p. This is simply starch, reduced to a very fine powder, and scented with orris powder or essence of violets. The best kinds are also perfumed with a little musk or ambergris, and are now generally made with potato farina.

Prep. 1. Powdered starch, 28 lbs.; powdered orris root, 1 lb.; essence of ambergris and essence of bergamot, of each ¹⁄₂ oz.; oil of rhodium, ¹⁄₂ dr.; mix, and pass the powder through a sieve.

2. Powdered starch, 14 lbs.; essence of bergamot, ¹⁄₂ oz.; oil of cloves, ¹⁄₂ oz.; as last. Used as a dusting powder in excoriations, &c. See Powders, Cosmetic (below).

Powder, Ward’s Sweating. Resembles Dover’s powder.

Powder, Wart. Syn. Corn powder, COSMETIC CAUSTIC, &c. Prep. 1. Ivy leaves ground to powder. A pinch is applied with a rag, the part being first moistened with strong vinegar. Useful for soft corns and warts.

2. (Hunter’s.) From savine and verdigris, equal parts. See Corn solvent.

Powder, Warwick’s (Earl of). Syn. Pulvis Comitis Warwicencis, L. Prep. From scammony, prepared with the fumes of sulphur, 2 oz.; diaphoretic antimony, 1 oz.; cream of tartar, ¹⁄₂ oz.—Dose, 15 to 30 gr.

Obs. This is a modification of Cornachini’s powder. It is represented in the present Pharmacopœias by COMPOUND SCAMMONY POWDER. “Cornachini wrote a whole book about his powder, the proportions of the ingredients of which he varied according to circumstances.” (‘Med. Lex.’)

Powder, Wash′ing. The numerous compounds vended under this name have for their basis the soda-ash of commerce, blended with common Scotch soda in variable proportions. The best of them consist either wholly or chiefly of the first of these substances. The alkaline matter is reduced to coarse powder, and stirred up with liquid size, or with a decoction of linseed, Irish moss, or British gum, and is then dried, and again crushed or powdered, and at once put into the packages, in which it is rammed tight, and covered up immediately. The object aimed at by the manufacturer is to keep his commodity from the air as much as possible, because exposure renders it less caustic, and consequently less detergent.

Powder of Yellow Bladder-wrack. (Ph. D.) Syn. Pulvis quercus marinæ. Prep. Yellow bladder-wrack, in flower, is dried, cleansed, and heated in a crucible with a perforated lid till vapours cease to be given off, and the carbonaceous residue reduced to powder.—Dose, 10 gr. to 2 dr.

POWDERS. The following preparations have been placed under this head instead of under ‘Powder,’ because some are invariably spoken of in the plural number, and the others may be conveniently noticed in classes or groups.

Powders, Aerated Sherbet (IN ONE BOTTLE). Double refined sugar, 14¹⁄₂ oz.; powdered orange peel, 12 gr.; bicarbonate of soda, 3¹⁄₂ oz.; essence of cedrat, 12 drops; oil of orange peel, 60 drops; tartaric acid, 4 oz. The powders must be carefully dried, mixed quickly, and afterwards kept dry, in a bottle securely corked. A measure holding nearly 3 dr. of the powder should accompany each bottle.

Powders, Efferves′cing. Prep. 1. (Pulveres effervescentes—Ph. E.) Take of tartaric acid, 1 oz.; bicarbonate of soda, 1 oz. 54 gr. (534 gr.), or bicarbonate of potassa, 1 oz. 2 dr. 40 gr. (640 gr.); reduce the acid and either bicarbonate separately to fine powder, divide each of these into 16 powders, and preserve the acid and alkaline powders in separate papers of different colours.

2. (Pulveres effervescentes citrati—Ph. D.) Take of citric acid (crystallised), 9 dr.; bicarbonate of soda, 11 dr., or bicarbonate of potassa, 13 dr., proceed as last, dividing each into 18 parts.

3. (Pulveres effervescentes tartarizati—Ph. D.) Take of tartaric acid (in crystals), 10 dr.; bicarbonate of soda, 11 dr., or bicarbonate of potassa, 13 dr.; reduce them to powder, and divide them into 18 parts, as before. (See below.)

Powders, Effervescing, with Iron. (P. Cod.) Syn. Pulveres effervescentes cum ferro. Prep. Tartaric acid, 2³⁄₄ oz.; bicarbonate of soda, 2 oz.; powdered sugar, 9 oz.; dried sulphate of iron, 46 gr. Mix the acid and the sulphate of iron (previously reduced to coarse powder), add the sugar, and lastly the soda, not in very fine powder. All the ingredients must be very dry. Half an ounce of this powder is to be quickly added to 2 pints of pure water (without air) contained in a bottle, which is to be immediately corked.

Powders for Gazogene. For 2 pints:—Powdered tartaric acid, 14 scruples; bicarbonate of soda, 17 scruples.

For 3 pints:—Powdered tartaric acid, 17 scruples; bicarbonate of soda, 21 scruples.

For 5 pints:—One each charge of 2 and 3 pints.

Powders, Gin′ger Beer. Syn. Pulveres effervescentes cum zingibere, L. Prep. 1. Powdered white sugar, 1 to 2 dr.; bicarbonate of soda, 26 gr.; finest powdered Jamaica ginger, 6 gr.; essence of lemon, 1 drop; mix, and wrap it in blue paper. In the white paper put of powdered tartaric acid, 35 gr., or of powdered citric acid, 30 gr.

2. Finest Jamaica ginger, 1 dr.; bicarbonate of soda, 5 dr.; white sugar, 16 dr.; essence of lemon, 6 or 8 drops; mix, and divide it between 12 papers (blue). For the white papers, divide tartaric acid, 6 dr., in the same way. By taking the drachms as ounces, the quantity will be sufficient for 8 dozen. For use dissolve one of each colour separately in somewhat less than half a glass of water, mix the two, and drink the mixture whilst effervescing.

3. (In one bottle.)—a. The sugar and the

b. By adding to the ‘acidulated kali,’ noticed at page 929, about 1-16th of its weight of the finest powdered Jamaica ginger (i. e. ¹⁄₂ dr. to each oz.; 1 oz. to each lb.) at the time of mixing the ingredients together. A dessert-spoonful, thrown into a tumbler two thirds filled with cold water, produces an excellent glass of ginger beer.

Powders, Ink. The article usually sold under this name is noticed under Ink. Another formula, which we have adopted with considerable success, is as follows:—Good black ink, 3 pints, lump sugar, 1¹⁄₂ oz., and gum Arabic, ¹⁄₂ oz., are put into a clean iron pan, and evaporated by the heat of boiling water, with occasional stirring, to dryness; the dried mass is reduced to powder, and divided into 12 parts, which are enveloped in either tin-foil or glazed paper, and kept dry. One of these papers dissolved in ¹⁄₄ pint of hot water forms that quantity of excellent black ink, without sediment, and which answers well with the copying press.

Powders, Lem′onade. Syn. Lemon sherbet; Limonadum siccum, Pulvis pro liminado, L. Prep. 1. Powdered citric or tartaric acid, 12 gr.; powdered white sugar, ¹⁄₂ oz.; essence of lemon, 1 drop (or a little of the yellow peel of a lemon rubbed off on a piece of sugar); mix. For one glass.

2. White sugar, 4 lbs.; citric or tartaric acid, 1¹⁄₂ oz.; essence of lemon, ¹⁄₄ oz.; mix well, and preserve it in a bottle for use. 1 to 2 dessert-spoonfuls make a glass of lemonade. It is also put up in papers containing about 2¹⁄₂ dr. each.

3. (Effervescing.)—a. For the blue papers, take of powdered white sugar, 1 lb.; bicarbonate of soda, ¹⁄₄ lb.; essence of lemon, 1¹⁄₂ dr.; mix, and divide it between 6 dozen papers. Next divide tartaric or citric acid, 5 oz., between 6 dozen white papers. Or the two may be kept in bulk, in separate bottles.

b. (In one bottle.) As ‘ACIDULATED KALI,’ Some makers slightly increase the quantities of acid and essence of lemon there ordered.

Powders, Orangeade. Syn. Aerated sherbet. Prep. Powdered sugar, 14¹⁄₂ oz.; powdered orange peel, 12 gr.; oil of orange peel, 60 drops; essence of cedrat, 12 drops; bicarbonate of soda, 3¹⁄₂ oz.; mix, and put 145 gr. in each blue paper. In the white paper put 32 gr. of tartaric acid (or 30 gr. of citric acid). Or the alkaline and acid powders may be put into separate bottles, with a measure holding the proper proportions of each. The orange peel may be omitted, if necessary.

Powders, Pol′ishing. Prep. 1. (For brass and copper.)—a. From rotten stone, 3 oz.; powdered soap, 1 oz.

b. From rotten stone, 7 oz.; powdered oxalic acid, 1 oz. Both are used with a little water. See Brass paste.

2. (For gold.) Jeweller’s rouge. See Sesquioxide of Iron.

3. (For ivory.) Pumice stone and putty powder.

4. (For plate.) See Plate and Powder, Plate.

5. (For silver.) As the last.

Powders, Scented. Prep. 1. Cosmetic powders.—a. (Poudre de chipre.) Macerate oak moss in running water for 2 or 3 days, then dry and powder it. Used as a basis for other powders, on account of its being highly retentive of odours. Reindeer moss and ragged hoary evernia are also used for the same purpose. See Cyprus powder (above).

b. (Poudre de chipre de Montpelier.) From poudre de chipre, 2 lbs.; musk, 30 gr.; civet, 20 gr. (the last two powdered by means of a little sugar); cloves, ¹⁄₄ oz.

c. (Poudre de fleurs d’oranges.) From starch or cyprus powder, 25 lbs.; orange flowers, 1 lb.; mixed in a covered chest, and stirred twice or thrice daily; the process being repeated, with fresh flowers, a second and a third time. Or, the plain powder is scented by the addition of a little neroli or essence of petit grain.

d. (Poudre de frangipanni.) From poudre de fleurs d’oranges and poudre de chipre, of each 6 lbs.; essence of ambergris, 1 oz.; civet (powdered with sugar), ¹⁄₂ dr. Ash-grey colour.

e. (Poudre de jasmine.) As POUDRE DE FLEURS D’ORANGES, but using jasmin flowers.

f. (Poudre à la maréchale.) From poudre de chipre, 2 lbs.; starch powder, 1 lb.; calamus aromaticus, cloves, and cyperus perennis or rotundis, of each 2 oz. Or, starch powder, 28 lbs.; powdered cloves, ³⁄₄ lb.; powdered orris root, ¹⁄₂ lb.; essence of ambergris, 2 dr.

g. (Poudre à la mousseline.) From orris root, 1 lb.; coriander seed, 6 oz.; mace and violet ebony, of each 2 oz.; musk seed, cassia, cloves, and sandal wood, of each 1 oz.

h. (Poudre de jonquille.) From jonquils, as POUDRE DE JASMINE.

i. (Poudre à l’œillet.) From plain powder, 2 lbs.; orris root and dried red rose leaves, of each 1 lb.; cloves and musk seed, of each 4 oz.; essence of bergamot and essence de petit grain, of each ¹⁄₂ dr.

k. (Poudre de roses communes.) From pale roses, as POUDRE DE FLEURS D’ORANGES.

l. (Poudre de roses musquées.) From musk roses, as the last.

m. (Poudre à la Vanilla.) From poudre de chipre or cyprus, 3 lbs.; vanilla, powdered by means of sugar, 2 dr.; oil of cloves and essence of ambergris, of each 20 drops.

n. (Poudre à la violette.) See Powder, Violet (as above).

The above are used as cosmetic powders for

2. Sachet powder.—a. From orris root, 2 oz.; cassia, 1¹⁄₂ oz.; cloves, 1 oz.; yellow sandal wood, ¹⁄₄ oz.; oils of lavender and bergamot, of each 1 dr.; otto of roses, 20 drops; musk and ambergris, of each, rubbed with a little sugar, 6 gr.; reduce the dry ingredients to coarse powder, mix them, and add the oils.

b. From corianders, orris root, rose leaves, and calamus aromaticus, of each 4 oz.; lavender flowers, 8 oz.; rhodium wood, 1 dr.; musk, 20 gr.

c. From corianders, orris, calamus aromaticus, and red roses (dried), of each 1 oz.; lavender flowers, 2 oz.; mace and cloves, of each 1 dr.; essential oil of almonds, 10 drops.

d. As last, but substituting musk, 5 gr., for the oil of almonds.

e. From patchouli, 8 oz.; lavender flowers, (lightly dried), 3 oz.; orris root, 2 oz.; cloves, 1 oz.; essence of bergamot, 1 dr.; essences of ambergris and musk, of each ¹⁄₂ dr.

These are used, along with cotton wool, to fill scent bags, cassolettes, &c.; and as scent powder for boxes, drawers, and the like. The scent is added to the dry ingredients, separately reduced to powder, and the whole is then passed through a fine sieve, to ensure perfect admixture.

3. Parfum pour les autres poudres. From poudre d’ambrette, 12 lbs.; civette, 1¹⁄₂ oz.; musk, 1 dr.; reduce the last two to powder by grinding them with some dry lump sugar, then mix the whole together, and pass it through a sieve. Used to perfume hair powder, sachets, &c.

Powders, Seidlitz. Syn. Pulveres effervescentes aperientes, L. Prep. 1. Potassio-tartrate of soda (Rochelle salt), 2 dr.; bicarbonate of soda, 40 gr.; mix, and put it in a blue paper; tartaric acid, 35 gr.; to be put in a white paper. For about ¹⁄₂ pint of water. Laxative.

2. (In one bottle.) From potassio-tartrate of soda, 12 oz.; bicarbonate of do., 4 oz.; tartaric acid, 3¹⁄₂ oz.; white sugar, 1 lb. (all in fine powder); dry each separately by a gentle heat, add of essence of lemon, ¹⁄₂ dr.; mix well, pass the mixture through a sieve, and put it at once into clean dry bottles.—Dose. A dessert-spoonful, or more, to a tumblerful of water.

Obs. The above mixtures, though now universally sold as Seidlitz powder, do not, when dissolved, exactly resemble the natural water, which contains carbonates, sulphates, and chlorides of calcium and magnesium. However, the factitious article is equally effective, and much more agreeable.

Powders, Sher′bet. These are made of the same materials as lemonade powders, the flavouring ingredient being varied to suit the particular case.

Powders, So′da-water. Syn. Effervescing powders, E. saline p., Sodaic p., Aerated soda p.; Pulveres effervescentes, L. Prep. 1. From bicarbonate of soda, 30 gr. in each blue paper; tartaric acid, 25 gr. (or citric acid, 24 gr.), in each white paper. One of each is dissolved separately in about half a glassful of water, and the two solutions mixed, and drank immediately. A cooling, wholesome summer beverage, but it should not be indulged in to excess.

2. (Chalybeated.) By adding 1 gr. of dried protosulphate of iron to each paper of acid. Tonic.

3. (Midgeley’s.) Made by adding ¹⁄₈ gr. of tartarised antimony to each paper of acid. Refrigerant and diaphoretic. For the Ph. formulæ see Powders, Effervescing (above).

Powders, Soup. See Powder, Curry, Powder, Pea, Spice, &c.

Powders, Spruce Beer. Syn. Pulveres effervescentes cum abiete, L. Prep. As ginger-beer powders, but substituting essence of spruce, 3 to 6 drops, for the powdered ginger.

Powders, Tooth. Syn. Pulvis dentifricii, L. The general principles which should be kept in view in the selection of the materials, and in the preparation of dentifrices, have been already fully noticed under Dentifrices, and need not, therefore, be repeated here. Care must be taken that all the dry ingredients be finely pulverised, and that the harder and gritty ones be reduced to the state of an impalpable powder, either by levigation or elutriation. The mixture of the ingredients must also be complete. This is the most readily effected by stirring them well together until they form an apparently homogeneous powder, and then passing this powder through a very fine sieve. Those which contain volatile substances should be preserved in closely corked wide-mouth bottles, and those which contain acidulous or gritty matter should not be frequently employed. The selection of the tooth brush likewise deserves attention. It should be sufficiently stiff to effect its purpose completely; but, at the same time, it should be so formed as not to cause irritation or injury to the gums during its use.

Prep. 1. Cuttle-fish bone and prepared chalk, of each 2 oz.; oil of cloves, 20 drops. This may be perfumed at will, and medicated by any of the substances referred to under Dentifrices.

2. To the last add of powdered Castile soap, 2 oz.

3. Prepared chalk, 12 oz.; cuttle-fish bone, 8 oz.; orris root, 4 oz.; dragon’s blood, 1¹⁄₂ oz.; oils of cloves and cassia, of each ¹⁄₂ dr.

4. Prepared chalk, 1 lb.; pumice-stone, in impalpable powder, ¹⁄₄ lb.; orris root, 2 oz.; pure rouge, ¹⁄₄ oz.; neroli, ¹⁄₂ dr.

5. Yellow cinchona bark and myrrh, of each ¹⁄₂ oz.; recently burnt charcoal, 3 oz.; cloves, 1 dr.

6. Pumice-stone, red coral, and powdered¹⁄₂ oz.; essence of vanilla, ¹⁄₂ dr.

7. (Aromatic tooth powder.) From cuttle-fish bone, 4 oz.; calamus aromaticus, 2 oz.; powdered Castile soap, 1 oz.; oil of cloves, ¹⁄₂ dr.

8. (Asiatic dentifrice.) From prepared red coral, 8¹⁄₄ lbs.; Venetian red, ³⁄₄ lb.; prepared chalk and pumice-stone, of each 1¹⁄₄ lb.; China musk, 30 gr.

9. (Cadet’s.) From lump sugar and charcoal, of each 1 oz.; Peruvian bark, ¹⁄₂ oz.; cream of tartar, ¹⁄₄ oz.; cinnamon, ¹⁄₂ dr.

10. (Camphorated.) See Camphorated chalk.

11. (Charcoal dentifrice.) From charcoal, preferably that from the willow or the areka nut, either alone or combined with twice its weight of prepared chalk. Scent or medicinals injure it. (See 9, 19, and 26.)

12. (Coral dentifrice.) See 16, 23, and 25 (below).

13. (Deschamp’s ALKALINE DENTIFRICE.) From powdered talc, 4 oz.; bicarbonate of soda, 1 oz.; carmine, 6 gr.; oil of mint, 12 or 15 drops.

14. (Florentine dentifrice.) From prepared shells, 4 oz.; orris root, 1¹⁄₂ oz.; bitartrate of potassa, ³⁄₄ oz.; Florentine lake, q. s. to colour.

15. (Galvanic dentifrice.) From gold, 3 leaves; silver, 4 leaves; triturate them with alum and sulphate of potassa, of each 1¹⁄₂ dr.; then add, of dry common salt, pellitory of Spain, and Peruvian bark, of each 1 dr.; prepared hartshorn, 1 oz.; mix, and either colour it blue with smalts or red with lake. A useless compound.

16. (Grosvenor’s.) From red coral, 3 lbs.; prepared oyster-shells, 2¹⁄₂ lbs.; orris powder, ¹⁄₂ lb.; oil of rhodium, 25 drops. Rose-pink is now commonly substituted for the coral.

17. (Hemet’s.) From cuttle-fish bone, 6 oz.; cream of tartar, 1 oz.; orris root, ¹⁄₂ oz.

18. (‘Lancet.’) Red bark and Armenian hole, of each 1 oz.; powdered cinnamon and bicarbonate of soda, of each ¹⁄₂ oz.; oil of cinnamon, 2 or 3 drops.

19. (Lardner’s.) From charcoal, in very fine powder, 1 oz.; prepared chalk, 3 oz.; mix.

20. (Mialhe’s RATIONAL DENTIFRICE.) From sugar of milk, 3 oz.; pure tannin, 3 dr.; red lake, 1 dr.; oils of mint and aniseed, of each 7 or 8 drops; neroli, 4 or 5 drops.

21. (Myrrh dentifrice.) From cuttle-fish bone, 6 oz.; myrrh and orris root, of each 2 oz.

22. (Pearl dentifrice.) From heavy carbonate of magnesia or precipitated chalk, 1 lb.; finest smalts, 3 dr.; essence de petit grain, ¹⁄₂ dr.

23. (Pelletier’s QUININE DENTIFRICE.) From prepared red coral, 3 oz.; myrrh, 1 dr.; disulphate of quinine, 12 to 15 gr.

24. (Ph. Russ.) Cinchona bark, 4 oz.; orris root, 2 oz.; catechu and myrrh, of each 1¹⁄₂ oz.; sal ammoniac, 1 oz.; oil of cloves, 20 drops.

25. (Poudre dentifrice—P. Cod.) Red coral, red bole, and cuttle-fish bone, of each 3 oz.; dragon’s blood, 1¹⁄₂ oz.; cinnamon, ³⁄₄ oz.; cochineal, 3 dr.; cloves, 1 dr.; bitartrate of potassa, 4¹⁄₂ oz.; reduce them separately to very fine powder before mixing them. This is the ‘coral dentifrice’ of the French.

26. (Rignini’s.) From charcoal, 1 oz.; yellow bark, ¹⁄₄ oz.

27. (Rose dentifrice.) From precipitated chalk, 6 oz.; cuttle-fish bone, 3 oz.; bicarbonate of soda, 2 oz.; red lake, ¹⁄₄ oz.; otto of roses, 20 drops.

28. (Ruspini’s.) From cuttle-fish bone, 8 oz.; Roman alum and orris root, of each 1 oz.; cream of tartar, 2 oz.; oil of rhodium, 6 or 8 drops.

29. (Violet tooth powder.) From orris root, 3 oz.; cuttle-fish bone and rose pink, of each 5 oz.; precipitated chalk, 12 oz.; pure indigo, q. s. to give it a pale violet tinge.

30. (Zieter’s.) From finely powdered calcined hartshorn and cuttle-fish bone, of each 6 oz.; calamus aromaticus, cassia, and pellitory of Spain, of each 1 oz.; essence of vanilla, 1 dr.; essence of ambergris, 10 or 12 drops.

31. Chalk, carbonate of magnesia, and pale bark, of each 1 oz.; oil of peppermint, 5 drops.

32. Cream of tartar, sugar of milk, of each 2 oz.; carmine, 88 gr. (all in very subtle powder); oil of peppermint, 4 drops.

Powders, Worm. Syn. Pulveres anthelmintici, P. vermifugi, L. Prep. 1. (Bouchardat.) Powdered Corsican moss and worm-seed, of each 5 dr.; calomel, 40 gr.; rub them together.

2. (Collier.) From powdered jalap and scammony, of each 1 dr.; cream of tartar, 2 dr.; Ethiops mineral, 3 dr.

3. (Guibourt.) Sulphate of iron, 1 dr.; tansy, 2 dr.; worm-seed, 3 dr.

4. (P. Cod.) Corsican moss and worm-seed, of each 2 oz.; rhubarb, 1 oz.; rubbed to a fine powder, and carefully mixed.

POX. A corruption of a Saxon word, originally applied to pustules or eruptions of any kind, but now restricted to varicella, variola, vaccinia, and, in its unqualified form, to syphilis. (See below.)

Pox, Chick′en. Syn. Water-pox; Varicella, L. An eruptive disease, consisting of smooth, semi-transparent vesicles, of various sizes, which afterwards become white and straw-coloured, and about the fourth day break and scale off, without leaving any permanent mark behind them. In hot weather the discharge sometimes becomes purulent, and at others the eruption is attended with considerable fever. Sometimes the vesicles assume a pointed form, and the fluid remains clear throughout the disease; it is then frequently called the “swine-pox.” When the vesicles are large and globular, and their contents, at first whey-coloured, afterwards turn yellow, it is popularly known as ‘hives.’

The treatment of chicken-pox consists in the adoption of a light, vegetable diet, and in the administration of mild saline aperients and cooling drinks.

The chicken-pox, except in children of a very bad habit of body, is an extremely mild disease. Like the smallpox, it rarely attacks the same person more than once during life.

Pox, Cow. Syn. Vaccinia, Variola vaccina, L. This disease was proposed as a substitute and a preventive of smallpox by Dr Jenner in 1798, and its artificial production (vaccination) has rendered smallpox a comparatively rare disease in Britain. There appears no reason to doubt that the pretensions of the advocates of vaccination have been fully justified by the experience of more than half a century; or that this disease, when actively developed, evinced by the completeness and maturation of the pustules, acts as a prophylactic of smallpox.

The process of vaccination is similar to that of inoculation for smallpox. The point of a lance is wetted with the matter taken from one of the pustules, and is then gently inserted under the cuticle, and the scratch afterwards rubbed over with the same. Hæmorrhage should be avoided, as the blood is apt to wash away the virus, or to form a cake which shields the living tissue from its action.

Pox, Small. Syn. Variola, L. This disease comes on with the usual symptoms of inflammatory fever. About the third day red spots, resembling flea-bites, make their appearance on the face and head, and gradually extend over the whole body. About the fifth day small circular vesicles, depressed in the centre, surrounded by an areola, and containing a colourless fluid, begin to form, when the feverish symptoms abate; about the sixth day the throat becomes sore; about the eighth day the face is swollen; and about the eleventh day the pustules acquire the size of a pea, and cease to enlarge, the matter which they contain becomes opaque and yellow, a dark central spot forms on each, the swelling of the face subsides, and secondary symptoms of fever come on; the pustules become rough, break, and scab over, and a dark spot remains for some days, often followed by permanent indentations, popularly known as ‘pock-marks.’ At the end of the sixteenth or eighteenth day the symptoms usually disappear. In the confluent smallpox, a severer form of the disease, the pustules coalesce, the eruption is irregular in its progress, and the inflammatory symptoms are more severe.