LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS DICTIONARY. (continued 8)

Gooseberry, gōōz′ber-i, n. the berry or fruit of a shrub of the same name.—Play gooseberry, to accompany lovers, &c., for propriety. [Prof. Skeat says goose- is for grose- or groise-, which appears in O. Fr. groisele, grosele, gooseberry, Scot. grossart, from the Mid. High Ger. krus (Ger. kraus), crisp, curled.]

Gooseberry-fool, n. See Fool (2).

Gopher, gō′fėr, n. a name in America applied to the prairie dog, the pouched rat, and to the land tortoise of the southern states.—v.i. to burrow, to mine in a small way. [Fr. gaufre.]

Gopher, gō′fėr, n. (B.) a kind of wood, generally supposed identical with cypress. [Heb.]

Gopura, gō′pōō-ra, n. in Southern India, a pyramidal tower over the gateway of a temple.

Goral, gō′ral, n. a Himalayan goat-antelope.

Goramy, gō′ra-mi, n. a fish found in the Eastern Archipelago, highly esteemed for the table, and used in Mauritius, the West Indies, &c.—Also Gou′rami.

Gor-bellied, gor′-bel-id, adj. (Shak.) big-bellied, gluttonous. [Obs. gore—A.S. gor, filth, and belly.]

Gorcock, gor′kok, n. the moorcock or red grouse:—fem. Gor′hen. [Gor-, from gorse, furze; or imit.]

Gorcrow, gor′krō, n. the carrion-crow. [A.S. gor, filth, carrion, and crow.]

Gordian, gord′yan, adj. intricate: difficult.—v.t. (Keats) to tie up, knot.—Cut the Gordian knot, to overcome a difficulty by violent measures—Alexander, unable to untie the fateful knot tied by Gordius, king of Phrygia, having cut it through with his sword.

Gordius, gor′di-us, n. a genus typical of Gordiidæ, a family of nematode worms with a hair-like body.

Gore, gōr, n. clotted blood: blood.—adv. Gor′ily (Tenn.), in a gory or bloody manner or state.—adj. Gor′y, covered with gore: bloody.—Gory dew, a dark-red slimy film sometimes seen on damp walls and in shady places. [A.S. gor, blood, dung; Sw. gorr, Ice. gor, gore.]

Gore, gōr, n. a triangular piece let into a garment to widen it: a triangular piece of land.—v.t. to shape like or furnish with gores: to pierce with anything pointed, as a spear or horns.—n. Gor′ing, a piece of cloth cut diagonally to increase its apparent width.—adj. cut gradually sloping, so as to be broader at the clew than at the earing—of a sail. [A.S. gára, a pointed triangular piece of land—gár, a spear with triangular blade.]

Gorge, gorj, n. the throat: a narrow pass among hills: (fort.) the entrance to an outwork.—v.t. to swallow greedily: to glut.—v.i. to feed.—adj. Gorged, having a gorge or throat: glutted: (her.) having a crown or coronet about the neck.—n. Gorg′et, a piece of armour for the throat: a military ornament round the neck (see Armour).—Have one's gorge rise, to be disgusted or irritated; Heave the gorge, to retch. [O. Fr.,—L. gurges, a whirlpool.]

Gorgeous, gor′jus, adj. showy: splendid: magnificent.—adv. Gor′geously.—n. Gor′geousness. [O. Fr. gorgias, gaudy—gorgias, a ruff—gorge, the throat.]

Gorgon, gor′gun, n. one of three fabled female monsters (Stheno, Euryale, and Medusa), of horrible aspect, winged, with hissing serpents for hair—every one who looked on Medusa was turned to stone: anything very ugly.—adjs. Gor′gon, Gorgō′nean, Gorgonesque′, Gorgō′nian, like a gorgon: very ugly or terrific.—n. Gorgonei′on, a mask of the gorgon.—v.t. Gor′gonise (Tenn.), to turn to stone. [L. gorgon—Gr. gorgō—gorgos, grim.]

Gorgonzola, gor-gon-zō′la, n. a highly esteemed cheese.

Gorilla, gor-il′a, n. a great African ape, the largest known anthropoid, generally referred to the same genus with the chimpanzee. [African.]

Gormand, older form of gourmand.—v.i. Gor′mandīse, to eat hastily or voraciously.—ns. Gor′mandīser; Gor′mandīsing, the act or habit of eating voraciously; Gor′mandism, gluttony.

Gorse, gors, n. a prickly shrub growing on waste places, the furze or whin.—adj. Gors′y. [A.S. gorst.]

Goshawk, gos′hawk, n. a short-winged hawk, once used for hunting wild-geese and other fowl, not having a toothed bill, like the falcons proper. [A.S. góshafoc—gós, goose, hafoc, hawk.]

Gosling, goz′ling, n. a young goose. [A.S. gós, goose, double dim. -l-ing.]

Gospel, gos′pel, n. the Christian revelation: the narrative of the life of Christ, as related by Matthew, Mark, Luke, or John: the stated portion of these read at service: the teaching of Christ: a system of religious truth: absolute truth.—v.t. (Shak.) to instruct in the gospel.—n. Gos′peller, a preacher: an evangelist.—v.t. Gos′pellise, to square with the gospel. [A.S. godspell; commonly derived from A.S. gód, good, and spell, story, and so a translation of Gr. eu-anggelion, good news; but more prob. from god, God, and spell, a narrative, God-story; so also the Ice. is guðspjall, God-story, and not góðspjall, good-story; and the Old High Ger. was gotspell, got (God) -spel, not guot (good) -spel.]

Goss, gos, n. (Shak.). See Gorse.

Gossamer, gos′a-mėr, n. very fine spider-threads which float in the air or form webs on bushes in fine weather: any thin material.—adj. light, flimsy.—adj. Goss′amery, like gossamer: flimsy. [M. E. gossomer; Prof Skeat thinks it is a corr. of 'goose-summer' or 'summer-goose,' from the downy appearance of the film. Ger. sommer-fäden, summer-threads, also mädchen-sommer, maiden-summer.]

Gossan, gos′an, n. (prov.) decomposed rock, usually ferruginous, forming the upper part of a metallic vein.—Also Gozz′an.

Gossip, gos′ip, n. one who runs about telling and hearing news: idle talk: a familiar acquaintance: a boon-companion.—v.i. to run about telling idle tales: to talk much: to chat: (Shak.) to stand godfather to.—n. Goss′iping, the act or practice of one who gossips or tattles.—p.adj. having the character of one who gossips: tattling.—n. Goss′ipry.—adj. Goss′ipy. [Orig. a sponsor in baptism, or one related in the service of God; M. E. gossib (earlier form, godsib)—God, and sib, related; cf. Ger. sippe, Ice. sif, affinity, Scot. sib, related.]

Gossoon, go-sōōn′, n. a boy-servant in Ireland. [From Fr. garçon, a boy.]

Gossypium, go-sip′i-um, n. a malvaceous genus of herbs and shrubs, native to the tropics, yielding the cotton of commerce. [L. gossypion.]

Got, Gotten. See under Get.

Goth, goth, n. one of an ancient Teutonic nation, originally settled on the southern coasts of the Baltic, which migrated to Dacia in the 3d century, and later founded kingdoms in Italy, southern France, and Spain: a rude or uncivilised person, a barbarian.—adj. Goth′ic, belonging to the Goths or their language: barbarous: romantic: denoting a style of architecture with high-pointed arches, clustered columns, &c. (applied in reproach at the time of the Renaissance).—v.t. Goth′icise, to make Gothic: to bring back to barbarism.—n. Goth′icism, a Gothic idiom or style of building: rudeness of manners. [The native names Gutans (sing. Guta) and Gutôs (sing. Guts), Gutthiuda, 'people of the Goths;' Latinised as Gothi, Gotthi.]

Gothamite, goth′a-mīt, Gothamist, goth′a-mist, n. a simpleton: a wiseacre. [From Gotham, a village of Nottinghamshire, with which name are connected many of the simpleton stories of immemorial antiquity. So of Gordon in Scotland, Kampan in Holland, the Schildburgers in Germany, &c.]

Gouache, gwash, n. a method of water-colour painting with opaque colours, mixed with water, honey, and gum, presenting a dead surface: work painted according to this method. [Fr.]

Gouda, gow′da, n. a kind of cheese from Gouda.

Gouge, gowj, or gōōj, n. a chisel, with a hollow blade, for cutting grooves or holes.—v.t. to scoop out, as with a gouge: to force out, as the eye with the thumb. [O. Fr.,—Low L. guvia, a kind of chisel.]

Goujeers, gōō′jērz, n. (Shak.) venereal disease.—Goujere, often Good year, used as a slight imprecation, as pox; cf. 2 Henry IV., II. iv. 64. [Perh. Fr. gouge, a prostitute, goujat, a blackguard.]

Goura, gow′ra, n. a genus of beautifully crested, ground-loving pigeons, native to New Guinea.

Gourami. See Goramy.

Gourd, gōrd, or gōōrd, n. a large fleshy fruit: rind of a gourd used as a drinking-cup: the gourd plant: (pl.) hollow dice used by cheating gamblers.—ns. Gourd′iness; Gourd′-worm, a fluke or trematode worm, esp. the liver-fluke.—adj. Gourd′y, having the legs swollen—of a horse. [O. Fr. gourde, contr. from cougourde—L. cucurbita, a gourd.]

Gourmand, gōōr′mand, n. one who eats greedily: a glutton.—adj. voracious: gluttonous—also Gor′mand.—n. Gourmet (goor-mā′, or -met′), an epicure, originally one with a delicate taste in wines. [Fr. gourmand, a glutton; origin unknown.]

Gousty, gows′ti, adj. dreary.—adj. Gous′trous, stormy: (Scot.) rude. [Same as Gusty.]

Gout, gowt, n. an acute inflammation of the smaller joints, and esp. of the great toe, in persons of luxurious habits and past middle life: (obs.) a drop.—adv. Gout′ily.—ns. Gout′iness; Gout′wort, Gout′weed, an umbelliferous European plant, long supposed to be good for gout.—adj. Gout′y, relating to gout: diseased with or subject to gout. [O. Fr. goutte—L. gutta, a drop, the disease supposed to be caused by a defluxion of humours.]

Gout, gōō, n. taste: relish. [Fr.,—L. gustus, taste.]

Govern, guv′ėrn, v.t. to direct: to control: to rule with authority: (gram.) to determine the mood, tense, or case of.—v.i. to exercise authority: to administer the laws.—adj. Gov′ernable.—ns. Gov′ernall (Spens.), government; Gov′ernance, government: control: direction: behaviour; Governante (guv-ėr-nant′, or guv′-), a governess (obs.); Gov′erness, a lady who has charge of the instruction of young ladies: a tutoress (Daily-governess, one who goes every day to her pupils' house; Nursery-, having charge of young children only, tending as well as teaching them; Resident-, living in the family of her pupils).—v.i. to act as governess.—n. Gov′erness-cart, a light two-wheeled vehicle with two face-to-face seats at the sides only.—adj. Gov′erning, having control.—n. Gov′ernment, a ruling or managing: control: system of governing: the body of persons authorised to administer the laws, or to govern a state: the territory over which sovereign power extends: (gram.) the power of one word in determining the form of another: (Shak.) conduct.—adj. of or pursued by government.—adj. Government′al, pertaining to or sanctioned by government.—ns. Gov′ernor, a ruler: one invested with supreme authority: a tutor: (slang) a father or master: (mach.) a regulator, or contrivance for maintaining uniform velocity with a varying resistance: (B.) a pilot; Gov′ernor-gen′eral, the supreme governor in a country: a viceroy; Gov′ernorship.—Governmental theory (see Grotian). [O. Fr. governer—L. gubernāre—Gr. kybernan.]

Gowan, gow′an, n. (Scot.) the wild daisy. [Ir. and Gael. gugan, bud, daisy.]

Gowd, Scotch for gold.

Gowf, gowf, v.t. (Scot.) to strike, cuff. [A modification of golf.]

Gowk, Gouk, gowk, n. a stupid fellow, a fool.

Gowl, gowl, v.i. (Scot.) to cry or howl. [M. E. goulen—Scand., Ice. gaula, to bellow.]

Gown, gown, n. a woman's upper garment: a long loose robe worn officially by clergymen, lawyers, college lecturers, &c.—v.t. to invest with the gown.—adj. Gowned, dressed in a gown.—ns. Gown′man, Gowns′man, one whose professional habit is a gown, as a divine or lawyer, and esp. a member of an English university. [M. E. goune—W. gwn, akin to gwnio, to stitch; Ir. gunn, Gael. gun.]

Gowpen, gowp′en, n. (Scot.) the hollow of the hand or of the two hands held together: a handful. [Scand.; Ice. gaupn, Sw. göpen, Dan. gövn; Low Ger. göpse, göpsch, Ger. dial. gauf, gaufel.]

Graafian, grä′fi-an, adj. pertaining to the follicle or little sac in the ovary in which an ovum matures—in mammals. [Named from the discoverer of these, Regnier de Graaf, 1641-73.]

Graal. Same as Grail, a dish.

Grab, grab, n. a vessel on the Malabar coast, having two or three masts.

Grab, grab, v.t. (coll.) to seize or grasp suddenly: to lay hands on:—pr.p. grab′bing; pa.p. grabbed.—n. a sudden grasp or catch, acquisition by violent or unjust means: that which is seized: a simple card game.—ns. Grab′-bag, a bag containing a variety of articles to be obtained by putting in the hand and seizing one, as at charity bazaars, &c.: any dishonest means of seizing such profit or spoil as comes handiest; Grab′ber. [Scand.; Sw. grabba, to grasp; Ger. greifen, to seize.]

Grabble, grab′l, v.i. to grope. [Freq. of grab.]

Grace, grās, n. easy elegance in form or manner: what adorns and commends to favour: embellishment: favour: pardon: the undeserved mercy of God: divine influence: eternal life or salvation: a short prayer at meat: an act or decree of the governing body of an English university: a ceremonious title in addressing a duke or an archbishop: (pl.) favour, friendship (with good): (myth.) the three sister goddesses in whom beauty was deified (the Greek Charites), Euphrosyne, Aglaia, Thalia.—v.t. to mark with favour: to adorn.—n. Grace′-cup, a cup or health drunk at the last of the feast.—adjs. Graced (Shak.), virtuous, chaste; Grace′ful, elegant and easy: marked by propriety or fitness, becoming.—adv. Grace′fully.—n. Grace′fulness.—adjs. Grace′less, wanting grace or excellence: depraved: wicked.—adv. Grace′lessly.—n. Grace′lessness.—ns. Grace′-note (mus.), a note introduced as an embellishment, not being essential to the harmony or melody; Grace′-stroke, a finishing stroke, coup de grâce; Graciō′so, a clown in Spanish comedy, a favourite.—adj. Grā′cious, abounding in grace or kindness: benevolent: proceeding from divine favour: acceptable.—adv. Grā′ciously.—ns. Grā′ciousness, state or quality of being gracious, affability; Grācious′ity, the same, but usually in a bad sense, as implying duplicity.—Days of grace, three days allowed for the payment of a note or bill of exchange, after being due according to its date; Fall from grace, to backslide, to lapse from the state of grace and salvation—an impossibility according to Calvinists.—Good gracious, an exclamation of surprise.—In the good graces of, in the friendship of; Saving grace, divine grace so bestowed as to lead to salvation; Take heart of grace, to take courage from favour shown. [Fr.,—L. gratia, favour—gratus, agreeable; Gr. charis, grace.]

Gracile, gras′il, adj. slender, gracefully slight in form.—n. Gracil′ity. [L. gracilis, slender.]

Grackle, grak′l, n. the common name of many birds of the starling family, all tropical or subtropical.—Also Grak′le. [L. graculus, a jackdaw.]

Grade, grād, n. a degree or step in rank or dignity: the degree of slope on a road as compared with the horizontal: a class of animals produced by crossing a common breed with one purer—also adj.: a group of animals branching off from a common stem.—v.t. Grā′date, to cause to blend gradually from one tint of colour to another.—v.i. to effect gradation.—adv. Gradā′tim, gradually.—n. Gradā′tion, a rising step by step: progress from one degree or state to another: position attained: state of being arranged in ranks: (mus.) a diatonic succession of chords: (paint.) the gradual blending of tints.—adjs. Gradā′tional; Gradā′tioned, formed by gradations or stages; Grad′atory, proceeding step by step, adapted for walking or forward movement; Grā′dient, gradually rising: rising with a regular slope.—n. the degree of slope on a road or railway: the difference in the height of the barometer between one place and another place at some distance: an incline.—ns. Grād′ienter, a surveyor's instrument for determining grades; Grād′in, Gradine′, one of a series of rising seats, as in an amphitheatre: a raised step or ledge behind an altar; Gradin′o, a decoration for the gradin.—adj. Grad′ūal, advancing by grades or degrees: regular and slow.—n. in the Roman Church, the portion of the mass between the epistle and the gospel, formerly always sung from the steps of the altar: the book containing such anthems—also Grail.—ns. Grad′ūalism, Gradūal′ity.—adv. Grad′ūally.—v.t. Grad′ūāte, to divide into regular intervals: to mark with degrees: to proportion.—v.i. to pass by grades or degrees: to pass through a university course and receive a degree.—n. one admitted to a degree in a college, university, or society.—p.adj. Grad′ūāted, marked with degrees, as a thermometer.—ns. Grad′uateship; Gradūā′tion; Grad′ūātor, a mathematical instrument for graduating or dividing lines into regular intervals; Graduc′tion (astron.), the division of circular arcs into degrees, minutes, &c.; Grā′dus, a dictionary of Greek or Latin prosody—contraction of gradus ad Parnassum, a step or stair to Parnassus, the abode of the Muses.—Down, and Up, grade, a descending or ascending part, as of a road. [Fr.,—L. gradus, a step—gradi, to step.]

Gradely, grād′li, adv. (prov.) readily, speedily.—Also Graith′ly.

Gradgrind, gräd′grīnd, n. one who regulates all human things by rule and compass and the mechanical application of statistics, allowing nothing for sentiment, emotion, and individuality. [From Thomas Gradgrind in Dickens's Hard Times.]

Graf, gräf, n. a German title of dignity equivalent to Count:—fem. Gräfin.

Graff, graf, n. (Scot.) a grave. A variant of grave.

Graff, n. and v. (B.). Same as Graft.

Graffito, graf-fē′to, n. the name given to certain classes of mural inscriptions, such as the scribblings of schoolboys and idlers, found at Pompeii, Rome, and other ancient cities:—pl. Graffiti (-fē′tē). [It.—graffiare, to scratch—Low L. graphium, a style.]

Graft, graft, v.t. to make an incision in a tree or plant, and insert in it a small branch of another, so as to make a union of the two: to insert in something anything not belonging to it: to incorporate one thing with another: to transplant, as a piece of tissue, from one part to another.—v.i. to insert cuttings into a tree.—n. a small branch used in grafting.—ns. Graft′er; Graft′ing. [O. Fr. graffe (Fr. greffe)—L. graphium—a style or pencil (which the inserted slip resembled)—Gr. graphein, to write.]

Grail, grāl, n. (Spens.) small particles of any kind, as sand. [O. Fr. graile (Fr. grêle), hail—L. gracilis, slender.]

Grail, See Gradual.

Grail, grāl, n. in medieval legend, the Holy Cup used by Christ at the Last Supper. [Orig. the San Greal, 'Holy Dish' (not Sang Real, 'Holy Blood'), in which it is said Joseph of Arimathea collected our Lord's blood; from O. Fr. graal or greal, a flat dish—Low L. gradale, a flat dish, app. a corr. of Low L. cratella, a dim. of crater, a bowl. Diez suggests as the origin a lost cratalis, from cratus, Low L. form of crater.]

Grain, grān, n. a single small hard seed: (coll.) the seeds of certain plants which form the chief food of man: corn, in general: a minute particle: a very small quantity: the smallest British weight, supposed to be the average weight of a seed or well-ripened ear of corn: the arrangement of the particles or fibres of anything, as stone or wood: texture, as of leather: the crimson dye made from cochineal insects, which, in the prepared state, resemble grains of seed—hence to dye in grain is to dye deeply, also to dye in the wool: innate quality or character of anything.—v.t. to form into grains, cause to granulate: to paint in imitation of wood, marble, &c.: in tanning, to take the hair off.—n. Grain′age, duties on grain.—adj. Grained, rough: furrowed.—ns. Grain′er, one who paints in imitation of the grain of wood; Grain′ing, painting so as to imitate the grain of wood: a process in tanning in which the grain of the leather is raised.—adj. Grain′y, having grains or kernels.—Grains of Paradise, an aromatic and pungent seed imported from Guinea.—Against the grain, against the fibre of the wood—hence against the natural temper or inclination; With a grain of salt, with reservation, as of a story that cannot be admitted (L. cum grano salis). [Fr.,—L. granum, seed, akin to corn.]

Grain, grān, n. a prong, fork: a kind of harpoon.

Graining, grān′ing, n. a kind of dace found in the Mersey and in Swiss lakes: a small fish of the same genus, resembling the dace.

Graip, grāp, n. (Scot.) a three or four pronged fork used for lifting dung or digging potatoes. [A form of grope. Cf. Sw. grepe, Dan. greb.]

Graith, grāth, n. apparatus for work, travelling, &c., equipment.—v.t. (Scot.) to make ready, to dress.—adjs. Graith, Grāde, ready, free.—Lift one's graith, to collect one's tools and leave the mine. [Ice. greidhr, ready; cf. A.S. gerǽde, ready.]

Grakle. See Grackle.

Grallæ, gral′ē, Grallatores, gral-a-tō′rēz, n.pl. an old order of wading and running birds, including rails, snipes and curlews, cranes, herons and bitterns, storks, and numerous other families.—adjs. Grallatō′rial, Grall′atory, Grall′ic, Grall′ine. [L. grallator—grallæ, stilts, contr. of gradulæ, dim. of gradus, a step—gradi, to step.]

Gralloch, Grallock, gral′ok, v.t. to disembowel.

Gram, gram, n. (Rossetti) misery.—Also Grame. [A.S. grama, anger.]

Gram, gram, n. a word used in commerce for chick peas exported from British India. [Anglo-Ind., perh. from Port, grão—L. granum, a grain.]

Gram, Gramme, gram, n. the unit of mass in the metric system, equal to 15.432 troy grains. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. gramma, a letter, a small weight.]

Gramary, gram′a-ri, n. magic: enchantment.—Also Gram′arye. [M. E. gramery, skill in grammar, hence magic—O. Fr. gramaire, grammar.]

Gramercy, gra-mėr′si, interj. great thanks—an obsolete expression of obligation, with surprise. [O. Fr. grammerci, grantmerci, great thanks.]

Gramineæ, grā-min′ē-ē, n.pl. the order of grasses.—adjs. Graminā′ceous, Gramin′eal, Graminē′ous, like or pertaining to grass: grassy; Graminifō′lious, bearing leaves; Graminiv′orous, feeding or subsisting on grass and herbs. [L. gramen, graminis, grass, folium, a leaf, vorāre, to eat greedily.]

Grammar, gram′ar, n. the science of the right use of language: a book which teaches grammar: any elementary work.—ns. Grammā′rian, one versed in, or who teaches, grammar; Gramm′ar-school, a school in which grammar, esp. Latin grammar, is taught: a higher school, in which Latin and Greek are taught.—adjs. Grammat′ic, -al, belonging to, or according to, the rules of grammar.—adv. Grammat′ically.—n. Grammat′icaster, a piddling grammarian.—v.t. Grammat′icīse, to make grammatical.—v.i. to act the grammarian.—ns. Grammat′icism, a point of grammar; Gramm′atist, a grammarian. [O. Fr. gramaire; from Low L. gramma, a letter, with the termination -arius—Gr. gramma, a letter—graphein, to write.]

Gramme. See Gram.

Gramophone, gram′o-fōn, n. an instrument of the phonograph type for recording and reproducing articulate speech—invented by E. Berliner. [Gr. gramma, a letter, phōnē, sound.]

Grampus, gram′pus, n. a large voracious fish of the dolphin family, common in almost all seas. [A sailor's corr. of It. gran pesce, or Sp. gran pez, great fish—L. grandis piscis, great fish.]

Granadilla, gran-a-dil′a, n. the edible fruit of a species of passion-flower. [Sp.]

Granary, gran′ar-i, n. a storehouse for grain or threshed corn. [L. granaria—granum.]

Grand, grand, adj. of great size, extent, power, or dignity: splendid: illustrious: noble: sublime: chief: covering the whole field, or including all details: (mus.) containing all the parts proper to a given form of composition: of the second degree of parentage or descent, as Grand′father, a father or mother's father; Grand′child, a son or daughter's child; so Grand′mother, Grand′son, Grand′daughter, &c.—ns. Gran′dam, an old dame or woman: a grandmother; Grand′-duke, a title of sovereignty over a grand-duchy, first created by the Pope in 1569 for the rulers of Florence and Tuscany, assumed by certain German reigning princes and by the princes of the imperial family of Russia; Grandee′, since the 13th century the most highly privileged class of nobility in the kingdom of Castile, in which the members of the royal family were included: a man of high rank or station; Grandee′ship; Grandeur (grand′ūr), vastness: splendour of appearance: loftiness of thought or deportment; Grandil′oquence.—adj. Grandil′oquent, speaking grandly or bombastically: pompous—(rare) Grandil′oquous.—adv. Grandil′oquently.—adj. Gran′diose, grand or imposing: bombastic.—adv. Gran′diosely.—ns. Grandios′ity; Grand′-ju′ror, member of a Grand′-ju′ry, a special jury which decides whether there is sufficient evidence to put an accused person on trial.—adv. Grand′ly.—ns. Grand′mamma, Grand′ma, a grandmother; Grand′-mas′ter, title of the head of the religious orders of knighthood (Hospitallers, Templars, and Teutonic Knights): the head, for the time being, of the Freemasons, &c.—adj. Grand′motherly, like a grandmother, over-anxious to direct the whole life of another.—ns. Grand′-neph′ew, the grandson of a brother or sister; Grand′ness; Grand′-niece, the granddaughter of a brother or sister; Grand′papa, Grand′pa, a grandfather; Grand′-par′ent, a grandfather or grandmother; Grand′-piä′no, a large kind of piano, of great compass and power; Grand′sire, a grandfather: any ancestor; Grand′stand, an elevated erection on a race-course, &c., affording a good view; Grand′-un′cle, the brother of a grandfather or grandmother—also Great′-un′cle.—Grand Seignior (see Seignior); Grand vizir (see Vizir). [Fr. grand—L. grandis, great.]

Grandisonian, gran-di-sō′ni-an, adj. like the novelist Richardson's hero, Sir Charles Grandison, polite and chivalrous to an extreme and tedious degree.

Grange, grānj, n. a farm-house with its stables and other buildings: (Milt.) a granary: (U.S.) a lodge of the order of 'Patrons of Husbandry.'—n. Gran′ger, a member of a farmer's grange.—adj. pertaining to such. [O. Fr. grange, barn—Low L. granea—L. granum, grain.]

Grangerism, grān′jer-izm, n. the practice of cutting plates and title-pages out of many books to illustrate one book.—v.t. Gran′gerise, to practise grangerism. [From James Granger (1716-76), whose Biographical History of England (1769) gave an impetus to this.]

Graniferous, gran-if′ėr-us, adj. bearing seeds like grain.—adjs. Gran′iform, formed or shaped like a grain or seed; Graniv′orous, eating grain: feeding on seeds. [L. granum, grain, ferre, to carry, forma, form, vorāre, to devour.]

Granite, gran′it, n. an igneous crystalline rock, composed of grains of quartz, feldspar, and mica, and of a whitish, grayish, or reddish colour.—adj. Granit′ic, pertaining to, consisting of, or like granite.—n. Granitificā′tion.—adjs. Granit′iform, Gran′itoid, of the form of or resembling granite; Granolith′ic, composed of cement formed of pounded granite. [It. granito, granite, lit. grained—L. granum, grain.]

Granny, gran′i, n. a grandmother: an old woman—also Grand′am.—n. Grann′y-knot, a knot like a reef-knot, but having the second tie across, difficult to untie when jammed.

Grant, grant, v.t. to bestow or give over: to give possession of: to admit as true what is not yet proved: to concede.—v.i. (Shak.) to consent.—n. a bestowing: something bestowed, an allowance: a gift: (Eng. law) conveyance of property by deed.—adj. Grant′able.—ns. Grantēē′ (law), the person to whom a grant, gift, or conveyance is made; Grant′er, Grant′or (law), the person by whom a grant or conveyance is made.—Take for granted, to presuppose as certainly true. [O. Fr. graanter, craanter, creanter, to promise, as if from a Low L. credentāre—L. credĕre, to believe.]

Granule, gran′ūl, n. a little grain: a fine particle.—adjs. Gran′ūlar, Gran′ūlary, Gran′ūlose, Gran′ūlous, consisting of or like grains or granules.—adv. Gran′ūlarly.—v.t. Gran′ūlāte, to form or break into grains or small masses: to make rough on the surface.—v.i. to be formed into grains.—adj. granular: having the surface covered with small elevations.—n. Granūlā′tion, act of forming into grains, esp. of metals by pouring them through a sieve into water while hot: (pl.) the materials of new texture as first formed in a wound or on an ulcerated surface.—adjs. Granūlif′erous; Gran′ūliform.—n. Gran′ūlīte, a schistose but sometimes massive aggregate of quartz and orthoclase with garnets. [L. granulum, dim. of granum, grain.]

Grape, grāp, v.i. a Scotch form of grope.

Grape, grāp, n. the fruit of the grape-vine, or of any of the many species of the genus Vitis: a mangy tumour on the legs of horses: grapeshot.—n. Grape′-hy′acinth, a genus of bulbous-rooted plants, nearly allied to the hyacinths.—adj. Grape′less, without the flavour of the grape, said of wine.—ns. Grap′ery, a place where grapes are grown; Grape′shot, shot or small iron balls clustered or piled on circular plates round an iron pin, which scatter on being fired; Grape′-stone, the stone or seed of the grape; Grape′-su′gar, dextrose; Grape′-vine, the vine that bears grapes.—adj. Grap′y, made of or like grapes.—Sour grapes, things despised because they cannot be attained (from Æsop's fable of the fox and the grapes). [O. Fr. grappe, a cluster of grapes; from Old High Ger. chrapho, a hook. It properly meant a hook, then clustered fruit, hooked on, attached to, a stem (Brachet).]

Graph, graf, n. a representation by means of lines, exhibiting the nature of the law according to which some phenomena vary: -graph is used as a terminal in many Greek compounds to denote an agent which writes, &c., as telegraph, seismograph, or the thing written, as in autograph, &c.—adjs. Graph′ic, -al, pertaining to writing, describing, or delineating: picturesquely described: vivid.—adv. Graph′ically.—ns. Graph′icness; Graphiol′ogy, the science or art of writing or delineating, or a treatise thereon; Graph′is, a genus of lichens, remarkable for the resemblance which the fructification assumes to the forms of the letters of Oriental alphabets; Graph′īte, a mineral, commonly called blacklead or plumbago (though containing no lead), largely used in making pencils.—adj. Graphit′ic.—ns. Graph′ium, a stylus; Graphol′ogy, the science of estimating character, &c., from handwriting.—Graphic arts, painting, drawing, engraving, as opposed to music, sculpture, &c.; Graphic granite, a variety of granite with markings like Hebrew characters. [Gr. graphē, a writing—graphein, to write.]

Grapholite, graf′o-līt, n. a kind of slate for writing on.—n. Graphom′eter, an instrument used by surveyors for measuring angles.—adjs. Graphomet′ric, -al, pertaining to or determined by a graphometer.—ns. Graph′ophone, an instrument for recording sounds, based on the principle of the phonograph; Graph′otype, a process intended to supersede wood-engraving, but superseded by zincotype. [Gr. graphein, to write, lithos, a stone, metron, a measure, phonē, a sound, typos, an impression.]

Grapnel, grap′nel, n. a small anchor with several claws or arms: a grappling-iron. [Fr. grappin—grappe, a hook, with dim. suff. -el.]

Grapple, grap′l, v.t. to seize: to lay fast hold of.—v.i. to contend in close fight.—ns. Grapp′lement (Spens.), a grappling, close fight; Grapp′ling-ī′ron, a large grapnel for seizing hostile ships in naval engagements. [O. Fr. grappil—grappe, a hook.]

Graptolite, grap′to-līt, n. one of a group of fossil hydrozoa, having simple or branched polyparies, usually strengthened by a horny-like rod—the 'solid axis.' [Gr. graptos—graphein, to write, lithos, a stone.]

Grasp, grasp, v.t. to seize and hold by clasping with the fingers or arms: to catch at: to comprehend.—v.i. to endeavour to seize: to catch (with at).—n. gripe of the hand: reach of the arms: power of seizing: mental power of apprehension.—adj. Grasp′able.—n. Grasp′er.—p.adj. Grasp′ing, seizing: avaricious: encroaching.—adv. Grasp′ingly.—n. Grasp′ingness.—adj. Grasp′less, feeble, relaxed. [M. E. graspen—grapsen, as clasp—M. E. claspen; allied to grope, grapple.]

Grass, gras, n. common herbage: an order of plants (Gramineæ), the most important in the whole vegetable kingdom, with long, narrow leaves and tubular stem, including wheat, rye, oats, rice, millet, and all those which supply food for nearly all graminivorous animals: short for asparagus—sparrow-grass: time of grass, spring or summer: the surface of a mine.—v.t. to cover with grass: to feed with grass: to bring to the grass or ground, as a bird or a fish—(various perennial fodder grasses are timothy, fox-tail, cock's-foot, and the fescue grasses, Italian rye-grass, &c.).—ns. Grass′-Cloth, a name applied to different kinds of coarse cloth, the fibre of which is rarely that of a grass, esp. to the Chinese summer-cloth made from Bœhmeria nivea, which is really a nettle; Grass′-cut′ter, one of the attendants on an Indian army, whose work is to provide provender for the baggage-cattle; Grass′er, an extra or temporary worker in a printing-office.—adjs. Grass′-green, green with grass: green as grass; Grass′-grown, grown over with grass.—ns. Grass′hopper, a saltatorial, orthopterous insect, nearly allied to locusts and crickets, keeping quiet during the day among vegetation, but noisy at night; Grass′iness; Grass′ing, the exposing of linen in fields to air and light for bleaching purposes; Grass′-land, permanent pasture; Grass′-oil, a name under which several volatile oils derived from widely different plants are grouped; Grass′-plot, a plot of grassy ground; Grass′-tree, a genus of Australian plants, with shrubby stems, tufts of long wiry foliage at the summit, and a tall flower-stalk, with a dense cylindrical spike of small flowers; Grass′-wid′ow, a wife temporarily separated from her husband, often also a divorced woman, or one deserted by her husband; Grass′-wrack, the eel-grass growing abundantly on the sea-coast.—adj. Grass′y, covered with or resembling grass, green.—Go to grass, to be turned out to pasture, esp. of a horse too old to work: to go into retirement, to rusticate: to fall violently (of a pugilist); Let the grass grow under one's feet, to loiter, linger.—Spanish grass (see Esparto). [A.S. gærs, græs; Ice., Ger., Dut., and Goth. gras; prob. allied to green and grow.]

Grassum, gräs′um, n. (Scots law) a lump sum paid by persons who take a lease of landed property—in England, 'premium' and 'fine.'

Grate, grāt, n. a framework composed of bars with interstices, esp. one of iron bars for holding coals while burning.—adj. Grat′ed, having a grating.—ns. Graticulā′tion, the division of a design into squares for convenience in making an enlarged or diminished copy; Grat′ing, the bars of a grate: a partition or frame of bars. [Low L. grata, a grate—L. crates, a hurdle. See Crate.]

Grate, grāt, v.t. to rub hard or wear away with anything rough: to make a harsh sound: to irritate or offend.—n. Grat′er, an instrument with a rough surface for grating down a body.—adj. Grat′ing, rubbing hard on the feelings: harsh: irritating.—adv. Grat′ingly. [O. Fr. grater, through Low L., from Old High Ger. chrazōn (Ger. kratzen), to scratch, akin to Sw. kratta.]

Grateful, grāt′fōōl, adj. causing pleasure: acceptable: delightful: thankful: having a due sense of benefits.—adv. Grate′fully.—ns. Grate′fulness; Gratificā′tion, a pleasing or indulging: that which gratifies: delight; Grat′ifier.—v.t. Grat′ify, to do what is agreeable to: to please: to soothe; to indulge:—pa.p. grat′ified.—p.adj. Grat′ifying. [O. Fr. grat—L. gratus, pleasing, thankful, and suff. -ful.]

Gratillity, gra-til′i-ti, n. (Shak.) gratuity.

Gratis, grā′tis, adv. for nothing: without payment or recompense. [L., contr. of gratiis, abl. pl. of gratia, favour—gratus.]

Gratitude, grat′i-tūd, n. warm and friendly feeling towards a benefactor: thankfulness. [Fr.,—Low L. gratitudo—-L. gratus.]

Gratuity, gra-tū′i-ti, n. a present: an acknowledgment of service, generally pecuniary.—adj. Gratū′itous, done or given for nothing: voluntary: without reason, ground, or proof.—adv. Gratū′itously. [Fr.,—Low L. gratuitatem—L. gratus.]

Gratulatory, grat′ū-la-tor-i, adj. congratulatory.—adj. Grat′ulant, congratulatory.—v.t. Grat′ulāte, to congratulate.—n. Gratulā′tion, congratulation.

Gravamen, grav-ā′men, n. grievance: the substantial or chief ground of complaint or accusation: the name for the statement of abuses, grievances, &c. sent by the Lower to the Upper House of Convocation. [L.,—gravis, heavy.]

Grave, grāv, v.t. to carve or cut on a hard substance: to engrave.—v.i. to engrave:—pa.p. graved or grāv′en.—n. a pit graved or dug out, esp. one in which to bury the dead: any place of burial: the abode of the dead: (fig.) death: destruction.—n.pl. Grave′-clothes, the clothes in which the dead are buried.—n. Grave′-dig′ger, one who digs graves.—adj. Grave′less (Shak.), without a grave, unburied.—ns. Grave′-mak′er (Shak.), a grave-digger; Grave′-stone, a stone laid over, or placed at the head of, a grave as a memorial; Grave′yard, a yard or enclosure used as a burial-ground.—With one foot in the grave, on the very borders of death. [A.S. grafan; Dut. graven, Ger. graben; Gr. graphein, to scratch, L. scribĕre, to write.]

Grave, grāv, v.t. to smear with graves or greaves, a mixture of tallow, rosin, &c. boiled together.—ns.pl. Graves, Greaves, tallow-drippings. [See Greaves.]

Grave, grāv, adj. of importance: serious: not gay or showy: sober: solemn; weighty: (mus.) not acute: low.—n. the grave accent, or its sign (`).—adv. Grave′ly.—n. Grave′ness. [Fr.,—L. gravis.]

Grave, grāv, n. a count, prefect, a person holding office, as in landgrave, margrave, burgrave, &c. [Dut. graaf, Ger. graf.]

Gravel, grav′el, n. small stones often intermixed with sand: small collections of gravelly matter in the kidneys or bladder.—v.t. to cover with gravel: to puzzle, perplex:—pr.p. grav′elling; pa.p. grav′elled.—adj. Grav′elly.—ns. Grav′el-pit, a pit from which gravel is dug; Grav′el-walk, a footpath covered with gravel. [O. Fr. gravele (Fr. gravier); prob. Celt., as in Bret. grouan, sand, W. gro, pebbles.]

Graven, grāv′n, pa.p. of grave, to carve, engrave.

Graveolent, grav′ē-o-lent, adj. giving forth an offensive smell.—n. Grav′eolence.

Graver, grāv′ėr, n. an engraver: a tool for engraving on hard substances, a burin.

Gravid, grav′id, adj. heavy, esp. as being with child: pregnant. [L. gravidus—gravis, heavy.]

Gravigrade, grav′i-grād, adj. walking heavily.—n. an animal like the megatherium, &c.

Graving, grāv′ing, n. an act of graving or cutting out on hard substances: that which is graved or cut out: carved-work: act of cleaning a ship's bottom.—n. Grav′ing-dock, a dock into which ships are taken to have their bottoms cleaned.

Gravity, grav′i-ti, n. weightiness: that attraction between bodies, or acceleration of one toward another, of which the fall of a body to the ground is an example: state of being grave or sober: relative importance: (mus.) lowness of a note.—n. Gravim′eter, an instrument for determining specific gravities.—v.i. Grav′itāte, to be acted on by gravity: to tend towards the earth: to be strongly attracted towards anything.—n. Gravitā′tion, act of gravitating: the tendency of all bodies to attract each other.—adj. Grav′itātive.—Specific gravity (see Specific). [Fr. gravité—L. gravitat-em—gravis, heavy.]

Gravy, grāv′i, n. the juices from meat while cooking.—n. Grav′y-boat, a vessel for gravy or sauce. [Earlier greavy; prob. originally an adj. formed greaves, the dregs of tallow.]

Gray, Grey, grā, adj. of a white colour mixed with black: ash-coloured: (fig.) aged, gray-haired, mature.—n. a gray colour: an animal of a grayish colour, as a horse, &c.—v.t. to cause to become gray: to give a soft effect to a photograph by covering the negative while printing with a ground-glass plate: to depolish.—v.i. to grow or become gray.—n. Gray′beard, one with a gray beard—hence an old man: a coarse earthenware vessel for holding liquors, a bellarmine.—adjs. Gray′-coat′ed (Shak.), having a gray coat; Gray′-eyed (Shak.), having gray eyes.—n. Gray′-fly (Milt.), the trumpet or gad fly.—adjs. Gray′-haired, Gray′-head′ed, having gray hair.—n. Gray′hound (same as Greyhound).—adj. Gray′ish, somewhat gray.—ns. Gray′-lag, the common gray or wild goose; Gray′ling, a silvery gray fish of the salmon family, but with a smaller mouth and teeth, and larger scales.—adv. Gray′ly.—ns. Gray′ness; Gray′-owl, the common tawny owl; Gray′stone, a grayish or greenish volcanic rock allied to basalt; Grayweth′er (see Greywether).—Gray mare (see Mare). [A.S. grǽg; allied to Ger. grau, and L. ravus, tawny.]

Graywacke, Greywacke, grä′wak-e, n. a kind of sandstone, consisting of rounded pebbles and sand firmly united together. [Ger. grauwacke—grau, gray, wacke, a flint.]

Graze, grāz, v.t. to eat or feed on grass: to feed or supply with grass: (obs.) to tend while grazing.—v.i. to eat grass: to supply grass.—ns. Graz′er, an animal which grazes; Grazier (grā′zhėr), one who grazes or pastures cattle and rears them for the market; Graz′ing, the act of feeding on grass: the feeding or raising of cattle. [From grass.]

Graze, grāz, v.t. to pass lightly along the surface. [Ety. dub.; perh. only a special use of graze above; perh. coined from rase (Fr. raser), the initial g due to the analogy of grate.]

Grease, grēs, n. soft thick animal fat: oily matter of any kind: an inflammation in the heels of a horse, marked by swelling, &c.—v.t. (sometimes pron. grēz) to smear with grease, to lubricate—also used figuratively, to cause to go easily: (obs.) to bribe—as in to 'grease the palm.'—adv. Greas′ily.—n. Greas′iness.—adj. Greas′y, of or like grease or oil: smeared with grease: smooth: fat. [O. Fr. gresse, fatness, gras, fat—L. crassus, gross.]

Great, grāt, adj. large: long continued: superior: distinguished: highly gifted: noble: mighty: sublime: of high rank: chief: proud, arrogant: weighty: difficult: important: pregnant, teeming: indicating one degree more remote in the direct line of descent, as Great′-grand′father, Great′-grand′son.—adj. Great′-bel′lied (Shak.), pregnant.—n. Great′coat, an overcoat.—v.t. Great′en (Browning), to make great.—v.i. to become great.—ns. Great′-grand′child, the child of a grandchild; Great′-grand′mother, the mother of a grand-parent.—adj. Great′-heart′ed, having a great or noble heart: high-spirited: noble.—adv. Great′ly.—ns. Great′ness; Great′-prim′er (see Primer); Greats, the final examination in the Honours Schools at Oxford, &c.; Great′-un′cle, usually grand-uncle, a grandfather's or grandmother's brother.—Great Dane, one of a breed of large close-haired dogs from Denmark, a boar-hound; Great Powers, the chief countries of Europe—France, Germany, Russia, Great Britain, Austro-Hungary; Great schism, the division between the Latin and Greek Churches, begun in the 9th century, and culminating in 1054; Great Sea, the Mediterranean; Great unwashed, an absurd term sometimes applied to the working classes generally.—Greater Britain, the whole colonial empire of Great Britain.—The great, people of rank. [A.S. greát; Dut. groot, Ger. gross; perh. allied to grand, gross, grow.]

Greave, grēv, n. (Spens.) a groove, a grove.

Greave. See Greeve.

Greaves, grēvz, n.pl. the sediment of melted tallow pressed into cakes for dogs' food.—Also Graves. [Prov. Sw. grevar, tallow-leavings; cf. Ger. griebe.]

Greaves, grēvz, n.pl. ancient armour for the legs, of leather, &c. [O. Fr. greves—greve, shin-bone.]

Grebe, grēb, n. an aquatic bird, having a long conical beak, short wings, and no tail. [Fr. grèbe; from Celt., as in Bret. krib, a comb, W. crib, crest.]

Grecian, grē′shan, adj. pertaining to Greece.—n. a native of Greece: one well versed in the Greek language and literature: (B.) a Hellenising Jew, or Jew who spoke Greek: one of the senior boys of Christ's Hospital: (slang) an Irish labourer newly over.—v.t. Grē′cise, to make Grecian: to translate into Greek.—v.i. to speak Greek.—n. Grē′cism, an idiom of the Greek language.—adj. Grē′co-Rō′man, of or pertaining to both Greece and Rome, esp. to the art cultivated by Greeks under Roman domination (see also Wrestling).—Grecian bend, a foolish mode of walking with a slight bend forward, at one time affected by a few women who fondly thought to imitate the pose of a figure like the Venus of Milo. [Fr. Grec—L. Græcus—Gr. Graikos.]

Grecque, grek, n. a vessel with a perforated bottom for making coffee without grounds: a Greek fret.

Gree, grē, n. (Spens.) good-will, favour: the prize of the day.—v.i. (Shak.) to agree. [O. Fr. gre—L. gratus, pleasing. See Agree.]

Gree, grē, n. degree, rank: a step:—pl. Grees, Grece, Grese, steps—in turn used as a sing. and spelt Greece, Greese, Griece, Grize, a flight of steps, a staircase, a degree (Grees′ing, Gres′sing, and even Grē′cian are obs. forms).—adj. Grieced, having steps. [O. Fr. gre—L. gradus. See Grade.]

Greedy, grēd′i, adj. having a voracious appetite: covetous: eagerly desirous.—n. Greed, an eager desire or longing: covetousness.—adv. Greed′ily.—n. Greed′iness. [A.S. grǽdig; Dut. gretig.]

Greek, grēk, adj. Grecian.—n. a Grecian: the language of Greece: (B.) a Greek by race, or more frequently a Gentile as opposed to a Jew, a Hellenising Jew, a Jew naturalised in foreign countries: a cunning rogue, a merry fellow: any language of which one is ignorant, jargon, anything unintelligible.—adj. Greek′ish.—Greek architecture, the orders developed in ancient Greece (Corinthian, Doric, Ionic); Greek Church, the church of those Christians who follow the ancient rite of the East and accept the first seven councils, rejecting all later innovations and papal supremacy—it is called Orthodox by reason of its vindications of dogma, and Eastern from its geographical distribution; Greek cross (see Cross); Greek fire, a composition, burning either in or under water, supposed to have been made of asphalt, nitre, and sulphur, long kept secret by the Greeks of the Byzantine empire for their exclusive use in war; Greek gift, a treacherous gift (from Virgil's Æneid, ii. 49).—At the Greek calends, never, the Greeks having no calends.

Green, grēn, adj. of the colour of growing plants: growing: vigorous: new: unripe: inexperienced, simple, raw, easily imposed on: young.—n. the colour of growing plants: a small green or grassy plat, esp. that common to a village or town for public or merely ornamental purposes: the plot of grass belonging to a house or group of houses, usually at the back: (golf) the whole links on which the game is played, the putting-ground round the individual holes, generally counted as 20 yards from the hole all round: (pl.) fresh leaves: wreaths: the leaves and stems of green vegetables for food, esp. plants of the cabbage kind, spinach, &c.: a political party at Constantinople, under Justinian, opposed to the Blues.—ns. Green′back, popular name for the paper money first issued by the United States in 1862; Green′-cloth, a gaming-table: a department of the royal household, chiefly concerned with the commissariat—from the green cloth on the table round which its officials sat; Green′-crop, a crop of green vegetables, as grasses, turnips, &c.; Green′-earth, a mineral of a green colour and earthy character, used as a pigment by painters in water-colours; Green′ery, green plants: verdure.—adj. Green′-eyed, having green eyes: (fig.) jealous—Green-eyed monster, jealousy.—ns. Green′finch, Green linnet, a native bird of the finch family, of a green colour, slightly mixed with gray and brown; Green′grocer, a grocer or dealer who retails greens, or fresh vegetables and fruits; Green′-hand, an inferior sailor; Green′-heart, or Bebeeru, a very hard variety of wood found in the West Indies and South America; Green′horn, a raw, inexperienced youth; Green′house, a building, chiefly covered with glass and artificially heated, for the protection of exotic plants, or to quicken the cultivation of other plants or fruit; Green′ing (Keats), a becoming green: a kind of apple green when ripe.—adj. Green′ish, somewhat green.—n. Green′ishness.—adv. Green′ly, immaturely, unskilfully.—ns. Green′ness; Green′room, the retiring-room of actors in a theatre, which originally had the walls coloured green; Green′sand, a sandstone in which green specks of iron occur; Green′shank, a bird of the snipe family, in the same genus as the redshank and some of the sandpipers; Green′-sick′ness, chlorosis (see under Chlorine); Green′-snake, a harmless colubrine snake common in the southern United States; Green′stone, a rock term, now disused, for any dark-green basic crystalline (trap-rock); Green′sward, sward or turf green with grass; Green′-tea (see Tea); Greenth, greenness, verdure; Green′-tur′tle (see Turtle); Green′-vit′riol (see Vit′riol); Green′-weed, a name given to certain half-shrubby species of genista; Green′wood, a wood or collection of trees covered with leaves: wood newly cut—also used as an adj., as in 'the greenwood shade.'—adj. Green′y.—Green in my eye, in a colloquial question=Do I look credulous or easily imposed on?—Green, or Emerald, Isle, Ireland.—Greenstick fracture (see Fracture). [A.S. gréne; Ger. grün, Dut. groen, green, Ice. grænn, allied to grow.]

Greengage, grēn′gāj, n. a green and very sweet variety of plum. [Said to be named from Sir W. Gage of Hengrave Hall, near Bury, before 1725.]

Greese, Greesing. See Gree (2).

Greet, grēt, v.t. to salute or address with kind wishes: to send kind wishes to: to congratulate.—v.i. to meet and salute:—pr.p. greet′ing; pa.p. greet′ed.—n. Greet′ing, expression of kindness or joy: salutation. [A.S. grétan, to go to meet; Dut. groeten, Ger. grüssen, to salute.]

Greet, grēt, v.i. (Spens.) to cry, weep.—adj. Greet′ing, mournful.—n. weeping. [A.S. grǽtan; Goth. gretan.]

Greeve, grēv, n. (Scot.) a reeve, a steward.—Also Greave, Grieve. [Not like reeve from A.S. geréfa; but from Ice. greifi; cf. Ger. graf.]

Greffier, gref′ier, n. a registrar, a prothonotary. [Fr.]

Gregarious, gre-gā′ri-us, adj. associating or living in flocks and herds.—adj. Gregā′rian.—n. Gregā-rianism.—adv. Gregā′riously.—n. Gregā′riousness. [L. gregarius—grex, gregis, a flock.]

Gregorian, gre-gō′ri-an, adj. belonging to or established by Pope Gregory; as the Gregorian chant or tones, introduced by Gregory I. (6th century), and the calendar, reformed by Gregory XIII. (1582): one of an 18th-century English brotherhood.

Greit, grēt. Same as Greet (2).

Gremial, grē′mi-al, n. a piece of cloth laid on a bishop's knees to keep his vestments clean from oil at ordinations. [Fr.,—L. gremium, the lap.]

Grenade, gre-nād′, n. a small shell of iron or annealed glass, filled with powder and bits of iron, and thrown from the hand, or with a shovel over a parapet. [Fr.,—Sp. granada—L. granatus, full of seeds—granum, a grain, seed.]

Grenadier, gren-a-dēr′, n. (orig.) a soldier who threw grenades: then, a member of the first company of every battalion of foot: now only used as the title of the first three battalions of the foot-guards.

Grenadine, gren-a-dēn′, n. a thin kind of silk used for ladies' dresses, shawls, &c. [Fr.]

Gressorial, gres-ō′ri-al, adj. adapted for walking, belonging to the Gressoria, a sub-order of orthopterous insects with slender bodies and long legs. [L. gressus, pa.p. of gradi, to walk.]

Gretna, gret′na.—Gretna-green marriage, a runaway marriage across the Border to Gretna in Dumfriesshire.

Grève, grāv, n. the Tyburn of ancient Paris.

Greves, grēvz, n.pl. (Milt.) armour for the legs—a form of greaves.

Grew, grōō, pa.t. of grow.

Grey, grā. Same as Gray.—Grey Friars (see Friar); Grey hen, a stone bottle for holding liquor; Greys=Scots Greys (see Scot).

Greyhound, grā′hownd, n. a tall and slender dog, kept for the chase, with great powers of speed and great keenness of sight. [M. E. greihund; Ice. greyhundr—Ice. grey, a dog, hundr, a hound.]

Greywether, grā-weth′er, n. a large block of hard sandstone found sporadically over south and south-east England.—Also Grayweth′er, but not Grayweather. [Gray and wether—i.e. 'gray ram.']

Grice, grīs, n. a little pig.—Also Grise. [Ice.]

Griddle, grid′l, n. a flat iron plate for baking cakes. [O. Fr. gredil, grëil—Low L. craticulum, dim. of cratis, a hurdle.]

Gride, grīd, v.t. to cut with a grating sound, to pierce harshly: to grate, jar upon:—pr.p. grīd′ing; pa.p. grīd′ed.—n. a harsh grating sound. [Gird.]

Gridelin, grid′e-lin, n. a kind of violet-gray colour. [Fr. gris de lin, gray of flax.]

Gridiron, grid′ī-urn, n. a frame of iron bars for broiling flesh or fish over the fire: a frame of wood or iron cross-beams to support a ship during repairs.—v.t. to cover with parallel bars or lines.—n. Grid, a grating of parallel bars: a gridiron: (elect.) a battery-plate somewhat like a grating, esp. a zinc plate in a primary battery, or a lead plate in a secondary or storage battery. [M. E. gredire, a griddle. From the same source as griddle; but the term. -ire became confused with M. E. ire, iron.]

Griece. See Gree (2).

Grief, grēf, n. heaviness of heart: sorrow: regret: mourning: cause of sorrow: affliction: (B.) bodily as well as mental pain.—adjs. Grief′ful (Spens.), full of grief; Grief′less, sorrowless; Grief′shot (Shak.), pierced with grief. [Fr.,—L. gravis, heavy.]

Grieve. See Greeve.

Grieve, grēv, v.t. to cause grief or pain of mind to: to make sorrowful: to vex: (B.) also to inflict bodily pain.—v.i. to feel grief: to mourn.—n. Griev′ance, cause of grief: burden: hardship: injury: grief.—adv. Griev′ingly (Shak.), in sorrow, sorrowfully.—adj. Griev′ous, causing grief: burdensome: painful: atrocious: hurtful.—adv. Griev′ously, in a grievous manner: (B.) severely.—n. Griev′ousness. [O. Fr. grever—L. gravāre, gravis, heavy.]

Griffin, grif′in, Griffon, grif′un, n. an imaginary animal, with the body and legs of a lion, and the crooked beak and wings of an eagle: a new-comer in India, a novice: a watchful guardian, esp. over a young woman: a duenna.—adj. Griff′inish.—n. Griff′inism. [Fr. griffon—L. gryphus—Gr. gryps—grypos, hook-nosed.]

Grig, grig, n. a cricket, grasshopper: a small lively eel, the sand-eel. [Prob. a form of crick, in cricket.]

Grill, gril, v.t. to broil on a gridiron: to torment.—v.i. to undergo torment, to be in a broil.—n. a grated appliance for broiling meat, &c., a gridiron.—ns. Grill′āde, anything grilled or broiled on a gridiron; Grill′āge, a construction of cross-beams supporting an erection on marshy grounds.—adj. Grilled, embossed with small rectangular indentations.—n. Grill′-room, a restaurant, where beefsteaks, &c., are grilled to one's order. [Fr. griller—gril, a gridiron—L. craticula, dim. of cratis, a grate.]

Grille, gril, n. a lattice, or grating, or screen, or open-work of metal, generally used to enclose or protect a window, shrine, &c.: a grating in a convent or jail door. [Fr. See Grill.]

Grilse, grils, n. a young salmon on its first return from salt water. [Skeat suggests a corr. of Dan. graalax, Sw. grålax, 'gray salmon,' from Dan. graa, Sw. grå, gray; and Dan., Sw., Ice. lax, Ger. lachs, a salmon. Others suggest Ir. greal sach.]

Grim, grim, adj. of forbidding aspect: ferocious: ghastly: sullen: stern, unyielding.—adv. Grim′ly.—n. Grim′ness. [A.S. grim; Ger. grimmig—grimm, fury, Dut. grimmig, Ice. grimmr.]

Grimace, gri-mās′, n. a distortion of the face, in jest, &c.: a smirk.—v.i. to make grimaces.—adj. Grimaced′, with a grimace: distorted. [Fr.; of uncertain origin, perh. from Ice. gríma, a mask.]

Grimalkin, gri-mal′kin, n. an old cat, a cat generally. [Gray, and malkin, a dim. of Moll=Mary.]

Grime, grīm, n. ingrained dirt.—v.t. to soil deeply.—adv. Grim′ily.—n. Grim′iness.—adjs. Grim′-looked (Shak.), having a grim or dismal aspect; Grim′y, foul, dirty. [From a Teut. root seen in Dan. grim, soot, Fris. grime, a dark spot on the face.]

Grimm's Law. See Law.

Grin, grin, v.i. to set the teeth together and withdraw the lips: to smile with some accompanying distortion of the features, expressive of derision, stupid admiration, &c.—v.t. to express by grinning:—pr.p. grin′ning; pa.p. grinned.—n. act of grinning: a forced or sardonic smile.—p.adj. Grin′ning, making grins. [A.S. grennian; Ice. grenja, Ger. greinen, Dut. grijnen, to grumble, Scot. girn; allied to Eng. groan, Fr. grogner.]

Grin, grin, n. a snare or trap. [A.S. grín.]

Grind, grīnd, v.t. to reduce to powder by friction: to wear down or sharpen by rubbing: to rub together: to oppress or harass: to set in motion by a crank.—v.i. to be moved or rubbed together: to drudge at any tedious task: to read hard:—pr.p. grīnd′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. ground.—n. hard or distasteful work: laborious study for a special examination, &c.—ns. Grind′er, he who, or that which, grinds: a double or jaw tooth that grinds food: a coach or crammer of students for examination: a hard student; Grind′ery, a place where knives, &c., are ground, or where they are sold: shoemakers' materials; Grind′ing, act or process of reducing to powder.—p.adj. harassing.—n. Grind′stone, a circular revolving stone for grinding or sharpening tools.—Keep one's nose to the grindstone, to subject one to severe continuous toil or punishment.—Take a grinder (Dickens), to put the left thumb to the nose, and to work a visionary coffee-mill round it with the right—a gesture of contempt. [A.S. grindan.]

Gringo, gring′gō, n. an Englishman or American among Spanish-speaking Americans. [Sp. 'gibberish,' prob. Griego, Greek.]

Grip, grip, n. a small ditch or trench, a drain.—Also Gripe. [M. E. grip, grippe; cf. Low Ger. gruppe.]

Grip, grip, n. grasp or firm hold with the hand, &c.: the handle or part by which anything is grasped: a mode of grasping, a particular mode of grasping hands for mutual recognition, as by Freemasons: a clutching device connecting a car with a moving traction-cable: oppression: pinching distress.—v.t. to take fast hold of, to grasp or gripe:—pr.p. grip′ping; pa.p. gripped, gript.—v.t. Grīpe, to grasp with the hand: to seize and hold fast: to squeeze: to give pain to the bowels.—n. fast hold, grasp: forcible retention: a griffin: a usurer: (pl.) severe spasmodic pain in the intestines.—n. Grīp′er.—p.adj. Grīp′ing, avaricious: of a pain that catches or seizes acutely.—adv. Grīp′ingly, in a griping or oppressive manner.—ns. Grippe, influenza or epidemic catarrh; Grip′per, one who, or that which, grips.—adj. Grip′ple (Spens.), griping, grasping: greedy.—n. a gripe.—n. Grip′-sack, a hand-satchel.—Lose one's grip, to lose hold or control. [A.S. grípan, grap, gripen; Ice. grípa, Ger. grei′fen, Dut. grijpen; allied to grab.]

Griqua, grek′wa, n. one of a mixed race in South Africa, descended from Boer fathers and Hottentot or Bush women.

Grisaille, grē-zāl′, n. a style of decorative painting in grayish tints in imitation of bas-reliefs: a stained-glass window in this style. [Fr.,—gris, gray.]

Gris-amber, gris′-am′bėr, n. (Milt.)—ambergris.

Grise, Grize. See Gree (2).

Griselda, gris-el′da, n. a woman of exemplary gentleness and patience, from the name of the heroine of a tale retold by Boccaccio, Petrarch, and Chaucer (Clerkes Tale).

Griseous, gris′ē-us, adj. bluish-gray.

Grisette, gri-zet′, n. a gay young Frenchwoman of the lower class. [Fr. grisette, a gray gown, which used to be worn by that class—gris, gray.]

Griskin, gris′kin, n. (prov.) the spine of a hog. [Obs. gris, grice, a pig—Ice. griss, a young pig.]

Grisled, griz′ld. Same as Grizzled.

Grisly, griz′li, adj. frightful: hideous.—n. Gris′liness. [A.S. gryslíc, ágrísan, to dread; Ger. grässlich.]

Grist, grist, n. corn for grinding at one time: supply: profit.—n. Grist′-mill, a mill for grinding grain.—Bring grist to the mill, to be a source of profit. [A.S. grist, gerst, a grinding; from root of grind.]

Gristle, gris′l, n. a soft elastic substance in animal bodies—also called Cartilage.—n. Grist′liness.—adj. Grist′ly. [A.S. gristle—grist, grinding.]

Grit, grit, n. the coarse part of meal: gravel: a kind of hard sandstone: firmness of character, spirit: (pl.) oats coarsely ground, groats.—ns. Grit′stone; Grit′tiness.—adj. Grit′ty, having hard particles: sandy: determined, plucky. [A.S. greót; Dut. grut, groats, Ger. gries, gravel.]

Grit, grit, a Scotch form of great.

Grize. See Gree (2).

Grizzle, griz′l, n. a gray colour.—adjs. Grizz′led, gray, or mixed with gray; Grizz′ly, of a gray colour.—n. the grizzly bear (Ursus horribilis) of the Rocky Mountains. [M. E. grisel—Fr. gris, gray—Mid. High Ger. grís, gray, Ger. greis.]

Groan, grōn, v.i. to utter a moaning sound in distress: (fig.) to be afflicted: to express disapprobation of a speaker by means of audible groans or similar sounds.—n. a deep moaning sound as of distress: a sound of disapprobation.—adj. Groan′ful (Spens.), sad, agonising.—n. Groan′ing, a deep moan as of pain: any low rumbling sound. [A.S. gránian.]

Groat, grawt, or grōt, n. an English silver coin, worth fourpence—only coined after 1662 as Maundy money—the silver fourpenny-piece, coined from 1836-56, was not called a groat: a very small sum, proverbially. [Old Low Ger. grote, a coin of Bremen—orig. grote sware, 'great pennies,' as compared with the smaller copper coins, five to the groat.]

Groats, grōts, n.pl. the grain of oats deprived of the husks. [M. E. grotes, prob. Ice. grautr, barley; cog. with A.S. grút, coarse meal.]

Grobian, grō′bi-an, n. a boorish rude fellow. [Ger. grob, coarse; cf. gruff—Dut. grof.]

Grocer, grōs′ėr, n. a dealer in tea, sugar, &c.—n. Groc′ery (generally used in pl.), articles sold by grocers. [Earlier grosser or engrosser, a wholesale dealer; O. Fr. grossier—gros, great.]

Grog, grog, n. a mixture of spirits and cold water, without sugar.—ns. Grog′-bloss′om, a redness of the nose due to drinking; Grog′gery (U.S.), a low public-house; Grog′giness, state of being groggy; Grog′ging, extracting the spirit from the wood of empty spirit-casks with water.—adj. Grog′gy, affected by grog, partially intoxicated: (boxing) weak and staggering from blows: applied to a horse that bears wholly on his heels in trotting.—n. Grog′-shop, a dram-shop. [From 'Old Grog,' the nickname of Admiral Vernon, who introduced it about 1745—from his grogram breeches.]

Grogram, grog′ram, n. a kind of coarse cloth of silk and mohair. [O. Fr. grosgrain.]

Groin, groin, n. the part of the body on either side of the belly where the thigh joins the trunk: (archit.) the angular curve formed by the crossing of two arches.—v.t. to form into groins, to build in groins.—n. Groin′-cen′tring, the centring of timber during construction.—adj. Groined, having angular curves made by the intersection of two arches.—n. Groin′ing.—Underpitch groining, a kind of vaulting used when the main vault of a groined roof is higher than the transverse intersecting vault, as in St George's Chapel, Windsor—sometimes called Welsh groining. [Ice. grein, division, branch—greina, to divide; Sw. gren, branch, space between the legs; Scot. graine, grane, the branch of a tree or river.]

Groin, groin, v.i. (obs.) to grunt, to growl. [O. Fr. grogner—L. grunnīre, to grunt.]

Grolier, grō′lye, n. a book or a binding from the library of the French bibliophile, Jean Grolier (1479-1565).—adj. Grolieresque′, after the style of Grolier's bindings, with geometrical or arabesque figures and leaf-sprays in gold lines.

Grommet, grom′et, n. a ring formed of a single strand of rope, laid in three times round, fastening the upper edge of a sail to its stay: a ship-boy. [O. Fr.]

Gromwell, grom′wel, n. a herb of the borage family. [O. Fr. grumel—L. grumulus, a hillock.]

Groom, grōōm, n. one who has the charge of horses: a title of several officers of the royal household: a bridegroom.—v.t. to tend, as a horse.—n. Grooms′man, the attendant on a bridegroom at his marriage. [Prob. from A.S. guma (in bridegroom), a man, Goth. guma, Ice. gumi, L. homo.]

Groove, grōōv, n. a furrow, or long hollow, such as is cut with a tool.—v.t. to grave or cut a groove or furrow in. [Prob. Dut. groef, groeve, a furrow; cog. with Ger. grube, a pit, Ice. gróf, Eng. grave.]

Grope, grōp, v.i. to search for something, as if blind or in the dark.—v.t. to search by feeling.—adv. Grop′ingly, in a groping manner. [A.S. grápian, to seize; allied to grab, gripe.]

Grosbeak, grōs′bēk, n. a name applied to not a few highly specialised finches (Fringillidæ), with thick, heavy, seed-crushing bills—also to many other birds, as the cardinal grosbeaks and the rose-breasted grosbeak. [Gross and beak.]

Groschen, grō′shen, n. a small silver coin till 1873-76 current in the north of Germany, in value 1⁄30th of a thaler. [Ger.,—L. grossus, thick.]

Groser, grō′ser, n. (prov.) a gooseberry—(Scot.) Gros′sart.—adj. Grossulā′ceous, pertaining to the gooseberry. [See Gooseberry.]

Gross, grōs, adj. coarse: rough: dense: palpable, glaring, shameful: whole: coarse in mind: stupid: sensual: obscene.—n. the main bulk: the whole taken together: a great hundred—i.e. twelve dozen.—adv. Gross′ly.—n. Gross′ness.—In gross, in bulk, wholesale. [Fr. gros—L. grossus, thick.]

Grotesque, grō-tesk′, adj. extravagantly formed: ludicrous.—n. (art) extravagant ornament, containing animals, plants, &c. not really existing.—adv. Grotesque′ly.—ns. Grotesque′ness; Grotesqu′ery. [Fr. grotesque—It. grotesca—grotta, a grotto.]

Grotian, grō′shi-an, adj. of or pertaining to Hugo Grotius (1583-1645), the Latinised form of Huig van Groot, founder of the science of international law.—Grotian theory, the theory that man is essentially a social being, and that the principles of justice are of perpetual obligation and in harmony with his nature; Grotian, or Governmental, theory of the Atonement, a divine acquittal for Christ's sake, rather than a real satisfaction on the part of Christ.

Grotto, grot′ō, n. a cave: a place of shade, for pleasure—also Grot:—pl. Grott′os—n. Grott′o-work, a grotto-like structure. [It. grotta (Fr. grotte)—L. crypta—Gr. kryptē, a crypt.]

Ground, grownd, pa.t. and pa.p. of grind.

Ground, grownd, n. the surface of the earth: a portion of the earth's surface: land, field, soil: the floor, &c.: position: field or place of action: (lit. or fig.) that on which something is raised: foundation: sufficient reason: (art) the surface on which the figures are represented.—v.t. to fix on a foundation or principle: to instruct in first principles: to cover with a layer of plaster, &c., as a basis for painting: to coat with a composition, as a surface to be etched.—v.i. to strike the bottom and remain fixed.—ns. Ground′age, the tax paid by a ship for the space occupied while in port; Ground′-ang′ling, fishing without a float, with a weight placed a few inches from the hook—called also Bottom-fishing; Ground′-ash, a sapling of ash; Ground′-bait, bait dropped to the bottom of the water.—adv. Ground′edly (Browning), on good grounds.—ns. Ground′er, at baseball, &c., a ball thrown low rather than rising into the air; Ground′-floor, the floor of a house on a level with the street or exterior ground; Ground′-game, hares, rabbits, as distinguished from winged game; Ground′-hog, the American marmot, or woodchuck: the aardvark of Africa; Ground′-hold (Spens.), ground-tackle; Ground-ice, the ice formed at the bottom of a water first—also An′chor-ice; Ground′ing, the background of embroidery, &c.; Ground′-ī′vy, a common British creeping-plant whose leaves were once used for flavouring ale (gill-ale or gell-ale).—adj. Ground′less, without ground, foundation, or reason.—adv. Ground′lessly.—ns. Ground′lessness; Ground′ling, a fish which keeps near the bottom of the water, esp. the spinous loach: a spectator in the pit of a theatre—-hence one of the common herd: (pl.) the vulgar.—adj. (Lamb) base.—ns. Ground′-nut, ground-bean, or pea-nut, the fruit of the annual leguminous plant Arachis hypogæa; Ground′-oak, a sapling of oak; Ground′-plan, plan of the horizontal section of the lowest or ground story of a building: Ground′-plot, the plot of ground on which a building stands; Ground′-rent, rent paid to a landlord for the use of the ground for a specified term, usually in England ninety-nine years.—n.pl. Grounds, dregs of drink: sediment at the bottom of liquors (explained by Skeat as Celtic—Gael. grunndas, lees, grunnd, bottom, Ir. gruntas, grunnt, bottom).—ns. Ground′sell, Ground′sill, the timber of a building which lies next to the ground; Ground-squirr′el, the chipmuck or hackee; Ground′-swell, a broad, deep undulation of the ocean, proceeding from a distant storm; Ground′-tack′le, the tackle necessary for securing a vessel at anchor; Ground′work, that which forms the ground or foundation of anything: the basis: the essential part: the first principle.—Ground annual, in the law of Scotland, an annual payment, sometimes called a rent-charge, made for land—a substitute for feu-duty.—Be on one's own ground, to be dealing with a matter in which one is specially versed; Break ground, to take the first step in any project; Fall to the ground, to come to nothing; Gain ground, to advance, to obtain an advantage; Give ground, to yield advantage; Lose ground, to retire, to lose advantage; Slippery ground, an insecure footing; Stand, or Hold, one's ground, to stand firm. [A.S. grund; most prob. grund-en, pa.p. of grindan, and orig. meaning 'earth ground small;' cog. with Ger. grund, Ice. grunnr.]

Groundsel, grownd′sel, n. an annual plant, about a foot high, with small yellow flowers. [A.S. grundeswelge—grund, ground, swelgan, to swallow.]

Group, grōōp, n. a number of persons or things together: a number of individual things related, in some definite way differentiating them from others: (art) a combination of figures forming a harmonious whole.—v.t. to form into a group or groups.—v.i. to fall into harmonious combination.—n. Group′ing (art), the act of disposing and arranging figures or objects in a group. [Fr. groupe—It. groppo, a bunch, knot—Teut.; cf. Ger. kropf, protuberance.]

Grouse, grows, n. the heathcock or moorfowl, a plump bird with a short curved bill, short legs, and feathered feet, which frequents Scotch moors and hills—the Scotch ptarmigan, red-grouse: any bird of the family Tetraonidæ, and sub-family Tetraoninæ. [Prob. from the older grice (on the analogy of mouse, mice)—O. Fr. griesche, gray.]

Grout, growt, n. coarse meal: the sediment of liquor: lees: a thin coarse mortar: a fine plaster for finishing ceilings.—n. Grout′ing, the filling up or finishing with grout: the stuff so used.—adj. Grout′y, thick, muddy: sulky. [A.S. grút, coarse meal; cog. with Dut. grut, Ice. grautr, porridge, Ger. grütze, groats.]

Grove, grōv, n. a wood of small size, generally of a pleasant or ornamental character: an avenue of trees: (B.) an erroneous translation of Asherah, the wooden upright image of the lewdly worshipped goddess Ashtoreth; also of Heb. eshel in Gen. xxi. 33.—Groves of Academe, the shady walks of the Academy at Athens, any place of learned pursuits. [A.S. gráf, a grove—grafan, pa.t. gróf, to dig.]

Grovel, grov′el, v.i. to crawl on the earth, esp. in abject fear, &c.: to be base or mean:—pr.p. grov′elling; pa.p. grov′elled.—n. Grov′eller.—adj. Grov′elling, mean. [Explained by Skeat as due to M. E. groveling, flat on the ground, properly an adv., also grofling—Ice. grûfa.]

Grow, grō, v.i. to become enlarged by a natural process: to advance towards maturity: to increase in size: to develop: to become greater in any way: to extend: to improve: to pass from one state to another: to become.—v.t. to cause to grow: to cultivate:—pa.t. grew (grōō); pa.p. grown.—ns. Grow′er; Grow′ing; Growth, a growing: gradual increase: progress: development: that which has grown: product.—Grow on, to gain in the estimation of; Grow out of, to issue from, result from: to pass beyond in development, to give up; Grow to, to advance to; Grow together, to become united by growth; Grow up, to advance in growth, become full-grown; to take root, spring up. [A.S. grówan; Ice. gróa; conn. with green.]

Growl, growl, v.i. to utter a deep, murmuring sound like a dog: to grumble surlily.—v.t. to express by growling.—n. a murmuring, snarling sound, as of an angry dog.—ns. Growl′er, one who growls: a fish of the Perch family, abundant in North American rivers, so named from the sound it emits: (slang) a four-wheeled cab: (Amer.) a jug or pitcher used for carrying beer; Growl′ing, grumbling, snarling: a rumbling sound.—adv. Growl′ingly. [Dut. grollen, to grumble; allied to Gr. gryllizein, to grunt.]

Groyne, groin, n. a wooden breakwater. [Groin.]

Grub, grub, v.i. to dig in the dirt: to be occupied meanly: (slang) to eat.—v.t. to dig or root out of the ground (generally followed by up): (slang) to supply with victuals:—pr.p. grub′bing; pa.p. grubbed.—n. the larva of the beetle, moth, &c.: (slang) something to eat.—n. Grub′ber, he who, or that which, grubs: an agricultural implement for grubbing out weeds, &c., or for clearing and stirring up the soil, with obliquely placed tines or teeth set in a frame and moved forward on wheels.—v.i. and v.t. Grub′ble, to grope.—n. Grub′-street, a street in London inhabited by booksellers' hacks and shabby writers generally.—adj. applied to any mean literary production. [Prob. A.S. grápian, to grope.]

Grudge, gruj, v.t. to murmur at: to look upon with envy: to give or take unwillingly.—v.i. to show discontent.—n. secret enmity or envy: an old cause of quarrel.—adjs. Grudge′ful (Spens.), full of grudge, envious; Grudg′ing, given to grudge.—adv. Grudg′ingly, unwillingly. [M. E. grochen, grucchen—O. Fr. grocer, groucer, from an imitative root seen in Gr. gry, the grunt of a pig; also in growl, grunt.]

Gruel, grōō′el, n. a thin food made by boiling oatmeal in water. [O. Fr. gruel (Fr. gruau), groats—Low L. grutellum, dim. of grutum, meal—Old Low Ger. grut, groats, A.S. grút.]

Gruesome, grōō′sum, adj. horrible: fearful: dismal, depressing.—vs.i. Grue, Grew, to shudder: to feel horror or repulsiveness. [Scand.; Dan. gru, horror, with suff. -som; cf. Dut. gruwzaam, Ger. grausam.]

Gruff, gruf, adj. rough, stern, or abrupt in manner: churlish.—adv. Gruff′ly.—n. Gruff′ness. [Dut. grof; cog. with Sw. grof, Ger. grob, coarse.]

Grum, grum, adj. morose: surly: deep in the throat, as a sound.—adv. Grum′ly.—n. Grum′ness. [A.S. grom; cf. Dan. grum.]

Grumble, grum′bl, v.i. to murmur with discontent: to growl: to rumble.—n. the act of grumbling.—ns. Grum′bler; Grumbletō′nian, one of the country party as opposed to the court party, after 1689.—adv. Grum′blingly. [Old Dut. grommelen, freq. of grommen to mutter.]

Grume, grōōm, n. a thick consistence of fluid: a clot, as of blood.—adjs. Grum′ous, Grum′ose, thick: clotted. [O. Fr. grume, a bunch (Fr. grumeau, a clot)—L. grumus, a little heap.]

Grumph, grumf, n. (Scot.) a grunt.—v.i. to grunt.—n. Grumph′ie, a sow.

Grumpy, grum′pi, adj. surly: dissatisfied: melancholic.—adv. Grum′pily. [Grumble.]

Grundy, grund′i, Mrs, the invisible censor morum who is frequently appealed to in the phrase, 'But what will Mrs Grundy say?' in Thomas Morton's play, Speed the Plough (1800).

Grunt, grunt, v.i. to make a sound like a pig: to utter guttural sounds.—n. a short, guttural sound, as of a hog.—ns. Grunt′er; Grunt′ing.—adv. Grunt′ingly. [M. E. grunten—A.S. grunian; cf. Ger. grunzen, L. grunnīre; all imit.]

Grutch, gruch, v.t. or v.i. (Spens.) to grudge.

Gruyère, grōō-yār′, n. a famous whole-milk cheese, made at Gruyère and many other places in the canton of Freiburg, Switzerland.

Gryde, grīd, v.i. (Spens.) to gride.

Gryfon, Gryphon, grif′on, n. obsolete forms of griffin.—Also Grype.

Gryposis, gri-pō′sis, n. a curvature, esp. of the nails.

Grysie, grīz′i, adj. (Spens.) grisly: squalid: moist.

Guacharo, gwä′chä-rō, n. the oil-bird, a South American nocturnal frugivorous goatsucker. [Sp.]

Guacho, gwä′kō, n. a tropical American climbing composite: the medicinal substance in the leaves.

Guaiacum, gwā′ya-kum, n. a genus of trees in the West Indies, that yield a greenish resin used in medicine. [Sp. guayaco, from a Haytian word.]

Guan, gwän, n. the yacou, a South American genus of large arboreal game-birds, giving loud cries.

Guanaco, gwä-nä′ko, n. a cameloid ruminant widely spread in South America.

Guano, gwä′nō, n. the long-accumulated excrement of certain sea-fowl, found on certain coasts and islands, esp. about South America, much used for manure.—adj. Guanif′erous.—n. Guä′nin, a yellowish-white, amorphous substance, a constituent of guano, also of the liver and pancreas of mammals. [Sp. guano, or huano, from Peruv. huanu, dung.]

Guarana, gwä-rä′na, n. a paste prepared from the pounded seeds of Paullinia sorbilis, a climbing Brazilian shrub, made in round or oblong cakes—Guarana Bread.

Guarantee, gar-an-tē′, Guaranty, gar′an-ti, n. a warrant or surety: a contract to see performed what another has undertaken: the person who makes such a contract, one responsible for the performance of some action, the truth of some statement, &c.—v.t. to undertake that another shall perform certain engagements: to make sure:—pr.p. guarantee′ing; pa.p. guaranteed′.—n. Guar′antor, one who makes a guaranty.—Guarantee associations, joint-stock companies on the insurance principle, which become security for the integrity of cashiers, &c. [O. Fr. garantie, pa.p. of garantir, to warrant—garant, warrant. See Warrant.]

Guard, gärd, v.t. to ward, watch, or take care of: to protect from danger or attack: to protect the edge of, as by an ornamental border.—v.i. to watch: to be wary.—n. that which guards from danger: a man or body of men stationed to protect: one who has charge of a coach or railway-train: state of caution: posture of defence: part of the hilt of a sword: a watch-chain: (pl.) troops attached to the person of a sovereign: (cricket) the pads which protect the legs from swift balls.—adj. Guard′able.—n. Guard′age (Shak.), wardship.—adjs. Guard′ant (her.), having the face turned towards the beholder; Guard′ed, wary: cautious: uttered with caution.—adv. Guard′edly.—ns. Guard′edness; Guard′house, Guard′room, a house or room for the accommodation of a guard of soldiers, where defaulters are confined; Guard′ian, one who guards or takes care of: (law) one who has the care of an orphan minor.—adj. protecting.—n. Guard′ianship.—adj. Guard′less, without a guard: defenceless.—ns. Guard′ship, a ship of war that superintends marine affairs in a harbour and protects it: (Swift) guardianship; Guards′man, a soldier of the guards.—Guardian angel, an angel supposed to watch over a particular person: a person specially devoted to the interests of another.—Mount guard, to go on guard-duty; On, or Off, one's guard, on the watch, or the opposite; Run the guard, to get past a guard or sentinel without detection. [O. Fr. garder—Old High Ger. warten; A.S. weardian, Eng. ward.]

Guarish, gār′ish, v.t. (Spens.) to heal. [O. Fr. guarir (Fr. guérir), to heal.]

Guava, gwä′va, n. a genus of trees and shrubs of tropical America, with yellow, pear-shaped fruit made into jelly. [Sp. guayaba—Braz.]

Gubbins, gub′ins, n.pl. a half-savage race in Devonshire, described by the pastoral poet William Browne and by Fuller in his Worthies.

Gubernation, gū-bėr-nā′shun, n. government, rule.—adj. Gubernatō′rial. [L. gubernāre, govern.]

Guddle, gud′l v.t. (Scot.) to catch fish with the hands by groping under the stones or banks of a stream.

Gudgeon, guj′un, n. a genus of small, carp-like fishes common in the fresh waters of Europe—easily caught: a person easily cheated.—adj. foolish.—v.t. to impose on, cheat. [O. Fr. goujon—L. gobion-em—Gr. kōbios. See Goby.]

Gudgeon, guj′un, n. the bearing of a shaft, esp. when made of a separate piece: a metallic journal-piece let into the end of a wooden shaft: a pin. [O. Fr. goujon, the pin of a pulley.]

Gue, gū, n. a rude kind of violin used in Shetland.

Guebre, Gueber, gē′bėr, n. a follower of the ancient Persian religion as reformed by Zoroaster. [Pers. gabr; see Giaour; cf. Ar. kafir, unbeliever.]

Guelder-rose, gel′dėr-rōz, n. a species of Viburnum with large white ball-shaped flowers—also called Snowball-tree. [From Gueldres in Holland.]

Guelf, Guelph, gwelf, n. one of a papal and popular party in Italy in the Middle Ages which was opposed to the emperors.—adj. Guelf′ic, belonging to the Guelfs, in modern times the royal family of Hanover and England. [The party names Guelf and Ghibelline are from Welf and Waiblingen, two families which in the 12th century were at the head of two rival parties in the German Empire.]

Guerdon, gėr′dun, n. a reward or recompense.—v.t. to reward. [O. Fr. guerdon, guerredon (It. guidardone)—Low L. widerdonum, corr. from Old High Ger. widarlón (A.S. wiðerleán)—wider (A.S. wiðer), against, and lón (A.S. leán), reward; or more prob. the latter part of the word is from L. donum, a gift.]

Guereza, ger′e-za, n. a large, long-haired, black-and-white African monkey, with a bushy tail.

Guerilla, Guerrilla, gėr-ril′a, n. a mode of harassing an army by small bands adopted by the Spaniards against the French in the Peninsular war: a member of such a band.—adj. conducted by or conducting petty warfare. [Sp. guerrilla, dim. of guerra (Fr. guerre)—Old High Ger. werra.]

Guernsey, gėrn′zi, n. a sailor's closely-fitting knitted woollen shirt: one of a breed of dairy cattle from the island: the red-legged partridge. [From Guernsey in the Channel Islands.]

Guess, ges, v.t. to form an opinion on uncertain knowledge: to conjecture, to think.—v.i. to judge on uncertain knowledge: to conjecture rightly.—n. judgment or opinion without sufficient evidence or grounds.—adj. Guess′able, that may be guessed.—n. Guess′er, one who guesses or conjectures.—adv. Guess′ingly, by way of conjecture.—n. Guess′work, work done by guess: random action. [M. E. gessen; cog. with Dut. gissen; Dan. gisse, Ice. giska, for gitska—geta, to get, think, A.S. gitan, whence Eng. get. See Forget.]

Guest, gest, n. a visitor received and entertained.—n. Guest′-cham′ber (B.), a chamber or room for the accommodation of guests.—v.i. Guest′en (Scot.), to stay as a guest.—adv. Guest′wise, in the manner or capacity of a guest. [A.S. gest, gæst; allied to Dut. and Ger. gast, L. hostis, stranger, enemy.]

Gueux, gū, n.pl. the name assumed by the confederation (1565) of nobles and others to resist the introduction of the Inquisition into the Low Countries by Philip II. of Spain. [Fr., 'beggars.']

Guffaw, guf-faw′, v.i. to laugh loudly.—n. a loud laugh. [From the sound.]

Guggle, gug′l, v.i. to make a noise with the mouth or throat, to gurgle. [Formed from gurgle.]

Guicowar. Same as Gaikwar.

Guide, gīd, v.t. to lead or direct: to regulate: to influence.—n. he who, or that which, guides: one who directs another in his course of life: a soldier or other person employed to obtain information for an army: a guide-book: anything calculated to maintain in a certain direction or position.—adj. Guid′able.—ns. Guid′age, guidance; Guid′ance, direction: government; Guide′-book, a book of information for tourists.—adj. Guide′less, having no guide.—ns. Guide′post, a post erected at a roadside to guide the traveller; Guid′er, one who guides, a director; Guid′on, a forked guide-flag carried by a cavalry company or mounted battery, also the officer bearing it. [O. Fr. guider; prob. from a Teut. root, as in A.S. witan, to know, wís, wise, Ger. weisen, to show, conn. with wit, wise.]

Guild, Gild, gild, n. an association of men for mutual aid: a corporation: (orig.) an association in a town where payment was made for mutual support and protection.—ns. Guild′-broth′er, a fellow-member of a guild; Guild′hall, the hall of a guild, esp. in London; Guild′ry (Scot.), a guild, the members of such. [A.S. gild, money—gildan, to pay.]

Guilder, Gilder, gild′ėr, n. an old Dutch and German gold coin: now a silver coin=1s. 8d.: (Shak.) money generally. [Dut. gulden—Ger. gulden, gold.]

Guile, gīl, n. wile, jugglery: cunning: deceit.—v.t. (Spens.) to beguile.—p.adj. Guiled, armed with deceit: treacherous.—adj. Guile′ful, crafty: deceitful.—adv. Guile′fully.—n. Guile′fulness.—adj. Guile′less, without deceit: artless.—adv. Guile′lessly.—ns. Guile′lessness; Guil′er (Spens.), a deceiver. [O. Fr. guile, deceit; from a Teut. root, as in A.S. wíl, Ice. vel, a trick.]

Guillemot, gil′e-mot, n. a genus of diving birds of the Auk family, with long, straight, feathered bill and very short tail. [Fr., prob. Celt.; Bret. gwelan, gull, and O. Fr. moette, a sea-mew, from Teut.]

Guilloche, gil-losh′, n. an ornament formed of two or more bands intertwining in a continued series.—v.t. to decorate with intersecting curved lines. [Fr.; said to be from the name of its inventor, Guillot.]

Guillotine, gil′ō-tēn, n. an instrument for beheading—consisting of an upright frame down which a sharp heavy axe descends on the neck of the victim—adopted during the French Revolution, and named after Joseph Ignace Guillotin (1738-1814), a physician, who first proposed its adoption: a machine for cutting paper, straw, &c.: a surgical instrument for cutting the tonsils.—v.t. to behead with the guillotine.—n. Guill′otinement, death by the guillotine.

Guilt, gilt, n. punishable conduct: the state of having broken a law: crime: wickedness.—adv. Guilt′ily.—n. Guilt′iness.—adj. Guilt′less, free from crime: innocent.—adv. Guilt′lessly.—n. Guilt′lessness.—adj. Guilt′y, justly chargeable with a crime: wicked: pertaining to guilt.—adv. Guilt′y-like (Shak.), guiltily.—Guilty of (sometimes in B.), deserving. [Orig. a payment or fine for an offence; A.S. gylt, guilt—gildan, to pay, to atone.]

Guilt, gilt, p.adj. (Spens.) gilded.

Guinea, gin′i, n. an English gold coin, no longer used=21s., so called because first made of gold brought from Guinea, in Africa.—ns. Guin′ea-corn, a cereal extensively cultivated in Central Africa and India—also Indian millet; Guin′ea-fowl, a genus of African birds in the pheasant family, having dark-gray plumage with round spots of white, generally larger on the back and under surface; Guin′ea-grass, a grass of the same genus with millet, a native of Guinea and Senegal; Guin′ea-hen (Shak.), a courtesan; Guin′ea-pepp′er (see Pepper); Guin′ea-pig, a small South American rodent, somewhat resembling a small pig, the cavy: (slang) a professional company director, without time or real qualifications for the duties; Guin′ea-worm, a very slender thread-like nematode worm common in tropical Africa.

Guipure, gē-pōōr′, n. a kind of lace having no ground or mesh, the pattern fixed by interlacing threads: a species of gimp. [Fr. guipure—O. Fr. guiper, prob. Teut.; cf. Goth. veipan, to weave.]

Guise, gīz, n. manner, behaviour: external appearance: dress.—v.t. (arch.) to dress.—v.i. to act as a guiser.—ns. Guis′er (Scot.), Guis′ard, a person in disguise: a Christmas mummer. [O. Fr. guise; from Old High Ger. wísa (Ger. weise), a way, guise, which is cog. with A.S. wíse, way, wís, wise.]

Guitar, gi-tär′, n. a six-stringed musical instrument, somewhat like the lute, well adapted for accompanying the voice. [Fr. guitare—L. cithara—Gr. kithara, a lyre or lute. See Cithern.]

Gula, gū′la, n. a piece in some insects, esp. in the beetles, &c., forming the lower surface of the head, behind the mentum, bounded laterally by the genæ or cheeks: the upper part of a bird's throat, between mentum and jugulum.—adj. Gū′lar. [L., 'throat.']

Gulch, gulch, n. (U.S.) a ravine or narrow rocky valley, a gully.—v.t. (prov.) to swallow greedily. [Prob. the n. and v. are connected.]

Gulden, gōōl′den, n. a certain gold or silver coin in Germany in the Middle Ages: the unit of account in Austria, having the value of about 2s. [Ger.]

Gules, gūlz, n. (her.) a red colour, marked in engraved figures by perpendicular lines.—adj. Gū′ly. [O. Fr. gueules; acc. to Brachet, from Pers. ghul, a rose; acc. to others, from L. gula, the throat.]

Gulf, gulf, n. a hollow or indentation in the sea-coast: a deep place in the earth: an abyss: a whirlpool: anything insatiable: in Oxford and Cambridge examinations, the place of those next to the pass, but not bad enough to fail.—v.t. to engulf.—n. Gulf′-weed, a large olive-brown sea-weed with stalked air-bladders.—adj. Gulf′y, full of gulfs or whirlpools.—Gulf Stream, a great current of warm water flowing out of the Gulf of Mexico through the Strait of Florida, along the eastern coast of the United States of America, then deflected near the banks of Newfoundland diagonally across the Atlantic. [O. Fr. golfe—Late Gr. kolphos—Gr. kolpos, the bosom.]

Gull, gul, n. a web-footed sea-fowl belonging to the family Laridæ. [Celt.; Corn. gullan, W. gwylan, Bret. gwelan—gwela, to weep, to cry.]

Gull, gul, v.t. to beguile: to deceive.—n. a trick: one easily cheated: (Shak.) a nestling.—ns. Gull′-catch′er (Shak.), a cheat; Gull′er; Gull′ery, imposture; Gullibil′ity.—adj. Gull′ible, easily deceived.—n. Gullos′ity. [Same word as gull, a seafowl, the bird being thought stupid.]

Gullet, gul′et, n. the throat: the passage in the neck by which food is taken into the stomach.—n. Gulos′ity, gluttony. [O. Fr. goulet, dim. of O. Fr. goule (Fr. gueule)—L. gula, the throat.]

Gully, gul′i, n. (Scot.) a big knife.—Also Gull′ey.

Gully, gul′i, n. a channel worn by running water: a ditch: a ravine.—v.t. to wear a gully or channel in.—p.adj. Gull′ied.—ns. Gull′y-hole, a manhole into a drain, &c.; Gull′y-hunt′er, one who picks up things from gutters. [Prob. gullet.]

Gulp, gulp, v.t. to swallow eagerly or in large draughts.—n. a swallow: as much as is swallowed at once. [Dut. gulpen—gulp, a great draught.]

Gum, gum, n. the firm fleshy tissue which surrounds the teeth: (slang) insolence.—n. Gum′boil, a boil or small abscess on the gum. [A.S. góma, jaws; Ice. gómr, Ger. gaumen, palate.]

Gum, gum, n. a substance which exudes from certain trees and plants, and hardens on the surface, including those containing arabin, bassorin, and gum-resins.—v.t. to smear or unite with gum:—pr.p. gum′ming; pa.p. gummed.—ns. Gum′-ar′abic, a gum obtained from various species of acacia; Gum′-drag′on, tragacanth; Gum′-elas′tic, india-rubber or caoutchouc; Gum′-ju′niper, sandarac.—adj. Gummif′erous, producing gum.—ns. Gum′miness; Gum′ming, act of fastening with gum, esp. the application of gum-water to a lithographic stone: a disease, marked by a discharge of gum, affecting stone-fruit; Gummos′ity, gumminess.—adjs. Gum′mous, Gum′my, consisting of or resembling gum: producing or covered with gum.—ns. Gum′-rash, red-gum; Gum′-res′in, a vegetable secretion formed of resin mixed with more or less gum or mucilage; Gum′-tree, a name applied to various American and Australian trees; Chew′ing-gum (see Chew). [O. Fr. gomme—L. gummi—Gr. kommi; prob. Coptic komē, gum.]

Gumbo, gum′bō, n. the okra or its mucilaginous pods: a soup of which okra is an ingredient, also a dish of okra-pods seasoned: Creole patois in Louisiana.

Gumption, gump′shun, n. sense: shrewdness: common-sense.—adj. Gump′tious. [Doubtless conn. with A.S. gýman, to observe; cf. Goth. gaumjan.]

Gun, gun, n. a firearm or weapon, from which balls or other projectiles are discharged, usually by means of gunpowder—now generally applied to cannon: one who carries a gun, a member of a shooting-party.—v.i. (Amer.) to shoot with a gun.—ns. Gun′-barr′el, the barrel or tube of a gun; Gun′boat, a boat or small vessel of light draught, fitted to carry one or more guns; Gun′-carr′iage, a carriage on which a gun or cannon is supported; Gun′-cott′on, an explosive prepared by saturating cotton with nitric acid; Gun′-fire (mil.), the hour at which the morning or evening gun is fired; Gun′-flint, a piece of flint fitted to the hammer of a flint-lock musket; Gun′-met′al, an alloy of copper and tin in the proportion of 9 to 1, used in making guns; Gun′nage, the number of guns carried by a ship of war; Gun′ner, one who works a gun or cannon: (naut.) a petty officer who has charge of the ordnance on board ship; Gun′nery, the art of managing guns, or the science of artillery; Gun′ning, shooting game; Gun′-port, a port-hole; Gun′powder, an explosive powder used for guns and firearms; Gun′-room, the apartment on board ship occupied by the gunner, or by the lieutenants as a mess-room; Gun′shot, the distance to which shot can be thrown from a gun.—adj. caused by the shot of a gun.—adj. Gun′-shy, frightened by guns (of a sporting dog).—ns. Gun′smith, a smith or workman who makes or repairs guns or small-arms; Gun′stick, a ramrod; Gun′stock, the stock or piece of wood on which the barrel of a gun is fixed; Gun′stone (Shak.), a stone, formerly used as shot for a gun; Gun′-tack′le (naut.), the tackle used on board ship by which the guns are run to and from the port-holes; Gun′-wad, a wad for a gun; Gat′ling-gun, a revolving battery-gun, invented by R. J. Gatling about 1861, usually having ten parallel barrels, capable of firing 1200 shots a minute; Machine′-gun (see Machine).—As sure as a gun, quite sure, certainly; Blow great guns, to blow tempestuously—of wind; Great gun, a cannon: (coll.) a person of great importance; Son of a gun, a rogue, rascal. [M. E. gonne, from W. gwn, a bowl, a gun, acc. to Skeat.]

Gunnel, gun′l, n. Same as Gunwale.

Gunny, gun′i, n. a strong coarse cloth manufactured in India from jute, and used as sacking. [Hind. gon, goní, sacking—Sans. goní, a sack.]

Gunter's scale. See Scale.

Gunwale, Gunnel, gun′el, n. the wale or upper edge of a ship's side next to the bulwarks, so called because the upper guns are pointed from it.

Gurge, gurj, n. (Milt.) a whirlpool. [L. gurges.]

Gurgle, gur′gl, v.i. to flow in an irregular noisy current: to make a bubbling sound. [Through an It. gorgogliare, from gorgo—L. gurges.]

Gurgoyle. Same as Gargoyle.

Gurly, gur′li, adj. (obs.) fierce, stormy.

Gurnard, gur′nard, n. a genus of fishes having the body rounded, tapering, and covered with small scales, an angular head, the eyes near the summit, and the teeth small and very numerous—(obs.) Gur′net. [From O. Fr. grongnard—grogner, to grunt—L. grunnīre, to grunt.]

Gurrah, gur′a, n. a coarse Indian muslin.

Gurry, gur′i, n. fish-offal.

Guru, gōō′rōō, n. a spiritual teacher, any venerable person.—Also Goo′roo. [Hind.—Sans.]

Gush, gush, v.i. to flow out with violence or copiously: to be effusive, or highly sentimental.—n. that which flows out: a violent issue of a fluid.—n. Gush′er, an oil-well not needing to be pumped.—adj. Gush′ing, rushing forth with violence, as a liquid: flowing copiously: effusive.—adv. Gush′ingly.—adj. Gush′y, effusively sentimental. [Scand.; Ice. gusa, gjósa; Dut. gudsen. See Geyser.]

Gusset, gus′et, n. the piece of cloth in a shirt which covers the armpit: an angular piece of cloth inserted in a garment to strengthen some part of it.—v.t. to make with a gusset: to insert a gusset into. [O. Fr. gousset—gousse—It. guscio, a pod, husk.]

Gust, gust, n. a sudden blast of wind: a violent burst of passion.—adjs. Gust′ful, Gust′y, stormy: irritable.—n. Gust′iness. [Ice. gustr, blast.]

Gust, gust, n. sense of pleasure of tasting: relish: gratification.—n. Gustā′tion, the act of tasting: the sense of taste.—adjs. Gust′ātive, Gus′tātory, of or pertaining to gustation.—n. Gust′o, taste: zest. [L. gustus, taste; cf. Gr. geuein, to make to taste.]

Gut, gut, n. the alimentary canal: intestines prepared for violin-strings, &c. (gut for angling, see Silkworm-gut): (pl.) the bowels.—v.t. to take out the bowels of: to plunder:—pr.p. gut′ting; pa.p. gut′ted.—n. Gut′-scrap′er, a fiddler.—v.t. and v.i. Gut′tle, to eat greedily. [A.S. gut, geótan, to pour; prov. Eng. gut, Ger. gosse, a drain.]

Gutta, gut′a, n. a drop: one of the small drop-like ornaments on the under side of the mutules and regulæ of the Doric entablature: a small round colour-spot:—pl. Gutt′æ.—adjs. Gutt′ate, -d, containing drops: spotted. [L.]

Gutta-percha, gut′a-pėrch′a, n. the solidified juice of various trees in the Malayan Islands. [Malay gatah, guttah, gum, percha, the tree producing it.]

Gutter, gut′ėr, n. a channel at the eaves of a roof for conveying away water: a channel for water: (print.) one of a number of pieces of wood or metal, grooved in the centre, used to separate the pages of type in a form: (pl.) mud, dirt (Scot.).—v.t. to cut or form into small hollows.—v.i. to become hollowed: to run down in drops, as a candle.—ns. Gutt′er-blood, a low-born person; Gutt′er-snipe, a neglected child, a street Arab.—adj. Guttif′erous, exuding gum or resin. [O. Fr. goutiere—goute—L. gutta, a drop.]

Guttural, gut′ur-al, adj. pertaining to the throat: formed in the throat: harsh or rasping in sound.—n. (gram.) a letter pronounced in the throat or the back part of the mouth (k, c hard, q, g, ng).—v.t. Gutt′uralise, Gutt′urise, to form (a sound) in the throat.—adv. Gutt′urally.—n. Gutt′uralness. [Fr.,—L. guttur, the throat.]

Guy, gī, n. (naut.) a rope to steady any suspended weight.—v.t. to keep in position by a guy. [Sp. guia, a guide.]

Guy, gī, n. an effigy of Guy Fawkes, dressed up grotesquely on the anniversary of the Gunpowder Plot (5th Nov.): an odd figure.

Guzzle, guz′l, v.i. to eat and drink with haste and greediness.—v.t. to swallow with exceeding relish.—n. Guzz′ler. [O. Fr. (des-) gouziller, to swallow down; gosier, the throat.]

Gwiniad, gwin′i-ad, n. a fresh-water fish of about 10 or 12 inches in length, found in some of the lakes of Wales and Cumberland—the Fresh-water Herring. [W.,—gwyn, white.]

Gygis, jī′jis, n. a genus of small terns, white, with black bill, long-pointed wings, and a slightly forked tail. [Gr. gygēs, a water-bird.]

Gymkhana, jim-kä′na, n. a place of public resort for athletic games, &c., also a meeting for such sports. [A factitious word, according to Yule-Burnell, prob. based on gend-khāna ('ball-house'), the usual Hind. name for an English racket-court.]

Gymnasium, jim-nā′zi-um, n. a school for gymnastics: a school for the higher branches of literature and science: (orig.) a public place or building where the Greek youths exercised themselves, with running and wrestling grounds, baths, and halls for conversation:—pl. Gymnā′sia.—adj. Gymnā′sial.—n. Gymnā′siast.—adj. Gymnā′sic.—n. Gym′nast, one who teaches or practises gymnastics.—adjs. Gymnas′tic, -al, pertaining to athletic exercises: athletic, vigorous.—adv. Gymnas′tically.—n.pl. used as sing. Gymnas′tics, athletic exercises, devised to strengthen the muscles and bones, esp. those of the upper half of the body: the art of performing athletic exercises.—adj. Gym′nic (Milt.). [L.,—Gr. gymnasion—gymnazein, gymnos, naked.]

Gymnocarpous, jim-no-kär′pus, adj. (bot.) having the fruit naked, or not invested with a receptacle. [Gr. gymnos, naked, karpos, fruit.]

Gymnocitta, jim-no-sit′a, n. a genus of crow-like American jays with naked nostrils. [Gr. gymnos, naked, kitta, kissa, a jay.]

Gymnocladus, jim-nok′lad-us, n. a genus of North American trees, the pods slightly aperient. [Gr. gymnos, naked, klados, a branch.]

Gymnogynous, jim-noj′i-nus, adj. (bot.) having a naked ovary. [Gr. gymnos, naked, gynē, female.]

Gymnorhinal, jim-nō-rī′nal, adj. having the nostrils bare or unfeathered, as certain jays and auks. [Gr. gymnos, naked, hris, hrin-os, the nose.]

Gymnosophist, jim-nos′of-ist, n. the name given by the Greeks to those ancient Hindu philosophers who wore little or no clothing, and lived solitarily in mystical contemplation.—n. Gymnos′ophy. [Gr. gymnos, naked, sophos, wise.]

Gymnosperm, jim′nō-spėrm, n. one of the lower or more primitive group of seed plants—also Gym′nogen.—adj. Gymnosper′mous (bot.), having the seeds unenclosed in a capsule.—n. Gym′nospore, a naked spore. [Gr. gymnos, naked, sperma, seed.]

Gymnotus, jim-nō′tus, n. the most powerful of the electric fishes, occurring in the fresh waters of Brazil and Guiana.—Also Electric eel. [Formed from Gr. gymnos, naked, nōtos, the back.]

Gynæceum, Gynecium, jin-ē-sē′um, n. an apartment in a large house exclusively appropriated to women. [Gr. gynē, a woman, oikos, a house.]

Gynandria, ji-nan′dri-a, n. a Linnæan class of plants, in which the stamens are united with the pistil.—n. Gynan′der, a plant of the gynandria: a masculine woman.—adjs. Gynan′drian, Gynan′drous. [Gr. gynē, a female, anēr, andros, a man.]

Gynarchy, jin′är-ki, n. government by a female. [Gr. gynē, a woman, archē, rule.]

Gynecian, Gynæcian, ji-nē′shi-an, adj. relating to women.—adjs. Gynē′cic, Gynæ′cic, pertaining to women's diseases.—n. Gynœ′cium, the collective pistils of a flower.

Gynecocracy, jin-ē-kok′ra-si, n. government by women—also Gynoc′racy.—adj. Gynecrat′ic. [Gr. gynē, a woman, kratein, to rule.]

Gynecology, Gynæcology, jin-ē-kol′-o-ji, n. that branch of medicine which treats of the diseases and affections peculiar to woman and her physical organism.—adj. Gynecolog′ical.—n. Gynecol′ogist. [Gr. gynē, a woman, legein, to speak.]

Gyneolatry, jīnē-ol′at-ri, n. excessive worship of woman. [Gr. gynē, a woman, latreia, worship.]

Gynophore, jin′o-fōr, n. (bot.) an elongation or internode of the receptacle of a flower.

Gyp, jip, n. a male servant who attends to college rooms at Cambridge. [Perh. a contr. from gypsy; hardly from Gr. gyps, a vulture.]

Gypsum, jip′sum, n. a valuable mineral of a comparatively soft kind, burned in kilns, and afterwards ground to a fine powder, called plaster of Paris.—adjs. Gyp′seous, of or resembling gypsum; Gypsif′erous, producing or containing gypsum. [L.,—Gr. gypsos, chalk.]

Gypsy, Gypsyism. See Gipsy.

Gyrate, jī′rāt, v.i. to whirl round a central point: to move round.—adj. (bot.) winding round.—n. Gyrā′tion, act of whirling round a central point: a spiral motion.—adjs. Gy′ratory, Gyrā′tional, moving in a circle. [L. gyrāre, -ātum, to move in a circle.]

Gyre, jīr, n. a circular motion.—n. Gy′ra, the richly embroidered border of a robe:—pl. Gy′ræ.—adjs. Gy′ral, whirling, rotating; Gyroid′al, spiral in arrangement or movement. [L. gyrus—Gr. gyros, a ring, round.]

Gyre-carlin, gīr-kar′lin, n. (Scot.) a witch. [Ice. gýgr, a witch, karlinna, a carline.]

Gyrfalcon. See Gerfalcon.

Gyromancy, jī′ro-man-si, n. divination by walking in a circle till dizziness caused a fall towards one direction or another. [Gr. gyros, a circle, manteia, divination.]

Gyron, Giron, jī′ron, n. (her.) a bearing consisting of two straight lines drawn from any given part of the field and meeting in an acute angle in the fesse-point.—adjs. Gyronnet′ty, Gyron′ny, Giron′ny. [Fr., acc. to Skeat, from the Old High Ger. gérun, accus. of géro, a spear, gér; cf. A.S. gár, a spear.]

Gyroscope, jī′ro-skōp, n. an instrument for the exhibition of various properties of rotation, and the composition of rotations.—adj. Gyroscop′ic. [Gr. gyros, a circle, skopein, to see.]

Gyrose, jī′rōs, adj. (bot.) turned round like a crook.

Gyrostat, jī′rō-stat, n. an instrument contrived for illustrating the dynamics of rotating rigid bodies.—adj. Gyrostat′ic. [Gr. gyros, round, statikos, static.]

Gyrus, jī′rus, n. one of the rounded edges into which the surface of the cerebral hemisphere is divided by the fissures or sulci. [Gr. gyros, a circle.]

Gyte, gīt, adj. (Scot.) crazy, mad.

Gyte, gīt, n. (Scot.) a child: a first year's boy at Edinburgh High School. [Prob. a corr. of get, offspring.]

Gytrash, gī′trash, n. (prov.) a ghost.

Gyve, jīv, v.t. to fetter.—n.pl. Gyves, shackles, fetters. [M. E. gives, gyves. Of Celt. origin; cf. W. gefyn, Ir. geimheal.]

the eighth letter in our alphabet, its sound that of a strongly-marked continuous guttural, produced at the back of the palate, not existing in English, but heard in the Scotch loch and the German lachen. In Old English h was a guttural, or throat sound, but it gradually softened down to a spirant, and has now become almost a vowel: (chem.) a symbol denoting hydrogen: in medieval Roman notation=200, H=200,000.

Ha, hä, interj. denoting surprise, joy, or grief; and, when repeated, laughter: in continued speech, often an involuntary sound expressive of hesitation. [Imit.]

Ha′, haw, n. (Scot.) hall.

Haaf, häf, n. a deep-sea fishing-ground off the coast of Shetland.—n. Haaf′-fish′ing, deep-sea fishing, as for cod. [Ice. haf, sea.]

Haar, här, n. (Scot.) a fog.

Habble, häb′l, v.t. (Scot.) to perplex.—v.i. to stutter or stammer.—n. a perplexity, a squabble. [Hobble.]

Habeas-corpus (ad subjiciendum), hā′be-as-kor′pus, n. a writ to a jailer to produce the body of one detained in prison, and to state the reasons of such detention.—n. Haben′dum, the clause in a deed beginning 'habendum et tenendum' ('to have and to hold'), which determines the interest or estate granted by the deed. [L., lit. 'have the body,' from L. habēre, to have, and corpus, the body.]

Habenaria, hab-ē-nā′ri-a, n. a genus of tuberous orchidaceous plants. [L. habena, a thong.]

Haberdasher, hab′ėr-dash-ėr, n. a seller of small-wares, as ribbons, tape, &c.—n. Hab′erdashery, goods sold by a haberdasher. [O. Fr. hapertas; ety. dub.; not Ice.]

Haberdine, ha-ber-dīn′, n. (obs.) dried salt cod. [Old Dut. abberdaan, also labberdaen; prob. from Le Labourd, or Lapurdum (Bayonne).]

Habergeon, ha-bėr′je-un, n. a piece of armour to defend the neck and breast. [Fr. haubergeon, dim. of O. Fr. hauberc.]

Habile, hab′il, adj. (obs.) able, capable. [Fr.,—L. habilis. See Able.]

Habiliment, ha-bil′i-ment, n. a garment: (pl.) clothing, dress.—adjs. Hab′ilable (Carlyle), capable of being clothed; Habil′atory, having reference to dressing. [Fr. habillement—habiller, to dress—L. habilis, fit, ready—habēre.]

Habilitation, ha-bil-i-tā′shun, n. (Bacon) qualification: (U.S.) the act of supplying money to work a mine.—n. Habilitā′tor, one who does so.—v.i. Habil′itate, to acquire certain necessary qualifications, esp. for the office of teacher in a German university (Ger. habilitiren). [Low L. habilitation -em—L. habilis, able.]