Front matter (continued 10)

Stun, stun, v.t. to stupefy or astonish with a loud noise, or with a blow: to surprise completely: to amaze:—pr.p. stun′ning; pa.t. and pa.p. stunned.—n. a stroke, shock, stupefying blow.—ns. Stun′ner, a person or an action that strikes with amazement; Stun′ning, stupefaction.—adj. very striking, astonishing.—adv. Stun′ningly. [A.S. stunian, to make a din—stun, a din.]

Stundist, stun′dist, n. one of a body of Russian dissenters who reject forms and ceremonies, and base their faith and practice on the Bible alone.—n. Stun′dism, the doctrines of the Stundists. [Ger. stunde, an hour, from their stated meetings for Bible-reading.]

Stung, stung, pa.t. and pa.p. of sting.

Stunk, stungk, pa.p. of stink.

Stunt, stunt, v.t. to hinder from growth, to dwarf, check.—n. a check in growth: an animal whose growth is stunted.—adj. Stunt′ed, dwarfed.—n. Stunt′edness, state of being stunted. [A.S. stunt, blunt; Ice. stuttr, short.]

Stupa, stū′pa, n. a Buddhist monument: a dagoba or shrine of Buddha. [Sans.]

Stupe, stūp, n. a fomentation, or rather the tow or cloth dipped in it, and used in its application.—v.t. to treat with a stupe.—adjs. Stū′pēous, covered with long loose filaments or scales—also Stū′pōse; Stū′pulōse, finely stupose. [L.,—Gr. stuppē, tow.]

Stupefy, stū′pe-fī, v.t. to make stupid or senseless: to deaden the perception: to deprive of sensibility:—pa.t. and pa.p. stū′pefied.—adj. Stūpefā′cient, stupefying.—n. anything that stupefies, a narcotic drug.—n. Stūpefac′tion, the act of making stupid or senseless: insensibility: stupidity.—adj. Stūpefac′tive, causing stupefaction or insensibility.—ns. Stū′pefīedness; Stū′pefīer.—adj. Stū′pent, struck with stupor. [L. stupēre, to be struck senseless, facĕre, to make.]

Stupendous, stū-pen′dus, adj. wonderful, amazing, astonishing for its magnitude, force, enormity.—adv. Stūpen′dously.—n. Stūpen′dousness. [L. stupendus.]

Stupid, stū′pid, adj. struck senseless: insensible: deficient or dull in understanding: formed or done without reason or judgment: foolish: unskilful.—ns. Stupe (coll.), a stupid person; Stūpid′ity, Stū′pidness.—adv. Stū′pidly. [Fr.,—L. stupidus.]

Stupor, stū′por, n. the state of being struck senseless: suspension of sense either complete or partial: insensibility, intellectual or moral: excessive amazement or astonishment.—adj. Stū′porous.

Stuprum, stū′prum, n. forcible violation of chastity: rape.—v.t. Stū′prāte, to ravish.—n. Stūprā′tion. [L.,—stuprāre, -ātum, to debauch.]

Sturdy, stur′di, adj. (comp. Stur′dier, superl. Stur′diest) resolute: firm: forcible: strong: robust: stout: (obs.) stubborn or obstinate.—adv. Stur′dily.—n. Stur′diness. [O. Fr. estourdi, pa.p. of estourdir (Fr. étourdir), It. stordire, to stun; acc. to Diez, through an assumed Low L. form from L. torpidus, stupefied.]

Sturdy, stur′di, n. the gid, a disease affecting young sheep with staggering and stupor, caused by a species of tapeworm in the brain.—adj. Stur′died.

Sturgeon, stur′jun, n. a genus of large Ganoid fishes, yielding palatable flesh, caviare from their roe, isinglass from their air-bladders. [O. Fr. esturgeon, from Old High Ger. sturjo—stōren, to spread.]

Sturnidæ, stur′ni-dē, n.pl. a family of oscine passerine birds, its representative genus, Stur′nus, the starlings.—adjs. Stur′niform; Stur′noid.

Sturt, sturt, n. strife, wrath, vexation.—v.t. and v.i. to vex, annoy: start with fear.

Stutter, stut′ėr, v.i. to hesitate in speaking: to stammer.—n. the act of stuttering: a hesitation in speaking.—n. Stutt′erer, one who stutters.—adj. Stutt′ering, hesitating in speaking: stammering.—adv. Stutt′eringly. [A freq. of obs. stut, to stutter, M. E. stoten—Ice. stauta; cog. with Ger. stossen.]

Sty, stī, n. a small inflamed tumour on the eyelid. [A.S. stígend, from stígan, to step up.]

Sty, stī, n. an enclosure for swine: any place extremely filthy, any place of gross debauchery. [A.S. stígo; Ger. steige.]

Stygian, stij′i-an, adj. relating to Styx, one of the rivers of Hades, across which Charon ferries the shades of the departed: hellish, infernal, deadly, impenetrable. [L.,—Gr. stygein, to hate.]

Style, stīl, n. anything long and pointed, esp. a pointed tool for engraving or writing: manner of writing, mode of expressing thought in language: the distinctive manner peculiar to an author: characteristic or peculiar mode of expression and execution (in the fine arts): title: mode of address: practice, esp. in a law-court: manner: form: fashion: mode of reckoning time—Old Style, when the system follows the Julian calendar, as still in Russia, and in England before 2d September 1752; New Style, when the system follows the Gregorian calendar (eleven days were omitted, thus the 3d September became the 14th): the pin of a dial: (bot.) the middle portion of the pistil, between the ovary and the stigma (see Pistil).—v.t. to entitle in addressing or speaking of: to name or designate.—adjs. Sty′lar, pertaining to the pin of a dial; Sty′late, like a style, styliform.—n. Sty′let, a stiletto: the perforator of a trocar, a probe: a little style.—adjs. Sty′letiform, shaped like a stylet; Stylif′erous, having a style, stylate; Sty′liform, style-shaped; Sty′lish, displaying style: fashionable: showy: pretending to style.—adv. Sty′lishly.—ns. Sty′lishness; Sty′list, one with a distinctive and fine literary style.—adj. Stylist′ic.—adv. Stylist′ically.—adj. Sty′loid, resembling a style or pen.—n. Sty′lus, a style, pen. [Fr.,—L. stilus.]

Stylite, stī′līt, n. one of an early class of anchorets who lived unsheltered on the tops of pillars—Simeon Stylites (c. 390-459) is said to have lived thirty years on such. [Gr. stylitēs—stylos, a pillar.]

Stylobate, stī′lō-bāt, n. the substructure of a temple beneath the columns. [Gr. stylobatēs—stylos, a column, bainein, to go.]

Stylography, stī-log′ra-fi, n. a mode of writing or tracing lines with a style or pointed instrument on prepared paper, cards, or tablets.—n. Styl′ograph, a stylographic pen, a pencil-like pen from which ink is fed to a tubular writing-point through which runs a needle which when pressed on the paper releases the ink.—adj. Stylograph′ic.—adv. Stylograph′ically. [Gr. stylos, a style, graphein, to write.]

Stymie, stī′mi, n. in golf, a position on the putting-green when the ball of one player lies between that of his opponent and the hole.

Styptic, stip′tik, adj. drawing together: astringent: that stops bleeding.—n. an agent employed in surgery for the purpose of checking the flow of blood by application to the bleeding surface: an astringent medicine.—n. Styptic′ity. [Fr.,—L. stypticus—Gr. styptikos—styphein, to contract.]

Styrax, stī′raks, n. a genus of plants abounding in resinous and aromatic substances, one species of which produces storax, another benzoin. [L.—Gr.]

Stythe, stīth, n. (prov.) choke-damp.

Styx, stiks. See Stygian.

Suable, sū′a-bl, adj. that may be sued.—n. Suabil′ity.

Suage, swāj, v.t. (Milt.) to assuage.

Suasion, swā′zhun, n. the act of persuading or advising: advice.—adj. Suā′sive, tending to persuade: persuasive.—adv. Suā′sively.—n. Suā′siveness. [Fr.,—L. suasio—suadēre, to advise.]

Suave, swāv, or swäv, adj. pleasant: agreeable.—adv. Suāve′ly.—n. Suav′ity. [Fr.,—L. suavis, sweet.]

Sub, sub, n. (coll.) a subordinate, a subaltern: subsist money, being a part of a man's wages paid to him while the work is going on.

Subabdominal, sub-ab-dom′i-nal, adj. situated below the abdominal region, in the lower part of the abdomen.

Subacid, sub-as′id, adj. moderately acid, not unpleasantly sour: somewhat sharp or biting.—n. Subacid′ity.—adj. Subacid′ulous, moderately acidulous.

Subacrid, sub-ak′rid, adj. moderately acrid.

Subacute, sub-a-kūt′, adj. slightly or moderately acute.

Subaerial, sub-ā-ē′ri-al, adj. beneath the sky: in the open air.—n. Subāē′rialist, one who ascribes the greater inequalities in the earth's surface to atmospheric influences.—adv. Subāē′rially.

Subagent, sub-āj′ent, n. one employed by an agent to transact business in his stead.

Subahdar, sōō′ba-där, n. under the Mogul government, the title of the governor of a province (Su′bah): now a native officer ranking as a captain under European officers.—n. Su′bahdary, the office or jurisdiction of such.

Subalpine, sub-al′pīn, adj. belonging to a mountainous region next below alpine—i.e. near but not below the timber-line, alpestrine.

Subaltern, sub′al-tėrn, or sub-al′tėrn, adj. inferior: subordinate.—n. a subordinate: an officer in the army under the rank of captain: (logic) a specific class as included under a general one, or a particular statement as deducible from a universal one.—adjs. Subalter′nant, universal as opposed to particular; Subalter′nate, succeeding by turns: subordinate.—n. a particular proposition or a species, as opposed to a universal proposition or a genus.—n. Subalternā′tion. [Fr.,—Low L. subalternus—L. sub, under, alternus, one after the other, alter, the other.]

Subapostolic, sub-ap-os-tol′ik, adj. pertaining to the period just after that of the apostles—that of Barnabas, Clement of Rome, Hermas, Ignatius, Papias, and Polycarp. Just after these follow Justin Martyr, Irenæus, Clement of Alexandria, &c.

Subaqueous, sub-ā′kwe-us, adj. lying under water: formed under water: living under water.—adj. Subaquat′ic, subaqueous: partially aquatic.

Subarborescent, sub-ar-bor-es′ent, adj. somewhat arborescent or tree-like.

Subarctic, sub-ark′tik, adj. of a region or climate next to the arctic.

Subarrhation, sub-ar-ā′shun, n. the ancient custom of betrothal by gift of pledges. [L. sub, under, arrha, earnest-money.]

Subastral, sub-as′tral, adj. situated beneath the stars, terrestrial.

Subaudition, sub-aw-dish′un, n. a sense understood not expressed.

Subaxillary, sub-aks′i-lar-i, adj. below the armpit: under the axil or angle formed by a branch or leaf.

Subbing, sub′ing, n. (print.) the act of working as a substitute: the practice of advancing part of the wages while the work is going on.

Subcarbonate, sub-kär′bon-āt, n. a carbonate containing more than one equivalent of the base for each equivalent of carbonic acid.

Subcaudal, sub-kaw′dal, adj. beneath the tail.

Subcelestial, sub-sel-est′yal, adj. under the heavens.

Subclass, sub′klas, n. a primary subdivision of a class.

Subclavian, sub-klā′vi-an, adj. under the clavicle or collar-bone.—Also Subclavic′ular.

Subcommittee, sub′ko-mit-ē, n. an under-committee: a division of a committee.

Subconscious, sub-kon′shus, adj. faintly conscious, applying to perceptions which are without consciousness or memory.—adv. Subcon′sciously.—n. Subcon′sciousness.

Subcontiguous, sub-kon-tig′ū-us, n. almost touching.

Subcontinuous, sub-kon-tin′ū-us, adj. nearly continuous, with but slight interruptions.

Subcontract, sub-kon′trakt, n. a contract subordinate to another contract, as for the subletting of work.—v.i. Subcontract′.—adj. Subcontract′ed.—n. Subcontract′or.

Subcontrary, sub-kon′tra-ri, adj. contrary in an inferior degree: (geom.) said of a section of an oblique cone on a circular base, which section is itself a circle: (logic) denoting the opposition of two subalternate propositions.—n. a subcontrary proposition.—n. Subcontrarī′ety.

Subcordate, sub-kor′dāt, adj. heart-shaped.

Subcostal, sub-kos′tal, adj. under or between the ribs.

Subcrepitant, sub-krep′i-tant, adj. slightly crepitant.—n. Subcrepitā′tion.

Subculture, sub-kul′tūr, n. in bacteriology, a culture derived from a previous one.

Subcutaneous, sub-kū-tā′ne-us, adj. under the skin.—Subcutaneous syringe, a syringe for injecting substances beneath the skin.

Subdeacon, sub-dē′kn, n. a member of the order of the ministry next below that of deacon, preparing the vessels, &c., at the eucharist.—ns. Subdea′conry, Subdea′conship, Subdiac′onate.

Subdean, sub-dēn′, n. an assistant or substitute dean.—n. Subdean′ery.

Subdentate, sub-den′tāt, adj. imperfectly dentate, having indistinct teeth.

Subderivative, sub-dē-riv′a-tiv, n. a word derived from the derivative, rather than directly from the primitive word.

Subdivide, sub-di-vīd′, v.t. to divide into smaller divisions: to divide again.—v.i. to be subdivided: to separate.—adj. Subdivī′sible.—n. Subdivi′sion, the act of subdividing: the part made by subdividing.—adjs. Subdivi′sional; Subdivī′sive.

Subdolous, sub′dō-lus, adj. (obs.) crafty, subtle.

Subdominant, sub-dom′i-nant, n. (mus.) the tone next below the dominant.

Subduct, sub-dukt′, v.t. to take away, to withdraw—also Subduce′.—n. Subduc′tion. [L. sub, under, ducĕre, ductum, to lead.]

Subdue, sub-dū′, v.t. to conquer: to bring under dominion: to render submissive: to tame: to soften.—adj. Subdū′able.—n. Subdū′al, the act of subduing.—adj. Subdued′, toned down.—ns. Subdued′ness; Subdue′ment (Shak.), conquests; Subdū′er. [O. Fr. souduire—L. sub, under, ducĕre, to lead.]

Subduple, sub′dū-pl, adj. in the ratio of one to two.—adj. Subdū′plicate, expressed by the square root.

Subeditor, sub-ed′i-tur, n. an under or assistant editor.—adj. Subeditō′rial.—n. Subed′itorship.

Subequal, sub-ēk′wal, adj. approximately equal.

Suberic, sū-bėr′ik, adj. relating to, or extracted from, cork.—n. Sū′berāte, a salt of suberic acid.—adj. Sūbē′rēous.—ns. Sū′berine, the pure cellular tissue of cork; Sūberisā′tion.—v.t. Sū′berise, to render corky.—adjs. Sū′berose, Sū′berous, of the nature of cork, cork-like. [L. suber, the cork-tree.]

Suberose, sub-e-rōs′, adj. appearing as if somewhat gnawed. [L. sub, under, erosus—e, out, rodĕre, rosum, to gnaw.]

Subfamily, sub′fam-i-li, n. a primary division of a family, of one or more genera.

Subfeu, sub-fū′, v.t. to make subinfeudation of.—n. Subfeudā′tion=Subinfeudation (q.v.).—adj. Subfeud′atory.

Subflavour, sub-flā′vur, n. a secondary flavour.

Subflora, sub′flō-ra, n. a more local flora included within one of wider range.

Subfluvial, sub-flōō′vi-al, adj. situated under a stream.

Subfusc, Subfusk, sub-fusk′, adj. somewhat dark, dusky, tawny.—Also Subfus′cous.

Subgens, sub-jenz′, n. the sociological division of a people next below the gens or clan:—pl. Subgen′tes.

Subgenus, sub-jē′nus, n. a primary division of a genus including one or more species with common characters.—adj. Subgener′ic.—adv. Subgener′ically.

Subglacial, sub-glā′shal, adj. belonging to the under side of a glacier: under a glacier.

Subglobular, sub-glob′ū-lar, adj. somewhat globular.

Subgranular, sub-gran′ū-lar, adj. somewhat granular.

Subgroup, sub′grōōp, n. any subordinate group in a classification.

Subhastation, sub-has-tā′shun, n. a sale under the lance—a Roman method of auction. [L. sub, under, hasta, a lance.]

Subhuman, sub-hū′man, adj. next below the human.

Subimago, sub′i-mā-gō, n. a stage in the metamorphosis of certain insects, between the pupa and the imago.—Also Pseudimago.

Subindicate, sub-in′di-kāt, v.t. to indicate by a hint.—n. Subindicā′tion.—adj. Subindic′ātive, suggestive.

Subinfeudation, sub-in-fū-dā′shun, n. the right enjoyed by the inferior lord, in imitation of his superiors, of making similar grants of portions of his land to others, to be held by them as his vassals.—adjs. and ns. Subfeud′atory, Subinfeud′atory.

Subinspector, sub′in-spek-tor, n. a subordinate or assistant inspector.—n. Sub′inspectorship.

Subintrant, sub-in′trant, adj. with paroxysms succeeding one another so fast as to be almost continuous.

Subirrigation, sub-ir-i-gā′shun, n. irrigation by means of channels below the surface.

Subitamente, sub-it-a-men′te, adv. (mus.) suddenly.—Also Sub′ito. [It.]

Subitaneous, sub-i-tā′ne-us, adj. (obs.) sudden.—n. Subitā′neousness.

Subjacent, sub-jā′sent, adj. lying under or below: being in a lower situation.—n. Subjā′cency. [L. subjacens—sub, under, jacēre, to lie.]

Subject, sub′jekt, adj. under the power of another: liable, prone, disposed: exposed: subordinate, tributary: subservient.—n. one under the power of another: one under allegiance to a sovereign: that on which any operation is performed: that which is treated or handled: (anat.) a dead body for dissection: a person supposed to be peculiarly sensitive to hypnotic influence: that which it is the object of the artist to express, the scheme or idea of a work of art: a picture representing action and incident: that of which anything is said or of which a discourse treats, bringing many things under a common head: the mind, regarded as the thinking power, in contrast with the object, that about which it thinks: topic: matter, materials: the general plan of any work of art.—v.t. Subject′, to throw or bring under: to bring under the power of: to make subordinate or subservient: to subdue: to enslave: to expose or make liable to: to cause to undergo.—n. Subjec′tion, the act of subjecting or subduing: the state of being subject to another.—adj. Subject′ive, relating to the subject: derived from one's own consciousness: denoting those states of thought or feeling of which the mind is the conscious subject—opp. to Objective.—adv. Subject′ively.—n. Subject′iveness.—v.t. Subject′ivise.—ns. Subject′ivism, a philosophical doctrine which refers all knowledge to, and founds it upon, subjective states; Subject′ivist, one who holds to subjectivism.—adj. Subjectivist′ic.—adv. Subjectivist′ically.—ns. Subjectiv′ity, state of being subjective: that which is treated subjectively; Sub′ject-matter, a tautological compound for subject, theme, topic; Sub′ject-ob′ject, the immediate object of cognition, or the thought itself; Sub′jectship, the state of being subject. [Fr. sujet—L. subjectus—sub, under, jacĕre, to throw.]

Subjoin, sub-join′, v.t. to join under: to add at the end or afterwards: to fix or annex.—ns. Subjoin′der, a remark following on another; Sub′joint, a secondary joint.

Subjugate, sub′jōō-gāt, v.t. to bring under the yoke: to bring under power or dominion: to conquer.—ns. Subjugā′tion; Sub′jugātor. [L. sub, under, jugum, a yoke.]

Subjunctive, sub-jungk′tiv, adj. subjoined: added to something: denoting that mood of a verb which expresses condition, hypothesis, or contingency.—n. the subjunctive mood. [L. sub, under, jungĕre, to join.]

Subkingdom, sub-king′dum, n. a subordinate kingdom: a division of a kingdom: a subdivision.

Sublapsarian, sub-laps-ā′ri-an, adj. relating to the sublapsarians or to their doctrines.—n. one of a class of moderate Calvinists, who hold that God merely permitted the fall of Adam, without preordaining it.—n. Sublapsā′rianism. [L. sub, under, lapsus, fall.]

Sublate, sub-lāt′, v.t. to deny—opp. to Posit: to remove.—n. Sublā′tion.—adj. Sub′lātive.

Sublease, sub-lēs′, n. an under-lease or lease by a tenant to another.—n. Sub′lessee, the holder of a sublease.

Sublet, sub-let′, v.t. to under-let or lease, as by one himself a tenant to another.

Sublevate, sub′lē-vāt, v.t. to raise, excite—also Sol′levate.—n. Sublēvā′tion. [L. sublevāre, -ātum, to lift up.]

Sublibrarian, sub-līb-rā′ri-an, n. one who acts as an assistant to a librarian.

Sublieutenant, sub-lef-ten′ant, n. formerly mate, or passed midshipman, the intermediate rank in the navy between midshipman and lieutenant.—Second lieutenant, the rank given to officers on first joining the army, corresponding to the former Cornet and Ensign.

Sublimate, sub′lim-āt, v.t. to elevate: to refine and exalt: to purify by raising by heat into vapour which again becomes solid.—n. the product of sublimation.—adj. Sublī′mable.—n. Sublimā′tion, the act of purifying by raising into vapour by heat and condensing by cold: elevation: exaltation.—adj. Sub′limātory.—n. a vessel used in sublimation. [L. sublimāre, -ātum, to lift up.]

Sublime, sub-līm′, adj. high: lofty: majestic: awakening feelings of awe or veneration.—n. that which is sublime: the lofty or grand in thought or style (The sublime): the emotion produced by sublime objects.—v.t. to exalt: to dignify, to ennoble: to improve: to purify, to bring to a state of vapour by heat and condense again by cold.—v.i. to be sublimed or sublimated.—adv. Sublime′ly, in a sublime manner: loftily: with elevated conceptions.—ns. Sublime′ness, Sublim′ity, loftiness: elevation: grandeur: loftiness of thought or style: nobleness of nature or character: excellence. [L. sublimis, high, ety. dub.; perh. sub-limen, up to the lintel.]

Subliminal, sub-lim′i-nal, adj. beneath the level of consciousness, latent. [L. sub, under, limen, liminis, the door.]

Sublineation, sub-lin-e-ā′shun, n. an underlining, as of a word or words.

Sublingual, sub-ling′gwal, adj. under the tongue.

Sublittoral, sub-lit′ō-ral, adj. being under the shore.

Sublunar, sub-lū′nar, adj. under the moon: earthly: belonging to this world—also Sub′lunary.—adj. Sublū′nate, approaching the form of a crescent.

Submammary, sub-mam′a-ri, adj. situated under the mammæ or paps.

Submarginal, sub-mar′ji-nal, adj. situated near the margin.

Submarine, sub-ma-rēn′, adj. under, or in, the sea.—Submarine boat, one capable of being propelled under water, esp. for carrying and firing torpedoes.—Submarine mine, a mass of explosives sunk in the sea.

Submaxillary, sub-mak′si-lā-ri, adj. under the jaw.

Submedian, sub-mē′di-an, adj. near the middle.

Submental, sub-men′tal, adj. under the chin. [L. sub, under, mentum, the chin.]

Submerge, sub-mėrj′, Submerse, sub-mėrs′, v.t. to plunge under water: to overflow with water: to drown.—v.i. to sink under water.—ns. Submerg′ence, Submer′sion.—adjs. Submerged′, Submersed′, being or growing under water. [L. submergĕre, -mersum—sub, under, mergĕre, to plunge.]

Submit, sub-mit′, v.t. to refer to the judgment of another: to surrender to another.—v.i. to yield one's self to another: to surrender: to yield one's opinion: to be subject:—pr.p. submit′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. submit′ted.—adj. Submiss′ (Milt.), cast down, prostrate.—n. Submis′sion, act of submitting or yielding: acknowledgment of inferiority or of a fault: humble behaviour: resignation.—adj. Submis′sive, willing or ready to submit: yielding: humble: obedient.—adv. Submis′sively, humbly—(obs.) Submiss′ly.—n. Submis′siveness. [L. submittĕre—sub, under, mittĕre, missum, to send.]

Submontane, sub-mon′tān, adj. situated at the foot of a mountain or range.

Submultiple, sub-mul′ti-pl, n. a number or quantity which is contained in another an exact number of times, an aliquot part.

Submundane, sub-mun′dān, adj. situated beneath the ground.

Submuscular, sub-mus′kū-lar, adj. under the muscles.

Subnasal, sub-nā′sal, adj. situated below the nose.

Subnascent, sub-nas′ent, adj. growing underneath.

Subnatural, sub-nat′ū-ral, adj. below nature, infranatural.

Subneural, sub-nū′ral, adj. situated beneath a main neural axis or nervous cord.

Subnivean, sub-nī′vē-an, adj. situated under the snow.

Subnodal, sub-nō′dal, adj. situated beneath the nodus.

Subnormal, sub-nor′mal, adj. less than normal.—n. Subnormal′ity.

Subnubilar, sub-nū′bi-lar, adj. situated under the clouds.

Subnuvolar, sub-nū′vō-lar, adj. partially clouded.

Subobscure, sub-ob-skūr′, adj. somewhat obscure.—adv. Subobscure′ly.

Suboccipital, sub-ok-sip′i-tal, adj. situated behind the occiput, or on the under surface of the occipital lobe of the brain.

Subocellate, sub-os′el-āt, adj. somewhat like an ocellus.

Suboctave, sub′ok-tāv, adj. existing in the proportion of 1 to 8.—n. an eighth part: (mus.) the octave below a given tone.

Suboctuple, sub-ok′tū-pl, adj. containing one part of 8.

Subocular, sub-ok′ū-lar, adj. situated under the eye, suboptic.

Suboperculum, sub-ō-per′kū-lum, n. a bone of the gill-cover below and partly behind the operculum.—adj. Suboper′cular.

Suborbital, sub-or′bi-tal, adj. situated below the orbit of the eye.

Suborder, sub-or′dėr, n. a subdivision in an order.—adj. Subor′dinal.

Subordinary, sub-or′di-nā-ri, n. (her.) one of a class of armorial charges less honourable than the ordinaries—the bordure, orle, bend sinister, &c.

Subordinate, sub-or′di-nāt, adj. lower in order, rank, nature, power, &c.: descending in a regular series.—n. one in a lower order or rank: an inferior.—v.t. to place in a lower order: to consider of less value: to make subject.—ns. Subor′dinacy, Subor′dinance, the state of being subordinate.—adv. Subor′dinately.—ns. Subor′dinateness; Subordinā′tion, act of subordinating or placing in a lower order: state of being subordinate: inferiority of rank or position; Subordinā′tionism, the doctrine of the inferiority of the second and third Persons of the Trinity to the first.—adj. Subor′dinātive, tending to, or expressing, subordination. [L. sub, under, ordo, ordinis, order.]

Suborn, sub-orn′, v.t. to cause to commit a perjury: to procure indirectly.—ns. Subornā′tion, act of causing a person to take a false oath: crime of procuring any one to do a bad action; Suborn′er. [L. subornāre—sub, under, ornāre, to adorn.]

Subovate, sub-ō′vāt, adj. almost ovate.

Subpanation, sub-pā-nā′shun, n. the doctrine that the body and blood of Christ are locally and materially present in the eucharist under the form of bread and wine. [L. sub, under, panis, bread.]

Subperitoneal, sub-per-i-tō-nē′al, adj. situated under the peritoneum.

Subpermanent, sub-per′ma-nent, adj. somewhat permanent.

Subpœna, Subpena, sub-pē′na, n. a writ commanding the attendance of a person in court under a penalty.—v.t. to serve with a writ of subpœna. [L. sub, under, pœna, punishment.]

Subpolar, sub-pō′lar, adj. under or below the poles of the earth.

Subprefect, sub-prē′fekt, n. an assistant or deputy-prefect, esp. the official in France charged with the administration of the arrondissement under the prefect of the department.—n. Sub′prēfecture, the office or jurisdiction of a subprefect.

Subprior, sub′prī-or, n. the vicegerent, deputy, or assistant of a prior.

Subprovince, sub′prov-ins, n. a prime division of a province: in zoogeography, a division subordinate to a subregion.

Subpubic, sub-pū′bik, adj. situated below the pubis.

Subregion, sub′rē-jun, n. a subdivision of a region, esp. of fauna in zoogeography.—adj. Subrē′gional.

Subreption, sub-rep′shun, n. a procuring of some advantage by fraudulent concealment, esp. in Scots law, the gaining of a gift of escheat by concealing the truth: false inference due to misrepresentation.—adj. Subrep′tive, surreptitious, noting conceptions arising out of obscure and unconscious suggestions of experience.

Subrogation, sub-rō-gā′shun, n. the succession or substitution of one person or thing by or for another, in regard to a legal claim, &c.

Subsacral, sub-sā′kral, adj. situated on the anterior or ventral surface of the sacrum.

Subscapular, sub-skap′ū-lar, adj. beneath the scapula.—n. a subscapular vessel or nerve.

Subscribe, sub-skrīb′, v.t. to write underneath: to give consent to something written, or to attest, by writing one's name underneath: to sign one's name: to promise to give or pay, or to take, as a copy of a book, by attaching one's name: to attest by attaching one's signature.—v.i. to promise a certain sum by setting one's name to a paper: to enter one's name for anything.—adj. Subscrīb′able, capable of being subscribed.—n. Subscrīb′er.—adj. Sub′script, written underneath.—n. Subscrip′tion, act of subscribing: a name subscribed: a paper with signatures: consent by signature: sum subscribed. [L. subscribĕre—sub, under, scribĕre, scriptum, to write.]

Subsecive, sub′sē-siv, adj. left over, remaining, extra. [L. subsecivus—sub, under, secāre, to cut.]

Subsection, sub-sek′shun, n. an under section or division: a subdivision.

Subsensation, sub′sen-sā-shun, n. a minor sensation.

Subsensible, sub-sen′si-bl, adj. beyond the range of the senses.

Subsequent, sub′sē-kwent, adj. following or coming after.—ns. Sub′sequence, Sub′sequency, state of being subsequent.—adv. Sub′sequently. [L. subsequens, -entis, pr.p. of subsequi—sub, under, after, sequi, to follow.]

Subserous, sub-sē′rus, adj. somewhat serous or watery: below a serous membrane.

Subserve, sub-sėrv′, v.t. to serve subordinately or instrumentally: to help forward.—ns. Subser′vience, Subser′viency, state of being subservient: anything that promotes some purpose.—adj. Subser′vient, subserving: serving to promote: subject: submissive.—adv. Subser′viently. [L. subservīre—sub, under, servīre, to serve.]

Subsessile, sub-ses′il, adj. not quite sessile.

Subside, sub-sīd′, v.i. to settle down: to settle at the bottom: to fall into a state of quiet: to sink to a lower level: (coll.) to cease talking, to take a less prominent place.—ns. Subsī′dence (also Sub′sidence), Subsī′dency, act or process of subsiding, settling, or sinking. [L. subsidĕre—sub, down, sidĕre, to settle.]

Subsidy, sub′si-di, n. assistance: aid in money: a sum of money paid by one state to another for assistance in war.—adv. Subsid′iarily.—adj. Subsid′iary, furnishing a subsidy, help, or additional supplies: aiding.—n. one who, or that which, aids or supplies: an assistant.—v.t. Sub′sidīse, to furnish with a subsidy, grant, or regular allowance: to purchase the aid of, to buy over.—Subsidiary troops, mercenaries. [Fr.,—L. subsidium, orig. troops stationed behind in reserve, aid—sub, under, sidĕre, to settle.]

Subsimious, sub-sim′i-us, adj. almost monkey-like.

Subsist, sub-sist′, v.i. to have existence: to remain, continue, inhere: to have the means of living.—n. Subsist′ence, state of being subsistent: real being: means of supporting life: livelihood.—adjs. Subsist′ent, subsisting: having real being: inherent; Subsisten′tial.—n. Subsist′er. [Fr.,—L. subsistĕre, to stand still—sub, under, sistĕre, to stand.]

Subsoil, sub′soil, n. the under soil: the bed or stratum of earth which lies immediately beneath the surface soil.—v.t. to turn up the subsoil of.—n. Sub′soiler.

Subspecies, sub-spē′shēz, n. a division of a species, a geographical variety.—adj. Subspecif′ic.—adv. Subspecif′ically.

Subspherical, sub-sfer′i-kal, adj. not perfectly spherical.—adv. Subspher′ically.

Subspinous, sub-spī′nus, adj. somewhat spinous: under the spinal column, or a spinous process.

Subspiral, sub-spī′ral, adj. somewhat spiral: indistinctly marked with a spiral line.

Substage, sub′stāj, n. an attachment below the stage of the compound microscope, to support the achromatic condenser, &c.

Substance, sub′stans, n. that in which qualities or attributes exist, the existence to which qualities belong: that which constitutes anything what it is: the essential part: body: matter: property: foundation, ground, confidence. [L. substantia—substāre, to stand under—sub, under, stāre, to stand.]

Substantial, sub-stan′shal, adj. belonging to or having substance: actually existing: real: solid: having substance or strength: lasting, likely to be permanent: strong, stout, bulky: corporeal, material: having property or estate: considerable, pretty wealthy: conforming to what is essential: involving the essential rights or merits of.—v.t. Substan′tialīse, to give reality to.—ns. Substan′tialism, the theory that there is a real existence or substratum underlying the phenomena of consciousness; Substantial′ity.—adv. Substan′tially.—n. Substan′tialness.—n.pl. Substan′tials, essential parts.—v.t. Substan′tiāte, to make substantial: to prove or confirm.—n. Substantiā′tion.—adjs. Substantī′val; Sub′stantive, expressing existence: real: of real, independent importance.—n. (gram.) the part of speech denoting something that exists: a noun.—adv. Sub′stantively.—n. Sub′stantiveness.—v.t. Sub′stantivise. [Fr. substantiel—L. substantialis—substantia.]

Substation, sub-stā′shun, n. a subordinate station.

Substernal, sub-ster′nal, adj. situated beneath the sternum.

Substitute, sub′sti-tūt, v.t. to put in place of another.—n. one who, or that which, is put in place of another.—adj. put instead of another.—n. Substitū′tion, act of substituting or putting in place of another: (Shak.) the office of a substitute: the use of one word for another, syllepsis: (alg.) the replacing one quantity by another which is equal to it but differently expressed: (chem.) the replacement of one or more equivalents of a body by a like number of equivalents of another.—adjs. Substitū′tional, Substitū′tionary.—adv. Substitū′tionally.—adj. Sub′stitūtive. [L. substituĕre, -ūtum—sub, under, statuĕre, to set.]

Substractor, subs-trakt′or, n. (Shak.) a detractor.

Substratum, sub-strā′tum, n. an under stratum or layer, a fundamental element: the substance in which qualities exist.

Substructure, sub′struk-tūr, n. an under structure or building: foundation.—v.t. Substruct′, to build beneath.—n. Substruc′tion.—adj. Substruc′tural.

Substyle, sub′stīl, n. the right line on which the style or gnomon of a dial is erected.—adj. Sub′stylar.

Subsulphate, sub-sul′fāt, n. a basic sulphide.

Subsultive, sub-sul′tiv, adj. bounding, moving by sudden leaps or starts, or by twitches.—adv. Subsul′torily.—n. Subsul′tus, a convulsive movement.

Subsume, sub-sūm′, v.t. to place any one cognition under another as belonging to it, as 'All horses are animals'—the minor premise is a Subsump′tion under the major.—adj. Subsump′tive.

Subsurface, sub′sur-fās, adj. below the surface.

Subtack, sub′tak, n. an under-lease in Scotland.

Subtangent, sub′tan-jent, n. (geom.) the part of the axis of a curve contained between the tangent and the ordinate.

Subtemperate, sub-tem′pėr-āt, adj. pertaining to the colder parts of the temperate zone.

Subtenant, sub-ten′ant, n. a tenant who hires or leases from one who is also a tenant.—n. Subten′ancy.

Subtend, sub-tend′, v.t. to extend under or be opposite to.—n. Subtense′ (geom.), a line subtending or stretching across.

Subtepid, sub-tep′id, adj. slightly tepid.

Subterfuge, sub′tėr-fūj, n. that to which one resorts for escape or concealment: an artifice to escape censure or the force of an argument: evasion. [Fr.,—L. subterfugĕre—subter, under, fugĕre, to flee.]

Subternatural, sub-tėr-nat′ū-ral, adj. less than, or below, the natural.

Subterposition, sub-tėr-pō-zish′un, n. the state of lying under something else.

Subterranean, sub-te-rā′nē-an, adj. under the earth or ground—also Subterrā′neous, Subterrēne′, Subterres′trial.—adv. Subterrā′neously. [L. sub, under, terra, the earth.]

Subthoracic, sub-thō-ras′ik, adj. situated below the thorax: nearly thoracic in position.

Subtil, Subtilly. See Subtle.

Subtile, sub′til, adj. delicately constructed: fine: thin or rare: piercing: shrewd.—adv. Sub′tilely.—ns. Sub′tileness; Subtilisā′tion.—v.t. Sub′tilise, to make subtile, thin, or rare: to spin into niceties.—v.i. to make nice distinctions: to refine in argument.—ns. Sub′tilism, the quality of being subtile; Sub′tilty, state or quality of being subtile: fineness: extreme acuteness: cunning. [L. subtilis—sub, under, tela, a web.]

Subtitle, sub′tī-tl, n. an additional or second title to a book, a half-title.

Subtle, sut′l (B. Sub′til), adj. subtile in a figurative sense: acute, quick to discern or discriminate: insinuating, sly, artful: cunningly devised, ingenious.—ns. Subt′leness, Subt′lety, quality of being subtle: artfulness: shrewdness: extreme acuteness.—adj. Subt′le-wit′ted, sharp-witted.—adv. Subt′ly (B. Sub′tilly), ingeniously, cleverly: artfully, deceitfully. [Contr. of subtile.]

Subtonic, sub′ton-ik, n. (mus.) the seventh of the scale.

Subtorrid, sub-tor′id, adj. approximately torrid.

Subtract, sub-trakt′, v.t. to take away a part from the rest: to take one number or quantity from another to find their difference.—ns. Subtrac′ter; Subtrac′tion, the act or operation of subtracting: the taking a less number or quantity from a greater.—adj. Subtract′ive, subtracting: tending to subtract or lessen.—n. Sub′trahend, the sum or number to be subtracted from another. [L. sub, under, trahĕre, tractum, to draw away.]

Subtriangular, sub-trī-ang′gū-lar, adj. somewhat triangular.

Subtribe, sub′trīb, n. a section or division of a tribe.—adj. Sub′trībal.

Subtriplicate, sub-trip′li-kāt, adj. expressed by the cube root.

Subtrist, sub-trist′, adj. somewhat sad.

Subtropical, sub-trop′i-kal, adj. approaching the tropical or torrid zone in temperature: bordering on tropical regions.—Also Subtrop′ic.

Subtype, sub′tīp, n. a type included in another and more general one.—adj. Subtyp′ical.

Subucula, sū-buk′ū-la, n. a man's under-garment or shirt: in the early English church, a kind of cassock worn under the alb.

Subulate, sū′bū-lāt, adj. awl-shaped.—Also Sū′būlāted, Sū′būliform. [L. subula, an awl.]

Subulicorn, sū′bū-li-korn, adj. with subulate antennæ.—n.pl. Sūbūlicor′nia, a division of neuroptera, including dragon-flies, May-flies, &c.

Subungulate, sub-ung′gū-lāt, adj. hoofed, but with several digits.—n. a member of the Subungulata, as the elephant or the hyrax.—n.pl. Subungūlā′ta, a division of hoofed mammals, esp. those having the carpal bones primitive.

Suburb, sub′urb, Suburbs, sub′urbz, n. the district which is near but beyond the walls of a city: the confines, outskirts.—adj. Subur′ban, situated or living in the suburbs.—n. one living in a suburb.—n. Subur′banism, the state of being suburban.—adj. Suburbicā′rian, being near the city, esp. of the provinces of Italy forming the ancient diocese of Rome. [L. suburbium—sub, under, near, urbs, a city.]

Subursine, sub-ur′sīn, adj. somewhat bear-like.

Subvariety, sub-va-rī′e-ti, n. a subordinate variety.

Subvene, sub-vēn′, v.i. to occur so as to effect a result.—n. Subven′tion, act of coming to relief, support: a government aid or subsidy. [L. sub, under, venīre, ventum, to come.]

Subverse, sub-vėrs′, v.t. (Spens.) to subvert.

Subvert, sub-vėrt′, v.t. to turn upside down: to overthrow from the foundation: to ruin utterly: to corrupt.—n. Subver′sion, act of subverting or overthrowing from the foundation: entire overthrow: ruin.—adjs. Subver′sionary, Subver′sive, tending to subvert, overthrow, or destroy.—p.adj. Subverst′ (Spens.), subverted, overturned.—n. Subvert′er.—adj. Subvert′ible. [L. sub, under, vertĕre, versum, to turn.]

Subvertebral, sub-vėr′tē-bral, adj. placed under a vertebra.

Subvertical, sub-vėr′ti-kal, adj. almost vertical.

Subvirate, sub′vi-rāt, n. one of stunted or imperfectly developed manhood.

Subvitalised, sub-vī′tal-īzd, p.adj. deficient in vitality.

Subvitreous, sub-vit′rē-us, adj. partly vitreous or imperfectly so.

Subway, sub′wā, n. an underground way for traffic under railways, &c., or for water-pipes, gas-pipes, sewers, &c.

Subzonal, sub-zō′nal, adj. somewhat zonal: lying below a zone or girdle.

Succade, suk-kād′ n. candied fruit.

Succedaneous, suk-sē-dā′ne-us, adj. acting as a succedaneum: supplying the place of something else: being a substitute.—n. Succedā′neum, one who, or that which, comes in the place of another; a substitute. [L. succedaneus—succedĕre.]

Succeed, suk-sēd′, v.t. to come after, to follow up or in order: to follow: to take the place of.—v.i. to follow in order: to take the place of: to obtain one's wish or accomplish what is attempted: to end with advantage.—adjs. Succeed′able, capable of success; Succeed′ant (her.), following one another.—ns. Succeed′er, one who succeeds: a successor; Success′, act of succeeding or state of having succeeded: the prosperous termination of anything attempted: one who, or that which, succeeds, a successful person or affair.—adj. Success′ful, resulting in success: having the desired effect or termination: prosperous.—adv. Success′fully.—ns. Success′fulness, state of being successful: success; Succes′sion, act of succeeding or following after: series of persons or things following each other in time or place: series of descendants: race: (agri.) rotation, as of crops: right to take possession: in Roman and Scots law, the taking of property by one person in place of another.—adj. Succes′sional, existing in a regular succession or in order.—adv. Succes′sionally.—n. Succes′sionist, one who regards only that priesthood as valid which can be traced in a direct line of succession from the apostles.—adj. Succes′sive, following in succession or in order.—adv. Succes′sively.—n. Succes′siveness.—adj. Success′less, without success: unprosperous.—ns. Succes′sor, one who succeeds or comes after: one who takes the place of another; Succes′sorship.—adj. Succes′sory.—Succession duty, a tax imposed on any succession to property, varying with the degree of relationship.—Apostolical succession (see Apostle). [L. succedĕre—sub, up, cedĕre, to go.]

Succentor, suk-sen′tor, n. a subcantor: the bass soloist in a choir. [L. succinĕre—sub, under, canĕre, to sing.]

Succiduous, suk-sid′ū-us, adj. on the point of falling. [L.,—succidĕre—sub, under, cadĕre, to fall.]

Succiferous, suk-sif′e-rus, adj. producing sap. [L. succus, juice, ferre, to bear.]

Succin, suk′sin, n. amber.—n. Suc′cinate, a salt of succinic acid.—adj. Succin′ic, of, relating to, or drawn from amber.—n. Suc′cinite, amber.—adj. Suc′cinous, pertaining to amber.—Succinic acid, a natural constituent of amber, pine-resins, leaves of lettuce, and wormwood, &c. [L. succinum, amber.]

Succinct, suk-singkt′, adj. short: concise.—adv. Succinct′ly.—ns. Succinct′ness; Succinctō′rium, a band embroidered with an Agnus Dei, worn hanging from the girdle by the pope on some occasions. [L. succinctus—sub, up, cingĕre, to gird.]

Succivorous, suk-siv′ō-rus, adj. feeding on the sap of plants.—adj. Succose (suk′ōs), full of juice.

Succory, suk′or-i, n. a form of chicory.

Succotash, suk′o-tash, n. a dish consisting of a stew of green Indian corn and beans. [Amer. Ind.]

Succour, suk′ur, v.t. to assist: to relieve.—n. aid: relief.—n. Succ′ourer.—adj. Succ′ourless, destitute of succour. [L. succurrĕre, to run up to—sub, up, currĕre, to run.]

Succubus, suk′ū-bus, n. a demon in female form who consorts with men in their sleep—also Succ′uba.—v.t. Succ′ubāte, to have carnal knowledge of a man by this means.—adj. Succ′ubine, pertaining to a succubus. [L. succuba, a whore, succumbĕre, to lie down.]

Succulent, suk′ū-lent, adj. full of juice or moisture: not dry or barren.—ns. Succ′ūlence, Succ′ūlency.—adv. Succ′ūlently. [L. succulentus—succus, juice—sugĕre, to suck.]

Succumb, suk-kum′, v.i. to lie down under: to sink under: to yield, to submit, to die. [L. sub, under, cumbĕre, to lie down.]

Succursal, suk-ur′sal, adj. subsidiary, of the relation of a minor church to a cathedral, &c.

Succus, suk′us, n. a fluid secretion, expressed juice.

Succussive, suk-kus′iv, adj. characterised by a shaking motion, as that of an earthquake.—v.t. Succuss′, to shake suddenly.—ns. Succussā′tion, a shaking; Succus′sion, a shaking, a shock: a shaking of the thorax to detect pleural effusion. [L. succutĕre, succussum, to shake below—sub, under, quatĕre, to shake.]

Such, such, adj. of the like kind: of that quality or character mentioned.—pron. denoting a particular person or thing, as in such and such.—adv. Such′wise, in such a manner.—Such and such, Such or such, this or that, some, indefinitely; Such like (B.)=Such. [A.S. swylc, from swa, so, and líc, like, cog. with Goth. swaleiks.]

Suck, suk, v.t. to draw in with the mouth: to draw milk from with the mouth: to imbibe: to drain.—v.i. to draw with the mouth: to draw the breast: to draw in.—n. act of sucking: milk drawn from the breast: (slang) a short drink, esp. a dram of spirits.—n. Suck′er, one who, or that which, sucks, a sucking-pig: one of various kinds of fish: the organ by which an animal adheres to other bodies: the piston of a suction-pump: a shoot rising from a subterranean stem: a leather disc to the middle of which a string is attached, used by children as a toy: a parasite, toady, sponge: a hard drinker: (U.S.) a native of Illinois.—v.t. to strip off suckers from: to provide with suckers.—n. Suck′et, a sugar-plum.—adj. Suck′ing, still nourished by milk: young and inexperienced.—ns. Suck′ing-bot′tle, a bottle of milk used for infants as a substitute for the breast; Suck′ing-fish, a name sometimes given to the Remora or Echineis, which has a dorsal sucker, and to other fishes which have a sucker formed by the union of the ventral fins, as the Lumpsucker.—Suck in, to draw in, imbibe, absorb (n. a fraud); Suck out, to draw out with the mouth; Suck the monkey (see Monkey); Suck up, to draw up into the mouth. [A.S. súcan, súgan; Ger. saugen.]

Sucken, suk′n, n. (Scots law) the district round a mill, the tenants farming which must grind their corn therein.—n. Suck′ener, a tenant so bound. [Soken.]

Suckle, suk′l, v.t. to give suck to: to nurse at the breast.—n. Suck′ler, a mammal that suckles its young, a suckling.—n.pl. Suck′lers, red clover.—n. Suck′ling, a young child or animal being nursed at the breast.—adj. sucking. [Dim. of suck.]

Sucrose, sū′krōs, n. the white crystalline compound known variously as cane-sugar, beet-sugar, maple-sugar.

Suction, suk′shun, n. act or power of sucking: act of drawing, as fluids, by exhausting the air.—n. Suc′tion-pump, the common house-pump—not the force-pump.—adj. Suctō′rial, adapted for sucking: living by sucking—also Suctō′rious.

Sudamina, sū-dam′i-na, n.pl. also called Military eruption, one of the vesicular diseases of the skin almost always occurring in association with febrile disorders, particularly acute rheumatism.—adj. Sudam′inal. [L. sudāre, to sweat.]

Sudatory, sū′da-tor-i, adj. sweating.—n. a sweating-bath.—ns. Sūdā′rium, a cloth for wiping off sweat, esp. that of St Veronica on which the features of Jesus on His way to the Cross were miraculously impressed—also Sū′dary; Sūdā′tion, excessive sweating; Sūdatō′rium, a sweating-bath. [L. sudatorius—sudāre, -ātum.]

Sudden, sud′en, adj. unexpected: hasty: abrupt.—adv. Sud′denly.—n. Sud′denness, (Scot.) Sud′denty.—On a sudden, Of a sudden, suddenly, sooner than was expected. [O. Fr. sodain—L. subitaneus, sudden—subitus, coming stealthily—sub, up, īre, ītum, to go.]

Sudder, sud′ėr, adj. supreme, chief—in Bengal. [Ar. sadr, chief.]

Sudorific, sū-dor-if′ik, adj. causing sweat.—n. a medicine producing sweat: a diaphoretic.—n. Sū′dor, sweat.—adjs. Sū′doral; Sūdorif′erous. [L. sudor, sweat, facĕre, to make.]

Sudra, sū′dra, n. a member of the fourth and lowest of the Hindu castes. [Hind.,—Sans. çūdra.]

Suds, sudz, n.pl. boiling water mixed with soap. [A.S. soden, pa.p. of seóthan, to seethe; cog. with Ger. sod—sieden.]

Sue, sū, v.t. to prosecute at law: to seek after, to try to win.—v.i. to make legal claim: to make application: to entreat: to demand (with for).—Sued, (naut.) to be left high and dry.—n. Sū′ing, the act of bringing a legal suit: wooing.—Sue out, to petition for and take out. [M. E. suen—O. Fr. sevre, suir (Fr. suivre)—L. sequi, secutus, to follow.]

Suède, swād, n. undressed kid—often adj., as 'suède gloves.' [Fr. Suède, Swede.]

Suet, sū′et, n. a solid fatty tissue, accumulating about the kidneys and omentum of the ox, sheep, &c.—adj. Sū′ety. [O. Fr. seu (Fr. suif)—L. sebum, fat.]

Suffer, suf′ėr, v.t. to undergo: to endure: to be affected by: to permit.—v.i. to feel pain or punishment: to sustain loss: to be injured.—adj. Suff′erable, that may be suffered: allowable.—n. Suff′erableness.—adv. Suff′erably.—ns. Suff′erance, state of suffering: endurance: permission: toleration; Suff′erer; Suff′ering, distress, loss, or injury. [L. sufferre—sub, under, ferre, to bear.]

Suffete, suf′ēt, n. one of the suffetes or chief administrative officials of ancient Carthage. [L. sufes, -ĕtis—Punic; cf. Heb. shôphet, a judge.]

Suffice, suf′fīs, v.i. to be enough: to be equal to the end in view.—v.t. to satisfy.—n. Suffi′ciency, state of being sufficient: competence: ability: capacity: conceit.—adj. Suffi′cient, sufficing: enough: equal to any end or purpose: competent.—adv. Suffi′ciently.—n. Suf′fisance (Spens.), sufficiency. [Fr.,—L. sufficĕre, to take the place of—sub, under, facĕre, to make.]

Suffioni, suf-ē-ō′ni, n.pl. a name given to the exhalations of hot sulphurous vapours, which are common in volcanic regions. [It.]

Suffix, suf′iks, n. a particle added to the root of a word.—v.t. Suffix′, to add a letter or syllable to a word to mark different notions and relations.—adj. Suff′ixal.—n. Suffix′ion. [L. suffixus, sub, under, figĕre, to fix.]

Sufflaminate, suf-flam′i-nāt, v.t. (obs.) to impede. [L. sufflamināre, -ātum—sufflāmen, a clog.]

Sufflate, suf-flāt′, v.t. to blow up, inflate.—n. Sufflā′tion. [L. sufflāre, -ātum.]

Suffocate, suf′ō-kāt, v.t. to choke by stopping the breath: to stifle:—pa.p. suff′ocāted.—p.adj. (Shak.) suffocated.—p.adj. Suff′ocāting, choking.—adv. Suff′ocātingly.—n. Suffocā′tion, act of suffocating: state of being suffocated.—adj. Suff′ocātive, tending to suffocate. [L. suffocāre, -ātum—sub, under, fauces, the throat.]

Suffragan, suf′ra-gan, adj. assisting.—n. a coadjutor-bishop: any bishop in relation to his metropolitan.—n. Suff′raganship.

Suffrage, suf′rāj, n. a vote: a vote in approbation of any proposal, hence approval, assent: testimony, witness: any short intercessory prayer.—n. Suff′ragist, one who votes: one holding particular opinions about the right of voting. [L. suffragium, saffragāri, to vote for.]

Suffrago, suf-frā′gō, n. the joint between the tibia and tarsus, as the hock of a horse's hind-leg, the heel of a bird.—adj. Suffrag′inous. [L. suffrago, the hock—sub, under, frangĕre, to break.]

Suffrutescent, suf-rōō-tes′ent, adj. somewhat woody at the base.—n. Suff′rutex, an under-shrub, a herb with permanent woody base.—adj. Suffru′ticōse, shrubby at base, small with woody stem—also Suffru′ticous.—adj. Suffrutic′ūlose, somewhat fruticulose. [L. sub, under, frutex, a shrub.]

Suffulted, su-ful′ted, adj. gradually blending into another colour. [L. suffulcīre, suffultum, to support.]

Suffumigate, suf-fū′mi-gāt, v.t. to apply fumes to.—n. Suffumigā′tion, the act of fumigating or burning perfumes.

Suffuse, suf-fūz′, v.t. to pour underneath: to overspread or cover, as with a fluid.—n. Suffū′sion, act or operation of suffusing: state of being suffused: that which is suffused. [L. sub, underneath, fundĕre, fusum, to pour.]

Sufism, sū′fizm, n. a form of pantheistic mysticism within Islam.—ns. Sū′fi, Sō′fi, one of such mystics.—adjs. Sū′fic, Sufis′tic. [Ar. sūfi—Gr. sophos, wise.]

Sugar, shoog′ar, n. a sweet substance obtained chiefly from a kind of cane: anything sugary, honeyed words, flattery.—v.t. to sprinkle or mix with sugar: to compliment.—ns. Sug′ar-bak′er, a sugar-refiner; Sug′ar-beet, any one of several varieties of the common garden beet, grown for sugar; Sug′ar-can′dy, sugar candied or in large crystals; Sug′ar-cane, the saccharine grass (Saccharum officinarum) from which sugar is chiefly obtained.—adj. Sug′ar-coat′ed, coated with sugar.—p.adj. Sug′ared, sweetened with sugar.—ns. Sug′ar-gum, a large Australian eucalyptus yielding good timber, with sweetish foliage; Sug′ar-house, a factory where sugar is made; Sug′ariness, state or quality of being sugary or sweet; Sug′ar-loaf, a loaf or mass of sugar, usually in the form of a truncated cone; Sug′ar-mā′ple, the hard maple; Sug′ar-mill, a machine for pressing out the juice of the sugar-cane; Sug′ar-mite, a mite infesting unrefined sugar; Sug′ar-plum, a species of sweetmeat made up in small ornamental balls or lumps like a plum: any very pleasing piece of flattery; Sug′ar-refī′ner, one who refines raw sugar; Sug′ar-refī′nery.—n.pl. Sug′ar-tongs, an implement for lifting pieces of sugar at table.—adj. Sug′ary, sweetened with, tasting of, or like sugar: fond of sweets.—Sugar of lead, acetate of lead. [Fr. sucre—Sp. azucar—Ar. assokhar—Pers. shakar—Sans. carkarā, sugar, orig. grains of sand, applied to sugar because occurring in grains.]

Suggest, suj-jest′, v.t. to introduce indirectly to the thoughts: to hint.—v.i. to make suggestions.—ns. Sugges′ter; Suggestibil′ity, capability of being suggested.—adj. Sugges′tible.—n. Sugges′tion, act of suggesting: hint: proposal: incitement, temptation: (law) information without oath, not being pleadable: the act of exercising control over a hypnotised subject by communicating some belief or impulse by means of words or gestures, also the idea so suggested; Sugges′tionism, the theory that hypnotic effects are entirely due to the action of suggestion upon weak persons; Sugges′tionist, one who holds this view.—adj. Sugges′tive, containing a hint: fitted to suggest: pertaining to hypnotic suggestion.—adv. Sugges′tively.—ns. Sugges′tiveness, state of being suggestive; Sugges′tor; Sugges′tress; Sugges′tum, a raised platform. [L. sub, under, gerĕre, gestum, to carry.]

Suggil, suj′il, v.t. (obs.) to beat black and blue—also Sugg′ilāte.—n. Suggilā′tion, a livid mark, a blow. [L. sugillatio.]

Suicide, sū′i-sīd, n. one who dies by his own hand: self-murder.—adj. Sūicī′dal, pertaining to, or partaking of, the crime of suicide.—adv. Sūicī′dally.—n. Su′icidism, a tendency towards suicide. [Coined from L. sui, of himself, cædĕre, to kill.]

Suidæ, sū′i-dē, n.pl. a family of even-toed, non-ruminant Ungulates, including pigs, hogs, or boars, the Babiroussa, and the wart-hogs (Phacochœrus).—adjs. Sū′iform, like the Suidæ; Sū′illine, swinish.

Suint, swint, n. the natural grease of wool. [Fr.]

Suist, sū′ist, n. a self-seeker.—n. Sū′icism, selfishness.

Suit, sūt, n. act of suing: an action at law: a petition: a series: a set: a number of things of the same kind or made to be used together, as clothes or armour: courtship.—v.t. to fit: to become: to please.—v.i. to agree: to correspond.—p.adj. Suit′ed (Shak.), dressed, clothed.—ns. Suit′ing, cloth suitable for making suits of clothes, usually in pl.; Suit′or, one who sues in love or law: a petitioner: a wooer:—fem. Suit′ress.—v.i. to play the suitor.—adj. Suit′orcide, suitor-killing. [Fr.,—Low L. secta, a suit—L. sequi, to follow.]

Suitable, sūt′a-bl, adj. that suits: fitting: agreeable to: adequate.—ns. Suitabil′ity, Suit′ableness.—adv. Suit′ably.

Suite, swēt, n. a train of followers or attendants: a regular set, particularly of rooms: a series of dances arranged for instruments in the same or relative keys, and usually preceded by a prelude: a sequel. [Fr. Cf. Suit.]

Suivez, swē-vā′, n. (mus.) a direction to the accompanist to adapt his time and style to the soloist. [Fr., 'follow.']

Sujee, sōō′jē, n. fine flour made from the heart of the wheat, for English tables in India—Also Soo′jee, Sou′jee. [Hind. sūjī.]

Sulcate, -d, sul′kāt, -ed, adj, furrowed, grooved.—n. Sulcā′tion.—adj. Sul′ciform.—n. Sul′cus:—pl. Sul′ci. [L. sulcus, a furrow.]

Sulk, sulk, v.i. to be sullen.—adv. Sulk′ily, in a sulky, sullen, or morose manner.—n. Sulk′iness.—n.pl. Sulks, a fit of sullenness.—adj. Sulk′y, silently sullen.—n. a light two-wheeled vehicle for one person, sometimes having no body. [A.S. solcen, slow—seolcan, to be slow.]

Sullage, sul′āj, n. the floating scum on molten metal: silt: anything which sullies.

Sullen, sul′en, adj. gloomily angry and silent: malignant, baleful: dark: dull.—adv. Sull′enly.—n. Sull′enness.—n.pl. Sull′ens, sullen fits. [O. Fr. solain—L. solus, alone.]

Sully, sul′i, v.t. to soil: to spot: to tarnish.—v.i. to be soiled:—pa.t. and pa.p. sull′ied.—n. spot: tarnish. [A.S. sylian, to defile—sol, mud.]

Sulphur, sul′fur, n. a yellow mineral substance, very brittle, fusible, and inflammable: brimstone.—n. Sul′phate, a salt formed by sulphuric acid with a base.—v.t. to form a deposit of lead sulphate on.—adj. Sulphat′ic.—ns. Sul′phatile, native sulphuric acid; Sul′phide, a combination of sulphur with a metal; Sul′phite, a salt formed by sulphurous acid.—v.t. Sul′phūrāte, to combine with, or subject to, the action of sulphur.—ns. Sulphūrā′tion, the act or operation of subjecting to the action of sulphur or sulphurous acid; Sulphurā′tor, an apparatus for sulphurating.—adj. Sulphū′rēous, consisting of, containing, or having the qualities of sulphur.—adv. Sulphū′reously.—ns. Sulphū′reousness; Sul′phūret, a combination of sulphur with an alkali, earth, or metal.—adjs. Sul′phūretted, having sulphur in combination; Sulphū′ric, pertaining to, or obtained from, sulphur: denoting a certain well-known strong acid, formerly called oil of vitriol; Sul′phūrous, pertaining to, resembling, or containing sulphur: denoting the pungent acid given out when sulphur is burned in air; Sul′phury, partaking of the qualities of sulphur.—Sulphuretted hydrogen, a compound of sulphur and hydrogen, stinking and noxious; Sulphurous acid, an acid formed by one equivalent of sulphur combined with two of oxygen. [L. sulphur; said to be conn. with Sans. çulvāri.]

Sultan, sul′tan, n. a Mohammedan sovereign, esp. the supreme head of the Ottoman empire: a purple or hyacinthine gallinule, or porphyrio: a small white variety of the domestic hen:—fem. Sultana (sul-tä′na), the mother, a wife, or a daughter of a sultan—also Sul′taness.—ns. Sultana (sul-tä′na), a king's mistress: a kind of viol: an old form of necklace: a small kind of raisin; Sul′tanate, the authority or jurisdiction of a sultan.—adj: Sultan′ic.—n. Sul′tanship. [Ar. sultān, victorious, a ruler.]

Sultry: sul′tri, adj. sweltering: very hot and oppressive: close.—adv. Sul′trily.—n. Sul′triness. [Another form is sweltry, from root of swelter.]

Sum, sum, n. the amount of two or more things taken together: the whole of anything: a quantity of money: a problem in arithmetic: chief points: substance or result of reasoning: summary: height: completion.—v.t. to collect into one amount or whole: to count: to bring into a few words:—pr.p. sum′ming; pa.t. and pa.p. summed.—adj. Sum′less, not to be summed or counted: incalculable.—ns. Sum′mer, one who sums; Sum′ming, the act of one who sums, arithmetic; Sum′ming-up, a recapitulation or review of the leading points, a judge's summary survey of the evidence given to a jury before it withdraws to consider its verdict; Sum′mist, one who makes a summary, esp. a theological compendium. [Fr.,—L. summa—summus, supremus, highest, superl. of superus, on high—super, above.]

Sumac, Sumach, sū′mak, n. a genus of small trees and shrubs of the natural order Anacardiaceæ—the leaves of some species used in dyeing. [Fr. sumac—Sp. zumaque—Ar. summāq.]

Sumerian, sū-mē′ri-an, adj. pertaining to Sumir, one of the two divisions of ancient Babylonia.

Summary, sum′a-ri, adj. summed up or condensed: short: brief: compendious: done by a short method.—n. an abstract, abridgment, or compendium.—adv. Summ′arily.—n. Summ′ariness.—v.t. Summ′arise, to present in a summary or briefly.—ns. Summ′arist; one who summarises; Summ′ūla, a brief educational text-book.—Summary diligence (Scots law), the process by which execution may proceed without the need of further application to the court, in the case of bonds and other instruments registered for execution.

Summation, sum-ā′shun, n. act of summing or forming a total amount: an aggregate.—adjs. Summā′tional, Summ′ative.

Summer, sum′ėr, n. the second and warmest season of the year—June, July, August.—v.i. to pass the summer.—v.t. to keep through the summer.—adj. Summ′er-dried, dried by the heat of summer.—n. Summ′er-duck, a beautiful North American duck.—adj. Summ′er-fall′ow, lying fallow during the summer.—ns. Summ′er-house, a house in a garden used in summer: a summer residence; Summ′ering, a kind of early apple.—adv. Summ′er-like.—adj. Summ′erly, warm and bright like summer.—ns. Summ′er-shine, the summer colour of a bird, insect, &c.; Summ′er-tide, Summ′er-time, the summer season.—adj. Summ′ery, like summer.—Indian summer (see Indian); St Luke's, St Martin's, summer (see Saint). [A.S. sumer, sumor; Dut. zomer, Ger. sommer.]

Summer, sum′ėr, n. the first stone laid over columns or pilasters to form a cross vault: the central beam of a floor which receives the joists: any large piece of timber supported on two strong piers or posts, and serving as a lintel to a door, window, &c.; (obs.) a pack-horse, a sumpter-horse. [Sumpter.]

Summerset. Same as Somersault.

Summit, sum′it, n. the highest point or degree: the top.—adj. Summ′itless, having no summit or top.—n. Summ′it-lev′el, the highest level. [O. Fr. som, the top of a hill—L. summum, highest.]

Summon, sum′un, v.t. to call with authority: to command to appear, esp. in court: to rouse to exertion.—ns. Summ′oner; Summ′ons, a summoning or an authoritative call: a call to appear, esp. in court: a call to surrender.—v.t. to serve with a summons. [O. Fr. somoner—L. summonēre—sub, secretly, monēre, to warn.]

Sump, sump, n. a round pit of stone lined with clay, for receiving metal on its first fusion or reduction: the reservoir at the lowest point of a mine, from which the water is pumped: (prov.) a bog, a puddle. [Dut. somp; Ger. sumpf.]

Sumph, sumf, n. (prov.) a blockhead, a soft sheepish fellow.—adj. Sumph′ish.—n. Sumph′ishness.

Sumpit, sum′pit, n. the poisoned arrow thrown from the Sum′pitan, or Malay blow-gun.

Sumpsimus, sump′si-mus, n. a correct expression displacing an incorrect but common one (see Mumpsimus). [L., 1st pers. pl. perf. indic. of sumĕre, to take.]

Sumpter, sump′tėr, n. a horse for carrying burdens. [With inserted p from O. Fr. somier—Low L. sagmarius—Gr. sagma, a pack-saddle—Gr. sattein, to pack.]

Sumptuary, sumpt′ū-ar-i, adj. pertaining to or regulating expense, as in Sumptuary Laws, which sought to prevent extravagance in banquets, dress, &c. [L. sumptuarius—sumĕre, sumptum, to take, contr. of sub, up, emĕre, to buy.]

Sumptuous, sumpt′ū-us, adj. costly: magnificent.—ns. Sumptūos′ity, Sumpt′ūousness.—adv. Sumpt′ūously. [L. sumptuosus, costly—sumptus, cost.]

Sun, sun, n. the body which is the source of light and heat to our planetary system: a body which forms the centre of a system of orbs: that which resembles the sun in brightness or value: the sunshine: a revolution of the earth round the sun, a year: sunrise, day: (her.) a bearing representing the sun.—v.t. to expose to the sun's rays.—v.i. to become warm in the sunshine:—pr.p. sun′ning; pa.t. and pa.p. sunned.—n. Sun′beam, a beam or ray of the sun.—adjs. Sun′-beat, -en, smitten by the rays of the sun.—ns. Sun′-bird, a family of small tropical birds, the male with resplendent metallic plumage; Sun′-bitt′ern, a South American bird about the size of a small curlew, long-legged and long-necked, with brilliant many-coloured markings; Sun′-bonn′et, a light bonnet projecting beyond the face to protect from the sun; Sun′bow, an iris formed by the sun, esp. in the spray of a cataract; Sun′burn, a burning or scorching by the sun, esp. the browning of the skin of the face, hands, &c. exposed to the sun.—adjs. Sun′burned, Sun′burnt, burned or discoloured by the sun.—n. Sun′burst, a strong outburst of sunlight.—adj. Sun′-clad, clothed in radiant light.—ns. Sun′-crack, one of the superficial markings frequently seen on the surfaces of thin-bedded flagstones and argillaceous sandstones; Sun′dawn, the light of the dawning sun; Sun′dew, a plant of the genus Drosera, found in bogs and moist heathy ground; Sun′-dī′al, an instrument for measuring time by means of the motion of the sun's shadow cast by a style erected on its surface; Sun′-dog, a mock sun or parhelion; Sun′down, sunset: a hat with a wide brim to shade the eyes; Sun′downer, in Australia, a loafer who saunters from station to station in the interior, arriving about sundown in the hope of getting free rations and lodging for the night: a physician in government employment who practises for private fees after his official hours.—adj. Sun′-dried, dried by exposure to the sun.—ns. Sun′-fish, a fish whose body resembles the forepart of a larger fish cut short off, supposed to be so called from its nearly circular form; Sun′flower, a plant so called from its flower, which is a large disc with yellow rays; Sun′god, the sun considered as a deity; Sun′hat, a light hat with wide brim to shade the face from the sun.—adj. Sun′less, without the sun: deprived of the sun or its rays: shaded: dark.—ns. Sun′lessness; Sun′light, the light of the sun.—adjs. Sun′like, like the sun; Sun′lit, lighted up by the sun.—n. Sun′-myth, a solar myth (see Solar).—p.adj. Sunned, exposed to the sun.—n. Sun′niness.—adj. Sun′ny, pertaining to, coming from, or like the sun: exposed to, warmed, or coloured by the sun's rays.—ns. Sun′-pict′ure, -print, a photograph; Sun′rise, Sun′rising, the rising or first appearance of the sun above the horizon: the time of this rising: the east; Sun′set, Sun′setting, the setting or going down of the sun: the west; Sun′shade, a ladies' parasol: an awning; Sun′shine, the shining light of the sun: the place on which it shines: warmth.—adjs. Sun′shine, Sun′shiny, bright with sunshine: pleasant: bright like the sun; Sun′-smitt′en, smitten by the rays of the sun.—ns. Sun′spot, one of the dark irregular spots appearing on the surface of the sun; Sun′stone, aventurine feldspar.—adj. Sun′-strick′en.—n. Sun′stroke, a nervous disease, from exposure to the sun.—adv. Sun′ward, toward the sun.—ns. Sun′-wor′ship, adoration of the sun; Sun′-wor′shipper.—Be in the sunshine, Have the sun in one's eyes, to be in liquor, to be drunk; Take the sun, to ascertain the latitude from the sun; Under the sun, in the world, on earth. [A.S. sunne; Ice. sunna, Ger. sunne.]

Sundari, sun′da-ri, n. a tree abundant in Burma and Borneo, with dark durable timber.—Also Sun′dra-tree, Sun′der-tree.

Sunday, sun′dā, n. the first day of the week, so called because anciently dedicated to the sun or its worship.—ns. Sun′day-best, one's best clothes; Sun′day-saint, one whose religion is confined to Sundays; Sun′day-school, a school for religious instruction for children, held on Sunday. [A.S. sunnan dæg; Ger. sonntag.]

Sunder, sun′dėr, v.t. to separate: to divide.—ns. Sun′derance; Sun′derment.—In sunder (B.), asunder. [A.S. syndrian, to separate—sundor, separate; Ice. sundr, asunder.]

Sundry, sun′dri, adj. separate: more than one or two: several: divers.—n.pl. Sun′dries, sundry things: different small things.—All and sundry, all collectively and individually.

Sung, sung, pa.t. and pa.p. of sing.

Sunk, sungk, Sunken, sungk′n, pa.p. of sink.

Sunket, sung′ket, n. (Scot.) a dainty.

Sunn, sun, n. an Indian leguminous plant cultivated for the fibre of its bark. [Hind. san.]

Sunnite, sun′īt, n. the name commonly given to orthodox Muslims, because in their rule of faith and manners the Sunna, or traditional teaching of the prophet, is added to the Koran.—Also Sonn′ite.

Sup, sup, v.t. to take into the mouth, as a liquid: (Scot.) to eat with a spoon.—v.i. to eat the evening meal: (B.) to sip:—pr.p. sup′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. supped.—n. a small mouthful, as of a liquid. [A.S. súpan; Ice. súpa, Ger. saufen, to drink.]

Supawn, su-pan′, n. mush, or Indian meal boiled in water, eaten with milk.—Also Suppawn′, Sepawn′, Sepon′. [Amer. Ind.]

Supe, sūp, n. (U.S.) a theatrical super: a toady.

Super, sū′pėr, n. a supernumerary actor.

Superable, sū′pėr-a-bl, adj. capable of being overcome.—n. Sū′perableness.—adv. Sū′perably.

Superabundant, sū-pėr-ab-und′ant, adj. abundant to excess: more than enough: copious.—v.i. Superabound′, to abound exceedingly: to be more than enough.—n. Superabund′ance.—adv. Superabund′antly.

Superacidulated, sū-pėr-a-sid′ū-lā-ted, adj. acidulated to excess.

Superadd, sū-pėr-ad′, v.t. to add over and above.—n. Superaddi′tion.

Superaltar, sū′pėr-awlt-ar, n. a small slab of stone used as a portable altar, to be laid on the top of an unconsecrated altar.

Superangelic, sū-pėr-an-jel′ik, adj. more than angelic.

Superannuate, sū-pėr-an′ū-āt, v.t. to impair or disqualify by living beyond the years of service or by old age: to pension on account of old age or infirmity.—v.i. to become incapacitated by long service.—n. Superannuā′tion, state of being superannuated: the allowance granted in consideration of such. [L. super, above, annus, a year.]

Superation, sū-pe-rā′shun, n. the apparent passing of one planet by another in longitude: the act of surmounting.

Superb, sū-pėrb′, adj. proud: magnificent: stately: elegant: showy: (coll.) first-class, very good.—adv. Superb′ly.—n. Superb′ness, the state of being superb. [L. superbus, proud—super, above.]

Supercalendered, sū-pėr-kal′en-derd, adj. denoting paper of a very high degree of polish due to several courses of rolling.

Supercallosal, sū-pėr-ka-lō′sal, adj. lying above the corpus callosum, specifying a fissure or sulcus of the median aspect of the cerebrum.

Supercanopy, sū-pėr-kan′ō-pi, n. an upper arch or gable above a lesser or lower one.

Supercargo, sū-pėr-kär′go, n. a person in a merchant-ship placed in charge of the cargo and superintending all the commercial transactions of the voyage.—n. Supercar′goship.

Supercelestial, sū-pėr-sel-est′yal, adj. situated above the firmament or vault of heaven.

Supercharge, sū′pėr-chärj, n. (her.) a charge borne upon an ordinary or other charge.

Supercilious, sū-pėr-sil′i-us, adj. lofty with pride: disdainful: dictatorial: overbearing.—adj. Supercil′iary, above the eyebrow.—adv. Supercil′iously.—n. Supercil′iousness. [L. superciliosus—supercilium, an eyebrow—super, above, cilium, eyelid.]

Supercretaceous, sū-pėr-krē-tā′shus, adj. (geol.) lying above the chalk.

Superdainty, sū-pėr-dān′ti, adj. (Shak.) over-dainty.

Superdominant, sū-pėr-dom′i-nant, n. (mus.) the tone just above the dominant, the sixth or submediant.

Supereminent, sū-pėr-em′i-nent, adj. eminent in a superior degree: excellent beyond others.—n. Superem′inence.—adv. Superem′inently.

Supererogation, sū-pėr-er-ō-gā′shun, n. doing more than duty requires or is necessary for salvation, hence anything superfluous or uncalled for.—adjs. Supererog′ative, Supererog′atory (Superer′ogant).—Works of supererogation (R.C.), works not absolutely required of each individual for salvation, but which may be done for the sake of greater perfection—affording the church a store of surplus merit, to eke out the deficient merit of others. [L. super, above, erogāre, -ātum, to pay out.]

Superessential, sū-pėr-e-sen′shal, adj. transcending mere being and essence.

Superexalt, sū-pėr-egz-awlt′, v.t. to exalt to a superior degree.—n. Superexaltā′tion.

Superexcellent, sū-pėr-ek′sel-lent, adj. excellent above others, or in an uncommon degree.—n. Superex′cellence.

Superfamily, sū′pėr-fam-i-li, n. a group in classification between a suborder and a family, a group of families.

Superfecundation, sū-pėr-fek-un-dā′shun, n. the impregnation of two or more ova at the same stage of development by different acts of coition.

Superficies, sū-pėr-fish′yēz, n. the upper face or surface: the outer face or part of a thing.—adj. Superfi′cial, pertaining to, or being on, the surface: shallow: slight: containing only what is apparent and simple: not learned.—v.t. Superfi′cialise, to treat superficially.—n. Superfi′cialist, a person of merely superficial knowledge.—adv. Superfi′cially.—ns. Superfi′cialness, Superficial′ity; Superfi′ciary, one possessing a right to what stands on the surface of the lands of another.—adj. belonging to the surface: situated on another's land. [L. super, above, facies, face.]

Superfine, sū′pėr-fīn, adj. fine above others: finer than ordinary.—n. Sū′perfineness.—adj. Superfin′ical, very finical.

Superfluous, sū-pėr′flōō-us, adj. more than enough: unnecessary or useless.—n. Superflū′ity, a superfluous quantity or more than enough: state of being superfluous: superabundance.—adv. Super′fluously.—ns. Super′fluousness, superfluity; Sū′perflux (Shak.), any superfluity. [L. superfluus—super, above, fluĕre, to flow.]

Superfœtation, sū-pėr-fē-tā′shun, n. the circumstance of two distinct conceptions occurring in the same woman at a considerable interval so that two fœtuses of different ages—the offspring possibly of different fathers—may coexist in the uterus—also Superfetā′tion.—vs.i. Superfœ′tate, Superfē′tate, to conceive after a prior conception.

Superfrontal, sū-pėr-fron′tal, adj. pertaining to the upper part of the frontal lobe of the brain.—n. a covering for the top of the altar, generally hanging down all round, and fringed.

Superfunction, sū-pėr-fungk′shun, n. action of some organ in excess of what is normal.—adj. Superfunc′tional.

Superfuse, sū-pėr-fūz′, v.t. to pour over something else.

Superheat, sū-pėr-hēt′, v.t. to heat to excess.—n. Superheat′er.

Superhuman, sū-pėr-hū′man, adj. above what is human: divine.—n. Superhuman′ity.—adv. Superhū′manly.

Superhumeral, sū-pėr-hū′me-ral, n. anything carried on the shoulders: the amice: the pallium: a Jewish ephod.

Superimpose, sū-pėr-im-pōz′, v.t. to impose or lay above: (geol.) to establish a structural system over, independently of underlying structures.—n. Superimposi′tion, the act of superimposing: state of being superimposed.

Superincumbent, sū-pėr-in-kum′bent, adj. lying above.—ns. Superincum′bence, Superincum′bency.

Superinduce, sū-pėr-in-dūs′, v.t. to bring in over and above something else, to superadd.—ns. Superinduc′tion, Superinduce′ment.

Superinenarrable, sū-pėr-in-ē-nar′a-bl, adj. in the highest degree incapable of being described.

Superintend, sū-pėr-in-tend′, v.t. to have the oversight or charge of: to control, manage.—v.i. to exercise supervision.—ns. Superinten′dence, Superinten′dency, oversight: direction: management.—adj. Superinten′dent, superintending.—n. one who superintends: the head of a Sunday-school: in some Protestant churches a clergyman having the oversight of the clergy of a district: overseer.—n. Superinten′dentship.

Superior, sū-pē′ri-or, adj. upper: higher in place, rank, or excellence: surpassing others: beyond the influence of: of wider application, generic: (print.) set above the level of the line.—n. one superior to others: the chief of a monastery, &c., and of certain churches and colleges: (Scots law) one who has made an original grant of heritable property to a tenant or vassal, on condition of a certain annual payment (feu-duty) or of the performance of certain services.—ns. Supē′rioress, a female superior or chief in a convent, nunnery, &c.; Superior′ity, quality or state of being superior: pre-eminence: advantage: (Scots law) the right which the superior enjoys in the land held by the vassal.—adv. Supē′riorly, in a superior manner.—Superior planets, those more distant from the sun than the earth. [L., comp. of superus, high—super, above.]

Superjacent, sū-pėr-jā′sent, adj. lying above or upon.

Superlative, sū-pėr′la-tiv, adj. raised above others or to the highest degree: superior to all others: most eminent: (gram.) expressing the highest degree of a quality.—n. (gram.) the superlative or highest degree of adjectives and adverbs: any word or phrase full of exaggeration.—adv. Super′latively.—n. Super′lativeness, state of being superlative or in the highest degree. [L. superlativus—superlatus, pa.p. of superferre—super, above, ferre, to carry.]

Superlunar, sū-pėr-lū′nar, adj. above the moon: not of this world.—Also Superlū′nary.

Supermedial, sū-pėr-mē′di-al, adj. being above the middle.

Supermundane, sū-pėr-mun′dān, adj. above the world.

Supernacular, sū-pėr-nak′ū-lar, adj. very choice, of liquor.—n. Supernac′ūlum, wine fit to be drunk to the last drop with no heeltaps, anything very choice.—adv. to the last drop.

Supernal, sū-pėr′nal, adj. that is above or in a higher place or region: relating to things above: celestial. [L. supernus—super, above.]

Supernatant, sū-pėr-nā′tant, adj. floating on the surface.—n. Supernatā′tion. [L. supernatāre—super, above, natāre, to swim.]

Supernational, sū-pėr-nash′un-al, adj. transcending the national, and belonging to mankind.—n. Superna′tionalism.

Supernatural, sū-pėr-nat′ū-ral, adj. above or beyond the powers of nature: not according to the usual course of nature: miraculous: spiritual.—v.t. Supernat′uralise, to bring into the supernatural sphere.—ns. Supernat′uralism, the belief in the influence of the supernatural in the world; Supernat′uralist, a believer in the supernatural.—adj. of or pertaining to the supernatural.—adj. Supernaturalist′ic.—adv. Supernat′urally.—n. Supernat′uralness.

Supernumerary, sū-pėr-nūm′ėr-ar-i, adj. over and above the number stated, or which is usual or necessary.—n. a person or thing beyond the usual, necessary, or stated number: one who appears on the stage without a speaking part. [L. supernumerarius—super, over, numerus, a number.]

Supernutrition, sū-pėr-nū-trish′un, n. excessive nutrition.

Superoccipital, sū-pėr-ok-sip′e-tal, adj. pertaining to the upper part of the occipital lobe of the brain.

Superoctave, sū′pėr-ok-tāv, n. (mus.) a coupler in the organ by means of which is sounded an octave higher than the one struck: an organ-stop two octaves above the principal.

Superolateral, sū-pe-rō-lat′ėr-al, adj. situated above and at the side.

Superorder, sū-pėr-or′dėr, n. a group in the classifications of natural history above the order but below the class.—adj. Superor′dinal.

Superordinary, sū-pėr-or′di-nā-ri, adj. above the ordinary.

Superordination, sū-pėr-or-di-nā′shun, n. the ordination of a successor by an ecclesiastic: (logic) the relation of a universal proposition to a particular proposition in the same terms.—adj. Superor′dinate.

Superorganic, sū-pėr-or-gan′ik, adj. not dependent on organisation, psychical, spiritual: social.

Superparasitism, sū-pėr-par′a-sīt-izm, n. the infestation of parasites by other parasites.—n. Sū′perparasite, the parasite of a parasite.—adj. Superparasit′ic.

Superphosphate, sū-pėr-fos′fāt, n. a phosphate containing the greatest amount of phosphoric acid that can combine with the base.

Superphysical, sū-pėr-fiz′i-kal, adj. superorganic, psychical.

Superpose, sū-pėr-pōz′, v.t. to place over or upon.—adjs. Superpō′sable; Superposed′.—n. Superposi′tion, act of superposing: state of being superposed: that which is above anything.

Superpraise, sū-pėr-prāz′, v.t. (Shak.) to praise excessively.

Super-royal, sū-pėr-roi′al, adj. larger than royal, denoting a size of paper, 19¼ × 27½ in. for writing and drawing paper, 20½ × 27½ in. for printing-paper.

Supersacral, sū-pėr-sā′kral, adj. situated on or over the sacrum.

Supersalt, sū′pėr-sawlt, n. a salt having a greater number of equivalents of acid than base.

Supersaturate, sū-pėr-sat′ū-rāt, v.t. to saturate beyond the normal point.—n. Supersaturā′tion.

Superscribe, sū-pėr-skrīb′, v.t. to write or engrave over, on the outside or top: to write the name on the outside or cover of.—ns. Sū′perscript, Superscrip′tion, act of superscribing: that which is written or engraved above or on the outside. [L. super, above, scribĕre, scriptum, to write.]

Supersede, sū-pėr-sēd′, v.t. to take the place of another by reason of superior right, power, &c.: to make useless by superior power: to come in the room of, to replace: to displace, set aside, render unnecessary.—ns. Supersē′deas, a writ to stay proceedings, or to suspend the powers of an officer in certain cases; Supersē′dence, Supersē′dure, Superses′sion, a setting aside, the act of superseding; Supersedē′re (Scots law), a private agreement among creditors, under a trust-deed, to supersede or sist diligence for a certain period: an order of court granting protection to a debtor. [L. super, above, sedēre, sessum, to sit.]

Supersensible, sū-pėr-sen′si-bl, adj. above the range of the senses, spiritual.—adv. Supersen′sibly.—adj. Supersen′sitive, excessively sensitive.—n. Supersen′sitiveness.—adjs. Supersen′sory, Supersen′sual, beyond the senses.

Superserviceable, sū-pėr-sėrv′is-a-bl, adj. (Shak.) doing more than required, over-officious.

Supersolar, sū-pėr-sō′lar, adj. above the sun.

Superstition, sū-pėr-stish′un, n. excessive reverence or fear, based on ignorance: excessive exactness in religious opinions or practice: false worship or religion: an ignorant and irrational belief in supernatural agency, omens, divination, sorcery, &c.: belief in what is absurd, without evidence: rites or practices proceeding from superstitious belief or fear: over-nicety, exactness too scrupulous or morbid.—adj. Supersti′tious, pertaining to, or proceeding from, superstition: over-exact.—adv. Supersti′tiously.—n. Supersti′tiousness. [L. superstitio, excessive religious belief—super, over, above, statum, sistĕre—stāre, to stand.]

Superstratum, sū-pėr-strā′tum, n. a stratum or layer situated above another.

Superstructure, sū-pėr-strukt′ūr, n. a structure above or on something else: anything erected on a foundation—also Superstruc′tion.—adjs. Superstruct′ive, Superstruct′ūral.

Supersubtle, sū-pėr-sut′l, adj. over-subtle.—adj. Supersubt′ilised, subtilised or refined to excess.—n. Supersubt′lety, excessive subtlety, over-nicety.

Supertonic, sū-pėr-ton′ik, n. (mus.) the tone in a scale next above the tonic or keynote.

Supervene, sū-pėr-vēn′, v.i. to come in addition, or closely after: to occur, take place.—adj. Supervē′nient, coming above, as something additional.—n. Superven′tion, act of supervening or taking place. [L. super, above, venīre, ventum, come.]

Supervise, sū-pėr-vīz′, v.i. to oversee: to superintend.—ns. Supervī′sal, Supervi′sion, act of supervising: inspection: control; Supervī′sor, one who supervises: an overseer: an inspector: (Shak.) a spectator.—adjs. Supervī′sory, pertaining to, or having, supervision; Supervis′ūal, beyond the ordinary visual powers. [L. super, over, vidēre, visum, to see.]

Supervolute, sū′pėr-vol-ūt, adj. (bot.) having a plaited or convolute arrangement in the bud.

Supine, sū-pīn′, adj. lying on the back: leaning backward, inclined, sloping: negligent: indolent.—v.t. Sū′pināte, to bring the palm upward.—ns. Sūpinā′tion, the state of being supine: the act of lying or being laid with the face upward: the act of turning the palm of the hand upward: the hand so turned; Sūpinā′tor, that which produces supination: a muscle that turns the palm upward; Sū′pine, one of two parts of the Latin verb, really verbal nouns, ending in tum and tu, called the first and second supine respectively.—adv. Sūpine′ly.—n. Sūpine′ness. [L. supinus—sub, under.]

Suppedaneum, sup-ē-dā′nē-um, n. a foot-rest on a cross or crucifix.—adj. Suppedā′neous, being under the feet. [L. sub, under, pes, pedis, the foot.]

Suppeditate, sup-ed′i-tāt, v.t. to supply, furnish.—n. Suppeditā′tion, supply. [L. suppeditāre, -ātum, to supply—suppetĕre, to be in store—sub, under, petĕre, to seek.]

Supper, sup′ėr, n. a meal taken at the close of the day.—adj. Supp′erless, without supper.—ns. Supp′ing, the act of one who sups: that which is supped; Lord's′-supp′er (see Lord). [O. Fr. soper (Fr. souper)—from Low Ger. supen, to sup.]

Supplant, sup-plant′, v.t. to displace by stratagem: to take the place of: to undermine.—ns. Supplantā′tion; Supplant′er. [L. supplantāre, to trip up one's heels—sub, under, planta, the sole of the foot.]

Supple, sup′l, adj. pliant: lithe: yielding to the humour of others: fawning.—v.t. to make supple: to make soft or compliant.—v.i. to become supple.—n. Supp′leness.—adj. Supp′le-sin′ewed, having supple sinews: lithe.—Supple Jack (U.S.), one of various climbing-shrubs with strong stems: a pliant cane. [Fr. souple—L. supplex, bending the knees—sub, under, plicāre, to fold.]

Supplement, sup′le-ment, n. that which supplies or fills up: any addition by which defects are supplied: the quantity by which an angle or an arc falls short of 180° or a semicircle.—v.t. Supplement′, to supply or fill up: to add to.—adjs. Supplemen′tal, Supplement′ary, added to supply what is wanting: additional.—adv. Supplement′arily.—ns. Supplementā′tion; Supplement′er.—v.t. Supplēte′, to supplement.—adjs. Supp′lētive, Supp′lētory, supplemental.—n. a supplement. [L. supplementum—supplēre, to fill up.]

Suppliant, sup′li-ant, adj. supplicating: asking earnestly: entreating.—n. a humble petitioner.—adv. Supp′liantly.—n. Supp′liantness. [Fr. suppliant, pr.p. of supplier—L. supplicāre.]

Supplicant, sup′li-kant, adj. supplicating: asking submissively.—n. one who supplicates or entreats earnestly.—adv. Supp′licantly. [L. supplicans, pr.p. of supplicāre.]

Supplicate, sup′li-kāt, v.t. to entreat earnestly: to address in prayer.—n. Supp′licat, in the English universities, a petition.—adv. Supp′licātingly.—n. Supplicā′tion, act of supplicating: in ancient Rome, a solemn service or day decreed for giving formal thanks to the gods for victory, &c.: earnest prayer or entreaty, especially, in liturgies, a litany petition for some special blessing.—adj. Supp′licātory, containing supplication or entreaty: humble.—n. Supplicā′vit, formerly a writ issued by the King's Bench or Chancery for taking the surety of the peace against a person. [L. supplicāre, -ātum—supplex—sub, under, plicāre, to fold.]

Supply, sup-plī′, v.t. to fill up, esp. a deficiency: to add what is wanted: to furnish: to fill a vacant place: to serve instead of:—pa.t. and pa.p. supplied′. [Fr.,—L. supplēre—sub, up, plēre, to fill.]

Supply, sup-plī′, n. act of supplying: that which is supplied or which supplies a want: amount of food or money provided (used generally in pl.): a grant of money provided by a legislature for the expenses of government: a person who takes another's duty temporarily, a substitute, esp. a clergyman.—ns. Supplī′al, the act of supplying, the thing supplied; Sup′pliance (Shak.), that which is supplied, gratification.—adj. Supplī′ant (Shak.), supplying, auxiliary.—adv. Sup′pliantly.—ns. Supplī′er, one who supplies; Supply′ment (Shak.), a supply.—Commissioner of Supply, one of the body forming the chief county authority in Scotland for administrative and rating purposes, down to 1889.

Support, sup-pōrt′, v.t. to bear up: to endure or sustain: to keep up as a part or character: to make good: to defend: to represent in acting: to supply with means of living: to uphold by countenance, patronise: to follow on the same side as a speaker.—n. act of supporting or upholding: that which supports, sustains, or maintains: maintenance: an actor playing a subordinate part with a star: an accompaniment in music.—adj. Support′able, capable of being supported: endurable: capable of being maintained.—n. Support′ableness.—adv. Support′ably.—ns. Support′ance (Shak.), support; Support′er, one who, or that which, supports: an adherent: a defender: (her.) a figure on each side of the escutcheon.—adjs. Support′ing, Support′ive.—n.fem. Support′ress. [L. supportāre—sub, up, portāre, to bear.]

Suppose, sup-pōz′, v.t. to lay down, assume, or state as true: to imagine.—adj. Suppō′sable, that may be supposed.—n. Suppō′sal (Shak.), supposition.—adj. Suppōsed′ (Shak.), counterfeit.—adv. Suppō′sedly, according to supposition.—ns. Suppō′ser; Supposi′tion, act of supposing: that which is supposed: assumption: presumption, opinion.—adj. Supposi′tional, implying supposition.—adv. Supposi′tionally.—adjs. Supposi′tionary, hypothetical; Suppos′itive, implying, expressing, or including a supposition.—adv. Suppos′itively.—ns. Suppos′itory (med.), a pill of any solid medicine in the form of a cone or cylinder intended for introduction into the rectum or other canal; Suppos′itum, that which is supposed; Suppō′sūre, supposition. [Fr. supposer—L. supponĕre, -positum—sub, under, ponĕre, to place.]

Supposititious, sup-poz-i-tish′us, adj. put by trick in the place of another: spurious: imaginary, hypothetical, supposed.—adv. Suppositi′tiously, in a supposititious manner.—n. Suppositi′tiousness, the state of being supposititious. [L. supposititius—supponĕre, to put in the place of another—sub, under, ponĕre, to place.]

Suppress, sup-pres′, v.t. to crush, put down: to keep in: to retain or conceal: to stop, restrain.—adv. Suppress′edly.—ns. Suppress′er, Suppress′or.—adj. Suppress′ible.—ns. Suppres′sion, act of suppressing: stoppage: concealment; Suppres′sionist, one who supports suppression.—adj. Suppress′ive, tending to suppress: subduing. [L. supprimĕre, suppressum—sub, under, premĕre, to press.]

Suppurate, sup′ū-rāt, v.i. to gather pus or matter.—n. Suppurā′tion, a morbid process which gives rise to the formation of pus, one of the commonest products of inflammation.—adj. Supp′urātive, tending to suppurate: promoting suppuration.—n. a medicine which promotes suppuration. [L. sub, under, pus, pur-is, pus.]

Supraciliary, sū-pra-sil′i-ar-i, adj. above the eyebrow.—Also Supercil′iary.

Supraclavicular, sū-pra-kla-vik′ū-lar, adj. situated above the clavicle or collar-bone.

Supracostal, sū-pra-kost′al, adj. above or upon the ribs.

Supracretaceous, sū-pra-krē-tā′shus, adj. (geol.) denoting strata lying above the chalk.

Supralapsarian, sū-pra-laps-ā′ri-an, n. one of a class of Calvinists who make the decree of election and predestination to precede the Creation and the Fall—opp. to Sublapsarian.—adj. pertaining to the Supralapsarians or to their opinions.—n. Supralapsā′rianism. [L. supra, above, beyond, labi, lapsus, to fall.]

Supralateral, sū-pra-lat′ėr-al, adj. placed on the upper part of the side.

Supralunar, sū-pra-lū′nar, adj. beyond the moon: very lofty.

Supramaxillary, sū-pra-mak′si-lā-ri, adj. pertaining to the upper jaw.—n. the superior maxillary or upper jaw-bone.

Supramundane, sū-pra-mun′dān, adj. above the world.

Supra-orbital, sū-pra-or′bi-tal, adj. being above the orbit of the eye.

Supraposition, sū-pra-pō-zish′un, n. the placing of one thing above another.

Supraprotest, sū-pra-prō′test, n. acceptance or payment of a bill of exchange, by one not a party to it, after protest for non-acceptance or non-payment.

Suprarenal, sū-pra-rē′nal, adj. situated above the kidneys.

Suprascapular, sū-pra-skap′ū-lar, adj. situated above the scapula or shoulder-blade.—Also Sūprascap′ulary.

Suprasensible, sū-pra-sen′si-bl, adj. above the reach of the senses.

Supraspinal, sū-pra-spī′nal, adj. situated above the spine.—adj. Supraspī′nous, above a spine or spinous process.

Supreme, sū-prēm′, adj. highest: greatest: most excellent.—n. the highest point: the chief, the superior.—n. Suprem′acy, state of being supreme; highest authority or power.—adv. Supreme′ly.—ns. Supreme′ness, Suprem′ity.—Oath of supremacy, an oath denying the supremacy of the pope; The Supreme Being, God. [L. supremus, superl. of superus, high—super, above.]

Sura, sōō′ra, n. a chapter of the Koran.—Also Su′rah. [Ar. sūra, a step.]

Sura, sōō′ra, n. the sap of the palmyra and coco-palm, &c. [Hind. surā.]

Suraddition, sur-a-dish′un, n. (Shak.) something added, as to a name.

Surah, sū′ra, n. a soft twilled silk fabric.—Also Surah silk.

Sural, sū′ral, adj. pertaining to the calf of the leg. [L. sura, the calf.]

Surance, shōōr′ans, n. (Shak.) assurance.

Surat, sū-rat′, n. coarse uncoloured cotton made at Surat, 160 miles north of Bombay.

Surbase, sur′bās, n. a cornice or series of mouldings above the base of a pedestal.—adj. Surbased′.—n. Surbase′ment.

Surbate, sur-bāt′, v.t. (Spens.) to bruise, as the feet by travel.—Also Surbet′. [Prob. Fr. solbatu, solbature—sole, the sole, battu, pa.p. of battre, to beat.]

Surbed, sur-bed′, v.t. to set edgewise, as a stone with reference to the grain.

Surcease, sur-sēs′, v.i. to cease.—v.t. to cause to cease.—n. cessation. [O. Fr. sursis, pa.p. of surseoir—L. super-sedēre, to refrain from.]

Surcharge, sur-chärj′, v.t. to overcharge or overload.—n. an excessive load: an overcharge: an extra charge: a painting in lighter enamel over a darker which serves as the ground.—adj. Surcharged′, overloaded.—n. Surcharge′ment.

Surcingle, sur′sing-gl, n. a girth or strap for holding a saddle on an animal's back: the girdle of a cassock.—v.t. to surround with such. [L. super, above, cingulum, a belt.]

Surcoat, sur′kōt, n. an overcoat, generally applied to the long flowing drapery of knights anterior to the introduction of plate-armour: a short robe worn by ladies over the tunic at the close of the 11th century. [O. Fr. surcote, surcot—sur, over, cote, a garment.]

Surculus, sur′kū-lus, n. a shoot from a root-stock, a sucker.—adjs. Surculig′erous, bearing such; Sur′culose, producing such. [L.]

Surd, surd, adj. (alg.) involving surds: produced by the action of the speech organs on the breath (not the voice), as the 'hard' sounds k, t, p, f, &c.: deaf: (obs.) unheard, senseless.—n. (alg.) a quantity inexpressible by rational numbers, or which has no root.—ns. Surdimū′tism, the condition of being deaf and dumb; Surd′ity, want of sonant quality. [L. surdus, deaf.]

Sure, shōōr, adj. secure: fit to be depended on; certain: strong: confident beyond doubt.—advs. Sure, Surely, firmly, safely: certainly, assuredly.—adj. Sure′footed, walking firmly or securely: not liable to stumble.—adv. Surefoot′edly.—ns. Surefoot′edness; Sure′ness.—Sure enough, certainly.—Be sure, be certain, see to it; Have a sure thing (slang), to have a certainty; Make sure, to make certain; To be sure, without doubt. [O. Fr, seür (Fr. sûr)—L. securus—se-, apart from, cura, care.]

Surety, shōōr′ti, n. certainty: he who, or that which, makes sure: security against loss: one who becomes bound for another, a sponsor.—ns. Sure′tyship, Sure′tiship, state of being surety: obligation of one person to answer for another. [Doublet security.]

Surf, surf, n. the foam made by the dashing of waves.—ns. Surf′-bird, a plover-like bird found on the Pacific coasts of North and South America, akin to sandpipers and turnstones, and sometimes called Boreal sandpiper and Plover-billed turnstone; Surf′-duck, the scoter (q.v.); Surf′man, one skilful in handling boats in surf.—adj. Surf′y. [Skeat explains the r as intrusive, and suggests that suffe is the same as 'sough of the sea,' M. E. swough, swoughen, swowen—A.S. swógan, to make a rushing sound.]

Surface, sur′fās, n. the exterior part of anything.—adj. Sur′faced, having a surface.—ns. Sur′faceman, a miner employed in open-air working: a workman employed in keeping a railway-bed in repair; Sur′face-print′ing, printing from a relief surface, as cotton-cloth; Sur′facer, one who, or that which, smooths or levels a surface; Sur′face-ten′sion, in liquids, that property in virtue of which a liquid surface behaves as if it were a stretched elastic membrane—say a sheet of india-rubber; Sur′face-wa′ter, drainage-water; Sur′facing, the act of giving a certain surface to anything. [Fr., from sur—L. super, and face—L. facies.]

Surfeit, sur′fit, v.t. to fill to satiety and disgust.—n. excess in eating and drinking: sickness or satiety caused by overfullness.—ns. Sur′feiter (Shak.), one who surfeits, a glutton; Sur′feiting, eating overmuch: gluttony. [O. Fr. surfait, excess, sorfaire, to augment—L. super, above, facĕre, to make.]

Surficial, sur-fish′al, adj. formed on the surface, as opposed to Subterranean.

Surfrappé, sur-frap′ā, adj. restruck or restamped—of a coin. [Fr.]

Surfusion, sur-fū′shun, n. the condition of being liquid below fusing-point.

Surge, surj, n. the rising or swelling of a large wave.—v.i. to rise high: to swell.—adj. Sur′gy, full of surges or waves: billowy. [L. surgĕre, to rise.]

Surgeon, sur′jun, n. one who treats injuries or diseases by manual operations.—ns. Sur′geoncy, Sur′geonship, the office or employment of a surgeon in the army or navy; Sur′gery, act and art of treating lesions or malformations of the human body by manual operations, mediate and immediate: a place for surgical operations.—adj. Sur′gical, pertaining to surgeons, or to surgery: done by surgery.—adv. Sur′gically. [A doublet of chirurgeon (q.v.).]

Suricate, sū′ri-kāt, n. a long-legged South African carnivore, allied to the civet, genette, and ichneumon.

Surinam-toad, sū-ri-nam′-tōd, n. a South American toad-like amphibian.

Surloin, the preferable form of sirloin (q.v.).

Surly, sur′li, adj. morose: uncivil: tempestuous.—adv. Sur′lily.—n. Sur′liness. [For sir-ly, for sir-like, arrogant.]

Surmaster, sur′mas-tėr, n. a master in a school next in rank to a headmaster.

Surmise, sur-mīz′, n. suspicion: conjecture.—v.t. to imagine: to suspect.—adjs. Surmī′sable, Surmī′sant.—n. Surmī′ser. [O. Fr.,—surmettre, to accuse—L. super, upon, mittĕre, to send.]

Surmount, sur-mownt′, v.t. to mount above: to surpass: to overcome, get the better of.—adj. Surmount′able, that may be surmounted.—n. Surmount′ableness.—adj. Surmount′ed, surpassed: overcome: (archit.) denoting an arch or dome rising higher than a semicircle: (her.) denoting a figure when another is laid over it.—n. Surmount′er. [Fr.—sur (L. super), above, monter, to mount.]

Surmullet, sur-mul′et, n. a mulloid food-fish of the genus Mullus, with two long barbels on the throat.

Surname, sur′nām, n. a name over and above the Christian name: the family name.—v.t. to call by a surname.—adj. Surnom′inal. [Formed from Fr. sur—L. super, over and above, and Eng. name, on the analogy of Fr. sur-nom.]

Surpass, sur-pas′, v.t. to pass beyond: to exceed: to excel: to go past in space.—adj. Surpass′able, that may be surpassed.—p.adj. Surpass′ing, passing beyond others: excellent in a high degree.—adv. Surpass′ingly.—n. Surpass′ingness. [Fr. surpasser, sur—L. super, beyond, passer, to pass.]

Surplice, sur′plis, n. a white linen garment worn over the cassock by clerks of all degrees, most commonly used for the service of the choir, and also employed, along with the stole, by priests in the administration of the sacraments and in preaching.—adj. Sur′pliced, wearing a surplice. [Fr. surplis—Low L. superpellicium, an over-garment.]

Surplus, sur′plus, n. the overplus: excess above what is required.—n. Sur′plusage, overplus. [Fr., from sur—L. super, over, plus, more.]

Surprise, sur-prīz′, n. act of taking unawares: the emotion caused by anything sudden: amazement.—v.t. to come upon suddenly or unawares: to lead or bring unawares, to betray (with into): to strike with wonder or astonishment: to confuse.—n. Surprīs′al, act of surprising.—adv. Surprīs′edly.—adj. Surprīs′ing, exciting surprise: wonderful: unexpected.—adv. Surprīs′ingly.—n. Surprīs′ingness. [Fr.,—surpris, pa.p. of surprendre—L. super, over, prehendĕre, to catch.]

Surquedry, sur′kwe-dri, n. (Spens.) pride, arrogance—also Sur′quidry.—adj. Sur′quedous.

Surrebound, sur-e-bownd′, v.i. to rebound again and again: to give back echoes.

Surrebut, sur-e-but′, v.i. to reply to a defendant's rebutter.—ns. Surrebut′tal, a plaintiff's evidence or presentation of evidence, in response to a defendant's rebuttal; Surrebut′ter, the plaintiffs reply, in common law pleading, to a defendant's rebutter; Surrejoin′der, the answer of a plaintiff to a defendant's rejoinder.

Surreined, sur′rānd, adj. (Shak.) injured by driving, overworked.

Surrenal, sur-rē′nal, adj. situated above the kidneys.

Surrender, sur-ren′dėr, v.t. to deliver over: to resign.—v.i. to yield up one's self to another.—n. act of yielding, or giving up to another.—ns. Surrenderee′, one to whom a legal surrender is made; Surren′derer, one who surrenders; Surren′deror (law), one who makes a surrender; Surren′dry, Surren′dery (obs.), a surrender. [O. Fr. surrendre, from sur, over—L. super, over, rendre—L. reddĕre, to render.]

Surreptitious, sur-rep-tish′us, adj. done by stealth or fraud.—adv. Surrepti′tiously. [L., from surripĕre, surreptum—sub, under, rapĕre, to seize.]

Surrey, sur′ā, n. (U.S.) a light four-wheeled vehicle for four persons, usually with two seats in a box mounted on side-bars.

Surrogate, sur′rō-gāt, n. a substitute: the deputy of an ecclesiastical judge.—ns. Sur′rogāteship; Surrogā′tion, subrogation; Surrogā′tum, that which comes in place of something else. [L. surrogāre, ātum—sub, in the place of, rogāre, to ask.]

Surround, sur-rownd′, v.t. to go round about; to encompass, environ: to cut off from communication or retreat.—n. Surround′ing, an encompassing: (pl.) things which surround, external circumstances. [O. Fr. suronder—L. superundāre, to overflow, often confused with round.]

Sursize, sur-sīz′, n. a penalty in feudal times for non-payment of castle-guard rent on the appointed day.

Surtax, sur′taks, n. an additional tax on certain articles.—v.t. to lay such a tax upon.

Surtout, sur-tōō′, -tōōt′, n. a close-bodied frock-coat: (fort.) a raised portion of the parapet of a work at the angles, to protect from enfilade fire. [Fr.,—Low L. super-totus, an outer garment.]

Surveillance, sur-vel′yans, n. a being vigilant or watchful: inspection.—adj. Surveill′ant. [Fr.,—surveiller—sur, over—L. super, veiller, to watch—L. vigilāre.]

Survey, sur-vā′, v.t. to see or look over: to inspect: to superintend: to examine: to measure and estimate, as land—(obs.) Surview′.—ns. Sur′vey, oversight: view: examination: the measuring of land, or of a country: general view: a description of the condition, use, &c. of property to be insured: an auction at which a farm is let for three lives: (U.S.) a district for the collection of customs under a particular officer; Survey′ing, the art of ascertaining the boundaries and superficial extent of any portion of the earth's surface; Survey′or, an overseer: a measurer of land; Survey′orship. [O. Fr. surveoir—L. super, over, vidēre, to see.]

Survive, sur-vīv′, v.t. to live beyond: to outlive.—v.i. to remain alive.—n. Survī′val, a surviving or living after: any custom or belief surviving in folklore from a more or less savage earlier state of society, long after the philosophy or rationale of it is forgotten.—p.adj. Survī′ving, continuing alive: outliving.—ns. Survī′vor, one who survives or lives after another; Survī′vorship.—Survival of the fittest, the preservation of favourable variations, attended with the destruction of injurious ones, such being the result of Natural Selection (see Natural). [Fr.,—L. super, beyond, vivĕre, to live.]

Surya, sōōr′ya, n. the sun-god in Hindu mythology. [Sans. sūrya, the sun.]

Susceptible, sus-sep′ti-bl, adj. capable of receiving anything: impressible: disposed to admit.—ns. Susceptibil′ity, Suscep′tibleness, quality of being susceptible: capability: sensibility.—adv. Suscep′tibly.—adj. Suscep′tive, capable of receiving or admitting: readily admitting.—ns. Suscep′tiveness; Susceptiv′ity; Suscep′tor; Suscip′iency.—adj. Suscip′ient. [Fr.,—L. suscipĕre, susceptum, to take up—sub, up, capĕre, to take.]

Suscitate, sus′i-tāt, v.t. to excite, rouse.—n. Suscitā′tion. [L. suscitāre, -ātum—sub, under, citāre, to arouse.]

Suspect, sus-pekt′, v.t. to mistrust: to imagine to be guilty: to doubt: to have a slight opinion that something exists, but without sufficient evidence, to conjecture.—v.i. to imagine guilt, to be suspicious.—n. a person suspected.—adv. Suspec′tedly.—n. Suspec′tedness.—adj. Suspect′less, not suspected. [L. suspicĕre, suspectum, to look at secretly—sub, up, specĕre, to look at.]

Suspend, sus-pend′, v.t. to hang one thing beneath another: to make to depend on: to make to stop for a time: to delay: to debar from any privilege, office, emolument, &c. for a time.—ns. Suspen′ded-animā′tion, the temporary cessation of the outward signs and of some of the functions of life—due to asphyxia, drowning, strangulation; Suspen′der, one who, or that which, suspends, one of a pair of straps crossing the shoulders to support the trousers; Suspense′, state of being suspended: act of withholding the judgment: uncertainty: indecision: stop betwixt two opposites; Suspensibil′ity, susceptibility of being suspended.—adj. Suspen′sible, capable of being suspended.—ns. Suspen′sion, act of suspending: interruption: delay: temporary privation of office or privilege: a conditional withholding; Suspen′sion-bridge, a bridge in which the roadway is supported by chains, which pass over elevated piers, and are secured below at each end.—adj. Suspen′sive.—adv. Suspen′sively.—n. Suspen′sor, a suspensory bandage.—adj. Suspensō′rial.—n. Suspensō′rium, that which holds up a part, esp. the arrangement joining the lower jaw to the cranium in vertebrates below mammals.—adj. Suspen′sory, that suspends: doubtful.—n. that which suspends: a bandage: having the effect of delaying or staying.—Suspend payment, to publicly stop paying debts from insolvency. [L. suspendĕre—sub, beneath, pendēre, pensum, to hang.]

Suspercollate, sus-pėr-kol′āt, v.t. to hang. [Sus. per coll., abbrev. for L. suspensio per collum, hanging by the neck.]

Suspicion, sus-pish′un, n. act of suspecting: the imagining of something without evidence or on slender evidence: mistrust: (coll.) a slight quantity of, as of spirits.—adj. Suspi′cious, full of suspicion: showing suspicion: inclined to suspect: liable to suspicion, doubtful.—adv. Suspi′ciously.—n. Suspi′ciousness.

Suspire, sus-pīr′, v.i. to fetch a deep breath, to sigh, to breathe.—n. Suspirā′tion, act of sighing.—adj. Suspir′ious, sighing. [L. suspīrāre—sub, under, spirāre, to breathe.]

Sustain, sus-tān′, v.t. to hold up: to bear: to maintain: to relieve: to prove: to sanction: to prolong.—adjs. Sustain′able, that may be sustained; Sustained′, kept up at one uniform pitch.—ns. Sustain′er, one who, or that which, sustains; Sustain′ment, act of sustaining, sustenance; Sus′tenance, that which sustains: maintenance: provisions.—adj. Sustentac′ular, supporting, pertaining to a Sustentac′ulum, a support or sustaining tissue, esp. an inferior spine of the tarsus in spiders of the genus Epeira.—v.t. Sus′tentāte, to sustain.—n. Sustentā′tion, that which sustains: support: maintenance.—adj. Susten′tative, sustaining.—ns. Sus′tentātor, a sustaining part or structure; Susten′tion, the act of sustaining; Susten′tor, one of two posterior projections of a butterfly-chrysalis.—Sustentation Fund, the scheme by which the ministers of the Free Church of Scotland are supported by voluntary contributions not local or congregational, but with a national altruism or solidarity paid into a great central fund, out of which equal stipends are paid to all alike. [L. sustinēre—sub, up, tenēre, to hold.]

Susurrant, sū-sur′ant, adj. murmuring, whispering.—n. Susurrā′tion, a soft murmur.—adv. Susur′ringly.—adj. Susur′rous, whispering, rustling.—n. Susur′rus, a soft murmuring, a whispering. [L. susurrāre, -ātum, to whisper.]

Sutile, sū′til, adj. done by stitching. [L. sutilis—suĕre, to sew.]

Sutler, sut′lėr, n. a person who follows an army and sells liquor or provisions: a camp-hawker.—n. Sut′lery, a sutler's work: a sutler's store.—adj. Sut′ling, pertaining to sutlers: engaged in the occupation of a sutler. [Old Dut. soetelaar, zoetelaar, a small trader—zoetelen, to do mean work; Low Ger. suddeln, to do dirty work.]

Sutor, sū′tor, n. a cobbler.—adj. Sutō′rial. [L.]

Sutra, sōōt′ra, n. in Sanskrit literature, the technical name of aphoristic rules, and of works consisting of such rules—the groundworks of the ritual, grammatical, metrical, and philosophical literature of India being written in this form.

Suttee, sut-tē′, n. a usage long prevalent in India, in accordance with which, on the death of her husband, the faithful widow burned herself on the funeral pyre along with her husband's body.—n. Suttee′ism, the practice of self-immolation among Hindu widows. [Sans. satí, a true wife.]

Suttle, sut′l, adj. light. [Subtle.]

Suture, sū′tūr, n. the mode of connection between the various bones of the cranium and face—serrated, when formed by the union of two edges of bone with projections and indentations fitting into one another—squamous, when formed by the overlapping of the bevelled edges of two contiguous bones: (surg.) the sewing up of a wound by one or other mode, so as to maintain the opposed surfaces in contact: (bot.) the seam at the union of two margins in a plant.—adj. Sū′tūral, relating to a suture.—adv. Sū′tūrally.—n. Sūtūrā′tion.—adj. Sū′tūred, having, or united by, sutures. [L. sutura—suĕre, to sew.]

Suversed, su-verst′, adj. versed and belonging to the supplement.

Suzerain, sū′ze-rān, n. a feudal lord: supreme or paramount ruler.—n. Sū′zerainty, the dominion of a suzerain: paramount authority. [O. Fr.,—sus—Late L. susum, for sursum=sub-versum, above; the termination in imitation of Fr. souverain, Eng. sovereign.]

Svelt, svelt, adj. in art, free, easy, bold. [Fr.,—It.]

Swab, swob, n. a mop for cleaning or drying floors or decks, or for cleaning out the bore of a cannon: a bit of sponge, &c., for cleansing the mouth of a sick person: (slang) a naval officer's epaulet: a lubber or clumsy fellow in sailor's slang.—v.t. to clean or dry with a swab:—pr.p. swab′bing; pa.t. and pa.p. swabbed.—n. Swab′ber, one who uses a swab: a baker's implement for cleaning ovens. [Dut. zwabber, a swabber, zwabberen, to swab; Ger. schwabber.]

Swack, swak, v.i. (Scot.) to drink greedily.

Swack, swak, adj. (Scot.) active, nimble.

Swad, swad, n. a country lout.

Swaddle, swod′l, v.t. to swathe or bind tight with clothes, as an infant.—ns. Swadd′ler, an Irish papist's name for a Methodist, &c.; Swadd′ling-band, Swadd′ling-cloth, a cloth for swaddling an infant:—pl. Swadd′ling-clothes (B.). [A.S. swethel, a swaddling-band, swathu, a bandage.]

Swaddy, swod′i, n. a soldier, esp. a militiaman.

Swag, swag, n. (slang) anything obtained by plunder: baggage, esp. that carried by one tramping through the bush, a swagman's pack: the subsidence of a mine-roof: a festoon or hanging cluster of flowers.—ns. Swag′ger, Swag′man, one who carries his swag about with him in his search for work; Swag′shop, a place where cheap and trashy goods are sold. [Prob. swag (v.).]

Swag, swag, v.i. to sink down by its own weight.—adj. Swag′-bell′ied, having a large projecting belly. [Prob. conn. with sway.]

Swage, swāj, n. a tool used for making mouldings on sheet-iron.

Swage, swāj, v.t. and v.i. (Milt.) to assuage.

Swagger, swag′ėr, v.i. to swing the body in a blustering defiant way: to brag noisily, to bully.—n. boastfulness: insolence of manner.—adj. (slang) very fashionable.—n. Swagg′erer.—adj. and n. Swagg′ering.—adv. Swagg′eringly. [A freq. of swag=sway.]

Swahili, swa-hē′li, n. the name given to the people of Zanzibar and the opposite coast belonging to the Bantu stock, with an Arab infusion, and speaking a Bantu tongue modified by Arabic.—adj. Swahi′lian. [Ar. Waswahili, 'coast people.']

Swain, swān, n. a young man: a peasant: a country lover.—n. Swain′ing, love-making.—adj. Swain′ish, boorish.—n. Swain′ishness, boorishness. [Ice. sveinn, young man, servant, Dan. svend, servant.]

Swale, swāl, n. a shady spot: a lower tract of rolling prairie.

Swallow, swol′ō, n. a migratory bird with long wings, which seizes its insect food on the wing: a genus (Hirundo) and family (Hirundinidæ) of passerine birds, with long and pointed wings.—adj. Swall′ow-tailed, like a swallow's tail in form, forked and pointed—of a dress-coat. [A.S. swalewe; Ger. schwalbe.]

Swallow, swol′ō, v.t. to receive through the gullet into the stomach: to engulf: to absorb: to occupy: to exhaust.—n. Swall′ower. [A.S. swelgan, to swallow; cog. with Ger. schwelgen.]

Swam, swam, pa.t. of swim.

Swamp, swomp, n. wet, spongy land: low ground filled with water.—v.t. to sink in, or as in a swamp: to overset, or cause to fill with water, as a boat.—adj. Swamp′y, consisting of swamp: wet and spongy. [Scand., Dan. and Sw. svamp, a sponge; from the root of swim.]

Swan, swon, n. a genus of birds constituting a very distinct section of the Duck family Anatidæ, having the neck as long as the body, noted for grace and stateliness of movement on the water.—ns. Swan′-goose, the China goose; Swan′-herd, one who tends swans; Swan′-hop′ping, better Swan′-mark′ing and Swan′-up′ping, the custom of marking the upper mandible of a swan to show ownership—done annually to the royal swans on the Thames, the occasion being excuse for a festive expedition.—adj. Swan′-like.—ns. Swan′-maid′en, a familiar figure in European folklore, changing at will into a maiden or a swan by means of the magic properties of her shift; Swan′-mark, the notch made on the swan's upper mandible; Swan′-neck, the end of a pipe, &c., curved like a swan's neck; Swan′nery, a place where swans are kept and tended.—adj. Swan′ny, swan-like.—ns. Swan's′-down, the down or under-plumage of a swan, used for powder-puffs, &c.: a soft woollen cloth: a thick cotton with a soft nap on one side; Swan′-shot, a shot of large size, like buck-shot; Swan′-skin, the unplucked skin of a swan: a soft, nappy, fine-twilled flannel; Swan′-song, the fabled song of a swan just before its death: a poet's or musician's last work. [A.S. swan; Ger. schwan, Dut. zwaan.]

Swang, swang, n. (prov.) a swamp.

Swank, swangk, adj. (Scot.) slender, pliant: agile, supple—also Swank′ing.—n. Swank′y, an active fellow. [A.S. swancor, pliant; Ger. schwank.]

Swanky, Swankie, swangk′i, n. poor thin beer or any sloppy drink, even sweetened water and vinegar.

Swanpan. See Shwanpan.

Swap, swop, v.t. to barter.—n. an exchange.—adj. Swap′ping, large. [Swop.]

Swape, swāp, n. (prov.) a pump-handle: a large oar or sweep: a sconce for holding a light.—v.i. to sweep: to place aslant.—n. Swape′-well, a well from which water is raised by a well-sweep.

Sward, swawrd, n. the grassy surface of land: green turf—also Swarth.—v.t. to cover with sward.—adjs. Sward′ed, Sward′y, covered with sward. [A.S. sweard; Dut. zwoord, Ger. schwarte.]

Sware, swār (B.), pa.t. of swear.

Swarf, swärf, v.i. to faint.—n. a swoon.

Swarf, swärf, n. the grit from a grindstone in grinding cutlery wet.

Swarm, swawrm, n. a body of humming or buzzing insects: a cluster of insects, esp. of bee: a great number: throng.—v.i. to gather as bees: to appear in a crowd: to throng: to abound: to breed multitudes.—v.t. to cause to breed in swarms. [A.S. swearm; Ger. schwarm; from the same root as Ger. schwirren.]

Swarm, swawrm, v.i. to climb a tree by scrambling up by means of arms and legs (with up).

Swarth, swawrth, n. (Shak.). Same as Swath.

Swarth, swawrth, n. a wraith, apparition of a person about to die.

Swarthy, swawrth′i, adj. of a blackish complexion: dark-skinned: tawny—also Swart, Swarth.—adv. Swarth′ily.—ns. Swarthi′iness; Swart′-star (Milt.), the dog-star, so called because at the time of its appearance it darkens the complexion. [A.S. sweart; Ice. svartr, Ger. schwarz, black.]

Swarve, swawrv, v.i. to swerve.

Swash, swosh, v.t. to dash or splash.—v.i. to make a splashing noise, to wash up against.—ns. Swash′-buck′ler, a bully, a blusterer; Swash′er (Shak.), one who swashes, a blusterer.—adj. Swash′ing, slashing, crushing.—n.pl. Swash′-lett′ers, Italic capitals with top and bottom flourishes, intended to fill out ugly gaps.—ns. Swash′-plate, a disc set obliquely on a revolving axis, to give a reciprocating motion to a bar along its length; Swash′-work, lathe-work in which the cuts are inclined to the axis of rotation.—adj. Swash′y, swaggering. [Scand.; cf. dial. Sw. svasska, Norw. svakka, prov. Eng. swack, a blow.]