Part 2 — The Accusative of the Part Concerned. (continued 6)

(b.) nostrī reppulērunt neque fīnem sequendī fēcērunt, quoad equitēs praecipitēs hostēs ēgērunt, 5, 17, 3, our people routed them and did not give up the pursuit till the cavalry drove the enemy headlong. Milō cum in senātū fuisset eō diē quoad senātus est dīmissus, domum vēnit, Mil. 28, after staying in the senate that day till the senate adjourned, Milo went home. numquam dēstitit ōrāre usque adeō dōnec perpulit, T. Andr. 660, he never ceased to tease until he gained his point. usque eō timuī, dōnec ad rēiciundōs iūdicēs vēnimus, V. 1, 17, I was afraid all the time till we came to challenging jurors. The present indicative of vivid narration (1590) is found in Vergil and Livy: as, sociī cōnsurgere tōnsīs, dōnec rōstra tenent siccum et sēdēre carīnae omnēs innocuae, V. 10, 299, with one accord the shipmates rose to oars, until the beaks dry land attain, and keels all sat unscathed.

2008. An imperfect subjunctive is rarely found with quoad, until (1725): as, haec diēs praestitūtast, quoad referret, Pl. Ps. 623, this day was set by which he was to pay. exercēbātur currendō et lūctandō ad eum fīnem, quoad stāns complectī posset, N. 15, 2, 5, he used to practise running and wrestling, till he could give a grip standing. For dōnec, see 2009 at the end.

2009. Other constructions occur, chiefly in old Latin or poetry, with dōnec, or dōnicum, until. (a.) The future perfect: as, haud dēsinam, dōnec perfēcerō hōc, T. Ph. 419, I shall not stop till I have finished this. dēlīcta maiōrum luēs, dōnec templa refēceris, H. 3, 6, 1, for sins of sires thou shalt atone, till thou hast shrines repaired. (b.) The future: coquitō usque dōnec conmadēbit bene, Cato, RR. 156, 5, boil until it is very soft. ter centum rēgnābitur annōs, dōnec geminam partū dabit Īlia prōlem, V. 1, 272, for thrice a hundred years there will be kings, till Ilia gives birth to twins. (c.) The perfect indicative, less frequently the present, introductory to a general present: impedit piscīs usque adeō, dōnicum ēdūxit forās, Pl. Tru. 38, he always draws his net about the fish, until he’s brought them out (1613). usque mantant neque id faciunt, dōnicum parietēs ruont, Pl. Most. 116, they keep waiting and don’t do it until the walls are falling. (d.) The pluperfect indicative: horriferīs accībant vōcibus Orcum, dōnique eōs vītā prīvārant vermina saeva, Lucr. 5, 996, with horrid cries on Death they’d call till gripings sore had set them free from life. The imperfect indicative is found once in Tacitus, who also has the infinitive of intimation (1539) once or twice. An imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive sometimes occurs where purpose is intimated, and in Livy and late Latin to express repeated past action: as, dōnec ēgregius properāret exsul, H. 3, 5, 45, till he could hasten forth a peerless exile. trepidātiōnis aliquantum ēdēbant, dōnec quiētem ipse timor fēcisset, L. 21, 28, 11, the elephants always displayed some nervousness, till terror itself restored quiet (1730). But the habit of using the imperfect subjunctive is very common in Tacitus where neither purpose nor repetition is intimated: as neque proelium omīsit dōnec caderet, Ta. 3, 20, he ceased not fighting till he fell.

quandō.

2010. quandō, originally a temporal particle, has the meaning when, which readily passes over to a causal meaning, since, because. In both meanings it introduces the indicative. For special reasons, however, the subjunctive is used, as in indirect discourse (1725) or of action conceivable (1731). quandō is also used to introduce a conditional protasis (2110).

In simple sentences, temporal quandō is used in pronoun questions (1526). As an indefinite adverb it has the meaning ever.

(A.) Temporal quandō.

2011. quandō, when, introduces a temporal clause with the indicative.

The time is often indefinite or iterative; so usually in old Latin. quandō often has tum as correlative.

fīō Iuppiter quandō lubet, Pl. Am. 864, I turn into Jupiter at my sweet will. laudātō quandō illud quod cupis effēcerō, Pl. Cu. 364, cry your bravo when I’ve done what you desire. quandō occāsiō illaec periīt, post sērō cupit, Pl. Aul. 249, when that chance is lost, he wants it all too late (1613). quandō omnēs creātī sunt, tum ad eōs deus fātur, Tim. 40, when all were created, then to them spake the god. quandō pars maior in eandem sententiam ībat, bellum erat cōnsēnsum, L. 1, 32, 12, when the majority voted for the same motion, war was always agreed upon. Temporal quandō is found sporadically at all periods; not in Terence or Caesar.

2012. quandōque, whenever, is found once in the Twelve Tables, a few times in Cicero (chiefly in legal formulae), three times in Horace, and here and there in later authors. Not in Caesar.

(B.) Causal quandō.

2013. quandō, since, seeing that, introduces a causal clause with the indicative.

The reason is usually one known to the person addressed or one generally known (1884). quandō is often strengthened by quidem.

quandō hīc serviō, haec patriast mea, Pl. Per. 641, now that I am a slave here, this is my country. quīn ergō abeis, quandō respōnsumst? Pl. MG. 1085, why don’t you go then, since you’ve had your answer? melius est, quandōquidem hoc numquam mī ipse voluit dīcere, T. Ad. 639, better so, since he wouldn’t ever tell me about it of his own accord. quandō mē in hunc locum dēdūxit ōrātiō, docēbō. DN. 3, 43, seeing that my discourse has brought me to this point, I will show. haec dētur cūra cēnsōribus, quandōquidem eōs in rē pūblicā semper volumus esse, Leg. 3, 47, let this be the charge of the censors, seeing that we want such officers always in our state. prō urbe ac penātibus dīmicandum esse, quandō Ītaliam tuērī nequīssent, L. 22, 8, 7, that they must fight for home and country, now that they had failed to preserve Italy (1724). Causal quandō is found at all periods, though not in Caesar, and in Cicero’s orations only with quidem.

2014. quandōque, inasmuch as, is used a few times in a formal or legal sense in Cicero and Livy: as, quandōque hīsce hominēs iniussū populī Rōmānī Quirītium foedus ictum īrī spopondērunt, L. 9, 10, 9, inasmuch as these persons have promised that a covenant should be made, without the order of the Roman nation of Quirites.

sī.

2015. sī, in early Latin sei, is originally a locative, meaning under those circumstances, so. With the enclitic -ce, it forms sīce or sīc, so. The two are sometimes found as correlatives in colloquial style: as, sīc scrībēs aliquid, sī vacābis, Att. 12, 38, 2, so you shall have time, so you will write something. See 708.

Conditional Periods.

2016. A protasis introduced by sī, so, if, or nisi, unless, if not, states a condition; the apodosis states action occurring under that condition. The conditional protasis and apodosis combined make a Conditional Period.

Thus, sī diēs est, if it is day, is a conditional protasis; combined with an apodosis, lūcet, it is light, it makes a conditional period: sī diēs est, lūcet, Inv. 1, 86, if it is day, it is light.

2017. A parenthesis with ut (1943) is added when the speaker asserts that the action of the protasis is not only assumed, but actually occurs: as, sī virtūs digna est glōriātiōne, ut est, beātus esse poterit virtūte ūnā praeditus, Fin. 4, 51, if virtue is entitled to glorification, as it really is, he will find it possible to be happy in the possession of virtue alone. sī nox opportūna est ēruptiōnī, sīcut est, haec profectō noctis aptissima hōra est, L. 7, 35, 10, if night is always favourable for a sortie, and it always is, this particular hour of the night is surely the very best time.

2018. The apodosis is usually declarative. Often, however, it is interrogative, exclamatory, or imperative, or it may take any other form which the thought or the context may require. The apodosis has rarely a correlative to sī: as, igitur, it follows that, idcircō, for all that, tum, then, ita, sīc, only, eā condiciōne, on condition; at, but, tamen, nevertheless, certē, saltem, at any rate, tum dēnique, tum dēmum, then and not till then.

2019. sī is sometimes followed by quidem or, from Cicero on, by modo: sī quidem, that is if, since, even if, sī modo, if only. sī tamen, at least if, is found in Lucretius, Sallust, the Augustan poets and in late writers. sīve ... sīve (seu . . . seu) or, in old Latin, sī . . . sīve, whether . . . or, with the indicative or the subjunctive of the indefinite second person (1556), leaves a choice between two cases possible. By abbreviation of the protasis sīve becomes a coordinating particle: see 1672.

2020. The negative of sī is sī nōn, if not (sī nēmō, sī nūllus, &c.), or nisi, unless, if not, used especially of an exception or after a negative, nisi sī, chiefly in old, colloquial, or late Latin, or, particularly in solemn language or poetry, nī is sometimes used for nisi. A restriction, usually an ironical afterthought, may be introduced by nisi forte (rare before Cicero) or nisi vērō (in Cicero and Pliny the Younger) with the indicative.

nisi is sometimes found in an adversative sense in old and colloquial Latin, especially after nesciō; from Cicero on, it may be strengthened by tamen. For nisi quod, see 1848.

2021. When a second conditional period is opposed to a first, it is sometimes introduced by sī (or sī autem), but usually by sīn (or sīn autem). If the second period is negative, and its verb is not expressed, minus or aliter is preferred to nōn.

CLASSES OF CONDITIONAL PROTASES.

2022. Conditional protases may be divided into two classes:

2023. I. Indeterminate protases, that is such as merely suppose an action, without implying either its occurrence or its non-occurrence; these may take:

(A.) Any tense of the indicative required by the sense; or (B.) the present subjunctive, less frequently the perfect subjunctive, to express a condition in the future.

2024. II. Protases of ACTION NON-OCCURRENT, that is such as suppose action not taking place. These take the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive.

Thus, in the period sī diēs est, lūcet, Inv. 1, 86, if it is day, it is light, the protasis if it is day is indeterminate, neither implying that it is, or is not day. But in sī vīveret, verba eius audīrētis, if he were alive, you would hear his evidence, RC. 42, the protasis denotes action non-occurrent, if he were alive, implying but he is not. The whole period, like the protasis, is either an Indeterminate Period or a Period of Action non-occurrent.

I. INDETERMINATE PROTASES.

(A.) INDICATIVE USE.

2025. The indicative in a conditional protasis may state present, past, or future time.

The mood and tense of the apodosis are determined by the sense. The following combinations occur:

(1.) Protasis in the Present.

2026.

(a.) Apodosis in the Present.

sī sunt dī, beneficī in hominēs sunt, Div. 2, 104, if there are gods, they are kind to men. sī nescīs, tibī̆ īgnōscō, Fam. 10, 26, 3, if you do not know, I pardon you. deus sum, sī hoc itast, T. Hec. 843, I am a god, if this is so. erus sī tuos domīst, quīn prōvocās? Pl. Ps. 638, in case your master is at home, why don’t you call him out? hōc mortuō, aut sī quī ex reliquīs excellit dignitāte, succēdit, aut, sī sunt plūrēs parēs, dē prīncipātū contendunt, 6, 13, 9, when this man dies, if there is any one of the rest superior in position, he always takes his place; or if there are several with equal claims, they have a contest about the supremacy. sī vīs, potes, H. S. 2, 6, 39, you can, if you will. in corpore sī quid eius modī est quod reliquō corporī noceat, id ūrī secārīque patimur, Ph. 8, 15, in the human body if there is anything likely to damage the rest of the body, we always allow it to be cauterized and cut. sī cui vēnae sīc moventur, is habet febrim, Fat. 15, if a man’s pulse beats thus and so, he always has fever. The present is sometimes loosely used of future time (1593): as, sī illum relinquō, e͡i͡us vītae timeō, T. Andr. 210, if I desert him, I tremble for his life. assequor omnia, sī properō; sī cunctor, āmittō, Att. 10, 8, 5, I shall compass all my ends, if I hurry; if I delay, I shall lose everything. castra nunc vōbīs hostium praedae dō, sī mihī̆ pollicēminī vōs fortiter operam nāvātūrōs, L. 7, 16, 4, I give you the camp of the enemy as booty now, if you promise me you will quit you like men.

2027.

(b.) Apodosis in the Perfect.

sī hominēs ratiōnem ā dīs datam in fraudem convertunt, nōn darī illam quam darī hūmānō generī melius fuit, DN. 3, 78, if men apply reason, the gift of the gods, to purposes of mischief, it would have been better it should not be given to the human race than given (1495). The perfect of the apodosis is ordinarily used of future time (1612): as, occidī, sī tū vēra memorās, Pl. Most. 369, I’m a dead man, if what you say is true. nunc sī indicium faciō, interiī; sī taceō, interiī tamen, Pl. MG. 306, now if I tell, I’m dead and gone; if I keep dark, I’m dead and gone the same. nī illōs hominēs expellō, ego occidī plānissumē, Pl. St. 401, if I don’t drive those people off, all’s up with me. nam sī argentum prius adfert, continuō nōs ambō exclūsī sumus, Pl. As. 360, for if he brings the money first, then we’re at once left out in the cold.

2028.

(c.) Apodosis in the Imperfect.

sed sī domīst, Dēmaenetum volēbam, Pl. As. 452, but if he is at home, Demaenetus I wanted. iam tum erat senex, senectūs sī verēcundōs facit, T. Ph. 1023, he was already old, if age is what makes shamefastness. sī singula vōs forte nōn movent, ūniversa certē tamen movēre dēbēbant, DN. 2, 163, if these points taken severally do not affect you, yet collectively they surely should have done so (1495).

2029.

(d.) Apodosis in the Pluperfect.

cesseram, sī aliēnam ā mē plēbem fuisse voltis, quae nōn fuit, invidiae, Sest. 64, I had yielded, if you will have it that the commons were opposed to me, though they were not, to hatred. hoc mī ūnum relicuom fuerat malum, sī puerum ut tollam cōgit, T. Hec. 570, this was the only evil left in store for me, if he compels me to adopt the child.

2030.

(e.) Apodosis in the Future.

sī interpellās, ego tacēbō, Pl. Men. 1121, if you persist in breaking in, I’ll hold my tongue. hīc tū sī laesum tē esse dīcis, patiar et concēdam; sī iniūriam tibī̆ factam quereris, dēfendam et negābō, Caecil. 58, if you assert that you are hurt in this matter, I am perfectly willing to admit it; but if you complain that it is a violation of your rights, I shall stoutly maintain the contrary. Often in this combination the present is loosely used of future time (1593): as, nunc sī ille hūc salvos revenit, reddam suom sibī̆; sī quid eō fuerit, habeō dōtem unde dem, Pl. Tri. 156, now if our absent friend comes safely back, I’ll give him back his own again; if anything befalls him, I’ve wherewith a dower to give. nisi id cōnfestim facis, ego tē trādam magistrātuī, N. 15, 4, 3, if you do not do it at once, I will hand you over to a magistrate. sī pāce fruī volumus, bellum gerendum est; sī bellum omittimus, pāce numquam fruēmur, Ph. 7, 19, if we wish to enjoy peace, we shall have to make war; if we give up war, we never shall enjoy peace. convincam, sī negās, C. 1, 8, I will bring it home to you, if you deny it. tibi dīvitiās dabō, sī impetrās, Pl. MG. 1213, I’ll make you rich, if you succeed.

2031.

(f.) Apodosis in the Future Perfect.

sī nequeō facere ut abeās, egomet abierō, Pl. Poen. 442, if I can’t make you go, I’ll instantly begone myself (1629). sī id nōn facis, ego quod mē in tē sit facere dignum invēnerō, T. Hau. 107, if you don’t do it, I will have a proper course devised to use with you.

2032.

(g.) Apodosis in the Imperative.

dā mihī̆ hoc, mel meum, sī mē amās, Pl. Tri. 244, give me this, honey mine, an thou lov’st me. redargue mē, sī mentior, Clu. 62, refute me, if I am not speaking the truth. dēsilīte, mīlitēs, nisi vultis aquilam hostibus prōdere, 4, 25, 3, jump overboard, men, unless you choose to abandon your eagle to the enemy. nī iūdicātum facit, sēcum dūcitō, vincitō compedibus, Twelve Tables in Gell. 20, 1, 45, unless he satisfies the judgement, the complainant shall take him with him, and put him in gyves (1593, 1575). quā rē, sī haec ita sunt, sīc mē colitōte ut deum, CM. 81, therefore, if this is so, you are to honour me as a god.

2033.

(h.) Apodosis in the Present Subjunctive.

sī quid habēs certius, velim scīre, Att. 4, 10, 1, if you have anything more definite, I should like to know (1554). sīn aliter animātus es, bene, quod agās, ēveniat tibī̆, Pl. Tri. 715, but if you’re minded otherwise, may all you do betide you well (1540). quod sī nōn possumus facere, moriāmur, Ph. 7, 14, if we cannot do it, let us die (1547). sī mihī̆ fīlius genitur, isque prius moritur, et cētera, tum mihī̆ ille sit hērēs, DO. 2, 141, if a son is born to me, and the boy dies before &c., &c., then so and so is to be my heir (1593, 1548). sī est spēs nostrī reditūs, eam cōnfirmēs, Fam. 14, 4, 3, if there is a hope of my coming back, strengthen that hope (1550). eum sī reddis mihi, praetereā ūnum nummum nē duīs, Pl. Cap. 331, if you restore my boy to me, you needn’t give one penny more (1551). sī hīc pernoctō, causae quid dīcam? T. Ad. 531, if I sleep here, what reason can I give (1563)?

(2.) Protasis in the Perfect.

2034.

(a.) Apodosis in the Present.

sī quid vēnāle habuit Heius, sī id quantī aestimābat, tantī vēndidit, dēsinō quaerere cūr ēmeris, V. 4, 10, if Hejus had anything for sale, if he sold it at his own valuation, I stop enquiring why you bought. sī vērē est ā nōbīs philosophia laudāta, eius trāctātiō optimō quōque dignissima est, Ac. 2, 6, if philosophy has been extolled by me with justice, its study is eminently worthy of the good. sī honōris causā statuam dedērunt, inimīcī nōn sunt, V. 2, 150, if they contributed a statue as a compliment, they are not enemies. postēs quoiusmodī? . . . etiam nunc satis bonī sunt, sī sunt inductī pice, Pl. Most. 818, what think you of the posts? . . . they’re pretty good even now, if they are only smeared with pitch. This combination is common in general conditional periods (1613): as, hominēs aegrī sī aquam gelidam bibērunt, prīmō relevārī videntur, C. 1, 31, if sick people drink cold water, at first they always seem refreshed. sī quod est admissum facinus, īdem dēcernunt, 6, 13, 5, if a crime has been committed, they also act as judges. abiūrant, sī quid crēditumst, Pl. Cur. 496, they always swear they haven’t it, if anything is trusted them. sī puer parvus occidit, aequō animō ferendum putant, TD. 1, 93, if a baby dies, they always think the affliction should be borne with resignation.

2035.

(b.) Apodosis in the Perfect.

sī peccāvī, īnsciēns fēcī, T. Hau. 631, if I’ve done wrong, it was in ignorance. haec bona in tabulās pūblicās sī rediērunt, tabulae pūblicae conruptae sunt, RA. 128, if this property has been entered on the state books, then the state books have been tampered with. quō in bellō sī fuit error, commūnis ē̆ī fuit cum senātū, Ph. 11, 34, if there was a mistake in this war, it was common to him and the senate. interiī, sī abiīt, Pl. Ps. 910, I’m lost, if he has gone (1608). Also in general periods (1613): as, animī sī quandō vēra vīdērunt, ūsī sunt fortūnā atque cāsū, Div. 2, 108, if the mind has ever seen the truth, it has used in every case luck and chance. studiōsē equidem ūtor nostrīs poētīs, sed sīcubi illī dēfēcērunt, vertī multa dē Graecīs, TD. 2, 26, I use our own poets carefully, it is true: but whenever they have failed me, I have always translated a great deal from Greek.

2036.

(c.) Apodosis in the Pluperfect.

sī illud iūre rogātum dīcere ausī sunt, oblītīne erant? PC. 45, if they ventured to say that that measure was brought forward in due form, had not they forgotten?

2037.

(d.) Apodosis in the Future.

sī quis oriente canīculā nātus est, is in marī nōn moriētur, if anybody is born when the dogstar is rising, he will never die at sea (general): sī Fabius oriente canīculā nātus est, Fabius in marī nōn moriētur, Fat. 12, if Fabius was born when the dogstar was rising, Fabius will not die at sea (particular). sī parum intellēxtī, dīcam dēnuō, Pl. R. 1103, if you don’t understand, I’ll say again. nōn ūtar eā cōnsuētūdine, sī quid est factum clēmenter, ut dissolūtē factum crīminer, V. 5, 19, I will not avail myself of the common practice, and if a thing has been done in a spirit of mercy, charge that it was done in a lax way. nisi iam factum aliquid est per Flaccum, fīet ā mē, Fam. 3, 11, 3, unless something or other has been done already through Flaccus, it will be done by me.

2038.

(e.) Apodosis in the Imperative.

sī plūs minusve secuērunt, sē fraude estō, Twelve Tables in Gell. 20, 1, 49, if they cut too much or too little, it shall be without penalty (1613). sī vīdistis, dīcite, Pl. R. 323, if ye have seen, declare. sī quid est peccātum ā nōbīs, prōfer, T. Hec. 253, declare it, if we’ve erred at all. sī numquam avārē pretium statuī artī meae, exemplum statuite in mē, T. Hau. 48, if never like a miser I have set a price upon my art, a pattern set in me. sī quōs propīnquus sanguī̆s patrōnōs dedit, iuvāte perīclitantem, Ta. 3, 12, if relationship has made any of you his advocates, help him in his straits.

2039.

(f.) Apodosis in the Present Subjunctive.

sī nūlla colōris prīncipiīs est reddita nātūra, extemplō ratiōnem reddere possīs, Lucr. 2, 757, if atoms have no colour, you might explain at once (1556). meritō maledīcās mī, sī nōn id ita factumst, Pl. Am. 572, you might with perfect right abuse me, if it is not so (1556).

2040.

(g.) Apodosis in the Imperfect Subjunctive.

sī nēmō hāc praeteriīt, postquam intrō abiī, cistella hīc iacēret, Pl. Cist. 683, if nobody has passed along this way, since I went in, a casket must have been lying here (1560). nam cūr tam variae rēs possent esse requīrō, ex ūnō sī sunt ignī pūrōque creātae? Lucr. 1, 645, for how could things so motley be, I ask, if they are made of pure and simple fire (1565)?

2041.

(h.) Apodosis in the Pluperfect Subjunctive.

sī Antōniō Crassus ēloquēns vīsus nōn est, tibī̆ numquam Cotta vīsus esset, O. 106, if Antony did not hold Crassus eloquent, you would never have held Cotta so (1561).

(3.) Protasis in the Imperfect.

2042.

(a.) Apodosis in the Present.

sī tum nōn pertimēscēbās, nē nunc quidem perhorrēscis? V. 4, 78, if you were not getting afraid then, are you not getting scared even now? sī quī senēs āc dēfōrmēs erant, eōs in hostium numerō dūcit, V. 5, 64, if any were old and homely, he considers them in the light of enemies (1590). sī ad illum hērēditās veniēbat, vērī simile est ab illō necātum, Inv. 1, 89, if the inheritance was coming to so and so, it is likely that the murder was committed by that man. adulēscentī nihil est quod suscēnseam, sī illum minus nōrat, T. Ph. 361, I have no cause for anger with the youth, if he was not acquainted with the man.

2043.

(b.) Apodosis in the Perfect.

sed sī properābās magis, prīdiē nōs tē hūc dūxisse oportuit, Pl. Poen. 525, but if you were in greater haste, you should have brought us here the day before.

2044.

(c.) Apodosis in the Imperfect.

This combination is used chiefly of contemporaneous action (1732), in general conditional periods: as, sī quod erat grande vās, laetī adferēbant, V. 4, 47, if any good-sized vase was ever found, they would always bring it to him in high glee. atque ea sī erant, magnam habēbās dīs grātiam, Pl. As. 143, and if them you ever had, you were monstrous grateful to the gods. sī quae rēs erat maior, populus commovēbātur, Sest. 105, if a thing of more than ordinary importance occurred, the populace was always aroused. hī, sī quid erat dūrius, concurrēbant, 1, 48, 6, whenever there was any pretty sharp work, these men would always fall to. For the subjunctive in such protases, see 2071.

2045.

(d.) Apodosis in the Future.

flēbunt Germānicum etiam īgnōtī: vindicābitis vōs, sī mē potius quam fortūnam meam fovēbātis, Ta. 2, 71, as for weeping for Germanicus, that will be done by strangers too; vengeance will be yours, if you honoured in me more the man than the position. See Att. 14, 1, 1.

2046.

(e.) Apodosis in the Present Subjunctive.

fāc animō magnō sīs, et sī turbidissima sapienter ferēbās, tranquilliōra laetē ferās, Fam. 6, 14, 3, be of great heart, and if you bore anarchy like a stoic, bear a more orderly condition of things with good cheer (1550).

2047.

(f.) Apodosis in the Imperfect Subjunctive.

sī amābās, invenīrēs mūtuom, Pl. Ps. 286, you should have borrowed, if you were in love (1559). quod sī meīs incommodīs laetābantur, urbis tamen periculō commovērentur, Sest. 54, if they did exult over my mishaps, still they ought to have been touched by the danger to Rome (1559).

(4.) Protasis in the Pluperfect.

2048.

(a.) Apodosis in the Present.

sī hoc ita fātō datum erat, ut ad pācem petendam venīrem, laetor tē mihī̆ sorte potissimum datum, ā quō peterem, L. 30, 30, 3, if it was so ordained by fate that I should come to sue for peace, I am glad that you are allotted me, of all men in the world, to sue from.

2049.

(b.) Apodosis in the Perfect.

tum id, sī falsum fuerat, fīlius quōr nōn refellit? T. Ph. 400, if that had been untrue, why did not at the time your son disprove it? vel officiō, sī quid dēbuerat, vel errōrī, sī quid nescierat, satis factum esse dūxit, D. 13, he thought he had done enough for duty, if he had been under any obligation, enough for delusion, if he had been acting under mistaken ignorance.

2050.

(c.) Apodosis in the Imperfect.

sed in aedibus quid tibi meīs nam erat negōtī mē absente, nisi ego iusseram? Pl. Aul. 427, but what business had you in my house in my absence, unless I had ordered? sī nihil in istā pugnā Rōsciī fēcerant, quam ob causam tantīs praemiīs dōnābantur? RA. 108, if the Rosciuses had not done service in that fight, why were they presented with such rewards? Often of antecedent action, in general conditional periods: as, sī quicquam caelātī adspexerat, manūs abstinēre, iūdicēs, nōn poterat, V. 4, 48, if he ever caught sight of a bit of chased work, why, gentlemen, he never could keep his hands off. stomachābātur senex, sī quid asperius dīxeram, DN. 1, 93, the old gentleman was always nettled, if I said anything harsh. ac seu longum post tempus vēnerat hospes, sīve convīva per imbrem vīcīnus, bene erat nōn piscibus urbe petītīs, H. S. 2, 2, 118, and if a friend dropped in, after an absence long, or neighbour, come to take pot-luck upon a rainy day, we feasted not on fish brought out from town. For the subjunctive in such protases, see 2071.

2051.

(d.) Apodosis in the Imperfect Subjunctive.

ante sōlem exorientem nisi in palaestram vēnerās, haud mediocrīs poenās penderēs, Pl. B. 426, ere sunrise so you came not to the wrestling school, amercement strong you had to pay (1552).

(5.) Protasis in the Future.

2052.

(a.) Apodosis in the Present.

eam sei cūrābeis, perbonast, Pl. Merc. 526, if you’ll take care of her, she is first-rate. quod sī perferre nōn poterō, opprimī mē mālō, RA. 10, if I cannot succeed in bearing it, I would rather be crushed.

2053.

(b.) Apodosis in the Perfect.

quam nisi dēfendēs, Rōmulus nōn bene vīdit avēs, Prop. 4 (5), 6, 43, unless thou savest her, ’twas ill that Romulus espied his birds. āctumst, sī quidem tū mē hīc lūdificābere, T. Eu. 717, all’s up, that is in case you fool me here (1612). cui sī esse in urbe licēbit, vīcimus, Att. 14, 20, 3, if he shall be allowed to stay in town, the day is ours (1612).

2054.

(c.) Apodosis in the Future.

sī erum īnsimulābis malitiae, male audiēs, T. Ph. 359, you’ll hear what you won’t like, if you insinuate anything wrong against master. vīcīnīs bonus estō: sī tē libenter vīcīnitās vidēbit, facilius tua vēndēs; sī aedificābis, operīs, iūmentīs, māteriē adiuvābunt, Cato, RR. 4, be obliging to your neighbours: if the neighbourhood looks on you with favour, you will find a readier sale for your produce; if you fall to building, they will help you with labour, draught animals, and building material. sī id audēbis dīcere, causam inimīcī tuī sublevābis, Caecil. 12, if you venture to say that, you will promote the cause of your enemy. sī fortūna volet, fīēs dē rhētore cōnsul; sī volet haec eadem, fīēs dē cōnsule rhētor, J. 7, 197, if fortune shall ordain, a magnate from a teacher thou shalt be; again shall she ordain, a teacher from a magnate shalt thou be. nōn modo nōn laedētur causa nōbilitātis, sī istīs hominibus resistētis, vērum etiam ōrnābitur, RA. 138, the interests of the nobility will not be damaged, if you resist those creatures; oh no, on the contrary, they will be promoted. The clause with sī is apt to take the future perfect (2061). The future in the apodosis often denotes action holding good at all times: as, dēfēnsor prīmum, sī poterit, dēbēbit vītam eius, quī īnsimulābitur, quam honestissimam dēmōnstrāre, Inv. 2, 35, the advocate ought in the first place, if he can, to prove that the life of the accused is eminently respectable. quod adsequēmur, sī cavēbimus nē in perturbātiōnēs incidāmus, Off. 1, 131, we shall attain this end if we take care not to be subject to fits of passion. Sometimes in exemplifications: sī patriam prōdere cōnābitur pater, silēbitne fīlius? Off. 3, 90, if a father shall try to betray his country, will the son keep silent? But see 2090.

2055.

(d.) Apodosis in the Future Perfect.

oculum ego ecfodiam tibī̆ :: dīcam tamen; nam sī sīc nōn licēbit, luscus dīxerō, Pl. Tri. 463, I’ll dig your eye out :: but I’ll speak, nathless; for if I may not as I am, I’ll say my say as one-eyed man. sed sī tē aequō animō ferre accipiet, neclegentem fēceris, T. Andr. 397, but if he sees you take it placidly, you’ll have him off his guard. The more usual combination is as in 2062.

2056.

(e.) Apodosis in the Imperative.

vir tuos sī veniet, iube domī opperīrier, Pl. Cist. 592, in case your husband comes, tell him to wait at home. Almost always the second imperative is used (1577): as, sī volet, suō vīvitō, Twelve Tables in Gell. 20, 1, 45, if the prisoner wish, he may subsist on his own food. sī veniet nūntius, facitō ut sciam, Pl. St. 148, if a messenger shall come, be sure you let me know. sī dē mē ipsō plūra dīcere vidēbor, īgnōscitōte, Sest. 31, if I seem to harp too much on myself, you must excuse me.

2057.

(f.) Apodosis in the Present Subjunctive.

sī quid erit, quod scrībendum putēs, velim faciās, Att. 11, 13, 5, if there shall be anything which you think worth writing, I wish you would write (1555). nam sī altera illaec magis īnstābit, forsitan nōs reiciat, T. Ph. 717, for if the other lady presses more, perhaps he’ll throw us out (1554). peream, sī tē ferre poterunt, Brut. in Fam. 11, 23, 2, may I die, if they shall find it possible to endure you (1541). sī quandō illa dīcet ‘Phaedriam intrō mittāmus,’ Pamphilam cantātum prōvocēmus, T. Eu. 441, if ever she shall say ‘let us have Phaedria in,’ then let us call out Pamphila to sing (1548). habeat, sī argentum dabit, Pl. R. 727, she’s welcome to them, if she pays the cash (1548).

2058.

(g.) Apodosis in the Perfect Subjunctive.

sī mē audiētis, adulēscentēs, sōlem alterum nē metuerītis, RP. 1, 32, if you will hearken to me, my young friends, never fear a double sun (1551). sīn erit ille gemitus ēlāmentābilis, vix eum virum dīxerim, TD. 2, 57, but if his groan be a long-drawn wail, I could scarcely call him a man (1558).

(6.) Protasis in the Future Perfect.

2059.

(a.) Apodosis in the Present.

salvae sunt, sī istōs flūctūs dēvītāverint, Pl. R. 168, they are saved, if they escape those waves (1593). rēx sum, sī ego illum hominem adlexerō, Pl. Poen. 671, I’m a millionaire, if I allure the man (1593). crīmen probāre tē cēnsēs posse, sī nē causam quidem maleficī prōtuleris? RA. 72, do you think you can prove your charge, if you do not even bring forward a motive for the crime? quod sī meam spem vīs improbōrum fefellerit, commendō vōbīs meum parvum fīlium, C. 4, 23, but if the might of the wicked disappoints my hope, unto your keeping do I commend the little son of mine.

2060.

(b.) Apodosis in the Perfect.

victus sum, sī dīxeris, Pl. Am. 428, I am beaten if you tell (1612). sī sēnserit, periī, T. Andr. 213, if he scents it, I’m done for (1612). sī cōnservātus erit, vīcimus, Fam. 12, 6, 2, if he is saved, our success is assured (1612). tum, hercule, illō diē quō ego cōnsul sum creātus, male gesta rēs pūblica est, sī tuleritis, L. 3, 19, 11, in that case it was indeed a bad day for the country when I was made consul, if you make the proposition (1608).

2061.

(c.) Apodosis in the Future.

perībō, sī nōn fēcerō, sī faxō vāpulābō, Pl. in Gell. 3, 3, 8, I shall be done for if I don’t do it, if I do, I shall be done up too (1626). oculum ego ecfodiam tibī̆, sī verbum addideris, Pl. Tri. 463, I’ll gouge your eye out for you, if you say another word. sī tē interficī iusserō, residēbit in rē pūblicā reliqua coniūrātōrum manus, C. 1, 12, if I order you to be dispatched, the rest of the gang of conspirators will be left in the state.

2062.

(d.) Apodosis in the Future Perfect.

sī dīxerō mendācium, solēns me͡o mōre fēcerō, Pl. Am. 198, if fiction I relate, I shall have done but in my usual way. sī tū argentum attuleris, cum illō perdiderō fidem, Pl. Ps. 376, if you, sir, bring the cash, I’ll break my word to him. respīrārō, sī tē vīderō, Att. 2, 24, 5, I shall be myself again, if I see you. pergrātum mihī̆ fēceris, sī dē amīcitiā disputāris, L. 16, you will do me a very great favour, if you will discourse on friendship.

2063.

(e.) Apodosis in the Imperative.

Generally the longer forms of the imperative are used (1577): patrōnus sī clientī fraudem fēcerit, sacer estō, Twelve Tables in Serv. to V. 6, 609, if a patron shall cheat his client, let him be doomed. servītum tibi mē abdūcitō, nī fēcerō, Pl. Ps. 520, if I don’t do it, take me off to be your slave. hoc sī effēceris, quodvīs dōnum ā mē optātō, T. Eu. 1056, if you do this, ask any gift you please of me. sī mē adsequī potueris, ut tibī̆ vidēbitur, sepelītō, TD. 1, 103, if you can ever find me, then bury me as you think best. Rarely the shorter forms: inpinge pugnum, sī muttīverit, Pl. B. 800, drive your fist into him if he says booh. sī tumidōs accēdere fastūs sēnseris, inceptō parce referque pedem, O. AA. 1, 715, if thou shalt see disdain come swelling high, give o’er and beat retreat.

2064.

(f.) Apodosis in the Present Subjunctive.

sibī̆ habeat, sī nōn extemplō ab eō abdūxerō, Pl. Per. 164, he may keep her, if I don’t carry her off that minute (1548). caecum mē ferrī cōnfitear, sī tē potuisse superārī dīxerō, Planc. 6, if I say that you can be surpassed, I should own myself swept along like a blind man (1556). tum magis adsentiāre, sī ad maiōra pervēnerō, RP. 1, 62, you would agree all the more if I come at once to weightier points (1556).

Some Special Uses.

2065. An indicative protasis with sī is often used to assume a general truth as a proof either for another general truth, or for a particular fact.

(a.) sī voluptātis sēnsum capit, dolōrēs etiam capit, DN. 3, 32, if it is susceptible of pleasure, it is also susceptible of pain. sī omnēs, quī rē̆ī pūblicae cōnsulunt, cārī nōbīs esse dēbent, certē in prīmīs imperātōrēs. sī ferae partūs suōs dīligunt, quā nōs in līberōs nostrōs indulgentiā esse dēbēmus, DO. 2, 168, if all people who are devoted to the public service are dear to us, then assuredly our military men ought always to be particularly dear. If wild beasts always love their young, how kind ought we always to be to our own children. (b.) sī pietātī summa tribuenda laus est, dēbētis movērī, cum Q. Metellum tam piē lūgēre videātis, DO. 2, 167, if filial affection is always to be held in high honour, you ought to be touched in this instance, seeing such affectionate grief in Metellus. sī nox opportūna est ēruptiōnī, sīcut est, haec profectō noctis aptissima hōra est, L. 7, 35, 10, if night is always favourable for a sortie, and it always is, this particular hour of the night is the very best time.

2066. An indicative protasis with sī often assumes a fact, past or present, as an argument for another fact, or for a general truth.

In this case the apodosis, which is usually a question, often takes the subjunctive (1565).

sī Sūlla potuit efficere, ut dictātor dīcerētur, cūr hīc nōn possit? Att. 9, 15, 2, if Sulla could succeed in being appointed dictator, why cannot this man? sī Zēnōnī licuit inaudītum rē̆ī nōmen impōnere, cūr nōn liceat Catōnī? Fin. 3, 15, if Zeno was allowed to give a new name to a thing, why should not Cato be allowed? quod sī Graecī leguntur ā Graecīs, quid est cūr nostrī ā nostrīs nōn legantur? Fin. 1, 6, but if Greeks are read by Greeks, why should not Romans be read by Romans?

2067. An indicative protasis with sī often assumes a fact which is declared in the apodosis to be no reason for another fact.

In this case the negative usually begins the period. sī, for which quia or etsī is sometimes substituted, sometimes has idcircō, īlicō, or continuō, rarely proptereā or ideō, as correlative in the apodosis.

nōn, sī tibī̆ anteā prōfuit, semper prōderit, Ph. 8, 12, even if it has done you good in the past, that is no reason why it always will in the future. nōn sī Opīmium dēfendistī, idcircō tē istī bonum cīvem putābunt, DO. 2, 170, suppose you did defend Opimius, that is no reason why your friends will think you a patriot. nec sī omne ēnūntiātum aut vērum aut falsum est, sequitur īlicō, esse causās immūtābilīs, quae prohibeant secus cadere atque cāsūrum sit, Fat. 28, and even if every declaration is either true or false, it does not follow without any further ado that there are unchangeable causes to prevent a thing falling out different from the way it promises to fall out. nōn continuō, sī mē in gregem sīcāriōrum contulī, sum sīcārius, RA. 94, it does not forthwith follow that if I have joined a band of bravoes, I am a bravo.

mīror, mīrum sī.

2068. mīror or mīrum est (mīra sunt) may introduce a conditional protasis, instead of a clause with quod (1851) or the accusative with the infinitive (2188).

Generally the main clause is actually or virtually negatived: as, minus mīrandumst, illaec aetās sī quid illōrum facit, Pl. B. 409, ’tis not to be wondered at, if youth does things like that. idne tū mīrāre, sī patrissat fīlius? Pl. Ps. 442, can you, sir, wonder at it if the son plays the father? nec mīrum sī ūtēbātur cōnsiliō, Quinct. 18, and it is no wonder if he followed the advice. mīrer, sī vāna vestra auctōritās est? L. 3, 21, 4, can I think it strange if your influence is of no account (1565)? Rarely the main clause is positive: as, mīrābar hoc sī sīc abīret, T. Andr. 175, I wondered if it was going to end so (1773). mīror sī quemquam amīcum habēre potuit, L. 54, I wonder if he could have had a friend in the world. In old colloquial style mīrum nī is found: as, mīrum nī hīc me exossāre cōgitat, Pl. Am. 319, strange that he doesn’t think of boning me. ubi nunc ipsus? :: mīrum nī domīst, T. Andr. 598, where is he now? :: at home of course. So once in Livy: mīrum esse nī castra hostium oppugnentur, L. 3, 28, 5, that he shouldn’t be surprised if the enemy’s camp were being stormed (1724). gaudeō sī is found once in Cicero, and terreō, metus est sī, or the like occurs a few times in Tacitus. For sī in expressions of trial, hope, expectation, &c., see 1777.

The Subjunctive for the Indicative.

2069. The indicative in the protasis is occasionally replaced by the subjunctive, as follows:

2070. (1.) The present or perfect subjunctive is sometimes used in general present suppositions, regularly in the indefinite second person singular, rarely with other persons (1730): as,

(a.) nam dolī nōn dolī sunt nisi astū colās, sed malum maxumum, sī id palam prōvenit, Pl. Cap. 221, for tricks are never tricks, unless you handle them with craft, but damage dire, in case the thing gets out; here the indicative prōvenit shows that colās is due to the person. nec calidae citius dēcēdunt corpore febrēs, textilibus sī in pīctūrīs ostrōque rubentī iactēris, quam sī in plēbēiā veste cubandum est, Lucr. 2, 34, nor sooner will hot fevers leave the limbs, if on gay tapestries and blushing purple you should toss, than if perforce your bed you make on pallet rude. quod est difficile, nisi speciem prae tē bonī virī ferās, Off. 2, 39, and this is a hard thing, unless you have the exterior of a good man. nec habēre virtūtem satis est nisi ūtāre, RP. 1, 2, and to have virtue is not enough, unless one use it. sīquoi mūtuom quid dederīs, fit prō propriō perditum, Pl. Tri. 1051, if aught you’ve lent to anyone, ’tis not your own, but lost. nam nūllae magis rēs duae plūs negōtī habent, sī occēperīs exōrnāre, Pl. Poen. 212, for no two things give more trouble if you once begin to fit them out. nūlla est excūsātiō peccātī, sī amīcī causā peccāverīs, L. 37, it is no excuse for a sin if you have sinned from friendship.

(b.) suōs quisque opprimī nōn patitur, neque, aliter sī faciat, ūllam inter suōs habet auctōritātem, 6, 11, 4, nobody suffers his vassals to be put down, and if he ever act otherwise, he has no influence among his people. laeduntur artēriae, sī ācrī clāmōre compleantur, Cornif. 3, 21, it always hurts the windpipe, if it be filled out with a sharp scream. turpis excūsātiō est, sī quis contrā rem pūblicam sē amīcī causā fēcisse fateātur, L. 40, it is always a discreditable apology, if a man confess that he has been unpatriotic from motives of friendship. Britannī iniūncta imperiī mūnera impigrē obeunt, sī iniūriae absint, Ta. Agr. 13, the Britons are always perfectly ready to perform the duties enjoined on them by the Roman government, if they be not maltreated.

2071. (2.) The imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive is sometimes used in general past suppositions (1730).

This use begins with Catullus and Caesar, the indicative being the regular classical construction (2044, 2050).

chommoda dīcēbat, sī quandō commoda vellet dīcere Arrius, Cat. 84, 1, hadvantages said Arrius, if advantages he ever meant to say. sī quis prehenderētur, cōnsēnsū mīlitum ēripiēbātur, Caes. C. 3, 110, 4, every time a man was taken up, he was rescued by the joint action of the rank and file. sīn autem locum tenēre vellent, nec virtūtī locus relinquēbātur, neque coniecta tēla vītāre poterant, 5, 35, 4, but if on the other hand they undertook to hold their position, there was never any opening for bravery, nor could they ever dodge the shower of missiles. sīn Numidae propius accessissent, ibī̆ virtūtem ostendere, S. I. 58, 3, they showed forth their valour every time the Numidians drew near (1535).

(B.) SUBJUNCTIVE USE.

2072. The present or perfect subjunctive may be used in a conditional protasis of future time.

2073. The apodosis is usually in the present subjunctive, less frequently in the perfect subjunctive. The imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive are rare (2089).

2074. The indicative is sometimes used in the apodosis, especially in expressions of ability, duty, &c. (1495); nōn possum is regularly in the indicative when the protasis is also negative. For the future indicative the periphrastic form is sometimes used.

2075. In the early period, before the imperfect subjunctive had been shifted to denote present time in conditional sentences (2091), the present subjunctive was used to express action non-occurrent in present time. Examples of this use are found in Plautus: as, sī honestē cēnseam tē facere posse, suādeam; vērum nōn potest; cave faxīs, Pl. MG. 1371, if I thought that you could do the thing with credit to yourself, I should advise you to; but ’tis impossible; so don’t you do it. vocem tē ad cēnam, nisi egomet cēnem forīs, Pl. St. 190, I should ask you home to dine, if I were not dining out myself. Such sentences must not be confused with those in which an action from the nature of things impossible is represented as of possible occurrence.

(1.) Protasis in the Present Subjunctive.

2076.

(a.) Apodosis in the Present Subjunctive.

at pigeat posteā nostrum erum, sī vōs eximat vinculīs, Pl. Cap. 203, but it may rue our master by and by, if he should take you out of bonds. quid sī ēveniat dēsubitō prandium, ubī̆ ego tum accumbam? Pl. B. 79, suppose a lunch should suddenly come off, where is your humble servant then to lie (1563)? hanc viam sī asperam esse negem, mentiar, Sest. 100, if I say that this path is not rough, I should not tell the truth. sī deus tē interroget, quid respondeās? Ac. 2, 80, if a god ask you, what would you answer? haec sī tēcum patria loquātur, nōnne impetrāre dēbeat? C. 1, 19, if thy country plead with thee thus, ought she not to carry her point? sī existat hodiē ab īnferīs Lycūrgus, sē Spartam antīquam āgnōscere dīcat, L. 39, 37, 3, if Lycurgus rise this day from the dead, he would say that he recognized the Sparta of yore. eōs nōn cūrāre opīnor, quid agat hūmānum genus; nam sī cūrent, bene bonīs sit, male malīs, quod nunc abest, E. in Div. 2, 104, DN. 3, 79, but little care the gods, I trow, how fares the race of man; for should they care, the good were blest, the wicked curst; a thing that really cometh not to pass.

2077.

(b.) Apodosis in the Perfect Subjunctive.

sī aequom siet mē plūs sapere quam vōs, dederim vōbīs cōnsilium catum, Pl. E. 257, if it becoming be for me to have more wit than ye, sage counsel might I give (1558). aufūgerim potius quam redeam, sī eō mihi redeundum sciam, T. Hec. 424, I’d run away sooner than go back, if I should hear I had to (1558). nec satis sciō, nec sī sciam, dīcere ausim, L. praef. 1, in the first place I do not know very well, and secondly if I should know, I should not venture to say (1555). iniussū tuō extrā ōrdinem numquam pugnāverim, nōn sī certam victōriam videam, L. 7, 10, 2, without orders from you I never should fight out of ranks, no, not if I saw victory was certain (1558). tum vērō nēquīquam hāc dextrā capitōlium servāverim, si cīvem commīlitōnemque meum in vincula dūcī videam, L. 6, 14, 4, upon my word, in that case I should prove to have saved the capital in vain, if I saw a townsman and brother-in-arms of mine haled to jail. multōs circā ūnam rem ambitūs fēcerim, sī quae variant auctōrēs omnia exequī velim, L. 27, 27, 12, I should make a long story about one subject, if I should undertake to go through all the different versions of the authorities.

2078.

(c.) Apodosis in the Present Indicative.

quī sī decem habeās linguās, mūtum esse addecet, Pl. B. 128, if you should have a dozen tongues, ’tis fit you should be dumb (2074). sī prō peccātīs centum dūcat uxōrēs, parumst, Pl. Tri. 1186, if he should wed a hundred wives in payment for his sins, ’tis not enough. intrāre, sī possim, castra hostium volō, L. 2, 12, 5, I propose to enter the camp of the enemy, if I be able. tē neque dēbent adiuvāre, sī possint, neque possunt, sī velint, V. 4, 20, they ought not to help you, if they could, and cannot, if they would. sī vōcem rērum nātūra repente mittat, quid respondēmus? Lucr. 3, 931, if Nature of a sudden lift her voice, what answer shall we make? sī quaerātur, idemne sit pertinācia et persevērantia, dēfīnītiōnibus iūdicandum est, T. 87, if it be asked whether obstinacy and perseverance are the same, it must be settled by definitions (2074).

2079.

(d.) Apodosis in the Future.

quadrīgās sī īnscendās Iovis atque hinc fugiās, ita vix poteris effugere īnfortūnium, Pl. Am. 450, Jove’s four-in-hand if you should mount, and try to flee from here, even so you’ll scarce escape a dreadful doom. sīquidem summum Iovem tē dīcās dētinuisse, malam rem effugiēs numquam, Pl. As. 414, e’en shouldst thou say imperial Jove detained thee, chastisement thou’lt ne’er avoid. sī frāctus inlābātur orbis, inpavidum ferient ruīnae, H. 3, 3, 7, should heaven’s vault crumbling fall, him all undaunted will its ruin strike. neque tū hoc dīcere audēbis, nec sī cupiās, licēbit, V. 2, 167, you will not dare to say this, sir, nor if you wish, will you be allowed.

2080.

(e.) Apodosis in the Future Perfect.

nōn tantum, sī proeliō vincās, glōriae adiēceris, quantum adēmeris, sī quid adversī ēveniat, L. 30, 30, 21, you will not acquire as much glory, if you succeed in battle, as you will lose, if any reverse occur.

2081.

(f.) Apodosis in the Periphrastic Future.

nōn latūrus sum, sī iubeās maxumē, Pl. B. 1004, I don’t intend to be the bearer, should you urge me e’er so much. quid, sī hostēs ad urbem veniant, factūrī estis? L. 3, 52, 7, suppose the enemy march on the town, what do you intend to do?

2082.

(g.) Apodosis in the Imperfect Subjunctive.

cantus et Lūnam dēdūcere temptat et faceret, sī nōn aera repulsa sonent, Tib. 1, 8, 21, magic essays to draw Luna down and would succeed if clashing brass should not resound (1560). nē sī nāvigāre quidem velim, ita gubernārem, ut somniāverim; praesēns enim poena sit, Div. 2, 122, again, suppose I undertake to go sailing, I should not lay my course as I may have dreamed; for the penalty would be swift (1560). sī hodiē bella sint, quāle Etrūscum fuit, quāle Gallicum; possētisne ferre Sextium cōnsulem esse? L. 6, 40, 17, suppose there be wars to-day like the Etruscan and the Gallic wars: could you bear to see Sextius consul (1565)?

2083.

(h.) Apodosis in the Pluperfect Subjunctive.

carmina nī sint, ex umerō Pelopis nōn nituisset ebur, Tib. 1, 4, 63, suppose there be no verse, from Pelops’ shoulder ne’er had ivory gleamed (1561).

(2.) Protasis in the Perfect Subjunctive.

2084.

(a.) Apodosis in the Present Subjunctive.

dēbeam, crēdō, istī quicquam furciferō, sī id fēcerim, T. Eu. 861, I should be, forsooth, responsible to the rogue, if I should do it (1556). sī dē caelō vīlla tācta siet, dē eā rē verba utī fīant, Cato, RR. 14, 3, if the villa be struck by lightning, let there be utterances about the case (1547). sī ā corōnā relictus sim, nōn queam dīcere, Br. 192, if I should ever be abandoned by my audience, I should not be able to speak. id sī acciderit, sīmus armātī, TD. 1, 78, if this have happened, let us be on our guard (1548). cūr ego simulem mē, sī quid in hīs studiīs operae posuerim, perdidisse? Par. 33, why should I have the affectation to say that if I have spent any time in these pursuits, I have thrown it away (1563)? See also 2090.

2085.

(b.) Apodosis in the Perfect Subjunctive.

sī paululum modo quid tē fūgerīt, ego perierim, T. Hau. 316, should you have missed the smallest point, a dead man I should be. See also 2090.

2086.

(c.) Apodosis in the Future Indicative.

sī forte līber fierī occēperim, mittam nūntium ad tē, Pl. MG. 1362, if haply I should be by way of getting free, I’ll send you word. sī forte morbus amplior factus siet, servom intrō iisse dīcent Sōstratae, T. Hec. 330, if her illness should get worse, they’ll say a slave of Sostrata’s went in there.

2087.

(d.) Apodosis in the Periphrastic Future.

sī Vēīs incendium ortum sit, Fĭ̄dēnās inde quaesītūrī sumus? L. 5, 54, 1, if a fire break out at Vei, are we going to move from there to Fidenae?

2088.

(e.) Apodosis in the Imperfect Subjunctive.

sīquis hoc gnātō tuō tuos servos faxit, quālem habērēs grātiam? Pl. Cap. 711, suppose a slave of yours has done this for a son of yours, how grateful should you have been?

Conversion to Past Time.

2089. An indeterminate subjunctive protasis is rarely thrown into the past, the present and perfect becoming respectively imperfect and pluperfect. In this case the form is the same as that of a protasis of action non-occurrent (2091), and the conversion occurs only when it is evident from the context that past action is supposed, which may or may not have occurred: as,

cūr igitur et Camillus dolēret, sī haec post trecentōs et quīnquāgintā ferē annōs ēventūra putāret, et ego doleam, sī ad decem mīlia annōrum gentem aliquam urbe nostrā potītūram putem? TD. 1, 90, why then would Camillus have fretted, if he thought this would occur after a lapse of some three hundred and fifty years, and why should I fret, if I think that some nation may seize Rome some ten thousand years hence? erat sōla illa nāvis cōnstrāta; quae sī in praedōnum pugnā versārētur, urbis īnstar habēre inter illōs pīrāticōs myoparōnēs vidērētur, V. 5, 89, this was the only vessel with a deck; and supposing she figured in the engagement with the corsairs, she would have loomed up like a town, surrounded by those pirate cock-boats. Sardus habēbat ille Tigellius hoc; Caesar sī peteret nōn quicquam prōficeret, H. S. 1, 3, 4, Tigellius the Sardian had this way; supposing Caesar asked him, naught had he availed.

Periods of Exemplification.

2090. The present subjunctive is particularly common in exemplification. The perfect is sometimes used in the protasis, rarely in the apodosis: as,

sī pater fāna expīlet, indicetne id magistrātibus fīlius? Off. 3, 90, if a father should plunder temples, would the son report it to the magistrates? sī quis pater familiās supplicium nōn sūmpserit, utrum is clēmēns an crūdēlissimus esse videātur? C. 4, 12, assume for the sake of argument that a householder have not inflicted punishment, would he seem merciful, or a monster of cruelty? sī scierīs aspidem occultē latēre uspiam, et velle aliquem imprūdentem super eam adsīdere, improbē fēcerīs, nisi monuerīs nē adsīdat, Fin. 2, 59, suppose a man should know, e.g. that there was a snake hiding somewhere, and that somebody was going to sit down on the snake unawares; he would do wrong, if he did not tell him he must not sit down there. In such periods the future is also used, but less frequently: see 2054.

II. PROTASES OF ACTION NON-OCCURRENT.

2091. A conditional period in which the non-occurrence of the action is implied takes the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive both in the protasis and in the apodosis. The imperfect usually denotes present or indefinite time, and the pluperfect denotes past time.

For the present subjunctive in such conditions, see 2075.

2093. The imperfect sometimes denotes past time (1559). When future time is referred to, the protasis is usually in the imperfect of the periphrastic future, commonly the subjunctive, but sometimes the indicative (2108).

2093. The apodosis is very rarely in the present subjunctive (2098). The periphrastic future is sometimes used, commonly in the indicative (2097, 2100).

(1.) Protasis in the Imperfect Subjunctive.

2094.

(a.) Apodosis in the Imperfect Subjunctive.

(a.) Protasis and apodosis both denoting present action; this is the usual application: sī intus esset, ēvocārem, Pl. Ps. 640, I should call him out, if he were in. is iam prīdem est mortuus. sī vīveret, verba eius audīrētis, RC. 42, that person has long been dead; if he were alive, you would hear his evidence. adnuere tē videō; prōferrem librōs, sī negārēs, DN. 1, 113, I see you nod assent; I should bring out the books, if you maintained the opposite. sī L. Mummius aliquem istōrum vidēret Corinthium cupidissimē trāctantem, utrum illum cīvem excellentem, an ātriēnsem dīligentem putāret? Par. 38, if Mummius should see one of your connoisseurs nursing a piece of Corinthian, and going into perfect ecstasies over it, what would he think? that the man was a model citizen or a thoroughly competent indoor-man? quod sī semper optima tenēre possēmus, haud sānē cōnsiliō multum egērēmus, OP. 89, now if we could always be in possession of what is best, we should not ever stand in any special need of reasoning.

(b.) Protasis and apodosis both denoting past action: haec sī neque ego neque tū fēcimus, nōn siit egestās facere nōs; nam sī esset unde id fīeret, facerēmus; et tū illum tuom, sī essēs homō, sinerēs nunc facere, T. Ad. 103, if neither you nor I have acted thus, ’twas poverty that stinted us; for if we’d had the means, we should have done so too; and you would let that boy of yours, if you were human, do it now. Here esset refers to past time, essēs to present. num igitur eum, sī tum essēs, temerārium cīvem putārēs? Ph. 8, 14, would you therefore have thought him, if you had lived then, a hotheaded citizen? sī ūniversa prōvincia loquī posset, hāc vōce ūterētur; quoniam id nōn poterat, hārum rērum āctōrem ipsa dēlēgit, Caecil. 19, if the collective province could have spoken, she would have used these words; but since she could not, she chose a manager for the case herself.

2095.

(b.) Apodosis in the Pluperfect Subjunctive.

invēnissēmus iam diū, sei vīveret, Pl. Men. 241, were he alive, we should have found him long ago. sī mihi secundae rēs dē amōre meō essent, iam dūdum sciō vēnissent, T. Hau. 230, if everything were well about my love, I know they would have been here long ago. quae nisi essent in senibus, nōn summum cōnsilium maiōrēs nostrī appellāssent senātum, CM. 19, unless the elderly were in general characterized by these qualities, our ancestors would not have called the highest deliberative body the body of elders.

2096.

(c.) Periphrastic Apodosis.

quibus, sī Rōmae esset, facile contentus futūrus erat, Att. 12, 32, 2, with which, if he were in Rome, he would readily be satisfied (2093). quōs ego, sī tribūnī mē triumphāre prohibērent, testēs citātūrus fuī rērum ā mē gestārum, L. 38, 47, 4, the very men whom I was to call to bear witness to my deeds, if the tribunes should refuse me a triumph.

(2.) Protasis in the Pluperfect Subjunctive.

2097.

(a.) Apodosis in the Imperfect Subjunctive.

(a.) Protasis denoting past, apodosis present action: sī ante voluissēs, essēs; nunc sērō cupis, Pl. Tri. 568, if you had wished it before, you might be; as it is, you long too late. sī nōn mēcum aetātem ēgisset, hodiē stulta vīveret, Pl. MG. 1320, if she hadn’t spent her life with me, she’d be a fool to-day. sī tum illī respondēre voluissem, nunc rē̆ī pūblicae cōnsulere nōn possem, Ph. 3, 33, if I had chosen to answer the man then, I should not be able to promote the public interest now. quō quidem tempore sī meum cōnsilium valuisset, tū hodiē egērēs, nōs līberī essēmus, Ph. 2, 37, if by the way at that time my counsel had been regarded, you, sir, would be a beggar to-day and we should be free.

(b.) Protasis and apodosis both referring to past: ōlim sī advēnissem, magis tū tum istūc dīcerēs, Pl. Cap. 871, if I had come before, you’d have said so then all the more. num igitur, sī ad centēsimum annum vīxisset, senectūtis eum suae paenitēret? CM. 19, suppose therefore he had lived to be a hundred, would he have regretted his years? Indōs aliāsque sī adiūnxisset gentēs, impedimentum maius quam auxilium traheret, L. 9, 19, 5, if he had added the Indians and other nations, he would have found them a hindrance rather than a help in his train.

2098.

(b.) Apodosis in the Pluperfect Subjunctive.

sī appellāssēs, respondisset nōminī, Pl. Tri. 927, if you had called him, he’d have answered to his name. nisi fūgissem, medium praemorsisset, Pl. in Gell. 6, 9, 7, if I hadn’t run away, he’d have bitten me in two. sī vēnissēs ad exercitum, ā tribūnīs vīsus essēs; nōn es autem ab hīs vīsus; nōn es igitur ad exercitum profectus, Inv. 1, 87, if you had come to the army, you would have been seen by the tribunes; but you have not been seen by them; therefore you have not been to the army. sī beātus umquam fuisset, beātam vītam usque ad rogum pertulisset, Fin. 3, 76, if he had ever been a child of fortune, he would have continued the life of bliss to the funeral pyre. nisi mīlitēs essent dēfessī, omnēs hostium cōpiae dēlērī potuissent, 7, 88, 6, unless the soldiers had been utterly exhausted, the entire force of the enemy might have been exterminated (2101). quod sī Catilīna in urbe remānsisset, dīmicandum nōbīs cum illō fuisset, C. 3, 17, but if Catiline had staid in town we should have had to fight with the villain (2101).

2099.

(c.) Apodosis in the Present Subjunctive.

vocem ego tē ad mē ad cēnam, frāter tuos nisi dīxisset mihī̆ tē apud sē cēnātūrum esse hodiē, Pl. St. 510, I should like to invite you home to dinner, if my brother hadn’t told me that you were to dine with him to-day.

2100.

(d.) Periphrastic Apodosis.

(a.) sī tacuisset, ego eram dictūrus, Pl. Cist. 152, if she had held her peace, I was going to tell (2093). sī P. Sēstius occīsus esset, fuistisne ad arma itūrī? Sest. 81, if Sestius had been slain, were you disposed to rush to arms? conclāve illud, ubī̆ erat mānsūrus, sī īre perrēxisset, conruit, Div. 1, 26, the suite of rooms where he was going to spend the night, if he had pushed on, tumbled down. Teucrās fuerat mersūra carīnās, nī prius in scopulum trānsfōrmāta foret, O. 14, 72, she had gone on to sink the Trojan barks unless she had been changed into a rock. (b.) quem sī vīcisset, habitūrus esset impūnitātem sempiternam, Mil. 84, and if he overcame him, he would be likely to have exemption from punishment forever and ever (2093). aut nōn fātō interiīt exercitus, aut sī fātō, etiam sī obtemperāsset auspiciīs, idem ēventūrum fuisset, Div. 2, 21, the destruction of his army was either not due to fate, or if to fate, it would have happened all the same, even if he had conformed to the auspices.

Indicative Apodosis.

2101. (1.) The apodosis of verbs of ability, duty, &c. (1495-1497), including the gerundive with sum, is often in the indicative, the imperfect taking the place of the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive, and the perfect that of the pluperfect subjunctive. But the subjunctive is also found, especially possem rather than poteram.

2102.

(a.) Apodosis in the Imperfect Indicative.

(a.) Of present action: quod sī Rōmae Cn. Pompēius prīvātus esset, tamen ad tantum bellum is erat mittendus, IP. 50, now if Pompey were at Rome, in private station, still he would be the man to send to this important war. quem patris locō, sī ūlla in tē pietās esset, colere dēbēbās, Ph. 2, 99, whom you ought to honour as a father, if you had any such thing as affection in you.

(b.) Of past action: quid enim poterat Heius respondēre, sī esset improbus? V. 4, 16, for what answer could Hejus have given, if he were an unprincipled man? sī sordidam vestem habuissent, lūgentium Perseī cāsum praebēre speciem poterant, L. 45, 20, 5, if they had worn dark clothing, they might have presented the mien of mourners for the fall of Perseus.

2103.

(b.) Apodosis in the Perfect Indicative.

nōn potuit reperīre, sī ipsī sōlī quaerendās darēs, lepidiōrēs duās, Pl. MG. 803, if you assigned the search to Sol himself, he couldn’t have found two jollier girls. quō modo pultāre potuī sī nōn tangerem? Pl. Most. 462, how could I have knocked, if I hadn’t touched the door? licitumst, sī vellēs, Pl. Tri. 566, you might have been, if you’d wished. sī meum imperium exsequī voluissēs, interemptam oportuit, T. Hau. 634, if you had been willing to follow my commands, she should have been dispatched. cōnsul esse quī potuī, nisi eum vītae cursum tenuissem ā pueritiā? RP. 1, 10, how could I have been consul unless from boyhood I had taken that line in life? sī eum captīvitās in urbem pertrāxisset, Caesarem ipsum audīre potuit, Ta. D. 17, if captivity had carried him to the city, he could have heard Caesar himself. Antōnī gladiōs potuit contemnere, sī sīc omnia dīxisset, J. 10, 123, Antonius’ swords he might have scorned, if all things he had worded so. sī ūnum diem morātī essētis, moriendum omnibus fuit, L. 2, 38, 5, if you had staid one day, you must all have died.

2104. (2.) Other verbs also sometimes have a past indicative apodosis, usually an imperfect or pluperfect, to denote an action very near to actual performance, which is interrupted by the action of the protasis.

Naturally such a protasis generally contains an actual or a virtual negative; but positive protases are found here and there, chiefly in late writers.

2105.

(a.) Apodosis in the Perfect Indicative.

paene in foveam dēcidī, nī hīc adessēs, Pl. Per. 594, I had almost fallen into a snare, unless you were here. nec vēnī, nisi fāta locum sēdemque dedissent, V. 11, 112, nor had I come, unless the fates a place and seat had given. pōns sublicius iter paene hostibus dedit, nī ūnus vir fuisset Horātius Cocles, L. 2, 10, 2, the pile-bridge all but gave a path to the enemy, had it not been for one heroic soul, Horatius Cocles.

2106.

(b.) Apodosis in the Imperfect Indicative.

quīn lābēbar longius, nisi mē retinuissem, Leg. 1, 52, why, I was going to drift on still further, if I had not checked myself. sī per L. Metellum licitum esset, mātrēs illōrum veniēbant, V. 5, 129, if Metellus had not prevented, the mothers of those people were just coming; here the protasis may be held to contain a virtual negative; so in the last example on this page. castra excindere parābant, nī Mūciānus sextam legiōnem opposuisset, Ta. H. 3, 46, they were preparing to destroy the camp, had not Mucianus checked them with the sixth legion. sī dēstināta prōvēnissent, rēgnō imminēbat, Ta. H. 4, 18, had his schemes succeeded, he was close upon the throne.

2107.

(c.) Apodosis in the Pluperfect Indicative.

quīngentōs simul, nī hebes machaera foret, ūnō ictū occīderās, Pl. MG. 52, five hundred, had your glaive not blunted been, at one fell swoop you’d slain. praeclārē vīcerāmus, nisi Lepidus recēpisset Antōnium, Fam. 12, 10, 3, we had gained a splendid victory, if Lepidus had not taken Antony under his protection. quod ipsum fortūna ēripuerat, nisi ūnīus amīcī opēs subvēnissent, RabP. 48, even this boon fortune had wrenched from him, unless he had been assisted by a single friend. sī gladium nōn strīnxissem, tamen triumphum merueram, L. 38, 49, 12, if I had not drawn my sword, I had still earned my triumph. perierat imperium, sī Fabius tantum ausus esset quantum īra suādēbat, Sen. de Ira, 1, 11, 5, the empire had been lost, if Fabius had ventured as far as passion urged.

2108.

(3.) Periphrastic Protasis.

(a.) ac sī tibī̆ nēmō respōnsūrus esset, tamen causam dēmōnstrāre nōn possēs, Caecil. 43, and even supposing that nobody were going to answer you, still you would not be able to make the case good (2092). plūribus vōs, mīlitēs, hortārer, sī cum armātīs dīmicātiō futūra esset, L. 24, 38, 9, I should exhort you at greater length, my men, if there was to be a tug with armed men (2092). (b.) sī domum tuam expugnātūrus eram, nōn temperāssem vīnō in ūnum diem? L. 40, 14, 4, if I intended to capture your house, should I not have abstained from wine for a day (2092)?

Variation of the Protasis.

2109. Instead of a conditional protasis with sī or nisi, equivalents are often used.

2110. Thus, the protasis may be coordinated (1701), or be introduced by a relative pronoun (1812), by quod (1843), cum (1859, 1860), ubī̆ (1932), ut or nē (1963), dum, dum modo, modo (2003), or quandō (2011). Or the protasis may be intimated by sine, without, cum, with, by a participle or ablative absolute, by a wish, or otherwise: as,

(a.) nēmō umquam sine magnā spē immortālitātis sē prō patriā offerret ad mortem, TD. 1, 32, nobody would ever expose himself to death for his country without a well-grounded conviction of immortality. cum hāc dōte poteris vel mendīcō nūbere, Pl. Per. 396, with such a dowry you can e’en a beggar wed. Sūlla, crēdō, hunc petentem repudiāsset, Arch. 25, Sulla, I suppose, would have turned my client away, if he petitioned him. quae legentem fefellissent, trānsferentem fugere nōn possunt, Plin. Ep. 7, 9, 2, what would have escaped a reader can’t escape a translator. vīvere ego Britannicō potiente rērum poteram? Ta. 13, 21, as for me, could I live, if Britannicus were on the throne (2102)? nisi tē salvō salvī esse nōn possumus, Marc. 32, without you safe, safe we cannot be. aspicerēs utinam, Sāturnia: mītior essēs, O. 2, 435, would thou couldst see, Saturnia; thou wouldst gentler be.

(b.) habet ōrātiōnem tālem cōnsul, quālem numquam Catilīna vīctor habuisset, Sest. 28, he makes a speech—yes, and he a consul—such as a Catiline would never have made, if flushed with success. revereāris occursum, nōn reformīdēs, Plin. Ep. 1, 10, 7, you might well be abashed in his presence, but you would not be afraid. dī immortālēs mentem illī perditō ac furiōsō dedērunt ut huic faceret insidiās; aliter perīre pestis illa nōn potuit, Mil. 88, the immortal gods inspired that mad miscreant to waylay my client; otherwise, that monster could not have been destroyed. For the use of absque in a coordinate protasis in Plautus and Terence, see 1701, 1421.

2111. The verb of the protasis is sometimes omitted: as in abridged sentences (1057), or when it may be easily supplied (1036).

aut enim nēmō, aut sī quisquam, ille sapiēns fuit, L. 9, for either nobody or, if anybody, that was a wise man. sī ēveniet, gaudēbimus: sīn secus, patiēmur, Pl. Cas. 377, if it shall come to pass, glad shall we be; if else, we shall endure. mē voluisse, sī haec cīvitās est, cīvem esse mē; sī nōn, exsulem esse, Fam. 7, 3, 5, that I wished, if this is a commonwealth, to be a citizen of it; if it is not, to be an exile. sūmeret alicunde . . . sī nūllō aliō pactō, faenore, T. Ph. 299, he could have got it from somebody or other . . . if in no other way, on usury (2113).

Variation of the Apodosis.

2112. The apodosis is sometimes represented by the accusative of exclamation (1149), or the vocative: as,

mortālem graphicum, sī servat fidem, Pl. Ps. 519, O what a pattern creature, if he keeps his word. ō miserum tē, sī intellegis, miseriōrem, sī nōn intellegis, hoc litterīs mandārī, Ph. 2, 54, wretched man if you are aware, more wretched if you are not aware, that all this is put down in black and white. inimīce lāmnae, Crīspe Sallustī, nisi temperātō splendeat ūsū, H. 2, 2, 2, thou foe to bullion, Crispus Sallustius, so it shine not with tempered use. Also the future participle in poetry and in prose from Livy on.

2113. The verb of the apodosis, or the entire apodosis, is often omitted. In the latter case an appended verb might easily be mistaken for the apodosis.

quid sī caelum ruat? T. Hau. 719, what if the sky should fall? quō mihi fortūnam, sī nōn concēditur ūtī? H. E. 1, 5, 12, why wealth for me, if wealth I may not use? nisi restituissent statuās, vehementer minātur, V. 2, 162, he threatens vengeance dire, if they did not put the statues back in their place. quae supplicātiō sī cum cēterīs cōnferātur, hoc interest, C. 3, 15, if this thanksgiving be compared with all others, there would be found the following difference. nōn edepol ubi terrārum sim sciō, sī quis roget, Pl. Am. 336, upon my word I don’t know where on earth I am, if anyone should ask. sī Valeriō quī crēdat, quadrāgintā mīlia hostium sunt caesa, L. 33, 10, 8, if anybody believe such a man as Valerius, there were forty thousand of the enemy slain. A clause with sī or nisi is often used parenthetically: as, sī placet, sī vidētur, sīs, sultis, if you please, sī quaeris, if you must know, in fact, sī dīs placet, please heaven, nisi mē fallit, if I am not mistaken, &c., &c. For wishes introduced by ō sī, without an apodosis, see 1546.

2114. The apodosis is sometimes expanded by inserted expressions. So particularly by vereor nē, equivalent to fortasse (1958), nōn dubitō quīn, to profectō (1986), or a form of sum with a relative pronoun: as,

quae cōnētur sī velim commemorāre, vereor nē quis exīstimet mē causam nōbilitātis voluisse laedere, RA. 135, if I should undertake to set forth his high and mighty schemes, possibly it might be thought that I wished to damage the cause of the conservatives. sī tum P. Sēstius animam ēdidisset, nōn dubitō quīn aliquandō statua huic statuerētur, Sest. 83, if Sestius had given up the ghost then, a statue would doubtless at some day have been set up in his honour. quod ille sī repudiāsset, dubitātis quīn ē̆ī vīs esset adlāta? Sest. 62, if he had rejected this, have you any doubt that violent hands would have been laid on him? sescenta sunt quae memorem, sī sit ōtium, Pl. Aul. 320, there are a thousand things that I could tell, if I had time.

2115. For expressions of trial, hope, or expectation, followed by a conditional protasis with sī, see 1777.

Concessive Protases.

etsī, tametsī (tamenetsī), etiamsī.

2116. etsī, tametsī, though, etiamsī, even if, or sometimes simple sī, if, is used to introduce a concessive protasis. The verb of the protasis is either indicative or subjunctive; but the indicative is the prevailing construction, especially with etsī. The apodosis often has tamen as an adversative correlative, even with tametsī.

etsī is rare in poetry; not in Sallust. Sometimes it is used like quamquam to append a fresh main sentence (2153). tametsī belongs chiefly to colloquial style, though Sallust often uses it; not in the Augustan poets or Tacitus. etiamsī is not found in Plautus or Caesar.

(a.) nōn vīdī eam, etsī vīdī, Pl. MG. 407, I saw her not, although I saw her. quō mē habeam pactō, tametsī nōn quaeris, docēbō, Lucilius in Gell. 18, 8, 2, I’ll tell you how I am, though you do not inquire. etiamsī multī mēcum contendent, tamen omnīs superābō, Fam. 5, 8, 4, though I shall have many rivals, yet I will outdo them all. tametsī causa postulat, tamen praeterībō, Quinct. 13, though the case calls for it, still I will let it pass. Caesar, etsī in hīs locīs mātūrae sunt hiemēs, tamen in Britanniam proficīscī contendit, 4, 20, 1, though the winter always sets in early in these parts, nevertheless Caesar made haste to proceed to Britain. Caesar, etsī intellegēbat, quā dē causā ea dīcerentur, Indutiomarum ad sē venīre iussit, 5, 4, 1, though Caesar was aware of his motives in saying so, he directed Indutiomarus to come to him.

(b.) etsī taceās, palam id quidem est, Pl. Aul. 418, though you should hold your tongue, still that at least is plain. etsī nihil aliud Sūllae nisi cōnsulātum abstulissētis, tamen eō contentōs vōs esse oportēbat, Sull. 90, even though you had robbed Sulla of nothing but the consulship, still you ought to be satisfied with that. equidem, etiamsī oppetenda mors esset, in patriā māllem quam in externīs locīs, Fam. 4, 7, 4, for my part, even though death were to be faced, I should prefer it in my native land rather than abroad.

Conditional Comparisons.

quasi (quam sī), tamquam sī, ut or velut sī.

2117. sī following a word meaning than or as is used with the subjunctive in conditional comparisons.

In this use, quasi (quam sī twice in Tacitus) and tamquam sī are found at all periods. ut sī is found in Terence once, in Cicero (not in the orations), once in Livy, sometimes in later writers. velut sī begins with Caesar; not in Cicero. ac sī is found once in the Bell. Hisp. and in late Latin.

2118. sī is often omitted after tamquam, and (from Livy on) sometimes after velut. After quasi it is sometimes inserted in Plautus, Lucretius, and late Latin. ceu is sometimes used, chiefly in poetry, for tamquam sī. The main clause often has as correlative ita, sīc, perinde, proinde, similiter, or nōn secus.

2119. The tense of the subjunctive is usually regulated by the sequence of tenses, in Cicero nearly always with quasi and tamquam sī.

quid mē sīc salūtās quasi dūdum nōn vīderīs? Pl. Am. 682, why dost thou greet me thus as if but now thou hadst not looked on me? quid ego hīs testibus ūtor, quasi rēs dubia sit? Caecil. 14, why do I employ these witnesses, as if it were a case involving doubt? tamquam sī claudus sim, cum fūstīst ambulandum, Pl. As. 427, I have to take my walks with a stick, as if I were a lame man. tamquam extrūderētur, ita cucurrit, Ph. 10, 10, he rushed away as if he had been kicked out. quod absentis Ariovistī crūdēlitātem, velut sī cōram adesset, horrērent, 1, 32, 4, because they trembled at Ariovistus’s barbarity, absent as he was, just as if he stood before their eyes. mē quoque iuvat, velut ipse in parte labōris ac perīculī fuerim, ad fīnem bellī Pūnicī pervēnisse, L. 31, 1, 1, I feel glad myself at having finally reached the end of the Punic war, as if I had had a direct hand in the work and the danger.

2120. The imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive is sometimes used, even when the leading verb is in a primary tense, to mark action more distinctly as non-occurrent (2091): as,

eius negōtium sīc velim suscipiās, ut sī esset rēs mea, Fam. 2, 14, I wish you would undertake his business, just as if it were my own affair. mē audiās, precor, tamquam sī mihī̆ quirītantī intervēnissēs, L. 40, 9, 7, listen to me, I pray you, as if you had come at a cry from me for help. iūs iūrandum perinde aestimandum quam sī Iovem fefellisset, Ta. 1, 73, as for the oath, it must be counted exactly as if he had broken one sworn on the name of Jupiter. This is the more usual way in Cicero with ut sī.

2121. quasi, ut, or, from Livy on, tamquam or velut, as if, is sometimes used with participle constructions, nouns, and abridged expressions: as,

quasi temere dē rē pūblicā locūtus in carcerem coniectus est, DN. 2, 6, on the ground that he had been speaking without good authority about a state matter, he was clapped in jail. restitēre Rōmānī tamquam caelestī vōce iussī, L. 1, 12, 7, the Romans halted as if bidden by a voice from heaven. laetī, ut explōrātā victōriā, ad castra pergunt, 3, 18, 8, in high spirits, as if victory were assured, they proceeded to the camp.

2122. In old Latin, quasi is found a few times for the original quam sī after a comparative: as, mē nēmō magis respiciet, quasi abhinc ducentōs annōs fuerim mortuos, Pl. Tru. 340, nobody will pay any more attention to me than if I had been dead two centuries. It is also used (once in classical Latin, CM. 71) in periods of actual comparison, like tamquam (1908), with the indicative: as, senex ille illī dīxit, quasi ego nunc tibi dīcō, Pl. St. 545, that old man said to him, as I now say to you. For its use in figurative comparisons, see 1908, 1944. For tamquam introducing a reason &c., see 1909, a late usage found rarely with quasi and ut.

CONNECTION OF SEPARATE SENTENCES OR PERIODS.

2123. Separate sentences or periods have a connective more commonly in Latin than in English. Sometimes, however, like the members of single periods, they are for special reasons put asyndetically (1637).

(A.) Without a Connective.

2124. Asyndeton is common with two or more separate sentences or periods:

2125. (a.) To represent a series of actions as occurring at the same moment: as,

hīc diffīsus suae salūtī ex tabernāculō prōdit; videt imminēre hostēs; capit arma atque in portā cōnsistit; cōnsequuntur hunc centuriōnēs; relinquit animus Sextium gravibus acceptīs vulneribus, 6, 38, 2, despairing of his life, he comes out of the tent; sees the enemy close at hand; seizes arms and takes his stand at the gate; the centurions rally round him; Sextius becomes unconscious, receiving severe wounds.

2126. (b.) When an occurrence is represented as consisting of many successive actions: the Enumerative Asyndeton: as,

perōrāvit aliquandō, adsēdit. surrēxī ego. respīrāre vīsus est, quod nōn alius potius dīceret. coepī dīcere. usque eō animadvertī, iūdicēs, eum aliās rēs agere, antequam Chrȳsogonum nōmināvi; quem simul atque attigī, statim homō sē ērēxit, mīrārī vīsus est. intellēxī quid eum pupugisset, RA. 60, after a while he wound up, took his seat; up rose your humble servant. He seemed to take courage from the fact it was nobody else. I began to speak. I noticed, gentlemen, that he was inattentive all along till I named Chrysogonus; but the moment I touched on him, the creature perked up at once, seemed to be surprised. I knew what the rub was.

2127. (c.) When the last sentence sums up the result of the preceding with emphasis: the Asyndeton of Summary: as,

hī dē suā salūte dēspērantēs, aut suam mortem miserābantur, aut parentēs suōs commendābant. plēna erant omnia timōris et lūctūs, Caes. C. 2, 41, 8, despairing of their lives, they either bewailed their own death, or strove to interest people in their parents. In short, it was one scene of terror and lamentation.

(B.) With a Connective.

2128. Separate sentences or periods may be connected: (1.) by pronominal words: (a.) demonstrative or determinative; (b.) relative; (2.) by conjunctions and adverbs.

(1.) PRONOMINAL WORDS.

(a.) Demonstrative and Determinative Words as Connectives.

2129. hīc and is serve as connectives at the beginning of a new period. In English the equivalent word is usually placed not at the beginning as a connective, but after some words.

Gallia est dīvīsa in partēs trēs, quārum ūnam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquītānī, tertiam Celtae. hī omnēs linguā, īnstitūtīs, lēgibus inter sē differunt, 1, 1, 1, Gaul is divided into three parts, one of which is occupied by Belgians, another by Aquitanians, and the third by Kelts. In language, customs, and laws these are all different from each other. apud Helvētiōs nōbilissimus fuit Orgetorīx. is M. Messālā et M. Pīsōne cōnsulibus coniūrātiōnem nōbilitātis fēcit, 1, 2, 1, among the Helvetians the man of highest rank was Orgetorix. In the consulship of Messala and Piso he got up a conspiracy among the nobles. angustōs sē fīnīs habēre arbitrābantur. hīs rēbus adductī cōnstituērunt ea quae ad proficīscendum pertinērent comparāre. ad eās rēs cōnficiendās biennium sibī̆ satis esse dūxērunt. ad eās rēs cōnficiendās Orgetorīx dēligitur. is sibī̆ lēgātiōnem suscēpit, 1, 2, 5, they thought they had a narrow territory; so they resolved in consequence to make such preparations as were necessary for a move. They considered two years ample to do this. Orgetorix is chosen to do this. He took upon himself the office of envoy.

2130. Particularly common are demonstrative words at the beginning of a new period, to show that the first action necessarily took place or was natural.

Dionȳsius tyrannus Syrācūsīs expulsus Corinthī puerōs docēbat; usque eō imperiō carēre nōn poterat, TD. 3, 27, after his expulsion from Syracuse, the tyrant Dionysius kept school at Corinth; so incapable was he of getting along without governing.

(b.) Relatives as Connectives.

2131. quī serves to connect a new period when it may be translated by a demonstrative, or when it is equivalent to et is, is autem, is enim, is igitur: as,

perpetrāret Anicētus prōmissa. quī nihil cunctātus poscit summam sceleris, Ta. 14, 7, Anicetus must carry out his agreement. Without any ado he asks to have the entire management of the crime. For other examples, see 1835.

2132. The neuter accusative quod, as to that, as to which, whereas, now, so, is used to connect a new period, especially before sī, nisi, etsī, utinam (1837): as,

quod sī tū valērēs, iam mihī̆ quaedam explōrāta essent, Att. 7, 2, 6, whereas if you were well yourself, some points would have been clear to me before this. quod sī diūtius alātur contrōversia, fore utī pars cum parte cīvitātis cōnflīgat, 7, 32, 5, now if the dispute be kept up any longer, one half of the community would quarrel with the other. quod nisi mīlitēs essent dēfessī, omnēs hostium cōpiae dēlērī potuissent, 7, 88, 6, so if the soldiers had not been utterly spent, all the forces of the enemy might have been exterminated.

(2.) CONJUNCTIONS AND ADVERBS.

2133. The conjunctions and adverbs used to coordinate sentences are: (a.) copulative and disjunctive; (b.) concessive and adversative; (c.) causal and illative.

(a.) Copulative and Disjunctive.

et, neque or nec, -que, atque or ac, aut.

et.

2134. et, and, simply adds, as in English (1645). But it is often used in such a connection that a modification of the translation is required to bring out the sense.

2135. et may continue the discourse with a concessive sentence, which is to be followed by an adversative. In such cases quidem often stands in the concessive sentence: as,

prīmōrēs cīvitātis eadem ōrant. et cēterī quidem movēbant minus; postquam Sp. Lucrētius agere coepit, cōnsul abdicāvit sē cōnsulātū, L. 2, 2, 8, the head men of the state make the same request. Now the others did not influence him much. But when Lucretius began to take steps the consul resigned his consulship.

2136. et, and strange to say, and if you’d believe it, introduces something unexpected: as,

iamque trēs laureātae in urbe statuae, et adhūc raptābat Āfricam Tacfarinās, Ta. 4, 23, there were already three triumphal statues in Rome, and, strange to say, Tacfarinas was still harrying Africa.

2137. et, and really, and in fact, and to be sure; in this sense it is usually followed immediately by the verb: as,

multa quae nōn volt videt. et multa fortasse quae volt! CM. 25, one sees much that one would not. Aye, and much perhaps that one would!

2138. et introducing a sentence explaining in detail a general idea before given may be translated namely: as,

cōnsulēs religiō tenēbat, quod prōdigiīs aliquot nūntiātīs, nōn facile litābant. et ex Campāniā nūntiāta erant Capuae sepulchra aliquot dē caelō tācta, L. 27, 23, 1, the consuls were detained by scruple, because several prodigies were reported, and they could not readily obtain good omens; namely from Campania it was reported that at Capua several tombs were struck by lightning.

2139. et, and also, and besides: as,

Pūnicae quoque victōriae sīgnum octō ductī elephantī. et nōn minimum fuēre spectāculum praecēdentēs Sōsis et Moericus, L. 26, 21, 9, as an emblem of the Punic victory also, elephants to the number of eight marched in parade. And furthermore not the least attractive part of the pageant were Sosis and Moericus, moving at the head of the line.

2140. et, and yet, introduces a contrast or opposition: as,

canōrum illud in vōce splendēscit etiam in senectūte, quod equidem adhūc nōn āmīsī; et vidētis annōs, CM. 28, the musical element in the voice actually improves in old age, and this I have not yet lost. And yet you see my years.

neque or nec.

2141. nec, and really . . . not, and in fact . . . not: as,

magnō cum perīculō suō, quī forte patrum in forō erant, in eam turbam incidērunt. nec temperātum manibus foret, nī properē cōnsulēs intervēnissent, L. 2, 23, 9, it was with great personal risk to such of the fathers as happened to be in the market place, that they got into the crowd. And in fact acts of violence would have occurred, unless the consuls had made haste to interfere.

2142. nec, and to be sure . . . not: as,

centum vīgintī līctōrēs cum fascibus secūrēs inligātās praeferēbant. nec attinuisse dēmī secūrem, cum sine prōvocātiōne creātī essent, interpretābantur, L. 3, 36, 4, a hundred and twenty lictors with rods displayed axes bound in them. And to be sure they explained the matter thus, that there would have been no propriety in having the axe taken out, since the officers were appointed without any appeal.

2143. nec, not . . . either, nor either, neither: as,

eō annō vīs morbī levāta. neque ā pēnūriā frūmentī perīculum fuit, L. 4, 25, 6, that year the violence of the plague grew less. Nor was there any danger from lack of grain either.

2144. nec, but . . . not: as,

missī tamen fētiālēs. nec eōrum verba sunt audīta, L. 4, 30, 14, however the fetials were sent. But they were not listened to.

-que.

2145. -que, and likewise: as,

huic duōs flāminēs adiēcit. virginēsque Vestae lēgit, L. 1, 20, 2, to this god he assigned two special priests. And he likewise chose maids for Vesta.

2146. -que, and in fact, and so, and in general: as,

tum quoque male pugnātum est. obsessaque urbs foret, nī Horātius esset revocātus, L. 2, 51, 2, then also there was an unsuccessful engagement. And in fact Rome would have been besieged, unless Horatius had been recalled.

atque or ac.

2147. atque, and besides, and more than that, and actually: as,

ex quō efficitur animantem esse mundum. atque ex hōc quoque intellegī poterit in eō inesse intellegentiam, quod certē est mundus melior quam ūlla nātūra, DN. 2, 32, from which it follows that the universe is alive. And more than that, we can see that it has sense from the following circumstance, that the universe is certainly superior to any element of the universe.

2148. atque, and so, and consequently: as,

impedior religiōne quōminus expōnam quam multa P. Sēstius sēnserit. atque nihil dīcō praeter ūnum, Sest. 8, I am prevented by scruples from setting forth how much Sestius was aware of. And so I will only say one thing.

aut.

2149. aut is used to add a new sentence in the sense of aliōquī, or else, otherwise, or as if nisi, unless, preceded: as,

omnia bene sunt ē̆ī dīcenda, aut ēloquentiae nōmen relinquendum est, DO. 2, 5, he must be able to speak well on all subjects, or else he must waive the name of an eloquent man.

(b.) Concessive and Adversative.

2150. A new concessive period is introduced by sānē, quidem, omnīnō, to be sure, or fortasse, perhaps: as,

Plīnius et Cluvius nihil dubitātum dē fidē praefectī referunt. sānē Fabius inclīnat ad laudēs Senecae, Ta. 13, 20, Pliny and Cluvius say that there was no doubt about the loyalty of the prefect. Fabius, it must be admitted, is always inclined to eulogize Seneca. id fortasse nōn perfēcimus; cōnātī quidem saepissimē sumus, O. 210, perhaps we have not attained to it; still we have very often made the attempt.

2151. A new adversative sentence is introduced by autem, again, sed, vērum, but, vērō, but, indeed, at, but, or tamen, nihilō minus, nevertheless.

These words when used to connect sentences have the same meaning as when used to connect the parts of a sentence (1676).

2152. atquī, rarely atquīn, and yet, but, is used chiefly in dialogue. It introduces a strong objection, sometimes in the form of a conditional protasis. From Cicero on, it is sometimes found after a question, to introduce an earnest denial.

nōn sum apud mē :: atquī opus est nunc quom maxumē ut sīs, T. Ph. 204, I’m all abroad :: but that’s just exactly where you must n’t be now. nōn vereor condiscipulōrum nē quis exaudiat :: atquī cavendum est, Leg. 1, 21, I’m not afraid of being overheard by any of my fellow-students :: and yet you must be on your guard. sine veniat. atquī sī illam digitō attigerit ūnō, oculī īlicō ecfodientur, T. Eu. 739, let him come on. But if he lays a finger on the maid, we’ll scratch his eyes out on the spot. quid vērō? modum statuārum habērī nūllum placet? atquī habeātur necesse est, V. 2, 144, what? is there, think you, to be no end to your statues? Yet there must be.

2153. quamquam, etsī, tametsī, though, and nisi, but, are sometimes used to coordinate a new period, correcting the preceding: as,

carēre sentientis est, nec sēnsus in mortuō, nē carēre quidem igitur in mortuō est. quamquam quid opus est in hōc philosophārī? TD. 1, 88, foregoing requires a sentient being, and there is no sensation in a dead man; therefore there is no foregoing either in a dead man. And yet what is the use of philosophizing over this? utram mālīs vidē; etsī cōnsilium quod cēpī rēctum esse sciō, T. Hau. 326, of these two states choose which you will; though I am sure my plan’s the right one. cūr ego nōn adsum? tametsī hoc minimē tibī̆ deest, Fam. 2, 7, 2, why am I not with you? though this is the very last thing you need. spērābam dēfervisse adulēscentiam: ecce autem dē integrō! nisi quidquid est, volō hominem convenīre, T. Ad. 152, I hoped his youthful passion had cooled down; yet here it is afresh! But be it what it may, I want to see the fellow.

(c.) Causal and Illative.

2154. nam, enim, for, or namque, etenim, for you see, introduces a new period which gives the reason of the foregoing: as,

quā quidem ex rē hominum multitūdō cōgnōscī potuit: nam minus hōrīs tribus mūnītiōnem perfēcērunt, 5, 42, 4, and from this by the way their numbers could be gauged; for they made a breastwork in less than three hours. quem meminisse potestis: annō enim ūndēvīcēsimō post eius mortem hī cōnsulēs factī sunt, CM. 14, you can remember him: for the present consuls were created only nineteen years after his death.