PART FIRST ❧ WORDS (continued 4)

Pres. possim, possīs, possit possīmus, possītis, possint

Imp. possem, possēs, posset possēmus, possētis, possent

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.

Pres. posse ——

752. possum is formed from pote, able, and sum, juxtaposed (166, 2; 396). The separate forms potis sum, &c., or pote sum, &c., are also used, and sometimes even potis or pote alone takes the place of a verb; in either case potis and pote are indeclinable, and are applied to gender words and neuters both.

753. t is retained before a vowel, except in possem, &c., for potessem, &c., and in posse; t before s changes to s (166, 2). Old forms are: possiem, &c., (748), potessem, potisset, potesse. Rare forms are POTESTO (inscr. 58 B.C.), and passives, as potestur, &c., with a passive infinitive (1484). possum has no participles; the perfect system, potuī, &c., is like fuī, &c. (745).

(2.) dō, give, put (dā-, da-).

754. There are two verbs dō, one meaning give, and one meaning put. The dō meaning put is oftenest used in compounds; the simple verb has been crowded out by pōnō. The present system of dō is as follows:

Principal parts: dō, dare, dedī, datus.

ACTIVE VOICE.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Singular. Plural.

Pres. dō, dās, dat damus, datis, dant

Imp. dabam, dabās, dabat dabāmus, dabātis, dabant

Fut. dabō, dabis, dabit dabimus, dabitis, dabunt

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Pres. dem, dēs, det dēmus, dētis, dent

Imp. darem, darēs, daret darēmus, darētis, darent

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

dā or datō, datō date or datōte, dantō

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.

Pres. dare dāns

GERUND.

Gen. dandī, &c.

PASSIVE VOICE.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Singular. Plural.

Pres. ——, daris or -re, datur damur, daminī, dantur

Imp. dabar, dabāre or -ris, dabātur dabāmur, dabāminī, dabantur

Fut. dabor, dabere or -ris, dabitur dabimur, dabiminī, dabuntur

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Pres. ——, dēre or -ris, dētur ——, dēminī, dentur

Imp. darer, darēre or -ris, darētur darēmur, darēminī, darentur

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

dare or dator, dator daminī, dantor

INFINITIVE. GERUNDIVE.

Pres. darī dandus

755. In the present system a is short throughout in the first syllable, except in dās and dā. For dedī, datus, and supines datum, datū, see 859 and 900.

756. Old forms: danunt of uncertain origin (833) for dant. From another form of the root come duis, duit; interduō, concrēduō, perfect concrēduī; subjunctive duim, duīs (duās), duit and duint (841), and compounds, used especially in law language, and in praying and cursing; crēduam, crēduās or crēduīs, crēduat or crēduit.

757. Real compounds of dō have a present system like regō (782); in the perfect and the perfect participle, e and a become i: as, abdō, put away, abdere, abdidī, abditus; crēdō, put trust in. perdō, fordo, destroy, and vēndō, put for sale, have gerundives perdendus, vēndundus, and perfect participles perditus, vēnditus; the rest of the passive is supplied by forms of pereō and vēneō. reddō, give back, has future reddibō 3 times (Plaut.). In the apparent compounds with circum, pessum, satis, and vēnum, dō remains without change, as in 754.

(3.) bibō, serō, and sistō.

758. bibō, drink, serō, sow (for *si-sō, 154), and sistō, set, form their present stem by reduplication of the root (189). The vowel before the person endings is the root vowel, which becomes variable, like a formative vowel (824). These verbs have the present system like regō (782).

(b.) With the Bare Root in Parts.

inquam, eō, and queō.

759. inquam, eō, and queō have the bare root as present stem, in almost all their parts; in a few parts only the root is extended by a formative vowel (829).

(1.) inquam, say I, quoth I.

760. inquam, say I, is chiefly used in quoting a person’s direct words; and, from its meaning, is naturally very defective. The only parts in common use are the following:

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Singular. Plural.

Pres. inquam, inquis, inquit ——, ——, inquiunt

Fut. ——, inquiēs, inquiet ——, ——, ——

761. Rare forms are: subjunctive inquiat (Cornif.), indicative imperfect inquiēbat (Cic.), used twice each; indicative present inquimus (Hor.), perfect inquiī (Catull.), inquīstī (Cic.), once each; imperative inque, 4 times (Plaut. 2, Ter. 2), inquitō, 3 times (Plaut.). For inquam, see 728.

762.

(2.) eō, go (ī- for ei-, i-)

Principal parts: eō, īre, iī, itum.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Singular. Plural.

Pres. eō, īs, it īmus, ītis, eunt

Imp. ībam, ībās, ībat ībāmus, ībātis, ībant

Fut. ībō, ībis, ībit ībimus, ībitis, ībunt

Perf. iī, īstī, iīt or īt iimus, īstis, iērunt or -re

Plup. ieram, ierās, ierat ierāmus, ierātis, ierant

F. P. ierō, ieris, ierit ierimus, ieritis, ierint

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Pres. eam, eās, eat eāmus, eātis, eant

Imp. īrem, īrēs, īret īrēmus, īrētis, īrent

Perf. ierim, ierīs, ierit ierīmus, ierītis, ierint

Plup. īssem, īssēs, īsset īssēmus, īssētis, īssent

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

ī or ītō, ītō īte or ītōte, euntō

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.

Pres. īre iēns, Gen. euntis

Perf. īsse itum

Fut. itūrus esse itūrus

GERUND. SUPINE.

Gen. eundī

Dat. eundō

Acc. eundum ——

Abl. eundō ——

763. The passive is only used impersonally, and has a neuter gerundive eundum and participle itum; but transitive compounds, as adeō, go up to, have a complete passive: as, adeor, adīris, &c. ambiō, go round, canvass, follows denominatives in -īre (796), but has once or twice the imperfect ambībat, ambībant, ambībātur (Liv., Tac., Plin. Ep.), and once the future ambībunt (Plin.); future perfect ambīssit, ambīssint, once each (prol. Plaut.).

764. The ī is weakened from ei (98): as, eis, eit, eite, abeis, abei (Plaut.); EITVR, ABEI, ADEITVR (inscr. 130 B.C.), VENEIRE (49 B.C.), PRAETEREIS. Before o, u, or a, the root becomes e. For u in euntis, see 902.

765. Old forms are: īerō (Plaut.), īī, īerant (Ter.), once each (126); in an inscription of 186 B.C., ADIESET, ADIESENT, ADIESE, and of 146 B.C., REDIEIT (29, 2; 132); INTERIEISTI. A future in -iet, as trānsiet (Sen.), is late and rare.

766. A double i is found in iissēs and iisset once each (Ciris, Nepos), also sometimes in compounds of these forms: as rediissēs, interiisset. Compounds sometimes have it also in the perfect infinitive and in the second person singular of the perfect indicative: as, abiisse, abiistī; also in rediistis once (Stat.). In the first person of the perfect indicative a single long ī is found rarely in late writers in the singular: as, adī (Val. Fl.).

767. A few examples are found of a perfect system with v, as īvī, &c. This form is confined almost exclusively to poetry and late prose.

(a) Examples of simple forms with v are: īvisse (Plaut.), īvit (Cato), īvī (Varro), īverat (Catull.). (b) Compound forms: exīvī (Plaut.), obīvit (Verg.), subīvit (Stat.); trānsīvisse (Claud. ap. Tac.), inīvimus, trānsīvī, trānsīvimus (Curt.), trānsīvit, trānsīverant (Sen.), exīvit (Gell.). Apparent compounds (396): īntrō īvit (C. Gracch., Piso, Gell.).

(3.) queō, can.

768. queō, can, and nequeō, can’t, have the perfect quīvī, the rest like eō (762); but they have no imperative, gerundive, or future participle, and the present participle is rare. queō is commonly used with a negative, and some parts only so. Passive forms are rare, and only used with a passive infinitive (1484).

edō; volō (nōlō, mālō) and ferō.

(1.) edō, eat (ed-, ēd-).

769. edō, eat, has a present system with a formative vowel like regō throughout (782); but in some parts of the present, and of the imperfect subjunctive, parallel root forms are usually found, with d of the root changed to s, and the vowel lengthened (135), as may be seen in the following:

Principal parts: edō, ēsse, ēdī, ēsus.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Singular. Plural.

Pres. edō, ēs or edis, ēst or edit edimus, ēstis or editis, edunt

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Pres. edim, edīs, edit or edam, edās, edat edīmus, edītis, edint or edāmus, edātis, edant

Imp. ēssem, ēssēs, ēsset or ederem, ederēs, ederet ēssēmus, ——, ēssent or ederēmus, ederētis, ederent

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

ēs or ede, ēstō or editō ēste or edite

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.

Pres. ēsse edēns

770. For ēs, see 728; for edim, &c., 841. In the passive, the indicative present ēstur is used, and imperfect subjunctive ēssētur. The perfect participle ēsus is for an older ēssus (170, 7). Supines ēssum, ēssū (Plaut.).

771. comedō, eat up, has also the following root forms: comēs, comēst, comēstis; comēstō; comēsse; comēssēs, comēsset, comēssēmus. The present subjunctive has also comedim, comedīs, comedint. The participle perfect is comēssus, comēsus, or comēstus, future comēssūrus. exedō, eat out, has exēst and exēsse; subjunctive exedint. adedō, eat at, has adēst.

772. volō (nōlō, mālō) and ferō have the bare root in some parts only of the present system; in other parts the root extended by a formative vowel, like regō (782). volō (nōlō, mālō) lack some forms, as will be seen below.

773.

(2.) volō, will, wish, want, am willing (vol-, vel-).

Principal parts: volō, velle, voluī, ——.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Singular. Plural.

Pres. volō, vīs, volt or vult volumus, voltis or vultis, volunt

Imp. volēbam, volēbās, volēbat volēbāmus, volēbātis, volēbant

Fut. volam, volēs, volet volēmus, volētis, volent

Perf. voluī, voluistī, voluit voluimus, voluistis, voluērunt or -re

Plup. volueram, voluerās, voluerat voluerāmus, voluerātis, voluerant

F. P. voluerō, volueris, voluerit voluerimus, volueritis, voluerint

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Pres. velim, velīs, velit velīmus, velītis, velint

Imp. vellem, vellēs, vellet vellēmus, vellētis, vellent

Perf. voluerim, voluerīs, voluerit voluerīmus, voluerītis, voluerint

Plup. voluissem, voluissēs, voluisset voluissēmus, voluissētis, voluissent

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.

Pres. velle volēns

Perf. voluisse

774. volo for volō is rare (2443). volt and voltis became vult and vultis about the time of Augustus (141). For volumus, see 142; velim, &c., 841; vellem, &c., velle, 166, 8. sīs, an thou wilt, is common for sī vīs (Plaut., Ter., Cic., Liv.). sultis, an ‘t please you, is used by Plautus for sī voltis.

775. nōlō, won’t, is formed from ne-, not, and volō, juxtaposed, and mālō, like better, abbreviated from māvolō for *magsvolo (779, 170, 2).

776. nōlō, won’t, don’t want, object, am not willing.

Principal parts: nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, ——.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Singular. Plural.

Pres. nōlō, nōn vīs, nōn volt or vult nōlumus, nōn voltis or vultis, nōlunt

Imp. nōlēbam, nōlēbās, nōlēbat nōlēbāmus, nōlēbātis, nōlēbant

Fut. ——, nōlēs, nōlet nōlēmus, nōlētis, nōlent

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Pres. nōlim, nōlīs, nōlit nōlīmus, nōlītis, nōlint

Imp. nōllem, nōllēs, nōllet nōllēmus, nōllētis, nōllent

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

nōlī or nōlītō, nōlītō nōlīte or nōlītōte, nōluntō

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.

Pres. nōlle ——

777. nevīs and nevolt, from ne-, not, are found in Plautus. nōlō has usually no participles, but oblique cases of nōlēns are used a few times by post-Augustan writers (Cels., Luc., Quintil., Ta., Juv., Mart., Plin.). The perfect system, nōluī, &c., is like that of volō (772).

778. mālō, like better, choose rather.

Principal parts: mālō, mālle, māluī, ——.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Singular. Plural.

Pres. mālō, māvīs, māvolt or māvult mālumus, māvoltis or māvultis, mālunt

Imp. mālēbam, mālēbās, mālēbat mālēbāmus, mālēbātis, mālēbant

Fut. ——, mālēs, mālet mālēmus, mālētis, mālent

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Pres. mālim, mālīs, mālit mālīmus, mālītis, mālint

Imp. māllem, māllēs, māllet māllēmus, māllētis, māllent

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.

Pres. mālle ——

779. Old forms are māvolō, māvolunt; māvolet; māvelim, māvelīs, māvelit; māvellem. The perfect system, māluī, &c., is like that of volō (772).

(3.) ferō, carry (fer-).

780. ferō, carry, is used only in the present system (720). The other parts are supplied by forms of tollō, lift (tol-, tlā-). The present system of ferō is as follows:

Principal parts: ferō, ferre; (tulī, lātus).

ACTIVE VOICE.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Singular. Plural.

Pres. ferō, fers, fert ferimus, fertis, ferunt

Imp. ferēbam, ferēbās, ferēbat ferēbāmus, ferēbātis, ferēbant

Fut. feram, ferēs, feret ferēmus, ferētis, ferent

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Pres. feram, ferās, ferat ferāmus, ferātis, ferant

Imp. ferrem, ferrēs, ferret ferrēmus, ferrētis, ferrent

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

fer or fertō, fertō ferte or fertōte, feruntō

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.

Pres. ferre ferēns

GERUND.

Gen. ferendī, &c.

PASSIVE VOICE.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Singular. Plural.

Pres. feror, ferris or -re, fertur ferimur, feriminī, feruntur

Imp. ferēbar, ferēbāre or -ris, ferēbātur ferēbāmur, ferēbāminī, ferēbantur

Fut. ferar, ferēre or -ris, ferētur ferēmur, ferēminī, ferentur

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Pres. ferar, ferāre or -ris, ferātur ferāmur, ferāminī, ferantur

Imp. ferrer, ferrēre or -ris, ferrētur ferrēmur, ferrēminī, ferrentur

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

ferre or fertor, fertor feriminī, feruntor

INFINITIVE. GERUNDIVE.

Pres. ferrī ferendus

781. For tulī, see 860; the full form tetulī, &c., is found in old Latin, and TOLI, &c., in inscriptions; the compound with re- is rettulī for *retetulī (861). For the participle lātus, see 169, 1.

(B.) VERBS IN -ere.

The Third Conjugation.

782.

regō, rule.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.

Pres. Indic. Pres. Infin. Perf. Indic. Perf. Part.

regō regere rēxī rēctus

ACTIVE VOICE.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

Singular. Plural.

regō, I rule, or am ruling regimus, we rule, or are ruling

regis, thou rulest, or art ruling regitis, you rule, or are ruling

regit, he rules, or is ruling regunt, they rule, or are ruling

Imperfect Tense.

regēbam, I was ruling, or I ruled regēbāmus, we were ruling, or we ruled

regēbās, thou wert ruling, or thou ruledst regēbātis, you were ruling, or you ruled

regēbat, he was ruling, or he ruled regēbant, they were ruling, or they ruled

Future Tense.

regam, I shall rule regēmus, we shall rule

regēs, thou wilt rule regētis, you will rule

reget, he will rule regent, they will rule

Perfect Tense.

rēxī, I have ruled, or I ruled rēximus, we have ruled, or we ruled

rēxistī, thou hast ruled, or thou ruledst rēxistis, you have ruled, or you ruled

rēxit, he has ruled, or he ruled rēxērunt or -re, they have ruled, or they ruled

Pluperfect Tense.

rēxeram, I had ruled rēxerāmus, we had ruled

rēxerās, thou hadst ruled rēxerātis, you had ruled

rēxerat, he had ruled rēxerant, they had ruled

Future Perfect Tense.

rēxerō, I shall have ruled rēxerimus, we shall have ruled

rēxeris, thou wilt have ruled rēxeritis, you will have ruled

rēxerit, he will have ruled rēxerint, they will have ruled

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

Singular. Plural.

regam, may I rule regāmus, let us rule

regās, mayst thou rule regātis, may you rule

regat, let him rule regant, let them rule

Imperfect Tense.

regerem, I should rule regerēmus, we should rule

regerēs, thou wouldst rule regerētis, you would rule

regeret, he would rule regerent, they would rule

Perfect Tense.

rēxerim, I may have ruled rēxerīmus, we may have ruled

rēxerīs, thou mayst have ruled rēxerītis, you may have ruled

rēxerit, he may have ruled rēxerint, they may have ruled

Pluperfect Tense.

rēxissem, I should have ruled rēxissēmus, we should have ruled

rēxissēs, thou wouldst have ruled rēxissētis, you would have ruled

rēxisset, he would have ruled rēxissent, they would have ruled

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

rege or regitō, rule, thou shalt rule regite or regitōte, rule, you shall rule

regitō, he shall rule reguntō, they shall rule

NOUNS OF THE VERB.

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.

Pres. regere, to rule Pres. regēns, ruling

Perf. rēxisse, to have ruled

Fut. rēctūrus esse, to be going to rule Fut. rēctūrus, going to rule

GERUND. SUPINE.

Gen. regendī, of ruling

Dat. regendō, for ruling

Acc. regendum, ruling Acc. *rēctum, to rule, not used

Abl. regendō, by ruling Abl. *rēctū, in ruling, not used

VERBS IN -ere.

The Third Conjugation.

783.

regor, am ruled.

PASSIVE VOICE.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

Singular. Plural.

regor, I am ruled regimur, we are ruled

regeris or -re, thou art ruled regiminī, you are ruled

regitur, he is ruled reguntur, they are ruled

Imperfect Tense.

regēbar, I was ruled regēbāmur, we were ruled

regēbāre or -ris, thou wert ruled regēbāminī, you were ruled

regēbātur, he was ruled regēbantur, they were ruled

Future Tense.

regar, I shall be ruled regēmur, we shall be ruled

regēre or -ris, thou wilt be ruled regēminī, you will be ruled

regētur, he will be ruled regentur, they will be ruled

Perfect Tense.

rēctus sum, I have been, or was ruled rēctī sumus, we have been, or were ruled

rēctus es, thou hast been, or wert ruled rēctī estis, you have been, or were ruled

rēctus est, he has been, or was ruled rēctī sunt, they have been, or were ruled

Pluperfect Tense.

rēctus eram, I had been ruled rēctī erāmus, we had been ruled

rēctus erās, thou hadst been ruled rēctī erātis, you had been ruled

rēctus erat, he had been ruled rēctī erant, they had been ruled

Future Perfect Tense.

rēctus erō, I shall have been ruled rēctī erimus, we shall have been ruled

rēctus eris, thou wilt have been ruled rēctī eritis, you will have been ruled

rēctus erit, he will have been ruled rēctī erunt, they will have been ruled

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

Singular. Plural.

regar, may I be ruled regāmur, may we be ruled

regāre or -ris, mayst thou be ruled regāminī, may you be ruled

regātur, let him be ruled regantur, let them be ruled

Imperfect Tense.

regerer, I should be ruled regerēmur, we should be ruled

regerēre or -ris, thou wouldst be ruled regerēminī, you would be ruled

regerētur, he would be ruled regerentur, they would be ruled

Perfect Tense.

rēctus sim, I may have been ruled rēctī sīmus, we may have been ruled

rēctus sīs, thou mayst have been ruled rēctī sītis, you may have been ruled

rēctus sit, he may have been ruled rēctī sint, they may have been ruled

Pluperfect Tense.

rēctus essem, I should have been ruled rēctī essēmus, we should have been ruled

rēctus essēs, thou wouldst have been ruled rēctī essētis, you would have been ruled

rēctus esset, he would have been ruled rēctī essent, they would have been ruled

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

regere or regitor, be ruled, thou shalt be ruled regiminī, be ruled

regitor, he shall be ruled reguntor, they shall be ruled

NOUNS OF THE VERB.

INFINITIVE. GERUNDIVE.

Pres. regī, to be ruled regendus, to be ruled

Perf. rēctus esse, to have been ruled PERFECT PARTICIPLE.

Fut. *rēctum īrī, to be going to be ruled, not used (2273) rēctus, ruled

VERBS IN -iō, -ere.

784. Verbs in -iō, -ere, as capiō, capere, take (cap-), drop an i in some forms of the present and imperfect. The present system is as follows:

ACTIVE VOICE.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Singular. Plural.

Pres. capiō, capis, capit capimus, capitis, capiunt

Imp. capiēbam, capiēbās, capiēbat capiēbāmus, capiēbātis, capiēbant

Fut. capiam, capiēs, capiet capiēmus, capiētis, capient

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Pres. capiam, capiās, capiat capiāmus, capiātis, capiant

Imp. caperem, caperēs, caperet caperēmus, caperētis, caperent

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

cape or capitō, capitō capite or capitōte, capiuntō

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.

Pres. capere capiēns

GERUND.

Gen. capiendī, &c.

PASSIVE VOICE.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Singular. Plural.

Pres. capior, caperis or -re, capitur capimur, capiminī, capiuntur

Imp. capiēbar, capiēbāre or -ris, capiēbātur capiēbāmur, capiēbāminī, capiēbantur

Fut. capiar, capiēre or -ris, capiētur capiēmur, capiēminī, capientur

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Pres. capiar, capiāre or -ris, capiātur capiāmur, capiāminī, capiantur

Imp. caperer, caperēre or -ris, caperētur caperēmur, caperēminī, caperentur

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

capere or capitor, capitor capiminī, capiuntor

INFINITIVE. GERUNDIVE.

Pres. capi capiendus

785. There are a dozen verbs in -īō, -ere, like capiō, and three deponents in -ior, -ī, all formed from consonant roots with a short vowel: see 836. aiō, say, and fīō, grow, become, have certain peculiarities arising from the blending of the root with the suffix.

(1.) aiō, say, say ay, avouch (ag-).

786. aiō, say, is defective, and has only these parts in common use:

Singular. Plural.

Ind. Pres. aiō, ais, ait ——, ——, aiunt

Ind. Imp. aiēbam, aiēbās, aiēbat aiēbāmus, aiēbātis, aiēbant

Subj. Pres. ——, aiās, aiāt ——, ——, ——

787. For aiō, sometimes written aiiō (23), see 153, 2. Old forms are: present ais, aīs, a͡is, or with -n interrogative āin, a͡in; aīt, ait, or a͡it; imperfect a͡ibam, a͡ibās, a͡ibat, and a͡ibant; imperative once only, aī (Naev.). A participle aientibus, affirmative, occurs once (Cic.).

(2.) fīō, become, am made.

788. fīō, become, and factus sum supplement each other: in the present system, the passive of faciō, make, except the gerundive, faciendus, is not used, fīō, &c., taking its place; in the perfect system, only factus sum, &c., is used.

Singular. Plural.

Ind. Pres. fīō, fīs, fit ——, ——, fīunt

Ind. Imp. fīēbam, fīēbās, fīēbat fīēbāmus, fīēbātis, fīēbant

Ind. Fut. fīam, fīēs, fīet fīēmus, fīētis, fīent

Subj. Pres. fīam, fīās, fīat fīāmus, fīātis, fīant

Subj. Imp. fierem, fierēs, fieret fierēmus, fierētis, fierent

Imper. fī fīte

Infin. Pres. fierī Part. Pres. ——

789. In fīō, &c., ī represents an older ei, seen in FEIENT (inscr. 45 B.C.). The infinitive fierī for fierei owes its passive ending to analogy; the active form fiere occurs twice (Enn., Laev.). The vowel before -er- in fierem, &c., and fierī, is sometimes long in the dramatists, where a cretic (- ⏑ -) is required, but otherwise always short.

790. -fīō is used in apparent compounds (394): as, patē̆fit. In real compounds commonly -ficior: as, cōnficior; but sometimes -fīō: as, cōnfit, cōnfīunt, cōnfīat, cōnfieret, cōnfierent, cōnfī̆erī; dēfit, dēfīet, dēfīat, dēfierī; effit, effīant, ecfīerī; īnfit; interfīat, interfīerī; superfit, superfīat.

791. Some verbs in -iō, -ere (or -ior, -ī), have occasionally the form of verbs in -īre (or -īrī), in some parts of the present system, oftenest before an r, and particularly in the passive infinitive: as,

fodīrī, 3 times (Cato, Col. 2), circumfodīrī (Col.), ecfodīrī (Plaut.); adgredīrī (adgredīrier), 4 times (Plaut.), prōgredīrī (Plaut.); morīrī 6 times (Plaut. 4, Pomp., Ov.), ēmorīrī twice (Plaut., Ter.); orīrī, always; parīre, twice (Plaut., Enn.); usually potīrī (potīrier). Also cupīret (Lucr.); adgredīre, adgredībor, adgredīmur (Plaut.); morīmur (Enn.); orīris (Varr., Sen.), adorītur (Lucil., Lucr.), orīrētur (Cic., Nep., Sall., Liv.), adorīrētur (Liv., Suet.); parībis (Pomp.), PARIRET (inscr.); potīris (Manil.), potītur (Lucil., Ov.), &c., &c.

II. Denominative Verbs.

(1.) VERBS IN -āre.

The First Conjugation.

792.

laudō, praise.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.

Pres. Indic. Pres. Infin. Perf. Indic. Perf. Part.

laudō laudāre laudāvī laudātus

ACTIVE VOICE.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

Singular. Plural.

laudō, I praise, or am praising laudāmus, we praise, or are praising

laudās, thou praisest, or art praising laudātis, you praise, or are praising

laudat, he praises, or is praising laudant, they praise, or are praising

Imperfect Tense.

laudābam, I was praising, or I praised laudābāmus, we were praising, or we praised

laudābās, thou wert praising, or thou praisedst laudābātis, you were praising, or you praised

laudābat, he was praising, or he praised laudābant, they were praising, or they praised

Future Tense.

laudābō, I shall praise laudābimus, we shall praise

laudābis, thou wilt praise laudābitis, you will praise

laudābit, he will praise laudābunt, they will praise

Perfect Tense.

laudāvī, I have praised, or I praised laudāvimus, we have praised, or we praised

laudāvistī, thou hast praised, or thou praisedst laudāvistis, you have praised, or you praised

laudāvit, he has praised, or he praised laudāvērunt or -re, they have praised, or they praised

Pluperfect Tense.

laudāveram, I had praised laudāverāmus, we had praised

laudāverās, thou hadst praised laudāverātis, you had praised

laudāverat, he had praised laudāverant, they had praised

Future Perfect Tense.

laudāverō, I shall have praised laudāverimus, we shall have praised

laudāveris, thou wilt have praised laudāveritis, you will have praised

laudāverit, he will have praised laudāverint, they will have praised

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

Singular. Plural.

laudem, may I praise laudēmus, let us praise

laudēs, mayst thou praise laudētis, may you praise

laudet, let him praise laudent, let them praise

Imperfect Tense.

laudārem, I should praise laudārēmus, we should praise

laudārēs, thou wouldst praise laudārētis, you would praise

laudāret, he would praise laudārent, they would praise

Perfect Tense.

laudāverim, I may have praised laudāverīmus, we may have praised

laudāverīs, thou mayst have praised laudāverītis, you may have praised

laudāverit, he may have praised laudāverint, they may have praised

Pluperfect Tense.

laudāvissem, I should have praised laudāvissēmus, we should have praised

laudāvissēs, thou wouldst have praised laudāvissētis, you would have praised

laudāvisset, he would have praised laudāvissent, they would have praised

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

laudā or laudātō, praise, thou shalt praise laudāte or laudātōte, praise, you shall praise

laudātō, he shall praise laudantō, they shall praise

NOUNS OF THE VERB.

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.

Pres. laudāre, to praise Pres. laudāns, praising

Perf. laudāvisse, to have praised

Fut. laudātūrus esse, to be going to praise Fut. laudātūrus, going to praise

GERUND. SUPINE.

Gen. laudandī, of praising

Dat. laudandō, for praising

Acc. laudandum, praising Acc. laudātum, to praise

Abl. laudandō, by praising Abl. *laudātū, in praising, not used

VERBS IN -āre.

The First Conjugation.

793.

laudor, am praised.

PASSIVE VOICE.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

Singular. Plural.

laudor, I am praised laudāmur, we are praised

laudāris or -re, thou art praised laudāminī, you are praised

laudātur, he is praised laudantur, they are praised

Imperfect Tense.

laudābar, I was praised laudābāmur, we were praised

laudābāre or -ris, thou wert praised laudābāminī, you were praised

laudābātur, he was praised laudābantur, they were praised

Future Tense.

laudābor, I shall be praised laudābimur, we shall be praised

laudābere or -ris, thou wilt be praised laudābiminī, you will be praised

laudābitur, he will be praised laudābuntur, they will be praised

Perfect Tense.

laudātus sum, I have been, or was praised laudātī sumus, we have been, or were praised

laudātus es, thou hast been, or wert praised laudātī estis, you have been, or were praised

laudātus est, he has been, or was praised laudātī sunt, they have been, or were praised

Pluperfect Tense.

laudātus eram, I had been praised laudātī erāmus, we had been praised

laudātus erās, thou hadst been praised laudātī erātis, you had been praised

laudātus erat, he had been praised laudātī erant, they had been praised

Future Perfect Tense.

laudātus erō, I shall have been praised laudātī erimus, we shall have been praised

laudātus eris, thou wilt have been praised laudātī eritis, you will have been praised

laudātus erit, he will have been praised laudātī erunt, they will have been praised

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

Singular. Plural.

lauder, may I be praised laudēmur, may we be praised

laudēre or -ris, mayst thou be praised laudēminī, may you be praised

laudētur, let him be praised laudentur, let them be praised

Imperfect Tense.

laudārer, I should be praised laudārēmur, we should be praised

laudārēre or -ris, thou wouldst be praised laudārēminī, you would be praised

laudārētur, he would be praised laudārentur, they would be praised

Perfect Tense.

laudātus sim, I may have been praised laudātī sīmus, we may have been praised

laudātus sīs, thou mayst have been praised laudātī sītis, you may have been praised

laudātus sit, he may have been praised laudātī sint, they may have been praised

Pluperfect Tense.

laudātus essem, I should have been praised laudātī essēmus, we should have been praised

laudātus essēs, thou wouldst have been praised laudātī essētis, you would have been praised

laudātus esset, he would have been praised laudātī essent, they would have been praised

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

laudāre or laudātor, be praised, thou shalt be praised laudāminī, be praised

laudātor, he shall be praised laudantor, they shall be praised

NOUNS OF THE VERB.

INFINITIVE. GERUNDIVE.

Pres. laudārī, to be praised laudandus, to be praised

Perf. laudātus esse, to have been praised PERFECT PARTICIPLE.

Fut. *laudātum īrī, to be going to be praised, not used (2273) laudātus, praised

(2.) VERBS IN -ēre.

The Second Conjugation.

794.

moneō, advise.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.

Pres. Indic. Pres. Infin. Perf. Indic. Perf. Part.

moneō monēre monuī monitus

ACTIVE VOICE.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

Singular. Plural.

moneō, I advise, or am advising monēmus, we advise, or are advising

monēs, thou advisest, or art advising monētis, you advise, or are advising

monet, he advises, or is advising monent, they advise, or are advising

Imperfect Tense.

monēbam, I was advising, or I advised monēbāmus, we were advising, or we advised

monēbās, thou wert advising, or thou advisedst monēbātis, you were advising, or you advised

monēbat, he was advising, or he advised monēbant, they were advising, or they advised

Future Tense.

monēbō, I shall advise monēbimus, we shall advise

monēbis, thou wilt advise monēbitis, you will advise

monēbit, he will advise monēbunt, they will advise

Perfect Tense.

monuī, I have advised, or I advised monuimus, we have advised, or we advised

monuistī, thou hast advised, or thou advisedst monuistis, you have advised, or you advised

monuit, he has advised, or he advised monuērunt or -re, they have advised, or they advised

Pluperfect Tense.

monueram, I had advised monuerāmus, we had advised

monuerās, thou hadst advised monuerātis, you had advised

monuerat, he had advised monuerant, they had advised

Future Perfect Tense.

monuerō, I shall have advised monuerimus, we shall have advised

monueris, thou wilt have advised monueritis, you will have advised

monuerit, he will have advised monuerint, they will have advised

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

Singular. Plural.

moneam, may I advise moneāmus, let us advise

moneās, mayst thou advise moneātis, may you advise

moneat, let him advise moneant, let them advise

Imperfect Tense.

monērem, I should advise monērēmus, we should advise

monērēs, thou wouldst advise monērētis, you would advise

monēret, he would advise monērent, they would advise

Perfect Tense.

monuerim, I may have advised monuerīmus, we may have advised

monuerīs, thou mayst have advised monuerītis, you may have advised

monuerit, he may have advised monuerint, they may have advised

Pluperfect Tense.

monuissem, I should have advised monuissēmus, we should have advised

monuissēs, thou wouldst have advised monuissētis, you would have advised

monuisset, he would have advised monuissent, they would have advised

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

monē or monētō, advise, thou shalt advise monēte or monētōte, advise, you shall advise

monētō, he shall advise monentō, they shall advise

NOUNS OF THE VERB.

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.

Pres. monēre, to advise Pres. monēns, advising

Perf. monuisse, to have advised

Fut. monitūrus esse, to be going to advise Fut. monitūrus, going to advise

GERUND. SUPINE.

Gen. monendī, of advising

Dat. monendō, for advising

Acc. monendum, advising Acc. *monitum, to advise, not used

Abl. monendō, by advising Abl. monitū, in advising

VERBS IN -ēre.

The Second Conjugation.

795.

moneor, am advised.

PASSIVE VOICE.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

Singular. Plural.

moneor, I am advised monēmur, we are advised

monēris or -re, thou art advised monēminī, you are advised

monētur, he is advised monentur, they are advised

Imperfect Tense.

monēbar, I was advised monēbāmur, we were advised

monēbāre or -ris, thou wert advised monēbāminī, you were advised

monēbātur, he was advised monēbantur, they were advised

Future Tense.

monēbor, I shall be advised monēbimur, we shall be advised

monēbere or -ris, thou wilt be advised monēbiminī, you will be advised

monēbitur, he will be advised monēbuntur, they will be advised

Perfect Tense.

monitus sum, I have been, or was advised monitī sumus, we have been, or were advised

monitus es, thou hast been, or wert advised monitī estis, you have been, or were advised

monitus est, he has been, or was advised monitī sunt, they have been, or were advised

Pluperfect Tense.

monitus eram, I had been advised monitī erāmus, we had been advised

monitus erās, thou hadst been advised monitī erātis, you had been advised

monitus erat, he had been advised monitī erant, they had been advised

Future Perfect Tense.

monitus erō, I shall have been advised monitī erimus, we shall have been advised

monitus eris, thou wilt have been advised monitī eritis, you will have been advised

monitus erit, he will have been advised monitī erunt, they will have been advised

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

Singular. Plural.

monear, may I be advised moneāmur, may we be advised

moneāre or -ris, mayst thou be advised moneāminī, may you be advised

moneātur, let him be advised moneantur, let them be advised

Imperfect Tense.

monērer, I should be advised monērēmur, we should be advised

monērēre or -ris, thou wouldst be advised monērēminī, you would be advised

monērētur, he would be advised monērentur, they would be advised

Perfect Tense.

monitus sim, I may have been advised monitī sīmus, we may have been advised

monitus sīs, thou mayst have been advised monitī sītis, you may have been advised

monitus sit, he may have been advised monitī sint, they may have been advised

Pluperfect Tense.

monitus essem, I should have been advised monitī essēmus, we should have been advised

monitus essēs, thou wouldst have been advised monitī essētis, you would have been advised

monitus esset, he would have been advised monitī essent, they would have been advised

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

monēre or monētor, be advised, thou shalt be advised monēminī, be advised

monētor, he shall be advised monentor, they shall be advised

NOUNS OF THE VERB.

INFINITIVE. GERUNDIVE.

Pres. monērī, to be advised monendus, to be advised

Perf. monitus esse, to have been advised PERFECT PARTICIPLE.

Fut. *monitum īrī, to be going to be advised, not used (2273) monitus, advised

(3.) VERBS IN -īre.

The Fourth Conjugation.

796.

audiō, hear.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.

Pres. Indic. Pres. Infin. Perf. Indic. Perf. Part.

audiō audīre audīvī audītus

ACTIVE VOICE.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

Singular. Plural.

audiō, I hear, or am hearing audīmus, we hear, or are hearing

audīs, thou hearest, or art hearing audītis, you hear, or are hearing

audit, he hears, or is hearing audiunt, they hear, or are hearing

Imperfect Tense.

audiēbam, I was hearing, or I heard audiēbāmus, we were hearing, or we heard

audiēbās, thou wert hearing, or thou heardst audiēbātis, you were hearing, or you heard

audiēbat, he was hearing, or he heard audiēbant, they were hearing, or they heard

Future Tense.

audiam, I shall hear audiēmus, we shall hear

audiēs, thou wilt hear audiētis, you will hear

audiet, he will hear audient, they will hear

Perfect Tense.

audīvī, I have heard, or I heard audīvimus, we have heard, or we heard

audīvistī, thou hast heard, or thou heardst audīvistis, you have heard, or you heard

audīvit, he has heard, or he heard audīvērunt or -re, they have heard, or they heard

Pluperfect Tense.

audīveram, I had heard audīverāmus, we had heard

audīverās, thou hadst heard audīverātis, you had heard

audīverat, he had heard audīverant, they had heard

Future Perfect Tense.

audīverō, I shall have heard audīverimus, we shall have heard

audīveris, thou wilt have heard audīveritis, you will have heard

audīverit, he will have heard audīverint, they will have heard

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

Singular. Plural.

audiam, may I hear audiāmus, let us hear

audiās, mayst thou hear audiātis, may you hear

audiat, let him hear audiant, let them hear

Imperfect Tense.

audīrem, I should hear audīrēmus, we should hear

audīrēs, thou wouldst hear audīrētis, you would hear

audīret, he would hear audīrent, they would hear

Perfect Tense.

audīverim, I may have heard audīverīmus, we may have heard

audīverīs, thou mayst have heard audīverītis, you may have heard

audīverit, he may have heard audīverint, they may have heard

Pluperfect Tense.

audīvissem, I should have heard audīvissēmus, we should have heard

audīvissēs, thou wouldst have heard audīvissētis, you would have heard

audīvisset, he would have heard audīvissent, they would have heard

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

audī or audītō, hear, thou shalt hear audīte or audītōte, hear, you shall hear

audītō, he shall hear audiuntō, they shall hear

NOUNS OF THE VERB.

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.

Pres. audīre, to hear Pres. audiēns, hearing

Perf. audīvisse, to have heard

Fut. audītūrus esse, to be going to hear Fut. audītūrus, going to hear

GERUND. SUPINE.

Gen. audiendī, of hearing

Dat. audiendō, for hearing

Acc. audiendum, hearing Acc. audītum, to hear

Abl. audiendō, by hearing Abl. audītū, in hearing

VERBS IN -īre.

The Fourth Conjugation.

797.

audior, am heard.

PASSIVE VOICE.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

Singular. Plural.

audior, I am heard audīmur, we are heard

audīris or -re, thou art heard audīminī, you are heard

audītur, he is heard audiuntur, they are heard

Imperfect Tense.

audiēbar, I was heard audiēbāmur, we were heard

audiēbāre or -ris, thou wert heard audiēbāminī, you were heard

audiēbātur, he was heard audiēbantur, they were heard

Future Tense.

audiar, I shall be heard audiēmur, we shall be heard

audiēre or -ris, thou wilt be heard audiēminī, you will be heard

audiētur, he will be heard audientur, they will be heard

Perfect Tense.

audītus sum, I have been, or was heard audītī sumus, we have been, or were heard

audītus es, thou hast been, or wert heard audītī estis, you have been, or were heard

audītus est, he has been, or was heard audītī sunt, they have been, or were heard

Pluperfect Tense.

audītus eram, I had been heard audītī erāmus, we had been heard

audītus erās, thou hadst been heard audītī erātis, you had been heard

audītus erat, he had been heard audītī erant, they had been heard

Future Perfect Tense.

audītus erō, I shall have been heard audītī erimus, we shall have been heard

audītus eris, thou wilt have been heard audītī eritis, you will have been heard

audītus erit, he will have been heard audītī erunt, they will have been heard

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

Singular. Plural.

audiar, may I be heard audiāmur, may we be heard

audiāre or -ris, mayst thou be heard audiāminī, may you be heard

audiātur, let him be heard audiantur, let them be heard

Imperfect Tense.

audīrer, I should be heard audīrēmur, we should be heard

audīrēre or -ris, thou wouldst be heard audīrēminī, you would be heard

audīrētur, he would be heard audīrentur, they would be heard

Perfect Tense.

audītus sim, I may have been heard audītī sīmus, we may have been heard

audītus sīs, thou mayst have been heard audītī sītis, you may have been heard

audītus sit, he may have been heard audītī sint, they may have been heard

Pluperfect Tense.

audītus essem, I should have been heard audītī essēmus, we should have been heard

audītus essēs, thou wouldst have been heard audītī essētis, you would have been heard

audītus esset, he would have been heard audītī essent, they would have been heard

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

audīre or audītor, be heard, thou shalt be heard audīminī, be heard

audītor, he shall be heard audiuntor, they shall be heard

NOUNS OF THE VERB.

INFINITIVE. GERUNDIVE.

Pres. audīrī, to be heard audiendus, to be heard

Perf. audītus esse, to have been heard PERFECT PARTICIPLE.

Fut. audītum īrī, to be going to be heard (2273) audītus, heard

THE DEPONENT VERB.

798. Deponents, that is, verbs with passive person endings and a reflexive or an active meaning (725), have these active noun forms: participles, the future infinitive, the gerund, and the supines. The perfect participle is usually active, but sometimes passive; the gerundive always passive. The following is a synopsis of deponents:

PRINCIPAL PARTS.

queror, complain, querī, questus mīror, wonder, mīrārī, mīrātus

vereor, fear, verērī, veritus

partior, share, partīrī, partītus

I. -ī II. (1.) -ārī (2.) -ērī (3.) -īrī

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Pres. queror mīror vereor partior

Imp. querēbar mīrābar verēbar partiēbar

Fut. querar mīrābor verēbor partiar

Perf. questus sum mīrātus sum veritus sum partītus sum

Plup. questus eram mīrātus eram veritus eram partītus eram

F. P. questus erō mīrātus erō veritus erō partītus erō

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Pres. querar mīrer verear partiar

Imp. quererer mīrārer verērer partīrer

Perf. questus sim mīrātus sim veritus sim partītus sim

Plup. questus essem mīrātus essem veritus essem partītus essem

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

querere mīrāre verēre partīre

PARTICIPLES.

Pres. querēns mīrāns verēns partiēns

Perf. questus mīrātus veritus partītus

Fut. questūrus mīrātūrus veritūrus partītūrus

INFINITIVE.

Pres. querī mīrārī verērī partīrī

Perf. questus esse mīrātus esse veritus esse partītus esse

Fut. questūrus esse mīrātūrus esse veritūrus esse partītūrus esse

GERUND AND GERUNDIVE.

Gen. querendī, &c. mīrandī, &c. verendī, &c. partiendī, &c.

querendus mīrandus verendus partiendus

SUPINE.

Acc. questum *mīrātum *veritum *partītum

Abl. *questū mīrātū *veritū *partītū

799. Three deponents in -ior, -ī, gradior, walk, morior, die, and patior, suffer, and their compounds, have a present system like the passive of capiō (784). But adgredior and prōgredior and morior and ēmorior have sometimes the forms of verbs in -īrī; for these, and for orior, arise, orīrī, ortus, and potior, become master of, potīrī, potītus, see 791. By far the largest number of deponents are verbs in -ārī, like mīror, mīrārī (368).

800. Some verbs waver between active and passive person endings: as, adsentiō, agree, adsentīre, and adsentior, adsentīrī; populō, ravage, populāre, and populor, populārī: see 1481.

801. A few verbs are deponent in the present system only: as, dēvortor, turn in, perfect dēvortī; revortor, turn back, perfect revortī, but with active perfect participle revorsus. Four are deponent in the perfect system only: fīdō, trust, fīdere, fīsus, and the compounds, cōnfīdō, diffīdō; and audeō, dare, audēre, ausus, gaudeō, feel glad, gaudēre, gāvīsus, and soleō, am used, solēre, solitus. Most impersonals in -ēre have both an active and a deponent form in the perfect system: see 815, 816.

PERIPHRASTIC FORMS.

802. (1.) The future active participle with a form of sum is used to denote an intended or future action: as,

rēctūrus sum, I am going to rule, intend to rule.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Singular. Plural.

Pres. rēctūrus sum, es, est rēctūrī sumus, estis, sunt

Imp. rēctūrus eram, erās, erat rēctūrī erāmus, erātis, erant

Fut. rēctūrus erō, eris, erit rēctūrī erimus, eritis, erunt

Perf. rēctūrus fuī, fuistī, fuit rēctūrī fuimus, fuistis, fuērunt

Plup. rēctūrus fueram, fuerās, fuerat rēctūrī fuerāmus, fuerātis, fuerant

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Pres. rēctūrus sim, sīs, sit rēctūrī sīmus, sītis, sint

Imp. rēctūrus essem, essēs, esset rēctūrī essēmus, essētis, essent

Perf. rēctūrus fuerim, fuerīs, fuerit rēctūrī fuerīmus, fuerītis, fuerint

Plup. rēctūrus fuissem, fuissēs, fuisset rēctūrī fuissēmus, fuissētis, fuissent

INFINITIVE.

Pres. rēctūrus esse

Perf. rēctūrus fuisse

803. A future perfect is hardly ever used: as, fuerit victūrus (Sen.). In the imperfect subjunctive, forem, forēs, foret, and forent are sometimes used (Nep., Sall., Liv., Vell.).

804. (2.) The gerundive with a form of sum is used to denote action which requires to be done: as,

regendus sum, I am to be ruled, must be ruled.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Singular. Plural.

Pres. regendus sum, es, est regendī sumus, estis, sunt

Imp. regendus eram, erās, erat regendī erāmus, erātis, erant

Fut. regendus erō, eris, erit regendī erimus, eritis, erunt

Perf. regendus fuī, fuistī, fuit regendī fuimus, fuistis, fuērunt

Plup. regendus fueram, fuerās, fuerat regendī fuerāmus, fuerātis, fuerant

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Pres. regendus sim, sīs, sit regendī sīmus, sītis, sint

Imp. regendus essem, essēs, esset regendī essēmus, essētis, essent

Perf. regendus fuerim, fuerīs, fuerit regendī fuerīmus, fuerītis, fuerint

Plup. regendus fuissem, fuissēs, fuisset regendī fuissēmus, fuissētis, fuissent

INFINITIVE.

Pres. regendus esse

Perf. regendus fuisse

DEFECTIVE VERBS.

805. (1.) Some verbs have only a few forms: as,

inquam, quoth I (760); aiō, avouch (786). See also apage, avaunt, get thee behind me, cedo, give, tell, fārī, to lift up one’s voice, havē̆ or avē̆ and salvē, all hail, ovat, triumphs, and quaesō, prithee, in the dictionary.

806. (2.) Many verbs have only the present system; such are:

807. (a.) sum, am (745); ferō, carry (780); fīō, grow, become (788).

808. (b.) Some verbs in -ere: angō, throttle, bītō, go, clangō, sound, claudō or claudeō, hobble, fatīscō, gape, glīscō, wax, glūbō, peel, hīscō, gape, temnō, scorn, vādō, go, vergō, slope. Also many inceptives (834): as, dītēscō, get rich, dulcēscō, get sweet, &c., &c.

809. (c.) Some verbs in -ēre: albeō, am white, aveō, long, calveō, am bald, cāneō, am gray, clueō, am called, hight, flāveō, am yellow, hebeō, am blunt, immineō, threaten, lacteō, suck, līveō, look dark, maereō, mourn, polleō, am strong, renīdeō, am radiant, squāleō, am scaly, ūmeō, am wet.

810. (d.) Some verbs in -īre: balbūtiō, sputter, feriō, strike, ganniō, yelp, ineptiō, am a fool, superbiō, am stuck up, tussiō, cough. Also most desideratives (375).

811. Many verbs are not attended by a perfect participle, and lack in consequence the perfect passive system, or, if deponent, the perfect active system.

812. (3.) Some verbs have only the perfect system: so particularly coepī, have begun, began (120); and with a present meaning, ōdī, have come to hate, hate; and meminī, have called to mind, remember. The following is a synopsis of these three verbs:

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Active. Passive. Active. Active.

Perf. coepī coeptus sum ōdī meminī

Plup. coeperam coeptus eram ōderam memineram

F. P. coeperō coeptus erō ōderō meminerō

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Perf. coeperim coeptus sim ōderim meminerim

Plup. coepissem coeptus essem ōdissem meminissem

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Perf. —— —— —— mementō, mementōte

INFINITIVE.

Perf. coepisse coeptus esse ōdisse meminisse

PARTICIPLES.

Perf. coeptus —— ——

Fut. coeptūrus ōsūrus ——

813. A few forms of the present system of coepī occur in old writers: as, coepiō (Plaut.), coepiam (Caec., Cato), coepiat (Plaut.), coeperet (Ter.), and coepere (Plaut.); perfect once coēpit (Lucr.). ōsus sum or fuī (Plaut., C. Gracch., Gell.), exōsus sum (Verg., Sen., Curt., Gell.), and perōsus sum (Suet., Col., Quint.), are sometimes used as deponents. meminī is the only verb which has a perfect imperative active. ōdī and meminī have no passive.

814. coeptūrus is rather rare and late (Liv. 2, Plin., Suet.), once as future infinitive (Quint.); and ōsūrus is very rare (Cic., Gell.). exōsus and perōsus, as active participles, hating bitterly, are not uncommon in writers of the empire; the simple ōsus is not used as a participle.

815. (4.) Impersonal verbs have usually only the third person singular, and the infinitive present and perfect: as,

(a.) pluit, it rains, tonat, it thunders, and other verbs denoting the operations of nature. (b.) Also a few verbs in -ēre denoting feeling: as, miseret (or miserētur, miserēscit), it distresses, miseritum est; paenitet, it repents, paenituit; piget, it grieves, piguit or pigitum est; pudet, it shames, puduit or puditum est; taedet, it is a bore, taesum est.

816. Some other verbs, less correctly called impersonal, with an infinitive or a sentence as subject, are likewise defective: as,

lubet or libet, it suits, lubitum or libitum est, lubuit or libuit; licet, it is allowed, licuit or licitum est; oportet, it is proper, oportuit; rē fert or rēfert, it concerns, rē ferre or rēferre, rē tulit or rētulit. For the impersonal use of the third person singular passive, as pugnātur, there is fighting, pugnandum est, there must be fighting, see 724.

817. Of the impersonals in -ēre, some have other forms besides the third person singular and the infinitives: as,

paenitēns, repenting, paenitendus, to be regretted, late; pigendus, irksome; pudēns, modest, pudendus, shameful, puditūrum, going to shame; lubēns or libēns, with willing mind, gladly, very common indeed; imperative LICETO, be it allowed (inscrr. 133-111 B.C.), licēns, unrestrained, licitus, allowable; gerunds pudendum, pudendō, pigendum.

REDUNDANT VERBS.

818. (1.) Some verbs have more than one form of the present stem: thus,

819. (a.) Verbs in -ere have rarely forms of verbs in -ēre in the present system: as, abnueō, nod no, abnuēbunt (Enn.), for abnuō, abnuent; congruēre, to agree (Ter.), for congruere. For verbs in -iō, -ere (or -ior, -ī), with forms of verbs in -īre (or -īrī), see 791. Once pīnsībant (Enn.).

820. (b.) Some verbs in -āre have occasionally a present stem like verbs in -ere: as, lavis, washest, lavit, &c., for lavās, lavat, &c.; sonit, sounds, sonunt, for sonat, sonant. Others have occasionally a present stem like verbs in -ēre: as, dēnseō, thicken, dēnsērī, for dēnsō, dēnsārī.

821. (c.) Some verbs in -ēre have occasionally a present stem like verbs in -ere: as, fervit, boils, fervont, for fervet, fervent. See also fulgeō, oleō, scateō, strīdeō, tergeō, tueor in the dictionary. cieō, set a going, sometimes has a present stem in -īre, particularly in compounds: as, cīmus, ciunt, for ciēmus, cient.

822. (d.) Some verbs in -īre have occasionally a present stem like verbs in -ere: as, ēvenunt, turn out, for ēveniunt; ēvenat, ēvenant, for ēveniat, ēveniant, and advenat, pervenat, for adveniat, perveniat (Plaut.).

823. (2.) Some verbs have more than one form of the perfect stem: as,

eō, go, old īī (765), common iī, rarely īvī (767); pluit, it rains, pluit, sometimes plūvit. See also pangō, parcō, clepō, vollō or vellō, intellegō, pōnō, nectō, and adnectō, saliō and īnsiliō, applicō, explicō and implicō, dīmicō and necō in the dictionary. Some compound verbs have a form of the perfect which is different from that of the simple verb: as, canō, make music, cecinī, concinuī, occinuī; pungō, punch, pupugī, compunxī, expunxī; legō, pick up, lēgī, dīlēxī, intellēxī, neglēxī; emō, take, buy, ēmī (adēmī, exēmī), cōmpsī, dēmpsī, prōmpsī, sūmpsī.

FORMATION OF STEMS.

VARIABLE VOWEL.

824. The final vowel of a tense stem is said to be variable when it is -o- in some of the forms, and -u-, -e-, or -i- in others.

825. The sign for the variable vowel is ^-o|_e-: thus, reg^o|_e-, which may be read ‘rego- or rege-,’ represents rego- or regu-, rege- or regi-, as seen in rego-r or regu-nt, rege-re or regi-t.

826. The variable vowel occurs in the present of verbs in -ere, except in the subjunctive, in the future in -bō or -bor, and in the future perfect, as may be seen in the paradigms. It is usually short; but in the active, o is long: as, regō, laudābō, laudāverō; and poets rarely lengthen i in the second and third person singular of the present. For the future perfect, see 882.

827. In old Latin, the stem vowel of the third person plural of the present was o: as, COSENTIONT; o was long retained after v, u, or qu (107, c): as, vīvont, ruont, sequontur; or, if o was not retained, qu became c: as, secuntur.

I. THE PRESENT SYSTEM.

PRESENT INDICATIVE STEM.

I. Primitives.

(A.) ROOT VERBS.

828. A root without addition is used as the present stem, in the present tense or parts of the present tense, in root verbs (744-781): as,

es-t, is; da-t, gives; inqui-t, quoth he; i-t, goes; nequi-t, can’t; ēs-t, eats; vol-t, will; fer-t, carries. With reduplicated root (189): bibi-t, drinks; seri-t, sows; sisti-t, sets.

(B.) VERBS IN -ere.

829. (1.) The present stem of many verbs in -ere is formed by adding a variable vowel ^-o|_e-, which appears in the first person singular active as -ō, to a root ending in a consonant or in two consonants: as,

Present Stem. Verb. From Theme.

reg^o|_e- regō, guide reg-

vert^o|_e- vertō, turn vert-

Other examples are: tegō, cover, petō, make for; mergō, dip, serpō, creep; pendō, weigh; dīcō, say, fīdō, trust, scrībō, write, with long ī for ei (98); dūcō, lead, with long ū for eu, ou (100); lūdō, play, with long ū for oi, oe (99); laedō, hit, claudō, shut; rādō, scrape, cēdō, move along, fīgō, fix, rōdō, gnaw, glūbō, peel. *furō, rave; agō, drive, alō, nurture. gignō, beget, (gen-, gn-), has reduplication, and sīdō, settle, light (sed-, sd-), is also the result of an ancient reduplication (189).

830. In some present stems an original consonant has been modified: as, gerō, carry (ges-), ūrō, burn (154); trahō, draw (tragh-), vehō, cart (152); or has disappeared: as, fluō, flow (flūgu-).

831. Some roots in a mute have a nasal before the mute in the present stem: as, frangō, break (frag-). Other examples are: iungō, join, linquō, leave, pangō, fix, pingō, paint; findō, cleave, fundō, pour; -cumbō, lie, lambō, lick, rumpō, break (164, 3). The nasal sometimes runs over into the perfect or perfect participle, or both.

832. (2.) The present stem of many verbs in -ere is formed by adding a suffix ending in a variable vowel ^-o|_e-, which appears in the first person singular active as -ō, to a root: thus, -nō, -scō, -tō, -iō: as,

Present Stem. Verb. From Theme.

lin^o|_e- linō, besmear li-

crēsc^o|_e- crēscō, grow crē-

pect^o|_e- pectō, comb pec-

capi^o|_e- capiō, take cap-

833. (a.) -nō is added to roots in a vowel, or in a continuous sound, -m-, -r-, or -l-.

So regularly linō, besmear, sinō, let; temnō, scorn, cernō, sift, spernō, spurn, only. The third persons plural danunt (Naev., Plaut.) for dant, prōdīnunt, redīnunt (Enn.) for prōdeunt, redeunt hardly belong here; their formation is obscure. In a few verbs, -n is assimilated (166, 6): as, tollō, lift. Sometimes the doubled l runs into the perfect (855): as, vellī, fefellī. minuō, lessen, and sternuō, sneeze, have a longer suffix -nu^o|_e-.

834. (b.) -scō, usually meaning ‘begin to,’ forms presents called Inceptives or Inchoatives.

-scō is attached: first, to roots: as, nāscor, am born, nōscō, learn, pāscō, feed, scīscō, resolve; consonant roots have ī, less commonly ē, before the suffix: as, tremīscō or tremēscō, fall a-trembling, nancīscor, get (831); but discō, learn (170, 1), and poscō, demand (170, 10), are shortened; see 168. Secondly, to a form of the present stem of denominative verbs, especially of those in -ēre: as, clārēscō, brighten; the stem is often assumed only, as in inveterāscō, grow old, mātūrēscō, get ripe. Many inceptives are used only in composition: as, extimēscō, get scared, obdormīscō, drop asleep.

835. (c.) -tō occurs in the following presents from guttural roots: flectō, turn, nectō, string, pectō, comb, plector, am struck, amplector, hug, complector, clasp. From a lingual root vid-, comes vīsō, go to see, call on (153). From vowel roots: bētō or bītō, go, and metō, mow.

836. (d.) -iō is usually added to consonant roots with a short vowel; the following have presents formed by this suffix:

capiō, take, cupiō, want, faciō, make, fodiō, dig, fugiō, run away, iaciō, throw, pariō, bring forth, quatiō, shake, rapiō, seize, sapiō, have sense, and their compounds; the compounds of *laciō, lure, and speciō or spiciō, spy, and the deponents gradior, step, morior, die, and patior, suffer, and their compounds. For occasional forms like those of verbs in -īre (or -īrī), see 791. For aiō, see 786; for fīō, 788.

837. A few present stems are formed by adding a variable vowel ^-o|_e-, for an older -i^o|_e-, to a vowel root: as,

ruō, tumble down, rui-s, rui-t, rui-mus, rui-tis, ruu-nt (114). Vowel roots in -ā-, -ē-, or -ī- have a present stem like that of denominatives: as, stō, stand, stā-s, sta-t, stā-mus, stā-tis, sta-nt; fleō, weep, flē-s, fle-t, flē-mus, flē-tis, fle-nt; neō, spin, has once neu-nt for ne-nt (Tib.); sciō, know, scī-s, sci-t, scī-mus, scī-tis, sciu-nt.

838. Most present stems formed by adding the suffix -iō to a root ending in -l-, -r-, or -n-, and all formed by adding -iō to a long syllable, have the form of denominatives in -īre in the present system: as, saliō, leap, salīre, aperiō, open, aperīre, veniō, come, venīre; farciō, cram, farcīre.

II. Denominatives.

839. The present stem of denominatives is formed by attaching a variable vowel ^-o|_e-, for an older -i^o|_e-, to a theme consisting of a noun stem: as,

Uncontracted Present Stem. Verb. From Theme.

cēna^o|_e- cēnō, dine cēnā-

flōre^o|_e- flōreō, blossom flōre-

vesti^o|_e- vestiō, dress vesti-

acu^o|_e- acuō, point acu-

The noun stem ending is often slightly modified in forming the theme: thus, laud- becomes laudā- in laudō for *laudā-ō, and flōr- becomes flōre- in flōre-ō.

840. In many of the forms, the final vowel of the theme is contracted with the variable vowel: as,

plantō, plantās (118, 3) for *plantāi̭ō, *plantāi̭es (153, 2); monēs for *monēi̭es (118, 1), audīs for *audīi̭es (118, 3). The long ā, ē, or ī, is regularly shortened in some of the forms: as, scit, arat, habet, for Plautine scīt, arāt, habēt. In a few forms no contraction occurs: as, moneō, audiō, audiu-nt, audie-ntis, &c., audie-ndus, &c. (114). Denominatives from stems in -u-, as acuō, are not contracted, and so have the forms of verbs in -ere (367).

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE.

841. The suffix of the present subjunctive of sum, am, is -ī-, which becomes -i- before -m, -t, and -nt: si-m, sī-s, si-t, sī-mus, sī-tis, si-nt (35, 2, 3). So also in the singular and in the third person plural, dui-m, &c. (756), and edi-m, &c. (769), and in all the persons, veli-m, &c. (nōli-m, &c., māli-m, &c.). An old suffix is -iē- (-ie-), in sie-m, siē-s, sie-t, and sie-nt.

842. (1.) The present subjunctive stem of verbs in -ere, -ēre, and -īre, ends in -ā-, which becomes -a- in some of the persons; this suffix replaces the variable vowel of the indicative: as,

rega-m, regā-s, rega-t, regā-mus, regā-tis, rega-nt; capia-m, capiā-s, &c.; monea-m, moneā-s, &c.; audia-m, audiā-s, &c. ea-m, quea-m, fera-m, and the old fua-m (750), also have the formative subjunctive vowel.

843. (2.) The present subjunctive stem of verbs in -āre ends in -ē-, which becomes -e- in some of the persons: as,

laude-m, laudē-s, laude-t, laudē-mus, laudē-tis, laude-nt. dō, give, also has de-m, dē-s, &c.

IMPERATIVE.

844. Root verbs have a root as imperative stem (745-780): as, es, &c., fer, &c. But the imperative of nōlō has a stem in -ī-, like verbs in -īre: thus, nōlī, nōlī-tō, nōlī-te, nōlī-tōte.

845. The imperative stem of verbs in -ere, and of verbs in -āre, -ēre, and -īre, is the same as that of the indicative: as,

rege, regi-tō, regu-ntō, rege-re; cape, capi-tō, capiu-ntō; fī; laudā, &c.; monē, &c.; audī, &c.

846. The second person singular imperative active of dīcō, dūcō, and faciō, is usually dīc, dūc, and fac, respectively, though the full forms, dīce, &c., are also used, and are commoner in old Latin. Compounds of dūcō may have the short form: as, ēdūc. ingerō has once inger (Catull.). sciō has regularly the singular scī-tō, plural scī-tōte, rarely scī-te.

IMPERFECT INDICATIVE.

847. The imperfect indicative stem ends in -bā-, which becomes -ba- in some of the persons: as,

daba-m, dabā-s, daba-t, dabā-mus, dabā-tis, daba-nt; ība-m; quība-m. In verbs in -ere and -ēre, the suffix is preceded by a form ending in -ē-: as, regēba-m; monēba-m; so also volēba-m (nōlēba-m, mālēba-m), and ferēba-m; in verbs in -iō, -ere, and in -iō, -īre, by a form ending in -iē-: as, capiēba-m; audiēba-m; in verbs in -āre, by one ending in -ā-: as, laudāba-m. In verse, verbs in -īre sometimes have -ī- before the suffix (Plaut., Ter., Catull., Lucr., Verg., &c.): as, audība-t. āiō, say, has sometimes a͡iba-m, &c. (787).

848. The suffix of the imperfect indicative of sum, am, is -ā-, which becomes -a- before -m, -t, and -nt (35, 2, 3)the s becomes r between the vowels (154): era-m, erā-s, era-t, erā-mus, erā-tis, era-nt.

IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE.

849. The imperfect subjunctive stem ends in -rē-, which becomes -re- in some of the persons: as,

dare-m, darē-s, dare-t, darē-mus, darē-tis, dare-nt; īre-m, fore-m, ferre-m. In verbs in -ere, the -rē- is preceded by a form ending in -e-: as, regere-m, capere-m; in verbs in -āre, -ēre, and -īre, by one ending in -ā-, -ē-, or -ī-, respectively: as, laudāre-m, monēre-m, audīre-m.

850. The suffix of the imperfect subjunctive of sum, am, is -sē-, which becomes -se- in some of the persons; esse-m, essē-s, esse-t, essē-mus, essē-tis, esse-nt; so also ēssē-s, &c. (769). volō, wish, nōlō, won’t, and mālō, prefer, have velle-m, nōlle-m, and mālle-m respectively (166, 8).

FUTURE.

851. The future stem of sum, am, is er^o|_e-: erō, eri-s, eri-t, eri-mus, eri-tis, eru-nt. dō has dabō, eō has ībō, and queō has quībō.

852. (1.) The future stem of verbs in -ere and -īre ends in -a- in the first person singular, otherwise in -ē-, which becomes -e- in some of the persons: as,

rega-m, regē-s, rege-t, regē-mus, regē-tis, rege-nt; capia-m, capiē-s, &c.; audia-m, audiē-s, &c. The first person singular is not a future form, but the subjunctive present, used with a future meaning (842); forms in -em occur in manuscripts of Plautus: as, faciem, sinem. Verbs in -īre sometimes have -b^o|_e-, chiefly in the dramatists: as, scībō, opperībo-r (Plaut., Ter.), lēnību-nt (Prop.); rarely verbs in -ere (819): as, exsūgēbō (Plaut.). For reddibō, instead of the usual reddam, see 757.

853. (2.) The future stem of verbs in -āre and -ēre ends in -b^o|_e-, which is preceded by a form ending in long -ā- or -ē- respectively: as,

laudābō, laudābi-s, laudābi-t, laudābi-mus, laudābi-tis, laudābu-nt. monēbō, monēbi-s, &c.

II. THE PERFECT SYSTEM.

PERFECT INDICATIVE STEM.

854. There are two kinds of perfect stems: (A.) Some verbs have as perfect stem a root, generally with some modification, but without a suffix (858-866). (B.) Some perfects are formed with a suffix, -s-, or -v- or -u- (867-875).

855. Some perfects of primitives are formed not from a root, but from the present stem without the formative vowel, treated as a root: as, prehendī, seized, from prehend- (866); poposcī, asked, fefellī, deceived (858); iūnxī, joined (867).

856. The first person of the perfect ends in -ī, sometimes written ei (29, 2). -t, -stī, sometimes written -stei (29, 2), -stis, and -mus are preceded by short i; -re is always, and -runt is usually, preceded by long ē: as,

rēxī, rēxi-stī, rēxi-t, rēxi-mus, rēxi-stis, rēxē-runt (rēxe-runt), or rēxē-re.

857. Sometimes -t is preceded by long ī: as, iīt, petiīt, REDIEIT (29, 2). -runt is sometimes preceded by short e (Plaut., Ter., Lucr., Hor., Ov., Verg., Phaedr.). This is the original form; -ē- is by analogy to -ēre.

(A.) PERFECT STEM WITHOUT A SUFFIX.

858. (1.) Some verbs in -ere form their perfect stem by prefixing to the root its initial consonant with the following vowel, which, if a, is usually represented by e; this is called the Reduplicated Perfect, and the first syllable is called the Reduplication: as,

Perfect Stem. Verb. From Theme.

pu-pug- pungō, punch pug-

pe-pig- pangō, fix pag-

Other examples are: cadō, fall, cecidī (cad-, 104, c); pariō, bring forth, peperī (par-, 104, c); pellō, push, pepulī (pol-, 105, h); poscō, demand, poposcī (855); fallō, deceive, fefellī (855, 104, c); see also 923-932. caedō, cut, has cecīdī (108, a); and a few old forms are quoted from verbs having an o or an u in the root with e in the reduplication: as, memordī, pepugī.

859. Four verbs with vowel roots also have a reduplicated perfect stem: dō, give, put, dare, dedī; bibō, drink, bibere, bibī; stō, stand, stāre, stetī, and sistō, set, sistere, -stitī, rarely stitī. Also four verbs in -ēre: mordeō, bite, momordī, pendeō, hang, pependī, spondeō, promise, spopondī, tondeō, clip, -totondī. In the root syllable of spopondī, promised, stetī, stood, stitī, set, and the old scicidī, clove, an s is dropped (173, 2).

860. In compounds the reduplication is commonly dropped: as,

cecidī, fell, compound concidī, tumbled down. Compounds of cucurrī, ran, sometimes retain the reduplication: as, prōcucurrī. Compounds of bibī, drank, didicī, learned, poposcī, asked, stitī, set, stetī, stood, and dedī, gave, put, retain it, the last two weakening e to i: as, restitī, staid back. abscondidī, hid away, usually becomes abscondī; in apparent compounds, e is usually retained: as, circum stetī, stood round, vēnum dedī, put for sale. The reduplication is also lost in the simple verbs tulī, carried, old tetulī, and in scindō, split, scidī, which last is rare as a simple verb.

861. Some compounds with re- drop only the vowel of the reduplication (111, a): as, reccidī, fell back; rettulī, brought back (see also 781); repperī, found; rettudī, beat back. Some perfects occur only in composition: as, percellō, knock down, perculī; cōntundō, smash to pieces, contudī; diffindō, split apart, diffidī; but fidī also occurs a couple of times as a simple verb.

862. (2.) Some verbs in -ere have a perfect stem consisting of a consonant root with a long vowel (135, 1): as,

Perfect Stem. Verb. From Theme.

ēd- edō, eat ed-

lēg- legō, pick up, read leg-

Other examples are: fodiō, dig, fōdī; fundō, pour, fūdī; linquō, leave, līquī; see 936-946. Three verbs in -ēre also have this form, sedeō, sit, sēdī, strīdeō, grate, strīdī, videō, see, vīdī; and one in -īre, veniō, come, vēnī.

863. The following verbs in -ere with a in the present stem, have long ē in the perfect stem (145):

agō, do, ēgī, frangō, break, frēgī, pangō, fix, rarely pēgī, but always compēgī, impēgī, oppēgī; capiō, take, cēpī, faciō, make, fēcī, iaciō, throw, iēcī. So also the old co-ēpī, began, common coepī.

864. Two verbs in -āre and some in -ēre have a perfect stem consisting of a root which ends in -v- and has a long vowel: iuvō, help, iuvāre, iūvī, lavō, wash, lavāre or lavere, lāvī; caveō, look out, cavēre, cāvī; see 996.

865. Verbs in -uō, -uere, both primitives and denominatives, have usually a perfect stem in short u of the theme (124): as, luō, pay, luī; acuō, sharpen, acuī: see 947, 948. Forms with long ū are old and rare (126): as, fūī, adnūī, cōnstitūī, īnstitūī. fluō, flow, and struō, pile, have flūxī and strūxi (830).

866. (3.) Some verbs in -ere from roots ending in two consonants have a perfect stem consisting of the root: as,

Perfect Stem. Verb. From Theme.

mand- mandō, chew mand-

pand- pandō, open pand-

Other examples are: vortō or vertō, turn, vortī or vertī; scandō, climb, -scendī; prehendō, seize, prehendī (855); vollō or vellō, pluck, vollī or vellī; see 949-951. Similarly ferveō, boil, fervere or fervēre, has fervī or ferbuī (823), and prandeō, lunch, prandēre, has prandī.

(B.) PERFECT STEM IN -s-, OR IN -v- OR -u-.

PERFECT STEM IN -s-.

867. Many verbs in -ere form their perfect stem by adding the suffix -s- to a root, which generally ends in a mute: as,

Perfect Stem. Verb. From Theme.

carp-s- carpō, pluck carp-

scalp-s- scalpō, dig scalp-

ges-s- gerō, bear ges-

dīx- dīcō, say dīc-

Other examples are: dūcō, lead, dūxī (100); fingō, mould, fīnxī (855); lūdō, play, lūsī (166, 2); scrībō, write, scrīpsī (164, 1); struō, pile, strūxī (164, 1); vīvō, live, vīxī (98). Some verbs with a short vowel in the present, have a long vowel in the perfect: as, regō, guide, rēxī (135); intellegō, understand, intellēxī (823); tegō, cover, tēxī; iungō, join, iūnxī (855). And some verbs with a long vowel in the present, have a short vowel in the perfect: as, ūrō, burn, ussī (830). See 952-961.

868. Some verbs in -ēre also have a perfect in -s-: as algeō, am cold, alsī (170, 3); haereō, stick, haesī (166, 2): see 999, 1000. Also some in -īre: as, sarciō, patch, sarsī (170, 3): see 1014, 1015.

PERFECT STEM IN -v- OR -u-.

869. (1.) Some verbs in -ere, with vowel roots, and almost all verbs in -āre or -īre, form their perfect stem by adding the suffix -v- to a theme ending in a long vowel: as,

Perfect Stem. Verb. From Theme.

crē-v- crēscō, grow crē-

laudā-v- laudō, praise laudā-

audī-v- audiō, hear audī-

For other verbs in -ere with a perfect stem in -v-, and particularly terō, cernō, spernō, and sternō, see 962-970.

870. A few verbs in -ere have a perfect stem in -v- attached to a presumed theme in long ī: as, cupiō, want, cupīvī; petō, aim at, petīvī; quaerō, inquire, quaesīvī; arcēssō, fetch, arcēssīvī; see 966-970.

871. A few verbs in -ēre also have a perfect stem in -v-: as, fleō, weep, flēre, flēvī; see 1001-1003. And three verbs in -ēscere have a perfect stem in -v- attached to a presumed theme in long ē: -olēscō, grow, -olēvī; quiēscō, get quiet, quiēvī; suēscō, get used, suēvī.

872. One verb in -āscere has a perfect stem in -v- attached to a presumed theme in long ā: advesperāscit, it gets dusk, advesperāvit.

873. (2.) Many verbs in -ere form their perfect stem by adding the suffix -u- to a consonant root: as,

Perfect Stem. Verb. From Theme.

al-u- alō, nurture al-

gen-u- gignō, beget gen-

Other examples are: colō, cultivate, coluī; cōnsulō, consult, cōnsuluī; -cumbō, lie, -cubuī; fremō, roar, fremuī; ēliciō, draw out, ēlicuī; molō, grind, moluī; rapiō, snatch, rapuī; serō, string, -seruī; stertō, snore, -stertuī; strepō, make a racket, strepuī; texō, weave, texuī; volō, will, voluī; compescō, check, compescuī (855); see 971-976.

874. Some verbs in -āre also have a perfect stem in -u-: as, crepō, rattle, crepāre, crepuī (993); and many in -ēre: as, moneō, warn, monēre, monuī: see 1004-1006; also four in -īre: as, saliō, leap, salīre, saluī (1019).

875. The perfect potuī to the present possum (751) is from a lost present *poteō, *potēre (922). pōnere (for *po-sinere, 112; 170, 2) forms an old perfect posīvī (964), later posuī, as if pos- were the stem.

PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE.

876. The perfect subjunctive stem ends in -erī-, for which -eri- is sometimes used (35, 2, 3): as,

rēxeri-m, rēxerī-s, rēxeri-t, rēxerī-mus, rēxerī-tis, rēxeri-nt.

877. In the perfect subjunctive, long ī is found before the person endings -s, -mus, and -tis, some 25 times, as follows: -īs, 18 times (Plaut. 3, Pac., Enn., Ter., Hor., Tib., Sen., inscr., once each, Ov. 8), -īmus, 4 times (Plaut. 3, Ter. 1), -ītis, 3 times (Plaut. 2, Enn. 1).

878. In the perfect subjunctive, short i is found, as in the future perfect, some 9 times, thus: -is, 8 times (Plaut. in anapests 3, Verg. 2, Hor. 3), -imus once (Verg.). But before -tis, short i is not found.

PERFECT IMPERATIVE.

879. One verb only, meminī, remember, has a perfect imperative; in this imperative, the person endings are not preceded by a vowel, thus: memen-tō, memen-tōte.

PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE.

880. The pluperfect indicative stem ends in -erā-, which becomes -era- in some of the persons: as,

rēxera-m, rēxerā-s, rēxera-t, rēxerā-mus, rēxerā-tis, rēxera-nt.

PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE.

881. The pluperfect subjunctive stem ends in -issē-, which becomes -isse- in some of the persons: as,

rēxisse-m, rēxissē-s, rēxisse-t, rēxissē-mus, rēxissē-tis, rēxisse-nt.

FUTURE PERFECT.

882. The future perfect stem ends in -erō- and -eri-: as,

rēxerō, rēxeri-s, rēxeri-t, rēxeri-mus, rēxeri-tis, rēxeri-nt.

883. In the future perfect, short i is found before the person endings -s, -mus, and -tis, some 40 times, as follows: -is, 29 times (Plaut. 2, Cic. 1, Catull. 1, Verg. 7, Hor. 12, Ov. 4, Germ. 1, Juv. 1); -imus, 3 times (Plaut., Ter., Lucr.); -itis, 8 times (Enn. 1, Plaut. 5, Ov. 2).

884. In the future perfect, long ī is found, as in the perfect subjunctive, some 33 times, thus: -īs, 28 times (Plaut. 3, Hor. 5, Ov. 15, Prop., Stat., Mart., Priap., inscr., once each), -īmus, once (Catull.), -ītis, 4 times (Ov. 3, Priap. 1).

SHORT OR OLD FORMS.

885. (1.) Some shorter forms in the perfect system are principally found in old Latin.

886. (a.) Shorter forms in the perfect indicative, the pluperfect subjunctive, and the infinitive, most of them from perfects in -s- (867), occur chiefly in verse: thus,

Perfect indicative, second person singular, common: as, dīxtī (Plaut., Ter., Cic.); plural, rare: as, accestis (Verg.). Pluperfect subjunctive singular, not very common: as, exstīnxem (Verg.), intellēxēs (Plaut.), vīxet (Verg.); plural, once only, ērēpsēmus (Hor.). Infinitive, dīxe (Plaut.), cōnsūmpse (Lucr.).

887. (b.) A perfect subjunctive stem in -sī- or in -ssī-, and a future perfect indicative stem in -s^o|_e- or in -ss^o|_e-, occur chiefly in old laws and prayers, and in dramatic verse: as,

Perfect subjunctive: faxim, faxīs, FAXSEIS (inscr. 145 B.C.), faxit, faxīmus, faxītis, faxint; ausim, ausīs, ausit; locāssim, amāssīs, servāssit, amāssint, prohibēssīs, prohibēssit, cohibēssit, licēssit.

Future perfect indicative: faxō, faxis, faxit, faxitis, capsō, recepsō, iussō, occīsit, capsimus; levāssō, invītāssitis, mulcāssitis, exoculāssitis, prohibēssis, prohibēssint. Denominatives in -āre have also, in old Latin, a future perfect infinitive: as, impetrāssere.

888. Passive inflections, as future perfect faxitur, turbāssitur, deponent MERCASSITVR (inscr. 111 B.C.), are very rare; and, indeed, with the exception of faxō and ausim, even the active forms had become antiquated by 150 B.C. Denominatives in -īre never have the above formations. But ambiō, canvass, is thought to have a future perfect ambīssit twice (Plaut. prol.).

889. (2.) Shortened forms from perfect stems formed by the suffix -v- (869) are very common in all periods.

890. (a.) In tenses formed from perfect stems in -āv-, -ēv-, and -ōv-, v is often dropped before -is-, -ēr-, or -er-, and the vowels thus brought together are contracted (153, 1): as,

laudāvistī, laudāstī; laudāvistis, laudāstis; laudāvērunt, laudārunt (but the form in -re, as laudāvēre, is never contracted); laudāverim, laudārim, &c.; laudāveram, laudāram, &c.; laudāvissem, laudāssem, &c.; laudāverō, laudārō, &c.; laudāvisse, laudāsse.

-plēvistī, -plēstī; -plēvistis, -plēstis; -plēvērunt, -plērunt; plēverim, -plērim, &c.; -plēveram, -plēram, &c.; -plēvissem, -plēssem, &c.; -plēverō, -plērō, &c.; -plēvisse, -plēsse.

nōvistī, nōstī; nōvistis, nōstis; nōvērunt, nōrunt; nōverim, nōrim, &c.; nōveram, nōram, &c.; nōvissem, nōssem, &c.; nōverō always retains the v, but cōgnōrō, &c.; nōvisse, nōsse.

891. The verbs in which v belongs to the root (864), are not thus shortened, except moveō, mostly in compounds. From iuvō, iuerint (Catull.), adiuerō (Enn.), once each, and twice adiuerit (Plaut., Ter.) are unnecessary emendations.

892. Contractions in the perfect before -t and -mus are rare: as, inrītāt, disturbāt; suēmus or su͡emus (Lucr.), nōmus (Enn.), cōnsu͡emus (Prop.).

893. (b.) In tenses formed from perfect stems in -īv-, v is often dropped before -is-, -ēr-, or -er-; but contraction is common only in the forms which have -is-: as,

audīvistī, audīstī; audīvistis, audīstis; audīvērunt, audiērunt; audīverim, audierim, &c.; audīveram, audieram, &c.; audīvissem, audīssem, &c.; audīverō, audierō, &c.; audīvisse, audīsse. Sometimes audiī, audiit, audīt. Intermediate between the long and the short forms are audīerās and audīerit, once each (Ter.). In the perfect subjunctive, sinō has sīverīs (Plaut., Cato), sīrīs (Plaut., Cato, Liv.), sīreis (Pac.), or seirīs (Plaut.), sīrit (Plaut., Liv.), sīrītis (Plaut.), sīverint (Plaut., Curt.), sierint (Cic., Curt.), or sīrint (Plaut.). dēsinō is thought to have dēsīmus in the perfect indicative a couple of times (Sen., Plin. Ep.).

NOUNS OF THE VERB.

INFINITIVE.

894. The active infinitive has the ending -re in the present, and -isse in the perfect: as,

dare; regere, capere; laudāre, monēre, audīre. rēxisse; laudāvisse or laudāsse, monuisse, audīvisse or audīsse.