PART FIRST ❧ WORDS (continued 5)
Reading edition
spernō, spurn spernere sprēvī sprētus
sternō, strew sternere strāvī strātus
965. (c.) With the present stem in -sco|e- (834).
crēscō, grow crēscere crēvī crētus
nōscō, get to know nōscere nōvī nōtus adjective
Compounds: ī-gnōscō, ī-gnōvī, ī-gnōtum; ā-gnōscō, ā-gnōvī, ā-gnitus; cō-gnōscō, cō-gnōvī, cō-gnitus; dī-nōscō, dī-nōvī, rarely dī-gnōscō, dī-gnōvī, ——; inter-nōscō, inter-nōvī, ——. Old passive infinitive GNOSCIER (inscr. 186 B.C.).
pāscō, feed pāscere pāvī pāstus
scīscō, enact scīscere scīvī scītus
966. (2 b.) The following verbs in -ere have the perfect stem in -v-, preceded by the long vowel of a presumed denominative stem (870), and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus:
967. (a.) With the present stem in -o|e- (829).
petō, aim at petere petīvī petītus
In the perfect, sometimes petiī (Cic., Ov., Liv., Val. Fl., Plin. Ep.), PETIEI (inscr.), petī late (Sen., Stat.); petiit (Cic., Hor., Tac., Suet.), petīt (Verg., Ov., Phaedr., Sen., Luc., Suet.), petiisse (Verg., Hor., Ov., Val. Fl., Stat.).
quaerō, inquire quaerere quaesīvī quaesītus
Compounds sometimes retain ae in old Latin, but usually have ī for ae throughout: as, con-quīrō, con-quīrere, &c.
968. (b.) With the present stem in -sco|e- (834).
ab-olēscō, vanish away ab-olēscere ab-olēvī ——
ad-olēscō, grow up ad-olēscere ad-olēvī ad-ultus
con-cupīscō, hanker for con-cupīscere con-cupīvī con-cupītus
-dormīscō, fall asleep -dormīscere -dormīvī ——
ex-olēscō, grow out ex-olēscere ex-olēvī ex-olētus
in-veterāscō, get set in-veterāscere in-veterāvī ——
obs-olēscō, get worn out obs-olēscere obs-olēvī obs-olētus adj.
quiēscō, get still quiēscere quiēvī quiētus adjective
re-sipīscō, come to re-sipīscere re-sipīvī ——
suēscō, get used suēscere suēvī suētus
vesperāscit, gets dusk vesperāscere vesperāvit ——
969. (c.) With the present stem in -io|e- (836).
cupiō, want cupere cupīvī cupītus
Once with a form in -īre (791), cupīret (Lucr.).
sapiō, have a smack sapere sapīvī ——
Compounds have i for a: as, re-sipiō, &c.
970. (d.) With the present stem in -sso|e- (375).
ar-cēssō, send for ar-cēssere ar-cēssīvī ar-cēssītus
Sometimes ac-cersō, &c.; infinitive rarely ar-cēssīrī or ac-cersīrī.
capēssō, undertake capēssere capēssīvī ——
facēssō, do, make off facēssere facēssīvī facēssītus
Perfect system rare: facēssierīs or facēsserīs (Cic.), facēssīsset (Tac.).
in-cēssō, attack in-cēssere in-cēssīvī ——
lacēssō, provoke lacēssere lacēssīvī lacēssītus
PERFECT STEM IN -u-.
971. (3.) The following verbs in -ere have the perfect stem in -u- (873), and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus; in some participles -tus is preceded by a short i, thus, -itus (910):
972. (a.) With the present stem in -o|e- (829).
alō, bring up alere aluī altus, rarely alitus
colō, till, stay round, court colere coluī cultus
con-cinō, chime with con-cinere con-cinuī ——
A compound of canō (924, 823). See also oc-cinō and prae-cinō.
cōn-sulō, consult cōn-sulere cōn-suluī cōn-sultus
depsō, knead depsere depsuī depstus
fremō, growl fremere fremuī ——
gemō, groan gemere gemuī ——
molō, grind molere moluī molitus
oc-cinō, sing ominously oc-cinere oc-cinuī ——
Once with reduplication, oc-cecinerit (Liv.).
oc-culō, hide oc-culere oc-culuī oc-cultus
pīsō, pīnsō, bray pīsere, pīnsere pīnsuī, pīsīvī pistus
Once (818, 847) pīnsībant (Enn.). Perfect once pīnsuī (Pomp.), once (823, 893) pīsiērunt (Varr.). Perfect participle often pīnsītus (Col.), once pīnsus (Vitr.).
pōnō, place pōnere po-suī po-situs
A compound of po- and sinō (964). Perfect in old Latin po-sīvī (893); po-suī is first used by Ennius (875). Perfect participle in verse sometimes, po-stus, -po-stus; inf. inposīsse (Plaut.).
prae-cinō, play before prae-cinere prae-cinuī ——
serō, string serere -seruī sertus
stertō, snore stertere (dē-stertuī) ——
strepō, make a racket strepere strepuī ——
texō, weave texere texuī textus
tremō, quake tremere tremuī ——
vomō, throw up vomere vomuī ——
973. (b.) With reduplication and -o|e- in the present stem (829).
gignō, beget gignere genuī genitus
Present sometimes also without reduplication, genit, &c. (Varr., Lucr.).
974. (c.) With the present stem in a nasalized root followed by -o|e- (831).
ac-cumbō, lie by ac-cumbere ac-cubuī ac-cubitus
So also in-cumbō; dis-cumbō has dis-cubuī, dis-cubitum. Compounds with dē, ob, prō, re-, and sub, have -cubuī, ——.
975. (d.) With the present stem in -io|e- (836).
ē-liciō, coax out ē-licere ē-licuī ē-licitus
rapiō, seize rapere rapuī raptus
Compounds have i for a in the present and perfect systems, and e in the perfect participle: as, ē-ripiō, ē-ripere, ē-ripuī, ē-reptus. Old Latin has u in dē-rupier and in sub-rupiō, sub-rupere, sub-rupuī, sub-ruptus; shortened forms are: surpuit, surpuerit (Plaut.), surpit (Plaut. prol.), surpere (Lucr.), surpite, surpuerat (Hor.). For sub-repsit (Plaut.), see 887.
976. (e.) With the present stem in -sco|e- (835); for com-pēscuī, see 855.
acēscō, get sour acēscere -acuī ——
alēscō, grow up alēscere (co-aluī) (co-alitus)
ārēscō, dry up ārēscere -āruī ——
calēscō, get warm calēscere -caluī ——
candēscō, get white candēscere -canduī ——
cānēscō, get grey cānēscere cānuī ——
clārēscō, get bright clārēscere clāruī ——
com-pescō, check com-pescere com-pescuī ——
con-ticēscō, get all still con-ticēscere con-ticuī ——
Also in the present system, con-ticīscō, con-ticīscere, &c.
crēbrēscō, get common crēbrēscere -crēbruī ——
crūdēscō, wax bad crūdēscere (re-crūduī) ——
-dolēscō, get pained -dolēscere -doluī ——
dūrēscō, get hard dūrēscere dūruī ——
ē-vīlēscō, get cheap ē-vīlēscere ē-vīluī ——
fervēscō, boil up fervēscere -ferbuī, -fervī ——
flōrēscō, blossom out flōrēscere -flōruī ——
horrēscō, bristle up horrēscere -horruī ——
languēscō, get weak languēscere languī ——
latēscō, hide away latēscere -lituī ——
liquēscō, melt liquēscere (dē-licuī) ——
madēscō, get moist madēscere maduī ——
marcēscō, pine away marcēscere (ē-marcuī) ——
mātūrēscō, ripen mātūrēscere mātūruī ——
nigrēscō, get black nigrēscere nigruī ——
nōtēscō, get known nōtēscere nōtuī ——
ob-mūtēscō, get still ob-mūtēscere ob-mūtuī ——
ob-surdēscō, get deaf ob-surdēscere ob-surduī ——
oc-callēscō, get hard oc-callēscere oc-calluī ——
pallēscō, grow pale pallēscere palluī ——
pūtēscō, get soaked pūtēscere pūtuī ——
rigēscō, stiffen up rigēscere riguī ——
rubēscō, redden rubēscere rubuī ——
sānēscō, get well sānēscere -sānuī ——
senēscō, grow old senēscere -senuī ——
stupēscō, get dazed stupēscere (ob-stupuī) ——
Also op-stipēscō or ob-stipēscō, op-stipuī or ob-stipuī.
tābēscō, waste away tābēscere tābuī ——
tepēscō, get lukewarm tepēscere tepuī ——
-timēscō, get scared -timēscere -timuī ——
torpēscō, get numb torpēscere torpuī ——
tremēscō, quake tremēscere (con-tremuī) ——
Also in the present system, con-tremīscō, con-tremīscere, &c.
tumēscō, swell up tumēscere -tumuī ——
valēscō, get strong valēscere -valuī ——
vānēscō, wane vānēscere (ē-vānuī) ——
DEPONENTS IN -ī.
977. (1.) The following deponents in -ī have the perfect participle in -tus, except morior, which has -tuus:
978. (a.) With the present stem in -o|e- (829).
fruor, enjoy fruī frūctus
loquor, speak loquī locūtus
queror, complain querī questus
sequor, follow sequī secūtus
979. (b.) With the present stem in a nasalized root followed by -o|e- (831).
fungor, get quit fungī fūnctus
980. (c.) With the present stem in -sco|e- (834).
apīscor, lay hold of apīscī aptus
Compounds have i and e for a: as, ad-ipīscor, ad-ipīscī, ad-eptus.
com-minīscor, devise com-minīscī com-mentus
ex-pergīscor, stretch myself, wake ex-pergīscī ex-per-rēctus
Perfect participle rarely ex-pergitus (Lucil., Lucr.).
nancīscor, get nancīscī nactus, nānctus
nāscor, am born nāscī nātus
ob-līvīscor, forget ob-līvīscī ob-lītus
pacīscor, bargain pacīscī pactus
Compounds: dē-pecīscor, dē-pecīscī, dē-pectus; com-pectus.
pro-ficīscor, start on pro-ficīscī pro-fectus
ulcīscor, avenge ulcīscī ultus
981. (d.) With the present stem in -io|e- (836).
morior, die morī mortuus
orior, rise orīrī ortus
potior, master potīrī potītus
For forms in -īrī of these three verbs, see 791. For potīrī, twice potī (Enn., Pac.).
982. (2.) The following deponents in -ī have the perfect participle in -sus (912):
983. (a.) With the present stem in -o|e- (829).
lābor, tumble down lābī lapsus
nītor, rest on nītī nīsus, nīxus
ūtor, use ūtī ūsus
984. (b.) With the present stem in -sco|e- (834).
dē-fetīscor, get tired out dē-fetīscī dē-fessus
985. (c.) With the present stem in -to|e- (835).
am-plector, hug round am-plectī am-plexus
com-plector, hug up com-plectī com-plexus
986. (d.) With the present stem in -io|e- (836).
gradior, step gradī gressus
patior, suffer patī passus
Compounds of these two verbs have e for a: as, ad-gredior, per-petior, per-pessus; for forms of -gredior in -īrī, see 791.
II. Denominative Verbs.
987. Most verbs in -āre, -ēre, and -īre (or in -ārī, -ērī, and -īrī), are denominatives.
988. Some primitives from vowel roots have the form of denominatives in the present system, or throughout; and some verbs with a denominative present system have the perfect and perfect participle formed directly from a root.
(1.) VERBS IN -āre.
(A.) PERFECT STEM WITHOUT A SUFFIX.
989. (1.) The following verb in -āre has a reduplicated perfect stem (859):
stō, stand stāre stetī ——
For -stitī, see 860. The compound prae-stō has rarely the perfect participle prae-stātus (Brut., Plin.), and prae-stitus (Liv.).
990. (2.) The following verbs in -āre have a perfect stem consisting of a root which ends in -v- and has a long vowel (864), and the perfect participle in -tus:
iuvō, help iuvāre iūvī iūtus once
In the perfect system, iuverint, adiuverō, and adiuverit occur once each in Catull., Enn., Plaut., and Ter.; see 891. Perfect participle usual only in the compound ad-iūtus.
lavō, bathe lavāre lāvī lautus
Forms in -ere are very common in the present tense (820): lavis (Plaut., Hor.), lavit (Plaut., Lucr., Catull., Verg., Hor.), lavimus (Hor.), lavitur (Val. Fl.), lavitō (Cato), lavere often, lavī (Pomp.). Perfect participle often lōtus in writers of the empire; supine, lautum, lavātum.
(B.) PERFECT STEM IN -v- OR -u-.
PERFECT STEM IN -v-.
991. (1 a.) Two verbs in -āre have the perfect stem in -v- (869), and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus, both preceded by a long -ā- of the root:
flō, blow flāre flāvī flātus
nō, swim nāre nāvī ——
992. (1 b.) Most verbs in -āre have the perfect stem in -v- (869), and the perfect participle in -tus, both preceded by a form of the present stem in long -ā-: as,
laudō, praise laudāre laudāvī laudātus
līberō, free līberāre līberāvī līberātus
nōminō, name nōmināre nōmināvī nōminātus
spērō, hope spērāre spērāvī spērātus
PERFECT STEM IN -u-.
993. (2.) The following verbs in -āre have the perfect stem in -u (874), and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus; in some participles, -tus is preceded by a short i, thus, -itus (910):
crepō, rattle crepāre crepuī (in-crepitus)
Forms of the perfect system in -v- (823) are: in-crepāvit (Plaut.), dis-crepāvit (Varr.), in-crepārit (Suet.).
cubō, lie cubāre cubuī ——
Forms of the perfect system in -v- (823) are: ex-cubāverant (Caes.), cubāris (Prop.), in-cubāvēre (Plin.), cubāsse (Quintil.). Compound perfect participle in-cubitus (Plin.).
domō, tame domāre domuī domitus
ē-necō, murder ē-necāre ē-necuī ē-nectus
The simple verb has necāvī, necātus; twice necuit (Enn., Phaedr.). ē-necō sometimes has i for e in the present and perfect system; once (823) ē-nicāvit, and once (887) ē-nicāssō (Plaut.); perfect participle also ē-necātus (Plin.).
fricō, rub down fricāre fricuī frictus
Perfect participle also fricātus (Vitr.), cōn-fricātus (Varr., Plin.), dē-fricātus (Catull., Col., Plin.), īn-fricātus (Col., Plin.), per-fricātus (Vitr., Plin.).
micō, quiver micāre micuī ——
So the compounds; except dī-micō, dī-micāvī, dī-micātum; twice in pentameter verse (823) dī-micuisse (Ov.).
-plicō, fold -plicāre -plicuī -plicitus
A few forms of the present system of the simple verb occur. In the perfect and perfect participle usually -plicāvī, -plicātus; but sometimes ap-plicuī (Cic. once, Tib., Ov., Liv., Sen., &c.); com-plicuī (Sen.), ex-plicuī (Verg., Hor., Liv., Sen., &c.), im-plicuī (Verg., Tib., Ov., Sen., &c.); ap-plicitus (Col., Quintil., Plin. Ep.), ex-plicitus (Caes., Sen., Plin. Ep.), im-plicitus (Plaut., Cic., Liv.); once re-plictus (Stat.).
secō, cut secāre secuī sectus
The compound with ex sometimes has i for e; once (823) exicāveris (Cato).
sonō, sound sonāre sonuī ——
Also (820) sonit, sonunt (Enn., Acc.), sonere (Acc., Lucr.); re-sonunt (Enn.). Perfect (823) re-sonārint (Hor.), re-sonāvit (Man.), sonātūrus (Hor.).
tonō, thunder tonāre tonuī (at-tonitus)
Once (820) tonimus (Varr.). Perfect participle once in-tonātus (Hor.).
vetō, forbid vetāre vetuī vetitus
In old Latin, votō, &c. (143). Perfect once (823) vetāvit (Pers.).
DEPONENTS IN -ārī.
994. There are many deponents in -ārī, with the perfect participle in -ātus: as,
hortor, exhort hortārī hortātus
For the primitive fārī, speak, and compounds, see the dictionary.
(2.) VERBS IN -ēre.
(A.) PERFECT STEM WITHOUT A SUFFIX.
995. (1.) The following verbs in -ēre have a reduplicated perfect stem (859), and the perfect participle, when used, in -sus (912):
mordeō, bite mordēre momordī morsus
The compound prae-mordeō has once (823) prae-morsisset (Plaut.).
pendeō, am hung pendēre pependī ——
The compound prō-pendeō has the perfect participle prō-pēnsus.
spondeō, covenant spondēre spopondī spōnsus
For dē-spondī and re-spondī, see 860; rarely dē-spopondī (Plaut.).
tondeō, shear tondēre -totondī, -tondī tōnsus
For dē-tondunt (Varr.), see 821. Perfect only in the compounds at-tondī and dē-tondī (860); once dē-totonderat (Varr.), and perhaps dē-totondit (Enn.).
996. (2 a.) The following verbs in -ēre have a perfect stem consisting of a root which ends in -v- and has a long vowel (864), and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus:
caveō, look out cavēre cāvī cautus
faveō, am friendly favēre fāvī ——
foveō, warm, cherish fovēre fōvī fōtus
moveō, move movēre mōvī mōtus
For short forms in the perfect system, particularly in compounds, see 891.
voveō, vow vovēre vōvī vōtus
997. (2 b.) Three verbs in -ēre have a perfect stem consisting of a consonant root with a long vowel (864), and the perfect participle in -sus (912):
sedeō, sit sedēre sēdī -sessus
Real compounds have i for e in the present system: as, ob-sideō, &c. Compounds with dis-, prae, and re- have no perfect participle.
strīdeō, grate strīdēre strīdī ——
Often with a present system in -ere (821).
videō, see vidēre vīdī vīsus
998. (3.) The following verbs in -ēre have a perfect stem ending in two consonants (866), and the perfect participle, when used, in -sus (912):
ferveō, boil fervēre fervī, ferbuī ——
Sometimes with forms in -ere (821) in verse. The perfect system is rare.
prandeō, lunch prandēre prandī prānsus
(B.) PERFECT STEM IN -s-, OR IN -v- OR -u-.
PERFECT STEM IN -s-.
999. (1 a.) The following verbs in -ēre have the perfect stem in -s- (868), and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus:
augeō, increase augēre auxī auctus
in-dulgeō, am kind in-dulgēre in-dulsī ——
lūceō, beam lūcēre lūxī ——
lūgeō, mourn lūgēre lūxī ——
torqueō, twist torquēre torsī tortus
1000. (1 b.) The following verbs in -ēre have the perfect stem in -s- (868), and the perfect participle, when used, in -sus (912):
algeō, feel cold algēre alsī ——
ardeō, blaze ardēre arsī ——
cō-nīveō, wink and blink cō-nīvēre cō-nīxī, cō-nīvī ——
The perfects cō-nīxī (Turp.), cō-nīvī (Crass.), occur once each.
fulgeō, flash fulgēre fulsī ——
Forms of the present in -ere (821) occur in verse: fulgit (Pomp., Lucil., Lucr.), fulgere (Pac., Acc., Lucil., Lucr., Verg.); ef-fulgere (Verg., Claud.).
haereō, stick haerēre haesī ——
iubeō, order iubēre iussī iussus
In old Latin, IOVBEO, after IOVSI (IVSI); later iussī, iussus, after iubeō.
maneō, stay manēre mānsī mānsum
mulceō, stroke mulcēre mulsī mulsus adjective
Perfect participle per-mulsus rare (Cornif., Varr.).
mulgeō, milk mulgēre mulsī mulsus once
rīdeō, laugh rīdēre rīsī -rīsus
suādeō, advise suādēre suāsī suāsus
tergeō, wipe tergēre tersī tersus
For forms in -ere in the present, as tergit, &c. (Varr., Prop., Stat., Col.), see 821.
turgeō, am swelling turgēre tursī once ——
Of the perfect system, turserat (Enn.).
urgeō, push urgēre ursī ——
PERFECT STEM IN -v- OR -u-.
PERFECT STEM IN -v-.
1001. (1 a.) The following verbs in -ēre have the perfect stem in -v- (869), and the perfect participle in -tus, both preceded by a long -ē- of the root:
dē-leō, wipe out dē-lēre dē-lēvī dē-lētus
fleō, weep flēre flēvī flētus
neō, spin nēre nēvī ——
For neunt (Tib.), see 837.
-pleō, fill -plēre -plēvī -plētus
1002. (1 b.) The following verb in -ēre has the perfect stem in -v- (869), preceded by long -ī-, and the perfect participle in -tus, preceded by short -i- of the root:
cieō, set a going ciēre cīvī citus
Somewhat defective; also with a form in -īre (821). For the perfect participle of compounds, see 919.
1003. (1 c.) The following verb in -ēre has the perfect stem in -v- (869), and the perfect participle in -itus (910):
ab-oleō, destroy ab-olēre ab-olēvī ab-olitus
PERFECT STEM IN -u-.
1004. (2 a.) Most verbs in -ēre have the perfect stem in -u- (874), and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus, which is usually preceded by a short i (910): as,
doceō, teach docēre docuī doctus
habeō, have habēre habuī habitus
So also post-habeō; other compounds have i for a: as, pro-hibeō, pro-hibēre, pro-hibuī, pro-hibitus; twice contracted, prōbet, prōbeat (Lucr.). Compounds with dē and prae are regularly contracted, dēbeō, praebeō, &c.: but in Plautus once de-hibuistī, and regularly prae-hibeō, &c., throughout.
mereō, earn merēre meruī meritus
Often deponent (800): mereor, merērī, meritus.
misceō, mix miscēre miscuī mixtus, mistus
The present stem is an extension of the suffix -sco|e- (834); -sc- of the present runs over into the perfect.
moneō, advise monēre monuī monitus
placeō, am pleasing placēre placuī placitus
So the compounds com-placeō and per-placeō; dis-pliceō has i for a throughout.
taceō, hold my tongue tacēre tacuī tacitus adjective
The compound re-ticeō has i for a and no perfect participle.
teneō, hold tenēre tenuī -tentus
Compounds have i for e in the present and perfect: as, dē-tineō, dē-tinuī, dē-tentus.
terreō, scare terrēre terruī territus
torreō, roast torrēre torruī tostus
1005. (2 b.) The following verb in -ēre has the perfect stem in -u- (874), and the perfect participle in -sus (912):
cēnseō, count, rate cēnsēre cēnsuī cēnsus
1006. (3.) The following verbs in -ēre have the perfect stem in -u- (874), and no perfect participle (907):
arceō, check arcēre arcuī ——
The compounds co-erceō and ex-erceō have e for a, and perfect participles co-ercitus and ex-ercitus.
caleō, am warm calēre caluī ——
candeō, glow white candēre canduī ——
careō, have not carēre caruī ——
doleō, ache dolēre doluī ——
egeō, need egēre eguī ——
The compound ind-igeō, ind-igēre, ind-iguī, ——, has i for e.
ē-mineō, stick out ē-minēre ē-minuī ——
flōreō, bloom flōrēre flōruī ——
horreō, bristle up horrēre horruī ——
iaceō, lie iacēre iacuī ——
lateō, lie hid latēre latuī ——
liceō, am rated licēre licuī ——
liqueō, am melted liquēre licuī ——
madeō, am soaked madēre maduī ——
niteō, shine nitēre nituī ——
noceō, am hurtful nocēre nocuī ——
oleō, smell olēre oluī ——
For forms in -ere in the present system, see 821.
palleō, look pale pallēre palluī ——
pāreō, wait on, am obedient pārēre pāruī ——
pateō, am open patēre patuī ——
rigeō, am stiff rigēre riguī ——
sileō, am silent silēre siluī ——
sorbeō, suck up sorbēre sorbuī ——
The perfect system of the simple verb is rare: sorbuit, sorbuerint (Plin.); also (823) sorpsit (Val. Max.); ab-sorbeō and ex-sorbeō have -sorbuī; but ab-sorpsī (Plin., Luc., Macr.), ex-sorpsī (Sen.).
studeō, am eager studēre studuī ——
stupeō, am dazed stupēre stupuī ——
timeō, fear timēre timuī ——
valeō, am strong valēre valuī ——
vigeō, feel strong vigēre viguī ——
1007. For audeō, gaudeō, and soleō, see 801; for lubet or libet, licet, miseret, oportet, paenitet, piget, pudet, taedet, see 815 and 816.
DEPONENTS IN -ērī.
1008. (1 a.) The following deponent in -ērī has the perfect participle in -tus:
reor, reckon, think rērī ratus
1009. (1 b.) The following deponents in -ērī have the perfect participle in -tus, which is preceded by a short i (910):
liceor, bid licērī licitus
misereor, pity miserērī miseritus
Perfect participle also misertus (Val. Max., Sen., Curt.). Active forms are: miserēte, miserērent (Enn.), misereās (Ter.), miseret (Lucr.), miserent (Val. Fl.). Passive forms are sometimes used impersonally (724): as, miserētur, &c.
tueor, look to, protect tuērī tuitus late
Forms in -ī also occur in verse (821). As perfect participle, generally tūtātus.
vereor, am awed at verērī veritus
1010. (2.) One deponent in -ērī has the perfect participle in -sus (912):
fateor, confess fatērī fassus
Compounds have i and e for a: as, cōn-fiteor, cōn-fessus.
(3.) VERBS IN -īre.
(A.) PERFECT STEM WITHOUT A SUFFIX.
1011. (1 a.) The following verb in -īre has a reduplicated perfect stem (861), and the perfect participle in -tus:
re-periō, find re-perīre re-pperī re-pertus
1012. (1 b.) The following verb in -īre has no reduplication in the perfect stem, and the perfect participle in -tus:
com-periō, find out com-perīre com-perī com-pertus
As deponent: com-periar (Ter.), com-perior (Sall., Tac.).
1013. (2.) The following verb in -īre has a perfect stem consisting of a consonant root with a long vowel (862), and the perfect participle in -tus:
veniō, come venīre vēnī ventum, -ventus
For ē-venunt, ē-venat, ē-venant, ad-venat, per-venat, see 822.
(B.) PERFECT STEM IN -s-, OR IN -v- OR -u-.
PERFECT STEM IN -s-.
1014. (1.) The following verbs in -īre have the perfect stem in -s- (868), and the perfect participle in -tus:
farciō, stuff farcīre farsī fartus
Compounds have usually e for a throughout.
fulciō, prop fulcīre fulsī fultus
hauriō, drain haurīre hausī haustus
A perfect subjunctive haurierint is quoted from Varro (823).
saepiō, hedge in saepīre saepsī saeptus
sanciō, hallow sancīre sānxī sānctus adjective
Perfect participle rarely sancītus (Lucr., Liv.). A pluperfect sancierat is quoted from Pomponius Secundus (823).
sarciō, patch sarcīre sarsī sartus
vinciō, bind vincīre vīnxī vīnctus
1015. (2.) The following verb in -īre has the perfect stem in -s- (868), and the perfect participle in -sus (912):
sentiō, feel sentīre sēnsī sēnsus
The compound with ad is generally deponent (800).
PERFECT STEM IN -v-.
1016. (1 a.) The following verb in -īre has the perfect stem in -v- (869), and the perfect participle in -tus, both preceded by a long ī of the root:
sciō, know scīre scīvī scītus
1017. (1 b.) The following verb in -īre has the perfect stem in -v- (869), and the perfect participle in -tus:
sepeliō, bury sepelīre sepelīvī sepultus
1018. (1 c.) Most verbs in -īre have the perfect stem in -v- (869), and the perfect participle in -tus, both preceded by a form of the present stem in long -ī-: as,
audiō, hear audīre audīvī audītus
PERFECT STEM IN -u-.
1019. (2.) The following verbs in -īre have the perfect stem in -u- (874), and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus:
am-iciō, don am-icīre am-icuī am-ictus
Perfect rare: once am-icuī (Brut.), once am-ixī (Varr.).
ap-eriō, open ap-erīre ap-eruī ap-ertus
op-eriō, cover over op-erīre op-eruī op-ertus
saliō, leap salīre saluī ——
Compounds have i for a throughout: as, īn-siliō. A perfect system in -v- (823, 893), as ex-silīvī, occurs in late writers (Col., Sen., Plin., &c.).
DEPONENTS IN -īrī.
1020. (1 a.) The following deponents in -īrī have the perfect participle in -tus:
ex-perior, try ex-perīrī ex-pertus
op-perior, wait for op-perīrī op-pertus
Perfect participle once op-perītus (Plaut.).
1021. (1 b.) The following deponents in -īrī have the perfect participle in -ītus:
blandior, am agreeable blandīrī blandītus
largior, shower largīrī largītus
mentior, tell lies mentīrī mentītus
mōlior, work hard mōlīrī mōlītus
partior, share partīrī partītus
sortior, draw lots sortīrī sortītus
1022. (2.) The following deponents in -īrī have the perfect participle in -sus (912):
mētior, measure mētīrī mēnsus
ōrdior, begin ōrdīrī ōrsus