Part 2 — The Accusative of the Part Concerned. (continued 5)

1890. Instead of tam, another correlative is sometimes used in the apodosis. Thus, aequē . . . quam occurs in Plautus and in Livy and later writers, generally after a negative expression; perinde . . . quam in Tacitus and Suetonius; iūxtā ... quam once in Livy. Sometimes the apodosis contains no correlative.

1891. tam . . . quam become by abridgement coordinating words: as,

tam vēra quam falsa cernimus, Ac. 2, 111, we make out things both true and false.

1892. The highest possible degree is expressed by tam . . . quam quī and a superlative without a verb; or by quam and a superlative with or without a form of possum (1466); sometimes by quantus or ut: as,

(a.) tam sum misericors quam vōs; tam mītis quam quī lēnissimus, Sull. 87, I am as tender-hearted as you; as mild as the gentlest man living. tam sum amīcus rē̆ī pūblicae quam quī maximē, Fam. 5, 2, 6, I am as devoted a patriot as anybody can be. (b.) quam maximīs potest itineribus in Galliam contendit, 1, 7, 1, he pushes into Gaul by as rapid marches as he can. cōnstituērunt iūmentōrum quam maximum numerum coëmere, 1, 3, 1, they determined to buy up the greatest possible number of beasts of burden. (c.) tanta est inter eōs, quanta maxima potest esse, mōrum distantia, L. 74, there is the greatest possible difference of character between them. Or without any superlative: fuge domum quantum potest, Pl. Men. 850, run home as quick as e’er you can. ut potuī accūrātissimē tē tūtātus sum, Fam. 5, 17, 2, I defended you as carefully as I could.

1893. quam . . . tam, with two comparatives or superlatives, is equivalent to the more common quō . . . eō with two comparatives (1973): as,

(a.) magis quam id reputō, tam magis ūror, Pl. B. 1091, the more I think it over, the sorer do I feel. This use is found in Plautus, Lucretius, and Vergil. (b.) quam quisque pessumē fēcit, tam maxumē tūtus est, S. I. 31, 14, the worse a man has acted, the safer he always is. This use is found in Plautus, Terence, Cato, Varro, and Sallust.

1894. (2.) quam, than, is used in the protasis of a comparative period of inequality, with a comparative in the apodosis: as,

meliōrem quam ego sum suppōnō tibī̆, Pl. Cu. 256, I give you in my place a better man than I am. plūra dīxī quam voluī, V. 5, 79, I have said more than I intended. Antōniō quam est, volō peius esse, Att. 15, 3, 2, I hope Antony may be worse off than he is. doctrīna paulō dūrior quam nātūra patitur, Mur. 60, principles somewhat sterner than nature doth support. potius sērō quam numquam, L. 4, 2, 11, better late than never. corpus patiēns algōris suprā quam cuiquam crēdibile est, S. C. 5, 3, a constitution capable of enduring cold beyond what anybody could believe. suprā quam is found in Cicero, Sallust, and often in late writers; īnfrā and ultrā quam in Cicero, Livy, and late writers (īnfrā quam also in Varro); extrā quam in Ennius, Cato, and in legal and official language in Cicero and Livy.

1895. quam is also used with some virtual comparatives: thus, nihil aliud, nōn aliud quam, no other than, often as adverb, only; secus quam with a negative, not otherwise than; bis tantō quam, twice as much as; and prae quam in old Latin, in comparison with how; and similar phrases: as,

(a.) per bīduum nihil aliud quam stetērunt parātī ad pugnandum, L. 34, 46, 7, for two days they merely stood in battle array. This use occurs first in Sallust, then in Nepos, Livy, and later writers. (b.) mihī̆ erit cūrae nē quid fīat secus quam volumus, Att. 6, 2, 2, I will see to it that nothing be done save as we wish. This use occurs in Plautus, Terence, Sallust, Cicero, Livy, and later writers. With both aliud and secus the clause is rarely positive, with aliud not before Livy. For atque (ac) instead of quam when the first clause is negative, see 1654. (c.) bis tantō valeō quam valuī prius, Pl. Merc. 297, I am twice as capable as I was before. (d.) nīl hōc quidem est trīgintā minae, prae quam aliōs sūmptūs facit, Pl. Most. 981, oh, this is nothing, thirty minae, when you think what other sums he spends. prae quam is found only in Plautus rarely. Similar phrases are: contrā quam, in Cicero, Livy, and later writers; praeter quam, in Plautus, Naevius, and frequently in other writers when followed by quod (1848); super quam quod (1848) and īnsuper quam in Livy; prō quam in Lucretius; advorsum quam, once in Plautus. prae quam is sometimes followed by a relative clause: as, prae quam quod molestumst, Pl. Am. 634, compared with what is painful. For ante (or prius) and post quam, see 1911, 1923.

With the Subjunctive.

1896. The subjunctive is used with quam or quam ut after comparatives denoting disproportion (1461): as,

quicquid erat oneris Segestānīs impōnēbat, aliquantō amplius quam ferre possent, V. 4, 76, he would impose every possible burden on the Segestans, far too much for them to bear. quis nōn intellegit Canachī sīgna rigidiōra esse, quam ut imitentur vēritātem? Br. 70, who does not feel that the statues of Canachus are too stiff to be true to nature? clārior rēs erat quam ut dissimulārī posset, L. 26, 51, 11, the thing was too notorious to be hushed up. Instead of ut, quī is also used by Livy and later writers: as, maior sum quam cui possit Fortūna nocēre, O. 6, 195, too strong am I for Fortune to break down, says infatuated Niobe. All these sentences are extensions of the subjunctive of action conceivable (1554, 1818).

1897. The subjunctive is used in clauses introduced by potius quam, rather than, to denote action merely assumed. citius, ante, or prius, sooner, is sometimes used in the sense of potius: as,

potius quam tē inimīcum habeam, faciam ut iusseris, T. Eu. 174, rather than make you my enemy, I will do as you tell me. dēpugnā potius quam serviās, Att. 7, 7, 7, fight it out rather than be a slave. potius vituperātiōnem incōnstantiae suscipiam, quam in tē sim crūdēlis, V. 5, 105, I will submit to the charge of inconsistency rather than be cruel towards you. animam omittunt prius quam locō dēmigrent, Pl. Am. 240, they lose their lives sooner than yield their ground. Livy has also potius quam ut. All these sentences are extensions of the subjunctive of desire (1540, 1817).

With the Infinitive.

1898. When the main clause is an infinitive, quam is often followed by an infinitive: as,

mālim morīrī me͡os quam mendīcārier, Pl. Vid. 96, better my bairns be dead than begging bread. vōcēs audiēbantur prius sē cortice ex arboribus vīctūrōs, quam Pompēium ē manibus dīmissūrōs, Caes. C. 3, 49, 1, shouts were heard that they would live on the bark of trees sooner than let Pompey slip through their fingers.

quamquam.

1899. (1.) quamquam is used in old Latin as an indefinite adverb, ever so much, however much: as,

quamquam negōtiumst, sī quid veis, Dēmiphō, nōn sum occupātus umquam amīcō operam dare, Pl. Mer. 287, however busy I may be (1814), if anything you wish, dear Demipho, I’m not too busy ever to a friend mine aid to lend. id quoque possum ferre, quamquam iniūriumst, T. Ad. 205, that also I can bear, however so unfair. From an adverb, quamquam became a conjunction, although.

1900. (2.) quamquam, although, introduces the indicative in the concession of a definite fact. In the later writers it is also sometimes used with the subjunctive, sometimes with a participle or an adjective.

(a.) quamquam premuntur aere aliēnō, dominātiōnem tamen exspectant, C. 2, 19, though they are staggering under debt, they yet look forward to being lords and masters. quamquam nōn vēnit ad fīnem tam audāx inceptum, tamen haud omnīnō vānum fuit, L. 10, 32, 5, though the bold attempt did not attain its purpose, yet it was not altogether fruitless. This is the classical use; but see 1901. (b.) nam et tribūnīs plēbis senātūs habendī iūs erat, quamquam senātōrēs nōn essent, Varro in Gell. 14, 8, 2, for even the tribunes of the people, though they were not senators, had the right to hold a meeting of the senate. haud cunctātus est Germānicus, quamquam fingī ea intellegeret, Ta. 2, 26, Germanicus did not delay, though he was aware this was all made up. This use is found first in Varro, often in the Augustan poets, sometimes in Livy, always in Juvenal. It does not become common before Tacitus and the younger Pliny. (c.) sequente, quamquam nōn probante, Amynandrō, L. 31, 41, 7, Amynander accompanying though not approving (1374). nē Aquītānia quidem, quamquam in verba Othōnis obstricta, diū mānsit, Ta. H. 1, 76, Aquitania, though bound by the oath of allegiance to Otho, did not hold out long either. This use is found once each in Cicero and Sallust, half a dozen times in Livy, oftener in Tacitus.

1901. The subjunctive is also used often with quamquam for special reasons, as by attraction (1728), in indirect discourse (1725), and of action conceivable (1731).

1902. For quamquam appending a fresh main sentence, see 2153; for its use with the infinitive, 2317.

quam vīs or quamvīs.

1903. quam vīs or quamvīs is used as an indefinite adverb (712), as much as you please, and is often joined with an adjective or other adverb to take the place of a superlative: as,

quam vīs rīdiculus est, ubī̆ uxor nōn adest, Pl. Men. 318, he’s as droll as you please when his wife isn’t by. quamveis īnsipiēns poterat persentīscere, Pl. Merc. 687, the veriest dullard could detect. quamvīs paucī adīre audent, 4, 2, 5, the merest handful dares attack. quamvīs callidē, V. 2, 134, ever so craftily. quamvīs is also sometimes used to strengthen a superlative (1466), though not in classical prose.

1904. (1.) The indefinite adverb quam vīs, as much as you please, is often used in subjunctive clauses of concession or permission; such subjunctives are sometimes coordinated with licet: as,

quod turpe est, id quam vīs occultētur, tamen honestum fierī nūllō modō potest, Off. 3, 78, if a thing is base, let it be hidden as much as you will, yet it cannot be made respectable (1553). locus hīc apud nōs, quam vīs subitō veniās, semper līber est, Pl. B. 82, our house is always open, come as sudden as you may (1553). praeter eōs quam vīs ēnumerēs multōs licet, nōnnūllōs reperiēs perniciōsōs tribūnōs, Leg. 3, 24, besides these you may tell off as many as you please, you will still find some dangerous tribunes (1710). The combination with licet occurs first in Lucretius, then in Cicero.

Instead of vīs, other forms are sometimes used: as, volumus, volent, velit, &c.: thus, quam volent facētī sint, Cael. 67, they may be as witty as they please (1735). quam volet Epicūrus iocētur et dīcat sē nōn posse intellegere, numquam mē movēbit, DN. 2, 46, Epicurus may joke and say he can’t understand it as much as he likes, he will never shake me. From an adverb, quam vīs became a conjunction, however much, even if.

1905. (2.) The subjunctive with the conjunction quamvīs, however much, even if, though, denotes action merely assumed; when the action is to be denoted as real, ut or sīcut or the like, with the indicative, usually follows in the best prose (1943): as,

(a.) quamvīs sint hominēs quī Cn. Carbōnem ōderint, tamen hī dēbent quid metuendum sit cōgitāre, V. 1, 39, though there may be men who hate Carbo, still these men ought to consider what they have to fear. nōn enim possīs, quamvīs excellās, L. 73, you may not have the power, however eminent you may be. This use begins with Cicero and Varro, and gets common in late writers. Not in Livy. (b.) illa quamvīs rīdicula essent, sīcut erant, mihī̆ tamen rīsum nōn mōvērunt, Fam. 7, 32, 3, droll as this really was, it nevertheless did not make me laugh. quamvīs enim multīs locīs dīcat Epicūrus, sīcutī dīcit, satis fortiter dē dolōre, tamen nōn id spectandum est quid dīcat, Off. 3, 117, even though Epicurus really does speak in many places pretty heroically about pain, still we must not have an eye to what he says. In the Augustan poets rarely, and often in Tacitus, the younger Pliny, and late writers, the subjunctive, without a parenthetical phrase introduced by ut or the like, is used of an action denoted as real: as, expalluit notābiliter, quamvīs palleat semper, Plin. Ep. 1, 5, 13, he grew pale perceptibly, though he is always a pale man. maestus erat, quamvīs laetitiam simulāret, Ta. 15, 54, sad he was, though he pretended to be gay.

1906. quamvīs, even if, though, is also sometimes used with the indicative (1900): as,

erat dignitāte rēgiā, quamvīs carēbat nōmine, N. 1, 2, 3, he had the authority of a king, though not the title. quamvīs tacet Hermogenēs, cantor est, H. S. 1, 3, 129, though he open not his mouth, Hermogenes remains a singer still. This use occurs twice in Lucretius, once in Cicero, Nepos, and Livy each, in Varro, in the Augustan poets, and sometimes in late writers. Not in Tacitus, Pliny the younger, Juvenal, Martial, or Suetonius.

1907. It may be mentioned here that the indefinite adverb quamlibet, however you please, is used in subjunctive clauses of concession or permission (1904) once or twice by Lucretius, Ovid, and Quintilian. Velleius has it with the participle, a construction sometimes found with quamvīs in late writers.

tamquam.

1908. tamquam, just as, introduces an indicative protasis in periods of comparison.

The tam properly belongs to the apodosis and is attracted to the protasis. tamquam has sometimes as correlative sīc or ita.

tē hortor ut tamquam poētae bonī solent, sīc tū in extrēmā parte mūneris tuī dīligentissimus sīs, QFr. 1, 1, 46, I urge you to be very particular at the end of your task, just as good poets always are. tamquam philosophōrum habent disciplinae ex ipsīs vocābula, parasītī ita ut Gnathōnicī vocentur, T. Eu. 263, that so parasites may be called Gnathonites even as schools of philosophy are named from the masters. Usually, however, ut (1944) or quemadmodum is used in this sense; and tamquam occurs oftenest in abridged sentences (1057), particularly to show that an illustration is untrue or figurative: as, Odyssīa Latīna est sīc tamquam opus aliquod Daedalī, Br. 71, the Odyssey in Latin is, you may say, a regular work of Daedalus. oculī tamquam speculātōrēs altissimum locum obtinent, DN. 2, 140, the eyes occupy the highest part, as a sort of watchmen.

1909. In late writers, especially in Tacitus, tamquam is often used to introduce a reason or motive, or a thought indirectly expressed: as,

invīsus tamquam plūs quam cīvīlia agitāret, Ta. 1, 12, hated on the ground that his designs were too lofty for a private citizen (1725). lēgātōs increpuit, tamquam nōn omnēs reōs perēgissent, Plin. Ep. 3, 9, 36, he reproved the embassy ‘for not having completed the prosecution of all the defendants’ (1852, 1725). suspectus tamquam ipse suās incenderit aedīs, J. 3, 222, suspected of having set his own house afire.

1910. For tamquam instead of tamquam sī, see 2118; with a participle, 2121.

antequam, priusquam.

1911. antequam and priusquam accompany both the indicative and the subjunctive.

ante and prius properly belong to the apodosis, and regularly stand with it if it is negative; but otherwise they are usually attracted to the protasis.

antequam is very seldom found in old Latin, and it is in general much rarer than priusquam, except in Tacitus.

IN GENERAL STATEMENTS.

1912. In general present statements, antequam and priusquam regularly introduce the perfect indicative or the present subjunctive: as,

membrīs ūtimur priusquam didicimus cuius ea causā ūtilitātis habeāmus, Fin. 3, 66, we always use our limbs before we learn for what purposes of utility we have them (1613). priusquam lūcet, adsunt, Pl. MG. 709, before ’tis light they’re always here; here lūcet is equivalent to inlūxit. ante vidēmus fulgōrem quam sonum audiāmus, Sen. QN. 2, 12, 6, we always see the flash before we hear the sound. priusquam sēmen mātūrum siet, secātō, Cato, RR. 53, always cut before the seed is ripe (1575). With the perfect subjunctive in the indefinite second person (1030): as, hoc malum opprimit antequam prōspicere potuerīs, V. 1, 39, this calamity always overwhelms you before you can anticipate it (1731, 1558). For prius quam, sooner than, see 1897.

1913. The future indicative is used a few times in general statements by old and late writers, and the perfect subjunctive after a negative clause rarely by Tacitus: as, bovēs priusquam in viam agēs, pice cornua īnfima unguitō, Cato, RR. 72, always smear the hoofs of your oxen with pitch before you drive them on the road (1625, 1577). deū̆m honor prīncipī nōn ante habētur quam agere inter hominēs dēsierit, Ta. 15, 74, divine honours are not paid to an emperor before he has ceased to live among men. Cicero has the perfect subjunctive in a definition: thus, prōvidentia, per quam futūrum aliquid vidētur antequam factum sit, Inv. 2, 160, foresight is the faculty through which a future event is seen before it has taken place. He also has the present indicative once: Div. 1, 120.

1914. In general past statements antequam and priusquam introduce the subjunctive imperfect or pluperfect; but this use is very rare: as, dormīre priusquam somni cupīdō esset, S. C. 13, 3, a-sleeping always before they felt sleepy. ita saepe magna indolēs virtūtis, priusquam rē̆ī pūblicae prōdesse potuisset, extīncta est, Ph. 5, 47, thus character of unusual promise was oftentimes cut off, before it could do the government any good.

IN PARTICULAR STATEMENTS.

1915. In particular present or future statements, antequam and priusquam introduce a present, either indicative or subjunctive; in future statements the future perfect is also used, and regularly when the main verb is future perfect: as,

antequam ad sententiam redeō, dē mē pauca dīcam, C. 4, 20, before I come back to the motion, I will say a little about myself (1593). est etiam prius quam abīs quod volo loquī, Pl. As. 232, there’s something else I want to say before you go. antequam veniat in Pontum, litterās ad Cn. Pompēium mittet, Agr. 2, 53, before he reaches Pontus, he will send a letter to Pompey. prius quam ad portam veniās, est pistrīlla, T. Ad. 583, there’s a little bakery just before you get to the gate. nihil contrā disputābō priusquam dīxerit, Fl. 51, I will not argue to the contrary before he has spoken (1626). neque prius, quam dēbellāverō, absistam, L. 49, 39, 9, and I will not leave off before I have brought the war to an end. sī quid mihī̆ acciderit priusquam hōc tantum malī vīderō, Mil. 99, if anything shall befall me before I see this great calamity. neque prōmittō quicquam neque respondeō prius quam gnātum vīderō, T. Ph. 1044, I’m not promising anything nor making any answer before I see my son (1593). Tacitus uses neither the present indicative nor the future perfect.

1916. In old Latin the future and the perfect subjunctive also occur: as,

prius quam quoiquam convīvae dabis, gustātō tūte prius, Pl. Ps. 885, before you help a single guest, taste first yourself; but Terence does not use the future, and it is found only once or twice later. nūllō pactō potest prius haec in aedīs recipī, quam illam āmīserim, Pl. MG. 1095. on no terms can I take my new love to the house, before I’ve let the old love drop; but usually the perfect subjunctive is due to indirect discourse.

1917. In particular past statements antequam and priusquam introduce the perfect indicative, especially when the apodosis is negative. The imperfect subjunctive rarely occurs, chiefly in late writers.

(a.) omnia ista ante facta sunt quam iste Ītaliam attigit, V. 2, 161, all these incidents occurred before the defendant set foot in Italy. neque prius fugere dēstitērunt quam ad Rhēnum pervēnērunt, 1, 53, 1, and they did not stay their flight before they fairly arrived at the Rhine. prius quam hinc abiīt quīndecim mīles minās dederat, Pl. Ps. 53, the captain had paid down fifteen minae before he left here. (b.) nec prius sunt vīsī quam castrīs adpropinquārent, 6, 37, 2, they were not seen before they drew near to the camp. This use of the imperfect subjunctive, not to be confounded with that mentioned in 1919, is not found in old Latin or in Cicero. It is found in Nepos and Livy.

1918. The present indicative also occurs in particular past statements in old Latin: as, is priusquam moritur mihi dedit, Pl. Cu. 637, before he died he gave it me. The indicative imperfect occurs four times in Livy and once in late Latin, the pluperfect once in old Latin and once in Cicero.

1919. When the action of the protasis was forestalled, or when action conceivable or purpose is expressed, antequam and priusquam regularly introduce the imperfect subjunctive in particular past statements: as,

plērīque interfectī sunt, priusquam occultum hostem vidērent, L. 35, 29, 3, most of them were slain before they could see the hidden enemy. antequam verbum facerem, dē sellā surrēxit, V. 4, 147, before I could utter a word he arose from his seat. pervēnit priusquam Pompēius sentīre posset, Caes. C. 3, 67, 4, he arrived before Pompey should be able to learn of his coming (1725). The present and perfect subjunctive occur rarely, generally when the main clause contains a present of vivid narration (1590). The imperfect is not found in old Latin.

1920. The perfect indicative or imperfect subjunctive with antequam is often used attributively with nouns denoting time: as,

fābulam docuit, annō ipsō ante quam nātus est Ennius, Br. 72, he exhibited a play just a year before Ennius was born. ducentīs annīs ante quam Rōmam caperent, in Ītaliam Gallī trānscendērunt, L. 5, 33, 5, two hundred years before they took Rome, the Gauls crossed over to Italy. The pluperfect also occurs, when the main verb is pluperfect: as, Stāiēnus bienniō antequam causam recēpisset, sescentīs mīllibus nummūm sē iūdicium conruptūrum dīxerat, Clu. 68, Stajenus had said two years before he undertook the case, that he would bribe the court for six hundred thousand sesterces.

1921. The pluperfect subjunctive is rarely introduced by antequam or priusquam except in indirect discourse: as,

antequam dē meō adventū audīre potuissent, in Macedoniam perrēxī, Pl. 98, before they should be able to hear of my arrival, I proceeded to Macedonia (1725). āvertit equōs in castra priusquam pābula gustāssent Trōiae Xanthumque bibissent, V. 1, 472, he drave the horses off to camp, or ever they should taste of Troja’s grass and Xanthus drink (1725).

1922. It may be mentioned here that postrīdiē quam and prīdiē quam occur a few times in Plautus and Cicero with the indicative; postrīdiē quam with the indicative in Suetonius; and prīdiē quam with the subjunctive in Livy, Valerius Maximus, and Suetonius.

posteā quam or postquam.

ubī̆, ut, cum prīmum, simul atque.

1923. With posteā quam, postquam (posquam), after, the following words may conveniently be treated: ubī̆, ut, when; ubī̆ prīmum, ut prīmum, cum prīmum, when first, and in Plautus quom extemplō; simul atque (or ac, less frequently et or ut, or simul alone), at the same time with, as soon as.

postquam, ubī̆, ut, cum prīmum, simul atque, accompany the indicative.

For examples of the use of tenses, see 1924-1934.

1924. In clauses introduced by posteā quam or postquam, the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive, found a dozen times in the manuscripts of Cicero’s works and elsewhere, is generally corrected in modern editions or usually the conjunctive particle is emended to posteā quom (cum). But the subjunctive may of course be used with this and the other particles mentioned in 1923 for special reasons, as with the indefinite second person (1731), by attraction (1728), and in indirect discourse (1725). For the subjunctive of repeated past action with ubī̆ and ut, see 1932. The infinitive of intimation occurs in Tacitus (1539): as, postquam exuī aequālitās, prōvēnēre dominātiōnēs, Ta. 3, 26, after equality between man and man was dropped, there came a crop of tyrants.

1925. In narration the perfect indicative is regularly used in clauses introduced by postquam, ubī̆, ut, cum prīmum, simul atque (1739): as,

postquam tuās litterās lēgī, Postumia tua mē convēnit, Fam. 4, 2, 1, after I read your letter, your Postumia called on me. postquam aurum abstulimus, in nāvem cōnscendimus, Pl. B. 277, after we got away the money, we took ship. ubī̆ ad ipsum vēnī dēvorticulum, cōnstitī, T. Eu. 635, when I came exactly to the side street, I pulled up. ubī̆ sē diūtius dūcī intellēxit, graviter eōs accūsat, 1, 16, 5, when he came to see that he was put off a good while, he takes them roundly to task. quī ut perōrāvit, surrēxit Clōdius, QFr. 2, 3, 2, when he had finished speaking, up jumped Clodius. ut abiī abs tē, fit forte obviam mihi Phormiō, T. Ph. 617, when I left you, Phormio happened to fall in my way. crīmen eius modī est, ut, cum prīmum ad mē dēlātum est, ūsūrum mē illō nōn putārem, V. 5, 158, the charge is of such a sort that, when first it was reported to me, I thought I should not use it. cum prīmum Crētae lītus attigit, nūntiōs mīsit, L. 37, 60, 4, as soon as he touched the shore of Crete, he sent messengers. ut prīmum loquī posse coepī, inquam, RP. 6, 15, as soon as I began to be able to speak, I said. quem simul atque oppidānī cōnspexērunt, mūrum complēre coepērunt, 7, 12, 5, as soon as the garrison espied him, they began to man the wall. at hostēs, ubī̆ prīmum nostrōs equitēs cōnspexērunt, impetū factō celeriter nostrōs perturbāvērunt, 4, 12, 1, but as soon as the enemy caught sight of our cavalry, they attacked and threw our men into disorder. The conjunction simul atque is very rarely found in old Latin.

1926. The present indicative of vivid narration (1590) sometimes occurs: as,

postquam iam puerī septuennēs sunt, pater onerāvit nāvim magnam, Pl. Men. prol. 24, after the boys were seven year olds, their father freighted a big ship. quid ait, ubi mē nōminās, T. Hau. 303, what sayeth she when you name me? ubī̆ neutrī trānseundī initium faciunt, Caesar suōs in castra redūxit, 2, 9, 2, neither party taking the initiative in crossing, Caesar marched his men back to camp. Verbs of perceiving, especially videō, occur oftenest in this use, which is common in Plautus and Terence: as, postquam videt nūptiās adparārī, missast ancilla īlicō, T. Andr. 513, after she sees a marriage on foot, her maid is sent forthwith. abeō ab illīs, postquam videō mē lūdificārier, Pl. Cap. 487, seeing myself made game of, I leave them. quem posteā quam videt nōn adesse, ardēre atque furere coepit, V. 2, 92, seeing that the man does not appear, he began to rage and fume. ubī̆ hoc videt, init cōnsilium importūnī tyrannī, V. 5, 103, seeing this, he adopted the policy of a savage tyrant. Plautus uses also quom extemplō. Such protases often take on a causal sense (see also 1930).

1927. The present or perfect with postquam or ut is sometimes used in expressions equivalent to an emphasized accusative or ablative of time, the main verb being est or sunt: as, septingentī sunt annī postquam inclita condita Rōma est, E. in Varro, RR. 3, 1, 2, ’tis seven hundred years since glorious Rome was founded. domō ut abiērunt hic tertius annus, Pl. St. 29, this is the third year since they left home. annus est octāvus ut imperium obtinēs, Ta. 14, 53, it is the eighth year since you acquired empire. For a similar use of cum, see 1871.

1928. The pluperfect with postquam, denoting resulting state (1615), occurs less frequently: as,

tum cum P. Āfricānus, posteā quam bis cōnsul fuerat, L. Cottam in iūdicium vocābat, Caecil. 69, at the time when Africanus, after he had twice been consul, was bringing Cotta to judgement. postquam omnium oculōs occupāverat certāmen, tum āversam adoriuntur Rōmānam aciem, L. 22, 48, 4, when every eye was fairly riveted on the engagement, that instant they fell upon the Romans in the rear. Not in Plautus, once in Terence, and rare in classical writers.

1929. The pluperfect, less frequently the perfect, with postquam is used attributively with nouns denoting time.

In this use post is often separated from quam, and two constructions are possible: (a.) Ablative: annō post quam vōta erat aedēs Monētae dēdicātur, L. 7, 28, 6, the temple of Moneta is dedicated a year after it was vowed. Without post: quadringentēsimō annō quam urbs Rōmanā condita erat, patriciī cōnsulēs magistrātum iniēre, L. 7, 18, 1, four hundred years after Rome town was founded, patrician consuls entered into office. (b.) Accusative, with an ordinal, and post as a preposition, or, sometimes, intrā: post diem tertium gesta rēs est quam dīxerat, Mil. 44, the deed was done the next day but one after he said it. See 2419.

1930. The imperfect with postquam expresses action continuing into the time of the main action. Such a protasis, especially when negative, usually denotes the cause of the main action: as,

Appius, postquam nēmō adībat, domum sē recēpit, L. 3, 46, 9, Appius, finding that nobody presented himself, went back home. posteā quam ē scaenā explōdēbātur, cōnfūgit in huius domum, RC. 30, after being repeatedly hissed off the stage, he took refuge in my client’s house.

In old Latin this use is found only once, in Plautus; it is most common in Livy, but occurs frequently in Tacitus. So occasionally the present, generally when the main action is present (see also 1926): as, postquam nec ab Rōmānīs vōbīs ūlla est spēs, nec vōs moenia dēfendunt, pācem adferō ad vōs, L. 21, 13, 4, now that it has become plain that you have no hope from the Romans, and that your walls are no protection to you, I bring peace unto you. postquam līberast, ubī̆ habitet dīcere admodum incertē sciō, Pl. E. 505, now that she’s free, I’m quite too ill informed to say where she lives. quae omnia intellegit nihil prōdesse, posteā quam testibus convincitur, V. 5, 103, he knows that all this is fruitless, now that he is being refuted by witnesses. The perfect with postquam or ut occurs occasionally in this use with the present in the main clause: as, animus in tūtō locōst, postquam iste hinc abiīt, Pl. Ps. 1052, my mind is easy, now that fellow’s gone. nam ut in nāvī vecta’s, crēdō timida ‘s, Pl. B. 106, for after your voyage, of course you’re nervous.

1931. postquam and ut have sometimes the meaning of ever since or as long as: as,

postquam nātus sum, satur numquam fuī, Pl. St. 156, since I was born I’ve never had enough to eat. tibī̆ umquam quicquam, postquam tuos sum, verbōrum dedī? Pl. Most. 925, have I once ever cheated you as long as I have been your slave? neque meum pedem intulī in aedīs, ut cum exercitū hinc profectus sum, Pl. Am. 733, I have n’t set foot in the house ever since I marched out with the army. ut illōs dē rē pūblicā librōs ēdidistī, nihil ā tē posteā accēpimus, Br. 19, we have had nothing from you since you published the work On the State.

ubī̆, ut, simul atque.

1932. ubī̆, ut, or simul atque (ac) often introduces a clause denoting indefinite or repeated action: as,

adeō obcaecat animōs fortūna, ubī̆ vim suam refringī nōn vult, L. 5, 37, 1, so completely does fortune blind the mind when she will not have her power thwarted. ubī̆ salūtātiō dēflūxit, litterīs mē involvō, Fam. 9, 20, 3, when my callers go, I always plunge into my book (1613). omnēs profectō mulierēs tē amant, ut quaeque aspexit, Pl. MG. 1264, all the ladies love you, every time one spies you. simul atque sē īnflēxit hīc rēx in dominātum iniūstiōrem, fit continuō tyrannus, RP. 2, 48, for the moment our king turns to a severer kind of mastery, he becomes a tyrant on the spot. Messānam ut quisque nostrūm vēnerat, haec vīsere solēbat, V. 4, 5, any Roman, who visited Messana, invariably went to see these statues (1618). hostēs, ubī̆ aliquōs singulārēs cōnspexerant, adoriēbantur, 4, 26, 2, every time the enemy saw some detached parties, they would charge. The imperfect in this use is not common in classical writers, and occurs but once, with ubī̆, in old Latin; the pluperfect is rare before the silver age. Clauses with ut generally contain some form of quisque (2396). Plautus uses quom extemplō with the present and perfect. The subjunctive is found with ubī̆ and ut quisque in cases of repeated past action (1730).

1933. ubī̆, ut, or simul atque rarely introduces an imperfect or pluperfect of definite time: as,

quid ubi reddēbās aurum, dīxistī patrī, Pl. B. 685, what did you tell your father when you were returning the money? ubī̆ lūx adventābat, tubicinēs sīgna canere, S. I. 99, 1, when daylight was drawing on, the trumpeters sounded the call. ubī̆ nēmō obvius ībat, plēnō gradū ad hostium castra tendunt, L. 9, 45, 14, finding nobody came to meet them, they advanced double quick upon the enemy’s camp (1930). The use of these tenses referring to definite time is very rare in old Latin, and found only with ut in Cicero.

1934. ubī̆ or simul atque, referring to definite time, introduces the future or future perfect, when the apodosis is also future: as,

simul et quid erit certī, scrībam ad tē, Att. 2, 20, 2, as soon as there is anything positive, I will write to you. ego ad tē statim habēbō quod scrībam, simul ut vīderō Cūriōnem, Att. 10, 4, 12, I shall have something to write you, as soon as ever I see Curio. nam ubī̆ mē aspiciet, ad carnuficem rapiet continuō senex, Pl. B. 688, when the old man sees me, he’ll hurry me off to Jack Ketch without any ado. ubi prīmum poterit, sē illinc subdūcet, T. Eu. 628, she’ll steal away as soon as she can. Plautus has also quom extemplō in this use, and Pliny the Younger ut primum.

utī or ut.

1935. The relative adverb utī or ut (711) is found in the oldest Latin in the form utei, but ut was the prevalent form even in the time of Plautus. As a conjunctive particle, it accompanies both the indicative and the subjunctive. For ut in wishes, see 1540; in questions, 1568.

WITH THE INDICATIVE.

(A.) ut, where.

1936. utī or ut in the rare signification of where, accompanies the indicative: as, atque in eōpse adstās lapide, ut praecō praedicat, Pl. B. 815, and there you stand right on the auction block, just where the crier always cries. sīve in extrēmōs penetrābit Indōs, lītus ut longē resonante Eōā tunditur undā, Cat. 11, 2, or shall he pierce to farthest Ind, where by the long-resounding eastern wave the strand is lashed. In classical Latin, ut in this sense is used only by the poets, as here and there in Lucilius, Catullus, Cicero’s Aratēa, and Vergil. ubī̆ is the word regularly used. For ut, when, see 1923.

(B.) ut, as.

1937. The indicative is used in the protasis of a comparative period introduced by utī or ut, as.

ut often has as a correlative ita, item, itidem, sīc, perinde, or similiter, and sometimes in old Latin and poetry aequē, adaequē, pariter, nōn aliter, nōn secus, īdem. sīc is sometimes drawn to the protasis, making sīcutī, sīcut; utī is sometimes strengthened by vel, making velutī, velut, even as, just as. quemadmodum often, and quōmodo sometimes, stands for ut. For the use of ut in old Latin in sentences in which classical Latin would employ the indirect question, see 1791. For coordinated comparative sentences without ut, see 1704.

perge ut īnstituistī, RP. 2, 22, go on as you have begun. ut volēs mēd esse, ita erō, Pl. Ps. 240, as you will have me be, so will I be (1625). ut sēmentem fēceris, ita metēs, DO. 2, 261, as you sow, y’are like to reap (1626). ut nōn omnem frūgem in omnī agrō reperīre possīs, sīc nōn omne facinus in omnī vītā nāscitur, RA. 75, every crime does not start into being in every life, any more than you can find every fruit in every field (1731). Also in asseverations: ita mē dī amābunt, ut ego hunc auscultō lubēns, Pl. Aul. 496, so help me heaven, as I am glad to hear this man (1622).

1938. ut . . . ita or sīc, as . . . so, often stand where concessive and adversative conjunctions might be used; while . . . nevertheless, although ... yet, certainly . . . but: as,

ut nihil bonī est in morte, sīc certē nihil malī, L. 14, while there is nothing good after death, yet certainly there is nothing bad. quō factō sīcut glōriam auxit, ita grātiam minuit, Suet. Oth. 1, by this action he increased his reputation, but lessened his popularity. nec ut iniūstus in pāce rēx, ita dux bellī prāvus fuit, L. 1, 53, 1, but while he was an unjust king in peace, he was not a bad leader in war. This adversative correlation is found sometimes in Cicero, but is far more common in late writers.

1939. ut quisque, commonly with a superlative expression, is used in the protasis of a comparative period of equality, with ita or sīc and commonly another superlative expression in the apodosis: as,

ut quaeque rēs est turpissima, sīc maximē vindicanda est, Caec. 7, the more disgraceful a thing is, the more emphatically does it call for punishment. ut quisque optimē Graecē scīret, ita esse nēquissimum, DO. 2, 265, that the better Greek scholar a man was, the greater rascal he always was (1722). This construction is often abridged: as, sapientissimus quisque aequissimō animō moritur, CM. 83, the sage always dies with perfect resignation. optimus quisque praeceptor frequentiā gaudet, Quint. 1, 2, 9, the best teachers always revel in large classes. See 2397.

1940. ut often introduces a parenthetical idea, particularly a general truth or a habit which accounts for the special fact expressed in the main sentence: as,

nēmō, ut opīnor, in culpā est, Clu. 143, nobody, as I fancy, is to blame. excitābat flūctūs in simpulō, ut dīcitur, Grātidius, Leg. 3, 36, Gratidius was raising a tempest in a teapot, as the saying is. paulisper, dum sē uxor, ut fit, comparat, commorātus est, Mil. 28, he had to wait a bit, as is always the case, while his wife was putting on her things. hōrum auctōritāte adductī, ut sunt Gallōrum subita cōnsilia, Trebium retinent, 3, 8, 3, influenced by these people they detain Trebius, as might have been expected, sudden resolutions being always characteristic of the Gauls. sēditiōne nūntiātā, ut erat laenā amictus, ita vēnit in cōntiōnem, Br. 56, an outbreak was reported, and he came to the meeting all accoutred as he was, with his sacrificial robe on. Often elliptically: as, acūtī hominis, ut Siculī, TD. 1, 15, a bright man, of course, being a Sicilian. Aequōrum exercitus, ut quī permultōs annōs imbellēs ēgissent, trepidāre, L. 9, 45, 10, the army of the Aequians alarmed and irresolute, and naturally, since they had passed a great many years without fighting (1824, 1827).

1941. ut, as for example, is used in illustrations, particularly in abridged sentences (1057): as,

genus est quod plūrēs partēs amplectitur, ut ‘animal.’ pars est, quae subest generī, ut ‘equos,’ Inv. 1, 32, a class is what embraces a number of parts, as ‘living thing’; a part is what is included in a class, as ‘horse.’ sunt bēstiae in quibus inest aliquid simile virtūtis, ut in leōnibus, ut in canibus, Fin. 5, 38, there are brutes in which there is a something like the moral quality of man, as for instance the lion and the dog.

1942. The parenthetical clause with ut or prout sometimes makes an allowance for the meaning of a word, usually an adjective, in the main sentence: as,

cīvitās ampla atque flōrēns, ut est captus Germānōrum, 4, 3, 3, a grand and prosperous community, that is according to German conceptions. ut captus est servōrum, nōn malus, T. Ad. 480, not a bad fellow, as slaves go. Sthenius ab adulēscentiā haec comparārat, supellēctilem ex aere ēlegantiōrem, tabulās pīctās, etiam argentī bene factī prout Thermītānī hominis facultātēs ferēbant, satis, V. 2, 83, Sthenius had been a collector from early years of such things as artistic bronzes, pictures; also of curiously wrought silver a goodly amount, that is as the means of a Thermae man went. Often in abridged sentences: as, scrīptor fuit, ut temporibus illīs, lūculentus, Br. 102, he was a brilliant historian for the times. multae etiam, ut in homine Rōmānō, litterae, CM. 12, furthermore, extensive reading, that is for a Roman. ut illīs temporibus, praedīves, L. 4, 13, 1, a millionaire, for those times.

1943. ut, as indeed, as in fact, with the indicative, is used to represent that an action supposed, conceded, or commanded, really occurs: as,

sit Ennius sānē, ut est certē, perfectior, Br. 76, grant, for aught I care, that Ennius is a more finished poet, as indeed he is. utī erat rēs, Metellum esse ratī, S. I. 69, 1, supposing that it was Metellus, as in fact it was. This use begins in the classical period. It is found particularly with quamvīs, 1905; with sī, see 2017.

1944. ut, as, like, sometimes shows that a noun used predicatively is not literally applicable, but expresses an imputed quality or character: as,

Cicerō ea quae nunc ūsū veniunt cecinit ut vātēs, N. 25, 16, 4, Cicero foretold what is now actually occurring, like a bard inspired. canem et faelem ut deōs colunt, Leg. 1, 32, they bow the knee to dog and cat as gods. quod mē sīcut alterum parentem dīligit, Fam. 5, 8, 4, because he loves me like a second father. rēgiae virginēs, ut tōnstrīculae, tondēbant barbam patris, TD. 5, 58, the princesses used to shave their father, just like common barber-girls. In an untrue or a merely figurative comparison tamquam (1908) or quasi is used.

1945. In old Latin, prae is combined with ut: praeut, compared with how: as, parum etiam, praeut futūrumst, praedicās, Pl. Am. 374, you say too little still compared with how ’twill be. praeut is sometimes followed by a relative clause: as, lūdum iocumque dīcet fuisse illum alterum, praeut huius rabiēs quae dabit, T. Eu. 300, he’ll say the other was but sport and play, compared with what this youth will in his frenzy do.

1946. In Plautus sīcut, with the indicative, has once or twice the meaning of since: as, quīn tū illam iubē abs tē abīre quō lubet: sīcut soror eius hūc gemina vēnit Ephesum, MG. 974, why, bid her go away from you wherever she may choose, since her twin sister here to Ephesus is come.

WITH THE SUBJUNCTIVE.

utī or ut. NEGATIVE ut nē, nē, or ut nōn.

1947. The subjunctive with ut is: (A.) That of action desired (1540), in clauses of purpose; in these the negative is nē, or sometimes ut nē, and and that not, nēve or neu, rarely neque or nec. ut nē, though used at all periods (not by Caesar, Sallust, or Livy), is chiefly found in older Latin; afterwards nē alone took its place (1706). ut nōn is used when the negative belongs to a single word. (B.) That of action conceivable (1554), in clauses of result; in these the negative is ut nōn, ut nēmō, ut nūllus, &c.; or with emphasis on the negative, nēmō ut, nūllus ut, nihil ut; also vix ut, paene ut, prope ut.

1948. Final and consecutive clauses with ut are of two classes: I. Complementary clauses, that is, such as are an essential complement of certain specific verbs or expressions; such clauses have the value of a substantive, and may represent a subject, an object, or any oblique case. II. Pure final or consecutive clauses, in which the purpose or result of any action may be expressed, and which are not essential to complete the sense of a verb.

(A.) Purpose.

I. Complementary Final Clauses.

1949. (1.) The subjunctive with ut or nē is used in clauses which serve to complete the sense of verbs of will or aim.

1950. (a.) Verbs of will include those of desire, request, advice, resolution, stipulation, command, or permission.

Will may be suggested by a general verb or expression: as, dīcō, respondeō, nūntiō, &c.; or denoted by specific ones, of which some of the commonest are: desire: volō (mālō), concupīscō, optō. request: petō, postulō, flāgitō, ōrō, rogō, precor, obsecrō, implōrō, instō, urge, invītō. advice: suādeō, persuādeō, persuade, moneō, bid, admoneō, hortor, cēnseō, propose, vote. resolution, stipulation: dēcernō, statuō, decree, cōnstituō, placet, sanciō, pacīscor, pepigī. command: imperō, praecipiō, praescrībō, mandō, negōtium dō, ēdīcō, ferō, caveō, interdīcō. permission: concēdō, allow, permittō, committō, potestātem faciō, veniam dō, sinō, nōn patior.

1951. (b.) Verbs of aim include those of striving, accomplishing, or inducing; such are:

striving: agō or id agō, animum indūcō, temptō, operam dō, labōrō, nītor, ēnītor, mōlior, videō, prōspiciō, cūrō, nihil antīquius habeō quam, contendō, studeō, pūgnō. accomplishing: faciō (efficiō, perficiō), praestō; mereō; impetrō, adsequor, cōnsequor, adipīscor. inducing: moveō, excitō, incitō, impellō, perpellō, cōgō.

(a.) optāvit ut in currum patris tollerētur, Off. 3, 94, he asked to be lifted into his father’s chariot. optō nē sē illa gēns moveat, Fam. 12, 19, 2, I hope and pray that that nation may not stir. Ubiī ōrābant, ut sibī̆ auxilium ferret, 4, 16, 5, the Ubians begged that he would help them. Pausaniās ōrāre coepit nē ēnūntiāret, N. 4, 4, 6, Pausanias began to beg that he would not tell. hortātus est utī in officiō manēret, 5, 4, 2, he urged him to remain steadfast in duty. hortātur eōs nē animō dēficiant, Caes. C. 1, 19, 1, he urges them not to get disheartened (1752). suīs, ut idem faciant, imperat, 5, 37, 1, he orders his men to do the same. suīs imperāvit nē quod omnīnō tēlum rēicerent, 1, 46, 2, he ordered his men not to throw any weapon at all back. huic permīsit, utī in hīs locīs legiōnem conlocāret, 3, 1, 3, he allowed this man to quarter his legion in these parts. neque suam neque populī Rōmānī cōnsuētūdinem patī, utī sociōs dēsereret, 1, 45, 1, that his practice and that of the Roman nation would not allow him to desert his allies.

(b.) neque id agere ut exercitum teneat ipse, sed nē illī habeant quō contrā sē ūtī possint, Caes. C. 1, 85, 11, and that his object was not to hold the army himself, but to prevent the other side from having an army which they could use against him. XII nāvibus āmissīs, reliquīs ut nāvigārī commodē posset effēcit, 4, 31, 3, a dozen vessels were lost, but he managed to sail comfortably with the rest. eius bellī fāma effēcit nē sē pugnae committerent Sappīnātēs, L. 5, 32, 4, the story of this war prevented the Sappinatians from hazarding an engagement. sī ā Chrȳsogonō nōn impetrāmus ut pecūniā nostrā contentus sit, vītam nē petat, RA. 150, if we do not succeed in making Chrysogonus satisfied with our money without his aiming at our life. Aulum spē pactiōnis perpulit, utī in abditās regiōnēs sēsē īnsequerētur, S. I. 38, 2, Aulus he induced by the hope of a pecuniary settlement to follow him to distant regions. Antōnium pactiōne prōvinciae perpulerat, nē contrā rem pūblicam sentīret, S. C. 26, 4, by agreeing to let Antony have a province, he had induced him not to be disaffected toward the government.

1952. Many of these verbs often have a coordinated subjunctive (1705-1713), or, according to the meaning, admit other constructions, which must in general be learned by reading, or from the dictionary. The following points may be noticed:

1953. (a.) The verbs of resolving, statuō, cōnstituō, and dēcernō, and of striving, nītor, and temptō, have usually the complementary infinitive (2169), unless a new subject is introduced. For volō (mālō), and cupiō, see also 2189; for iubeō, vetō, sinō, and patior, 2198. postulō, expect, often has the same construction as volō, especially in old Latin (2194). For imperō, see 2202.

1954. (b.) Some of the above verbs, with the meaning think or say, have the accusative with the infinitive (2175, 2195): as, volō, contendō, maintain, concēdō, admit, statuō, assume, dēcernō, judge, moneō, remind, persuādeō, convince.

1955. (c.) Verbs of accomplishing sometimes express result rather than purpose, and when the result is negative, are completed by a clause with ut nōn (1965). For the infinitive with such verbs, see 2196.

1956. est with a predicate noun is sometimes equivalent to a verb of will or aim, and has the same construction.

So with words like iūs, lēx, mūnus, &c.: as, iūs esse bellī ut quī vīcissent hīs quōs vīcissent imperārent, 1, 36, 1, that rules of war entitled conquerors to lord it over conquered. quis nescit prīmam esse historiae lēgem, nē quid falsī dīcere audeat? DO. 2, 62, who does not know that the first rule of history is that it shall not venture to say anything false? iūstitiae prīmum mūnus est ut nē cui quis noceat, Off. 1, 20, the first duty of justice is that a man harm nobody. nam id arbitror adprīmē in vītā esse ūtile, ‘ut nē quid nimis,’ T. Andr. 60, for this I hold to be a rule in life that’s passing useful, ‘naught in overplus.’

1957. (2.) The subjunctive with ut or nē is used in clauses which complete expressions of fear, anxiety, or danger.

ut, that not, may not, and nē, lest, may, were originally signs of a wish (1540): thus, vereor, ut fīat, I am afraid; may it come to pass, acquires the meaning of I am afraid it may not come to pass (1706); and vereor, nē fīat, I am afraid; may it not come to pass, of I am afraid it may come to pass. metuō ut is common in old Latin, and is used by Horace, but not by Caesar or Sallust, once by Cicero in the orations. timeō ut is rare, and first used by Cicero. vereor ut is not uncommon.

at vereor ut plācārī possit, T. Ph. 965, but I’m afraid she can’t be reconciled. nē uxor rescīscat metuit, Pl. As. 743, he is afraid his wife may find it out. ō puer, ut sīs vītālis metuō, et maiōrum nē quis amīcus frīgore tē feriat, H. S. 2, 1, 60, my boy, you’ll not see length of days I fear, and that some grander friend may with his coldness cut you dead. nēquid summā dēperdat metuēns aut ampliet ut rem, H. S. 1, 4, 31, in dread lest from his store he something lose or may not add to his estate. metuō nē nōs nōsmet perdiderīmus uspiam, Pl. MG. 428, I’m afraid we’ve lost ourselves somewhere. sollicitus nē turba perēgerit orbem, J. 5, 20, apprehensive that the throng may have finished its round. nē nōn is often, though rarely in old Latin, used for ut, and regularly when the expression of fear is negative: as, nōn vereor nē hoc officium meum P. Servīliō nōn probem, V. 4, 82, I have no fear but I may make my services acceptable in the eyes of Servilius. For nōn metuō quīn, see 1986.

1958. vereor nē is often equivalent to I rather think, and vereor ut to hardly. vidē (videāmus, videndum est) nē, and similar expressions, are sometimes used for vereor nē, to introduce something conjectured rather than proved: as,

vereor nē barbarōrum rēx fuerit, RP. 1, 58, I rather think he was king over savages. vidē nē mea coniectūra multō sit vērior, Clu. 97, I rather think my conjecture is in better keeping with the facts.

1959. Other constructions with expressions of fear are: (a.) Indirect question. (b.) Accusative with infinitive. (c.) Complementary infinitive: as,

(a.) erī semper lēnitās verēbar quorsum ēvāderet, T. Andr. 175, I was afraid how master’s always gentleness would end. timeō quid sit, T. Hau. 620, I have my fears what it may be. timeō quid rērum gesserim, Pl. MG. 397, I am concerned to think what capers I have cut. metuō quid agam, T. Hau. 720, I’m scared and know not what to do (1731). (b.) ego mē cupiditātis rēgnī crīmen subitūrum timērem? L. 2, 7, 9, was I to fear being charged with aspiring to a throne? (c.) vereor cōram in ōs tē laudāre, T. Ad. 269, I am afraid to disgrace you with praise to the face (2168).

1960. (3.) The subjunctive with nē is used in clauses which serve to complete the sense of verbs of avoiding, hindering, and resisting.

Such are: avoiding: caveō, mē ēripiō, vītō. hindering: intercēdō, interdīcō, recūsō, repugnō, temperō; also the following which often have quōminus (1977): dēterreō, impediō, obsistō, obstō, officiō, prohibeō, teneō. resisting: resistō, repugnō, recūsō; with these last often quōminus. Some of the above verbs when preceded by a negative also take quīn (1986); prohibeō and impediō have also the accusative with the infinitive (2203). For the subjunctive coordinated with cavē̆, see 1711.

nē quid eīs noceātur neu quis invītus sacrāmentum dīcere cōgātur ā Caesare cavētur, Caes. C. 1, 86, 4, all precaution is taken by Caesar that no harm be done them, and that nobody be compelled to take the oath against his will. per eōs, nē causam dīceret, sē ēripuit, 1, 4, 2, thanks to this display of retainers he succeeded in avoiding trial. plūra nē scrībam, dolōre impedior, Att. 11, 13, 5, grief prevents me from writing more. nē qua sibī̆ statua pōnerētur restitit, N. 25, 3, 2, he objected to having a statue erected in his honour.

II. Pure Final Clauses.

1961. The subjunctive with ut or nē is used to denote the purpose of the main action.

The purpose is often indicated in the main sentence by an expression like ideō, idcircō, proptereā, eā mente, &c.

vigilās dē nocte, ut tuīs cōnsultōribus respondeās, Mur. 22, you have to get up early in the morning to give advice to your clients. maiōrēs nostrī ab arātrō addūxērunt Cincinnātum, ut dictātor esset, Fin. 2, 12, our fathers brought Cincinnatus from his plough, to be dictator. dīcam auctiōnis causam, ut damnō gaudeant, Pl. St. 207, I’ll tell the reason for the sale, that o’er my losses they may gloat. quīn etiam nē tōnsōrī collum committeret, tondēre fīliās suās docuit, TD. 5, 58, why, he actually taught his own daughters to shave, so as not to trust his throat to a barber. Caesar, nē graviōrī bellō occurreret, ad exercitum proficīscitur, 4, 6, 1, to avoid facing war on a more formidable scale, Caesar goes to the army. tē ulcīscar, ut nē inpūne in nōs inlūseris, T. Eu. 941, I’ll be revenged on you, so that you shan’t play tricks on me for nothing (1947). nē īgnōrārētis esse aliquās pācis vōbīs condiciōnēs, ad vōs vēnī, L. 21, 13, 2, I have come to you to let you know that you have some chances of peace (1754). ita mē gessī nē tibī̆ pudōrī essem, L. 40, 15, 6, I comported myself in such a way that I might not be a mortification to you. Mariōnem ad tē eō mīsī, ut tēcum ad mē venīret, Fam. 16, 1, 1, I sent Mario to you with the intention of having him come with you to me. idcircō nēmō superiōrum attigit, ut hīc tolleret? ideō C. Claudius rettulit, ut C. Verrēs posset auferre? V. 4, 7, was that the reason why no former officials laid a finger on it, that this man might swoop it away? was that why Claudius returned it, that a Verres might carry it off? danda opera est, ut etiam singulīs cōnsulātur, sed ita, ut ea rēs aut prōsit aut certē nē obsit rē̆ī pūblicae, Off. 2, 72, we must be particular in regarding the interests of individuals as well, but with this restriction, that our action may benefit, or at any rate may not damage the country.

1962. The subjunctive with ut or nē is often used not to express the purpose of the main action, but in a parenthetical clause, as though dependant upon some verb unexpressed: as,

ut in pauca cōnferam, testāmentō factō mulier moritur, Caec. 17, to cut a long story short, the woman makes her will and dies. sed ut hīc nē īgnōret, quae rēs agātur: dē nātūrā agēbāmus deōrum, DN. 1, 17, but that our friend here may know what is up: we were just on the nature of the gods. The tense is present, in late writers the perfect, as ut sīc dīxerim, Quint. 1, 6, 1. Here may also be mentioned the use of nēdum (rarely nē or, from Livy on, nēdum ut) with the present subjunctive (rarely the imperfect): as, satrapa numquam sufferre eius sūmptūs queat: nēdum tū possīs, T. Hau. 452, a prince couldn’t stand her extravagance, much less could you. This is found in Terence and Lucretius once each, in Cicero, and later; not in Caesar. The preceding clause is negative or involves a negative idea. From Livy on, the verb may be omitted: as, vix clāmōrem eōrum, nēdum impetum tulēre, L. 34, 20, 7, they hardly stood their war cry, much less their charge.

1963. The subjunctive is used in an assumption or concession with ut or nē, or if the negation belongs to a single word, with ut nōn, nēmō, &c.: as,

ut taceam, quoivīs facile scītū est quam fuerim miser, T. Hec. 296, even supposing I say nothing, anybody can understand how unhappy I was. sed ut haec concēdantur, reliqua quī concēdī possunt? DN. 3, 41, but even supposing this be admitted, how can the rest be admitted? nē sit summum malum dolor, malum certē est, TD. 2, 14, grant that suffering is not the chiefest evil, an evil it assuredly is (1553). vērum ut hoc nōn sit, tamen praeclārum spectāculum mihī̆ prōpōnō, Att. 2, 15, 2, but suppose this be not the case, still I anticipate a gorgeous show. ac iam ut omnia contrā opīniōnem acciderent, tamen sē plūrimum nāvibus posse perspiciēbant, 3, 9, 6, and even supposing everything turned out contrary to expectation, still they saw clearly that they had the advantage by sea. ut enim nēminem alium nisi T. Patinam rogāsset, scīre potuit prōdī flāminem necesse esse, Mil. 46, for even supposing he had asked nobody but Patina, he might have known that a priest must be appointed. This use is common in Cicero, not found in Plautus or Sallust.

1964. The subjunctive with ut or nē, generally with ita as a correlative, sometimes has the force of a proviso: as,

ita probanda est clēmentia, ut adhibeātur sevēritās, Off. 1, 88, mercy is to be commended, provided that strictness is employed. satis memoriae meae tribuent, ut maiōribus meīs dignum crēdant, Ta. 4, 38, they will pay respect enough to my memory, provided they consider me worthy of my ancestors.

(B.) Result.

I. Complementary Consecutive Clauses.

1965. The subjunctive with ut or ut nōn is used in clauses which serve to complete the sense of certain verbs and expressions, chiefly of bringing to pass, happening, and following.

Such are: (a.) faciō, efficiō (unless they imply purpose, 1951); fit, accidit, contingit, ēvenit, est, it is the case; similarly mōs est, cōnsuētūdō est, &c. (b.) proximum est, reliquum est, extrēmum est, relinquitur, restat, accēdit. Or, of logical sequence, sequitur, efficitur.

(a.) fēcērunt ut cōnsimilis fugae profectiō vidērētur, 2, 11, 1, they made their march look exactly like a stampede. splendor vester facit ut peccāre sine summō perīculō nōn possītis, V. 1, 22, your conspicuous position makes it impossible for you to do wrong without great peril. hīs rēbus fīēbat, ut minus lātē vagārentur, 1, 2, 4, so it came to pass that they did not rove round much. fit ut nātūrā ipsā ad ōrnātius dīcendī genus excitēmur, DO. 2, 338, it is sometimes the case that we are roused to a loftier style in oratory by sheer circumstance. potest fierī ut fallar, Fam. 13, 73, 2, it is possible that I am mistaken. fierī nōn potest ut eum tū nōn cōgnōverīs, V. 2, 190, it must be the case that you have made his acquaintance yourself. eādem nocte accidit, ut esset lūna plēna, 4, 29, 1, it came to pass on the same night that there was a full moon (1758). negāvit mōris esse Graecōrum ut in convīviō virōrum accumberent mulierēs, V. 1, 66, he said it was not etiquette among the Greeks for women to go to men’s dinner parties. est hōc commūne vitium in līberīs cīvitātibus, ut invidia glōriae comes sit, N. 12, 3, 3, this is a common trouble in free communities, that envy is the attendant of a great name.

(b.) proximum est, ut doceam, DN. 2, 73, my next task is to prove. relinquēbātur ut neque longius ab āgmine legiōnum discēdī Caesar paterētur, 5, 19, 3, the consequence was that Caesar could not allow any very distant excursion from the main line of march. restat ut doceam omnia hominum causā facta esse, DN. 2, 154, lastly, I must prove that everything is made for man. accēdēbat ut tempestātem ferrent, 3, 13, 9, then, too, they could stand the gale. accēdit ut is not found in old Latin; for accēdit quod, see 1845. ita efficitur ut omne corpus mortāle sit, DN. 3, 30, thus it follows that every bodily substance is mortal. sequitur and efficitur, it follows, often have the accusative with the infinitive (2207). For the subjunctive with quam ut after a comparative of disproportion, see 1896. For fore and futūrum esse ut as the periphrasis for the future infinitive, see 2233.

1966. Verbs of happening may often be rendered best by compacter expressions: thus, hīs rēbus fīēbat ut, consequently; fit ut, once in a while, sometimes, often; fierī potest ut, possibly; accidit ut, accidentally, unfortunately.

1967. faciō ut, or with a negative, commonly committō ut, is used in circumlocutions for emphasis: as,

faciundum mihī̆ putāvī, ut tuīs litterīs brevī respondērem, Fam. 3, 8, 1, I thought I ought to take hold and write a few lines in answer to your letter. ego vērō nōn committam, ut tibī̆ causam recūsandī dem, DO. 2, 233, no, no, sir, I will not be guilty, not I, of giving you an excuse to back out. So particularly with invītus, libenter, prope: as, invītus fēcī ut L. Flāminīnum ē senātū ēicerem, CM. 42, it was with great reluctance that I expelled Flamininus from the senate.

1968. A subjunctive clause with ut is often used to define a preceding idea indicated in a general way by a neuter pronoun: as,

post eius mortem nihilō minus Helvētiī id, quod cōnstituerant, facere cōnantur, ut ē fīnibus suīs exeant, 1, 5, 1, after his death the Helvetians attempted just the same to carry out their resolution of moving out of their abodes (1752). omnibus Gallīs idem esse faciendum, quod Helvētiī fēcerint, ut domō ēmigrent, 1, 31, 14, that all the Gauls must do just as the Helvetians had done and move away from home. Helvētiī, cum id, quod ipsī diēbus XX aegerrimē cōnfēcerant, ut flūmen trānsīrent, illum ūnō diē fēcisse intellegerent, lēgātōs mittunt, 1, 13, 2, when the Helvetians learned that the Roman commander had done in a single day what they had found it hard themselves to do in twenty, namely cross the river, they sent deputies (1752). id aliquot dē causīs acciderat, ut subitō Gallī bellī renovandi cōnsilium caperent, 3, 2, 2, it was due to a variety of reasons that the Gauls suddenly conceived the idea of making war again (1758). hocine bonī esse officium servī exīstumas, ut erī suī corrumpat et rem et fīlium? Pl. Most. 27, is this what you think the duty of a good slave, to waste his own master’s property and corrupt his son?

1969. tantum abest, so far from, is sometimes followed by a double ut, the first introducing an unreal, and the second a real action: as,

tantum abest ut haec bēstiārum causā parāta sint, ut ipsās bēstiās hominum grātiā generātās esse videāmus, DN. 2, 158, so far from these things being made for brutes, we see that brutes themselves were created for man. This use, very rarely personal, begins with Cicero, and is common in his writings and in Livy. Not in Caesar, Sallust, or Tacitus. Sometimes instead of ut the second sentence is coordinated (1700): tantum abfuit ut īnflammārēs nostrōs animōs, somnum vix tenēbāmus, Br. 278, so far from your firing our heart, we could hardly keep awake. Or, the idea is expressed by ita nōn . . . ut: as, erat ita nōn timidus ad mortem, ut in aciē sit ob rem pūblicam interfectus, Fin. 2, 63, so far from being afraid of death, he fell in battle for his country.

II. Pure Consecutive Clauses.

1970. The subjunctive is used with ut or ut nōn to denote result.

The result may be the result of an action or of a thing named in the main sentence. The main sentence often has a correlative to ut, expressing (a.) degree: as, tantus, so great, tam, so (with adjectives or adverbs), adeō, tantopere. (b.) quality: as, is (hīc, ille, iste), such, tālis, ita, sīc.

mōns altissimus impendēbat, ut facile perpaucī prohibēre possent, 1, 6, 1, an exceeding high mountain hung over, so that a very few could block the way. dictitābant sē domō expulsōs, omnibus necessāriīs egēre rēbus, ut honestā praescrīptiōne rem turpissimam tegerent, Caes. C. 3, 32, 4, they stoutly declared that they were driven out of house and home, and lacked the necessaries of life, thus veiling dishonour under the name of respectability.

(a.) Ariovistus tantōs sibī̆ spīritūs sūmpserat, ut ferendus nōn vidērētur, 1, 33, 5, Ariovistus had put on such high and mighty airs as to seem intolerable. adeō angustō marī cōnflīxit, ut eius multitūdō nāvium explicārī nōn potuerit, N. 2, 4, 5, he went into action in such cramped sea-room, that his armada could not deploy, of Xerxes (1757).

(b.) eōs dēdūxī testēs ut dē istīus factō dubium esse nēminī possit, V. 4, 91, I have brought such witnesses that nobody can entertain a doubt of the defendant’s guilt. ita sē recipiēbat ut nihil nisi dē perniciē populī Rōmānī cōgitāret, Ph. 4, 4, he retreated, it is true, but retreated with his mind running on nothing but how to ruin the country. illa, ex tūribulīs quae ēvellerat, ita scītē in aureīs pōculīs inligābat, ut ea ad illam rem nāta esse dīcerēs, V. 4, 54, what he had torn from the censers he attached to golden cups so cunningly that you would have said it was just made for that very purpose (1731, 1559).

For the imperfect subjunctive connected with a main general present, see 1751; for the independent present or perfect subjunctive with a main secondary tense, see 1757.

ubī̆.

1971. ubī̆, in the sense of where (709), has the ordinary construction of a relative (1812-1831). For ubī̆, when, see 1923-1926 and 1932-1934; as a synonym of sī, if, see 2110.

quō or quī.

1972. quō, whereby, wherewith, or in old Latin sometimes quī (689), is the instrumental ablative from the relative and interrogative stem qui-. Combined with minus, the less, not, quō gives quōminus.

WITH THE INDICATIVE.

1973. The indicative is used with quō and a comparative in the protasis of a comparative period, with eō or hōc and a comparative as correlative (1393): as,

quō dēlictum maius est, eō poena est tardior, Caec. 7, the greater the sin is, the slower is the punishment. The eō or hōc is sometimes omitted: as, quō plūrēs sumus, plūribus rēbus egēbimus, L. 34, 34, 6, the more numerous we are, the more things we shall need. In late writers, the comparative is sometimes omitted in the main clause, very rarely in the subordinate clause. quantō . . . tantō are also used like quō . . . eō: as, quantō diūtius cōnsīderō, tantō mihī̆ rēs vidētur obscūrior, DN. 1, 60, the longer I puzzle over it, the more incomprehensible the question seems to me. quantō magis extergeō, tenuius fit, Pl. R. 1301, the more I polish, the slimmer it gets. This form is sometimes used with quisque or quis of indefinite persons, instead of the commoner ut . . . ita or sīc (1939): as, quō quisque est sollertior, hōc docet labōriōsius, RC. 31, the brighter a man is, the more wearisome he finds teaching. quō quisque est maior, magis est plācābilis īrae, O. Tr. 3, 5, 31, the greater be the man, the easier ’tis his anger to appease.

WITH THE SUBJUNCTIVE.

1974. The subjunctive is used with quō to express purpose.

quō differs but little in meaning from ut of purpose. It is used (a.) particularly in clauses containing a comparative expression, or (b.) in solemn law language.

(a.) equitēs omnibus in locīs pugnant, quō sē legiōnāriīs mīlitibus praeferrent, 2, 27, 2, the troopers fought on every kind of ground, hoping to outshine the regular infantry thereby. medicō putō aliquid dandum esse, quō sit studiōsior, Fam. 16, 4, 2, I think it would be well to fee your medical man, to make him more attentive. id amābō adiūtā mē quō id fīat facilius, T. Eu. 150, help me in that, I pray, that it may be the easier done. sublāta erat celebritās virōrum ac mulierum, quō lāmentātiō minuerētur, Leg. 2, 65, the large attendance of both sexes was done away with, to make the weeping and wailing less harrowing. (b.) hominī mortuō nē ossa legitō, quō pos fūnus faciat, Twelve Tables in Leg. 2, 60, he shall not gather up the bones of a dead man, with intent to celebrate the funeral a second time (1586). quī eōrum coiīt, coierit, quō quis iūdiciō pūblicō condemnārētur, law in Clu. 148, whosoever of that number conspired or shall have conspired to have anybody condemned in a criminal court. Otherwise rarely used without a comparative expression, yet occasionally found thus in Plautus, Terence, Sallust, and Ovid: as, hanc simulant parere quō Chremētem absterreant, T. Andr. 472, they’re pretending that she’s lying in, to frighten Chremes off. So often in Tacitus.

1975. quō nē, in a negative clause of purpose, is found in a disputed passage in Horace, but not again until late Latin. For nōn quō, nōn eō quō, introducing an untenable reason, see 1855.

1976. In old Latin quī, whereby, wherewith, withal, is partly felt as a live relative pronoun in the ablative, and partly as a mere conjunction of purpose; as a pronoun it may even take a preposition; as a conjunction, it may refer to a plural antecedent (689): as, quasi patriciīs puerīs aut monērulae aut anitēs aut cōturnīcēs dantur, quīcum lūsitent: itidem mī haec upupa, quī mē dēlectem datast, Pl. Cap. 1002, as to the sons of gentlemen or daws or ducks or quails are given, wherewith to play; just so to me this crow is given, to entertain myself withal. enim mihi quidem aequomst dari vehicla quī vehar, Pl. Aul. 500, in sooth ‘t were fair that carriages be given me, to ride withal. The indicative occurs where the subjunctive would be used in classical Latin: as, multa concurrunt simul, quī coniectūram hanc faciō, T. Andr. 511, a thousand things combine whereby I come to this conjecture.

quōminus.

1977. The subjunctive with quōminus (1972) is used to complete the sense of verbs of hindering or resisting.

Such verbs are: impediō, teneō, hinder, interclūdō, dēterreō, obstō, obsistō, resistō, repugnō, nōn recūsō; these verbs often have a subjunctive with nē (1960). Cicero rarely and Caesar never uses quōminus with impediō or prohibeō. For the accusative and infinitive with these verbs, see 2203. quōminus is also used with moveor, am influenced, fit, it is owing to, stat per aliquem, somebody is responsible, or indeed any expression implying hindrance. When the verb of hindering has a negative with it, quīn is often used; see 1986.

nōn dēterret sapientem mors, quōminus rē̆ī pūblicae suīsque cōnsulat, TD. 1, 91, death does not hinder the wise man from working for country and friends. quid obstat, quōminus sit beātus? DN. 1, 95, what is to hinder his being happy? neque recūsāvit quōminus lēgis poenam subīret, N. 15, 8, 2, and he did not decline to submit to the penalty of the law. Caesar, ubī̆ cōgnōvit per Āfrānium stāre quōminus proeliō dīmicārētur, castra facere cōnstituit, Caes. C. 1, 41, 3, when Caesar learned that owing to Afranius there was no battle, he resolved to build a camp. sī tē dolor corporis tenuit, quōminus ad lūdōs venīrēs, fortūnae magis tribuō quam sapientiae tuae, Fam. 7, 1, 1, if it was bodily suffering that kept you from coming to the performances, I think more highly of your luck than of your sense. Terence first uses quōminus thus, but only rarely. He also sometimes uses the parts separately so that the true relative and negative forces appear: as, sī sēnserō quicquam in hīs tē nūptiīs fallāciae cōnārī, quō fīant minus, T. Andr. 196, if I catch you trying on any trick in the matter of this marriage through which it may not come off (1451).

1978. In Tacitus, quōminus is sometimes found where quīn would be used in classical Latin (1986): as, nec dubitātum quōminus pācem concēderent, Ta. H. 2, 45, there was no hesitation in granting peace.

1979. It may be mentioned here that quō sētius with the subjunctive, instead of quōminus, is found twice in Cicero’s earliest extant prose, and twice in older Latin.

quīn.

1980. quīn is composed of quī, the ablative or locative of the interrogative and relative stem qui- (689), and -ne, not. It is used in simple sentences and as a conjunctive particle.

1981. For the use of quīn, why not, in questions with the indicative, see 1526. Such questions have the sense of an affirmative command or exhortation (1531): as, quīn abīs, Pl. MG. 1087, why won’t you begone? or get you gone. quīn cōnscendimus equōs, L. 1, 57, 7, why not mount, or to horse, to horse. For the use of quīn without interrogative force, see 1527.

1982. quīn is found occasionally with the subjunctive in a direct question in Plautus, Terence, Lucilius, Lucretius, Cicero, and Tacitus: thus, quīn ego hōc rogem? Pl. MG. 426, why shouldn’t I ask this? (1563).

1983. The subjunctive with the conjunctive particle quīn is used, particularly in old Latin, in connection with the common formula nūlla causa est or its equivalents.

Such a subjunctive may be regarded as original (1786) or as due to the indirect form of question (1773).

nūlla causast quīn mē condōnēs crucī, Pl. R. 1070, there’s no reason why you shouldn’t deliver me up to execution. quīn dēcēdam, nūlla causa est, Fam. 2, 17, 1, there is no reason why I should not retire. quid causaest quīn in pistrīnum rēctā proficīscar viā? T. Andr. 600, what’s the reason I don’t march straight into the mill? haud causificor quīn eam habeam, Pl. Aul. 755, I don’t quibble against keeping her.

1984. mīrum quīn with the subjunctive is used by Plautus in sarcastic expressions where mīrum is ironical: as, mīrum quīn tū illō tēcum dīvitiās ferās, Pl. Tri. 495, strange enough, how you can’t take your money there with you, that is to Hades.

1985. The subjunctive with quīn (or ut nōn) is used after nōn possum, or nōn possum with an infinitive, usually facere, and with fierī nōn potest: as,

nōn enim possum quīn exclāmem, eugē, eugē, Lȳsitelēs, πάλιν, Pl. Tri. 705, upon my word I must cry bravo, bravo, Lysiteles; encore! facere nōn potuī quīn tibī̆ sententiam dēclārārem, Fam. 6, 13, 1, I could not help giving you my views. fierī nūllō modō poterat, quīn Cleomenī parcerētur, V. 5, 104, it was impossible not to spare Cleomenes. ēheu, nequeō quīn fleam, quom abs tē abeam, Pl. MG. 1342, O well-a-day, I needs must weep, for that from thee I part. nōn potuistī ūllō modō facere, ut mihī̆ illam epistulam nōn mitterēs, Att. 11, 21, 1, you could not get along at all without writing me that letter (1965).

1986. The subjunctive with quīn is used in clauses which complete the sense of verbs of restraining, abstaining, delaying, or doubting, when such verbs have a negative, expressed or implied.

Such verbs are (a.) restraining: temperō mihī̆, teneō, restrain, retineō, contineō, dēterreō, reprimō. abstaining: praetermittō, intermittō. delaying: cunctor, differō, exspectō, recūsō; nōn multum, nihil, paulum abest. (b.) doubting: dubitō, dubium est; a doubt may also be implied in other words, or forms of words: as, nōn metuō, nōn abest suspīciō, &c.

(a.) neque sibī̆ hominēs barbarōs temperātūrōs exīstimābat, quīn in prōvinciam exīrent, 1, 33, 4, and he thought, as they were savages, they would not restrain themselves, but would sally out into the province. vix mē contineō quīn involem mōnstrō in capillum, T. Eu. 859, I scarce can keep from flying at the caitiff’s hair. nihil praetermīsī, quīn Pompēium ā Caesaris coniūnctiōne āvocārem, Ph. 2, 23, I left no stone unturned to prevent Pompey from joining Caesar. abstinēre quīn attingās nōn queās, Pl. B. 915, you can’t keep from touching it. (b.) nōn dubitat, quīn tē ductūrum negēs, T. Andr. 405, he doesn’t doubt that you’ll refuse to marry. quis dubitet, quīn in virtūte dīvitiae sint? Par. 48, who can doubt that there is money in virtue? neque abest suspīciō quīn ipse sibī̆ mortem cōnscīverit, 1, 4, 4, and ground is not wanting for the belief that he made away with himself.

1987. nōn dubitō has other constructions: (a.) Indirect question. (b.) Accusative with the infinitive (in some authors: chiefly Nepos and Livy and later writers). (c.) Meaning not hesitate, the infinitive alone (2169). quīn seldom follows this meaning.

(a.) nōn dubitō, quid nōbīs agendum putēs, Att. 10, 1, 2, I have no doubt about what you think is our duty to do. (b.) neque enim dubitābant hostem ventūrum, L. 22. 55, 2, for they firmly believed the enemy would come. (c.) quid dubitāmus pultāre? Pl. B. 1117, why do we hesitate to knock? nōlīte dubitāre quīn huic crēdātis omnia, IP. 68, do not hesitate to trust all to him.

1988. The subjunctive with quīn is often used after general negative assertions, or questions implying a negative: as,

nēmō fuit omnīnō mīlitum quīn vulnerārētur, Caes. C. 3, 53, 3, there was absolutely not a single soldier but was wounded. nūllust Ephesī quīn sciat, Pl. B. 336, there’s not a soul at Ephesus but knows. quis in circum vēnit, quīn is ūnōquōque gradū dē avāritiā tuā commonērētur? V. 1, 154, who came to the circus without being reminded of your avarice at each and every step? nūlla fuit cīvitās quīn partem senātūs Cordubam mitteret, nōn cīvis Rōmānus quīn convenīret, Caes. C. 2, 19, 2, there was not a community but sent a part of its local senate to Corduba, not a Roman citizen, but went to the meeting. For quī nōn after such expressions, see 1821. The main sentence often has tam, ita, sīc, or tantus: as, nēmō est tam fortis, quīn rē̆ī novitāte perturbētur, 6, 39, 3, there was nobody so brave but was demoralized by the strangeness of the situation. nīl tam difficilest quīn quaerendō investīgārī possiet, T. Hau. 675, there’s naught so hard but may by searching be tracked out. Instead of quīn, ut nōn or quī nōn is often used in such combinations (1821).

1989. The subjunctive in an untenable reason, negatively put, is sometimes introduced by nōn quīn instead of nōn quod nōn or nōn quō nōn (1855): as, nōn quīn parī virtūte aliī fuerint, Ph. 7, 6, not that others may not have been his peers in virtue.

1990. quīn is used very rarely instead of quōminus to introduce clauses completing the sense of verbs which have no negative expressed or implied: as, once each in the Bellum Alexandrīnum, in Tacitus, and in Seneca’s prose.

dum, dōnec, quoad, quamdiū.

1991. With the temporal particles dum, while, until, and dōnec, until (in old Latin dōnicum and in Lucretius dōnique), may be conveniently treated the relative quaad or quoad (that is quā or quō combined with ad), while, until, and the comparative quamdiū, as long as.

1992. dum, while, means originally a while (1151): as, circumspice dum, Pl. Tri. 146, look round you a while, a minute, just look round (1573). dum servī meī perplacet mihi cōnsilium, dum haud placet, Pl. Merc. 348, one while my slave’s plan suits me completely, another while it doesn’t suit. dum . . . dum, Accius in DN. 2, 89, one while . . . another.

1993. As a pure conjunctive particle, dum, while, means either (A.) in the time while, or (B.) all the time while; in the latter sense quoad and quamdiū are also used. From all the time while, dum comes to mean (C.) as long as, provided; and (D.) until; in this sense quoad and dōnec are also used.

1994. The indicative is used in a protasis introduced by dum, quoad, or quamdiū, while; and the subjunctive in a protasis introduced by dum, provided, or until.

The subjunctive is also used for special reasons, as in indirect discourse (1725), by attraction (1728), of action conceivable (1731), or by late writers to express repeated past action (1730). See also 1997 and 2009, end.

(A.) dum, in the time while.

1995. The present indicative is regularly used with dum, in the time while (1739).

dum sometimes has as correlative subitō, repente; iam, intereā, &c.

The main verb may be present, future, or past; as, dum haec dīcit, abiīt hōra, T. Eu. 341, while he thus prated, sped an hour away. īnficī dēbet iīs artibus quās sī, dum est tener, combiberit, ad maiōra veniet parātior, Fin. 3, 9, he should be imbued with such arts as will, if absorbed while he is young, render him the better equipped to deal with weightier business. nunc rem ipsam, ut gesta sit, dum breviter vōbīs dēmōnstrō, attendite, Tul. 13, now give your attention to the case itself, while I set forth to you briefly how it occurred. dum in hīs locīs Caesar morātur, ad eum lēgātī vēnērunt, 4, 22, 1, while Caesar tarried in these regions, some envoys came to him. dum haec aguntur, vōce clārā exclāmat, Pl. Am. 1120, while this was going on, with clarion voice he cries aloud. haec dum aguntur, intereā Cleomenēs iam ad Helōrī lītus pervēnerat, V. 5, 91, while this was going on, Cleomenes meantime had already arrived at the shore of Helorum. The phrase dum haec geruntur, meanwhile, is often used by the historians to shift the scene: as, dum haec in Venetīs geruntur, Q. Titūrius Sabīnus in fīnēs Venellōrum pervēnit, 3, 17, 1, while this was going on among the Veneti, Sabinus arrived in the territory of the Venelli. The present indicative is sometimes retained in indirect discourse, chiefly in poetry or late prose: as, dīc, hospes, Spartae nōs tē hīc vīdisse iacentīs, dum sānctīs patriae lēgibus obsequimur, TD. 1, 101, tell it at Sparta, friend, that thou hast seen us lying here, obedient to our country’s holy laws. dīcit sēsē illī ānulum, dum lūctat, dētrāxisse, T. Hec. 829, he says that, in the struggle, he pulled off her ring.

1996. The future is rare and chiefly confined to old Latin: as,

animum advortite, dum huius argūmentum ēloquar cōmoediae, Pl. prol. Am. 95, attention lend, while I set forth the subject of this comedy. dum pauca dīcam, breviter attendite, V. 3, 163, while I speak briefly, give me your attention a few moments.

1997. The imperfect indicative is rare; the imperfect subjunctive is sometimes used, chiefly by the poets and historians: as,

(a.) dum haec Vēīs agēbantur, interim capitōlium in ingentī perīculō fuit, L. 5, 47, 1, while this was going on at Vei, the capital meanwhile was in terrible peril. The pluperfect of resulting state is rarer: as, dum in ūnam partem oculōs hostium certāmen āverterat, plūribus locīs capitur mūrus, L. 32, 24, 5, while the eyes of the enemy were turned away in one direction toward the fight, the wall is carried in several places (1615). (b.) dum sē rēx āverteret, alter ēlātam secūrim in caput dēiēcit, L. 1, 40, 7, while the king was looking another way, the second man raised his axe and brought it down on his head.

1998. The clause with dum often denotes the cause of the main action, particularly when the subjects of both verbs are the same and the action of the protasis is coincident with that of the apodosis (1733).

dum docent, discunt, Sen. E. 7, 8, while they are teaching, they are learning, or, by teaching they learn. nīmīrum didicī etiam, dum in istum inquīrō, artificum nōmina, V. 4, 4, preposterous as it may seem, in hunting up evidence against the defendant, I have actually learned artists’ names. The main action is often one not anticipated or desired: as, ita dum pauca mancipia retinēre volt, fortūnās omnīs lībertātemque suam perdidit, Caecil. 56, so in her attempt to keep a few human chattels, she sacrificed all her possessions and her own liberty. dum vītant stultī vitia, in contrāria currunt, H. S. 1, 2, 24, while fools essay a vice to shun, into its opposite they run. Sometimes with the perfect: as, dum Alexandrī similis esse voluit, L. Crassī inventus est dissimillimus, Br. 282, from his desire to be like Alexander, he came out just the opposite of Crassus.

(B.) dum, quoad, quamdiū (dōnec), all the time while.

1999. dum, quoad, or quamdiū, all the time while, often has as correlative tamdiū, tantum, tantummodo, tantisper, usque, or ita. When tamdiū is used, quam often stands for quamdiū.

2000. (1.) When the main verb is present or future, the protasis with dum, quoad, or quamdiū, all the time while, is usually in the same tense as the main verb: as,

mane dum scrībit, Pl. B. 737, wait while he writes. aegrōtō dum anima est, spēs esse dīcitur, Att. 9, 10, 3, as long as a sick man has breath he is said to have hope. vidua vīvitō vel usque dum rēgnum optinēbit Iuppiter, Pl. Men. 727, may’st widowed live e’en long as Jupiter shall reign. ego tē meum esse dīcī tantisper volō, dum quod tē dignumst faciēs, T. Hau. 106, I’ll have thee called my son but just so long as thou shalt act as doth become thee. dum Latīnae loquentur litterae, quercus huic locō nōn deerit, Leg. 1, 2, as long as Latin literature has the gift of speech, this spot will not lack its oak (1733). quamdiū quisquam erit quī tē dēfendere audeat, vīvēs, C. 1, 6, as long as there shall be a soul who will venture to defend you, you shall live on. discēs quamdiū volēs, tamdiū autem velle dēbēbis quoad tē quantum prōficiās nōn paenitēbit, Off. 1, 2, you shall study as long as you want to, and it will be proper for you to want to, as long as you are satisfied with your progress. dandum hordeum et furfurēs usque quaad erunt lactantēs, Varro R. R. 2, 7, 12, give them barley and bran as long as they are sucklings. quoad, as long as, is not found in Terence.

2001. (2.) With quamdiū the perfect is used when the main verb is perfect; with dum or quoad the perfect or imperfect is used when the main verb is perfect or pluperfect, and the imperfect usually when the main verb is imperfect: as,

(a.) quōrum quamdiū mānsit imitātiō, tamdiū genus illud dīcendī vīxit, DO. 2, 94, as long as the imitation of these men lasted, so long was that style in vogue. tenuit locum tamdiū quam ferre potuit labōrem, Br. 236, he held the position as long as he could stand the work. In this use quamdiū is found first in Cicero.

(b.) vīxit, dum vīxit, bene, T. Hec. 461, he lived well all the time he lived (1733). avus noster quoad vīxit, restitit M. Grātidiō, Leg. 3, 36, our grandfather as long as he lived, opposed Gratidius.

(c.) Massiliēnsēs quoad licēbat, circumvenīre nostrōs contendēbant, Caes. C. 1, 58, 1, as long as the Massilia people had a chance, they kept trying to surround our men. dum necesse erat, rēsque ipsa cōgēbat, ūnus omnia poterat, RA. 139, as long as it had to be, and circumstances demanded, one man controlled the world (1733). From Sallust on, the present of vivid narration (1590) is occasionally found with dum in this sense.

2002. In poetry and in late prose writers, beginning with Lucretius and Livy, dōnec is used in the sense of all the time while, usually with the indicative, but sometimes with the subjunctive of repeated past action: as, dōnec grātus eram tibī, Persārum viguī rēge beātior, H. 3, 9, 1, as long as I was loved of thee, I flourished happier than the Persians’ king. dōnec armātī cōnfertīque abībant, peditum labor in persequendō fuit, L. 6, 13, 4, as long as they were moving off under arms and in close array, the task of pursuit fell to the infantry. vulgus trucīdātum est dōnec īra et diēs permānsit, Ta. 1, 68, the rank and file were butchered as long as wrath and daylight held out. nihil trepidābant, dōnec continentī velut ponte agerentur, L. 21, 28, 10, the elephants were not a bit skittish as long as they were driven along what seemed a continuous bridge (1730). The future is rare: as, nātus enim dēbet quīcumque est velle manēre in vītā, dōnec retinēbit blanda voluptās, Lucr. 5, 177, whoe’er is born must wish in life to abide, so long as him fond pleasure shall detain. dōnec eris fēlīx, multōs numerābis amīcōs, O. Tr. 1, 9, 5, as long as fortune smiles, thou troops shalt count of friends.

(C.) dum, as long as, provided, so.

2003. The present and imperfect subjunctive are used in provisos introduced by dum, as long as, provided, so.

dum is sometimes accompanied by modo, only, or quidem, that is; or (from Terence on) modo is used without dum. The negative is nē (from Ovid on, sometimes nōn); nē sometimes has as correlative ita.

ōderint dum metuant, Poet. in Suet. Cal. 30, let them hate, so they fear. absit, dum modo laude partā domum recipiat sē, Pl. Am. 644, let him go, so only he come home with glory won. postulābant prō homine miserrimō, quī vel ipse sēsē in cruciātum darī cuperet, dum dē patris morte quaererētur, RA. 119, they made the request in behalf of a pitiable wretch, who would be only too glad to be put to the rack himself, so his father’s death might be investigated. itaque dum locus comminus pugnandī darētur, aequō animō singulās bīnīs nāvibus obiciēbant, Caes. C. 1, 58, 4, therefore, so a chance was given to fight hand to hand, they did not mind pitting one of their vessels against two of the enemy’s. sī ē̆ī permissum esset, ita id sacrum faceret, dum nē plūs quīnque sacrificiō interessent, L. 39, 18, 9, if he were allowed, he might perform the sacrifice far better, provided that not more than five people should have a part in the ceremonial. dum quidem nēquid percontēris quod nōn lubeat prōloquī, Pl. Aul. 211, provided at least you ask nothing that I may not like to disclose. volet, cīvis modo haec sit, T. Eu. 889, he’ll consent, only let her be a free born maid. magnō mē metū līberābis, dum modo inter mē atque tē mūrus intersit, C. 1, 10, you will relieve me of great fear, provided only there be a wall interposed between you and myself.

(D.) dum, quoad, dōnec, until.

2004. dum, quoad or dōnec, until, often has as correlative usque, usque eō, usque ad eum fīnem or tamdiū.

dum, until.

2005. The subjunctive present is used in a protasis introduced by dum, until, when the main verb denotes either indefinite or present time, and the subjunctive imperfect when the main verb is past.

The subjunctive is an extension of the subjunctive of desire (1540); the clause denotes something expected or proposed.

is dum veniat sedens ibī̆ opperībere, Pl. B. 48, you shall sit there waiting till he comes. ōrandī sunt, ut sī quam habent ulcīscendī vim, differant in tempus aliud, dum dēfervēscat īra, TD. 4, 78, we must always ask such people, if they have any chance to take vengeance, to put it off to some other time, till their rage cool down. cēnseō latendum tantisper ibīdem, dum effervēscit haec grātulātiō et simul dum audiāmus, quemadmodum negōtium cōnfectum sit, Fam. 9, 2, 4, I advise lying low where you are, while the present congratulation excitement is cooling off, and at the same time till we may hear how the job was done. dum reliquae nāvēs eō convenīrent, in ancorīs exspectāvit, 4, 23, 4, he waited at anchor till the rest of the vessels should gather there (1725). Verginius dum collēgam cōnsuleret morātus, dictātōrem dīxit, L. 4, 21, 10, Verginius, after waiting till he should consult his colleague, appointed a dictator. observāvit dum dormitāret canēs, Pl. Tri. 170, he watched till the dog should be napping.

2006. The present indicative with dum, while, is sometimes used where the subjunctive might be expected with dum, until (1593). Other indicative tenses are rarely thus used: as,

(a.) expectābō, dum venit, T. Eu. 206, I will wait while he comes. ego hīc tantisper, dum exīs, tē opperiar, Pl. Most. 683, I’ll wait for you here a while till you come out. ego in Arcānō opperior, dum ista cōgnōscō, Att. 10, 3, for myself I am waiting at the Arcae place, till I ascertain this. (b.) mihī̆ quidem usque cūrae erit, quid agās, dum quid ēgerīs, scierō, Fam. 12, 19, 3, for me I shall be anxious all the time to know what you are doing, till I know what you have done. mānsit in condiciōne usque ad eum fīnem dum iūdicēs rēiectī sunt, V. a. pr. 16, he stuck to his bargain till the jurors were challenged.

quoad, dōnec, until.

2007. quoad or dōnec, until, introduces a protasis in the present subjunctive when the main verb is present or future; and in the perfect indicative when the main verb is past or a general present.

quoad is found once in Plautus with the imperfect subjunctive (2008); in other authors here and there with both moods; not in Tacitus. With dōnec the present subjunctive is found once in Plautus, rarely in late Latin and in poetry; the perfect indicative is found at all periods; the present indicative (1590), found once in Plautus, is poetic and late. But dōnec is rarely used by Cicero, and never by Caesar or Sallust. dōnicum is found in old Latin (not in Terence) with the indicative (2009), and once in Nepos with the subjunctive of indirect discourse. dōnique is found four times in Lucretius with the indicative, always before vowels (2009). dōneque and dōneque cum seem to occur a few times in Vitruvius.

(a.) ego hīc cōgitō commorārī, quoad mē reficiam, Fam. 7, 26, 2, I am thinking of staying here till I feel better. ea continēbis, quoad ipse tē videam, Att. 13, 21, 4, you will keep this back till I see you myself. expergēfactīque secuntur inānia saepe cervōrum simulācra, dōnec discussīs redeant errōribus ad sē, Lucr. 4, 995, and when awakened, often they still keep hunting the shadowy forms of stags, until the delusion is shaken off and they come to themselves. magnus mīrandusque cliēns sedet ad praetōria rēgis, dōnec Bīthȳnō libeat vigilāre tyrannō, J. 10, 160, a vassal great and strange he sits in the king’s gate, till it may suit his oriental majesty to wake. inter eadem pecora dēgunt, dōnec aetās sēparet ingenuōs, Ta. G. 20, they always live among the same flocks and herds, till maturity puts the free-born by themselves.