SCHEME OF CONTENTS
Reading edition
BOOK I THE MAKING OF OUR WORLD
PAGE
Chapter I. The Earth in Space and Time3
Chapter II. The Record of the Rocks
§ 1.The first living things7
§ 2.How old is the world?13
Chapter III. Natural Selection and the Changes of Species16
Chapter IV. The Invasion of the Dry Land by Life
§ 1.Life and water23
§ 2.The earliest animals25
Chapter V. Changes in the World’s Climate
§ 1.Why life must change continually29
§ 2.The sun a steadfast star34
§ 3.Changes from within the earth35
§ 4.Life may control change36
Chapter VI. The Age of Reptiles
§ 1.The age of lowland life38
§ 2.Flying dragons43
§ 3.The first birds43
§ 4.An age of hardship and death44
§ 5.The first appearance of fur and feathers47
Chapter VII. The Age of Mammals
§ 1.A new age of life51
§ 2.Tradition comes into the world52
§ 3.An age of brain growth56
§ 4.The world grows hard again57
§ 5.Chronology of the Ice Age59
BOOK II THE MAKING OF MEN
Chapter VIII. The Ancestry of Man
§ 1.Man descended from a walking ape62
§ 2.First traces of man-like creatures68
§ 3.The Heidelberg sub-man69
§ 4.The Piltdown sub-man70
§ 5.The riddle of the Piltdown remains72
Chapter IX. The Neanderthal Men, an Extinct Race. (The Early Palæolithic Age)
§ 1.The world 50,000 years ago75
§ 2.The daily life of the first men79
§ 3.The last Palæolithic men84
Chapter X. The Later Postglacial Palæolithic Men, the First True Men. (Later Palæolithic Age)
§ 1.The coming of men like ourselves86
§ 2.Subdivision of the Later Palæolithic95
§ 3.The earliest true men were clever savages98
§ 4.Hunters give place to herdsmen101
§ 5.No sub-men in America102
Chapter XI. Neolithic Man in Europe
§ 1.The age of cultivation begins104
§ 2.Where did the Neolithic culture arise?108
§ 3.Everyday Neolithic life109
§ 4.How did sowing begin?116
§ 5.Primitive trade118
§ 6.The flooding of the Mediterranean Valley118
Chapter XII. Early Thought
§ 1.Primitive philosophy122
§ 2.The Old Man in religion125
§ 3.Fear and hope in religion126
§ 4.Stars and seasons127
§ 5.Story-telling and myth-making129
§ 6.Complex origins of religion130
Chapter XIII. The Races of Mankind
§ 1.Is mankind still differentiating?136
§ 2.The main races of mankind140
§ 3.Was there an Alpine race?142
§ 4.The Heliolithic culture of the Brunet peoples146
§ 5.How existing races may be related to each other148
Chapter XIV. The Languages of Mankind
§ 1.No one primitive language150
§ 2.The Aryan languages151
§ 3.The Semitic languages153
§ 4.The Hamitic languages154
§ 5.The Ural-Altaic languages156
§ 6.The Chinese languages157
§ 7.Other language groups157
§ 8.Submerged and lost languages161
§ 9.How languages may be related163
BOOK III THE DAWN OF HISTORY
Chapter XV. The Aryan-speaking Peoples in Prehistoric Times
§ 1.The spreading of the Aryan-speakers167
§ 2.Primitive Aryan life169
§ 3.Early Aryan daily life176
Chapter XVI. The First Civilizations
§ 1.Early cities and early nomads183
§ 2A. The riddle of the Sumerians188
§ 2B. The empire of Sargon the First191
§ 2C. The empire of Hammurabi191
§ 2D. The Assyrians and their empire192
§ 2E. The Chaldean empire194
§ 3.The early history of Egypt195
§ 4.The early civilization of India201
§ 5.The early history of China201
§ 6.While the civilizations were growing206
Chapter XVII. Sea Peoples and Trading Peoples
§ 1.The earliest ships and sailors209
§ 2.The Ægean cities before history213
§ 3.The first voyages of exploration217
§ 4.Early traders218
§ 5.Early travellers220
Chapter XVIII. Writing
§ 1.Picture writing223
§ 2.Syllable writing227
§ 3.Alphabet writing228
§ 4.The place of writing in human life229
Chapter XIX. Gods and Stars, Priests and Kings
§ 1.Nomadic and settled religion232
§ 2.The priest comes into history234
§ 3.Priests and the stars238
§ 4.Priests and the dawn of learning240
§ 5.King against priests241
§ 6.How Bel-Marduk struggled against the kings245
§ 7.The god-kings of Egypt248
§ 8.Shi Hwang-ti destroys the books252
Chapter XX. Serfs, Slaves, Social Classes, and Free Individuals
§ 1.The common man in ancient times254
§ 2.The earliest slaves256
§ 3.The first “independent” persons259
§ 4.Social classes three thousand years ago262
§ 5.Classes hardening into castes266
§ 6.Caste in India268
§ 7.The system of the Mandarins270
§ 8.A summary of five thousand years272
BOOK IV JUDEA, GREECE, AND INDIA
Chapter XXI. The Hebrew Scriptures and the Prophets
§ 1.The place of the Israelites in history277
§ 2.Saul, David, and Solomon286
§ 3.The Jews a people of mixed origin292
§ 4.The importance of the Hebrew prophets294
Chapter XXII. The Greeks and the Persians
§ 1.The Hellenic peoples298
§ 2.Distinctive features of the Hellenic civilization304
§ 3.Monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy in Greece307
§ 4.The kingdom of Lydia315
§ 5.The rise of the Persians in the East316
§ 6.The story of Crœsus320
§ 7.Darius invades Russia326
§ 8.The battle of Marathon332
§ 9.Thermopylæ and Salamis334
§ 10.Platæa and Mycale340
Chapter XXIII. Greek Thought and Literature
§ 1.The Athens of Pericles343
§ 2.Socrates350
§ 3.What was the quality of the common Athenians?352
§ 4.Greek tragedy and comedy354
§ 5.Plato and the Academy355
§ 6.Aristotle and the Lyceum357
§ 7.Philosophy becomes unworldly359
§ 8.The quality and limitations of Greek thought360
Chapter XXIV. The Career of Alexander the Great
§ 1.Philip of Macedonia367
§ 2.The murder of King Philip373
§ 3.Alexander’s first conquests377
§ 4.The wanderings of Alexander385
§ 5.Was Alexander indeed great?389
§ 6.The successors of Alexander395
§ 7.Pergamum a refuge of culture396
§ 8.Alexander as a portent of world unity397
Chapter XXV. Science and Religion at Alexandria
§ 1.The science of Alexandria401
§ 2.Philosophy of Alexandria410
§ 3.Alexandria as a factory of religions410
Chapter XXVI. The Rise and Spread of Buddhism
§ 1.The story of Gautama415
§ 2.Teaching and legend in conflict421
§ 3.The gospel of Gautama Buddha422
§ 4.Buddhism and Asoka426
§ 5.Two great Chinese teachers433
§ 6.The corruptions of Buddhism438
§ 7.The present range of Buddhism440
BOOK V THE RISE AND COLLAPSE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
Chapter XXVII. The Two Western Republics
§ 1.The beginnings of the Latins445
§ 2.A new sort of state454
§ 3.The Carthaginian republic of rich men466
§ 4.The First Punic War467
§ 5.Cato the Elder and the spirit of Cato471
§ 6.The Second Punic War475
§ 7.The Third Punic War480
§ 8.How the Punic War undermined Roman liberty485
§ 9.Comparison of the Roman republic with a modern state486
Chapter XXVIII. From Tiberius Gracchus To the God Emperor in Rome
§ 1.The science of thwarting the common man493
§ 2.Finance in the Roman state496
§ 3.The last years of republican politics499
§ 4.The era of the adventurer generals505
§ 5.Caius Julius Cæsar and his death509
§ 6.The end of the republic513
§ 7.Why the Roman republic failed516
Chapter XXIX. The Cæsars between the Sea and the Great Plains of the Old World
§ 1.A short catalogue of emperors52
§ 2.Roman civilization at its zenith529
§ 3.Limitations of the Roman mind539
§ 4.The stir of the great plains541
§ 5.The Western (true Roman) Empire crumples up552
§ 6.The Eastern (revived Hellenic) Empire560
BOOK VI CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM
Chapter XXX. The Beginnings, the Rise, and the Divisions of Christianity
§ 1.Judea at the Christian era569
§ 2.The teachings of Jesus of Nazareth573
§ 3.The universal religions582
§ 4.The crucifixion of Jesus of Nazareth584
§ 5.Doctrines added to the teachings of Jesus586
§ 6.The struggles and persecutions of Christianity594
§ 7.Constantine the Great598
§ 8.The establishment of official Christianity601
§ 9.The map of Europe, A.D. 500605
§ 10.The salvation of learning by Christianity609
Chapter XXXI. Seven Centuries in Asia (CIRCA 50 B.C. TO A.D. 650)
§ 1.Justinian the Great614
§ 2.The Sassanid Empire in Persia616
§ 3.The decay of Syria under the Sassanids619
§ 4.The first message from Islam623
§ 5.Zoroaster and Mani624
§ 6.Hunnish peoples in Central Asia and India627
§ 7.The great age of China630
§ 8.Intellectual fetters of China635
§ 9.The travels of Yuan Chwang642