Book 9 — INDEX

KEY TO PRONUNCIATION VOWELS

ä as in far (fär), father (fä’ thũr), mikado (mi kä’ dō). ă " " fat (făt), ample (ămpl), abstinence (ăb’ stin ens). ā " " fate (fāt), wait (wāt), deign (dān), jade (jād). aw " " fall (fawl), appal (a pawl’), broad (brawd). â " " fair (fâr), bear (bâr), where (hwâr). e " " bell (bel), bury (ber’ i). ē " " beef (bēf), thief (thēf), idea (ī dē’ ă), beer (bēr), casino (kă sē’ nō). i " " bit (bit), lily (lil’ ī), nymph (nimf), build (bild). ī " " bite (bīt), analyze (ăn’ ă līz), light (līt). o " " not (not), watch (woch), cough (kof), sorry (sor’ i). ō " " no (nō), blow (blō), brooch (brōch). ô " " north (nôrth), absorb (ăb sôrb’). oo " " food (food), do (doo), prove (proov), blue (bloo), strew (stroo). u " " bull (bul), good (gud), would (wud). ŭ " " sun (sŭn), love (lŭv), enough (ē nŭf’). ū " " muse (mūs), stew (stū), cure (kūr). ũ " " her (hũr), search (sũrch), word (wũrd), bird (bũrd). ou " " bout (bout), bough (bou), crowd (kroud). oi " " join (join), joy (joi), buoy (boi).

A short mark placed over italic a, e, o, or u (ă, ĕ, ŏ, ŭ), signifies that the vowel has an obscure, indeterminate, or slurred sound, as in:—

advice (ăd vīs), current (kŭr’ ĕnt), notion (nō’ shŭn),

breakable (brā’ kă bl), sailor (sā’ lŏr), pleasure (plezh’ ŭr).

CONSONANTS

"s” is used only for the sibilant "s” (as in "toast,” tōst, "place,” plās); the sonant "s” (as in "toes,” "plays”) is printed "z” (tōz, plāz).

"c” (except in the combinations "ch” and "ch”), "q” and "x” are not used.

b, d, f, h (but see the combinations below), k, l, m, n (see n below), p, r, t, v, z, and w and y when used as consonants have their usual values.

ch as in church (chũrch), batch (băch), capriccio (kä prē’ chō). ch " " loch (loch), coronach (kor’ o näch), clachan (klăch’ än). g " " get (get), finger (fing’ gũr). j " " join (join), judge (jŭj), germ (jũrm), ginger (jin’ jĕr). gh (in List of Proper Names only) as in Ludwig (lut’ vigh). hl (in List of Proper Names only) " " Llandeilo (hlăn dī’ lō). hw as in white (hwīt), nowhere (nō’ hwâr). n " " cabochon (kä bō shon’), congé (kon’ shā). sh " " shawl (shawl), mention (men’ shŭn). zh " " measure (mezh’ ŭr), vision (vizh’ ŏn). th " " thin (thin), breath (breth). th " " thine (thīn), breathe (brēth).

The accent (’) follows the syllable to be stressed.

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z

A Aar (ār) Valley, ii, 199 Aaronson, Aaron, i, 184 Abbasids (ă băs’ īdz), ii, 30-36, 061, 064, 070, 106, 126, 613 Abbott, E., i, 6 Abbott, W. J. Lewis, i, 68 Abd Manif (äbd män ēf’), ii, 5 Abdal Malik (äbd äl mä’ lik), ii, 28 Abelard, P., ii, 171 Aboukir (ä boo kēr’), ii, 352, 353 Aboukir, cruiser, ii, 520 Abraham the Patriarch, i, 196, 278, 282, 293-94, 576, ii, 6 Absolution, ii, 216 Abu Bekr (ä’ boo bek’ ĕr), ii, 6, 7, 8, 13-22, 034, 612 Abul Abbas, ii, 30, 31, 613 Abul Fazl (ā’ bool fā’ zl), ii, 135 Abydos (ă bī’ dos), i, 335, 340 Abyssinia, i, 156, 160, 359, ii, 461 Abyssinian Christians, i, 603, 618, ii, 3, 8; language, i, 154 Académie des Sciences, ii, 239 Academy, Greek, i, 351, 354-57 Academy of Inscriptions, ii, 312 Achilles (ä kil’ ēz), i, 177 Acre, i, 212, ii, 353 Acropolis (ă krop’ ŏ lis), i, 306, 337 Act of Union, ii, 492 Actium (ăk’ ti ŭm), battle of, i, 514, ii, 609 Acts of the Apostles, i, 587, 589 Adam and Eve, ii, 418 Adams, Prof. G. B., ii, 46 Adams, John, ii, 300, 303 Adams, Samuel, ii, 290, 303 Adams, W. P., ii, 532 Adams, William, ii, 465 Addington, ii, 359 Aden, i, 160, 197, ii, 32, 471 Adowa (ă’ dō wă), battle of, ii, 461, 469, 500, 624 Adrianople, i, 554, ii, 122, 502; Treaty of, ii, 382 Adriatic, i, 274, 389, 452, 461, 471, 540, 561, 606, 616, ii, 54, 80, 364, 509 Adriatic river, i, 119, 120 Ægatian Isles, i, 471, ii, 608 Ægean (ē jē’ ăn), cities, i, 234; civilization, i, 213-16, 281, 300; Dark Whites, i, 447; hunters, i, 317 Ægina (ē jī’ nă), i, 337 Æneid (ē’ nē id), the, i, 448 Æolic dialect, i, 300 Aeroplanes, i, 5, ii, 392, 519, 523 Æschylus (ēs’ ki lŭs), i, 221, 355, ii, 607 Afghanistan, i, 153, 201, 396, 431, 433, 627-28, 643, ii, 133, 257 Africa, i, 57, 74, 109, 120, 145, 154-56, 162, 281, 489, 509, ii, 114, 139, 153; peoples of, i, 86, 109, 138, 141, 149, 158-60, 195-201, 206, 234; languages of, i, 161-62; early trade with, i, 217, 273; Moslems in, i, 217, 565, ii, 22, 24, 30, 31, 41, 51, 64, 65, 613; voyages and travels in, i, 218, 509, ii, 185-88, 252; Phœnicians in, i, 448, 482-84, 513, 570, 640; Roman, i, 470, 478-79, 498, 540, 560, 606; Vandals in, i, 556, 606, 615, ii, 611; slavery in, ii, 193, 225, 306; modern exploitation of, ii, 451, 458-60, 484 Africa, Central, i, 158, 558; East, i, 42, 178; South (see South Africa); West, i, 219, ii, 193 African lung fish, i, 25 Aga Khan (ä’ gä kän’), ii, 473 Agincourt, ii, 179 Agriculture, early, i, 104, 108, 113-14, 116, 133, 137, 158, 171, 190, 254, 317; slaves in, i, 259; Arab knowledge of, ii, 38; in Great Britain, ii, 272, 273 Agriculturists, i, 264, 267, 271 Agrigentum (ăg ri gen’ tŭm), i, 469 Agrippina (ăg ri pī’ nă), i, 525 Ahriman (ă’ ri män), i, 625, 626 Ainu (ī’ noo), i, 139, 148, ii, 262, 464 Air, the, i, 5, 23, 36 Air Force, ii, 570 Aisne (ān), ii, 515; battle of the, ii, 48 Aix-la-Chapelle, ii, 60, 63 Akbar (äk’ bũr), ii, 133-37, 256, 618 Akhnaton (äk nä’ ton). (See Amenophis IV) Akkadia (and Akkadians), i, 191, 245 Akkadian-Sumerian Empire, i, 196, 279, ii, 606 Akki, i, 279 Alabama, the, ii, 443-44 Alamanni, i, 553, ii, 48, 610 Alans, i, 549-54, 627-28, ii, 609 Alaric (ăl’ ă rik), i, 554, 561, ii, 611 Alaska, ii, 505 Alban, St., ii, 50 Alban Mount, i, 448 Albania, ii, 522 Albert, Prince Consort, ii, 436, 486, 622 Albertus Magnus, ii, 171 Albigenses (ăl bi jen’ sēz), ii, 92, 95, 219 Alcarez (ăl cär’ ez), ii, 208 Alchemists, ii, 174 Alcibiades (ăl si bī’ ă dēz), i, 351 Alcmæonidæ (ălk mē on’ i dē), i, 314 Alcohol, discovery of, ii, 38 Alcuin (ăl’ kwin), ii, 59 Alemanni. (See Alamanni) Aleppo, ii, 76 Alexander the Great, i, 133, 195, 198, 200, 205, 217, 252, 253, 277, 345, 352, 357-59, 366-99, 412, 428, 430, 445, 452, 467, 484, 507, 510, 512, 522, 542, 546, 562, 597, 615-16, 643, ii, 20, 51, 78, 114, 145, 199, 303, 608; empire of (maps), i, 393, 398; mother of, i, 452 Alexander, son of Alexander the Great, i, 394 Alexander II, king of Egypt, i, 500 Alexander I, tsar of Russia, ii, 362-66, 370-76, 382, 405, 411, 476-77, 622 Alexander II, tsar of Russia, ii, 623 Alexander III (pope), ii, 97, 615 Alexander VI (pope), ii, 195, 617 Alexandretta, i, 379, 383 Alexandria, i, 13, 383, 389, 395-96, 428, 463, 497, 515, 532, 538, 562, 587, 601, 602, 604, ii, 36, 91, 168, 351, 611; museum at, i, 359, 402-13, 476, 490, 636; culture and religion of, i, 401-14, 590-91, 602, ii, 37; library at, i, 405, 411; Serapeum, i, 413, 414 Alexandrian cities, i, 273 Alexius Comnenus (ă lek’ si ŭs kom nē’nŭs), ii, 72-80 Alfred, king, ii, 54, 148, 614 Algæ, i, 10 Algebra (ăl’ je bră), i, 219, ii, 37, 88 Algeria, i, 102, 217, 565, ii, 501 Algiers, ii, 126, 225, 470 Ali (ā’ lē), nephew of Muhammad, ii, 6-8, 013, 026-31, 064, 613 Alkmaar (älk mär’), siege of, ii, 230-32 Allah, ii, 9-20, 024, 26 Alleghany mountains, ii, 280 Allen, Grant, i, 131 Allen, W. A. C., i, 294 Alp Arslan (älp ärs län’), ii. 72 Alphabets, i, 228, 304, 422, 627, 638-40 Alpine race, i, 146 Alps, the, i, 35, 52, 75, 471, 475, 508, 606, ii, 58, 63, 69, 194 Alsace, i, 553, ii, 200, 236, 244, 446 Alstadt, ii, 180 Altai (äl’ tī), the, i, 546, 633 Altamira (al tă mër’ ă), cave of, i, 93, ii, 605 Aluminium, ii, 389 Alva, General, ii, 229-32 Alyattes (ă li ăt’ ēz), i, 316 Amadis (ăm’ ă dis) de Gaul, ii, 165, 166 Ambar, ii, 136 Amber, i, 105, 532 Amenophis (ăm ĕ nō’ fis) III, i, 200, 220, 245, 250, 288 Amenophis IV, i, 196, 220, 245, 250, 251, 255, 281, 288, 412, 446, ii, 605 America, i, 56, 59, 100, 219, ii, 254, 400; prehistoric, i, 100, 102-03, 107, 148, 207, 208; races of, i, 100, 102-03, 138, 141, 158; languages of, i, 150, 158, 164; discovery of, i, 635, 640, ii, 53, 84, 117, 185 sqq., 193, 251-52, 269, 617; European settlements in, ii, 252-55, 271, 273, 278-94, 304, 619. (See also United States) America, Central, drawings, i, 207 America, South, i, 207, ii, 166, 187, 192-93, 200, 378, 457, 622 American Indians, i, 113, 124, 137, 143, 157-60, 207, 225, ii, 166, 187, 189, 254, 292, 304-05, 464 American king-crab, i, 10; picture writing, i, 207 Amiens, ii, 530; Peace of, ii, 355, 359 Amir, ii, 124 Amman (Philadelphia), i, 621-22 Ammianus, i, 607 Ammon, i, 249-52, 383, 399, 412, 602 Ammonites, i, 46 Ammonites, a people, i, 294 Amœba (ă mē’ bȧ), i, 16 Amorites, i, 191, 279 Amos the prophet, i, 294 Amphibia, i, 26, 28, 38, 52, 55 Amphictyonies (ăm fik’ ti ŏn iz), i, 313, ii, 3, 8 Amphion, cruiser, ii, 512 Amphipolis (ăm fip’ ŏ lis), i, 371, 372 Amritzar (ăm rit’ săr), ii, 456 Amur (ă moor’), ii, 261 Anabaptists, ii, 156, 157, 162, 618 Anabasis (ă năb’ ă sis), the, i, 342 Anagni (ä nän’ yē), ii, 99, 616 Anatolia, ii, 72, 121 Anatolian peninsula, i, 623 Anatomy, i, 402-04, ii, 177 Anaxagoras (ăn ăk săg’ ŏ răs), i, 349, 358, 364 Andaman (ăn’ dă măn) Islands, i, 139 Andes, i, 35, 52 Andronicus (ăn drŏ nī’ kŭs), ii, 124 Angelo, St., ii, 612 Angles, i, 554, 605, ii, 50, 54, 66 Anglia, East, ii, 40 Anglicanism, ii, 163 Anglo-Norman feudalism, ii, 43 “Anglo-Saxon,” ii, 487-88 Anglo-Saxons, i, 564, 605, 612, ii, 47, 130, 149 Animals, i, 10, 16-23, 25-27, 52-57, 064, 066, 067, 102, 105, 112, 116, 128, 254. (See also Mammals) Anio, the, i, 458, 610 Anna Comnena (kom nē’ nă), ii, 79 Annam, i, 634, 640, ii, 262, 467, 470 Anne, queen, ii, 226 Anselm, St., ii, 171 Antarctic birds, i, 44 Antigonus (ăn tig’ ō nŭs), i, 395 Antimony, i, 106 Antioch, i, 529, 589, 598, 604, 617-21, ii, 19, 78-81, 610 Antiochus (ăn tī’ ȯ kŭs) III, i, 474, 482, 483 Antiochus IV, i, 572 Antonines, i, 526-31, 537-40, ii, 610 Antoninus (ăn tō nī’ nŭs), Marcus Aurelius, i, 526-28, 540, ii, 153, 610 Antoninus Pius, i, 526, 530, ii, 610 Antony, i, 512, 514, 515 Antwerp, ii, 180, 184 Anu, i, 245 Anubis (ă nū’ bis), Egyptian god, i, 236 Anytus(ăn’ i tŭs), i, 352 Apamea (ăp ă mē’ ă), i, 621 Apes, i, 65-67, 230; anthropoid, i, 57, 63, 65-66, 73 Aphelion, i, 30-34 Apion, i, 500 Apis (ā’ pis), i, 382, 412, 413, 590 Apollinaris Sidonius, i, 607 Apollo, i, 313, 325, 376, 611 Apollonius (ă pŏ lō’ ni ŭs), i, 402 Appian Way, i, 461, 505 Apples, i, 113 Appomattox Court House, ii, 444, 623 Apuleius (ăp ū lē’ ŭs), i, 607 Aquileia (ă kwē lā’ yă), i, 461, 559 Aquinas (ă kwī’ năs), ii, 168, 171 Arabia, i, 37, 109, 121, 154, 156, 160, 184, 196, 197, 218, 229, 273, 281, 295, 401, 533, 618, 624, 634, ii, 1-6, 011, 017, 018, 024, 051, 075, 105. (See also Arabs) Arabian Nights, the, ii, 32 Arabic language and literature, i, 148, 153, 530-31, 623, ii, 3-4, 022, 029, 031, 034-35, 159 Arabs, i, 188, 217, 327, 565, 570, 634, ii, 1-8, 15-21, 028, 032, 039, 041, 061, 067, 114, 149, 159, 257, 613; culture of, i, 636, ii, 34-39, 088, 149, 168, 174-75 Aral sea, i, 153, 159, 387 Aral-Caspian region, i, 317 Arameans, i, 192, 218, 258, 259, 265, 570, 631, ii, 1 Arbela (är bē’ lă), battle of, i, 384, 479, ii, 608 Arcadius, i, 554, ii, 611 Archæopteryx (är kē op’ tĕr iks), i, 45 Archæozoic (är kē ō zō’ ik) period, i, 9. (See also Azoic) Archer, William, ii, 473 Archers, i, 370 Archimedes (är ki mē’ dēz), i, 402, 476, 534 Architecture, ii, 60, 179 Arctic birds, i, 44; Circle, i, 632; Ocean, i, 153; seas, ii, 142 Ardashir (ar dă shēr’) I, i, 617, 625, ii, 610 Ardennes, ii, 514 Argentine republic, i, 161, ii, 457 Argon, ii, 119 Argonne, ii, 329 Argos, i, 453, 454 Ariadne (ăr i ăd’ ni), i, 216 Arians (är’ i ănz), i, 592, 601 Aridæus (ăr i dē’ ŭs), i, 375, 394 Aristagoras (ăr is tăg’ ŏ răs), i, 341, 342 Aristarchus, i, 384 Aristides (ăr is tī’ dēz), i, 312, 313, 337, 346 Aristocracy, i, 188, 265, 308 Aristodemus (ăr is tŏ dē’ mŭs), i, 336 Aristophanes (ăr is tof’ ă nēz), i, 221, 355, ii, 607 Aristotle, i, 220, 305, 314, 357-59, 379, 383, 392, 397, 402, 411, 434, 493, 530, 562, ii, 35, 37, 88, 146, 168-69, 173, 245, 419, 432; Politics of, i, 308, 309, 462, 467, ii, 169 Arithmetic, i, 219 Arius (ȧ rī’ ŭs), i, 592, 600, 648 Arizona, ii, 505 Ark of bulrushes, i, 209 Ark of the Covenant, i, 245, 284-88 Arles (arl), i, 600, 601, 609, ii, 611 Armadillo, giant, i, 102, 207 Armenia (and the Armenians), i, 169, 318, 395, 505, 523, 526, 548, 549, 603, 616, 620, ii, 21, 64, 72, 114, 118, 121, 125, 153 Armenian language, i, 151, 169, ii, 138 Arno, i, 451, 460, 461 Arras, ii, 324, 517 Arrow, i, 508, 549 Arrow heads, i, 104, 107, 114, 130 Arrow straighteners, i, 90, 99 Arsacids (ăr săs’ idz), i, 523, 616, ii, 610 Arses, i, 342 Art, Buddhist, i, 428; Cretan, i, 215; Neolithic, i, 130; Palæolithic, i, 92-99, 123 Artabanus (ăr tă bā’ nŭs), i, 335 Artaxerxes II, i, 342, 363 Artaxerxes III, i, 342 Arthur, king, i, 531 Artillery, i, 372, ii, 124 Artisans, i, 264-269 Artois (ă twă’), Count of. (See Charles X) Aryan, definition of, i, 298; languages and literature, i, 133, 151-55, 161-64, 167-69, 173, 298, 387, 446, ii, 247; peoples and civilisations, i, 152, 160, 167 sqq., 189, 194, 201, 232-33, 243-44, 247, 281-82, 298-300, 305, 315-18, 387, 415-16, 446-48, 545, 549-51, 558, ii, 144, 168, 184, 190, 490, 605 Aryan Way, the, i, 417, 424, 433, 440, 449 As, Roman coin, i, 471 Ascalon, i, 282 Asceticism, i, 418, 420 Ashdod, i, 245, 282 Ashley, Sir W., ii, 287 Ashtaroth (ăsh’ tă roth), i, 282, 286, 288 Asia, general and early period, i, 56, 59, 75, 77, 86, 100, 102, 108, 109, 118, 153, 157-160, 195, 273, 299, 317, 318, 536, 542-49, 551, 557, 624, 627, ii, 69, 98, 105-08, 114, 153, 168, 185, 247, 449, 464, 610; Greeks in, i, 327, 375, 390, 396; Romans in, i, 397, 482, 501, 533, 539; tribes and people of, i, 508, 545-52, ii, 113, 127, 134, 137, 259, 266; Christianity in, i, 517, 597, 604, 617, ii, 79, 114, 116, 117; Turks in, i, 618-23, ii, 24, 28, 51, 64, 66, 121, 123; voyages and travels in, i, 627-29, 642-43, ii, 187, 193, 194, 462 Asia, Central, i, 102, 138, 159, 160, 298, 541, 547, ii, 32, 139, 194, 261; tribes, people, and civilization of, i, 184, 387, 507, 604, ii, 127 Asia, Eastern, i, 140-41 Asia, South-eastern, languages of, i, 157 Asia, Western, i, 89, 145, ii, 106, 168; tribes, people, and civilization of, i, 141, 145, 218, 234, ii, 168 Asia Minor, i, 107, 109, 153, 196, 220, 265, 298, 318, 327, 395, 503-06, 509, 617, 622, ii, 28, 114, 137, 153; tribes and people of, i, 189, 213, 298, 315-17, 388, 447-48; Greeks in, i, 300, 302, 304, 308, 315-16, 340, ii, 606; Gauls in, i, 395, 449, ii, 608; Turks in, ii, 31, 33, 72, 106, 114, 121 Asiatics, intellectual status of, ii, 462 Asoka (ă shō’ ka), King, i, 196, 411, 431, 432, 489, 628, 646, ii, 133, 608 Aspasia (ăs pā’ shi ȧ), i, 345-6, 349-50, 355 Asquith, Rt. Hon. H. H., ii, 432, 496, 518 Ass, wild, i, 217 Assam, ii, 453 Assisi (ă sē’ zi), ii, 93 Assur, i, 192, 412 Assurbanipal. (See Sardanapalus) Assyria (and Assyrians), i, 192-94, 199, 205, 216, 225, 240, 243-47, 256, 262, 277, 290-95, 300, 315-17, 319, 327, 342, 383, 384, 446, 526, 570, ii, 1, 244, 606 Assyrian language and writing, i, 153, 228 Asteroids, i, 4 Astrologers, ii, 175 Astronomy, i, 5, 240, 364, ii, 37, 114, 175-76 Athanasius, i, 592, 601, 648 Atheism, ii, 333 Athene (ă thē’ nē), i, 348 Athens, i, 262, 302-13, 330-52, 372, 378, 385, 457, 461, 467, 536, 589, 623, ii, 483, 502, 524; social and political, i, 220, 309-12, 348, 352-57, 368, 460, ii, 147; literature and learning, i, 343-66, 404, 405, 409, 613, 618, 637, 645, ii, 54, 612 Atkinson, C. F., ii, 332 Atkinson, J. J., i, 79, 125, 257, ii, 341 Atlantic Ocean, i, 75-76, 119, 120, 138, 153, 532, 640, ii, 22, 84, 193, 267; navigation of, i, 217, ii, 185-88, 192, 387, 617 Atlantosaurus (ăt lăn to saw’ rŭs), i, 42 Atmosphere, i, 4, 5, 34 Aton (ä’ ton), Egyptian god, i, 250 Atonement, i, 575, 588 Attalus (ăt’ ă lŭs), i, 375 Attalus I, i, 396 Attalus III, i, 397, 483, 499, ii, 609 Attica (ăt’ i kă), i, 332-33, 457 Attila (ăt’ i lă), i, 174, 557-59, 608, 628-29, ii, 42, 611 Aughrim, battle of, ii, 492 Augsburg, ii, 206, 210 Augurs, Roman, i, 464 Augustine, St., Bishop of Hippo, i, 592, 598, 604, 607, 612, ii, 56, 73, 611 Augustus Cæsar, Roman Emperor, i, 513-18, 522, 523, 535, 542, 598, ii, 75, 609 Aurangzeb. (See Aurungzeb) Aurelian, emperor, i, 528, 535, 553, 602, 617, ii, 610 Aurignac, i, 96 Aurignacian (aw rig nā’ shŭn) age, i, 96, 97, 173 Aurochs (aw’ roks), i, 76, 92, 101 Aurungzeb (aw rŭng zāb’), ii, 133, 256, 453, 620 Ausculum, battle of, i, 453, ii, 608 Ausonius (aw sō’ ni ŭs), i, 607 Austerlitz, ii, 362, 622 Austin, Mary, i, 264 Australia, i, 37, 82, 206, 635, ii, 451, 456, 471, 472; aborigines of, i, 98, 139-40, 172 Australian language, i, 162; lung-fish, i, 25; throwing-stick, i, 90 Australoids, i, 139, 141, 148, 159, 206 Austrasia, ii, 45, 47, 48, 613 Austria, ii, 200, 204, 233, 240-44, 251, 278, 314, 320, 327, 378-80, 400, 446-47; wars with France, ii, 327, 332, 351, 355, 361, 368, 441, 621; war with Prussia, ii, 442-45, 623; in Great War, ii, 510, 531, 566, 624 Autocracy, i, 342, ii, 220 Automobiles, ii, 392 Avars, i, 560, 564, 616, 620, ii, 24, 48, 69, 113 Avebury, i, 110, 183, 196, 448 Avebury, Lord, i, 80, 106-07, 110, 115, 118, 134, ii, 426 Averroes (ă ver’ ō ēz), ii, 37, 88, 168, 171, 615 Avicenna (ăv i sen’ ă), ii, 37, 168, 614 Avignon (ă vē nyon’), ii, 84, 99, 127, 148, 617 Axes, ancient, i, 104-07, 112-14, 132 Axis of earth, i, 57 Ayesha (I’ ĕ shă), ii, 12, 26 Azilian age, i, 90, 94, 97, 101, 120, 133, 152 Azoic (ă zo’ ik) period, i, 9, 14, 17, 30 Azores, ii, 185 Aztecs, ii, 189-90 B Baal, i, 237, 283, 292 Baalbek (bäl bek’), i, 621, ii, 3 Babel, Tower of, i, 190 Baber, ii, 133, 200, 256, 618 Baboons, i, 65, 67, 230 Babylon (and Babylonia), i, 192-201, 218-23, 228, 245-60, 263-67, 277-79, 290-95, 315, 317, 319-20, 326, 342, 364, 383, 385, 389, 394, 411-12, 416, 424, 436, 449, 483, 497, 508, 509, 533, 570, 583, 619-23, 631, 632, ii, 1, 71, 130, 276, 342, 606, 607; religion of, i, 238-42, 245-48, 278, 296, 400, 431 Bacchus, i, 515 Bacharach, ii, 180 Back Bay, ii, 290 Bacon, Francis, Lord Verulam, i, 358, ii, 166, 176, 619 Bacon, Roger, ii, 168, 172-77, 385, 616 Bactria (and Bactrians), i, 385, 387-90, 396, 549, 616, ii, 138 Baden, ii, 445 Badr (bäd’ ĕr), battle of, ii, 8, 28, 612 Baedeker, ii, 242 Baganda, i, 206 Bagaudæ, ii, 157 Bagdad, ii, 31-38, 061, 064, 070, 071, 076, 080, 106, 113, 126, 130, 522, 613, 618 Bagoas (bă gō’ ăs), i, 342 Bahamas, ii, 254, 255, 471 Baikal (bī käl’), ii, 108 Baldwin of Flanders, ii, 81, 168, 229 Balearic Isles, i, 556 Balfour, Rt. Hon. A. J., ii, 552 Balkan peninsula, i, 102, 153, 196, 298, 300, 317, 395, 451, ii, 58, 122, 139, 184, 446, 501, 509, 606, 624 Balkash, lake, ii, 108 Balkh, ii, 118 Ball, Dyer, i, 642 Ball, John, ii, 155, 156 Ball, Sir Robert, i, 30 Balliol College, ii, 96 Balloons, i, 5 Baltic Sea, i, 59, 102, 153, 159, 171, 510, 533, 539, 549-53, 641, ii, 53, 65, 71, 129, 182, 233, 235-36, 251, 266, 526 Baltimore, Lord, ii, 281 Baluchistan. (See Beluchistan) Bambyce (băm bī’ sē), i, 621 Bannockburn, ii, 175 Bantu, i, 158, 162, 189 Barbados, ii, 254 Barbarians, ii, 267-69 Barbarossa, Frederick. (See Frederick I, emperor) Barber, M. H., ii, 503 Barbusse, ii, 513 Barca family, i, 472, 473 Barcelona, ii, 51, 180 Bards, i, 172, 230 Baring, Maurice, ii, 503 Barley, i, 113, 172, 558 Baroda (bă rō’ dă), ii, 257 Barons, Revolt of the, ii, 219 Barras (bä rä’), ii, 339, 350 Barrows, i, 109, 117, 144, 168, 171, 175, 176, 183, 196, 197 Barry, Comtesse du. (See Du Barry) Basle, Council of, ii, 100, 153, 617 Basque language, i, 161, 162, 167, 189; race, i, 161, 162, 168, ii, 490 Basra, ii, 36, 522 Bassett, ii, 282 Bassompierre, ii, 318 Bastille, ii, 313, 621 Basu, Bhupendranath, i, 179, 181, 182 Basutoland, ii, 472 Batavian Republic, ii, 347 Bateman, T., i, 134 Bats, i, 43 Bauer, i, 359 Bauernstand, i, 268 Bavaria (and Bavarians), ii, 48, 57, 178, 445, 485 Bayezid (bï ĕ zēd’) II, Sultan, ii, 126, 617 Baylen, ii, 364 Bazaine, General, ii, 445 Beaconsfield, Earl of, ii, 227, 426, 430, 436, 447, 455, 487 Beal, i, 642 \ Bears, i, 69, 76, 78, 93, 94 Beauharnais, Josephine de, ii, 350, 364, 374 Beauty, artistic, i, 215 Beaver, European, i, 69 Beazley, Raymond, ii, 67, 129, 185 Bede, the Venerable, i, 608, ii, 50, 613 Bedouins, i, 264, 278, 622, ii, 3, 8, 10, 17, 24 Beech, fossil, i, 51 Beer, G. L., ii, 287 Bees, i, 51 Behar, ii, 608 Behring Straits, i, 57, 102, 159, 160 Bektashi, order of dervishes, ii, 122 Bel, i, 245, 246, 283, 326 Belgium, ii, 46, 78, 199, 230, 327, 331, 332, 339, 347, 371, 381, 509-14, 622 Belisarius, i, 611, ii, 612 Bellarmine (bel’ ăr mēn), card., ii, 164 Bellerophon (bĕ ler’ ŏ fon), frigate, ii, 372 Bel-Marduk (bel mär’ dook), i, 245-52, 385, 412, 602 Belshazzar, i, 247, 326 Beluchistan (bel oo chi stän’), ii, 471; languages of, i, 189 Benaiah, i, 287 Benares (be nä’ rēz), i, 417-22, 427, 449, 548, 628 Benedict, St., i, 610-14, ii, 35, 97, 611, 612 Benedictines, i, 612-13, ii, 149, 165 Beneventum, i, 454 Bengal, i, 181, 388, 416, 419, ii, 133, 257, 258 Bengal, Bay of, i, 160 Benin, i, 489 Benjamin, tribe of, i, 284 Benson, Hugh, i, 591 Beowulf (bā’ ō wulf), i, 176, 182, 198 Berar, ii, 133 Berber language, i, 154, 161, 168 Berbers, i, 206, 472, 565, ii, 41 Bergen, ii, 180, 182, 185 Berkeley, George, ii, 492 Berlière, i, 612 Berlin, Treaty of, ii, 447, 475, 558, 623 Bermuda, ii, 471 Bernard, brother, ii, 94 Bes, Egyptian god, i, 236 Bessemer process, ii, 388 Bessus, satrap, i, 385-86 Bethlehem, i, 574 Beth-shan, i, 286 Bhurtpur (bhũrt poor’), ii, 256 Bible, the, i, 193, 281, 282, 290, 402, 411, 570, 572, ii, 60, 92, 96, 150, 151, 159, 162, 167, 211, 244 Bigg, C., i, 625 Birch tree, i, 51 Birds, i, 5, 43, 44, 45, 54 Birkenhead, Lord. (See Smith, Sir F. E.) Birkett, ii, 129 Birth-rate in ancient Athens, i, 314 Biscay, Bay of, ii, 361 Bismarck, Prince, ii, 442-46, 482, 483, 623 Bison (bī’ sŏn), i, 69, 70, 76, 92, 93, 101, 207 Bithynia, i, 395, 483, 500-06, 511, 560, 600 Black Death, ii, 153-54, 617 Black Friars, ii, 95 Black Hundred, ii, 424 Black lead, i, 9 Black Prince, ii, 179 Black Sea, i, 120, 153, 159, 196, 260, 299, 300, 316, 340, 346, 395, 508, 510, 549-53, 600, 606, 621, ii, 66, 71, 76, 110 Blake, Admiral, ii, 225, 257 Bleriot, M., ii, 624 Blind bards, i, 174 Blood sacrifice, i, 588, 590, ii, 149 Blue Mountains, ii, 280 Blücher, Marshal, ii, 371 Blues, faction of the, ii, 247 Blumenbach, i, 141 Blunt, W. S., i, 146, ii, 500 Bo Tree, i, 421, 432 Boadicea (bō ă di sē’ ă), i, 526, ii, 609 Boars, i, 69 Boats, i, 209-12. (See also Ships) Body, painting of, i, 93, 99, 100 Bœtia (bē ō’ shi ă), i, 337 Boer Republics, ii, 460, 483, 489 Boer War, i, 485, ii, 424, 460, 623 Boethius (bō ē’ thi ŭs), ii. 37 Bohemia (and Bohemians), i, 554, ii, 51, 76, 152, 153, 162, 234 Bohemond, ii, 79 Bokhara (bō khä’ rä), i, 546, ii, 37, 110, 118 Boleyn, Anne, ii, 206 Bolivar (bol’ i vär), General, ii, 378 Bologna (bō lōn’ yă), ii, 167, 168, 180, 205 Bolshevists, ii, 411, 527, 536, 539, 624 Bombay, ii, 258 Bonaparte, Joseph, ii, 361, 364, 378, 622 Bonaparte, Louis, ii, 361 Bonaparte, Lucien, ii, 354 Bonaparte, Napoleon. (See Napoleon I) Boncelles (bon sel’), i, 67 Bone carvings, i, 95-99; implements, i, 90, 96-99, 114 Boniface, St., ii, 48, 51, 613 Boniface VIII, Pope, ii, 99, 616 Boniface, Roman Governor, i, 556 Book-keeping, Aramean, i, 258 Books, i, 253, 405-09, ii, 159. (See also Printing) Bordeaux, ii, 180 Borgia, Alexander. (See Alexander VI, Pope) Borgia, Cæsar and Lucrezia, ii, 195-96 Boris, king of Bulgaria, ii, 070, 614 Borneo, i, 147, 148, 640 Bosnia, ii, 484, 624 Bosphorus, i, 120, 153, 302, 303, 315, 327, 329, 334, 340, 380, 395, 561, 600, 619, 621, ii, 29, 31, 78, 122 Bosses, American, i, 308 Boston, Mass., ii, 289-94 Bostra, i, 623 Botany Bay, ii, 451 Botticelli (bot i chel’ i), ii, 184 Boulogne, ii, 180, 362 Bourbon, Constable of, ii, 204, 618 Bourbon, Duke of, ii, 314 Bourbons, ii, 327, 356, 370, 371 Bourgeois (boor zhwä’), Léon, ii, 560 Bournville, ii, 406 Bow and arrow, i, 98, 114, 507-08 Bowmen, Mongol, ii, 119 Boxer rising, ii, 463, 624 Boyle, Robert, ii, 390, 492 Boyne, battle of the, ii, 492, 620 Brachiopods (brăk’ i ō podz), i, 10, 21 Brachycephalic (brăk i sĕ făl’ ik) skull, i, 142, 143 Brahe (brä’ hĕ), Tycho, ii, 175, 619 Brahma, i, 437, ii, 134 Brahminism (and Brahmins), i, 269-72, 416-17, 427, 430, 440, 629, 645-48, ii, 108, 137, 256, 454 Brailsford, ii, 543 Brain, i, 56, 79, 87 Brandenburg, elector of, ii, 236 Brass, i, 106 Brazil, ii, 192, 193, 200, 444 Bread in Neolithic Age, i, 113 Bread-fruit tree, i, 51 Breasted, J. H., i, 248, 256, 294 Breathing, i, 23-28 Bréhier, L., ii, 61 Bremen, ii, 69, 180, 182 Brennus, i, 450, ii, 607 Breslau, ii, 180 Brest-Litovsk (brest lē tovsk’), ii, 530 Breton language, i, 168 Briareus (brī’ ă roos), i, 274 Brienne, ii, 349 Brindisi (brēn’ dē zē), ii, 67 Bristol, ii, 154 Britain, i, 59, 113, 145, 196, 273, 489, 534, 613, ii, 41, 51, 66; invasions of, ii, 554, 605, ii, 130, 610, 611; Roman, i, 219, 507, 509, 522, 525, 526, 564, i, 40, 50, 610; Keltic, i, 299, 554. (See also England and Great Britain) British Army, officers of, ii, 516 British Association, ii, 420 British Channel, i, 170 British Civil Air Transport Commission, ii, 392 British Empire (1815), ii, 451; (1914), ii, 470-72 British Empire, political life of, i, 493 British Museum, i, 630, ii, 398 “British” nationality, ii, 488-89 “British schools,” ii, 396 Britons, ancient. (See Britain) Brittany, i, 147, 171, 554, ii, 52, 200 Broglie, Marshal de, ii, 313 Brontosaurus (bron tö saw’ rŭs), i, 40 Bronze, i, 106, 118, 172, 173, 207; Chinese vessels of, i, 204; ornaments, i, 114; weapons, i, 106 Bronze Age, i, 97, 108, 132, 133, 196, 197, 213 Brown, Campbell, ii, 38 Browne, Jukes, i, 50, 119 Bruce, Robert the, ii, 179 Bruges (broozh), ii, 180, 182, 229 Brunellesco (broo ne les’ kō), ii, 183 Brunswick, Duke of, ii, 327, 330 Brussels, ii, 331, 514 Brutus, i, 490, 513 Bryce, ii, 54 Bubonic plague, i, 608 Buch, C. D., i, 300 Bucknall, i, 50 Buda-Pesth (boo’ dă pest), ii, 205 Buddha (bood’ă), i, 196, 270, 420, 422, 433, 438, 449, 533, 573-74, 582, 586, 591, 610, 624, 626, 645, 646-47, ii, 13, 93, 263, 296, 607; life of, i, 416 sqq.; teaching of, i, 422 sqq., 436, ii, 16, 402 Buddhism, i, 270, 411, 416 sqq., 582, 610, 626, 629, 632, 639, 645, 646, ii, 6, 106, 108, 114, 119, 127, 261. (See also Buddha) Buddhist art, i, 428 Budge, Wallis, i, 197, 198, 249 Buffon, Comte de, ii, 419, 426 Building, i, 197 Bulgaria (and Bulgarians), i, 328, 522, 553, 606, ii, 24, 58, 69-72, 092, 097, 122-24, 130, 446, 501, 502, 522, 531, 614 Bulgarian atrocities, ii, 623 Bulgarian language, i, 168 Bull fights, Cretan, i, 274 Bunbury, i, 217 Bürgerstand, i, 268 Burgoyne, General, ii, 292 Burgundy (and Burgundians), i, 554, 606, ii, 48, 178, 200, 229, 244, 320 Burial, early, i, 084, 093, 109, 117, 123, 130, 167, 171, 175, 197, 545 Burke, Edmund, ii, 289, 492 Burmah (and Burmese), i, 114, 203, ii, 119, 262, 471 Burmese language, i, 157 Burnet, i, 349 Burning the dead, i, 171 Burrell, Prof., i, 6 Burton, Richard, i, 189 Bury, J. B., i, 305, 327, 454, 464, ii, 112 Bushman language, i, 162 Bushmen, i, 68, 95, 98, 141, 224 Butler, M. E., i, 85 Butler, Samuel, i, 150 Butter in Neolithic Age, i, 112 Butterflies, i, 17, 51 Buxar, ii, 258, 621 Byng, L. C., i, 541 Byzantine architecture, ii, 60 Byzantine church. (See Greek Church) Byzantine Empire, i, 522, 562, 606, 617, 636, ii, 17-21, 024, 028, 039, 042, 053, 058, 060, 064-69, 072, 076, 079, 080, 081, 182, 613, 614 Byzantium (bi zăn’ tyŭm), i, 380, 634, ii, 18, 31, 35, 57, 62, 74, 105, 126, 129, 247. (See also Constantinople) C Cabul (kä’ bul), i, 386, ii, 133 Cadbury, Messrs., ii, 406 Cadiz (kā’ diz), ii, 352 Caen (kān), ii, 325 Cæsar, title, etc., i, 526, 564, 581, 589, 594, ii, 56, 59 Cæsar, Julius, i, 113, 133, 196, 399, 465, 487, 493, 505, 510-17, 529, 534, 542, ii, 51, 351, 353, 609 Cæsars, the, i, 526, 538, 560 Cahors, ii, 202 Caiaphas (kī’ ă făs), i, 585 Caillaux, M., ii, 510 Cainozoic (kī nŏ zō’ ik) period, i, 12, 13, 14, 35, 37, 46, 49-56, 66 Cairo, ii, 36, 37 Calabria, i, 476, ii, 67, 68 Calcutta, ii, 258; University Commission, ii, 137 Calder, Admiral, ii, 362 Calendar, the, i, 129 Calicut, ii, 187, 257 California, i, 264 Californian Indians, i, 98 Caligula (kă lig’ ū lă), i, 525, ii, 609 Caliphs, ii, 17, 18, 24-34, 041, 061, 064, 071, 126, 144, 612, 613, 618 Callicratidas (kă li krā’ ti dăs), i, 378 Callimachus (kă lim’ ă kŭs), i, 405 Callisthenes (kă lis’ thĕ nēz), i, 392 Calmette, ii, 510 Calonne, ii, 312, 323 Calvinism, ii, 164 Cambodia, i, 640 Cambridge, ii, 180; University of, i, 530, ii, 437, 486 Cambridge, Mass., ii, 291 “Cambulac,” ii, 118 Cambyses (kăm bī’ sēz), i, 326, 382, ii, 607 Camels, i, 56, 217, 323 Camillus (că mil’ ŭs), i, 459, 483, 499, 502, ii, 607 Campanella, ii, 211 Campo Formio, peace of, ii, 351, 621 Camptosaurus (kămp tō saw’ rus) i, 40 Canaan (and the Canaanites), i, 278-83, ii, 1 Canada, i, 9, 161, ii, 254, 279, 285, 292, 451, 457, 471, 472, 621 Canadian dawn animal, i, 9 Canary Isles, ii, 185 Candahar, i, 389 Candles, ceremonial, i, 413, 414 Candolle (kän dōl’), de, i, 184 Cannæ (kăn’ ē), battle of, i, 476, 479, ii, 608 Cannes, ii, 371 Cannibalism, i, 167, ii, 156, 189, 190 Canning, George, ii, 436 Cannon, ii, 235, 268 Canoes, i, 210 Canterbury, ii, 50; archbishops of, ii, 50, 613 Canton, i, 634, 642, 647 Canusium (că nūz’ i ŭm), i, 536 Canute, ii, 66, 614 Cape Colony, ii, 460 Capernaum, i, 584 Capet (kă pā’), Hugh, ii, 62, 178, 614 Capitalism, ii, 168, 276, 398-99, 407-08, 535 Caporetto, battle of, ii, 529 Cappadocia, i, 323, 395, 620, 623 Capua (kăp’ ū ă), i, 476, 505 Carboniferous rocks, i, 29 Cardinals, ii, 100, 127 Caria (kā’ ri ă), i, 375, 621 Caribou (kăr i boo’), i, 78, 124, 137 Carlovingians, ii, 62, 614 Carlyle, Thomas, ii, 240, 307, 313 sqq., 336 Carnac, i, 109, 171 Carnivores, early type of, i, 56 Carnivorous animals, i, 43 Carnot (kär nō’), L. N. M., ii, 339, 350 Carolana, ii, 282 Carolina, ii, 253, 282, 283, 284, 290 Carpathians, ii, 69 Carrhæ, i, 508, 540, 616, ii, 609 Carson, Sir Edward, i, 312, ii, 424, 497, 498, 499 Carthage (and the Carthaginians), i, 196, 212, 216-18, 241, 274, 294, 303, 352, 382, 401, 445, 448, 453, 497, 509-14, 532, 550, 556, 560, 569, 571, ii, 41, 89, 144, 184, 606, 608; war with Rome, i, 453, 467-85 Carvings, Palæolithic. (See Art) Casement, Sir Roger, ii, 499 Cash, Chinese, i, 631 Caspian Sea, i, 120, 153, 159, 196, 299, 317, 318, 327, 387, 507, 509, 542, 549, 553, 627, 634, ii, 67, 110, 154, 609, 610, 615 Caspian-Pamir region, i, 549 Cassander, i, 395 Cassiodorus (kăs i ō dōr’ ŭs), i, 612, 614, ii, 36, 40, 612 Cassiterides (kăs i ter’ i dēz), i, 217 Cassius, Spurius, i, 458 Caste, i, 268-71, 416, 431 Castelmaine, Lady, ii, 226 Castile, ii, 188, 200 Cat, i, 56, 230 Catalonians, ii, 185 Catapult, i, 372 Caterpillars, i, 83 Cathars, ii, 92 “Cathay,” ii, 118 Catherine the Great, ii, 242, 264, 267, 303, 620 Catherine II, ii, 251, 363 Catholicism, ii, 142, 147-50, 160 sqq., 164, 171, 194, 211, 234, 239, 248, 281, 490-94 Catiline, i, 511 Cato, Marcus Porcius, i, 473, 477, 479, 486, 489, 498, 528 Cattle, i, 69, 105, 219. (See also Animals) Caucasian languages, i, 151, 189 Caucasians, i, 141-42, 151-159, ii, 142 Caucasus (kaw’ kă sŭs), i, 106, 141, 161, 327, 620 Caudine Forks, ii, 608 Cavaliers, ii, 222-23 Cavalry, i, 370 Cave drawings, i, 93, 94; dwellings, i, 167; men, i, 66, 72, 76, 78, 88 Cavour, ii, 441 Cawnpore, ii, 455 Caxton, William, ii, 159 Celebes (sel’ e bēz), pile dwellings, i, 109 Celibacy, i, 414, ii, 74, 149 Celsus, i, 403 Celt-Iberian script, i, 228 Celtic. (See Keltic) Celts, bronze, i, 132 Cenotaph (Whitehall), ii, 568 Cephalus (sef’ ă lŭs), i, 306 Ceremonies, early use of, i, 127 Cervantes (sũr văn’ tēz), ii, 140 Ceylon, i, 421, 432, 533, 643, ii, 257, 471 Chadwick, i, 177 Chæronea (kēr ō nē’ ă), battle of, i, 369, 372, ii, 607 Chalcedon (kăl sē’ dŏn), i, 602, 618 Chaldea (and the Chaldeans), i, 194, 200, 247, 265, 291, 319, 344, 385, 508, ii, 1, 607 Chaldean writing, i, 228 Chalons, ii, 322 Champagne, depart., ii, 330, 517, 527 Chancellor, Lord, of England, ii, 162 Chandernagore, ii, 258 Chandragupta (chăn dră goop’ tă), i, 430, 445, ii, 608 Chang Daoling, i, 433 Chang-tu, i, 434 Channa, the charioteer, i, 417 Channing, ii, 278, 280, 294, 338 Chapman, G., i, 175 Charcoal, ii, 275 Chariots, i, 177, 192, 370, 384 Charlemagne, emperor, i, 433, 560, 632, 633, ii, 47-48, 51-54, 56-62, 069, 097, 098, 116, 133, 148, 199, 208, 215, 238, 360, 361, 614 Charles V, emperor, ii, 140, 164, 182, 199 sqq., 229, 232, 242, 376, 618 Charles I, king of England, ii, 217-25, 236, 240, 253, 281-82, 317, 376 Charles II, king of England, ii, 177, 225, 238, 243, 253, 281-82, 376 Charles VII, king of France, ii, 179 Charles IX, king of France, ii, 282 Charles X, king of France, ii, 314, 378, 622 Charles III, king of Spain, ii, 267 Charlotte Dundas, steamboat, ii, 387 Charmides (kär’ mi dēz), i, 351 Charon, i, 489 Charter House, London, ii, 154 Château Thierry, ii, 531 Châteauroux, Duchess of, ii, 240 Chatham, Earl of. (See Pitt, William) Chaucer, ii, 160 Cheese, i, 112 Chellean age, i, 60, 70, 78-81, 87 Chelles, i, 78 Chemistry, ii, 38 Chemosh (kē’ mosh), i, 288 Chen, L. Y., i, 208, 211, 253, 641 Chen Tuan, i, 433 Cheops (kē’ ops), i, 198 Chephren (kef’ ren), i, 198, 248-49 Cherry-tree, i, 505 Chieftains, i, 134, 178 Child labour, ii, 404-05 Chimpanzee, i, 63, 67-74, 218 Chin, absence of, i, 72 China, i, 83, 106, 114, 160, 432, 532, 626, 627, ii, 17, 117, 134, 179, 194, 261-62; history (early history and Great age of), i, 196, 201-06, 252-53, 271-72, 388, 449, 508, 528, 541-43, 545-50, 617, 630-36, ii, 606, 610, 612; (10th to 18th century), ii, 106, 108-14, 127-28, 130, 134, 154, 261-62, 266, 616, 617; (20th century), ii, 461-69, 624; Christianity in, i, 604, ii, 116-17, 119, 166; civilization and culture, i, 147, 148, 183, 196, 201-03, 208, 271-72, 307, 408, 541, 543, 626-27, 630-31, 633 sqq., ii, 38, 106, 147, 159; other religions of, i, 252, 428-29, 433, 437, ii, 261; social, i, 181, 269-70, 271-72, 497, 630, ii, 464. (See also Chow, Han, Kin, Ming, Shang, Sung, Suy, Tang, Tsing, Wei, and Yuan dynasties) China, Great Wall of, i, 205, 272, 526, 643, ii, 608 Chinese, the, i, 63, 157; classics, i, 225, 639; coinage, i, 631; emperor, i, 240, 252, 557; language, i, 157, 158, 162, 224-26, 638; script, i, 224-27, 272, 638-40, ii, 262 Chios (kī’ os), ii, 79 Chnemu, Egyptian god, i, 239 Chosroes (koz’ rō ēz) I, i, 618, ii, 22, 211, 612 Chosroes II, i, 523, 618-19, 624, ii, 3, 17, 82, 612 Chow dynasty, i, 196, 204, 205, 253, 433, ii, 606 Christ. (See Jesus of Nazareth) Christ Church, Oxford, ii, 427 Christian IX, ii, 442 Christian era, ii, 609 Christian science, ii, 169 Christianity, i, 296, 519, 569, 617, ii, 129, 161, 244, 264-65, 421, 422; history (early), i, 491, 586 sqq., 601-05, ii, 51, 53-54, 611; (middle ages), ii, 50 sqq., 63, 71-75, 84-86, 95-96, 151-53; and Buddhism, i, 429, 441; and Islam, ii, 14-16, 20-21, 28-34, 41 sqq., 63-64, 80 sqq., 114-15, 149; and Judaism, ii, 149; and learning, i, 609 sqq.; missions and propaganda, i, 488, 617, 625, 634, ii, 3-6, 48-54, 070, 114-22, 126-27, 134, 146-47, 357, 394-96, 465; official, i, 601 sqq., ii, 54, 265, 418, 425; ritual of, i, 413-14, 441, 538-39, 591-92, ii, 90-91, 148-152; sects, i, 592, ii, 35, 106, 116-17; spirit of, i, 414, 538-39, 576-77, ii, 157-58, 402. (See also Jesus of Nazareth) Chronicles, book of the, i, 282 Chronology, ii, 51 Ch’u, state of, i, 205 Chu Hsi, i, 641 Church, the, i, 600-05, ii, 38, 85-88, 091, 092, 097-101, 150, 164, 176, 177-78, 272, 617 Church, Sir A. H., i, 7 Churches, orientation of, i, 238 Churchill, Rt. Hon. Winston, ii, 523 Cicero, M. Tullius, i, 131, 487, 491, 513, 516 Cilicia, i, 487, 620, ii, 72, 79, 118 Cilician Gates, ii, 32, 78 Cimmerians, i, 300, 316, 318, 388, 543, ii, 121 Cincinnatus, Order of, ii, 357 Circumcision, i, 147 Cistercian order, ii, 150 Citizenship, i, 309, 311-12 City States, Chinese, i, 204; Greek, i, 305-14, 362, 363, 370, 454; Sumerian, i, 191 Civilization, i, 635 sqq., ii, 138, 144, 157-58, 216; Aegean, i, 213-16; Hellenic, i, 302 sqq.; prehistoric, i, 145, 169 sqq., 175-78; primitive, i, 182-208, ii, 143. (See also Culture) Clans, i, 171 Class consciousness, ii, 399, 407-08; distinction, i, 188, 267-68; war, i, 168 Classes, social, i, 263-72 Classics, study of the, ii, 390, 428 Classification, ii, 169 Claudian, the historian, i, 607 Claudius, emperor (A.D. 41-54), i, 525, 528, ii, 609 Claudius, emperor (A.D. 268-270), i, 553, ii, 610 Claudius, Appius, decemvir, i, 458 Claudius, Appius, the Censor, i, 461-466 Claudius, Consul, i, 468 Clay documents, i, 190, 197-98, 246; modelling, Palæolithic, i, 095, 99 Clemenceau, G. B., ii, 552-56, 566, 624 Clement V (pope), ii, 99, 616 Clement VII (anti-pope), ii, 100, 617 Cleon, i, 350 Cleopatra, i, 510-15 Cleopatra (wife of Philip II), i, 374, 376 Clergy, taxation of, ii, 86 Clermont, ii, 74, 615 Clermont, steamer, ii, 387 Cleveland, President, ii, 505 Climate, change of, i, 18, 20, 30-37, 046, 051, 052, 057, 100, 108, 170, 177, 317, 545, 550; effect of, i, 35-36, 232, 317 Clitus (klī’ tŭs), i, 392, ii, 145 Clive, Robert, Lord, ii, 258, 453, 487, 621 Clodius, i, 511 Clothing, i, 99, 109, 114 Clovis, ii, 46, 47, 611 Cluniac order, ii, 150 Clyde, Firth of, ii, 387 Cnossos (nos’ os), i, 196, 213-16, 223, 234, 257, 264, 281, 300, 303, 315, 318, 354, 446, 447, ii, 605 Coal, i, 28, 29, 34, 38, 635, ii, 275, 386, 392 Cockroaches, i, 28 Code Napoléon, ii, 358 Cogul, i, 354 Coinage, earliest, i, 220; Athenian, i, 220; Bactrian, i, 396; Carthaginian, i, 468; Ephthalite, i, 629; Lydian, i, 316; pre-Roman British, i, 396; Roman, i, 455, 471 Coinage of stamped leather, ii, 89 Coke, ii, 275 Cole, Langton, i, 212 Collectivism, ii, 412 Cologne, ii, 60, 180, 182 Colonies, British, ii, 279-83, 471; scramble for, ii, 449-61 Colorado, i, 39 Colosseum, i, 609, ii, 41 Columba, St., ii, 50 Columbus, Bartholomew, ii, 186 Columbus, Christopher, ii, 185 sqq., 200, 605, 617 Comedy, Greek, i, 363 Comet, i, 4, 608 Commagene (kom ă jē’ nē), i, 621 Commodus (kom’ ŏ dŭs), i, 527-29 Commons, House of, ii, 219-28, 236, 286, 298, 313, 400 Commune, French Revolution, ii, 328, 336 Communism, ii, 153-58, 270 sqq., 341, 410, 412 Communities, i, 171, ii, 142-48 Community of obedience, ii, 296; of will, ii, 296 Comnena, Anna. (See Anna) Comnenus, Alexius. (See Alexius) “Companions,” equestrian order, i, 369, 371 Compass, i, 635, ii, 193 Concert of Europe, ii, 373, 377, 384 Concord, Mass., ii, 290, 294 Concord, Temple of, i, 499, ii, 607 Condor, the, i, 5 Condorcet (kon dôr sā’), ii, 358 Confucianism, i, 433-40, 642 Confucius, i, 196, 270, 433-40, 449, 582, 618, 624, 636, ii, 607 Congo, i, 159, ii, 460 Congregationalism, ii, 163 Congress, American, ii, 300 Congress, 1st Colonial, ii, 290 Conifers, i, 38 Connecticut, ii, 281, 282, 290, 296 Conrad II, ii, 63 Conrad III, ii, 63, 80 Constance, ii, 151 Constance, Council of, ii, 96, 100, 151, 617 Constantine I the Great, i, 433, 488, 517, 529, 553, 560, 594, 597, 602, 615, 617, 618, 625, 647, 648, ii, 82, 133, 136, 268, 611, 612 Constantine, King of Greece, ii, 524 Constantinople, i, 554, 557, 559-65, 600-08, 614-19, ii, 2, 18-20, 024, 028, 057, 067, 070-72, 076-82, 097, 110, 118-24, 141, 168, 182, 247, 440, 483, 502, 509, 611, 612, 613, 614, 615, 616, 617. (See also Byzantium) Consuls, Roman, i, 455 Convicts sent to New England, ii, 284 Cooking, i, 105, 106, 113 Co-operative Societies, ii, 406 Copernicus (kō per’ ni kŭs), ii, 175, 618 Copper, i, 4, 105, 207, 217, ii, 189, 389 Copper axes, i, 132 Coptic language, i, 154 Coracles, i, 209 Corday, Charlotte, ii, 325 Cordoba (kôr’ dō bă), ii, 36, 37 Corfinium, i, 464 Corfu (kôr foo’), ii, 180 Corinth (and Corinthians), i, 303, 321, 336, 375, 382, 485, 491, 497, 509, 511, 536, 560, 589, ii, 608 Corinth, isthmus of, i, 336 Cornish people, i, 152 “Cornstalks,” i, 143 Cornwall, i, 106, 217, 605, ii, 40, 051, 225 Cornwallis, General, ii, 292 Corrosive sublimate, ii, 38 Corsets, i, 214 Corsica, i, 471, 556, ii, 348-49 Cortez, ii, 189-90, 618 Corvus, the, i, 470 Cossacks, ii, 129, 244, 259-61 Coster, printer, ii, 159, 617 Cotton industry, ii, 275 Cotylosaur (kot’ i lō sawr), i, 27 Councils, Church, ii, 74, 95, 100, 151, 153, 167, 611, 617 Counting, i, 151 “Counts of Asia Minor,” ii, 137 Court system, i, 263 Couvade (ku väd’), i, 147 Cow, sacred to Brahmins, ii, 454 Cow deities, i, 237 Cox, Hippesley, i, 110 Crab-apples, i, 113 Crabs, i, 10 Crabtree, Rev. W., i, 189 Cranach, ii, 203 Cranium, of apes, i, 72; Piltdown. (See Piltdown) Crassus, i, 352, 478, 507-11, 549, 616, ii, 19, 609 Crawley, A. E., i, 131 Creation, story of, i, 278, 293, ii, 418-20 Crécy, ii, 179 Crediton, ii, 51 Creeds, Christian, i, 592, 609, ii, 73, 611 Cremation, i, 171 Cressy, cruiser, ii, 520 Cretan Labyrinth, i, 214-16; language, i, 162, 289; script, i, 228 Crete (and Cretans), i, 104, 189, 196, 212-16, 234, 274, 282, 315, 316 Crimea, ii, 118, 153 Crimean War, ii, 440, 623 Criminals, Roman, i, 490-91; used for vivisection, i, 403, 404 Crispus, son of Constantine, i, 599 Critias, i, 331 Croatia, i, 616 Crocodiles, i, 41, 46 Crœsus (krē’ sŭs), i, 220, 314, 320-26, 416, ii, 607 Croll, i, 30 Cro-Magnon race, i, 87, 88-95, 99-100 Cromwell, Oliver, ii, 222-25, 284, 287, 491 Cromwell, Thomas, ii, 197 Cross, in Buddhist ritual, i, 429; true, i, 618, ii, 21, 82 Crown, the power of the, ii, 228 Crucifixion, i, 550, 590 Crusades, ii, 34, 75 sqq., 80-84, 94, 97, 124, 152, 179, 229, 397, 615, 616, 617 Crustaceans, i, 25 Crystal Palace, ii, 437 Crystals, i, 9, 17 Ctesiphon (tes’ i fon), i, 618, 622, 624, 626, 634, ii, 22, 31, 82, 129, 522 Cuba, ii, 193, 451, 506 Cubit, length of, i, 290 Culture, Aryan, i, 171-82; Heliolithic, i, 147-49, 162, 171, 177, 184, 188, 196, 201, 207-13, 223, 415; Neolithic, i, 104-5, 107-8, 110 sqq., 128, 146, 149, 152, 172-73, 184-88, 197, 203, 205-8, 415; prehistoric and primitive, i, 76 sqq., 122 sqq. (See also Civilization) Cumont, i, 412, 590 Cuneiform (kū’ nē i fôrm), i, 191, 227, 274 Cup, pebble, i, 90 Currency, ii, 342-47, 385, 406, 413, 535 Cusæans, i, 394 Custozza, ii, 445 Cuvier (ku vyā), ii, 419 Cyaxares (si ăk’ să rēz), i, 319, ii, 607 Cycads (sī’ kădz), i, 38, 51 Cynics, i, 360 Cyprus, i, 106, 213, 331, 340, 380, 395, ii, 447 Cyrenaica (sir ē nā’ i kă), i, 500 Cyrene (sī rē’ nē), i, 529 Cyrus, the Great, i, 194, 196, 220, 248, 260, 278, 292, 314, 320-26, 370, 389, 416, 445, 523, 542, 622, 624, ii, 607 Cyrus, the Younger, i, 342 Czecho-Slovaks, ii, 380 Czechs (cheks), i, 554, ii, 153 D Dacia, i, 526, 553, 564, ii, 71 Dædalus (dē’ dă lŭs), i, 215 Dagon, i, 245, 412 Dalai Lama (dä lī’ lă’ mä), i, 438 Dalmatia, i, 37, 554, 606, 616, ii, 51, 57, 564, 611, 613 Damascus, i, 102, 218, 273, 523, 618, 623, ii, 1, 18, 20, 28, 31, 37, 154, 612 Damask, i, 273 Damietta, ii, 82 Damon, friend of Pericles, i, 349 Dancing, i, 174, 354 Danelaw, ii, 54, 614 Danes, ii, 53, 54, 66, 228, 614 Daniel, book of, i, 277 Danish language, i, 168 Dante, ii, 160 Danton, ii, 324, 329-36 Dantzig, ii, 180, 251, 564 Danube, i, 153, 298, 300, 327-31, 372, 377, 387, 507, 508, 523, 526, 533, 539, 545, 549, 551, 553, 557, 558, 564, 606, 616, 627, ii, 51, 69, 76, 142, 266, 522, 610 Danubian provinces, ii, 382, 440 Dardanelles, i, 302, ii, 121, 521 Darius (dă rī’ ŭs) I, i, 248, 326-32, 334, 339, 386, ii, 607 Darius II, i, 342 Darius III, i, 379-80, 384-87, 390, 394, 507, 542, ii, 20, 122, 366-67, 608 Dark ages, the, i, 607 Darling region, i, 143 Dartmouth, Lord, ii, 305 Darwin, Charles, i, 67, ii, 420, 427 Darwin, Prof. G. H., i, 31 Darwinism, ii, 420-27 David, King, i, 286-89, 293, 569, 574, 580, ii, 156, 606 Davids, Rhys, i, 415, 420, 421, 428, 430 Davidson, J. L. Strachan, i, 513 Davis, i, 603 Davis, J. W., ii, 507-08 Davis, Stearns, ii, 475 Dawes, ii, 290 Dawson, Sir William, i, 9 Day, length of, i, 6, 51 Dead, eating the, i, 197 Dead Sea, i, 120 Debtor, slavery as fate of, i, 257 Déchelette, i, 111 Decimal notation, ii, 37 Decius, Emperor, i, 528, 553, 594, ii, 610 Declaration of Independence, ii, 293, 296 Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Gibbon), ii, 263-69 Deer, i, 70 Defoe, Daniel, ii, 235, 272, 305, 394 Deformities, i, 147 Delaware, ii, 283, 290 Delcassé, ii, 484 Delhi, ii, 108, 132, 256, 257, 454, 455, 615 Delian League, i, 314, 346 Delos, Island of, i, 311, 313 Delphi, i, 313, 320-22, 370, 395, 536 Delphi, oracle of, i, 305, 321-23 Delphic amphictyony, i, 372 Demeter (de më’ tĕr), i, 354, 374, 538 Democracy, i, 309-13, 456, ii, 163, 164, 273, 298, 326 Demos, i, 309 Demosthenes (dĕ mos’ thĕ nēz), i, 358, 363, 368, 376, 387, 473, 513 Deniker, i, 102, 103 Denmark, i, 109, 110, 539, ii, 51, 65, 66, 162, 206, 225, 242, 252-53, 257, 266, 381, 442, 451, 614 Deportation, i, 193 Dervishes, ii, 122 Descartes (dā kart’), ii, 419 Deshima, ii, 465, 466 Deuteronomy, book of, i, 281 Devon, ii, 225 Dewlish, i, 78 Dialects, i, 300 Diaspora (dī ăs’ pŏ ră), i, 411, 569-71 Diaz (dē’ äs), ii, 185, 617 Dicasts, i, 310 Dickens, Charles, ii, 180 Dickinson, Lowes, ii, 543 Dicrorerus (dī krŏ rē’ rŭs), i, 58 Dictator, Roman, i, 459 Diderot (dēd rō’), ii, 308 Diet (assembly), ii, 234, 250 Dillon, Dr., ii, 543, 551, 553 Dinosaurs (dī’ nŏ sawrz), i, 41, 46 Dinothere (dī’ nŏ thēr), i, 58 Diocletian, i, 529, 561, 594, 599-600, ii, 611 Dionysus, god, i, 354, 373 Dionysius of Syracuse, i, 434, 468 Diplodocus (dip lod’ ŏ kŭs), i, 40 Disease, infectious, i, 126 Dispensations, papal, ii, 86, 93 Disraeli, Benjamin. (See Beaconsfield, Earl of) Divans, ii, 32 Divination, i, 464 Divine right, ii, 164, 377 Divus Cæsar, i, 526 Dixon line, ii, 282, 284 Dnieper (nē’ pĕr), i, 153, 510, 553, ii, 110, 260 Doctors, i, 235 Dog, the, i, 56, 105, 108, 112, 116, 230 Dolichocephalic (dol i kō sĕ făl’ ik) skull, i, 142-46 Dolmens, i, 109 Domazlice, ii, 152, 617 Dominic, St., ii, 95-96, 615 Dominican Order, ii, 95-96, 116, 127, 193, 465, 615 Domitian, i, 526, ii, 610 Don, river, i, 153, 549, ii, 261 Don Cossacks, ii, 260 Donatello, ii, 183 Dordogne (dör dō’ nyĕ), i, 100 Doric dialect, i, 300 Dorset, i, 78 Dortmund, ii, 182 Dostoievski (dos to ef’ ski), ii, 502 Doubs, i, 100 Douglas, Sir R. K., i, 253 Dover, ii, 180 Dover, Straits of, i, 507 Dragon flies, i, 28 Dragonnades, ii, 239, 253 Dravidian civilization, i, 196, 203, 415, ii, 142; language, i, 158, 189 Dravidians, i, 146, 159, 160, 169, 182, 270, 315, ii, 134 Drepanum (drep’ ă nŭm), i, 470 Dresden, cruiser, ii, 520 Dresden, battle of, ii, 368 Driver, S. R., i, 288 Drogheda, ii, 224 Druids, i, 135 Drums, Neolithic, i, 115 Drusus, Livius, i, 503 Dryopithecus (drī ŏ pi thē’ kŭs), i, 66 Dubarry, Comtesse, ii, 240 Dublin, ii, 492, 493, 498, 499 Duma, the, ii, 525 Dumouriez (du moo ryā’), General, ii, 329 Dunbar, battle of, ii, 225 Dunce, derivation of, ii, 172 Dunkirk, ii, 226 Duns Scotus, ii, 171, 616 Dunstan, ii, 150 Dupleix (du plā’), ii, 258 Durazzo (du rad’ zō), i, 561, ii, 67, 72, 80, 616 Durham, ii, 396; University of, ii, 437 Durham, Lord, ii, 293 Düsseldorf, i, 72 Dutch language, ii, 47, 228; people, ii, 47; Republic, ii, 228-33, 380; settlements and seamanship, i, 84, ii, 188, 253, 282-83, 461, 465-66. (See also Holland) Duyvendak, Mr., i, 630, 641 Dwellings, Neolithic, i, 114 Dyeing, ii, 38 Dynamics, ii, 176 Dynasts, The, i, 335, ii, 348 E Earth, the, i, 3-8, 13-15, 29-34, 56-59 East, orientation to, i, 238 East India Company, ii, 258, 289, 451, 453 Easter, feast of, i, 129 Easter lamb, i, 588 Eastern (Greek) Empire. (See Byzantine Empire) Eastlake, ii, 404 Ebenezer, i, 283 Ebro, river, i, 354, 472, 475 Ecbatana (ek băt’ ă nă), i, 626 Ecclesiastes, book of, i, 277 Echidna (e kid’ nă), i, 54 Economists, French, ii, 309 Economus (ē kon’ ō mŭs), battle of, i, 470, ii, 608 Eden, garden of, i, 293, ii, 418 Eder, ii, 513 Edessa, i, 621, ii, 78, 80 Edgar, ii, 150 Edom, ii, 244 Education, i, 267, 270, 272, 408-9, 612-13, ii, 137, 146, 147, 166, 270 sqq., 302, 357, 385, 390-92, 396-97, 413, 428-31 Edward I, ii, 219 Edward VI, ii, 218, 220 Edward VII, ii, 228, 488 Edward, Prince of Wales, son of George V, ii, 498 Egbert, ii, 51, 53, 614 Egerton, H. E., ii, 377 Eggs, i, 39, 53, 54, 114 Egibi (ē gē’ bē), i, 265 Eginhard, ii, 59 Egmont, Count of, ii, 229 Egypt, i, 106, 154, 156, 395, 522, 561, 570, 572, 574, 618, ii, 1, 30, 83, 84, 94, 139, 153, 612; history (early), i, 133, 148, 183-86, 195-98, 200-01, 204, 209-13, 220, 228, 229, 233-34, 246, 248, 256, 261, 265, 267, 274, 277-82, 289, 290-95, 307, 315-16, 323, 326-27, 334, 340, 342, 359, 522, ii, 1, 189, 605, 606; (and Greece), i, 382, 389, 401-02, ii, 607; (and Rome), i, 480, 500, 510-12, 533; (and Islam), ii, 21-24, 29-32, 037, 064, 071, 082-84, 106, 114, 118, 122, 126, 132, 614, 618; (modern period), ii, 351, 353, 359, 453, 460, 471, 500, 621, 623; Christianity in, i, 604, 610, ii, 74, 149; Jews in, i, 402, 436, 572, ii, 607; Kingship in, i, 248-52, 263, 520; religious systems, i, 197-98, 236-42, 248-52, 296, 382-83, 404, 410-14, 431, 538, 590-91 Egyptian language, i, 154 Egyptian script, i, 208, 228 Egyptian shipping, i, 273 “Egyptians” (Gipsies), ii, 137 Elam (ē’ lăm), i, 189, 318 Elamite language, i, 162 Elamites, i, 189, 194, 245, 385, ii, 105 Elba, ii, 371, 374 Elbe, ii, 80 Elections, i, 494, ii, 302 Electricity, ii, 388, 389-90 Electrum, i, 220 Elephants, i, 57, 70, 76, 78, 102, 207, 210, 317, 386, 453, 455, 470-79, ii, 20 Eli, judge, i, 283-85 Elixir of life, ii, 174 Elizabeth, Queen of England, ii, 218, 220, 232, 258, 280 Elizabeth, Empress of Russia, ii, 242, 620 El-lil, i, 190 Emden, cruiser, ii, 520 Emesa (em’ ē să), i, 621 Emigration, ii, 76 Emirs, ii, 31 Emmet, Robert, ii, 493 Emperor, title of, i, 565 Emperors of Germany, ii, 199 Employers and employed, ii, 276, 397-98 Enclosure Acts, ii, 272-76 “Encyclopædists,” the, ii, 309 England, i, 605, ii, 64, 66, 178, 200, 433, 470-71; history (early), i, 52, 101, 645, ii, 40, 50-54, 066, 614; (under the Normans), ii, 67, 615; (in the 13th and 14th centuries), ii, 176-77; (Civil war), ii, 218, 221-25, 281; (war with Holland), ii, 225-26, 282; (war with Spain), ii, 220, 225; (reign of Charles II), ii, 225-26; (in 18th century), ii, 226-28; (and America), ii, 253-54; (union with Ireland), ii, 621; political and constitutional, i, 463, 465, ii, 194, 216-17, 219-21, 226-28, 236; religion, i, 642, ii, 49-54, 099, 150, 162, 206, 220, 221, 225, 252, 253, 282; social, ii, 154-56, 244, 271-73, 324, 334, 617. (See also Britain, Great Britain, and the Great War) English, the, ii, 50, 58, 66-67, 611 English language, i, 151, 564, 638, ii, 50, 160 English seamen, ii, 188 Entelodont (en tel’ ō dont), i, 53 Eoanthropus (ē ō ăn thrō’ pŭs), i, 60, 70-74. (See also Man) Eocene (ē’ ō sēn) period, i, 52-59 Eohippus, i, 56 Eolithic age, i, 75 Eoliths, i, 68, 102, ii, 605 Eozoon (ē ō zō’ ŏn) Canadense, i, 9 Ephesus (ef’ ē sŭs), i, 340, 379, 589, ii, 79 Ephesus, Council of, i, 602 Ephthalite (ef’ thă līt) coins, i, 329 Ephthalites, i, 628-30, 646, ii, 611, 612 Epics, i, 173, 175, 232 Epictetus (ep ik tē’ tŭs), i, 492 Epicureans (ep i kū rē’ ănz), i, 360, 363, 632 Epirus (ē pī’ rŭs), i, 375, 376, 452, 454, ii, 67, 122 Equality, ii, 16, 296 Equator, i, 31-33 Equinoxes, i, 31 Equisetums (ek wi sē’ tŭmz), i, 27 Erasistratus (er ă sis’ tră tŭs), i, 404 Eratosthenes (er ă tos’ thĕ nēz), i, 13, 402, 405, 408 Erech, i, 190 Eretria, i, 332 Erfurt, ii, 364 Eridu (ā’ ri doo), i, 133, 190, 195, 196, 210, ii, 130 Ervine, St. John, ii, 499 Esarhaddon (ē săr hăd’ ŏn), i, 246, 291, 319, ii, 606 Essad Pasha, ii, 554 Essenes (e sēnz’), i, 610 Essex, i, 623, ii, 40 Esthonians, ii, 244 Ethiopia (and Ethiopians), i, 200, 250, 383, ii, 606 Ethiopian dynasty, i, 195, ii, 606 Ethiopic language, i, 154 Ethnologists, i, 141 Etiquette in China, i, 434 Eton College, ii, 427 Etruria, i, 450, 460, 475 Etruscans, i, 447-50, 459, 464, ii, 91, 146, 606, 607 Eucharist, the, i, 591 Euclid, i, 364, 402, ii, 37 Euphrates, i, 148, 184-90, 194, 199, 203, 209, 238, 250, 291, 317, 507, 508, 523, 540, 562, 616, 622, ii, 2, 607 Euripides (ū rip’ i dēz), i, 351, 355, 369, 392 Europe, i, 151, 159-62; Christianity in, i, 517, 603-05, 609, ii, 51, 84-86, 090, 096, 099-101, 114, 148, 159-63, 166-67, 206, 234, 244, 246, 270; common cause in, ii, 74-77; Concert of, ii, 373, 377, 378, 384, 385; feudalism in, ii, 42 sqq.; history (general), i, 334, 544, 605-06, 625, ii, 42-43, 54-57, 107, 140, 181, 200, 202, 206, 216, 232-36, 240-53, 262-63, 269-72, 360 sqq., 367, 370, 377-82, 431; Huns in, i, 559, 628; Imperialism in, ii, 469-70, 475 sqq.; industrial revolution in, ii,276; intellectual development in, ii, 37-39, 88-89, 147, 167-69, 174-76; languages of, i, 161; literature of, ii, 160; “Marriage with Asia,” i, 390; mechanical revolution in, ii, 393 sqq.; monarchy in, ii, 211, 230, 236-43, 253; Mongolians in, i, 549, ii, 112, 168; Moslems in, ii, 24, 28-32, 041, 047, 065, 121, 184, 186; natural political map of, ii, 383, 446, 449, 566; peoples and races of, i, 104, 138-39, 141, 145, 298-99, 546-48, ii, 137, 266; Powers of, ii, 242-43, 278-79, 474; prehistoric, i, 59, 69, 75-77, 87-89, 95-105, 108, 118, 132-33, 140, 145, 149, 172-76, 183-84, 196, 206, 234, 240, 317, ii, 189; social development in, ii, 140, 157, 176 sqq.,200, 215-16, 217, 246, 269-77, 400-401. (See also Great War) Europeans descended from Neolithic man, i, 105 Euryptolemus (ū rip tol’ ĕ mŭs), i, 347 Eusebius (ū sē’ bi ŭs), i, 600 Evans, i, 21 Evans, Sir Arthur, i, 104, 150, 212, 228 Evans, Sir John, i, 137 Everlasting League, ii, 199, 616 Evolution of the Earth, i, 5-6 Examinations, i, 270, 640 Excommunication, ii, 81 Executive, the, ii, 414 Exodus, book of, i, 279, 281 Experience, i, 230 Exploration, i, 217-18 “Expropriated,” the, ii, 398 ex votos, i, 235, 414 Eylau (I’ lou), battle of, ii, 362, 622 Ezekiel, i, 292, 294 F Fabian Society, ii, 409 Fabius, i, 477-78 Factories, growth of, ii, 275-77 Factory Act, ii, 404, 405, 622 Factory system, ii, 394, 405 Fairies, i, 182 Faith, decline of a universal, ii, 425 Faizi (fä’ i zi), ii, 135 Falkland Isles, battle of, ii, 520 Families, noble and plebeian, i, 267-68 Family groups, i, 79, 110, 178-82 Faraday, M., ii, 387, 427 Farming, Arab knowledge of, ii, 38 Farrand, i, 158 Farrar, F. W., i, 527 Fashoda (fä shō’ dă), ii, 460, 500, 624 Fatepur-sikri (fŭt ē poor’ sik’ ri), ii, 135, 136 Fatima (făt’ i mă), ii, 26, 31, 64 Fatimite caliphate, ii, 64, 76, 126, 614 Fauna, early, i, 101 Fausta, i, 599 Faustina (faws tī’ nă), i, 527 Fayle, C. E., ii, 543 Fear, i, 125 Feasts, Aryan, i, 172-73 Feathers, i, 43-44, 48-49 Ferdinand I, emperor, ii, 207, 210, 233 Ferdinand, king of Bulgaria, ii, 501, 509, 524 Ferdinand, king of Spain, ii, 186, 200 Ferguson, i, 252, 410 Fermentation, i, 172 Ferns, i, 24, 27 Ferrero (fer rā’ rō), i, 455, 493, 502 Fetishism, i, 123, 129 Feudal system, the, i, 43 sqq. Fezzan, i, 118 Fiefs, ii, 43 Field of the Cloth of Gold, i, 202 Fielding, H., ii, 272, 394 Fiji, ii, 471 Filmer, ii, 164 Finance, i, 496-98, ii, 202, 216 Finland (and the Finns), i, 549, 606, ii, 366, 375, 380 Finland, Gulf of, ii, 266 Finnish language, i, 156 Finno-Ugrian language, i, 560 Fire, early use of, i, 78-80 Fire-arms, i, 565 Fish, i, 10, 24, 25, 52 Fisher, Lord, ii, 526 Fisher, Osmond, i, 78 Fishing, i, 96-97, 114 Fiske, ii, 282 Fiume (fū’ mā), ii, 566 Five Classics, the, i, 227 Flame projectors, ii, 516 Flanders, ii, 66, 78, 208, 329 Flavian dynasty, i, 526, ii, 609 Flax, i, 114 Fleming, Bishop, ii, 96 Flemings, the, ii, 47, 81, 178 Flemish language, ii, 47 Flint implements, i, 60, 68-69, 071, 078-82, 088, 091, 094, 099, 107, 114, 137 Flood, story of the, i, 278, 293 Florence, ii, 180, 182-83, 195-97, 202, 239, 242, 618 Florentine Society, ii, 392 Florida, ii, 282 Flowers, Cainozoic, i, 51 Flying machines, i, 215, ii, 173, 174, 175, 392 Fontainebleau (fon tān blō’), ii, 361, 368 Food, i, 16, 20, 78-84, 113, 116, 186-87 Fools, i, 172 Foot of apes, men, and monkeys, i, 63-66 Forbes, ii, 129 Ford businesses, ii, 406 Forests, i, 37, 100-04 Fort St. Augustine, ii, 282 Fossils, i, 8-13, 026, 046-51, 057, 66, ii, 175, 419 Foucher, i, 429 “Fourteen Points,” the, ii, 546-48, 556 Fowl, domesticated, i, 113, 114 Fowler, W. Warde, i, 148, 510 Fox, the, as food, i, 113 France, i, 74, 108; history (to Revolutionary period), i, 88, 93, 146, 217, 522, 554, 606, 627, ii, 24, 41, 46-48, 051, 053, 062, 069, 075, 078-82, 087, 092, 098, 099, 127, 156-57, 166, 178, 179, 180, 193-205, 215-29, 234-39, 243-51, 267, 272, 279, 620, 621; (Revolutionary period), ii, 157, 164, 242-47, 621; (Napoleonic period), ii, 248-74, 621; (to Great War), ii, 370-73, 382, 400, 438-46, 484, 486, 509, 622, 623; (Great War), ii, 48, 513 sqq.; Imperialism, ii, 470, 500; overseas dominions, ii, 251-54, 279-86, 292, 363, 364, 451, 467. (See also Franks, Gaul) Francis, St., of Assisi, ii, 94-96, 161, 263, 615 Francis I, emperor, ii, 620 Francis II, emperor, ii, 622 Francis I, king of France, ii, 200-06, 618 Francis Ferdinand, archduke, ii, 510 Franciscan Order, ii, 94-96, 148, 171, 173, 193, 615, 616 Frankfort, ii, 180, 439, 623; Peace of, ii, 446-47, 477, 623 Franklin, Benj., ii, 303, 324 Franks, the, i, 552, 559, 564, 606, 609, ii, 41, 42, 46-52, 57-62, 069, 078, 130, 144, 610 Frazer, Sir J. G., i, 116, 117, 125, 130-131, 249 Frederick I (Barbarossa), emperor, ii, 80, 86, 87, 89, 97, 615 Frederick II, emperor, ii, 80, 082, 86 sqq.,112, 117, 148, 160-61, 199, 232, 421, 615, 616 Frederick III, emperor, ii, 200 Frederick I, king of Prussia, ii, 240, 620 Frederick II (the Great), king of Prussia, ii, 240, 248, 264, 267, 300, 303, 620 Frederick III, king of Prussia, ii, 482 Frederick, don, ii, 230 Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg, ii, 152 Free discussion, ii, 158; trade in Athens, i, 460 Free intelligence, i, 262 Freedom, i, 259-60, ii, 279 Freeman’s Farm, ii, 292 French language, i, 151, 564, ii, 47, 54, 66, 160, 199, 228 Freud, Sigismund, i, 127 Freya (frī’ ă), ii, 49 Friars, the, ii, 164, 172. (See also Franciscan Order) Friedland (frēd’ lănt), battle of, ii, 362, 622 Frisian coast, i, 539; language, ii, 228 Frisians, the, ii, 49-51 Frog, the, i, 26 Froissart (frwä sär’), ii, 155 Fronde, the, ii, 234-36 Fu, S. N., i, 630-32, 641-42 Fuggers, the, ii, 202, 204, 271 Fulas, i, 206 Fuller, Colonel, ii, 571 Fulton, R., ii, 387 Furnace, blast, ii, 388; electric, ii, 389 Future life, belief in, i, 123, 538 G Gaelic, i, 168, ii, 490 Gage, General, ii, 290, 294 Galatia, i, 449, ii, 608 Galatians, i, 395, 397, ii, 121 Galba, i, 526, ii, 609 Galerius, i, 594, 596, ii, 611 Galicia, ii, 518 Galilee, i, 571, 584, 587, 591, 621 Galileo (găl i lē’ ō), Galilei, ii, 176, 417, 618, 619 Gallas, language of the, i, 154 Galleys, i, 259 Galvani, ii, 387 Gama, Vasco da (văs kō’ dä gä’ mä), ii, 187-88, 257, 617 Gamaliel, i, 588 Gambia, i, 218 Games, i, 314 Gametes (găm ēts’), i, 24 Gandhara (gän d hä’ rä), i, 428 Ganesa (gă nā’ shă), i, 439 Gang labour, i, 265, 287 Ganges, i, 160, 201, 269, 270, 386, 388, 415, 430, ii, 106 Gardner, Alice, i, 625 Garibaldi, ii, 441 Gas, i, 170, 635 Gas in warfare, ii, 516, 569 Gaspee, vessel, ii, 289 Gath, i, 282 Gaul (and the Gauls), i, 196, 299, 388, 395, 450-51, 458-60, 471, 475, 500, 502-07, 509, 542, 553, 559, 564, 605, 613, ii, 41, 46, 61, 266, 608, 611 Gaulish language, i, 168 Gautama (gou’ tă mă). (See Buddha) Gaza, i, 261, 282, 379, 382 Gazelle, i, 56 Gaztelu, ii, 207, 208 Genesis, book of, i, 129, 277-82 Geneva, ii, 163, 199, 264, 559 Genoa (jen’ ō ă) and the Genoese, ii, 76, 80, 117, 153, 180, 182, 185, 347 Genseric (jen’ sĕr ik), i, 556, 557, ii, 611 Gentiles, the, i, 580 Geography, i, 5 Geology, i, 5, 8, ii, 419 Geomancers (jē ō măn’ sĕrs), i, 635 Geometry, ii, 37 George I, ii, 227, 620 George II, ii, 227, 620 George III, ii, 227, 288, 293, 314, 338, 620 George IV, ii, 228 George V, ii, 144, 228, 488, 498 George, Lloyd, ii, 499, 518, 534-38, 552-53, 557, 566 Georgia, ii, 282, 290, 443, 620 Gerasa (jer’ ă să), i, 621 Gerash, i, 623 Gerbert (gār’ ber), ii, 37 German language, i, 151, 168, ii, 47, 160, 228; songs and tales, ii, 61 Germany, i, 101, 108, 318; history (to Saxon kings), i, 502, 507, 509, 510, 522, 534, 539, 540, 552, 557, 603, ii, 46-47, 051, 057, 061-62, 144, 150, 609; (Saxon kings to Napoleonic period), ii, 61, 69, 75, 80, 86, 87, 98-100, 112, 116, 138, 156, 157-62, 179, 180, 182, 188, 199-210, 216, 228, 232-36, 244-48, 253, 256, 266-67, 283, 285, 292, 304, 339, 361-66, 614, 616, 618; (War of Liberation to the Great War), ii, 367-68, 381-82, 390-91, 396-401, 438-46, 467, 469-70, 476 sqq., 623; (Great War), ii, 499 sqq.; class distinction in, i, 268; Imperialism of, ii, 470, 479-86, 508 Gesture language, i, 163 Gethsemane, i, 585 Ghent, ii, 180, 199, 229 Gibbon, Edward, i, 531-35, 557, 558, 592, 595, 599, 608, 618, ii, 30, 42, 60, 62, 67, 69, 78, 82, 112, 227, 263-73, 277, 278, 308, 421 Gibbons (animal), i, 67 Gibbs, Philip, ii, 513, 516, 518, 530, 572 Gibraltar, i, 67, 120, 217, 532, ii, 41, 451, 471 Gideon, i, 283 Gigantosaurus (jī găn tō saw’ rŭs), i, 42 Gilbert, Dr., ii, 176, 619 Gilboa, Mount, i, 285 Gills, i, 23, 25, 52 Gin, i, 219 Giotto (jot’ ō), ii, 183 Gipsies, ii, 137, 138 Gipsy language, ii, 138 Giraffe, i, 56 Girondins, ii, 328 Gizeh (gē’ zĕ), i, 198, 238 Glacial Age. (See Ice Age) Gladiators, i, 489-91, 505, 529, 533, 589, 594, 609, ii, 608, 609 Gladstone, Sir John, ii, 427 Gladstone, W. E., i, 345, ii, 426-33, 447, 481, 495, 499, 623 Glasfurd, A. I. R., i, 114, 126 Glass, ii, 38 Glastonbury, i, 110, 171 Glaucia, i, 503 Glyptodon (glip’ tō don), i, 102, 207 Gneisenau (gnī’ zĕ nou), cruiser, ii, 520 Gneiss (nīs), fundamental, i, 8 Gnosticism (nos’ ti sizm), i, 592, 603 Goats in lake dwellings, i, 112 Gobi Desert, i, 160, 545, 634, 643, 644 God, i, 583, 592, 602, ii, 29, 171, 174; idea of one true, i, 295-96, 400, 424, 436, 538, 569, 572, 576, ii, 5-7, 011, 018, 136; of Judaism, i, 219, 282 sqq.,361, 412, ii, 16; Kingdom of, ii, 90, 97, 116, 149, 246 Godfrey of Bouillon, ii, 78, 228, 615 Gods, i, 234-39, 240, 245-46, 411-12, 483; Aryan, i, 233-34, 305; Egyptian, i, 236-39, 248-52; Greek, i, 305, 361-62, 483; Japanese, i, 429; Semitic, i, 233; tribal, i, 134, 295 Goethe, ii, 324 Gold, i, 105, 118, 220, ii, 89, 344 Golden Horde, the, ii, 134, 259 Goldsmith, Oliver, i, 376, ii, 273, 492, 493, 553 Golgotha, i, 585 Gooch, G. P., ii, 475 Good Hope, Cape of, ii, 257, 451, 617 Good Hope, cruiser, ii, 520 Goods, consumable, ii, 344 Goose, i, 113 Gorham, Nathaniel, ii, 300 Gorilla, i, 63, 67, 218 “Gorillas,” i, 218 Goritzia (gō rē t’ sē ă), ii, 519 Goshen, land of, i, 279 Gospels, the, i, 573, 576, 585-88, 593, 601, ii, 150, 418 Gotha (gō’ tă) aeroplane, ii, 519 Gothic architecture, ii, 179; language, i, 168 Goths, i, 528, 543, 549, 553, 556, 560-64, 606, 609, 611, 612, 615, ii, 41, 46, 57, 66, 610, 611, 612 Gough, General, ii, 530 Gould, Baring, i, 610 Gourgaud (goor gō’), ii, 358 Government, i, 232-33, 241-42, 462-64, ii, 147, 385 Gowland, Dr., i, 106 Gracchi, the, i, 502, ii, 147 Gracchus, Caius, i, 502, ii, 609 Gracchus, Tiberius, i, 483, 496-501, ii, 609 Graham, Cunninghame, ii, 193 Grain, as food, i, 113-17, 184 Granada, ii, 186 Grand Remonstrance, ii, 221 Granicus (gră nī’ kŭs), battle of the, i, 379, ii, 608 Grape, i, 172 Graphite, i, 9 Grasses, i, 51, 56 Gravelotte (gräv lot’), ii, 445 Gravesend, ii, 226 Gravitation, law of, ii, 176 Gray, G. B., i, 281 Gray, Thomas, ii, 227 Great Britain, history (general), ii, 244, 470; (and India), ii, 134-37, 254-59; (and America), ii, 253-54, 273, 279-82, 285-94, 621; (and French Revolution), ii, 327, 331-32; (in Napoleonic period), ii, 351-54, 359, 361, 366, 372, 621; (war with Turkey), ii, 382; (Crimean war), ii, 440; (suspicion of Russia), ii, 447; (in alliance against Germany), ii, 484-86; (the Great War), ii, 510 sqq.; (effect of Great War on), ii, 533-34 sqq.; constitutional, political, and social, i, 495, ii, 271-73, 298, 306-07, 321, 338, 388-89, 400, 486-87, 622; expansion and Imperialism, ii, 246-47, 451-60, 463, 469, 470-72, 486-99, 624. (See also Britain and England) Great Exhibition, the, ii, 436, 623 Great Mogul, ii, 256, 258 Great ox. (See Aurochs) Great Schism. (See Papal Schism) Great War, the, ii, 48, 166, 221, 235, 251, 510 sqq., 624 Greatness, ii, 303 Greece (and the Greeks), i, 86, 108, 114, 281, 313-18, 446-47, ii, 144, 160, 190; history (to war with Persia), i, 13, 176-78, 213-16, 234, 281, 300 sqq., ii, 606; (war with Persia), i, 314-15, 327-42, ii, 607; (to 15th century), i, 343-45, 357, 362-64, 367-72, 377-78, 395, 449, 554, 611, 621, ii, 79, 98, 121-26, 616; (modern), ii, 382, 502, 521-22, 524, 622; civilization, i, 304-14, 352-53, 363-64, 455, 491-92, 623; constitutional, i, 305-15, 360-64, 369, 378, 455, 488; religion, i, 240, 304-06, 354-55, 374, 412, 483, ii, 48; thought and learning, i, 359-65, 399-404, 408-09, 488, 618, 636, ii, 35, 168 Greek, alphabet, i, 228-29; archipelago, i, 119, 260; Church, i, 603, 617, ii, 58, 60, 73, 74, 78, 81, 98, 380, 611; islands, i, 171, ii, 65; language and literature, i, 151, 168, 173-76, 194, 300, 348, 354-56, 359-62, 402, 411, 530, 535, 562, 588, 614-15, 621, ii, 31, 35, 36, 50, 61, 73, 159, 211; warfare, i, 370 Greek (Eastern) Empire, see Eastern (Greek) Empire Green, J. R., ii, 154 Green flag, ii, 64 Greenland, i, 75, ii, 53, 185 “Greens,” faction of the, ii, 247 Gregorovius, ii, 63 Gregory, Sir R. A., ii, 176, 384, 427 Gregory I, the Great, i, 612, 642, ii, 41, 50, 72, 97, 153, 167, 612 Gregory VII, ii, 72, 73, 74, 84, 149, 167, 615 Gregory IX, ii, 83, 87, 148, 616 Gregory XI, ii, 100, 127, 617 Grenfell, i, 137 Grey, Sir Edward, ii, 511 Grey Friars. (See Franciscan Order) Grimaldi race, i, 88, 90-95, 120 Grimm’s Law, i, 152 Grisons, i, 564 Grote, i, 351 Growth, i, 16 Guadalquivir (gaw dăl kwiv’ ĕr), ii, 188 Guianas, the, ii, 451 Guilds, i, 267 Guillemard, ii, 188 Guillotine, ii, 333 Guiscard (gēs kăr’), Robert, ii, 67, 69, 79, 615 Gulf Stream, i, 20 Gum-tree, i, 51 Gunpowder, i, 635, ii, 109, 121, 179, 268 Guptas (goop’ tăz), i, 629 Gurkhas, ii, 455 Gustavus Adolphus, ii, 235, 236, 253 Gutenberg, ii, 159 Guthrum, ii, 54, 614 Gwalior, ii, 257 Gyges (gī’ jēz), i, 316, ii, 606 H Haarlem (här’ lem), ii, 159, 229, 231, 617 Habsburgs, ii, 63, 98, 140, 167, 199-202, 232, 235, 243, 248, 370, 371 Hackett, ii, 420-21 Hadrian, i, 526, 536, ii, 610 Hadrian, tomb of, i, 609, ii, 41 Hadrian’s wall, i, 526-27 Hague Conferences, ii, 476-77 Haig, Sir Douglas, ii, 523 Hair, i, 49-54 Halicarnassus (hăl i kăr näs’ ŭs), i, 260, 262, 340, 379, 380 Hall, i, 218 Hall, H. R., i, 184 Ham, son of Noah, i, 140 Hamburg, ii, 180, 182 Hamilcar, i, 471, 475 Hamilton, Alexander, ii, 303 Hamilton, Sir Ian, ii, 521 Hamilton, Sir William, ii, 390 Hamites, i, 158, 176, 189, 203, 244, ii, 41 Hamitic languages, i, 154, 155, 161, 162, 167; ships, i, 212 Hammond, ii, 269, 270 Hammurabi (hăm moo rä’ bē), i, 191, 196, 199, 201, 245, 258, 279, 385, ii, 606 Han, men of, i, 634 Han dynasty, i, 205, 253, 270, 433, 508, 509, 542, 543, 548, 630, 631, ii, 610 Hancock, ii, 290 Hang Chau (hăng’ chou), ii, 108, 615 Hannibal, i, 473-79, 483 Hanno, i, 196, 217-18, 221, 234, 241, 472, 509, 532, ii, 185, 607 Hanover, ii, 338 Hanover, elector of. (See George I.) Hanoverian dominions, ii, 244 Hanoverian dynasty, ii, 228, 236 Hansa towns, ii, 182-88 Hanse merchants, ii, 266 Harcourt, Sir William, ii, 411 Hardy, Thomas, i, 335, ii, 349 Hare, the, i, 113 Hariti, i, 428 Harnack, ii, 174 Haroun-al-Raschid (hä roon ăl ră shēd’), ii, 32, 33, 61, 613 Harpagos (här’ pă gŏs), i, 323 Harpalus (här’ pă lŭs), i, 375, 387 Harpoons, i, 90, 96 Harran, i, 622 Harris, H. Wilson, ii, 543, 560 Harrison, Benjamin, i, 68 Harvey, John, ii, 177, 619 Hasan, son of Ali, ii, 27, 30 Hasdrubal, i, 472-76 Hastings, Warren, ii, 259, 453, 487 Hatasu (hä’ tă soo), Queen of Egypt, i, 200 Hathor, i, 239, 249, 412, 413 Hatra, i, 622 Hatred, i, 472 Hauran, i, 623, ii, 2 Haverfield, F. J., i, 461, 605 Hawk gods, i, 237 Head, deformation of, i, 147 Headlam, J. W., ii, 377 Hearths, i, 171 Heaven, Kingdom of, i, 575-79, 582, 587, ii, 417. (See also God) Hébert, ii, 335 Hebrew language, i, 153, 155, 164, 570, 572; literature, i, 293-94; prophets, i, 601; thought, i, 361; moral teaching, i, 219. (See also Jewish) Hebrews, i, 245, 279-283, ii, 1. (See also Jews) Hecataeus (hek ă tē’ ŭs), i, 221 Hecker, ii, 154 Hector, i, 175, 183 Hedgehogs, i, 56 Hegira (hej’ i ră), ii, 8, 12, 14, 17, 612 Heidelberg man, i, 60, 64, 69, 70-71, 84 Hekt, i, 239 Helen of Troy, i, 216 Helena, Empress, i, 618, ii, 82 Helena, mother of Constantine, i, 599 Heligoland, ii, 484, 623 Heliolithic (hē li ō lith’ ik) culture, i, 147-49, 162, 171, 177, 184, 188, 196, 201, 207-13, 223, 415, ii, 189, 465 Heliolithic peoples, i, 206 Heliopolis (hē li op’ ō lis), (Baalbek), i, 621, ii, 3 Hellé, André, ii, 513 Hellenes, i, 300 Hellenic civilization, i, 302 sqq., ii, 22, 168; tradition, i, 562 Hellenism, i, 353, 430, 570 Hellespont, i, 334-35, 339, 340, 362, 372, 379, 523, 621, ii, 20, 79, 137, 607, 612 Helmolt, H. F., i, 192, 541, 556, 635, ii, 18, 22, 136, 180 Helmont, van, i, 170 Helots, i, 305 Hen. (See Fowl, domesticated) Henriot, ii, 336 Henry II, German Emperor, ii, 63 Henry V, German Emperor, ii, 63 Henry VI, German Emperor, ii, 86 Henry II, King of England, ii, 490 Henry III, King of England, ii, 219 Henry V, King of England, ii, 178 Henry VII, King of England, ii, 186, 218, 220 Henry VIII, King of England, ii, 163, 197, 200, 204, 206, 218, 220, 618 Henry of Prussia, Prince, ii, 300 Henry the Fowler, ii, 63, 70, 614 Henry, Patrick, ii, 287, 303 Hephaestion (hē fes’ tiŏn), i, 392, 394, 510 Hephaestus, i, 173 Heraclea (her ă klē’ ă), i, 453, ii, 608 Heraclius (her ă klī’ ŭs), i, 615, 618, 623, 634, ii, 17-20, 082, 612, 613 Heraldry, i, 268 Herat, i, 386, 604 Herbivorous animals, i, 41, 43 Hercules, demi-god, i, 399, 515 Hercules, son of Alexander, i, 394 Hercules, temple of, i, 234 Herdsmen, i, 264, 267 Hereditary rule, ii, 144 Heredity, i, 230 Heretic, ii, 95 Heristhal, ii, 47 Hermon, Mount, i, 113, 184 Herne Island, i, 217 Hero, i, 402, 540 Herodes Atticus (her ō’ dēz ăt’ i kŭs), i, 535, 536 Herodians, i, 579 Herodotus (hē rod’ ō tŭs), i, 186, 218, 221, 241, 260-62, 267, 296, 314, 319-26, 332, 340, 342, 347, 350, 355, 356, 370, 399, 405, 497, 532, 615, 642, ii, 20, 607 Herods, the, i, 571, 574, 580, ii, 4 Heroic Age, i, 177 Herophilus (hē rof’ i lŭs), i, 403, 404 Herzegovina (hert sĕ gov’ ĕ nă), ii, 484, 624 Hesperornis (hes pĕr ôr’ nis), i, 48 Hesse (hes’ ĕ) and Hessians, ii, 51, 205, 445 Hezekiah, King, i, 291 Hieratic script, i, 228 Hiero (hī’ ĕr ō), i, 468, 469, 476 Hieroglyphics, i, 208, 211, 227, 228 Hieronymus (hī er on’ i mŭs) of Syracuse, i, 476 Hildebrand. (See Gregory VII) Himalayas, i, 35, 52, 160, 546 Hindu deities, i, 437, 439; priests, i, 180; schools, ii, 137 Hindu Kush, ii, 133 Hindus, i, 169, 179-81, 269-70, 299, 538, ii, 134, 137, 256 Hindustan, ii, 108, 133 Hipparchus, i, 402 Hippias, i, 332 Hippo, i, 556, 604 Hippopotamus, i, 38, 69, 70, 76 Hippopotamus deities, i, 197, 236 Hira, ii, 18, 20 Hirai, K., i, 157 Hiram, King of Sidon, i, 287-90 Hirth, i, 435, 541, 582, 635 Histiæus, i, 330-31, 341, 561 Hittites, i, 192, 196, 200, 219, 278, 282, 283, 300, 327, ii, 121 Hi-ung-nu. (See Huns) Hobson, J. A., ii, 543 Hoche, General, ii, 374 Hogarth, D. G., i, 367, 392 Hogarth, William, ii, 227 Hogue, cruiser, ii, 520 Hohenlinden, battle of, ii, 355, 622 Hohenstaufens (hō en stou’ fenz), ii, 63, 98, 182, 199, 232, 616 Hohenzollerns, ii, 236, 240, 370, 442, 445, 479, 480 Holkham Hall, i, 13 Holland, i, 541, 605, ii, 47, 51, 159, 163, 182, 188, 193, 224, 229-30, 233, 236, 251, 257, 258, 282, 331, 339, 347, 359, 361, 368, 380, 381, 451, 457, 622 Holland, Rev. W. E. S., ii, 473 Holly, i, 51 Holmes, i, 615 Holmes, A., i, 13 Holmes, Rice, i, 104 Holstein, ii, 381 Holy Alliance, ii, 372, 377, 382, 400, 430, 476, 477 Holy Land. (See Crusades and Palestine) Holy Roman Empire, ii, 58, 63, 69, 130, 182, 198, 202 sqq.,210, 215, 238, 256, 614, 622 Homage, ii, 44 Home Rule Bill, i, 312 Homer, i, 114, 174-82, 196, 216, 219, 229, 300, 304, 508, 531 Homo antiquus. See Neanderthal man; Heidelbergensis, see Heidelberg man; Neanderthalensis, see Neanderthal man; primigenius, see Neanderthal man; sapiens, see Man, true Homs, i, 621 Honduras (hon dūr’ ăs), British, ii, 254 Honey, i, 172 Honoria, i, 557 Honorius, i, 554, ii, 611 Honorius III, pope, ii, 87, 615 Hope in religion, i, 125 Hopf, Ludwig, i, 80, 118, 130 Hophni, i, 284 Horace, i, 407 Horn, Count of, ii, 229 Horn implements, i, 90, 107, 116 Horrabin, F., i, 119 Horses, i, 58, 64, 69, 70, 92-100, 105, 170, 177, 192, 299, 551 Horsuv Tyn, ii, 152 Horticulture, i, 254 Horus, i, 249, 252, 412-14, 429, 590, 591 Hose, i, 148 Hotel Cecil, i, 621 Hottentot language, i, 162 Households, growth of, i, 258 Houses, stone, i, 171 Howard, the philanthropist, ii, 338 Howe, F. C., ii, 543 Howorth, H. H., i, 541 Howth, ii, 498 Hrdlicka, Dr., i, 102 Hsia, Empire of, ii, 110 Hubbard, i, 536, 642 Huc, i, 429, 440 Hudson Bay Company, ii, 254, 451 Hudson Bay Territory, i, 158 Hudson River, ii, 292, 387 Hueffer, F. M., ii, 480 Hugo, Victor, ii, 355 Huguenots, ii, 244, 253, 282 Hulagu, ii, 114, 118, 120, 130, 154, 616 Human association, ii, 413 Human sacrifice, i, 116-17, 130-31, 134, ii, 91, 190 Humayun (hoo mä’ yoon), ii, 133 Hungary (and the Hungarians), i, 106, 553, 558, 560, 600, ii, 51, 69, 70, 77, 100, 113, 122, 126, 139, 184, 204, 205, 233, 260, 380, 400, 446, 618. (See also Austria) Huns, i, 196, 203-05, 253, 272, 388, 508, 533, 539, 541, 543-52, 554, 557, 559, 618, 627-32, 644, ii, 66, 71, 106, 108, 113, 142, 266, 611 Hunter Commission, ii, 456 Hunting, i, 91, 92, 96-104, 112, 124, 317, 318 Husein, son of Ali, ii, 27, 30 Huss, John, ii, 100, 151, 202, 263, 272, 615 Hussites, ii, 152-56, 617 Hut urns, i, 115 Hutchinson, i, 162 Hutchinson, H. N., i, 50 Hutton, ii, 419 Huxley, Prof., i, 13, 146, ii, 420-21, 426 Hwang-ho (hwăng’ hō), river, i, 205, 542, 641, ii, 108, 118 Hyæna cave, i, 76 Hyænodon (hī ē’ nō don), i, 53 Hyde Park, ii, 437 Hyksos, i, 196, 199, ii, 1 Hyracodon (hī răk’ ō don), i, 53 Hystaspes (his tăs’ pēz), i, 326, ii, 607 I Iberian language, i, 167 Iberians, i, 101, 146, 167, 171, 176, 196, 213, 281, 298, 446, ii, 247. (See also Mediterranean race) Ibex, i, 93 Ibn Batuta (ibn bä too’ tä), ii, 154 Ibn-rushd. (See Averroes) Ibrahim, son of Muhammad, ii, 13 Icarus (ik’ ă rŭs), i, 215 Ice, effect of, i, 59 Ice Age, i, 52, 57-60, 68-72, 077, 082, 087, 119, 120, 159, 317 Iceland, ii, 53, 185, 252 Icelandic language, i, 168 I-chabod, i, 285 Ichthyosaurs (ik’ thi ō sawrz), i, 41, 45 Iconium, ii, 72 Ideograms, i, 224-26 Ideographs, i, 226 Idumeans, i, 570 Ignatius, St., of Loyola, ii, 164-66, 263, 618 Iliad, the. (See Homer) Ilkhan, Empire of, ii, 114, 118, 127, 130 Illyria, i, 372, 375, 377, 472, 480, ii, 122, 608 Immortality, idea of, i, 124, 413, 423-24, 538-39 Imperator, title of, i, 565 Imperial preference, ii, 488 Imperialism, i, 311, ii, 424, 436, 461, 475 sqq., 498-502 Implements, bone, i, 99; bronze, i, 132; Chellean, i, 70; copper, i, 105; earliest use of, i, 67-68; flint, i, 71, 76-81, 088, 091, 096, 099, 107, 114; horn, i, 90, 107, 116; iron, i, 107; Neolithic, i, 104-05, 114, 132; Palæolithic, i, 76, 104, 137; Pliocene, i, 68-69; stone, i, 57, 67, 69, 75, 80, 88, 96, 104, 106, 273; use of by animals, i, 67; wooden, i, 76 Inca of Peru, ii, 190 Independency, ii, 163 India, i, 37, 74, 106, 109, 114, 160, 181-82, 206, 327, 396, 432, 489, 509, 532, 548, 626, ii, 27, 33, 109, 133, 139, 144, 268, 351; history (Alexander in), i, 379, 386, 388, 428, 510; (Indo-Scythians in), i, 548, 617, 628, ii, 610; (Ephthalites in), i, 629, ii, 611; (Mongols in), i, 550, 557, ii, 114, 133-37; (17th and 18th centuries), ii, 254, 256-58, 262; (British in), ii, 133-37, 254-59, 279, 285, 451-56, 471, 487, 620, 621; civilization, social development, and culture, i, 147, 171, 179, 183, 196, 201, 268-70, 272, 307, 415-16, 430, ii, 136, 145, 455; European settlements in, ii, 254-59, 279, 285, 620; languages of, i, 158, 169, 189, ii, 139-40; peoples and races, i, 138-39, 145, 158-60, 196, 201, 203, 317, 386, 629, ii, 106, 190; religions of, i, 270, 416 sqq.,440, 604, 610, 625, ii, 108, 114, 136, 166; trade of, i, 401, 533, 640, ii, 257; travels and voyages to, i, 533, 642, 645, ii, 119, 185-87, 465, 612, 617 Indian corn, i, 113 Indian ocean, i, 47, 108, 118, 210, ii, 187 Indian sign-language, i, 150 Indians, American. (See American Indians) Indies, East, i, 46, 148, 159, 162, 206, 210, 273, ii, 257, 451, 461 Indies, West, ii, 187, 252, 305, 306, 451 Individual, the free, i, 259 Individuality, in reproduction, i, 17 Indo-European languages. (See Aryan languages) Indo-Iranian language, i, 169; people, i, 538 Indonesian life, i, 177 Indore, ii, 257 Indo-Scythians, i, 548, 617, 628, ii, 610 Indulgences, ii, 93, 202 Indus, i, 159, 182, 201, 327, 385-89, 395, 430, 507, 523, ii, 22, 132, 607 Industrial Revolution, ii, 276, 393-98, 405 Industrialism, ii, 273-75 Infanticide, i, 134 Influenza, ii, 384 Information, ii, 413 Infusoria, i, 21 Inge, Dean, i, 583, 587, ii, 416 Innes, A. D., ii, 218 Innocent III, pope, ii, 82, 86-98, 167, 615 Innocent IV, ii, 81, 88, 116 Inns, early, i, 220 Innsbruck, ii, 207 Inquisition, the, ii, 95, 117, 166, 209, 378 Insects, i, 5, 28 Instruments, Neolithic musical, i, 115 Interglacial period, i, 60, 68-70, 75-76 “International,” the, ii, 409 International relationship, ii, 347 Internationalism, ii, 432 Intoxicants, i, 172, 182 Investitures, ii, 44, 74, 85 Ion, poet, i, 347 Iona, ii, 50 Ionian Islands, ii, 351 Ionians, i, 314-16, 327-32, 337-40, ii, 121 Ionic dialect, i, 300 Ipsus (ip’ sŭs), battle of, i, 395 Irak, ii, 33 Iran (ē rän’), i, 508, 626 Iranians, i, 299, 627 Ireland, i, 86, 102, 105, 110, 182, 209, 299, 312, 603, ii, 40, 50, 66, 97, 178, 224-26, 424, 432, 471, 488-99, 621, 623, 624 Irene (ī rē’ nē), Empress, ii, 58 Irish, Catholics, ii, 222, 224, 244; language, i, 152, 168; prisoners, ii, 284; race, i, 167 Irish sea, i, 75 Iron, i, 4, 79, 133; as currency, i, 219-20; use of, i, 107, 187, 196, 205, 207, ii, 275, 387-89, 606 Iron Age, i, 97, 108, 133 Ironsides, ii, 223 Iroquois (ir ō kwoi’) tribes, ii, 285 Irrigation, i, 37, 190 Irving, Washington, ii, 253 Isaac, patriarch, i, 278-79 Isabella of Castile, ii, 186, 200 Isaiah, i, 578 Ishmael, i, 279 Ishtar, i, 232, 245, 279, 283 Isis, i, 239, 249, 412-14, 428-29, 538, 575, 590-91 Iskender, i, 389 Islam, i, 296, 441, 583, 624, 636, ii, 4 sqq., 113, 142, 194; and Christianity, ii, 34, 35, 64, 114, 149; propaganda of, ii, 15-16, 028, 051, 108, 116, 127, 142, 256, 396, 397; teaching of, ii, 14 sqq., 064, 136, 146, 402. (See also Moslems, and Muhammadanism) Isocrates (ī sok’ ră tēz), i, 351, 357, 363, 367, 373, 390, 397 Ispahan (is pă hän’), ii, 132 Israel, Kingdom of (and Israelites), i, 193, 277 sqq., 316, ii, 144, 244, 606. (See also Jews) Issik Kul (is’ ik kool), i, 643 Issus, battle of, i, 380-84, ii, 20, 78, 608 Italian language, i, 151, 446, ii, 160, 199 Italy (and Italians), i, 106, 196, 213, 281, 388, 446-47, 526, 611, ii, 121, 144, 608; history (Greeks in), i, 302, 304, 346, 447, 451-52, ii, 606-08; (Gauls in), i, 388, 449, 471; (Roman), i, 453, 460, 494, 499-505, ii, 147; (invasion by Hannibal), i, 475-77; (Goths in), i, 553, 606, ii, 46, 65, 612; (Huns in), i, 559, 608; (Lombards in), i, 606, 616, ii, 57, 153, 612; (Charlemagne in), ii, 57-58; (Germans in), ii, 58, 618; (Normans in), ii, 67, 69, 76; (Saracens in), ii, 67; (Magyars in), ii, 69; (13th-18th cent.), ii, 83, 87-89, 97-98, 126, 127, 182-84, 195-97, 204, 216, 233, 236, 621-22; (Napoleonic period), ii, 332, 339, 347, 350-55, 359, 364, 622; (to unification of), ii, 380-82, 400, 432; (Kingdom of), ii, 440-45, 461, 469-70, 500-01, 519, 622, 624; imperialism of, ii, 470, 500. (See also Rome and Great War) Ivan III, ii, 129, 617; IV (the Terrible), ii, 129, 618 Ivory, trade in, i, 273 Ivy, fossil, i, 51 J Jackson, Sir Louis, ii, 567 sqq. Jackson, T. G., ii, 61 Jacob, patriarch, i, 278 sq. Jacobins, French, ii, 324, 333 sqq.,342, 349, 621 Jacquerie, ii, 156, 502, 621 Jade, i, 118 Jaffa, ii, 353 Jaipur (jī poor’), ii, 256 Jamaica, ii, 254, 451, 471 James I, i, 110, ii, 216 sqq., 237, 253, 280 James II, ii, 226, 491 James, St., i, 580 James, Henry, ii, 550 Jameson, Dr., ii, 424 Jamestown, ii, 284, 305 Janissaries, ii, 122, 132 Japan, i, 139, 429, 432, 642, ii, 119, 185, 187, 261-62, 463-70, 623, 624 Japanese, i, 66, 147, 636, ii, 464; language and writing, i, 156, 638 Japhet, i, 140 Jarandilla, ii, 207 Jarrow, ii, 50 Java, i, 68, ii, 187 Jaw, chimpanzee, i, 72; human, ib.; Piltdown (see Piltdown) Jefferson, Tho., ii, 293, 303 sqq. Jehad (jē häd’), “holy war,” ii, 80 Jehan (jē hăn’), Shah, ii, 133 Jehangir, ii, 133 Jehovah, i, 282, 287, 293, 307, 412 Jena (yā’ nă), battle of, ii, 362, 364, 476, 622 Jengis Khan (jen’ gis kän), ii, 106, 108, 109 sq., 116 sq., 121, 128 sqq., 261, 615 Jenné, i, 565 Jerboas, ii, 154 Jerome of Prague, ii, 151 Jerusalem, i, 247, 278, 288-93, 411, 523, 571-72, 575, 578, 580-81, 584-86, 589, 604, 618-19, 623, ii, 11, 21, 22, 64, 75, 78-84, 097, 229, 483, 612, 615 Jesuits, ii, 117, 127, 164 sqq., 193, 309, 390, 465, 618 sq. Jesus, spirit and teaching of, i, 296, 492, 572 sqq.,601, 617, 626, ii, 006, 13 sqq.,54, 64, 85, 90 sqq., 116, 127, 149 sq., 158, 163, 263, 296, 342, 360, 376, 402, 417, 426, 609 sq. Jet, i, 105 Jevons, F. B., i, 118 Jewellery, iron, i, 107 Jewish religion and sacred books, i, 278, 294-96, 400, 411, 440, 538, 571-72, 576, ii, 36, 417 Jews, i, 200, 247, 278, 292-97, 303, 402, 411, 569-72, 609-10, ii, 3-9, 018, 029, 032, 036, 041, 071, 077, 088, 121, 147, 242, 248, 424, 607. (See also Judaism) “Jingo,” ii, 447 Jingo, queen, ii, 465 Joab, i, 287 Joan of Arc, ii, 179 Job, Book of, i, 114, 294 Jodhpore (jōd poor’), Raja of, ii, 135 John, king of England, ii, 81, 219 John II, king of Portugal, ii, 186 John III, king of Poland. (See Sobiesky, John) John X, pope, ii, 62, 614 John XI, pope, ii, 62, 614 John XII, pope, ii, 62 sq., 73, 097, 614 John of Leyden, ii, 156 John, Prester, ii, 119 John, St., ii, 580, 598; Gospel of, i, 573, ii, 30, 50 Johnson, i, 238 Johnson, Samuel, ii, 493 Johnston, R. M., ii, 348 Jones, F. Wood, i, 63 Jones, H. Stuart, i, 454, 516, 522, 534, 609 Joppa, i, 282 Jordan, river, i, 278, ii, 19 Joseph, St., i, 574 Joseph II, emperor, ii, 240, 620 sq. Josephine, empress. (See Beauharnais) Josephus, i, 500, 571 sq. Joshua, i, 282 Josiah, king of Judah, i, 292, ii, 607 sq. Judah, kingdom of, i, 289 sqq., ii, 244 Judaism, i, 440, 570, 583, ii, 16, 142, 149. (See also Jews) Judas, i, 585 Judea, i, 196, 278, 365, 436, 538, 569 sqq.,584 sqq., ii, 4, 27 Judges, Book of, i, 282 sq. Judges of Israel, i, 467, ii, 144 Jugo-Slavs (ū’ gō slävz). (See Yugo-Slavs) Jugurtha (joo gũr’ thă), i, 502 sq., ii, 609 Julian the Apostate, i, 625, ii, 611 Julius III, ii, 208 Jung, i, 361 Jungle fowl, i, 114 Juno, i, 218, 483 Junot, Mme., ii, 349 Jupiter, i, 233, 412 sq., 448, ii, 49 Jupiter, planet, i, 4 Jupiter Ammon, i, 252 Jupiter Serapis, i, 412 Justinian, i, 606, 608, 611, 613, 633, ii, 46, 57 sq., 124, 153, 384, 612 Jutes, i, 554, 605, ii, 54, 66 Jutland, battle of, ii, 520 K Kaaba (kä’ ă bă), ii, 5 sqq., 11, 27 Kadessia, battle of, ii, 20, 613 Kadija (kă dē’ jă), ii, 6 sqq. Kaffirs, i, 219 Kaisar-i-Hind, i, 565, ii, 134 Kaisar-i-Roum, i, 565 Kaiser, Austrian, i, 565; German, i, 565 Kali (kă’ lē), i, 439 Kalifa. (See Caliph) Kalinga, i, 431 Kalmucks (käl’ mŭks), i, 137, 143, 545, ii, 128 Kanishka (kă nish’ kă), i, 628, 646, ii, 610 Kao-chang, i, 644 Karakorum (kä rä kōr’ ăm), ii, 110 sqq., 134 Karma (kär’ mă), doctrine of, i, 425 Karnak, i, 200 Kashgar (kăsh gär’), i, 546, 628, 643, ii, 22, 109, 118, 610 Kashmir, Buddhists in, i, 432 Kautsky, ii, 510 Kavadh, i, 624, 634, ii, 1, 366, 612 Kazan (kă zän’), ii, 118 Keane, A. H., i, 118, 161 Keith, Dr. A., i, 63, 71 sq. Keltic languages, i, 168, 182, 299, 446, 605 Keltic race, i, 110, 168, 176, 182, 196, 299, 388, 395, 554, ii, 40, 48, 228, 490 Kelvin, Lord, i, 13 Kent, Duke of, ii, 405 Kent, Kingdom of, ii, 40 Kepler, ii, 176, 619 Kerensky, ii, 526-27 Kerne Island, i, 217 Ketboga, ii, 114, 132, 616 Keynes, J. M., ii, 541, 557, 560 Khalid (kä lēd’), ii, 18 sq. Khans, i, 644, ii, 108 sqq., 126 sqq., 144, 615 sq. Kharismia, ii, 106, 109, 615 Khazars (kä zärz’), ii, 70, 71 Khedive, the, of Egypt, ii, 471 Khitan people, ii, 109, 118 Khiva (kē’ vă), ii, 106, 108 Khokand (kō kănd’), i, 546, ii, 110 Khorasan (kō ră sän’), ii, 31, 37 Khotan (kō tän’), i, 628, ii, 118, 610 Khyber Pass, i, 386, 548, 643, ii, 257 Kiau-Chau (kyou’ chou’), ii, 469 sq., 564, 624 Kidnapped children sent to New England, ii, 284 Kieff, ii, 67, 110 sq., 129, 134, 614; Grand Duke of, ii, 110 Kin Empire, ii, 108-09 sq., 128, 261, 615 Kings, book of, i, 193, 282, 287, 289, 291 Kings (and kingship), i, 134, 178, 218, 240 sqq., 248 sqq., 263, 285 sqq., 305 sq., 430, ii, 142, 194, 233-34, 286, 375 sq.; divine right of, ii, 216, 221 Kioto (kyō’ tō), ii, 467 Kipchak, Empire, ii, 114, 128 sq. Kipling, Rudyard, ii, 423, 462, 488 Kirghis (kir gēz’), ii, 109; steppe, i, 634 Kitchen-middens, i, 109, 110, 152 Kiwi, i, 207 Knighthood, i, 465, ii, 202 Knights, i, 268, ii, 179; of the Shire, i, 463, ii, 218 Knipe, H. R., i, 50 Knives, flint, i, 96 Knots, records by means of, i, 208 Knowledge, diffusion of, i, 296, 397 sqq., 487, ii, 168-69 Konia, ii, 72, 78 Königsberg, ii, 180, 367 Koran, ii, 9 sq., 15, 29 sq., 257 Korea, i, 633, 638 sq., ii, 261, 465 sqq. Korean alphabet, i, 638; language, i, 156 Kosciusko (kos i ŭs’ kō), ii, 251 Krapina, i, 72 Kremlin, the, ii, 242 Krishna (krish’ nă), i, 439 Kropotkin, ii, 425 Krüdener, Baroness von, ii, 372 Krum, Prince of Bulgaria, ii, 58, 69, 614 Krupp, firm of, ii, 514 Kshatriyas (kshä trē’ yăz), i, 269, 270 Kuan-yin, i, 429 Kublai Khan (koo’ blī kän), ii, 108 sqq., 126 sq., 144, 616 sq. Kuen-lun (kwen loon’) mountains, i, 201, 546, 548, 643 Kufa, ii, 36 Kushan (koo shän’) dynasty, i, 628 Kusinagara, i, 646 Kut, ii, 522 Kutub, ii, 108, 615 L Labour, i, 255, 265, 271, ii, 154-56, 157-58, 193, 404 sqq., 478 Labour Colleges, i, 487 Labourers, Statute of, ii, 156 Labrador, i, 78, 124, 137, ii, 435 Labyrinth, Cretan, i, 214, 216 Lacedemon (läs ĕ dē’ mŏn), i, 303 Lacedemonians, i, 307, 322, 332 Ladé, i, 331 Ladrones (lä drōnz’), ii, 187 Ladysmith, i, 485 Lafayette (lä fā yet’), General, ii, 292, 316, 318, 324, 327 Lagash(lā’ găsh), i, 195 Lahore, ii, 110 Lake dwellings, i, 109-112, 133. (See also Pile dwellings) La Madeleine, i, 96 Lamas, Grand, i, 429 Lamballe, princesse de, ii, 329 Lamps, Palæolithic, i, 95 Lance head, bronze, i, 132 Land, tenure of, i, 256, 271 Lanfranc, Archbishop, ii, 150 Lang, Andrew, i, 79 Langley, Prof., ii, 392 Languages of mankind, i, 126, 133, 150-64, 167-74, 189, 227, 298, 446 Lankester, Sir Ray, i, 50, 63, 68, 72-74 Laodicea (lā ō di sē’ ă), ii, 79 Lao Tse (lä’ ot zĕ), i, 433, 436, 582, 632, 641, 647, ii, 106, 402, 607 Laplace, i, 31 Lapland, i, 156 Larsa, i, 195 Las Casas (läs kä’ säs), ii, 193, 305 Lateran, the, ii, 57, 63, 73, 84, 90, 92, 97 Latin, emperors, ii, 97, 229; language and literature, i, 168, 169, 189, 461, 530, 534-5, 564, 605, 613, ii, 60, 71, 73, 130, 160 Latins, the, i, 445-454, ii, 616 Latium, i, 447 Laud, Archbishop, ii, 221 Laughter, ii, 373 Law, i, 309, 616, ii, 46 Lawrence, Colonel, i, 188 Lawrence, General, ii, 455 Leaf, Walter, i, 216 League of Nations, ii, 545, 548-49, 557-564, 624 Learning, i, 240-41, 609, ii, 114 Leather, Arabian, ii, 38; money, i, 220, ii, 89; as clothing, i, 408 Lebanon, i, 287, 621, 623 Lecky, i, 426 Lecointre (lĕ kwäntr’), ii, 318 Lee, General, ii, 301, 444 Leeuwenhoek (lā’ vĕn huk), ii, 177 Legge, i, 401, 413, 538, 595 Legion of Honour, ii, 357 Legrain, L., i, 241 Leicestershire, ii, 156 Leiden, ii, 229 Leipzig (līp’ sik), ii, 180; battle of, ii, 368 Leipzig, cruiser, ii, 520 Lemberg, ii, 518 Lemming, i, 58 Le Moustier, i, 78 Lemurs, i, 56-57, 65 Lena, river, ii, 267 Lenin (len’ in), ii, 409-11, 527 Leo I, i, 559; III, ii, 57, 58, 60, 97, 613; X, ii, 200-203, 618 Leo the Isaurian, ii, 29 Leonidas (lē on’ i dăs), i, 336 Leopold I, of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, ii, 381, 436, 622 Leopold, king of Belgium, ii, 438 Lepanto, battle of, ii, 140, 184 Lepers, ii, 94 Lepidus (lep’ i dŭs), i, 514 Levant, the, i, 598, ii, 194 Levantine lake, i, 210 Leverhulme, Lord, ii, 406 Levites, i, 288 Leviticus, Book of, i, 281 Lex Valeria, i, 457 Lexington, ii, 290-91, 621 Lhassa, i, 438, 591 Liang-chi-chao, i, 205 Liao-tung (lē ou’ toong’), ii, 469 Liberal Party, ii, 489 Liberia, i, 217, ii, 461 Libraries, i, 246, 292, 405-09 Libyan script, i, 228 Licinian Rogations and Laws, i, 459, 499, 631 Licinius, i, 459 Liége (1ē āzh’), ii, 513, 514 Liegnitz (lēg’ nits), battle of, ii, 112, 616 Life, i, 6, 16; early forms of, i, 7-15, 19-22, 38 sqq.; intellectual development of human, i, 229-31 Light, essential to plants, i, 24 Ligny (1ē nyē’), ii, 371 Ligurian republic, ii, 347 Lilybæum, i, 469, 470 Limerick, Treaty of, ii, 492 Lincoln, Abraham, i, 345, ii, 443, 623 Lion, the, i, 69, 70, 76, 102, 178, 317 Lippi, Filippo, ii, 183 Lisbon, i, 529, ii, 80, 180, 187, 207, 257 Lissa, battle of, ii, 445 Literature, prehistoric, i, 173 Lithuania, ii, 129, 244 Liu Yu, i, 633 Liverpool, ii, 386, 622 Lizards, i, 46 Llama, i, 56, 207 Lloyd, i, 346, 446 Lloyd, L., i, 174 Lob Nor, ii, 118 Lochau (lō chou’), ii, 206 Locke, John, ii, 288, 309, 620 Lockyer, Sir Norman, i, 240 Logic, study of, ii, 168 Loire (lwär), the, ii, 46 Lombardy (and Lombards), i, 143, 564, 606, 608, 612, 616, ii, 46, 57, 153, 361, 441, 612 London, ii, 154, 156, 180, 182, 221, 222, 249, 259, 289, 361, 370, 398, 437, 470, 483, 492, 520, 532, 623 London, Royal Society. (See Royal Society of London) London, University of, ii, 437 Londonderry, ii, 497-98, 624 Longinus (lon jī’ nŭs), i, 535 Long Island Sound, ii, 281 Longwy (lon vē’), ii, 329 Loos, ii, 517 Lopez de Recalde, Inigo. (See Ignatius, St., of Loyola) Lords, House of, i, 466, 489, ii, 219, 224-26, 236, 298 Loreburn, Lord, ii, 510 Lorraine, ii, 446, 487 Lost Ten Tribes, i, 193 Louis the Pious, ii, 47, 60-61, 614 Louis VII, ii, 80; IX, ii, 84, 116, 616; XI, ii, 179; XIV, ii, 226, 236, 237-39, 249, 253, 311, 331, 356, 376; XV, ii, 239-40, 243-44, 264, 332, 356, 620; XVI, ii, 240, 243, 267, 308, 311 sqq.,337, 370, 621; XVII, ii, 370; XVIII, ii, 370, 378, 622 Louis Philippe, ii, 379, 622 Louisiana, ii, 254, 286 Lourdes, i, 591 Louvain University, ii, 553 Low, Sidney, ii, 473 Loyalty, modern conceptions of, ii, 424 Loyola (lō-yō’ lă, loi ō’ lă), St. (See Ignatius, St., of Loyola) Lu, i, 434 Lubbock, Sir John. (See Avebury, Lord) Lubeck, ii, 182 Lucerne, Lake of, ii, 198 Lu-chu Islands, i, 631 Lucknow, ii, 257, 455 Lucretius (lū krē’ shi ŭs), i, 488, 534, ii, 419 Lucullus (lū kŭl’ ŭs), i, 505 Luke, St., i, 573 Lull, Prof., i, 6, 7 Lunar month, i, 129 Lung-fish, i, 25 Lungs, i, 25, 55 “Lur,” bronze, i, 132 Lusitania, liner, ii, 520 Luther, Martin, ii, 160, 162-63, 171, 202-03, 206, 618 Lutterworth, ii, 96 Lützen (lut’ sĕn), ii, 236 Lutsow, Count, ii, 152 Luxembourg, ii, 381, 445, 511 Luxembourg Palace, ii, 354 Luxor, i, 200, 250 Lvoff, Prince, ii, 525 Lyceum, Athens, i, 357, 359 Lycia, sea-battle of, ii, 28 Lycurgus (lī kũr’ gŭs), i, 221 Lydia (and Lydians), i, 220, 314-16, 320 sqq., 326-7, 370, 395, 416, 482, ii, 121, 606 Lydian language, i, 162; script, i, 228 Lyell, Sir C., i, 50, ii, 419 Lynd, ii, 499 Lyons, i, 560, ii, 333 Lysias (lis’ i ăs), orator, i, 306 Lysimachus (lī sim’ ă kŭs), i, 395 M Lacallister, Stewart, i, 168 Macaulay, Lord, i, 450, ii, 270, 273, 428 Macaulay Island, i, 218 Maccabeans, i, 571, ii, 4 McCurdy, ii, 513 MacDougall, i, 148 Macedon, i, 622 Macedonia (and the Macedonians), i, 213, 303, 308, 331, 340, 363, 367 sqq.,386-95, 401-2, 430, 452, 476, 480, ii, 2, 43, 122, 145, 268, 380, 607 Machiavelli (mä kē ā vel’ ē), N., ii, 195-98, 202, 210, 240, 479, 618 Machinery, ii, 275, 395 Mac Neilh, i, 168 Madagascar, i, 207 Madeira, ii, 185 Madelin, ii, 307 Madhurattha Vilasini (măd’ hoorāt’ t’hă vi lä’ si nē), i, 421 Madison, ii, 303 Madras, i, 179, 431, ii, 142, 258 Mæander (mē ăn’ dĕr), ii, 79 Mælius, Spurius, i, 458, 500 Magdalenian Age, i, 96, 97; clothing, i, 408; hunters, i, 317 Magdeburg, ii, 180, 235 Magellan, Ferdinand, ii, 187-88, 618 Magenta, ii, 441, 623 Magic and magicians, i, 134, 235 Magna Carta, ii, 219, 615 Magna Græcia, i, 302, 316, 451, 452 Magna Mater, i, 483 Magnesia, i, 397, 482, ii, 608 Magnetism, ii, 176 Magyar language, i, 156, 560, ii, 70 Magyars (môd’ yôrz, mă jărz’), i, 560, 606, ii, 69, 113 Mahaffy, i, 357, 389, 401, 404 Mahan, ii, 352 Mahrattas, ii, 257 Maillard, ii, 316-17 Maimonides (mī mon’ i dēz), ii, 36 Maine, ii, 281, 282 Mainz (mīnts), ii, 60, 159, 180, 331 Maize, i, 113, 207 Majuba, ii, 460, 489, 623 Malabar, i, 533 Malay-Polynesian languages, i, 158 Malays, i, 203, ii, 465 Malleson, ii, 133 Mallet, ii, 309 Malory, Sir Thomas, i, 175 Malta, ii, 225, 351, 359, 451, 470 Mamelukes, ii, 122, 126, 132 Mammals, i, 46-50, 58-59, 64 sqq. (See also Animals) Mammoth, i, 58, 64, 69, 76, 78, 92, 95, 99, 101 Man, i, 5, 17, 21, 37, 41, 63-67, 101, 105-109, 110, 134-35; ancestry of, i, 49, 56-59, 63-69, ii, 420; brotherhood of, i, 584; early, i, 57, 85-88, 091, 100-09, 115, 122-35, 145, 149, 273, 407, ii, 341; Eoanthropus, i, 60, 70-74; Heidelberg, i, 60, 69, 71, 84; life of common, i, 255; as mechanical power, ii, 394; Neanderthal, i, 60, 72, 90, 91-95, 097, 108, 122-25; primeval, i, 76-84; and the State, ii, 244-45 Manchester, ii, 386, 404, 622 Manchu (măn choo’) language, i, 156 Manchuria, i, 546, 641, ii, 261, 463-69, 484 Manchus, ii, 128, 261, 464 Mandarins, i, 270, 272 Mangu Khan, ii, 113, 116, 616 Mani (mä’ nē), i, 626-27, ii, 6, 13, 14, 91-92, 611 Manichæans (măn i kē’ ănz), i, 603, 626, ii, 29, 91-92 Manichæism, i, 626 Manif (mä nēf), ii, 5, 11 Mankind, i, 136-149, 295-7, 365; brotherhood of, ii, 246 Manlius, Marcus, i, 458, 473, 500 Manny, Sir Walter, ii, 154 Manresa (män rā’ să), Abbey of, ii, 165 Mansfield, Lord, ii, 306 Mansur, ii, 31 Mantinea (măn ti nē’ ă), i, 378 Mantua (măn’ tyū ă), ii, 332 Manuscripts, i, 407, 627, ii, 159 “Manzi,” ii, 118 Manzikert (măn’ zi kũrt), ii, 72 Mara, Indian god, i, 418 Marat (mä rä’), ii, 324-33, 374 Marathon, i, 332-7, 345, 346, ii, 607 Marchand, Colonel, ii, 460 Marcus Aurelius. (See Antoninus) Mardonius (mär dō ni ŭs), i, 339, 340 Marduk (mär dook), a god, i, 237 Marengo, ii, 355, 622 Margoliouth, D. S., ii, 1 Maria Theresa, ii, 240, 251, 620, 621 Marie Antoinette, ii, 311 Marie Louise, Archduchess, ii, 365, 374 Mariner’s compass, i, 635, ii, 121 Maritime power, i, 215-16 Marius (mär’ i ŭs), i, 486, 502-05, ii, 511, 609 Mark, St., i, 573, 578, 579, 580 Marly, ii, 317 Marmots, i, 47 Marne, ii, 515, 530 Marozia, ii, 62, 614 Marriage and intermarriage, i, 179, 237, 250, 267 Mars, god, ii, 49 Mars, planet, i, 4, 5 Marseillaise, the, ii, 331 Marseilles (mär sālz’), i, 203, 447, 475, ii, 82, 94, 180, 204, 333, 616 Marston Moor, ii, 223 Martel, Charles, ii, 45, 47-48, 614 Martin V, Pope, ii, 96, 100, 152, 617 Marvin, F. S., i, 401, ii, 90, 384 Marx, Karl, ii, 398, 399, 408, 409, 411, 415-16, 485 Marxists, i, 268 Mary, the Egyptian, ii, 13 Mary, the Virgin, i, 575, 591 Mary I, Queen of England, ii, 218, 220 Mary II, Queen of England, ii, 226 Maryland, ii, 282, 283, 284, 290 Mas d’Azil, i, 101 Masai hunters, i, 318 Masked Tuaregs, i, 154 Mason, Capt. John, ii, 282 Mason, Otis T., i, 63, 104 Mason and Dixon line, ii, 282, 284 Maspero, i, 250, 252 Mass, the, ii, 149 Massachusetts, ii, 281, 282, 290, 296, 300, 306, 338, 621 Massage, i, 147 Massinissa, King, i, 479 Mastodon (măs’ tō don), i, 58, 73 Mathematics, ii, 35-36, 037, 114 Matheson, i, 445 Matthew, St., i, 573, 577, 587 Maulvi Muhammad Ali, ii, 9 Mauritius, ii, 257 Maxentius, i, 597 Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico, ii, 444, 623 Maximilian I, ii, 200, 617 Maximin, i, 557 Maya (mä’ yä) writing, i, 208 Mayence. (See Mainz) Mayflower, the, ii, 253, 281, 284 Mayor, i, 491 Mayor of the Palace, ii, 47 Mazarin, Cardinal, ii, 236, 237, 246 Mazdaism, i, 627, ii, 16 Mead, i, 558 Mecca, ii, 3-17, 24-30 Meccan allies, ii, 612 Mechanical Revolution, the, ii, 386-96, 415, 425, 437, 449, 453, 461, 476, 541 Medes, i, 194, 200, 248, 291, 299, 315, 318-23, 332, 335, 342, 344, 387, 449, 543, ii, 607 Media (mē’ di ă), i, 193, 293, 319, 327, 387, 508, 523 Medici (med’ i chē) family, ii, 182, 195, 196 Medicine, i, 402 sqq., ii, 35, 37 Medina (me dē’ nă), i, 624, 634, ii, 1, 3, 7-11, 014, 017, 018, 021, 024, 026, 027, 612 Mediterranean, i, 153, 160, 184, 190, 210, 212, 216, 218, 278, 304, 396, 445-6, 468, 508, 529, 540, 542, 560, 570, 621, 641, ii, 28, 53, 65, 139-40, 182, 184, 189, 194, 225 Mediterranean, alphabets, i, 228, 304, 638; civilization, i, 84, 149, 196, 228, 273, 562, ii, 1; early navigation of, i, 210, 211, 216, 512; race and peoples, i, 101, 108, 138, 141-45, 154, 160-62, 168, 176, 206, 281, 298, 300, 313, 445, 471-72, 538, ii, 122, 149, 490; valley, i, 75, 108, 118, 119, 120, 184, 196 Medway, ii, 226 Meerut, ii, 454 Megabazus (meg ă bā’ zŭs), i, 331 Megalithic monuments, i, 109, 110, 125, 147, 240 Megara (meg’ ă ră), i, 337 Megatherium, i, 102, 207 Megiddo, i, 291, ii, 607 Meillet, A., i, 300 Melanesia, i, 148, 149 Melasgird, ii, 72, 615 Memphis, i, 326, 364, 382, 412 Menahem (men’ ă hem), i, 291, ii, 606 Mendicants, i, 221 Menelaus (men ĕ lā’ ŭs), i, 176 Menes (mē’ nēz), i, 196, 204 Mengo, ii, 460 Menhir, i, 128 Mercator’s projection, i, 546, ii, 451 Mercenary armies, ii, 197 Merchants, i, 264-67, 271 Mercia, ii, 40, 50, 54 Mercury, god, i, 457 Mercury, planet, i, 4 Merodach (mer’ ō dăk), i, 245 Merovingians, ii, 46-47, 228 Merv, i, 604 Merycodus (mer i kō’ dŭs), i, 58 Mesopotamia, i, 102, 133, 183-86, 191, 196-99, 209, 233, 244, 252, 265, 304, 389, 509, 526, 561, 565, 616, 619, 622, ii, 1, 18, 21, 31, 118, 128, 130, 145, 522 Mesozoic (mes ō zö’ ik) period, i, 12, 14, 37-55, 066, 67, ii, 140 Messiah, i, 293, 538, 569, 575, 580-86 Messina (me sē’ nă), Straits of, i, 454, 460, 468, 469 Metallurgy, ii, 388 Metals, i, 105, 106, 205, 207, 219, ii, 174 Metaurus, i, 476 Methodist revival, ii, 263 Methuselah, i, 129 Metternich, ii, 378, 400 Metz, ii, 317, 318, 445, 446 Mexico (and the Mexicans), i, 147, 203, 207, 208, ii, 186, 189, 190, 193, 444, 445, 618 Mey, Peter van der, ii, 230 Michael VII, emperor, ii, 72 Michael VIII. (See Palæologus, Michael) Michelangelo, ii, 183 Michelin guides, i, 224 Micklegarth, ii, 53 Microscope, ii, 177 Middelburg, ii, 182 Midianites, i, 283 Midsummer day, i, 240 Midwinter day, i, 240 Migrations, i, 105, 548-52 Mihiragula (mi her ă goo’ lă), i, 629, ii, 612 Miklagord, ii, 53 Milan, i, 559, 560, ii, 180, 182, 197, 200, 204, 205, 361, 380 Miletus (mī lē’ tŭs), i, 303, 312, 330, 340, 379 Military organization, i, 190; service, i, 311; tactics, ii, 234 Milk, i, 92, 112, 187, 545 Miller, G. S., i, 72 Millet, i, 558 Milligan, Joseph, i, 163 Miltenburg, ii, 180 Miltiades (mil tī’ ă dēz), i, 330, 346 Milvian Bridge, i, 597 Minerals, i, 9 Ming dynasty, i, 227, 635, 637, 641-42, ii, 117, 128, 166, 261, 617 Minos (mī’ nos), i, 196, 214, 216, 257, 316 Minotaur (min’ ō tawr), i, 214, 216 Minstrels, i, 174 Miocene (mī’ ō sēn) period, i, 52, 58-59, 066, 73 Mirabeau (mē rä bō), ii, 314, 319-24 Misraim and Misrim, i, 281 Missionaries (and missions), i, 432, ii, 48, 50, 116, 166, 460, 618 Mississippi, ii, 285 Mitanni, i, 192 Mithraic inscriptions, i, 492 Mithraic Sun-day, i, 575 Mithraism, i, 538, 588, 590, 625, ii, 91, 149, 611 Mithras, i, 413, 538, 590, 625 Mithridates (mith ri dā’ tēz), i, 504, 505, ii, 609 Mo Ti, i, 582 Moa, i, 207 Moab (and Moabites), i, 283, 294, ii, 244 Moawija. (See Muawija) Modestov, i, 446 Moerbeke (moor’ bā kĕ), William of, ii, 168 Mœsia, i, 564, ii, 71, 609 Mogul, Great, ii, 471, 620 Mogul dynasty, ii, 133, 618 Mohammed. (See Muhammad) Mokanna, ii, 31 Moloch, i, 288 Moltke, Count, ii, 481 Moluccas, ii, 187 Mommsen, i, 454, 464, 480, 483, 500 Monarchy, i, 263, 357, ii, 143, 211, 215, 216-17, 230, 236, 248, 251, 307, 339, 372 Monasteries (and monasticism), i, 609 sqq., ii, 50, 106, 150 Monastir (mō nas tēr’), ii, 522 Money, i, 219, 220, 265, 445, 457, 496, 629-30, ii, 344-45. (See also Currency) Mongolia, i, 541, 543, 640, ii, 110-20, 261-62 Mongolian languages, i, 156, 162; races and peoples, i, 100, 141-49, 158, 160, 174, 205, 299, 316, 387, 388, 507, 508, 543-51, 606, ii, 121-22, 139, 142, 247, 261, 262, 464 Mongoloid tribes, i, 207, ii, 189 Mongols, i, 541, 545, 551, 558, ii, 083, 106 sqq.,114, 122, 127, 128, 129, 130, 140, 142, 143, 168, 184, 193, 261, 268, 616, 617 Monitors, i, 46 Monkeys, i, 56, 57, 65, 67 Monks. (See Monasteries) Monmouth, cruiser, ii, 520 Monosyllabic language, i, 157 Monotheism, ii, 15 Monroe, President, ii, 378, 444 Monroe Doctrine, ii, 444, 458, 505 Mons, ii, 514 Monte Cassino, i, 611, 612 Montefiore, C. G., i, 586 Montelius, i, 104 Montesquieu, ii, 309 Montezuma (mon tē zoo’ mă), ii, 190 Montfort, Simon de, ii, 219 Montreal, ii, 254 Montserrat, ii, 165 Moon, i, 6, 128, 129 Moorish buffoon, i, 558 Moorish paper, ii, 159 Moors, i, 490, 565, ii, 193 Moose, i, 70 Moral ideas, i, 296 Moravia, i, 554 More, Sir Thomas, ii, 211, 394 Moreau, General, ii, 355, 374, 622 Morelly, ii, 309 Morgan, W., i, 587 Morley, Lord, ii, 427 Morning Post, ii, 405 Mornington, Lord, ii, 453 Morocco, i, 217, 565, ii, 142, 461, 470, 484, 500 Morris, William, ii, 311 Mortar, pebble, i, 90 Morte d’Arthur, i, 175 Mortillet, de, i, 96 Mosasaurs (mō’ să sawrz), i, 41, 45 Moscow, ii, 129, 134, 242, 366, 622 Moscow, Grand Duke of, ii, 129, 617 Moscow, Tsar of, ii, 259 Moses, i, 196, 200, 209, 244, 279, 293, 626 Moslem schools, ii, 137; universities, ii, 36; year, ii, 8 Moslems, the, ii, 19-29, 034, 064, 070, 074, 080-84, 094, 108, 113, 128, 136, 140, 159, 453, 613, 615; in Europe, ii, 28-32, 041, 047, 051, 057, 067, 088, 186, 242, 613, 615. (See also Crusades and Islam) Mosses, i, 24, 27 Mosso, i, 210 Most, ii, 152 Mosul, ii, 78, 132 Motley, ii, 230, 232 Mounds, i, 109, 117, 125 Mountains (and mountaineering), i, 5, 35, 36, 52 Mousterian Age (and implements), i, 60, 78, 81, 87, 97 Muawija (moo ă wē’ yă), ii, 24-28, 613 Mudfish, i, 26, 55 Muehlon, Herr, ii, 551 Muhammad (mu hăm’ ăd), prophet, i, 296, 573, 583, 624, 634, 642, ii, 1, 126, 136, 149; life of, ii, 4 sqq., 26-27; teaching of, ii, 13-16, 29 Muhammad II, sultan, ii, 124, 197, 617 Muhammad-Ibn-Musa, ii, 37 Muhammadan communistic movement, ii, 157 Muhammadanism, ii, 29, 42, 135. (See also Islam and Muhammad) Mulberry tree, i, 530 Mules, i, 140 Mülhausen (mul’ hou zen), ii, 347 Müller, Max, i, 235 Mummies, i, 147 Mummius, i, 483 Munich (mū’ nik), ii, 180 Münster (mun’ ster), ii, 156, 157, 503, 618 Münster, Bishop of, ii, 156 Munzuk, i, 559 Murad I, ii, 124 Murat (mu rä’), ii, 367 Murray, John, ii, 263 Murzuk, i, 118 Muscovites, ii, 244 Muscovy, empire of, ii, 242 Musical instruments, i, 115 Musk ox, i, 58, 64, 76, 101 Muskets, ii, 234 Mycale (mik’ ă lē), i, 340, 343, ii, 607 Mycenæ (mī sē’ nē), i, 106, 303, 315, 317 Mycenean (mī sē nē’ ān) architecture, i, 448 Mycerinus (mis ũ rī’ nŭs), i, 198 Mylæ, i, 470, ii, 608 Myos-hormos, i, 533 Myres, J. L., i, 228 Myriapods (mir’ i ă podz), i, 28 Myrina (mi rī’ nă), i, 450 Myron, i, 346 Myrtalis (mũr’ tă lis), i, 376 Mysteries, religious, i, 373 Myth-making, i, 129 Mythology, i, 130, 361 N Nabatean Kings, i, 622 Nabonidus (năb ō nī’ dŭs), i, 247-50, 255, 278, 288, 292, 320, 326, 385, 416, 483 Nadir Shah (nä’ dēr shä’), ii, 257, 620 Nagasaki (nä gă sä’ kē), ii, 465 Nalanda, i, 645 Nanking, i, 642, ii, 108, 615 Naples, i, 451, 510, 611, ii, 88, 98, 180, 211, 347, 378, 441, 612 Napoleon I, ii, 89, 210, 327, 332, 339, 348-82, 384, 386, 453, 621, 622; III, i, 565, ii, 436, 438-45, 448, 623 Narbonne, ii, 180 Naseby, ii, 223 Nasmyth, ii, 388 Natal, ii, 460 Nathan, i, 287 “National Schools,” ii, 396 Nationalism, ii, 431-36, 439, 448, 498-500 Nationalization, ii, 412 Natural History Museum, i, 50 Natural rights, ii, 156; selection, i, 18 Nautilus, Pearly, i, 47 Naval tactics, Roman, i, 469-71 Navarino (năv ă rē’ nō), battle of, ii, 382, 622 Navigation, early, i, 170, 209-18 Nazarenes, i, 587-91 Neanderthal (nā ăn’ der täl) man, i, 60, 71-87, 091, 092, 097, 108, 123, 124, 489, 496 Nebuchadnezzar (neb ū kăd nez’ ăr) (the Great) II, i, 194, 200, 217, 277, 290, 291, 319, 380, 385, ii, 607 Nebulæ, i, 3 Necho (nē’ kō), Pharaoh, i, 200, 218, 291, 401, 509, 532, ii, 185, 607 Necker, ii, 318 Needles, bone, i, 90, 96-97 Negritos, ii, 465 Negroes, i, 63, 68, 141, 146, 197, 206, 533, ii, 193, 284-85, 305, 306 Negroid race, i, 88, 139-40, 145, 148, 160, 189, 195 Nehemiah, i, 294 Nelson, Horatio, ii, 352, 361-62 Neohipparion, i, 58 Neolithic Age, i, 75, 97-110, 112-16, 152-54, 158-62, 169 sqq., 196-97; agriculture, i, 113-17, 130, 189, 254, 317; civilization and culture, i, 104-16, 124-25, 129-34, 145-49, 151-53, 171-76, 181-88, 195, 197, 201-03, 206-08, 209-13; man, 100-06, 126-30, 131-35, 140, 145, 158-60, 167-72, 223, 273-74, ii, 301 Neo-platonism, i, 592, ii, 169 Nepal (nē pawl’), i, 416, 640, 643, ii, 262 Nephthys (nef’ this), i, 249 Neptune, planet, i, 4 Nero, i, 525-26, 589, 610, ii, 609 Nerva, i, 526, ii, 610 Nestorian Christians, i, 604, 617, 627, 634, 647, ii, 35, 106, 117-19, 611, 612 Netherlands, the, ii, 200, 207, 217, 228-33, 238, 253, 380, 381. (See also Dutch Republic and Holland) Nets, flax, i, 114 Neustadt (noi’ stăt), ii, 180 Neustria, ii, 46, 47, 48, 613 Neva, river, ii, 242 New Amsterdam, ii, 253, 282-83 Newark, ii, 430 New England, i, 59, 143, ii, 185, 253, 281-84 Newfoundland, ii, 254, 471 New Guinea, i, 139, 141, 162 New Habsburg, ii, 199, 616 New Hampshire, ii, 281, 290 New Harmony (U. S. A.), ii, 405 New Jersey, ii, 283, 290, 298, 543-44 New Lanark, ii, 404-06 Newmarket, ii, 226 New Mexico, ii, 505 New Orleans, ii, 254 New Plymouth, ii, 281 Newton, Sir Isaac, i, 408, 534, ii, 176, 620 Newts, i, 26 New Year, festival of, i, 240 New York, i, 495, ii, 180, 253, 283, 290, 292, 301, 387, 621 New Zealand, i, 207, ii, 457, 471-72 Niarchus, i, 375 Nibelungenlied (nē’ bĕ lung en lēt), i, 177 Nicæa (nī sē’ ă), i, 600-01, ii, 72, 78, 79, 611 Nice, Province of, ii, 440 Nicene (nī’ sēn) Creed, i, 601, ii, 60, 611 Nicephorus (nī sef’ ō rŭs), ii, 58, 614 Nicholas I, tsar, ii, 377, 382, 405, 440, 622; II, ii, 476, 477 Nicholas of Myra, i, 600 Nicholson, Gen. John, ii, 455 Nickel, i, 4, ii, 389 Nicomedes (nik ō mē’ dēz), King of Bithynia, i, 500 Nicomedia, i, 560, 595, 600 Niemen (nē’ men), ii, 362 Nietzsche (nē’ chĕ), ii, 481 Nieuw Amsterdam. (See New Amsterdam) Niger, river, i, 565 Nile, the, i, 119, 121, 137, 158, 200, 206, 210, 211, 274, 304, 359, 533, ii, 142, 460; battle of, ii, 352, 621; delta, i, 197, 218, 238; valley, 195, 273, ii, 605, 612 Nineveh (nin’ ĕ vĕ), i, 192-96, 200, 246, 292, 319, 384, 616, 619, 622, 624, ii, 130, 607 Nippur (nip poor’), i, 133, 184-85, 190, 196, 274, ii, 130 Nirvana (nir vä’ nä), i, 423, 425, 431 Nish, i, 528, 553, 558, 599, ii, 610 Nisibin, i, 622 Nitrate of silver, ii, 38 Nitric acid, ii, 38 Noah, i, 140 Nobility, i, 258, 263 Nogaret, Guillaume de, ii, 99, 616 Nomadism (and Nomads), i, 105, 112, 137, 148, 177, 186-88, 206, 232-33, 387-88, 507-08, 545-52, 555, 627-28, 641, ii, 1, 105, 108-10, 128-30, 137-39, 143-45, 189 Nominalism, ii, 169 sqq. Nonconformity, ii, 168 Nordic race, i, 146-154, 206, 298, 315, 368, 373, 387, 548, ii, 43, 66, 122, 144, 149, 168, 247, 262, 490 Normandy (and the Normans), ii, 54, 66-67, 069, 072, 074, 076, 078, 150, 157, 178, 185, 320, 615; dukedom of, ii, 62, 66 Norse language, i, 168, ii, 54 North, Lord, ii, 293 Northmen, i, 539, ii, 53-54, 064, 066, 071, 149, 490 North Pole, i, 31 North Sea, the, i, 75, 539, ii, 66, 182, 185 Northumberland, ii, 396 Northumbria, kingdom of, ii, 40, 50 Norway, i, 102, 605, ii, 51, 66, 97, 162, 206, 252, 380, 614 Norwegian language, i, 168 Norwich, ii, 154 Norwood, i, 355 Nottingham, ii, 222, 386 Nova Scotia, ii, 185 Novgorod (nov gō rod’), ii, 66, 129, 180, 182, 259, 614 Noyes, J. H., ii, 403 Nubia, i, 259 Nubian wild ass, i, 217 Numbers, Book of, i, 281 Numbers, use of, i, 128 Numerals, Arabic, i, 219, ii, 37, 88 Numidia (and Numidians), i, 474, 479, 484, 502, 534 Nuns, ii, 149 Nuremberg, ii, 180; Peace of, ii, 206 Nürnberg (nurn’ berch), cruiser, ii, 520 O Oak, i, 59 Oars, i, 211 Obedience and will, ii, 140-43 Obi (ō’ bē), river, i, 387, ii, 267 Occam, ii, 171, 172, 174, 617 Ocean, i, 5, 36 Oceania, i, 206 Octavian. (See Augustus) Odenathus (od ē nā’ thŭs), i, 617, ii, 3, 610 Odin, ii, 49 Odoacer (ō dō ā’ sĕr), ii, 58, 611 Odysseus, i, 508 Odyssey. (See Homer) Œcumenical councils, i, 601 Offerings, i, 234 Ogdal Khan, ii, 110, 113, 615 Oglethorpe, ii, 282, 620 Ohio (ō hī’ ō), i, 59, ii, 285 Okakura, i, 641 “Old Man” in religion, i, 125, 131-35, ii, 341 Oligarchies, i, 307-10 Oligocene (ol’ i gō sēn) period, i, 52, 53, 66, 67 Olney, Mr., ii, 505, 562 Olympiad, first, i, 314, ii, 606 Olympian games, i, 314 Olympias, i, 373, sqq., 387, 394, 402, 452 Olympus, mount, i, 335 Omani (ō mä’ ni) Arabs, i, 565 Omar I, caliph, ii, 18-26, 083, 613 Omayyads (ō mī’ yădz), ii, 24-36, 061, 064, 613 Oneida community, ii, 403-04, 415 O’Neil of Tyrone, i, 110 Opossum, i, 56 Oracles, i, 252, 305, 321-23 Orange, house of, ii, 232 Orange, Duke of, ii, 232 Orange River, ii, 460 Orang-outang, i, 63, 67 Orbit of earth, i, 30-33, 57 Orient, ship, ii, 352 Orientation of temples, i, 238, 240 Origen (or’ i jĕn), i, 592 Orissa, i, 440 Orlando, Signor, ii, 552, 556 Orleans, i, 559, ii, 180, 400 Ormonde, Duke of, ii, 271 Ormuz, ii, 118 Ormuzd (ôr’ mŭzd), i, 625, 626 Ornaments, i, 114 Ornithorhynchus (ôr nith ō ring’ kŭs), i, 54 Orpheus (ôr’ fūs), i, 354, 538 Orphic cult, i, 354, 373 Orsini (ôr sē’ nē) family, ii, 99 Orthodox Church. (See Greek Church) Osborn, Prof. H. F., i, 7, 13, 50, 59, 63, 86, 96, 100, 534 Osiris (ō sīr’ is), i, 249, 412, 413, 590 Osman, House of, ii, 123 Ostia, i, 497 Ostracism, i, 312 Ostrogoths, i, 550, 553, 606, ii, 66, 612 Othman, ii, 24, 26, 613 Otho, Emperor, i, 526, ii, 609 Otis, James, ii, 287 Otranto, ii, 126 Otters, i, 38, 69 Otto I, ii, 63, 68, 70, 97, 614 Otto II, ii, 63, 614 Otto III, ii, 63, 614 Otto of Bavaria, ii, 382 Ottoman Empire, ii, 121-25, 131, 132, 136, 139, 184, 617. (See also Turkey and Turks) Oudh (oud), ii, 256, 258, 453 Oundle School, ii, 429 Ovid, i, 13 Owen, Robert, ii, 404-09, 623 Ownership, ii, 341 Ox, great, i, 101 Ox-carts, i, 282 Oxen, i, 112, 170, 178, 217 Oxford, i, 530, ii, 37, 96, 153, 168, 171, 172, 180, 222, 264, 271, 288, 317, 427-30, 437, 486 Oxide of iron, i, 9 Oxus, i, 629 Oxydactylus (ok si dăk’ ti lŭs), i, 58 Oxygen (ok’ si jĕn), i, 23 P Pacific Ocean, i, 47, 82, 148, 206, 273, ii, 110, 142, 187, 189, 261, 484 Paddling in navigation, i, 211 Padua, i, 559 Paine, Tom, ii, 293, 303 Painted pebbles, i, 94, 101 Painting, Palæolithic, i, 93, 94, 95 Paionia, i, 339 Palæoanthropus Heidelbergensis (păl ē ō ăn thrō’ pŭs hī’ del bũrg en’ sis), i, 57, 69-73, 84 Palæolithic age, i, 25-27, 034, 056-60, 075-85, 091, 96-100, 108, 158, 171, 197; art, i, 92-100, 123, 129; implements, i, 76, 80, 104, 105, 107, 137; man, i, 82-85, 96-97, 102-06, 115-17, 128-30, 134-35, 137-38, 145, 148-52, 162, 169, 206, 223, 233, 273, 354, 408, ii, 142, 189, 341 Palæologus (păl ē ol’ ō gŭs), Michael (Michael VIII), ii, 98; Zoe, ii, 129 Palæopithecus (păl ē ō pi thē’ kŭs), i, 67 Palæozoic (păl ē ō zō’ ik) period, i, 9-15, 025, 027, 028, 029, 039, 049, 55 Palais Royal, ii, 315 Palawan (pă lä’ wăn), ii, 507 Palermo (pă ler’ mō), i, 470 Palestine, i, 184, 261, 278, 280, 289, 447, 569, ii, 2, 71, 74, 80, 94, 106, 114, 118, 132, 483, 616 Pali (pä’ lē) language, i, 417 Palmerston, Lord, ii, 438 Palms, Cainozoic, i, 51 Palmyra (pă mī’ ră), i, 617, 621 sqq., ii, 3, 610 Palos (pä’ lōs), ii, 186 Pamir (pā mēr’) Plateau, i, 387 Pamirs, i, 643, ii, 24, 109, 118, 128, 184 Pampeluna (păm pĕ loo’ nă), ii, 164, 618 Pamphylia (păm fil’ i ă), ii, 79 Panama Canal, ii, 507 Panama, Isthmus of, ii, 187, 190 Pan-American Conferences, ii, 447, 505 Pan Chau, i, 549, ii, 610 Pan-German movement, ii, 483 Panipat (pä’ nē pŭt), ii, 133, 618 Pannonia (pă nō’ ni ă), i, 553-54, 606, ii, 609 Panther in Europe, i, 318 Papacy (incl. popes), policy of, ii, 90; outline of, ii, 96; and the Great War, ii, 167; and world dominion, ii, 252; miscellaneous, i, 603-05, 612, ii, 41, 047, 56 sqq., 67, 72, 80 sqq., 92, 95, 99, 114 sq., 124 sqq., 147 sq., 161, 166-67, 188, 203, 246, 400, 618. (See also Rome, Church of) Papal Schism, ii, 99-100, 127, 151, 617 Paper, introduction and use of, i, 198, 408, ii, 38, 121, 158 sq., 194 Papua (pä’ pu ă), type of mankind in, i, 139 Papuan speech, i, 162 Papyrus (pă pī’ rŭs), i, 198, 408, ii, 38 Parchment, ii, 38 Parchment promissory notes, ii, 89 Pariahs, i, 269 Paris, Peace of, ii, 286, 621; during the Revolution, ii, 313 sqq.; Napoleon in, ii, 348, 360, 368, 371; capitulation of, ii, 368; rising against Charles X, ii, 378-79; revolution of 1848, ii, 400-01; siege of, ii, 446; Zeppelin raids on, ii, 519; Peace Conference at, ii, 543-58, 560-66; miscellaneous, ii, 180, 294, 356, 398, 621 Paris, University of, ii, 37, 166 sq., 173, 271 Parisian artificers, ii, 114 Parker, E. H., i, 541, 542 Parkyn, i, 63, 96 Parliament, government by, ii, 194; English, ii, 219-28, 248, 259, 287 sq., 492 sq., 622; Polish, ii, 251 Parliamentary Monarchy in Europe, ii, 243 Parma, ii, 88 Parmenio (pär mē’ ni ō), i, 375, 391 Parricide, i, 637 Parsees, i, 625, ii, 137 Parthenon (pär’ thĕ non), i, 346 Parthia (and Parthians), i, 388 sq., 396, 506 sqq., 523, 526, 540, 543 sq., 616, 621 sq., ii, 609 Paschal II, ii, 615 Passau (päs’ ou), Treaty of, ii, 207, 618 Passover, Feast of the, i, 586 sq. Passy (pă sē’), ii, 319 Pasteur (păs tũr’), i, 408 Pastor, L. v., ii, 127 Patriarchal groups, i, 110 Patricians, Roman, i, 454-63 Patrick, St., ii, 50 Patriotism, i, 310, 460, ii, 246 Patroclus (pă trō’ klŭs), i, 177 Pattison, Prof. Pringle, ii, 172 Patzinaks, ii, 71 Paul, St., i, 395, 462, 491, 583, 586 sqq., ii, 418 Paul, Tsar of Russia, ii, 620 Paulicians, i, 603 Pauline epistles, i, 588 sq. Pauline mysteries, i, 591 Pavia (pă vē’ ă), ii, 204 Payne, E. S., i, 158 Peace, universal, i, 296-97, ii, 90 Peace Conference. (See Paris) Peas, as food, i, 113 Peasant revolts, ii, 154 sq., 203, 271, 397-98, 617 Peasants, i, 151, 257 Pecunia, i, 219 Pecus, i, 219 Pedantry, advent of, i, 409 Peel, Lord, ii, 567 Peel, Sir Robert, ii, 428 Peep-o’-Day Boys, ii, 492 Peers, Council of, ii, 221 Peet, i, 446 Pegu (pē goo’), ii, 119 Peisistratidæ (pī sis trä’ ti dē), i, 314 Peisistratus (pī sis’ tră tŭs), i, 308, 332, 337, 354, 457, ii, 607 Peisker, T., i, 105 Pekinese language, i, 157 Peking, i, 240, 642, ii, 108, 109, 117 sq., 134, 242, 261, 463, 615 Pelham, i, 454 Pella (pel’ ă), i, 373 Peloponnesian War, i, 306, 343, ii, 607 Pelycosaurs (pel’ i kō sawrz), i, 27 Penck, Albrecht, i, 59, 70 Pendulum, invention of, ii, 37 Penelope, i, 179 Penn, William, ii, 282 Pennsylvania, ii, 282, 283, 290, 297 sq., 304 Pennsylvania, University of, i, 184 Pentateuch, i, 278 sqq., 293 Pepi, i, 199, 401, ii, 211 Pepin (pep’ in), I, ii, 47, 48, 51, 69, 613; son of Charlemagne, ii, 57; of Heristhal, ii, 47, 613 Pepys, Samuel, ii, 226 Perdiccas (pũr dik’ ăs), i, 370 Pergamum (pũr’ gă mŭm), i, 395-96, 499 sq., 507, ii, 609 Pericles (per’ i klēz), i, 309, 342 sqq.,364, 460, 528 sq., ii, 153, 182, 184, 607; Age of, i, 355 sq., 364 Perihelion, i, 30 sqq., 57 Peripatetic school, i, 402 Periplus of Hanno, i, 217, 241 Perkins, ii, 478 Permian rocks, i, 29 Perry, Commodore, ii, 466, 623 Perry, Mr., i, 172 Persepolis (pũr sep’ ō lis), i, 364, 385, ii, 18 Persia (and the Persians), i, 109, 139, 169, 182, 218, 247, 248, 291-92, 299, 317, 372, 377, 389, 394-95, 452, 507, 510, 533, 538, 542, 543, 551, 622, 623, 627-28, 634-37, ii, 2, 3, 17-21, 067, 071, 105, 109, 113-19, 128, 139, 157, 179, 257, 268, 610; history (rise of) i, 194, 198-200, 206, 247, 260, 308, 311-15, 318-23; (Empire) i, 523, ii, 607, (war with Greece) i, 327 sqq., (war with Alexander) i, 379-80, 383-89, ii, 608, (Sassanid Empire) i, 528, 616-18, 625, ii, 31, 610, (Islam and Persia) ii, 20-31, 64, (Mongol Empire) ii, 113, 130-34; religion of, i, 412-13, 597, 604, 617-18, 624-27, 634, ii, 136 Persian Gulf, i, 160, 186, 190, 210, 387, ii, 118 Persian language, i, 151, 169, 189, 194, ii, 136, 138 Peru, i, 147, 203, 207-08, ii, 189-90, 192, 465, 618 Peshawar (pĕ shawr’), i, 428, 643 Pessinus (pes’ i nŭs), i, 483 Pestilence, i, 101, 528, 542, 607, 612, 616, 619, 632, ii, 41, 46, 57, 76, 153-54, 384, 617 sqq. Peter, St., i, 114, 585, ii, 57, 99; the Great, ii, 243 sq., 259, 440, 620; the Hermit, ii, 75 sq. Peterhof, ii, 242 Petition of Right, ii, 220 Petra (pē’ tră), ii, 2 Petrie, Flinders, i, 143, 197, 213, 552 Petrograd, i, 630, ii, 242, 525 sq., 568 Petronius (pĕ trō’ ni ŭs), i, 530 Petschenegs, ii, 71 sq. Phalanx, i, 370 sq., 453 Phanerogams, i, 26 Pharaohs, the, i, 199, 214, 248 sq., 256 sqq., 279, 388, 401 sq., 509, 532 Pharisees, i, 572, 578-79 Pharsalos (fär sā’ lŏs), battle of, i, 511, 512, ii, 609 Pheidippides (fī dip’ i dēz), i, 332 Phidias (fid’ i ăs), i, 346 sq. Philadelphia (ancient), i, 621, ii, 79; U.S.A., ii, 282, 290 sq., 300, 387, 621 Philip, of Hesse, ii, 206 Philip of Macedon, i, 343, 358, 367 sqq., 390 sq., 397, 401-02, 434, 561, ii, 607 Philip, King of France, ii, 99 Philip II, King of Spain, ii, 207, 229 sq., 233, 242, 292, 376 Philip, Duke of Orleans, ii, 315, 337, 379 Philippine Islands, ii, 187, 451, 465, 506 Philistia (and Philistines), i, 196, 245, 282 sqq., 447 Phillimore, Sir Walter, ii, 543 Phillips, W. A., ii, 373, 377 Philo (fī’ lō), the Jew, i, 410 Philonism, i, 592 Philosophers, at court of Frederick II, ii, 88 Philosophy, primitive, i, 122-23; Greek, i, 357-60, 410; medicinal, ii, 168 sqq.; experimental, ii, 176 Philotas (fi lō’ tăs), i, 375, 391 Phinehas, i, 284 Phocians (fō’ shi ănz), i, 372 Phocis (fō’ sis), i, 378 Phœnicia (fē nish’ ă), and Phœnicians, i, 212 sqq., 223, 234, 273, 279 sq., 287, 290 sqq., 331, 337, 380, 395, 401, 570, 640, ii, 1; language and script, i, 153, 228; colonies, i, 303, 447 Phœnix, i, 177 Phœnix, steamship, ii, 387 Phonetic spelling, i, 639 Phonograms, i, 225 sq. Phrygia (frij’ i ă), and Phrygians, i, 303, 315, 388, 395, 448, ii, 121 Phrygian mysteries, i, 477 Phrygius, i, 375 Physics, ii, 37 Physiocrats, ii, 309 Piacenza (pyä chen’ tsă), ii, 74 Pictographs, i, 224 sqq. Picts, i, 532 Picture writing, i, 197, 207, 224-28 Piedmont, ii, 332 Pig, i, 56, 224; unclean to Moslems, ii, 454 Pigtails, Chinese, ii, 128, 261, 464 Pilate, Pontius, i, 585 Pile dwellings, i, 106, 171, 186. (See also Lake dwellings) Pilgrim Fathers, ii, 305 Pilgrims, i, 221, ii, 67, 75 Pillnitz, ii, 327 Piltdown skull, i, 60, 70 sqq. Pindar (pin’ dăr), i, 378 Pins, bone, i, 114 Piracy, ii, 182 Pirsson, L. V., i, 50 Pisa, ii, 176, 180 Pithecanthropus (pith e kăn thrō’ pŭs) erectus, i, 60, 65 sqq. Pitt, William, 1st Earl of Chatham, ii, 289, 332, 359 Pius VII, ii, 360 Pixodarus (pik sō där’ ŭs), i, 375 Pizarro (pi zär’ ō), ii, 190, 618 Placentia (plă sen’ shi ă). (See Piacenza) Plague. (See Pestilence) Plaiting, Neolithic, i, 105 Planets, i, 3 sq., 30 Plants, i, 10 sqq. Plassey, battle of, ii, 258, 620 Plataea (plă tē’ ă), battle of, i, 336, 340 sqq., 348, ii, 607 Plato, i, 306, 344, 351, 355 sqq.,397, 399, 434, 468, 562, 618, ii, 169, 211, 403, 408, 607 Playfair, ii, 419 Plebeians, Roman, i, 455 sqq., 486, 487 Pleistocene (plīs’ tō sēn) Age, i, 52, 59, 60, 64 sq., 102, 156, 255 Plesiosaurs (plē’ zi ō sawrz), i, 40, 45, 50 Pliny, the elder, i, 186; the younger, i, 535, ii, 38 Pliocene (plī’ ō sēn) Age, i, 52, 58, 60, 68 sq., 273 Plotinus (plō tī’ nūs), i, 410, 592 Plunkett, Sir Horace, ii, 499 Plutarch, i, 313, 346 sq., 373, 374, 378, 390, 394, 474, 501, 505, 512 sqq., 598, ii, 351 Pluvial Age, i, 159 sq., 177 Plymouth, ii, 372; (New England), ii, 305 Plymouth Company, ii, 281 Po, valley of the, i, 388, 449, 461, 471 Pocahontas (pō kă hon’ tăs), ii, 280 Pocock, R. I., i, 28, 67, 95 Pocock, Roger, i, 299, 551 Podmore, F., ii, 405 Poitiers, ii, 47, 179, 613 Poland, ii, 71, 100, 112, 126, 129, 130, 179, 236, 244, 248-51, 260, 266, 274, 278, 320, 327, 363-66, 372, 375, 380-382, b400, 566, 620, 622 Polish language, i, 168 Political ideas, common, i, 519 Politics (and Politicians), i, 496, ii, 140, 245 Polo, Maffeo, ii, 117 Polo, Marco, i, 541, ii, 117, 120-21, 185, 195, 616 Polo, Nicolo, ii, 117 Polyclitus (pol i klī’ tŭs), i, 346 Polygamy, i, 232 Polynesia, i, 147, 162; languages of, i, 158, 164; peoples of, i, 109, 148, 159, 177, 353 Pompadour, Madame de, ii, 240 Pompeii (pom pā’ yē), i, 489 Pompey, i, 505, 509-14, 538-42, 549, 572, 625, ii, 609 Pondicherry, ii, 258 Pontifex maximus, ii, 56 Pontus, i, 395, 504 sq., 553, 620, ii, 609 sq. Poole, Ernest, ii, 503 Poor, the, ii, 269 sq. Poor Laws, ii, 211 Pope, Alex., ii, 493 Popes. (See Papacy) Poplicola (pop lik’ ō lă), Valerius, i, 457 Poppaea (po pē’ ă), i, 525 Popular education, Christianity and, ii, 139 sqq. Port Arthur, ii, 462, 469 Port Sunlight, ii, 406 Porto Rico, ii, 506 Portugal (and Portuguese), i, 168, 217, 299, 554, 564, 565, ii, 80, 100, 364, 490, 611, 617; overseas trade and expansion of, ii, 184-88, 192-93, 251, 252, 257, 306, 451, 457, 465 Porus (pō’ rŭs), king, i, 386 sq., 430 Posen, ii, 367, 400, 446, 487 Post horses in ancient Persia, i, 327 Potash, ii, 38 Potato, i, 208 Potomac, river, ii, 301 Potsdam, ii, 240 Pottery, i, 105, 112 sq., 130 sq., 147, 448, ii, 38 Poultry. (See Fowl) Powers, Great, ii, 216 sqq., 246-47, 252, 278-79, 380, 440, 447, 500 Prague, ii, 151, 152, 175, 400 sq., 617, 623; University of, ii, 151 Prayer-flags, Buddhist, i, 438 Prayer-wheels, i, 438 Precession of the equinoxes, i, 31 Prehistoric Peeps, i, 50 Presbyterianism, ii, 163, 221 Prescott, ii, 207 sq. Press, free, ii, 302; in politics, i, 463 Prester, John, ii, 119 Priam (prī’ ăm), i, 335 Pride, Colonel, ii, 224 sq. Priestcraft (incl. Priesthood and Priests), i, 127, 130, 134, 178, 182, 190, 204, 232-53, 263, 266, 285, 305, 430, ii, 16, 85, 149-51, 246, 425 Primal law, i, 79 Prince, character of a, ii, 195 sqq. Princes, an exclusive class, i, 267 Princeton, Univ. of, ii, 543 Printing, i, 231, 407-08, 463, ii, 121, 158 sq., 167, 174, 617; Chinese, i, 631 Priscus (pris’ kŭs), i, 557 sq., ii, 42, 611 Prisoners as slaves, ii, 305 Prisons, English, ii, 338 Private enterprise, ii, 273 sq., 535 sqq.; ownership, ii, 274; property, ii, 228 Probus (prō’ bŭs), emperor, i, 528, 553, ii, 610 Production, distribution and profits of, ii, 274; of machinery, ii, 275-76 Profit, ii, 334 Profiteers, ii, 541 Prokop the Great, ii, 152 Proletariat, i, 268, 456, ii, 398, 408 sqq. Promissory notes, early, i, 220 Property, i, 259, 265, ii, 146, 217, 308, 338 sqq., 385, 398 sq., 411 Prophets, Jewish, i, 294 sq. Propitiation, i, 127, 134 Proterozoic (prot er ō zō’ ik) period, i, 10, 14, 17, 25 sq. Protestantism, ii, 150, 160-67, 206, 209, 218-25, 229, 233, 239, 242, 252-53, 265, 269-71, 281-83, 465, 490-95 Provence, ii, 368 Proverbs, book of, i, 294 Providence, Rhode I., ii, 289 Prussia, ii, 236, 240, 243-53, 278, 314, 320, 327, 362, 364-67, 371, 381, 441-46, 478-80, 619 sqq. Przemysl (pshem’ isl), ii, 518-19 Psalms, i, 277, 294 Psammetichus (sä met’ i kŭs), i, 200, 291, 316, ii, 606 Pskof, ii, 180 Ptah-hetep (ptä’ het ep), tomb of, i, 260 Pteria (tē’ ri ă), i, 323 Pterodactyls (ter ō dăk’ tilz), i, 40 sqq. Ptolemies, i, 395, 401, 432, 571, 636 Ptolemy (tol’ ĕ mi), I, i, 375, 401-02, 404, 409-13, ii, 608; Ptolemy II, i, 404; Ptolemy III, i, 404 Public opinion, growth of, ii, 148 Public schools. (See Schools, public) “Pul,” Assyrian monarch, i, 290 Pultusk, ii, 362 Punch, ii, 397, 435, 487 Punic (pū’ nik), language, i, 528; wars, i, 196, 454 sq., 460, 466 sqq., ii, 608 Punjab, i, 201, 388, 428 sq., ii, 114, 132 sq., 257, 608 Puritan Revolution, ii, 217 Puritans, ii, 226, 282 Pyramids, i, 133, 198 sq., 238, 261, 274; battle of the, ii, 351 Pyrenees, i, 160, 554, ii, 28, 41, 46 sq., 51, 238, 368, 613 Pyrrhus (pir’ ŭs), i, 452 sqq., 467, ii, 67, 608 Pytho (pī’ thō), i, 322 Q Quaco, ii, 467, 621 Quadrupedal reptiles, i, 41 Quartz, i, 9 Quartzite implements, i, 137 Quaternary rocks, i, 12 Quebec, ii, 254, 620 Quinquereme (kwin’ kwĕ rēm), i, 469 Quipus, i, 208 Quixada (kë hä’ dä), ii, 207, 208 R Ra, i, 250 Races of mankind, i, 87 sqq., 089, 95, 100-101, 120, 136-49 Radiolaria, i, 10 Ragusa (rä goo’ ză), ii, 180 Rahab, month of, ii, 8 Rai, Lajpat, ii, 454, 473 Railways, ii, 386, 622 Rajgir, i, 420 Rajput (räj poot’) clans, i, 629 Rajput princes, ii, 256 Rajputana, i, 629, ii, 179, 256 Raleigh, Sir Walter, ii, 280 Ramah, i, 285 Rambouillet (ron boo yä’), ii, 317 Rameses (răm’ ē sēz) II, i, 196, 200, 279, 281-82, 289, 401, ii, 605 Rameses III, i, 249, 282 Raphael, ii, 183 Rasputin (răs poot’ in), ii, 525 Ratisbon, Diet of, ii, 206 Ratzel, i, 153, 208, 541, 551 Ravenna, i, 554, 557, 561, 606, ii, 60, 612 Realism (and Realists), ii, 169 sqq. Rebus, i, 227 Reconstruction, Ministry of, ii, 534 Red Cross, ii, 199 Red deer, i, 96 Red Indians, i, 546, ii, 285 Red Sea, i, 156, 160, 184, 210, 211, 279, 281, 287, 290, 401, 529, 533 “Red Sea” river, i, 119, 121 Redmond, John, ii, 496, 498 Reed, E. T., i, 50 Reed pipes, i, 115 Reeds, C. A., i, 59 Reform Bill, ii, 400, 622 Reformation, the, i, 596, ii, 161-64, 167, 204, 270, 272 Regicide, ii, 225 Reinach, Salomon, i, 6, 401 Reindeer, i, 64, 76, 78, 90, 93, 101, 115 Reindeer Age, i, 81, 90, 93-98 Reindeer men, i, 105, 108, 115, 118, 123, 124, 133, 170 Religion, i, 124, 127, 131-33, 178, 232, 235-37, 411-14, 582 sqq., ii, 163, 165, 309, 422; “Old Man” in, i, 125, 131, 134 Religious dances, i, 355 Religious wars, ii, 206-07 Remus (rē’ mŭs) and Romulus (rom’ ū lŭs), i, 448 Renaissance, ii, 139, 184 Renan, ii, 169 Renascence, ii, 139 Rent, i, 255-56, 264 Reparation, i, 219 Representation, political, i, 494-95, ii, 298, 414 Reproduction, i, 16-18; of amphibia, i, 26; of mammals, i, 54 Reptiles, i, 26, 28, 38 sqq. Republicanism, i, 519, ii, 248, 264, 347 Republics, i, 307-08, ii, 142 Retailers, i, 265 Revelation, Book of, i, 598 Revere, Paul, ii, 290, 294 “Revisionists,” ii, 409 Revolution, ii, 403, 411 Reynolds, Sir Joshua, ii, 227, 493 Rhine, i, 74, 206, 298, 507, 508, 523, 526, 539, 549, 552, 553, 557, ii, 61, 69, 203, 236, 238, 266, 330, 368, 441 Rhineland, i, 605, ii, 41, 47, 61, 67, 77, 82, 228 Rhinoceros, i, 56, 58, 64, 69, 70, 76 Rhode Island, ii, 281, 282, 289, 290, 296, 300 Rhodes, i, 396, ii, 79 Rhodesia, i, 174, ii, 472 Rhondda, Lord, ii, 533 Rhone Valley, i, 606, ii, 82 Rhys, Sir John, i, 168 Rice, i, 646 Richard I, Cœur de Lion, ii, 81, 219 Richard II, ii, 156, 617 Richelieu, Cardinal, ii, 237, 246, 253 Richmond, ii, 443 Ridgeway, W., i, 106, 298 Riga, ii, 180, 182, 526 Righteousness, i, 400 Rio de Oro (rē’ ō dā ō’ rō), i, 217 Ripley, i, 143 Ritual, ii, 149. (See also Christianity) Rivers, i, 37 Rivers, W. H. R. i, 148 Riviera (rē vē ār’ă), French, i, 447; Italian, ii, 347 Rivoira, ii, 61 Robert of Sicily. (See Guiscard, Robert) Robertson, ii, 208 Robespierre (rō bes pyâr’), ii, 324, 333-336, 349, 621 Robinson, J. H., ii, 99, 253 Roch, ii, 518 Rochefort, ii, 372 “Rocket,” the, ii, 386 Rocks, i, 8-13, 27-30 Rocquain, ii, 308 Roger I, King of Sicily, ii, 86 Rolf the Ganger, ii, 54, 66, 614 Roman coins, i, 455 Roman Empire, i, 517 sqq.; social and political state of, i, 529, 534-42, 550; fall of, i, 550 sqq.; separation into Eastern and Western Empires, i, 554 sqq.; later Roman Empire (Western), i, 597, 605, 614, 619, 632, 633, ii, 42, 54, 56, 58, 64, 157, 265, 268, 611. (See also Eastern (Greek) Empire) Roman law, i, 458, 615-16; roads, i, 461, 540 Roman Republic (19th century), ii, 347, 622-23 Romansch language, ii, 47, 199 Rome, i, 407, 504, 510, 519, 548, 564-65, 572, 589, 606-11, 615-18, 621, 633, ii, 2, 50, 126, 182, 195, 202, 276, 441, 445, 483; early history of, i, 445-51, 458, ii, 607-08; war with Carthage, i, 454; social and political state of, i, 352, 454-66, 473, 480-503, 505, 515-16, 630-31, ii, 145, 343, 394, 607 sqq.; assemblies of, i, 462-66, 486, 488-89, 494, 507; patricians and plebeians, i, 454-62, 486-88; Senate, i, 455, 459, 463-66, 482, 483-87, 493-505, 511-16, 525; Consuls of i, 455, 466; colonies of, i, 458, 461, 471-72; Punic wars, i, 196, 454 sq., 460, 466 sqq., ii, 608; assimilation of, i, 483, 509; military system of, i, 485, 502, 505, 520; bequests to, i, 500, ii, 609; Social war, i, 503, ii, 609; monarchy in, and the fall of the Republic, i, 509-21; Roman Empire (see above); plague in, i, 608, ii, 41, 612; true cross at, i, 618, ii, 82; “duke of,” ii, 41; Pepin crowned at, ii, 57; in 10th century, ii, 62; sacked by Guiscard, ii, 69, 615; Germans raid, ii, 204, 618; Charlemagne crowned at, ii, 215 Rome, Church of (inc. general Christian associations), i, 589 sqq., 603-05, 612, ii, 41, 50, 53-58, 073, 074, 085, 090-101, 127, 130, 197, 202, 215, 226, 356. (See also Catholicism and Papacy) Romulus and Remus, i, 448 Roosevelt, President, ii, 504, 506, 544, 551 Rose, Holland, ii, 348, 353, 358 Roses, Wars of the, ii, 179 Ross, i, 541, ii, 30 Rostro-carinate implements, i, 60, 81, 273 Roth, H. L., i, 85, 103 “Roum,” Empire of, ii, 122 Roumania (and the Roumanians), i, 564, ii, 71, 113, 122, 380, 382, 502, 524 Rousseau (roo sō’), J. J., ii, 163, 310, 324, 333, 349, 621 Rowing, i, 211, 469 Roxana, i, 390, 394 Royal Asiatic Society, i, 646 Royal families, marriage of, i, 267 Royal Society of London, i, 637, ii, 177, 239, 392 Rubicon (roo’ bi kŏn), the, i, 511 Rudolf I, German Emperor, ii, 63, 98, 199, 616 Rulers, deification of, i, 484 Ruling families, i, 307-08 Rumansch language. (See Romansch language) Rump Parliament, ii, 224 Rurik, ii, 67, 614 Russia, i, 102, 151, 159, 196, 294, 317, 327, 387, 507, 539, 541, 545, 549, 553, 561, 570, 600, ii, 17, 53, 64, 66-67, 070, 110-14, 127, 128, 129, 130, 134, 139, 157, 179, 236, 244-53, 259-61, 266, 267, 278, 320, 361, 366, 380, 410, 411, 440, 447, 463-69, 484, 485, 502, 509, 510, 524-27, 620-24. (See also Great War) Russian language, i, 151, 168, 638 Russo-Japanese war, i, 642 Rustam, ii, 20, 21 Rusticiano, ii, 117-21 Ruth, Book of, i, 282 Rutilius, P. Rufus, i, 503 S Saar (sär) Valley, ii, 566 Sabatier, P., ii, 94 Sabbath, Jewish, i, 572, 575, 579, 590 Sabellians, i, 592 Sachsenhausen (sach’ sen hou zen), ii, 180 Sacraments, i, 130-31 Sacrifice, i, 116, 134, 178, 204-05, 234, ii, 190, 418; human, i, 117, 130, 134, 352-54, 489 Sadducees, i, 572 Sadowa (sä’ dō vä), battle of, ii, 445-46, 623 Safiyya (sä fyē’ jă), ii, 13 Sagas, i, 173, ii, 53 Saghalien (sä gä lēn’), ii, 469 Sahara, i, 75, 160, 206, 217, 228, ii, 501 Sails, use of, i, 210-11 St. Andrew’s, ii, 324 St. Angelo, castle of, ii, 41, 62, 84, 205 St. Gall, monastery of, ii, 69 Saint-Germain-en-Laye, ii, 317 St. Gothard Pass, ii, 182 St. Helena, ii, 372, 374, 471 St. Just, ii, 334 St. Lawrence river, ii, 254 St. Médard, ii, 48 St. Peter’s, Rome, i, 238, 591, ii, 202 St. Petersburg. (See Petrograd) St. Sophia, Church of, i, 615, ii, 124 Sainte Menehould, ii, 323 Sakas (sä’ käs), i, 628 Sakya (sä’ kyä) clan, i, 416 Saladin (săl’ ă din), ii, 80, 106, 615 Salamis (săl’ ă mis), i, 337-39, 344, 348, 469, ii, 20, 607 Salerno, ii, 89 Salian dynasty, ii, 63 Salisbury, Lord, ii, 623 Salmon of Reindeer Age, i, 94 Salonika, ii, 522, 524 Salt, i, 118 Salvation, Christian theory of, ii, 418 Salvation Army, i, 413, ii, 166 Samaria, i, 193, 293 Samarkand, i, 386, 390, 546, 604, 643, 645, ii, 110, 132, 133, 159 Samnites, i, 452, ii, 608 Samoan Islands, ii, 505 Samos, i, 303, 346 Samothrace (săm’ ō thrās), i, 373 Samoyed (săm’ ō yed) language, i, 156 Samson, i, 283, 293 Samuel, Book of, i, 282-86 Samurai (săm’ u rī), i, 642, ii, 466 San Casciano, ii, 195 Sanderson, F. W., ii, 271 Sandracottus. (See Chandragupta) Sandstone, i, 7 Sandwich Islands, ii, 505 Sandys, ii, 169 Sanskrit, i, 169, 182, 639, 647, ii, 36, 136 Sans Souci (san soo sē’), park of, ii, 240 San Stefano, treaty of, ii, 447, 475, 623 Santa Maria, ship, ii, 186 Sapor I, i, 617, 626, ii, 610 Saracens, i, 565, ii, 3, 64-69 Sarajevo (să rī’ vō), ii, 435, 510 Saratoga, ii, 292 Sardanapalus (sär dă nă pā’ lŭs), i, 194, 246, 290, 292, 316, ii, 606 Sardes, ii, 79 Sardinia, i, 217, 471, 556, ii, 200, 380, 440 Sardis, i, 316, 324, 331, 334, 340, 379 Sargon, I, i, 133, 191-95, 196, 247, 274, 279, 599, ii, 211, 606; II, i, 193, 196, 200, 246, 290, 318, ii, 606 Sarmatians, i, 300, 543, ii, 71 Sarum, Old, ii, 227 Sassanids (săs’ ă nidz), i, 523, 625, ii, 31, 35, 610. (See also Persia) Saturn, planet, i, 4 Saturninus (săt ũr nī’ nŭs), i, 503 Saul, king of Israel, i, 286, ii, 606 Saul of Tarsus. (See Paul, St.) Savannah, ii, 254, 282 Savannah, steamship, ii, 387 Save, river, i, 560 Savoy, ii, 225, 242, 331, 380, 440 Saxe-Coburg-Gotha family, ii, 482 Saxony (and the Saxons), i, 554, 605, ii, 24, 48, 49, 51-54, 062, 066, 144, 236, 242, 368 Saxony, Duke of, ii, 152; Elector of, ii, 203 Sayce, Prof., i, 186, 190, 210, 257, 265 Scandinavia, i, 102, 143, 299, 533, 539, 549 Scharnhorst, cruiser, ii, 520 Scheldt, the, ii, 76, 331 Schism, the Great, ii, 100, 127, 151, 617 Schleswig-Holstein, ii, 442 Schmalkalden, ii, 205 Schmalkaldic league, ii, 205 Schmidt, Dr., ii, 136 Schmit, E., ii, 135 Scholars, i, 409 Scholasticism, ii, 167 sqq. Schools, monastic, i, 613, ii, 60; public, ii, 269 sq., 428-30 Schrader, O., i, 118, 169 Schuchert, C., i, 50 Schurtz, Dr., i, 556, ii, 18, 22 Schwill, ii, 37, 51, 377 Schwyz (shvēts), ii, 199, 616 Science, i, 397 sqq., ii, 35, 174 sqq.; exploitation of, ii, 388-91, 410; and religion, i, 584, ii, 174, 177, 421-22 Science and Art Department, ii, 437 Scientific research, ii, 171 Scilly Isles, i, 217 Scind (sind), ii, 113 Scipio, Lucius, i, 482 Scipio, P Cornelius, i, 475 Scipio (sip’ i ō) Africanus, the Elder, i, 477-79, 483, 486, 499, 540 Scipio Africanus Minor, i, 477, 483, 501 Scipio Nasica (nă sī’ kă), i, 483, 501 Scorpion, i, 25, 28 Scorpion, sea. (See Sea-scorpion) Scotch colonists, i, 110 Scotland, i, 59, 102, 109, 110, 532, ii, 40, 66, 100, 162, 163, 178, 221, 225, 244, 261, 433, 471 Scott, E. F., i, 581 Scott, Michael, ii, 88 Scott, Sir Walter, ii, 487 Scriptures, Arabic, ii, 22; Christian, i, 627, 634 Scythia (sith’ i ă) and the Scythians, i, 247, 261, 291, 300-01, 319, 327-30, 377, 388, 396, 490, 507, 510, 532-33, 543-45, 558, ii, 66, 71, 113, 128, 367, 607 Sea, depth of, i, 5 Sea fights, ancient, i, 337-40 Sea power, ancient, i, 379-80, ii, 28 Sea trade, ii, 182 Seamanship, early, i, 209-11, 216-17, 218, 266, 272-73, ii, 185 sqq. Seas, primordial, i, 8, 10, 16, 21-24, 46 Sea-scorpion, i, 10, 21, 24 Seasons, the, i, 30-33, 127, 128-29 Seaweed, i, 23 Sebastiani Report, ii, 359 Secunderabad (sē kŭn dĕr ă băd’), i, 389 Sedan, ii, 445, 531 Seek, i, 598 Seeley, Sir J. R., ii, 140 Seignobos (sen yō bō’), ii, 384 Seine, the, i, 137 Seleucia, i, 622 Seleucid (sĕ lū’ sid) dynasty, i, 395-97, 428, 432, 480, 523, 571-72, 616, ii, 608 Seleucus (sĕ lū’ kŭs) I, i, 395, 430 Selfishness, i, 423 Selim (sā lēm’), sultan, ii, 126, 618 Seljuks (sel jooks’), ii, 33, 71-72, 106, 114, 121, 615. (See also Turks) Semites (and Semitic peoples), i, 148, 153-60, 188 sqq., 212, 218-19, 228, 232-233, 237, 242, 264-65, 300, ii, 1, 2, 21, 105, 122, 143, 168, 249 Semitic languages, i, 153-55, 164 Seneca (sen’ ē kă), i, 491 Senegal river, i, 217 Sennacherib (sē năk’ er ib), i, 193-94, 200, 246, 291, ii, 606 Sepulchre, Holy, ii, 61, 64, 74, 78, 118 Sequoias (sē kwoi’ ăz), i, 51 Serapeum (ser ă pē’ ŭm), i, 413, 414, ii, 149 Serapis (sē rā’ pis), i, 412-14, 428, 538, 590-91, 602, ii, 611 Serbia (and the Serbs), i, 528, 553, 606, 616, ii, 24, 122, 224, 382, 502, 508-11, 524 Serbian language, i, 168 Serfdom, i, 600 Sergius III, Pope, ii, 63 Serpent in religion, i, 130, 147, ii, 418 Servants, domestic, i, 265 Set, Egyptian god, i, 236 Seton-Karr, Sir H. W., i, 137 Seven Years War, ii, 332, 620 Severus (sē vēr’ ŭs), Septimus, i, 528 Seville, ii, 188 Sex, i, 131 Seyffert, i, 464, 490, 491 Shakespeare, W., i, 173 Shale, i, 7 Shalmaneser (shăl mă nē’ zũr), i, 193, 291 Shamanism, ii, 114, 128, 146 Shamash, i, 245 Shang dynasty, i, 196, 204 Shanghai (shăng hī’), ii, 470 Shang-tung, ii, 469 Sharifian emperors, i, 565 Sharpe, S., i, 249 Shaving the face, i, 391 Sheep in lake dwellings, i, 112 Shekel, i, 220, 265 Sheldonian Theatre, ii, 271 Shell Age, supposed, i, 68 Shellfish, i, 9, 10 Shells as implements, i, 68; as ornaments, i, 88 Shem, i, 140 Shen-si, i, 632 Sherbro Island, i, 218 Sherman, General, ii, 443 Shi-Hwang-ti, emperor, i, 196, 205, 253, 542-43, 548, 642, ii, 211, 608 Shiites (shē’ īts), ii, 27, 30, 64, 70, 72, 80, 134, 256 Shiloh, i, 284 Shimei, i, 287 Shimonoseki (shē’ mŏ nō sāk’ ĕ), Straits of, ii, 467 Shipbuilding, ii, 66, 388-89 Ships, earliest, i, 209-11 Shishak (shī’ shăk), i, 200, 388 Shrines, i, 234, 313 Siam (and Siamese), i, 203, 640 Siamese language, i, 157 Siberia, i, 100-02, 156-59, 532, 546, 632, ii, 114, 132, 261 Siberian railway, ii, 469, 502 Sicilies, Two, ii, 200, 364 Sicily, i, 213, 217, 303, 308, 382, 447, 449, 451-54, 471, 480, 486, 498, 505, 566, ii, 62, 64, 69, 78, 83, 86-88, 097, 182, 353, 380, 441, 615 Sickles, earthenware, i, 189 Siddhattha Gautama (sid hät’ t’hă gou’ tă mă). (See Buddha) Sidon, i, 196, 212, 216, 266, 279, 290, 331, 380 Sieyès (syā yes’), ii, 354 Sign-language, i, 150 Sikhs (sēks), ii, 257, 453 Silbury, i, 110, 135 Silesia, ii, 112, 251 Silk, i, 273, 530, ii, 238 Silver as standard of value, i, 220 Sin, idea of, ii, 190 Sinai, i, 259 Sind, ii, 453 Singan, i, 642, 644, 647, ii, 613 Singer, Dr., i, 403 Singing, i, 115 Sinope (sī nō’ pē), i, 621 Siris, i, 339 Sirius (sir’ i ŭs), a star, i, 238 Sirmium, i, 560 Sistrum, i, 413, 425 Siva, i, 437 Sivapithecus (si vă pi thē kŭs), i, 67 Siwalik Hills, i, 67 Skins, use of, as clothing, i, 80, 99, 114; inflated, as boats, i, 209 Skrine, i, 541, ii, 30 Skull, shapes of, i, 100, 142-46 Slate, i, 7 Slavery (and slaves), i, 255-59, 305-09, 352, 363, 455, 489-92, 529, 589, 594, 631, ii, 15, 33, 130, 146, 193, 225, 276, 284-85, 293, 304-05 sqq.; American, ii, 342, 619 Slavic tribes, i, 527 Slavonian dialect, i, 168 Slavonic languages, ii, 69 Slavs, i, 616, ii, 24, 49, 57, 61, 69, 128 Sloth, i, 102, 207 Smelting, i, 106, 107 Smerdis, i, 326 Smilodon (smī’ lō don), i, 56 Smith, A. L., ii, 88 Smith, Elliot, i, 69, 84, 146, 147, 189, 207 Smith, Rt. Hon. F. E., ii, 424, 497-99 Smith, John, ii, 280 Smith, Worthington, i, 63, 79, ii, 310 Smithsonian Institution, ii, 392 Smyrna, ii, 79 Snails, i, 28 Sobiesky (sō byes’ ki), John (John III), ii, 249, 620 Social Contract, ii, 296, 310 Social Democrats, ii, 485 Social War, the, i, 503, ii, 609 Socialism, ii, 157, 310, 339-46, 403 sqq., 622 Society, beginning of human, i, 178 Socrates (sok’ ră tēz), i, 114, 350, 355-56, 364, 420, 436 Soddy, Prof., ii, 410 Soderini, ii, 195-96, 618 Soil, protection of, i, 37 Soissons, ii, 47, 48 Solar year, i, 129 Solent, the, i, 137 Solferino (sol fe rē’ nō), battle of, ii, 441, 623 Solis, ensign, ii, 231 Sollas, Prof., i, 63, 69, 84, 100 Solomon, King, i, 200, 287-94, 569, ii, 606 Solon, i, 221, 324-25 Solutré, i, 92, 96, 124 Solutrian Age, i, 96, 97, 317, ii, 189 Somaliland, i, 137, 160, 217 Somalis, language of, i, 154 Somersett, J., ii, 306 Somme, the, i, 137; battle of, ii, 338, 530 Sonnino, Baron, ii, 552 Sonoy, Governor, ii, 231 Soothsayers, i, 305 Sophists, Greek, i, 350 Sophocles (sof’ ō klēz), i, 351, 355 Soudan, tribes of, i, 118 Soul, the, i, 131 South Africa, i, 485, ii, 460, 471, 472, 489, 495, 623-24 South Kensington, Natural History Museum, i, 50 South Sea Islanders, i, 68, 353 Southampton, ii, 180 Soviets (sov’ yets), ii, 410, 526, 539 Sowing, and burial, i, 130; and human sacrifice, i, 117, 134 Space, i, 3, 4, 15 Spain, i, 37, 93, 106, 108, 146, 161, 196, 213, 217, 299, 446-48, 589, 615, ii, 41, 100, 140, 159, 179, 246; history (Carthaginians in), i, 472-79; (Romans in), i, 480, 485-86, 499-502, 509, 522, 540, 569; (Vandals in), i, 554, 556, ii, 611; (under the Goths), i, 606, ii, 46, 66, 613; (Moors in), i, 565, ii, 24-25, 031, 036-37, 057, 061, 064, 194, 242, 613; (15th-16th cent.), ii, 186, 188, 193-95, 197, 200-04; (17th-18th cent.), ii, 216, 218, 220, 225, 229, 233, 239, 242-43, 251-52, 279, 292; (19th cent.), ii, 362, 378, 445, 506; overseas dominions, i, 208, ii, 187-94; colonial expansion, ii, 251-54, 282, 286, 292, 306, 378, 451, 470 Spanish language, i, 151, 564, ii, 160, 190 Sparta, i, 303-07, 332-36, 343, 349-50, 369, 378, 460 Spartacus (spar’ tă kŭs), i, 505, ii, 609 Spearheads, bone, i, 96 Species, i, 17-22, 025, 029, 138-40 Speech, development of, i, 72, 79, 124-27, 129, 130, 150, 151, 162-63, 223-26 Spelling, need for reform of, i, 282-83 Spence, L., ii, 190 Sphinx, the, i, 238 Spices, Oriental, ii, 257 Spiders, early, i, 28 Spinden, i, 207 Spinnerets of spiders, i, 28 Spoleto (spō lā’ tō), i, 610 Spores, i, 24 Spurrell, H. G. F., i, 63, 98 Spy, i, 72 Stag, i, 94, 101 Stagira (stă jīr’ ă), i, 357 Stalky and Co., ii, 423 Stallybrass, Dr. C. O., ii, 154, 543 Stambul (stăm bool’), ii, 126 Stamp Acts, ii, 289 Stamps used for signatures, i, 408 Stars, i, 4; and early man, i, 127, 238, 240 State, the, i, 488 sqq., 519, ii, 142, 163, 197, 244, 415 States-General, the, ii, 234, 312, 621 Steam, use of, ii, 386, 392 Steamboat, introduction of the, ii, 387 Steam-engine, invention of, i, 540, ii, 275, 386 Steam-hammer, ii, 388 Steam-power, ii, 275 Steel, i, 273, ii, 388 “Steel Boys,” the, ii, 492 Stegosaurus (steg ō saw’ rŭs), i, 40 Stein, Freiherr von, ii, 364 Steno, ii, 419 Stephenson, G., ii, 386 Stern, Q. B., ii, 433 Stettin, ii, 180 Stilicho (stil’ i kō), i, 554, 561, ii, 611 Stockholm, ii, 526 Stockmar, Baron, ii, 438-39 Stoicism, i, 360, 363, 588 Stone, early use of, i, 171 Stone, Major-Gen., ii, 570 Stone Age, i, 60, 68, 75, 81, 96, 97, 104-13, b197, 213, 274 Stonehenge, i, 109-10, 147, 171, 196, 240, ii, 606 Stopes, Dr. Marie, i, 38 Story-telling, primitive, i, 129 Strabo (strā’ bō), i, 13 Strafford, Earl of, ii, 221-22, 491 Strata, geological, i, 7 sqq. Strikes in ancient Rome, i, 457-58, 496 Stuart dynasty, ii, 163, 225-26 Stubbs, Bishop, ii, 54 Sturdee, Admiral, ii, 520 Styria, ii, 200 Subiaco (soo bē ä’ kō), i, 611 Submarine warfare, ii, 520, 527 Subutai, ii, 112 Sudan, the, ii, 471 Sudras, i, 269, 270, 645 Suetonius (swē tō’ ni ŭs), i, 525, 598 Suevi (swē’ vī), i, 554, 606, ii, 46, 611 Suez, i, 156, 160, 195, 218 Suffering, cause of, i, 423 Suffrage, manhood, ii, 297 Sugar, ii, 38 Suleiman (soo lā măn’) the Magnificent, ii, 24, 28, 126, 200, 205, 613 Sulla, i, 503-04, 511, ii, 609 Sulphuric acid, ii, 38 Sulpicius (sŭl pish’ i ŭs), i, 504 Sultan, Turkish, i, 565 Sumatra, i, 635, ii, 120 Sumer (incl. Sumeria and Sumerians), i, 133, 188-96, 203, 208, 210, 212, 218, 227-28, 232, 234, 242-48, 254, 259, 274, 297, 307, 319, 370, 522, ii, 1, 105, 130, 189 Sumerian language and writing, i, 133, 162, 189, 198, 227, 229, 279, 408, 638 Sun, the, i, 3-4, 030, 34; worship, i, 130, 147, 235-38, 412-13 Sunday, i, 575, 590, ii, 149; schools, ii, 396 Sung dynasty, i, 634-35, 641, ii, 108, 112-13, 118, 614 Sunnites, ii, 27, 71, 80, 136 “Sunstone,” i, 147 Superior, Lake, i, 225 Surrey, ii, 275 Susa, i, 104, 189, 260, 318, 326-31, 337-38, 364, 385-87, 390 Sussex, i, 70, ii, 40, 275 Suy dynasty, i, 632 Swabians, ii, 47, 63 Swansea, Lord, i, 106 Swastika (swăs’ ti kă), i, 147, 176 Sweden (and the Swedes), i, 102, 553, 605, ii, 51, 53, 162, 206, 225, 234, 242, 244, 249, 257, 266, 283, 368, 380 Swedish language, i, 168 Swift, Dean, ii, 492, 493 Swift, Fletcher H., i, 297 Swimming-bladder, i, 25, 52, 55 Swine, keeping of, i, 112, ii, 180 Switzerland (including the Swiss), i, 106-09, 113, 115, 171, 186, 564, ii, 69, 198 sq., 204, 236, 280, 319, 328, 339, 347, 359, 380, 616, 617 Swords, bronze, i, 132 Sykes, Ella and Percy, i, 548 Sykes, Sir Mark, i, 619, ii, 5, 9, 29-30, 121-23 Syndicalism, ii, 409 Synœcism of gods, i, 483-84 Syracuse, i, 351, 449, 452, 468, 476, 497, 534 Syria (and Syrians), i, 102, 160, 192, 194, 200, 250, 265, 278, 290, 292, 326, 342, 380, 500, 569-70, 587, 598, 604, 617, 619-21, ii, 1-2, 004, 007, 017-21, 071, 074, 079, 097, 106, 113, 130-32, 149, 359, 440, 500 Syrian language, i, 530, 627, ii, 35 T Tabriz, ii, 120 Tabu, i, 113, 125-29 Tachov (tăk’ hov), ii, 152 Tacitus (tăs’ i tŭs), i, 491, ii, 144 Tadpoles, i, 26, 52 Taft, President, ii, 544, 551 Tagus valley, ii, 207 Tain, an Irish epic, i, 182 Tai-tsung, i, 634, 642, 647, ii, 106, 612 Talleyrand, ii, 370, 374 Tallien, ii, 336 Tallies, i, 128 Tammany, i, 495 Tancred, ii, 79 Tang dynasty, i, 630-33, 641, ii, 106, 612 Tangier, ii, 484 Tanks, ii, 515-16, 523, 530, 569, 571 Tannenberg, ii, 515, 518 Taoism (tou’ izm), i, 433, 438, 641 Tapir, i, 56 Tarentum, i, 452, 476 Tarim (tä rēm’) valley, i, 201-02, 387, 546, ii, 109, 609 Tarpeian Rock, i, 459 Tarquins, the, i, 450, 456 Tartar language, i, 156, ii, 119 Tartars (and Tartary), i, 388, 542, 545, 627, ii, 109, 112, 119, 129, 244, 260, 267 Tashkend, i, 643 Tasmania (and Tasmanians), i, 82, 84, 85, 138, 148, ii, 189, 451; language, i, 162 Tattooing, i, 147 Taurus mountains, i, 395-97, ii, 21, 28, 34, 42, 122 Taxation, i, 255, 264, 310, ii, 217-18 Taxilla, i, 645 Tayf (tī’ if), ii, 7 Taylor, H. O., ii, 172 Tea, i, 630, ii, 289 Teeth, i, 44, 69-73, 086, 87 Telamon (tel’ ă mon), battle of, i, 471, 475, ii, 608 Telegraph, electric, ii, 387 Tel-el-Amarna (tel el ä mär’ nă), i, 200, 220, 245, 250, 288 Telescope, invention of the, ii, 176 Tell, William, ii, 199 Tempe (tem’ pē), vale of, i, 335 Temples, i, 190, 234-41, 250, 304 Ten Thousand, Retreat of the, ii, 607 Ten Tribes, the, i, 193 Teneriffe, ii, 225 Tennyson, Lord, i, 175, 531, ii, 438 Tertullian (tũr tŭl’ yăn), i, 403 Testament, Old, i, 114, 277, 292, 294; New, i, 114 Tetrabelodon (tet ră bel’ ō don), i, 58 Teutonic Knights, ii, 266 Teutonic tribes, i, 299, 509, 527, 552, ii, 611 Texel, ii, 332 Textile fabrics, Arab, ii, 38 Thames, the, i, 59, 137, ii, 182, 226, 512 Thatcher, ii, 37, 51, 377 Thebes (thēbz) and Thebans, i, 252, 274, 303, 336, 343, 370-71, ii, 606 Themistocles (thē mis’ tō klēz), i, 313, 337 Theocrasia, i, 412, 414, 538, 590, 626, ii, 149 Theodora, Empress, i, 615 Theodora, sister of Marozia, ii, 62 Theodore of Tarsus, ii, 50, 613 Theodoric (thē od’ ō rik) the Goth, i, 560, 606, ii, 037, 612 Theodosius (thē ō dō’ shi ŭs), the Great, i, 554, 602, 615, ii, 611 Theodosius II, i, 557-59 Theophrastus (thē ō frăs’ tŭs), i, 13 Theophylact, ii, 62 Theriodont (thē’ ri ō dont) reptiles, i, 54 Theriomorpha, i, 41, 47, 48 Thermopylæ (thũr mop’ i lē), i, 335, 336, 474, 536, ii, 607 Theseus (thē’ sūs), i, 216 Thespians, i, 336 Thessalus (thes’ ă lŭs), i, 375 Thessaly (and Thessalians), i, 335-40, 384, 453, 511 Thibet, i, 432, 628 Thien Shan, i, 546, 643 Thiers (tyâr), ii, 353 Thirty Tyrants, i, 351 Thirty Years’ War, ii, 235, 262, 292, 511 Thomas, Albert, ii, 439 Thompson, R. Campbell, i, 189 Thor, i, 233, ii, 49 Thoth-lunus (thoth’ lū’ nŭs), Egyptian god, i, 239 Thothmes (thoth’ mēz), i, 199, 289, 317, 401, 445, ii, 605 Thought and research, i, 122-35, 352-53, 360-62, ii, 414 Thrace (thrās) and Thracians, i, 303, 328-31, 340, 372, 377, 395, ii, 20, 123 Three Teachings, the, i, 436 Throwing sticks, i, 90 Thucydides (thū sid’ i dēz), i, 344, 360, 399, 460 Thuringians, ii, 51 Tian Shan, i, 549 Tiber, river, i, 447, 448, 454, 458, ii, 41 Tiberius Cæsar, i, 523, 572, 584, ii, 609 Tibet, i, 206, 438, 545-47, 591, 640, ii, 113, 128, 262, 463, 624 Tibetan language, i, 157 Tides, i, 8 Tiger, sabre-toothed, i, 56, 64, 69, 70, 76 Tiglath Pileser (tig’ lăth pi lē’ zĕr), I, i, 192, 196; III, i, 193, 200, 246, 290, 318, ii, 606 Tigris, i, 186, 192, 210, 238, 260, 616, ii, 2, 106 Tii, Queen, i, 250 Tille, Dr., ii, 180 Tilly, ii, 235 Tilsit, Treaty of, ii, 363, 622 Timbuktu, i, 565 Time, i, 13-15, 128-29, ii, 605 Times, the, ii, 405 Timon (tī’ mon), i, 515 Timurlane, ii, 132-33, 137, 154, 261, 617 Tin, i, 4, 106, 217, 273, ii, 389 Tinstone, i, 106 Tiryns (tī’ rinz), i, 303 Titanothere (tī’ tăn ō thēr), i, 53, 56 Titus, i, 526, 571, ii, 610 Tobacco, i, 170, 219, ii, 281, 284 Toe, great, i, 66 Tolstoy, ii, 367 Tonkin, ii, 467, 470 Torr, Cecil, i, 210, 259 Tortoises, i, 40, 46 Torture, use of, ii, 338 Tory Party, ii, 489 Totila (tot’ i lă), i, 611 Toulon, ii, 333, 349, 351 Tours, ii, 47, 180 Towers of Silence, i, 625 Town life, European, ii, 180 sqq. Town Topics, ii, 424 Townshend, General, ii, 522 Township, primitive, i, 256 Tracheal tubes, i, 25 Trachodon (trăk’ ō don), i, 42 Trade, early, i, 118, 208-22, 257, 264-65; routes, ii, 76, 183; sea, ii, 184-85 Trade Unions, i, 487, 536, ii, 407 Tradition, i, 55, 124-29, 230 Trafalgar, battle of, ii, 362, 622 Trajan (trā’ jăn), i, 524, 526, 614, 623, ii, 2, 610 Transmigration of souls, i, 424, 427 Transport, ii, 386, 569 Transubstantiation, ii, 150-51, 171 Transvaal, ii, 424, 460, 623. (See also South Africa) Transylvania, i, 526, ii, 112 Trasimene, Lake, i, 475 Travels, early, i, 221, ii, 386 Trebizond, ii, 120 Trees, i, 27, 37 Trench warfare, ii, 515 Trent, Council of, ii, 167, 618 Tresas, i, 336 Trevithick, ii, 386 Trianon, the, ii, 317 Tribal system, i, 177, ii, 128 Trilobites, i, 10, 21-24 Triceratops (trī ser’ ă tops), i, 42 Trieste, ii, 445 Trigonometry, ii, 37 Trinidad, ii, 471 Trinil, i, 68-69 Trinitarians, i, 592-93, 601-02 Trinity, doctrine of the, i, 575, 592, 602, 625-26, ii, 171 Trinity College, Dublin, ii, 492 Tripoli, i, 228, ii, 470, 500, 624; Treaty of, ii, 294 Trireme, i, 469 Trojans, i, 216, 448, ii, 121 Tröltsch, i, 604 Trotsky, ii, 411 Troy, i, 216, 303, 318, 335, 446 Troyes (trwä), battle of, i, 559, ii, 611 Trumpet, bronze, i, 132 Tsar, title of, i, 565, ii, 129 Tshushima (tsoo shē’ mă), Straits of, ii, 469 Ts’i (dynasty and state), i, 205, 508 Ts’in (dynasty and state), i, 205, 253 Tuaregs, i, 154, 206 Tudor, ii, 287 Tuileries, ii, 319, 322, 328, 329 Tulip tree, i, 51 Tunis, i, 470, ii, 84, 470, 500 Turanian language. (See Ural-Altaic languages) Turanians, i, 158, 620, 627, ii, 29, 69, 122 Turkestan, i, 153, 159, 206, 273, 317, 386, 387, 388, 428, 433, 546, 548, 549, 603, 618, 620, 627-29, 644, ii, 17, 24, 33, 71, 109, 113, 121, 127-28, 132, 261, 262, 608, 612 Turkey, ii, 208, 366, 382, 440, 446, 483, 484, 500, 502, 521-22, 531, 623, 624. (See also Turks) Turkey, Great, ii, 114 Turkhan Pasha, ii, 554 Turkish fleet, ii, 140; language and literature, i, 156, 627, ii, 122; peoples, i, 541, 570, 627, ii, 28, 64, 66-72, 139-40, 261 (see also Turks); princes, ii, 106, 124 Turko-Finnic language, ii, 70 Turko-Finnish peoples, i, 560, 606 Turkomans, i, 551, ii, 132-33, 261, 471 Turks, i, 388, 545, 618, 627, 629, 644, ii, 24, 34-35, 061, 106, 121-22, 617; and the Crusades, ii, 78 sqq.; Ottoman, i, 615, ii, 121 sqq., 138-40, 182-84, 193-94, 197, 200, 204-06, 233, 240, 249, 353, 447, 617, 620; Seljuk, ii, 34, 39, 70, 114, 121, 615 Turtles, i, 40, 46 Tuscany, ii, 225, 236, 242 Tusculum, i, 473 Tushratta, King, i, 192, 200, 245 Twelve Tables, the, i, 458, 487 Tyler, Wat, ii, 156, 617 Tylor, E. B., i, 131 Tyndale, Bible of, i, 282 Typhon (tī’ fon), Egyptian god, i, 236 Tyrannosaurus (tī răn ō saw’ rŭs), i, 42 Tyrants, i, 308 Tyre, i, 196, 212, 216, 261, 264, 266, 279, 294, 331, 379, 380, 382-84, 401, 468, 569, 571, ii, 144, 244 Tyrol, ii, 283, 564 U Uganda, i, 206, ii, 51, 460 Uhud, battle of, ii, 9 Uigurs (wē’ goorz), ii, 109 Uintathere (ū in’ tă thēr), i, 53, 56 Ukraine Cossacks, ii, 260 Ukrainia (and Ukrainians), ii, 128-29, 244 Ulm, ii, 362, 622 Ulster, i, 110, ii, 432, 489-98 Uncleanness, i, 126, 131 “Unionist” party, ii, 495 United Provinces. (See Holland) United Service Institution, ii, 567, 571 United States, i, 37, 546, ii, 294, 297 sqq.; constitution, i, 225, 520, ii, 293 sq., 314, 378, 621; political and social conditions, i, 268, 308, 493, ii, 292-96, 326, 338, 344, 386-87, 395, 551; slavery in, ii, 193, 293; Declaration of Independence, ii, 293, 621; treaty with Britain, ii, 293-94, 621; Civil War, ii, 443, 623; unity of, ii, 476; modern foreign policy of, ii, 503-07; in Great War, ii, 527, 583, 560-62. (See also America) Universal History, the, ii, 418, 419 Universal law, ii, 215 Universals, ii, 174 Universe, ii, 418 Universities, i, 613, ii, 37, 88, 168, 270, 390, 427 University Commission, ii, 437 Unterwalden (oon’ ter val den), ii, 199 Ur, i, 195 Ural mountains, i, 153, 549 Ural-Altaic languages, i, 155, 156, 160, 164, 174, 299, 560; people, i, 203 Uranus (ūr’ ă nŭs), i, 4 Urban II (pope), ii, 72, 74, 84, 97, 167, 615 Urban VI (pope), ii, 100, 617 Urfa, i, 621 Uri, ii, 199 Urns, i, 115 Uruk, i, 195 Urumiya (ū rū mē’ yă), lake, i, 318 Ussher, Bishop, ii, 418 Usury, i, 265 Utica (ū’ ti kă), i, 212 Utopias, i, 358, ii, 211 Utrecht, ii, 229 V Vaisyas (vīs’ yăz), i, 269, 270 Valais, i, 564 Valenciennes, ii, 531 Valens, Emperor, i, 554 Valerian, Emperor, i, 528, 617, ii, 610 Valladolid, ii, 207-09 Valmy, battle of, ii, 330, 621 Valona, ii, 524 Value, i, 219, 220 Van, i, 318 Vandals, i, 540, 553, 556, 564, 606, 615, ii, 22, 611 Varangians (vă răn’ ji ănz), ii, 67 Varennes (vă ren’), ii, 323-25, 621 Varro, i, 476 Vasa (vä’ să), Gustava, ii, 234 Vases, i, 213 Vassalage, ii, 44 Vatican, ii, 57, 84, 100 Vaughan, ii, 310 Vedas (vā’ dăz), i, 173, 182, 417, ii, 257 Vegetarians, i, 182, 416 Vegetation, i, 37, 38 Veii (vē’ yī), i, 450, 459, 483, 485 Vendée, ii, 333, 351 Venetia, ii, 441, 445, 529 Venezuela, ii, 505 Venice (and the Venetians), ii, 76, 80, 81, 97, 117, 120, 126, 139, 180, 182, 184, 257, 351, 380, 529, 616, 621 Venizelos (ven i zē’ los), ii, 522 Venus, goddess, ii, 49 Venus, planet, i, 4, 5 Vera Cruz, ii, 444 Verbal tradition, i, 230 Verde, Cape, ii, 617 Verde, Cape, Islands, ii, 188 Verdun, ii, 329, 330, 509 Verona, ii, 180, 332 Versailles, ii, 238, 242, 248, 312-22, 446, 477, 556; Peace of, ii, 560 sqq., 624 Verulam, Lord. (See Bacon, Sir Francis) Vespasian (ves pā’ zhi ăn), i, 526, 535, 571, ii, 609 Vessels of stone, i, 213 Vesuvius, i, 505 Via Flaminia, i, 471 Victims, human, i, 588 Victor Emmanuel, ii, 441, 623 Victoria, Queen of Great Britain, i, 175, 531, ii, 228, 437, 438, 455, 482, 487, 622, 623 Victory, flagship, ii, 362 Vienna, ii, 126, 140, 205, 249, 371, 483, 568, 618, 620; Congress of, ii, 370, 378, 379, 431, 436, 440, 453, 557, 622 Vigilius, i, 558, 559 Vikings (vik’ ingz), ii, 53, 67 Village, the, i, 109, 256 Vilna, ii, 386, 519 Vimiero (vē mā’ ē roo), ii, 364 Vinci (vin’ chē), Leonardo da, i, 13, 534, ii, 175, 183, 419, 523, 618 Vindhya (vind’ yă) mountains, i, 420 Vinland, ii, 185 Virgil, i, 407, 448, 531 Virginia, ii, 280, 283, 290, 292, 296, 300, 305, 306, 443 Virtue, i, 351 Visé, ii, 512 Vishnu, i, 180, 437 Visigoths, i, 550, 553, 559, 606, ii, 66, 611 Vistula, ii, 112 Vitellus, i, 526, ii, 609 Vittoria, ship, ii, 188 Viviparous animals, i, 54-55 Vivisection, i, 403, 404, 490 Vocabulary of man, i, 151 Volga, i, 153, 159, 432, 560, 606, ii, 267 Volscians, i, 458 Volta, ii, 387 Voltaire, F. M. A. de, ii, 238, 240, 264, 421, 620 Votes, ii, 147 Vowels, i, 304 Voyages, i, 217-18, ii, 191 Vulgate, the, i, 307 W Wages, i, 258, ii, 156 Wagons, i, 170 Waldenses, ii, 92, 94 Waldo, ii, 92, 94 Wales, i, 209, 605, ii, 40, 178 Waley, Arthur, i, 157 Walid (wa lēd’) I, ii, 28, 613 Walid II, ii, 28, 613 Wallace, William, ii, 178 Wallenstein, ii, 235 Walpole, Sir Robert, ii, 227 Wang Yang Ming, i, 642 War, Great. (See Great War) War and warfare, i, 171, 254, 256, 306, 370-72, ii, 234, 424, 475-76, 481, 513 sqq., 567-70 War of American Independence, ii, 291 sqq. Warsaw, ii, 382 Warwick, Lord, ii, 222 Washington, i, 520, ii, 279, 301, 357, 392, 443 Washington, George, ii, 292, 301, 303, 307, 353 Water, i, 23, ii, 275 Waterloo, ii, 371, 624 Watt, James, ii, 275, 386, 392 Watters, i, 541, 642, 645 Wealden Valley, i, 73 Weale, Putnam, ii, 461 Weapons, i, 78, 108, 114, 196, 205 Weaving, i, 105 Wedmore, Treaty of, ii, 52, 54 Wei dynasty, later, i, 633 Wei-hai-wei (wā hī wā’), ii, 462, 469 Wellesley, Marquis. (See Mornington, Lord) Wellesley, Sir Arthur. (See Wellington, Duke of) Wellington, Duke of, ii, 364, 371 Wells, J., i, 458, 467, 470 Welsh, the, ii, 244 Welsh language, i, 168 Wends, the, ii, 80 Were-wolf, i, 124 Wessex, ii, 40, 51, 614 Western civilization, i, 636 Westminster, i, 463, 489, ii, 159, 182, 222, 225, 228 Westphalia, Peace of, ii, 232, 236, 280 Weyl, ii, 543 Whales, i, 41 Wheat, i, 113, 184, 186 Wheeler, B. I., i, 359, 362, 367 Whigs, ii, 288-89, 332 Whistles, i, 115 White Man’s Burthen, ii, 462 Whitehall, ii, 222, 224, 568 Wilberforce, Bishop, ii, 420 Wilhelm I, German Emperor, ii, 482 Wilhelm II, German Emperor, ii, 59, 60, 482-86, 623 Wilhelm, Crown Prince of Germany, ii, 486 Will and obedience, ii, 142-48 William I, etc., Emperors of Germany. (See Wilhelm) William the Conqueror, i, 408, ii, 54, 66, 150, 615 William III, Prince of Orange, ii, 226, 491-92, 620 William IV, King of England, ii, 228 William the Silent, ii, 229 Williams, Harold, ii, 71 Williams, S. Wells, i, 541 Wilson, W., President of U. S. A., ii, 221, 284, 543-46, 550-57, 564-67 Wiltshire, i, 110, 135 Winckler, H., i, 192, 195, 246, 342 Windsor, ii, 222 Wine, ii, 281 Wiriath, ii, 311, 326 Wisby, ii, 180 Witchcraft, i, 126, 374 Withington, E. T., i, 403 Wittenberg, ii, 156, 203, 618 Woden, ii, 144 Wolfe, General, ii, 254, 620 Wolsey, Cardinal, ii, 202 Wolves, i, 69, 448 Women, i, 95, 99, 181, 232, 251, 309, ii, 13, 297 Wood, i, 76 Wood Age, i, 68 Wood blocks, for printing, ii, 159 Woodruff, Prof. L. L., i, 7 Woodward, G. M., i, 50 Woodward, Smith, i, 72 Woolf, L. S., ii, 377, 543 Woollen industry, ii, 275 Workmen, ii, 404-407 World (geographical), i, 341, 405, 406, ii, 187, 188, 191, 605; (political), i, 397, 399, 400, ii, 278, 381, 385, 431, 449 World, Old, nursery of mankind, i, 103 World dominion (and unity), i, 374, 397, 399, ii, 72, 90, 211, 243, 246, 252, 261-262 Worms, town, ii, 60 Worms, Diet of, ii, 203, 618 Worship, i, 130 Wörth (vũrt), ii, 445 Wright, W. B., i, 30, 63, 78, 96, 100, 101, 120 Writing, i, 174, 176, 189, 197, 198, 207-208, 214, 223-31, 296, 421, 639, ii, 59 Written word, i, 293 Wu Ti, i, 548, ii, 609 Wu Wang, i, 204 Württemberg, i, 102, ii, 445 Wycliffe, John, and his followers, ii, 96, 100, 150-53, 160, 171, 174, 202, 270, 272, 617 X Xavier (zā’ vi ũr), Francis, ii, 465 Xenophanes (ze nof’ ă nēz), i, 13 Xenophon, i, 342, 351, 357, 363, 399 Xerxes (zũrk’ sēz), i, 334-42, 362, 385, 542, ii, 122, 607 Y Yanbu, i, 634 Yang-chow, ii, 119 Yang-tse valley, i, 205, 542 Yang-tse-kiang (yäng tsē kyäng’), i, 201, 641 Yarkand, i, 628, 643, ii, 610 Yarmuk, ii, 18, 613 Year, Moslem, ii, 8; solar, i, 129 Yeast, i, 172 Yedo bay, ii, 466 Yeliu Chutsai, ii, 110 Yemen, i, 618, 624, ii, 3-4 York, i, 529, ii, 221 Yorkshire, ii, 154 Yorktown, ii, 292 Ypres (ē’ pr), ii, 229, 515, 516 Yuan Chwang, i, 541, 642 sqq., ii, 22, 34, 106, 118, 612-13 Yuan dynasty, ii, 114, 117, 127, 617 Yucatan, i, 308, ii, 190 Yueh-Chi, i, 548, 628, 643, ii, 618 Yugo-Slavia (and Yugo-Slavs), i, 616, ii, 122, 380 sq., 484, 564, 566 Yule, i, 541 Yuste (yoos’ tā), ii, 207-09 Z Zadok, i, 287 Zaid (zā’ id), ii, 12 Zainib, ii, 12 Zama (zā’ mă), i, 476-80, 482, ii, 608 Zanzibar, ii, 187 Zara, ii, 81 Zarathustra (zā ră thoos’ tră). (See Zoroaster) Zebedee, i, 580 Zeid (zīd), a slave, ii, 6 Zend Avesta, i, 624 Zenobia, i, 535, 617, ii, 610 Zeppelin raids, ii, 519 Zeus (zūs), i, 396, 412 Zeuxis (zūk’ sis), i, 369 Zimbabwe (zēm băb’ wā), ii, 459 Zimmern, i, 305, 310, 343 Zinc, i, 106 Ziska, ii, 152 Zodiac, i, 240 Zollverein (tsol’ fer īn), ii, 488 Zoroaster (zō rō ăs’ tũr) and Zoroastrianism, i, 533, 538, 617, 618, 624, 625, 626, 627, ii, 4, 14, 16, 29, 137 Zoroastrian language, i, 626 Zosimus (zōs’ i mŭs), i, 599 Zulus, i, 219, 370 Zyp, the, ii, 230