INDEX

Abbott, on Penguins, 57 n., 59 n. Abdimia abdimii, 99 Abdomen, 20 Abou-Hannes, 102 Aburria, 195; A. carunculata, 197 Acanthidositta, 472; A. chloris, 472, 545 Acanthiza, 355, 514, 518 Acanthochaera, 566 Acanthopneuste, 514 Acanthoptila, 502 Acanthorhynchus, 565 Accentor, 509, 510; A. collaris, 512; A. modularis, 512 Accentor, alpine, 512, 517 Accentorinae, 509 Accipiter, 156, 157; plumage of young, 157; A. bicolor, 158; A. chilensis, 159; A. chionogaster, 158; A. cirrocephalus, 159; A. collaris, 159; A. cooperi, 159; A. erythrauchen, 158; A. erythrocnemis, 158; A. fuscus, 159; A. guttatus, 159; A. hartlaubi, 158; A. madagascariensis, 159; A. melanoleucus, 158; A. minullus, 159; A. nisoïdes, 158; A. nisus, 157, 158; A. ovampensis, 158; A. pectoralis, 159; A. pileatus, 150, 159; A. rhodogaster, 158; A. rubricollis, 158; A. rufiventris, 158; A. subniger, 159; A. tinus, 159; A. ventralis, 158; A. virgatus, 158 Accipitres, 137 f., 140 f., 397; cere, 11; claws on manus, 48; powder-down, 147 Accipitrinae, 146, 147, 153 Accipitrine, 141, 146, 156, 157 Aceros, 390; A. nipalensis, 393 Acestrura, 438 Acetabulum, 9, 9 Acomus, 199, 215; A. erythrophthalmus, 215; A. inornatus, 215; A. pyronotus, 215 Acredula, 538-541 Acridotheres, 559-561; A. cristatellus, 559 Acrocephalus, 515-518 Acromyodi, 467 Acropternis, 490 Acrulocercus, 564-567; A. apicalis, 565; A. bishopi, 565; A. braccatus, 565; A. nobilis, 565 Acryllium, 199, 201; A. vulturinum, 204 Actiornis anglicus, fossil, 86 Actitis hypoleucus, 286; A. macularius, 286 Adams, on Tringa maculata, 281 n. Adelomyia, 427 Adjutant, 96, 97 Aechmophorus, 49; A. major, 53; A. occidentalis, 53 Aechmorhynchus cancellatus, 283; A. parvirostris, 283 Aedon, 517, 518 Aedonopsis, 513 Aegialitis, 268, 269; A. asiatica, 274; A. bicincta, 274; A. bifrontata, 274; A. cantiana, 273; A. curonica, 273; A. falklandica, 271; A. hiaticola, 273, 273; A. monachus, 274; A. nivosa, 274; A. novae zealandiae, 274; A. placida, 274; A. sanctae helenae, 274; A. semipalmata, 274; A. vocifera, 274 Aegialornis, fossil, 315, 426 Aegiothus rufescens, 584 Aegithalus, 538-540 Aegithina, 505, 506 Aegotheles, 415, 417, 419; A. wallacii, 417 Aeluredus, 550, 551; A. maculosus, 551; A. viridis, 549, 551 Aepyornis, 43 f. Aepyornithes, 26, 43 f. Aepyornithidae, structure, etc., 43 f. Aepypodius, 190 f.; A. arfakianus, 192; A. bruijni, 192 Aesacus magnirostris, 297; A. recurvirostris, 297 Aesalon columbarius, 178; A. regulus, 177; A. ruficollis, 178; A. typus, 178 Aethiopsar, 561 Aethopyga, 569 Aethorhynchus, 504-506 Aex, 111, 112; A. galericulata, 114, 133; A. sponsa, 133 Aftershaft, of feathers, origin of, 3; absent, in Alcedinidae, 383; in Apteryx, 39; in Hornbill, 390; in Mesites, 187; in Ostrich, 27; in Owls, 399; in Pandion, 180; in Rheidae, 30; in Struthionidae, 27 Agami, 258 Agamia agami, 91 f. Agapornis, 364, 368; A. cana, 368; A. pullaria, 368; A. roseicollis, 368; A. taranta, 368 Agelaeinae, 579 f. Agelaeus, 581; A. phoeniceus, 580 Agelastes, 201; A. meleagrides, 205 Aglaeactis, 437 Agnopterus, fossil, 108 Agriornis, 473, 475 Air-cells, in Sula, 72 Air-sac, 21; in Tetraoninae, 201 Aithurus, 426, 430; A. polytmus, 433, 433 Ajaja, young, 105; A. rosea, 105 Ala, 21 Alaemon, 497, 498; A. alaudipes, 497 Alar bar, 21 Alaska, to which region belonging? 16 Alauda, 497; A. arvensis, 496, 497 Alaudidae, 494, 496 f.; habits, 498 Alaudula raytal, 498 Albatros, 59 f., 61-63, 81, 148; Wandering, 63 f., 64 Albinism, its cause, 4 n. Alca, 315, 320; A. impennis, 315, 320, 321; A. torda, 320 f. Alcae, 268, 315 f. Alcedinidae, 376, 382 f.; habits, 383 f. Alcedininae, 382, 386 Alcedo, 383; A. beryllina, 387; A. ispida, 387 Alcidae, 49, 268, 315 f.; bill-sheath and outgrowth shed, 5 n., 317 f.; habits, 315 f. Alcippe, 503 Alcurus, 504 Alcyone, 383, 384; toes, 10, 383; A. azurea, 386 Alectorides, 243 Alectoroenas, 326, 346; A. madagascariensis, 346; A. nitidissima, 346; A. pulcherrima, 346; A. rodericana, fossil, 350; A. sganzini, 346 Alectoromorphae, 182 Alectoropodes, 186 Alectrurus, 473, 475, 477; A. risorius, 473, 474; A. tricolor, 473, 475 Alethe, 513 Aletornis, fossil, 256 Alexandrine–see Parrot Alisphenoid, 11 Allantois, 21 Altham, E. and H., on Dodo, 330 Altrices, 21 Alucinae, 398 n. Alula spuria, 9, 20 Amadavat, 577 Amaurornis, 249; A. phoenicura, 249 Amazilia, 435; A. cyanura, 435; A. pristina, 435 Amblyornis, 551; A. flavifrons, 549; A. inornata, 549, 551 f.; A. subalaris, 549, 552 Amblyospiza, 577 Âme damnée, 66 Ameghino, on "Stereornithes," 44 Ammodramus, 583, 586 Ammomanes, 497, 498 Ammoperdix, 202; A. bonhami, 228; A. cholmleyi, viii; A. heyi, 228 Amnion, 21 Ampeliceps, 559 Ampelidae, 529 f. Ampelion, 480 Ampelis, 529; A. cedrorum, 530; A. garrulus, 529, 530; A. phoenicoptera, 530 Amphicoelous, 6 Amphimorphae, 105 Amphipelargus, fossil, 99 Amurolimnas, 244 Amytis, 517 Anaeretes, 474 Analogous, meaning, 5 Anarhynchus, 268; A. frontalis, 274, 274 Anas, 112; fossil, 136; A. aberti, 127; A. boscas, 114, 127; skull, 11; A. cristata, 128; A. diazi, 127; A. fulvigula, 127; A. laysanensis, 127; A. luzonica, 127; A. maculosa, 127; A. melleri, 127; A. obscura, 127; A. poecilorhyncha, 127; A. sparsa, 127; A. specularis, 128; A. superciliosa, 127; A. undulata, 127; A. wyvilliana, 127; A. zonorhyncha, 127 Anastomus, 95, 97; sifting apparatus of bill, 12; A. lamelligerus, 97; A. oscitans, 97 Anatidae, 108, 111 f.; habits, 113 f.; shed wing-quills simultaneously, 4; young, 114 Anatinae, 111, 112, 123 Ancistrops, 484 Andigena, 456; A. bailloni, 456; A. laminirostris, 453, 456 Andrews, on Aepyornis and Mullerornis, 43 n.; on fossils from Madagascar, 136, 137 n.; on "Stereornithes," 44 Androdon, 426; A. aequatorialis, 432 f. Andropadus, 504 Angular, 11 Ani, 359; habits, 359; White, 359 Anna, 242 Anodorhynchus, 364, 371 Anomalopteryginae, 42 Anomalopteryx, viii, 42; A. parva, 42 Anomalornis, viii Anorhinus, 391 Anous, 301, 303; A. caeruleus, 311; A. cinereus, 311; A. galapagensis, 311; A. hawaiiensis, 311; A. leucocapillus, 311; A. stolidus, 310; A. tenuirostris, 311 Anseranas, 111-113; A. semipalmata, 135 Anseranatinae, 111, 135 Anseres, 108 f., 110 f., 112; bill-sheath, 11; claws on manus, 48; fossil, 136; fusion of tracheal rings, 13; lamellae of bill, 12; A. albifrons, 132; A. brachyrhynchus, 132; A. cinereus, 132; A. erythropus, 132; A. gambeli, 132; A. grandis, 132; A. indicus, 132; A. middendorfi, 132; A. rubrirostris, 132; A. segetum, 132 Anseriformes, 70, 108 f. Anserinae, 111, 112, 131 f. Ant-bird, 488 f. Anterior limbs, 8 Antigone australasiana, 252, 254; A. collaris, 254 Anthinae, 494, 498 f.; habits, 500 f. Anthobaphes, 569 Anthocincla, 469; A. phayrii, 470 Anthornis, 565, 567 Anthracoceros coronatus, 395; A. malabaricus, 391 Anthropoïdes, 252; A. virgo, 255 f. Anthus, 499; A. antarcticus, 499; A. bertheloti, 499; A. bogotensis, 499; A. campestris, 500; A. cervinus, 500; A. chloris, 500; A. correndera, 501; A. obscurus, 500; A. pratensis, 500; A. richardi, 500; A. rosaceus, 500; A. rufulus, 501; A. spipoletta, 500; A. tenellus, 500; A. trivialis, 500 Antrostomus carolinensis, 417; A. vociferus, 417 Anumbius, 484, 487, 525; A. acuticaudus, 477; nest, 487 Apatornis celer, 49 Aphanapteryx, 244; A. broecki, fossil, 251 Aphelocoma, 554 Aphobus, 579, 580 Aphriza virgata, 276 Aplonis, 559, 561 Aprosmictus, 364 Aptenodytes, 55; A. forsteri, 55, 56; A. patagonica, 57; A. pennanti, 56 Apteria, or unfeathered spaces, 2 Apteryges, 26, 38 f.; finger, 9 Apterygidae, structure, etc., 38 f. Apterygiformes, of Parker, 38 Apteryx, 182; feathers, 41; pelvis, 9; A. australis, 39, 39; A. haasti, 39; A. lawryi, 39; A. mantelli, 39; A. maximus, 39; A. occidentalis, sub-species, 39; A. oweni, 39 Aptornis, 244; A. defossor, fossil, 251; A. otidiformis, fossil, 251 Aquila, 146-148, 160, 161 f.; fossil, 181; A. adalberti, 163; A. chrysaëtus, 161; A. clanga, 162; A. fulvescens, 163; A. hastata, 162; A. mogilnik, 163; A. naevioïdes, 163; A. nipalensis, 162; A. pomarina, 162; A. rapax, 163; A. verreauxi, 163; A. vindhiana, 163; A. wahlbergi, 162 Aquilinae, 146, 159 f. Aquiline, 147 Ara, 363, 364, 371; A. ararauna, 371; A. chloroptera, 371; A. macao, 371; A. militaris, 371; A. severa, 371 Arabia, to which Region belonging? 16 Araçari, 456 Arachnothera, 569; A. chrysogenys, 569; A. magna, 570 Aramidae, 243, 256 f.; habits, 257 Aramides, 247; A. ypecaha, 247 f. Aramus pictus, 256 f.; A. scolopaceus, 257 Arboricola, 199, 222; A. ardens, 222; A. chloropus, 222; A. javanica, 222; A. torqueola, 222 Arch of vertebra, 6 Archaeopteryx, 2; claws, 9; fingers, 9; rib, 6; teeth, 12; vertebrae, 6; A. lithographica, 23 f., 24; A. macrura, 25; A. siemensi, viii Archaeornithes, a sub-class, 23 f.; difference from Neornithes, 25 Archibuteo, 147, 164; A. ferrugineus, 164; A. hemiptilopus, 164; A. lagopus, 164; A. sancti johannis, 164; A. strophiatus, 164 Arctogaea, 15 Arctonetta, 114; A. fischeri, 119 Ardea, 91; fossil, 95; young, 93; A. agami, 91 f.; A. alba, 92; A. ardesiaca, 91; A. asha, 91; A. bubulcus, 88, 91; A. caerulea, 91; A. candidissima, 92; A. cinerea, 92, 93; A. cocoi, 93; A. coromanda, 91; A. egretta, 92; A. garzetta, 92; A. goliath, 89, 93; A. greyi, 91; A. gularis, 91; A. herodias, 93; A. nigripes, 92; A. occidentalis, 93; A. pacifica, 91; A. pealii, 91; A. picata, 91; A. purpurea, 93; A. ralloïdes, 91; A. rufa, 91; A. sacra, 91; A. tricolor, 91; A. würdemanni, 93 n. Ardeae, 70 f., 86 f. Ardeidae, 70, 86 f.; habits, 87 f. Ardeinae, 86 Ardeola ralloïdes, 91 Ardetta, 87, 88, 89; A. cinnamomea, 89; A. minuta, 89 Argillornis, fossil, 86 Argus, 199; A. ocellatus, 208 Argus, 217 Argusianus, 199, 200; A. argus, 207; A. bipunctatus, 207; A. greyi, 207 Argya, 502-504 Arses, 507 Artamia, 533; A. bicolor, 533; A. leucocephala, 533 Artamidae, 530 f. Artamides, 525 Artamus, 494, 531; powder-down, 531 Articular, 11; process of vertebra, 6 Arundinax, 513 Asarcornis, 112; A. scutulata, 134 Asio, 399, 401-403; fossil, 415; A. accipitrinus, 400, 406 f.; A. americanus, 406; A. capensis, 406; A. grammicus, 406; A. madagascariensis, 406; A. mexicanus, 406; A. otus, 402, 406; A. stygius, 406; A. wilsonianus, 406 Aspatha, 380; A. gularis, 381 Asthenopterus minutus, fossil, 181 Astrapia, 544, 549, 550; A. nigra, 545; A. splendidissima, 545; A. stephaniae, 544, 546 Astur, 156, 166; A. alphonsi, fossil, 181; A. atricapillus, 157; A. badius, 156 f.; A. brutus, 157; A. cinereus, 157; A. franciscae, 157; A. hensti, 157; A. leucosomus, 157; A. novae hollandiae, 156, 157; A. palumbarius, 156; A. pusillus, 157; A. tachiro, 156 f.; A. trinotatus, 157; A. trivirgatus, 157 Asturina, 166 f.; A. nitida, 167; A. plagiata, 166 f. Asturinula monogrammica, 156 Asyndesmus torquatus, 461 Atelornis, 378; A. crossleyi, 378; A. pittoïdes, 378 Atlas, 5, 390 Atmore, on Secretary-bird, 142 Atrichornis, 491, 493; A. clamosa, 493; A. rufescens, 493 Atrichornithidae, 491, 493 Attagis chimborazensis, 296; A. gayi, 296; A. malouina, 296 Atticora, 523; A. cyanoleuca, 525 Attila, 479 Attilinae, 479 f. Audubon, on Humming-birds, 432 Augastes, 432; A. lumachellus, 432 Auk, 49, 54, 268, 315 f., 316; habits, 315 f.; Great, 315, 317, 320, 321; Little, 316, 321; Parrot, 318; Razorbill–see Razorbill Auklet, Cassin's, 318; Crested, 318; Knob-billed, 317; Least, 317, 318; Rhinoceros, 317 f.; Whiskered, 318 Aulacorhamphus, 453, 456 f.; A. prasinus, 455; A. wagleri, 455 Aulia, 480 Auriculars, 20 Auriparus, 538-540 Australasia, as a Region, 15 Australian Region, 15 f.; its contents, 16 Austro-Columbia, 15 Austro-Coraces, 531 n., 557 n. Autumn moult, 4 f. Aves, as a Class, 23 Avestruz, 30 Avocet, 278 Avocetta, 268 Avocettula recurvirostris, 433 Axis, 5 Azara, on Toucan, 454 Back, 20 Badiostes, fossil, 415 Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, on Rhynchops, 304 n.; on Melanerpes, 461 n. Baker, 486 Balaeniceps, 86, 87; B. rex, 93, 94 Balaenicipitinae, 86 Balearica, 251, 252; B. chrysopelargus, 256; B. gibbericeps, 256; B. pavonina, 255, 256 Bambusicola fytchii, 218; B. sonorivox, 219; B. thoracica, 219 Baptornis, 25, 46, 47 Barbatula, 450; B. minuta, 450; B. pusilla, 449 Barbet, 445, 448 f.; habits, 448 f. Barbicels, 3 Barbs, 2, 3; absence of, 3 Barbules, 2, 3 Bargander, 128 Barrel of feathers, or quill, 3 Barrère, on Trochilus, 426 Barrett-Hamilton, on Sterna longipennis, 313 n. Bartlett, A. D., on Catheturus, 192 n.; on Flamingo ejecting blood-like liquid, 86 n.; on Hornbill, 392 n.; on moult of Penguin, 55 n.; on Plotus, 81 n.; on Rhinochetus, 263 n., 265 n. Bartlett, E., on Furnarius, 486; on Mesites, 187 Bartramia longicauda, 285 f. Baryphthengus, 380 Basileuterus, 574 Basilornis, 559 Basitemporal, 11 Bastard wing, 9, 20 Batara, 488, 489 Bates, on Eurypyga, 266; on Humming-birds, 432 Batis, 509 Batrachostomus, 415-417, 419 Baza, 146, 173; B. borneensis, 173; B. ceylonensis, 173; B. cuculoïdes, 173; B. erythrothorax, 173; B. leucopais, 173; B. lophotes, 173; B. madagascariensis, 173; B. magnirostris, 173; B. reinwardti, 173; B. rufa, 173; B. subcristata, 173; B. sumatrensis, 173; B. timorlaensis, 173; B. verreauxi, 173 Beak, 11 f. Bearcoot, 162 Beddard, on trachea of Paradise-bird, 545 n.; on Zosterops, 568 Bee-eater, 376, 387 f., 389; habits, 388; Blue-tailed, 389 Belding, on Harlequin Duck, 120 Bell-bird, 482, 482, 567, 567 n. Belly, 20 Bendire, on habits of Canachites, 236 Berenicornis, 391, 393; B. comatus, 393 Bergut, 162 Berlepsch, on Humming-birds, 432 Bernicla, 131; B. brenta, 131; B. canadensis, 131 f.; B. hutchinsi, 132; B. leucopsis, 131; B. minima, 132; B. nigricans, 131; B. occidentalis, 132; B. ruficollis, 131, 132 Bernieria, 503 Bevies, 221 Bhringa, 528 Bhund-Moorg, 208 Bias, 506 Biconcave vertebrae, in Ichthyornis, and probably in Archaeopteryx, 6, 49; perhaps in Enaliornis, 49 Bill, 11 f.; arched, 12; of Balaeniceps and Cancroma, 86; scissor-like, 12; wedge-like, 12 Bill-sheath, 11; in Chionis, 268; nature of, 2 n.; shed, in Auks, 317, 318 Bird, definition, 1; differences from other Vertebrata, 1 f.; derivation from Reptiles, 14 Bird of Paradise, 543 f.; D'Albertis', 544; fables concerning, 543; habits, 550 f.; Great, 546; Long-tailed, 546; King, 547; Magnificent, 547; Twelve-wired, 545; Red, 546; Six-wired, 547 f., 548 Birds'-nest soup, 423 Birds of passage, 17 Birds of prey, 108; cere, 11; moult, 5 Birds of the Gods, 543 Bittern, 70, 90; habits, 87 f.; Common, 89; Little, 88 Biziura, 111, 114; fossil, 136; B. lobata, 117, 117 Blacicus, 474 Blackbird, 510, 515 Blackburn, on Cuckoo, 354 Black-Cock, 237 f. Black Witch, 359 Blake, on Flamingo, 107 Blight-bird, 568 Blind-sacs, 12 Blue-bird, Fairy, 505 Blue colour in birds, its nature, 3 n. Blue Darr, 314 Blue-eye, 568 Blue-throat, 512, 516 Boatswain-bird, 72 Boat-tail, 580 Bobolink, 580 Bob-White, 204, 232 Bonasa, 199, 201; B. griseiventris, 233 f.; B. severtzovi, 234; B. sylvestris, 233; B. umbellus, 233 Bontekoe, figure of Didus borbonicus, 330 Bonxie, 304 Booby, 74, 82 Booted, 10 Bostrychia carunculata, 102 Botaurus, 87, 88; B. lentiginosus, 89; B. pinnatus, 89; B. poeciloptilus, 89; B. stellaris, 89 Bourdons, 426 Bower-bird, 543, 548 f., 550; habits, 551 f.; Satin–see Satin-bird Brachygalba, 446; B. albigularis, 445; B. melanosterna, 445 Brachypteracias, 378; B. leptosomus, 378 Brachypteryx, 502 Brachyrhamphus craveri, 319; B. hypoleucus, 319; B. kittlitzi, 318; B. marmoratus, 318 Bradypteri, of Sharpe, 513 Bradypterus, 514 Brambling, 584 Branta, fossil, 136 Breast, 20 Breast-bone, 6 Brewer–see Baird Brigade, vi (Preface) Brisson, on Bucco (including Barbet), 448; on Strigidae, 398 n. Bristle-feathers, 3 Bristles, nature of, 2 n. Broad-bill, 467; habits, 469 Broderip, on Toucan, 454 n. Brodrick–see Salvin, F. H. Bromvogel, 392 Bronchi, 13 Bronchial syrinx, 21 Bronn's Thier-reich, 14, 23 Brontornis, 45; B. burmeisteri, 45 Bronze-wing–see Pigeon Brown colour in birds, its nature, 3 n. Buarremon, 575, 576 Bubo, 398-403; fossil, 415; B. abyssinicus, 414; B. ascalaphus, 414; B. bengalensis, 414; B. blakistoni, 414; B. capensis, 414; B. cinerascens, 414; B. coromandus, 403, 414; B. dorriesi, 414; B. ignavus, 413 f.; B. lacteus, 414; B. lettii, 414; B. leucostictus, 414; B. maculosus, 414; B. magellanicus, 414; B. milesi, 414; B. nigrescens, 414; B. nipalensis, 414; B. orientalis, 414; B. philippensis, 414; B. poënsis, 414; B. shelleyi, 414; B. turcomanus, 413; B. virginianus, 402, 414 Buboninae, 398, 404 Bucco, 447, 448; B. bicinctus, 447; B. chacuru, 447; B. collaris, 447; B. dysoni, 447; B. hyperrhynchus, 447, 447; B. maculatus, 447; B. striatipectus, 447 Bucconinae, 445, 446 f. Buceros, 390; B. rhinoceros, 395 Bucerotidae, 376, 390 f.; habits, 390 Bucerotinae, 390 Buchanga leucogenys, 528; B. atra, mimicry, 529; B. waldeni, 528 Buck–see Chapman Buckley, T. E., on Red Grouse, 238 n. Bucorax, 395 Bucorvinae, 395 Bucorvus, 390, 392, 393, 395; B. abyssinicus, 392, 395; B. cafer, 392, 395 Budgerigar, 367 Buffel-head, 121 Bugeranus, 252, 255 Bulbul, 504 f.; habits, 505 f.; of poets, 506 Bulla ossea, 13, 113 Bull-bat, 416 Buller, on Meliphagidae, 568 n.; on Phalacrocorax, 77; on Spheniscus minor, 57 n.; on Stringops, 367 n. Bullfinch, 584, 586 Bulweria, 60; B. bulweri, 67; B. macgillivrayi, 67 Bunting, 578, 579, 582 f.; Corn-, 584, 586; Ortolan, 584; Painted, 585; Reed-, 584; Snow-, 584, 585; Yellow Hammer, 584 Buphaga, 559 Buphus bubulcus, 91 Burgomaster, 306 Busarellus, 146; B. nigricollis, 168 Bustard, 170, 243, 260 f.; habits, 262 f.; Great, 261-263, 261; Little, 262, 263; Ruffed, 262 Butastur indicus, sub-species, 167; B. liventer, 167; B. rufipennis, 167; B. teesa, 167 Buteo, 146, 164 f., 166, 172; fossil, 181; B. abbreviatus, 166; B. albicaudatus, 166; B. augur, 166; B. auguralis, 166; B. borealis, 166; B. brachypterus, 166; B. desertorum, 165 f.; B. exsul, 166; B. ferox, 166; B. galapagensis, 166; B. jakal, 165, 166; B. leucocephalus, 166; B. plumipes, 166; B. poliosomus, 166; B. solitarius, 165; B. swainsoni, 166; B. vulgaris, 165, 166 Buteogallus aequinoctialis, 168 Buteola brachyura, 166; B. leucorrhoa, 166 Buteoninae, 146, 164 f. Buthraupis, 575 Butorides, 88-90; B. atricapilla, 90; B. mauritianus, fossil, 95; B. virescens, 90 Butreron capellii, 349 Buzzard, 146, 148, 160, 162, 164 f., 169, 170; habits, 165; Common, 165; Honey, 148, 172; Rough-legged, 164 Bycanistes buccinator, 393 Cabalus, 244-246; C. modestus, 246, 247; C. (Ocydromus) sylvestris, 245 Cabanis, classification, 14; on classification by song-muscles, 466 Cacatua, 362-364; C. galerita, 364, 372; C. leadbeateri, 372, 372; C. roseicapilla, 372 Cacatuinae, 362 f., 364, 372 f. Caccabis, 198, 202; C. chukar, 228; C. magna, 228; C. melanocephala, 228; C. petrosa, 228; C. rufa, 228; C. saxatilis, 228; C. spatzi, 228 Cachalote, 487 Cacomantis passerinus, 355; C. virescens, 355 Cactornis, 583, 585, 586 Caeca, 12 Caica melanocephala, 369 Cairina, 111; C. moschata, 134 Calamospiza, 586 Calamus, 3 Calandrella, 497, 498; C. brachydactyla, 497 Calandria, 519 Calao, 390 Calcarius, 583 Calicalicus, 531-533 Calidris, 269; C. arenaria, 282 Callaeas, 552, 553; C. cinerea, 556 f.; C. wilsoni, 557 Callene, 513 Calliope, 509; C. camtschatcensis, 512; C. pectoralis, 512; C. tschebaiewi, 512 Callipepla, 200; C. squamata, 230 Callisitta, 537 Calliste, 575 Callocephalon galeatum, 373 Calloo, 120 Calochaetes, 575 Calocitta, 552, 554 Calodromas, 183; C. elegans, 185 Caloenas, 326-328; C. nicobarica, 334; C. pelewensis, 334 Caloenatinae, 325 Calopelia puella, 338 Caloperdix, 199; C. borneensis, 221; C. oculea, 221 Calopezus, 182; C. elegans, 185 Calopsittacus novae hollandiae, 373 Calorhamphus, 448; C. fuliginosus, 450; C. hayi, 450 Calornis, 561, 562 Calothorax lucifer, 438 Calypte annae, 438; C. costae, 438; C. helenae, 438 Calyptomena, 468, 469; C. viridis, 468; C. whiteheadi, 468 Calyptorhynchus, 364, 373 Calyptura, 479, 480 Camarhynchus, 583, 585, 586 Camascelus, fossil, 300 Campanero, 482 Campechaera, 525, 526 Campephaga, 525, 526 Campephagidae, 494, 525 f., 531; habits, 526 f. Campethera, 460; C. punctata, 460 Campophilus, 463; C. principalis, 463 Camptolaemus, 114; C. labradorius, 119 Campylopterus, 435 Campylorhynchus, 521, 522 Canace canadensis, 236 Canachites canadensis, 236; C. franklini, 236 Canary, 585, 586; Cape-, 585 Cancroma, 86, 87; C. cochlearia, 90 f.; C. zeledoni, 91 Canirallus kioloïdes, 248 Cannon-bone, 9 Cape-Hen, 67; -Penguin, 57; -Pigeon, 61, 66 Capercaillie, 202, 203, 236 Capito, 448, 449, 451; C. niger, 451; C. salvini, 451 Capitonidae, 445, 448 f. Capitoninae, 448 f.; habits, 448 f. Capitulum of rib, 6 Caprimulgi, 376, 398, 415 f.; toes, 415 Caprimulgidae, 172, 415, 417 f.; habits, 416 f. Caprimulginae, 415, 418; toes, 10, 415 Caprimulgus, operculum of nostrils, 11; C. aegyptius, 418; C. europaeus, 418, 418; C. parvulus, 415; C. ruficollis, 418 Capsiempis, 473; C. orbitalis, 474 Caracara, 152 Carancho, 152, 153 Carau, 257 Carcineutes, 383; C. pulchellus, 386 Cardellina, 574 Cardinal, 585, 586 Cardinalis, 583-585 Carduelis, 583; C. elegans, 584 Cariama, 44, 110, 258, 260; C. cristata, 258, 259 Cariamidae, 243, 258 f.; habits, 259 f. Carina, 6 Carinatae, meaning, 6; a subdivision of Neornithes, 23 f. Carine, 400, 401, 403; C. bactriana, 411; C. brama, 411; C. glaux, 402; C. noctua, 403, 410 f.; C. plumipes, 411; C. spilogastra, 411; C. superciliaris, 411 Carpal spurs in Palamedeidae, 109 Carphibis, 99; C. spinicollis, 102 Carpococcyx radiatus, 358, 358; C. viridis, 358 Carpodacus, 585 Carpodectes, 479, 480 Carpometacarpus, 8 Carpophaga, 327, 328, 345; C. aenea, 345; C. basilica, 345; C. concinna, 345; C. cuprea, 345; C. griseipectus, 345; C. latrans, 326, 345; C. pacifica, 345; C. pinon, 345; C. poecilorrhoa, 345; C. rubricera, 345 f.; C. zoeae, 345 Carpus, 8, 8, 22 Carré, on Didus borbonicus, 330 Carrion-Crow, 140 Carrion-Hawk, 137, 146, 151 f., 153 Casarca cana, 129; C. rutila, 129; C. tadornoïdes, 129; C. variegata, 129 Cashew-bird, 197 Casque, of Cassowary, 33 f. Cassicinae, 579 f. Cassiculus, 580 Cassidix, 580 Cassiques, 580 Cassowary, 26; feathers, 35; structure, etc., 32 f.; aftershaft, 3; breast-bone, 7; nestlings, 34 Casuariformes of Parker, 38 Casuarii (= Megistanes), 32 f.; finger, 9 Casuariidae, structure, etc., 32 f. Casuarius australis, 33; C. beccarii, 33; C. bennetti, 34; C. bicarunculatus, 33; C. galeatus, 33; C. occipitalis, 34; C. papuanus, 34; C. picticollis, 34; C. tricarunculatus, 33; C. uniappendiculatus, 34, 35 Catamblyrhynchus, 584 Cataract-bird, 517 Cat-bird, 519, 549, 550 Catharista, 140; C. atratus, 140 Cathartae, 137 f.; claws on manus, 48 Cathartes, 140 Cathartidae, 70, 137 f., 143; fossil, 140; fossil, Dryornis belongs here, 44; habits, 137 f. Catharus, 509, 510, 516 Catherpes, 521, 522 Catheturus, 190 f.; C. lathami, 192, 193 Catreus, 203; C. wallichi, 212 Cedar-bird (Ampelis cedrorum), 530 Celeomorphae, 457 Celeus, 462 f.; C. flavus, 463 Centrites, 473, 475, 477; C. niger, 477 Centrocercus, 199, 200, 203; air-sacs, 201; C. urophasianus, 234 Centropelma micropterum, 53 Centropodinae, 351, 356; habits, 356 f. Centropus, 351, 356; C. sinensis, 356; C. toulou, 357; C. unirufus, 356 Centrornis majori, fossil, 136 f. Centrum of vertebra, 6; in Archaeopteryx, 24 Cephalolepis, 431; C. delalandi, 437 Cephalopterus, 480, 482, 483; C. glabricollis, 481; C. ornatus, 481, 481, 482; C. penduliger, 481 Cepphus carbo, viii, 319; C. columba, viii, 319; C. grylle, 319; C. mandti, 319; C. snowi, viii Ceratogymna, 393; C. elata, 394 Ceratopipra, 477, 478; C. cornuta, 478 Cercibis, 100; C. oxycerca, 101 Cercomacra, 488, 489 Cere, 20; in Anseriformes, 109, 111; in Falconiformes, 137; in Psittaci, 362; in Strigidae, 398 Cereopsinae, 111, 133 Cereopsis, 111, 112; C. novae hollandiae, 133 Ceriornis, 199-201, 216; C. blythi, 216; C. caboti, 216, 217; C. melanocephalus, 216; C. satyrus, 216; C. temmincki, 216 Cerorhyncha monocerata, 317 f. Certhia, 457, 571, 572; C. familaris, 571, 572 Certhidea, 572 Certhiidae, 494, 536, 571 f. Certhilauda, 497, 498 Certhiola, 573; C.flaveola, 573 Certhionyx leucomelas, 565 Certhiparus, 538-540 Cervix, 20 Ceryle, 383, 387; C. alcyon, 387; C. amazona, 384, 387; C. rudis, 384 Cetn, 165 Cettia, 517, 518 Ceyx, 383, 384, 386; C. euerythra, 386; toes, 10, 383 Chaetobias, 502 Chaetocercus bombus, 438 Chaetops, 502, 503 Chaetoptila, 565 Chaetopus, 226 Chaetorhynchus, 528 Chaetura, 422; C. acuta, 423; C. boehmi, 423; C. cassini, 423; C. caudacuta, 422; C. grandidieri, 423; C. novae guineae, 422 f.; C. pelagica, 422; C. ussheri, 423; C. zonaris, 422 Chaeturinae, 420, 422 Chaffinch, 584, 586 Chajá, 109, 110 Chaka, 109 Chalcococcyx, 352; C. lucidus, 354, 355 Chalcoparia, 569 Chalcopelia, 335; C. afra, 339; C. chalcospilus, 339 Chalcophaps, 338; C. chrysochlora, 338; C. indica, 338; C. mortoni, 338; C. natalis, 338; C. sanghirensis, 338; C. stephani, 338 Chalcopsittacus, 364, 374 Chalcurus inocellatus, 208 Chamaea, 495, 522; C. fasciata, 522; C. henshawi, 522 Chamaeidae, 522 Chamaeospiza, 583 Chamaepetes, 195; C. goudoti, 197 f.; C. unicolor, 198 Chamaeza, 489 Channel-bill, 356 Chapman, Abel, on Flamingo, 107; on Woodpecker, 459 n. Chapman and Buck, on Bustard, 263 n.; on Egyptian Vulture, 145 n.; on nestling of Gyps, 143 n. Chapparal-Cock, 357 Charadriidae, 268, 272 f.; operculum C. nostrils, 11 Charadriiformes, 268 f. Charadriinae, 268, 269, 272 f. Charadrius, 268, 269; fossil, 300; C. dominicus, 272; C. fulvus, 272; C. obscurus, 273; C. pluvialis, 272 Charata, 197 Charitornis, 559, 561 Charmosyna, 364 Chasiempis, 507, 509 Chasmorhynchus, 479, 480, 482, 567 n.; C. niveus, 481, 482, 482; C. nudicollis, 481; C. tricarunculatus, 481; C. variegatus, 481 Chat, 511, 512, 515-517 Chaulelasmus, 111; C. couesi, 127; of streperus, 127 Chauna, 109; C. chavaria, 110; C. cristata, 109, 110, 110; C. derbiana, 110 Chaunoproctus, 583 Cheer, 212 Chelidon, 522-524; C. dasypus, 522; C. urbica, 524 Chelidoptera brasiliensis, 448; C. tenebrosa, 448 Chelidorhynx, 506, 509 Chen caerulescens, 133; C. hyperboreus, 133; C. nivalis, 133; C. rossi, 111, 133 Chenalopex, 112, 113; fossil, 136; C. aegyptiaca, 129; C. jubata, 129; C. sirabensis, fossil, 137 Chenonetta jubata, 130 Chenonettinae, 111, 112, 130 f. Chenopis, fossil, 136; C. atrata, 135 Chenornis graculoïdes, fossil, 136 Chera, 578 Cheramoeca, 523, 525 Chest, 21 Chettusia gregaria, 275 f.; C. leucura, 276 Cheu-can, 490 Cheu-gui, 490 Chibia, 528; C. bimaënsis, 528; C. bracteata, 528; C. hottentotta, 528; C. pectoralis, 528 Chicquera ruficollis, 178; C. typus, 178 Chimarrhornis, 516 Chionididae, 268, 269, 292 f. Chionis, 269, 270; C. alba, 293; C. minor, 293 Chirocylla, 480 Chiromachaeris, 478, 479; C. aurantiaca, 478; C. manacus, 479 Chiroxiphia, 478; C. caudata, 479; C. linearis, 478, 479; C. pareola, 478 Chlamydodera, 550, 551; C. cerviniventris, 551; C. maculata, 551; C. nuchalis, 549, 552 Chleuasicus, 502 Chloëphaga, 113, 114; C. hybrida, 130; C. inornata, 130; C. magellanica, 130 f.; C. melanoptera, 130, 131; C. poliocephala, 130; C. rubidiceps, 131 Chloridops, 562 Chlorochrysa, 575 Chloronerpes, 460; C. rubiginosus, 460 Chloropeta, 506 Chloropipo, 477, 478; C. flavicapilla, 478 Chloropsis, 505, 506; C. cyanopogon, 505; C. flavipennis, 505 Chlorospingus, 575, 576 Chlorostilbon, 430, 433 Cholornis, 10, 502 Chondestes, 586 Chordiles, 416; C. virginianus, 416 Chorion, 21 Chosornis praeteritus, fossil, 194 Chotorhea, 450 Chough, 552-556 Chrysococcyx, 352; C. cupreus, 355; C. smaragdineus, 355 Chrysoenas, 326, 327, 347; C. luteovirens, 347; C. victor, 347; C. viridis, 347 Chrysolampis mosquitus, 434 Chrysolophus, 199-201; C. amherstiae, 210; C. pictus, 200, 209 f. Chrysomitridops, 562, 563 Chrysomitris, 583; C. spinus, 584 Chrysophlegma, 460 f.; C. flavinucha, 460 f.; C. miniatum, 461 Chrysotis, 362, 364, 370; yellow varieties, 370; C. aestiva, 370 Chthonicola, 518 Chuck-Will's-widow, 417 Chueké, 30 Chunga, 258, 260; C. burmeisteri, 259 Chuñia, 243, 259 Chupa-myrta, 426; -rosa, 426 Church, on Turacin, 360 n. Cichladusa, 513 Cichlherminia, 515 Cichlopsis, 513 Cicinnurus, 545, 550, 551; C. regius, 547 Ciconia, 95; C. abdimii, 96, 99; C. alba, 98, 99; C. boyciana, 99; C. nigra, 96, 99 Ciconiae, 70 f., 95 f. Ciconiidae, 70, 95 f.; habits, 96 Ciconiiformes, 59, 70 f., 108 Cinclidae, 519 Cinclodes, 486 Cinclorhamphus, 502, 503 Cinclosoma, 503 Cinclus, 519; C. albicollis, 519, 520; C. aquaticus, 519, 520; C. ardesiacus, 519; C. leucocephalus, 519; C. leuconotus, 519 Cinnamopterus, 559; C. tenuirostris, 560 Cinnicerthia, 521 Cinnyris brevirostris, 568; C. osea, 568; C. splendidus, 569 Circaëtinae, 153 Circaëtus, 153; C. beaudouini, 153; C. cinerascens, 153; C. cinereus, 153; C. fasciolatus, 153; C. gallicus, 153 Circus, 146, 147, 154; fossil, 181; habits, 154 f.; C. aeruginosus, 155; C. approximans, 155; C. assimilis, 155; C. cineraceus, 155; C. cinereus, 155; C. cyaneus, 155; C. gouldi, 155; C. hudsonius, 155; C. humbloti, 155; C. jardinii, 155; C. macrosceles, 155; C. maculosus, 155; C. maillardi, 155; C. maurus, 155; C. melanoleucus, 155; C. ranivorus, 155; C. spilothorax, 155; C. spilonotus, 155; C. swainsoni, 155; C. wolfi, 155 Ciridops, 562, 563 Cirrhopipra, 478; C. filicauda, 478; C. heterocerca, 478 Cissa, 376, 552, 553 f. Cissopis, 575 Cisticola, 514, 518 Cisticolae, of Sharpe, 513 Cistothorus, 521 Cittocincla, 510, 513, 517 Cittura cyanotis, 385 Cladorhynchus pectoralis, 278 Clamator, 226 Clamatores, 467, 469 f. Clangula albeola, 121; C. glaucion, 113, 121; C. islandica, 121 Clark, on bones of Dodo, 330 Clarke, W. E., Digest of Migration Reports, 19 n. Classification, 13 f. Claudia squamata, 425 Clavicle, 7, 8, 21, 187–see also Furcula Claws, nature of, 2 n.; of recent Birds, 9; serrated, 10; in Archaeopteryx, 9, 25; on manus of Carinatae, 48; in Grouse, 199; shed in Ptarmigan, 203; in Ratitae, 26 Clibanornis, 484 Climacteris, 571, 572 Clitonyx, 502, 503 Clucking Hen, 256 Clypeïcterus, 579 f. Clytoceyx rex, 386 Clytoctantes, 488 Clytorhynchus pachycephaloïdes, 533 Cnemiornis, 133; fossil, 136; breast-bone, 7; very little keel to sternum, 26, 133 Cnemophilus macgregori, 548 f. Cnipolegus, 473, 474, 476; C. unicolor, 475 Coach-whip bird, 503 Cobbler's Awl, 278, 565 Coccothraustes, 583; C. vulgaris, 584 Coccycolius, 559, 560 Coccystes, 352, 355; C. americanus, 356; C. coromandus, 355; C. erythrophthalmus, 356; C. glandarius, 355; C. occidentalis, 356; C. serratus, 355 Cochoa azurea, 510; C. purpurea, 510; C. viridis, 510 Cock, 203 Cock of the Rock, 480 Cockatoo, 351, 364, 365, 372 f.; Great Black, 364, 373; Leadbeater's, 372, 372 Cockatoo-Parakeet, 373 Coël, 356 Coerebidae, 572 f. Colaptes, 458; C. agricola, 460; C. auratus, 460; C. mexicanus, 460 Colibri, 426 Colii, 376, 439 f. Coliidae, 439 f. Colin, 231 Colius, 440 f.; toes, 10; C. capensis, 440, 441; C. castanonotus, 441; C. erythromelon, 441; C. leucocephalus, 441; C. leucotis, 441; C. macrurus, 441; C. nigricollis, 441; C. striatus, 441 Collar-bone, 8 Collingwood, on Sooty Tern, 312 Collocalia, 421-423 f.; fossil, 426; C. francica, 424; C. fuciphaga, 423 f. Colopterus, 473, 474 Colour of feathers, 3 f. Columba, 328, 343; fossil, 350; C. affinis, 344; C. araucana, 344; C. arquatrix, 344; C. bollii, 343, 344; C. grisea, 344; C. guinea, 326, 344; C. gymnophthalma, 326, 344; C. ianthina, 344; C. intermedia, 344; C. laurivora, 343, 344; C. leucocephala, 344; C. leucomela, 344; C. leuconota, 344; C. livia, 344; C. metallica, 344; C. oenas, 344; C. palumboïdes, 344; C. palumbus, 343, 344; C. phaeonota, 328; C. polleni, 344; C. rufina, 344; C. schimperi, 344; C. speciosa, 344; C. torringtoniae, 344; C. trocaz, 343, 344 Columbae, 268, 322, 325 f.; operculum of nostrils, 11 Columbidae, 268, 325 f., 333 f.; habits, 327 f. Columbigallina, 325, 327, 328, 335, 340; C. buckleyi, 340; C. cruziana, 340; C. minuta, 340; C. passerina, 340; C. rufipennis, 340; C. talpacoti, 340 Columbinae, 325 f., 342 Columbula picui, 340 Coly, 439 f.; Cape, 440, 441 Colymbi, 49 Colymbidae, habits, 51 f.; structure, etc., 49 f. Colymbiformes, 49 f. Colymboïdes, fossil, 50 Colymbomorphae, 48 Colymbus adamsi, 50; C. arcticus, 50; C. glacialis, 50, 51; C. pacificus, 50; C. septentrionalis, 50 Coly-Shrike, 527, 527 Comatibis, 100; C. comata, 102 Comet, Sappho, 434 Compressed, 21 Compsotis, 262 Condor, 138, 139, 139 Conopophaga, 489, 490 Conopophagidae, 469, 489 f. Contopus, 473, 474; C. ardesiacus, 476 Contour-feather, 2 Conurus, 363, 365; C. carolinensis, 365, 371; C. guarouba, 371; C. patachonius, 525; C. pertinax, 366; C. solstitialis, 371 Coot, 243-246 Copper-smith, 449 Copsychus, 510, 513, 516 Copurus, 473, 477 Coraciae, 376 f. Coracias, 376; C. abyssinicus, 377; C. garrulus, 376 f.; C. naevius, 377; C. spatulatus, 377; C. temmincki, 376 Coraciidae, 376 f. Coraciiformes, 376 f. Coraciinae, 376; habits, 377 f. Coraciomorphae, 351 Coracoid, 7, 7, 8, 8; unites with furcula and scapula in Fregata, 72 Coracomorphae, of Huxley, 466 Coracopitta, 469; C. lugubris, 471 Coracopsis, 364; C. barklyi, 369; C. comorensis, 369; C. mascarinus, 365 f.; C. nigra, 369; C. sibilans, 369; C. vasa, 369 Corcorax, 552, 557 f. Cordeaux, W. W., on Ibidorhynchus, 277 n. Corethrura, 246, 248; C. pulchra, 246 Coriphilus, 364; C. taitianus, 373; C. ultramarinus, 373 Cormorant, 70, 75; fishing with, 79; habits, 78; Common, 75, 76; Green, 77; Pigmy, 78 Cornay, classification, 14 Corn Crake–see Crake, Corn Corneous, 11 Corvidae, 495, 525, 531, 543, 552 f.; habits, 554 f. Corvinae, 552 f. Corvultur, 552, 553 Corvus, fossil, 496; C. caurinus, 555; C. corax, 552, 555; C. cornix, 355; C. corone, 556; C. frugilegus, 552; C. ossifragus, 556; C. pastinator, 552; C. scapulatus, 553; C. torquatus, 553; C. tropicus, 556 Corydon, 468; C. sumatranus, 468 Coryphistera, 484, 485 Coryphoenas, 326; C. crassirostris, 342 f. Coryphospiza, 583 Corythaeola, 360 Corythaix fischeri, 361 Corythopis, 489, 490 Corythornis cristata, 386 f. Coscoroba candida, 135 Cosmonetta, 112; C. histrionica, 120 Cossypha, 513, 516; C. caffra, 512 n.; C. natalensis, 510 Cotile, 523, 525; C. concolor, 525; C. fuligula, 524 f.; C. riparia, 522, 524; C. rupestris, 524 f. Cotinga, 480; C. amabilis, 480 Cotingidae, 469, 477, 479 f., 567 n.; habits, 482 f. Cotinginae, 479 f. Coturnix, 198-200, 202; fossil, 240; C. capensis, 220; C. communis, 220; C. coromandelica, 220; C. delegorguii, 220; C. japonica, 220; C. novae zealandiae, 220; C. pectoralis, 220 Coua, 351, 352, 357; C. caerulea, 357 Coucal, 356; habits, 356 f. Courlan, 257 Courser, 268, 294 f.; Cream-coloured, 294 Covert, 20, 21; Greater, 21; Lesser, 21; Median, 21; Upper, 21 Cow-bird, 582 Cowry-bird, 577 Crab-Plover–see Plover, Crab Cracidae, 186, 194 f.; habits, 195; replace Pheasants, etc., 192 Cracinae, 194-196 Cracticus, 532, 533; C. destructor, 533 Crake, 243, 246; Baillon's, 248; Corn, 245, 248; Little, 248; Spotted, 245, 248 Crane, viii, 148, 243, 251 f., 263; habits, 252 f.; trachea enters keel of sternum, 13; young, 256; Asiatic White, 253, 254; Common, 254; Crowned, 253, 255, 256; Demoiselle, 255; of Japan, 254; Kaffir, 256; Sandhill, 254; Sarus, 253, 254; Wattled, 255; Whooping, 253, 254 Cranorhinus cassidix, 394 f. Crapaud-volant, 419 n. Crateropodes, of Sharpe, 502 Crateropus, 355, 504; C. kirki, 503 Crax, 194 f.; C. alector, 196, 196; C. fasciolata, 196, 197 Crazy Widow, 257 Creadion carunculatus, 558 Creciscus, 246; C. levraudi, 246 Creeper, 571 f.; Tree-, 457, 572 Cretaceous epoch, Birds of, 2 Crex pratensis, 245, 248, 248 Criniger, 504-506 Crissum (vent-region), 20 Crocodile-bird, 295 Crocopus, 349; C. chlorigaster, 349 Crop, 12; in Galliformes, 186; in Humming-birds, 427; in Opisthocomus, 241; in Phasianidae, 200; in Sand-grouse, 322; in Thinocorythidae, 270; in Tinamidae, 183 Crossbill, 584, 586 Crossleyia, 503 Crossoptilon, 199, 200, 203, 214; C. auritum, 214; C. harmani, 214; C. leucurum, 214; C. manchuricum, 214; C. tibetanum, 214 Crotophaga, 351, 352; C. ani, 359; C. major, 359; C. sulcirostris, 359 Crotophaginae, 351, 359; habits, 359 Crow, 149, 175, 356, 552-556; -Blackbird, 580; Carrion-, 554, 556; Grey, 355; Hooded, 553, 556 Crown, 20 Crypsirhina, 552 Cryptolopha, 506, 514, 518 Cryptorhina, 552 Cryptornis, fossil Hornbill in France, 395 Crypturi, incisura ischiadica, 9; no pygostyle, 6 n. Crypturidae, 182 f. Crypturus, 183, 184; C. tataupa, 184, 185 Cubitals, 21, 22 Cuckoo, 351, 352 f., 353; habits, 353 f.; Hawk, 353; migration, 19; Opisthocomus related to, 186; parasitic habits, etc., 354; toes, 10; Black-billed, 356; Great Spotted, 355; Radiated Ground-, 358; Yellow-billed, 356 Cuckoo-Shrike, 525 f.; habits, 526 f. Cuckoo's-mate, 465 Cuculi, 351 f., 376 Cuculidae, 351 f.; toes, 10 Cuculiformes, 351 f. Cuculinae, 351, 352; habits, 353 f. Cuculus canorus, 352 f., 353; C. clamosus, 352 Culicicapa, 507 Culicivora, 473 Culmen, 20 Cuneate, 21 Cunningham, on Tachyeres, 121 n. Curaeus, 579, 580 Curassow, 186, 194, 241; habits, 195; Crested, 196 Curlew, 282, 287 f., 288; bill, 12; Eskimo, 288; Stone-, 268, 297 Cursorius, 269, 270, 293, 294 f.; C. albifasciatus, 295; C. bicinctus, 295; C. bisignatus, 295; C. bitorquatus, 295; C. chalcopterus, 270, 295; C. cinctus, 295; C. coromandelicus, 295; C. gallicus, 294; C. hartingi, 295; C. rufus, 294 f.; C. seebohmi, 295; C. senegalensis, 295; C. somalensis, 294; C. temmincki, 295 Cushat, 344 Cutis, 2 n. Cutting edges of bill, 20 Cyanecula, 516; C. leucocyana, 512; C. suecica, 512; C. wolfi, 512 Cyanochen cyanoptera, 130 Cyanocitta, 552, 554 Cyanocorax, 552, 554 Cyanolesbia gorgo, 434 Cyanolyseus, 365; C. patagonus, 365, 371 Cyanomyias, 506; C. verticalis, 435 Cyanophaea caeruleigularis, 435 Cyanopica, 552; C. cooki, 355, 553; C. cyana, 553 Cyanops, 450; C. faber, 449 Cyanopsittacus, 364, 371 Cyanorhamphus erythrotis, 365 Cyanospiza ciris, 563, 585; C. cyanea, 585 Cyanotis, 475-477; C. azarae, 474 Cybernetes, 473, 475 Cyclopsittacinae, 362 f., 373 Cyclopsittacus, 373 Cyclorhis, 536 Cyclorhynchus, 316; C. psittaculus, 318 Cycnopsis cycnoïdes, 111, 132 Cygninae, 111, 112, 135 f.; young, 114 Cygnus, fossil, 136; C. bewicki, 112, 135, 136; C. buccinator, 112, 135; C. columbianus, 112, 135; C. melanocoryphus, 111, 135; C. musicus, 112, 135; C. olor, 111, 135, 136 Cymbilanius, 488 Cymborhynchus macrorhynchus, 468 Cymodroma, 60, 65 Cyphorhinus, 521; C. cantans, 521 Cypseli, 376, 419 f. Cypselidae, 315 n., 419 f.; toes, 10, 420 f.; habits, 421 f. Cypselinae, 420, 424 Cypseloïdes, 420, 422, 423; C. brunneitorques, 423; C. niger, 423; C. rutilus, 423 Cypselomorphae, 419 n. Cypselus, 424; fossil, 426; toes, 10; C. affinis, 421, 424; C. andicola, 421, 425; C. apus, 424, 425; C. caffer, 421, 424 f.; C. horus, 421, 425; C. melanoleucus, 421 n., 424, 425; C. melba, 424; C. montivagus, 425; C. murinus, 424; C. pacificus, 425; C. pallidus, 424; C. squamatus, 424; C. unicolor, 424 Cyrtonyx, 199, 231 f.; C. montezumae, 231 f. Dabchick, 52 Dacelo, 383, 384; D. gigas, 386 Dactylortyx, 199; D. thoracicus, 232 Dafila, 112, 114; D. acuta, 125; D. eatoni, 125; D. spinicauda, 125 D'Albertis, on Macropteryx, 421 n. Dal-riporre, 239 Dames, on Archaeopteryx, 23 n.; on Scaniornis, 108 n. Dampier, on Flamingo, 107; on Goura, 334 Dance of Cranes, 252 Dancing of Kagu, 265; of Sun-bittern, 266; of Vanellus cayennensis, 275 n. Daphoenositta, 537 Daption, 60, 61; D. capensis, 66 Darters, 70, 79 f.; habits, 80 f.; Indian, 80 Darwin, on breeds of Pigeons, 327 n.; on Patagona gigas, 430; on Pelecanoïdes, 69; on Tachyeres, 121 Dasornis, 45 Dasylophus, 352 Dasyptilus, 364; D. pesqueti, 369 Daulias, 510; D. hafizi, 506, 512; D. luscinia, 512; D. philomela, 512 De Bry, on Dodo, 329 Decomposed feather, 3 Decorative plumes, 5 Defilippia crossirostris, 276; D. leucoptera, 276 Deglutition, organs of, 12 Demiegretta sacra, 91 Dendragapus, air-sacs, 201; D. fuliginosus, 235; D. obscurus, 235; D. richardsoni, 235 Dendrobates, 462 Dendrocitta, 552, 553, 556 Dendrocolaptidae, 469, 483 f.; habits, 485 f. Dendrocolaptinae, 457, 484 f. Dendrocoptes, 462 Dendrocopus brunneifrons, 461 f.; D. leuconotus, 462; D. major, 458, 461; D. medius, 462; D. minor, 461, 462 Dendrocycna, 111-113, 129; fossil, 136; D. arborea, 129; D. arcuata, 130; D. autumnalis, 129; D. discolor, 120; D. eytoni, 130; D. fulva, 129, 130; D. guttata, 129; D. javanica, 130; D. viduata, 129 Dendroeca, 573, 574; D. palmarum, 574; D. tigrina, 573 Dendrophila, 537 Dendrortyx, 198, 230; D. macrurus, 230 Dentary, 11 Depressed, 21 Derma, 2, 2 n. Deroptyus, 364 Desjardins, on Solitaire, 331 Desmodactyli, 466 f. Deviling, 424 De Vis, on "Dinornis queenslandiae," 42; on Metapteryx, 40 D'Heguerty, on Solitaire, 330 Diamond-bird, 570 f. Diaphorapteryx, 244; D. hawkinsi, fossil, 251 Diaphorophyia, 506, 507 Diatryma, 45 Dicaeidae, 570 f. Dicaeum, 571; D. erythrorhynchum, 571 Dichoceros bicornis, 391, 393, 395 Dicholophus, 44 Dichromanassa, young, 93; D. rufa, 91 Dicranostreptus, 528 Dicrocercus, 387 Dicruridae, 353, 527 f.; habits, 528 f. Dicrurus, 528 Dididae, 268, 325 f., 328 Di-dric, 355 Didunculidae, 268, 325 f., 331 Didunculus, 325, 326, 328; D. strigirostris, 331 f., 332; habits, 332, 333 Didus, breast-bone, 7; coracoid and scapula fused, 8; little keel to sternum, 26; D. borbonicus, 328, 330; D. ineptus, 328 f., 329 Digestion, organs of, 5 f., 12 Digits, 8, 8; of foot, 8 Diglossa, 572 Diglossopis, 572 Dilophus, 559, 561, 562 Dinornis, 42; D. maximus, 42; "Dinornis queenslandiae," 42 Dinornithes, 26, 41 f. Dinornithidae, 41; structure, etc., 42 Dinornithinae, 42 Diomedea, 63; fossil, 69; D. albatrus, 64; D. anglica, fossil, 69; D. bulleri, 65; D. cauta, 65; D. chionoptera, 64; D. chlororhyncha, 65; D. culminata, 63, 65; D. exulans, 61, 63 f., 64; D. immutabilis, 65; D. irrorata, 64; D. layardi, 65; D. melanophrys, 65; in England and Faeroes, 65; D. nigripes, 64; D. regia, 64; D. salvini, 65 Diomedeinae, 59, 60, 63 Diphlogaena iris, 434 Diphyllodes, 545, 550; D. gulielmi tertii, 547; D. magnifica, 547, 547 Diplopterinae, 351, 358 Diplopterus, 352; D. naevius, 358 f. Dipper, 519 f., 520 Disconnected web, 3 Discura, 427 Dissemuroïdes, 528 Dissemurus, 528; D. paradiseus, 528 Dissodectes ardesiacus, 174; D. dickinsoni, 174; D. zoniventris, 174 Dissura, 96; D. episcopus, 98 f.; D. maguari, 97, 99 Distal, 21 Diver, 54, 267; habits, 51 f.; structure, etc., 49 f.; Black-throated, 50 f.; Great Northern, 50, 51; Red-throated, 50 f. Docimastes ensifer, 436 Dodaars, 329 Dodo, 325, 328 f., 329; breast-bone, 7; habits, 330 Dolichonyx, 579-581; D. orizivorus, 580 Doliornis, 479, 480 Dollar-bird, 377 Donacicola, 578 Donacobius, 515, 519 Dormant action of formative substance of feather, 4 Dorsal, 21 Dorsum, 20 Dotterel, 272; Ring-, 273 Double moult, 4 f. Dove, Beetle-wing, 338; Cinnamon-, 337; Collared Turtle-, 328; Cordillera-, 339; Cuckoo-, 343; Emerald-, 338; Ground-, 328, 340; Lemon-, 337; Mountain-, 342; Mourning, 342; Pea-, 342; Ring-, 344; Rock-, 327, 328; Scaly, 341; Stock-, 328, 344; Turtle-, 327, 341 Dowitcher, 289 Down-feather, 2 Down of young suppressed, 3 Drepanididae, 562; habits, 564 Drepanis, 562; D. funerea, 563; D. pacifica, 563, 563, 564 Drepanoptila, 325, 326; D. holosericea, 346 f. Drepanorhynchus, 569 Drepanornis, 544, 550, 551; D. albertisi, 544, 545; D. cervinicauda, 551 Dresser, on Bustards, 263 n.; on Double Snipe, 291 n.; on Francolin, 226 n.; on Grouse, 240 n.; on Pelecanus onocrotalus, 83; on Quail, 221 n. Dromadinae, 296 Dromaeidae, 36; structure, etc., 32 f. Dromaeocercus, 514 Dromaeus, 182; D. ater, extinct, 38; D. gracilipes, fossil, 38; D. irroratus, 36; D. novae hollandiae, 36, 37; D. patricius, fossil, 38 Dromas, 269, 270, 292; D. ardeola, 296 Dromococcyx, 352, 359 Dromornis australis, fossil, 38 Drongo, 353, 527 f., 528; habits, 528 f. Dronte, 329 Drumming or booming of Grouse, 233-238; of Snipe, 291; of Woodpeckers, 458 f. Drum-stick, 9 Drymornis, 487; D. bridgesi, 485 Dryolimnas cuvieri, 248 Dryonastes, 504 Dryornis, 44, 140 n. Dryoscopus cubla, 533; D. rufiventris, 533 Dryotomus pileatus, 463 Dryotriorchis, 154 Du Bois, on Didus borbonicus, 330 Duck, 114; habits of, 113 f.; fusion of tracheal rings, 13–see Sheld-Drake; Black, 119; Blue, 116; Brahminy, 129; Buffel-head, 121; Canvas-back, 122; Eider, 118 f.; Gadwall, 127; Garganey 125; habits, 126; Golden-Eye, 121; Harlequin-, 114, 120; King-Eider, 118 f.; Lake-, 117; Logger-head, 121; Long-tailed, 120 f.; Mallard, 127; Mandarin-, 114, 133; Muscovy, 134; Musk-, 117, 117, 134; Pied, 119; Pink-eyed, 124; Pink-headed, 114; Pintail, 125; Red-crested, 123; Shoveller–see Shoveller; Spectacled Eider, 119; Steamer-, 113, 121; Summer-, 133; Teal, habits, 126; Torrent-, 116; White-eyed, 122; Wigeon, 126; Wild, 127; skull, 11 Dulus, 529; D. dominicus, 530 Dumetia, 502 Dunbird, 122 Dunlin, 279 Durnford, on Creciscus, 249 n. Eagle, 137, 146, 148-150, 160, 161 f., 179; Bald, 164; Black, 161; Bonelli's, 161; Booted, 161; Chilian Sea-, 167; Golden, 148, 151, 162, 163, 165; habits, 161 f.; Harrier–see Harrier Eagle; Hawk-, 160; Imperial, 163; in Falconry, 162; Pondicherry, 168; Sea-, 149, 161-163; Spotted, 162; Steppe-, 162; Tawny, 163; White-shouldered, 163 Ear, in Owls, 399 Ear-coverts, 20 Eaton, on Penguins, 57 n.; on Petrels, 65 n., 67 n. Eclectus, 364, 369; bright colour of hen, 4, 369; E. pectoralis, 369 Eclipse, in Anatidae, 4, 113 Ectopistes, 326, 328; E. migratorius, 342 Edoliisoma, 525 Edolius, 528; E. forficatus, 528 Eggs, burnished in Tinamidae, 183 Egg-tooth of embryo, 12 Egret, 88; Little, 92 Egypt, to which region does it belong? 16 Egyptian Goose, 129 Eider–see Duck Elainea, 474, 476; E. pagana, 474; E. strepera, 476 Elaineinae, 473 f. Elanoïdes, 146, 147, 171; E. furcatus, 170 f. Elanus, 146, 147; E. axillaris, 171; E. caeruleus, 171; E. hypoleucus, 171; E. leucurus, 171; E. scriptus, 171 Elaphrocnemus, fossil, 251 Elasmonetta, 111; E. chlorotis, 125 Eleutherodactyli, 467 Elliot, on Birds of Paradise, 543 n.; on Grouse, 240 n.; on Humming-birds, 432 Elminia, 506 El Turco, 491 Ema, 30, 36 Emarginate bill, 12 Emberiza citrinella, 584; E. fucata, 583; E. hortulana, 584; E. miliaria, 584; E. schoeniclus, 584 Emberizidae, 582 Emberizoïdes, 583 Embernagra, 584 Emblema, 577 Embryo, 21 Emeinae, 42 Emen, 26, 36, 37, 170; aftershaft, 3; breast-bone, 7; structure, etc., 32 f. Emeus, 42 Empidonax, 474; E. flaviventer, 476; E. minimus, 475 Enaliornis, vertebrae, 25; E. barretti, 47; E. sedgwicki, 47 Enaliornithes, 25, 46 Endaspidean, 484 Engyptila, 336 Enodes, 559, 561 Entomophila, 567 Entomyza, 565, 566; E. cyanotis, 568 Eopsaltria, 509 Eos, 364, 374; E. fuscata, 374 Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis, 98 Ephthianura, 512 f. Epidermis, 2, 2 n. Epops, fables concerning, 396 Ereunetes pusillus, 282 Ergaticus, 573, 574 Eriocnemis, 426, 437 f.; E. cupreiventris, 438 Erismatura, 111, 112, 117; E. aequatorialis, 118; E. australis, 118; E. dominica, 118; E. ferruginea, 118; E. jamaicensis, 118; E. leucocephala, 118; E. maccoa, 118; E. vittata, 118 Erismaturinae, 111, 112, 117 Erithacus, 509, 510; E. akahige, 512; E. hyrcanus, 512; E. komadori, 512; E. rubecula, 512 Erne, 163 Erythrism, 4 n. Erythrobucco, 449 Erythrogonys cinctus, 272 Erythromachus, 244; E. leguati, fossil, 251 Erythromyias, 507 Erythropus, 147; E. amurensis, 176; E. vespertinus, 176 Erythrosterna parva, 507 Erythrotriorchis radiatus, 159 Estrelda, 578 Ethiopian Region, 15 f. Ethmoid, 11 Eucichla, 469 Eucometis, 575 Eucorax, 548, 551 Eudocimus, 100; young, 103; E. albus, 100; E. ruber, 100 Eudromias, 270; male incubates, 271; E. australis, 272; E. modestus, 272; E. morinellus, 272; E. veredus, 272 Eudynamis, 355; E. honorata, 356; E. melanorhyncha, 356 Eudyptes, 55, 57 f.; E. antarcticus, 57, 59; E. antipodum, 59; E. atratus, 59; E. chrysocome, 58, 58; E. chrysolophus, 58; E. pachyrhynchus, 59; E. schlegeli, 59; E. sclateri, 59; E. serresianus, 59; E. vittatus, 59 Eudyptula minor, 57 Eugenes fulgens, 435; E. spectabilis, 435 f. Eulabeornis, 244 Eulabes, 559, 561, 562; E. religiosa, 560 Eulabetidae, 496, 559, 561, 562 Eulampis, 427; E. holosericeus, 433 f.; E. jugularis, 429, 434 Euler, on Procnias, 576 n. Eumomota superciliaris, 381 Eunetta, 112, 114; E. falcata, 127 Euornithes, 46 Eupetomena macrura, 435 Euphonia, 575, 576 Euplocamus, 198, 213 n. Eupodotis, 260; E. arabs, 262; E. australis, 261, 262; E. edwardsi, 261, 262; E. kori, 261-263 Euprinodes, 514 Eupsychortyx cristatus, 231 Euptilotis, 441, 442; E. neoxenus, 444 Euryceros prevosti, 535 f. Eurycerotidae, 496, 536 Eurycorystes, 580 Eurylaemidae, 467; habits, 469 Eurylaemus, 468; E. javanicus, 468 Eurynorhynchus, 268; bill, 12; E. pygmaeus, 282 Eurypyga, 186, 263, 265 f.; E. helias, 265 f., 266; E. major, 265 f. Eurypygidae, 243, 265 f. Eurystomus, 376, 377; E. australis, 377; E. glaucurus, 377; E. orientalis, 377 Euscarthmus, 473; E. orbitatus, 474; E. zosterops, 474 Eustephanus fernandensis, 428, 435; E. galeritus, 427, 428, 434 f.; E. leyboldi, 428, 435 Eutoxeres, 430, 435 Eutriorchis, 154 Eutrygon, 335; E. leucopareia, 335; E. terrestris, 335 Evans–see Wilson Evolution, 15 Exaspidean, 473 Excalphatoria, 199, 200, 218 n., 219; E. adansoni, 219; E. lepida, 219; E. sinensis, 202, 219 Excrescence on bill shed by Pelecanus erythrorhynchus, 83 Exoccipital, 11 Eyelashes, distinct in Opisthocomus, 241; in Hornbills, 3, 390 Facets of vertebra, 6 Fachach, 63 Faisan, 198 Falcinellus, 544, 550; F. speciosus, 545, 546 Falcipennis, 199; F. hartlaubi, 236 Falco, 175, 177; fossil, 181; plumage of young, 178; see Gennaea and Hierofalco; F. atriceps, 179; F. babylonicus, 178; F. barbarus, 178; F. biarmicus, 179; F. cassini, 178; F. ernesti, subspecies, 178; F. feldeggi, 179; F. melanogenys, sub-species, 178; F. minor, 178; F. peregrinator, 179; F. peregrinus, 178 f.; F. punicus, 178; F. tanypterus, 179 Falcon, 137, 146, 148, 149, 178; for nomenclature of parts, 20; skeleton of trunk, 7; flown at Herons, 89; Arctic, 180; Desert-, 179; Finch-, 147, 173; Gentle, 156; Greenland-, 180; Gyr, 180; Iceland, 180; Jer, 180; Peregrine, 148, 174, 178-180; Prairie-, 179 f.; Red-footed, 147, 176; Royal, 179; Stone-, 177 Falconidae, 137, 146-150; habits, 147 f.; markings of young, 147 Falconiformes, 108, 137 f. Falconinae, 146, 147, 173 f. Falconine, 156 Falconry, 148 n., 178, 179; use of Eagles in, 162 Falculia, 561 Falcunculus, 531-534 False rib, 6 Fandango-bird, 479 Fantail, 506 Father John, 102 Feathered spaces or pterylae, 2 Feathers, nature, growth, etc., 2 f. Female, and young duller in most birds, 4; brighter and larger than male in Rhynchaea, 270 f.; in Turnix, 188; in Phalaropus, 278; larger than male in Apteryx, 33; in Cassowaries, 33; in Emeus, 33; in Falconiformes, 137 Femur, 8, 9 Fenestrae, 8 Fern-Owl, 418 Festooned bill, 12 Fibula, 8, 9 Fieldfare, 510 Filoplumes, 21 Finch, 355, 578, 582 f.; habits, 586; see Chaffinch, Bullfinch, Hawfinch, Serin; Gold-, 584, 586, 587; Grass-, 578; Green-, 584; Rose-, 585; Snow-, 586, 587 Finfoot, 243, 267 f.; habits, 267 Fingers, 8 Fireback, 214 f. Fire-wood gatherer, 487 Fjeld-riporre, 240 Flamingo, 70, 105 f., 106 Flanks, 21 Flicker, 460 Flight, speed of, 20 Flightless, Birds, 25; state, of Anatidae, 4, 113, 125; of Dodo, 328; of Great Auk, 315, 321; of Moorhen, 4; of Phoenicopteridae, 4, 107; of Rails, 4, 245 f. Florican, 262; Lesser, 262 Florida caerulea, 91; young, 93 Florisuga mellivora, 436 Flower, on Hornbill, 392 n. Flower-pecker, 570 f. Fluvicola, 475-477 Flycatcher, 467, 473, 506 f.; habits, 508; Paradise-, 507, 508; Pied, 507-509; Spotted, 507, 508 Foetopterus ambiguus, fossil, 181 Foot, 9 Foramen, 9; for optic nerve, 11; for trigeminal, 11 Forbes, H. O., on Frigate Bird, 82 n.; on Phalacrocorax, 77 n. Forbes, W. A., on classification, 14; on Barbets and Toucans, 448; on classification of Petrels, 59 n.; on Galbulidae, 445; on Mesites, 186 f.; on Metopidius and Hydralector, 269 n.; on trachea of Paradise-bird, 545 n.; on Passeres, their song-muscles, 466; on Plotus, 72 n., 81 n. Fore-arm, 8 Forehead, 20 Fore-neck, 20 Foreteller, by day, 357; at night, 356 Fork-tail, 501 Formicariidae, 469, 479, 488 f.; habits, 489 Formicariinae, 488 f. Formicarius, 488, 489 Formicivora, 488; F. caudata, 488; F. ferruginea, 488 Fossil Birds, viii, 1 f. Foudia, 578; fossil, 496 Four-o'clock, 567 Fowl, 186, (Gallus) 203 Francolins, called Pheasants, 226; Naked-throated, 225 Francolinus, 198, 202, 226 f.; F. adspersus, 227; F. albigularis, 227; F. levaillanti, 226; F. pondicerianus, 227; F. sinensis, 227; F. vulgaris, 226 Franklinia, 518 Fratercula arctica, 317; F. corniculata, 317; F. glacialis, 317 Freeman and Salvin, on Falconry, 148 n.; on fishing with Cormorants, 79 n. Fregata, 70-72; coracoid and scapula fused, 8; habits, 81 f.; F. aquila, 81, 82; F. minor, 81 Fregatidae, 55, 70, 81 Fregilinae, 552 f. Fregilupus, 559, 561; F. varius, 561 Friar-bird, 568 Frigate-bird, 70, 82; habits, 81 f. Fringe lost, in feathers, 5 Fringilla, fossil, 496; F. coelebs, 584; F. montifringilla, 584 Fringillidae, 439, 494, 575, 576, 579, 582 f.; fossil, 496; habits, 586 Frog-mouth, 419 Frons, 20 Frontal, 11 Fulica, 244, 246, 250 f.; F. alai, 250; F. americana, 251; F. atra, 250 f.; F. australis, 251; F. cornuta, 244, 251; F. cristata, 244, 251; fossil, 251; F. gigantea, 245, 251; F. lugubris, 251; F. minor, fossil, 251; F. newtoni, fossil, 251; F. prior, fossil, 251 Fulicariae, 243 Fuligula, 112, 121; fossil, 136; habits, 123; F. affinis, 122; F. collaris, 122; F. cristata, 122; F. marila, 121 f.; F. novae zealandiae, 122, 123 Fuligulinae, 111-114, 118 Fulmar, 61-63, 65 Fulmarus, 60, 61; F. glacialis, 65; F. glupischa, 65; F. rodgersi, 65 Fürbringer, on classification, 14; on classification of Passeres, 467 Furcula, 7, 8; absent in Apterygidae, 39; absent in Dinornithidae, 42; absent in Rheidae, 30; absent in Struthionidae, 27; ancylosed with sternum in Gruidae, 252; in Otididae, 261; in Heliornithidae, 267; coalesces with coracoids in Fregata, 72; ossifies with keel of sternum, 8–see also Clavicle Furnariinae, 484 f. Furnarius, 477, 484, 485; nest, 485; F. cinnamomeus, 486; F. cristatus, 485; F. figulus, 486; F. leucopus, 485; F. minor, 486; F. rufus, 486, 525; F. torridus, 486 Gabianus pacificus, 306 Gadow, on classification, 14, 23; on classification of Passeres, 467; on classification of Petrels, 59 n.; definition of Bird, 1; on skeleton, 5 f.; on Archaeornithes and Neornithes, 25; on Bucerotidae and Upupidae, 390; on Columbae, 325; on Cuculiformes, 351; on Drepanididae, 562; on Gallinaceous Birds, 198; on Laniidae, 531; on Mesites, 187; on Nightjars, 417 n.; on Odontornithes, 46; on Opisthocomus, 186; on Oscines, 495; on Owls, 397; on Palaelodus, 70; on Panurus, 541; on Pici, 445; on Psittaci, 362; on Pterylosis, 2; on Ratitae, 26 n.; on Sand-Grouse, 322; on Steganopodes, 70 n.; on "Stereornithes," 43 f.; on Tinamidae, 182; on Zosterops, 568; see Newton, E. Gadwall–see Duck Galbalcyrhynchus, 445; G. leucotis, 446 Galbula, 446; G. albirostris, 445, 446; G. chalcothorax, 446; G. cyaneicollis, 445 Galbulidae, 445 f.; habits, 446 Galbulinae, 445 Galeoscoptes, 514; G. carolinensis, 519 Galerita, 497; G. cristata, 497, 498; G. isabellina, 497 Galli, 186, 190, 322; claws on manus, 48 Gallicrex, 244, 246; G. cinerea, 249 Galliformes, 186 f. Gallinaceous Birds, 186 Gallinae, early attain power of flight, 4 Gallinago, 268, 290; fossil, 300; G. aequatorialis, 291; G. aucklandica, 291 f.; G. australis, 291; G. bernieri, 291; G. caelestis, 290 f.; G. delicata, 291; G. frenata, 291; G. gallinula, 292; G. gigantea, 291; G. imperialis, 291; G. jamesoni, 291; G. macrodactyla, 291; G. major, 291; G. megala, 292; G. nemoricola, 291; G. nigripennis, 291; G. nobilis, 291; G. paraguaiae, 291; G. sabinii, 290; G. solitaria, 291; G. stenura, 292; G. stricklandi, 291; G. undulata, 291; G. wilsoni, 291 Galline Birds, habits, 202 f. Gallinita, 451 Gallinula, 244, 246, 249; G. angulata, 249; G. chloropus, 249; G. comeri, 244, 249; G. dionysiana, 249; G. frontata, 249; G. galeata, 249; G. nesiotis, 244, 249; G. peralata, fossil, 251; G. pyrrhorhoa, 249; G. sandvicensis, 249; G. strenuipes, fossil, 251; G. tenebrosa, 249 Gallinule, 243-245, 249 f.; Purple, 245 Gallirex, 359, 360; G. chlorochlamys, 360 Gallito, 491 Galloperdix, 218; G. bicalcarata, 218; G. lunulata, 218; G. spadicea, 218 Gallophasis, 213 n. Gallus, 199-201, 203, 204, 208; fossil, 241; G. bankiva, 208 f.; G. ferrugineus, 208 f.; G. lafayettii, 209; G. sonnerati, 209; G. stanleyi, 209; G. varius, 209 Game-birds, 186 Game-fowl, Black-breasted, 208 Gampsonyx swainsoni, 171 Gampsorhynchus, 502 Gannet, 70, 73, 74, 75; habits, 75–see Goose, Solan Gare-fowl, 321;–see Auk, Great Garganey–see Duck Garrod, on classification, 14; on Barbets and Toucans, 448; on Galbulidae, 445; on Passeres, their song-muscles, 466; on Tantalus ibis, 96 Garrodia, 60, 65 Garrulax, 503, 504 Garrulinae, 552 f. Garrulus, 552, 554; G. glandarius, 554 Garzetta, 92 Gastornis, 45; G. edwardsi, 45; G. klaasseni, 45; G. parisiensis, 45 Gätke, on speed of flight, 20 Gauropicoïdes rafflesi, 461 Gazzola, 552, 553 Gecinus, 458; G. viridis, 458, 460 Geese, 105, 107; habits, 113 f.; Black, 131; habits, 131; Grey, 132; habits, 132; Pigmy, 134; Spur-winged, 134 Geikie, on head of Ichthyornis, 48 Gelinotte, 233 Gelochelidon anglica, 314 Genera of Birds, 15 Gennaea, 179; G. hypoleuca, 180; G. jugger, 179; G. lanarius, 179; G. mexicana, 179 f.; G. milvipes, 179; G. polyagnis, 179 f.; G. sacer, 179; G. subnigra, 180 Gennaeus, 199, 200, 203, 213; G. albicristatus, 213; G. andersoni, 213; G. edwardsi, 213; G. horsfieldi, 213; G. leucomelanus, 213; G. lineatus, 213; G. melanotus, 213; G. muthura, 213; G. nycthemerus, 200, 213; G. swinhoii, 213 Gentoo, 57 Genyornis newtoni, fossil, 38 n. Genys (γενυς = jaw) or Gonys (γονυ = knee and hence = bend), 20 Geobates, 484 Geobiastes, 378; G. squamigera, 378 Geocichla, 509, 510; G. princii, 509 Geococcyx, 351, 353; G. mexicanus, 352; habits, 357 f. Geocolaptes, 458; G. olivaceus, 460 Geographical distribution, 15; variations, 15 Geopelia, 328; G. cuneata, 341; G. humeralis, 341; G. maugii, 341; G. striata, 341; G. tranquilla, 341 Geophaps, 327, 328; G. scripta, 337; G. smithi, 337 Geopsittacus, 364; G. occidentalis, 367 Geositta, 486, 525; G. cunicularia, 485 Geospiza, 583, 585, 586 Geothlypis, 573 Geotrygon, 336; G. chrysia, 336; G. cristata, 336; G. linearis, 336; G. montana, 336; G. violacea, 336 Geranoaëtus melanoleucus, 167 Geranopsis, fossil, 256 Geranospizias, 156; G. caerulescens, 156; G. niger, 156 Geronticus, 100; G. calvus, 102 Gerygone, 355, 508, 509 Gibson, on Chauna, 109 n.; on Myiopsittacus, 371 n.; on Rostrhamus, 171 Gizzard, 12 Glareola, 268-270, 293 f.; G. cinerea, 294; G. emini, 294; G. grallaria, 294; G. isabella, 294; G. lactea, 294; G. megapoda, 294; G. melanoptera, 294; G. nordmanni, 294; G. nuchalis, 294; G. ocularis, 293 f.; G. orientalis, 293; G. pratincola, 293 Glareolidae, 268, 270, 293 f. Glareolinae, 293 f. Glaucidium, 401, 407; G. brodiei, 407; G. capense, 407; G. castanonotum, 407; G. castanopterum, 407; G. cobanense, 400, 407; G. cuculoïdes, 407; G. ferox, 407; G. gnoma, 407; G. jardinii, 407 f.; G. nanum, 408; G. pardalotum, 407; G. passerinum, 407; G. perlatum, 407; G. pumilum, 408; G. radiatum, 407; G. siju, 407; G. sylvaticum, 407; G. whitelyi, 407 Glaucopis, 552, 556 Glead, Fork-tailed, 168 Glenoid cavity, 7 Globicera, 325, 345; G. myristicivora, 328 Glycyphila albifrons, 565; G. fasciata, 568; G. modesta, 568 Glyphorhynchus, 484 Gnatcatcher, 514 Goatsucker, 415, 418 Godwit, 286 f.; Bar-tailed, 287; male incubates, 271; Black-tailed, 286 f.; Marbled, 287 Goeldi, on Cassidix oryzivora, 582 n.; on Nyctibius, 417 n. Goiemare, figure of Dodo, 330 Golden-eye–see Duck Goldfinch, 584, 586 Gom-Paauw, 263 Gonys–see Genys Goosander, 114-116 Goose, Bean-, 132; Bernacle-, 131; Brent, 131; Cape Barren, 133; Chinese, 132; Emperor-, 114, 132; Grey-lag, 132; Kelp-, 130; Pink-footed, 132; Red-breasted, 114, 131, 132; Solan, 73, 75, 302; Upland, 130; White-fronted, 132 Gorsachius goisagi, 90 Goshawk, 156, 178 Gosling, specimen of Dodo, 330 Gosse, on Aramus, 257; on Humming-birds, 429, 432; on Mellisuga, 431; on Nyctibius, 417 n. Gould, on Darter, 81; on Humming-birds, 430, 432; on Odontophorinae, 230 n.; on Rhynchaea, 292 n.; on subfamilies of Humming-birds, 435 Goura, 326-328, 334; G. albertisi, 334; G. beccarii, 334; G. cinerea, 334; G. coronata, 333, 334; G. scheepmakeri, 334; G. sclateri, 334; G. victoria, 334 Gourinae, 325 f., 334 Graculipica, 559; G. melanoptera, 560 Graduated, 21 Grallariinae, 488 f. Grallina, 535; abnormal vocal organs, 535 Grammatoptila, 502 Granatellus, 573, 574 Grandala caelicolor, 510 Grand Duc, 413 Grandidier, on Leptosoma, 379 n.; on Margaroperdix, 224 n.;–see Milne-Edwards Grant, Ogilvie, on Gallinaceous Birds, 198; on the Partridge, 224 n.; on Perdicinae, 218 n.; on Petrels, 63 n., 65 n.; on Phaëthon, 72 n.; on Pithecophaga, 160; on Platalea, 104 n.; on Red Grouse, 238; on Turnix, 188 n. Graptocephalus, 99, 100; G. davisoni, 102 Graucalus, 525, 526; G. azureus, 526 Grebe, 54, 267; habits, 53 f.; structure, etc., 49 f.; Eared, 53; Great Crested, 53; Little, 52, 52 f.; Red-necked, 53; Slavonian, 53 Green colour in Birds, its nature, 3 n. Green, on Collocalia, edible nests, 423 Greenfinch, 584 Greenlet, 536 Greenshank, 284 Grey Hen, 237 Griffon, 151–see Vulture Grifo, 151 Grinder, 508 Griphosaurus, fossil, 23 Grosbeak, Pine-, 584 Grouse, 198-200, 202, 203; disease, 203; hybrids, 237, 237 n.; American, 200, 203; Black, 237; Blue, 235; Canada-, 236; Dusky, 235; Hazel-, 203, 233; Pallas's Sand-, 323, 324; Pine-, 235; Pin-tailed Sand-, 322; Red, 202, 204, 238 f., 239; habits, 238 f.; hybrids, 224; Ruffed, 233; Sage-, 235; Sand-, 268, 321 f.; toes, 10, 322; habits, 322 f.; Sharp-tailed, 234; Willow-, 238-240 Gruidae, 243, 251 f.; habits, 252 f.; trachea enters keel of sternum, 13; young, 256 Gruiformes, 186, 243 f.; Phororhachos and others of the "Stereornithes" perhaps belong here, 44 Grus, fossil, 256; G. americana, 254; G. australasiana, 254; G. canadensis, 254; G. carunculata, 255; G. collaris, 254; G. communis, 254; G. japonensis, 254; G. leucauchen, 254; G. leucogeranus, 254; G. lilfordi, 254; G. melitensis, fossil, 256; G. mexicana, 254; G. monachus, 254; G. nigricollis, 254; G. paradisea, 255; G. primigenia, fossil, 256; G. sharpii, 254; G. virgo, 255 f. Guácharo, 415, 419 Guainumbi, 426 Guan, 194; habits, 195 Gubernatrix, 583 Guid-guid, 490 Guillemard, on Bird of Paradise, 550 Guillemot, 316; Black, 316, 319; Common, 319; Ringed, 319 Guinea-fowl, 198, 203, 204; habits, 205 f.; its specific name, 206 n. Guira, 352; G. piririgua, 359 Guiraca, 585 Gula, 20 Gull, 49, 148, 268, 300-304; habits, 302 f.; Black-headed, 308; Bonaparte's, 302, 309; Common, 307; Glaucous, 304, 306; Great Black-backed, 301, 302, 307; Great Black-headed, 309, 309; Herring, 306, 307; Hooded, 308; Iceland, 306; Ivory, 303, 306; Kittiwake, 301, 302, 305 f.; Laughing, 309; Lesser Black-backed, 307; Little, 304, 309 f.; Peewit, 308; Sabine's, 310; Wedge-tailed, 310 Gullet, 12 Gundlach, on Aramus, 257 n. Gurney, on Astur, 156; on Circaëtinae, 153 Guttera, 200, 201, 204; G. cristata, 204; G. eduardi, 204; G. plumifera, 204; G. pucherani, 204; G. verreauxi, 204 Gygis, 301, 303; G. candida, 310; G. microrhyncha, 310 Gymnasio, 400 Gymnobucco, 448; G. calvus, 450 Gymnocephalus, 479, 480 Gymnocichla, 489 Gymnocorax, 552, 556 Gymnocrex rosenbergi, 247 Gymnoderinae, 479 f. Gymnoderus, 479, 480; powder-down patches, 481 Gymnoglaux lawrencii, 409; G. nudipes, 409 Gymnomystax, 580 Gymnopelia, 326; G. erythrothorax, 340 Gymnophaps, 326; G. albertisi, 344 Gymnopithys, 488 Gymnorhina, 531, 532; G. hyperleuca, 532 Gymnorhininae, 531 f.; habits, 532 f. Gymnoschizorhis, 360; G. leopoldi, 361; G. personata, 361 Gymnostinops, 579, 580 Gypaëtinae, 146, 150 f. Gypaëtus, 146, 147, 149; G. barbatus, 150, 150; habits, 151; G. meridionalis, 151; G. ossifragus, 151 Gyparchus papa, 137, 139 Gypohierax, 146, 148; G. angolensis, 151 Gypoictinia, 149; G. melanosternon, 170 Gypopsittacus vulturinus, 369 Gyps, 143; nestling, 143; G. fulvus, 144; G. himalayensis, 144; G. indicus, 145; G. kolbi, 144; G. melitensis, fossil, 145; G. pallescens, 145; G. rüppelli, 144 Gypsornis, fossil, 251 Habroptila, 243, 245, 246; H. wallacii, 244, 248 Habrornis, 514 Hackles, 3, 21 Hadrostomus, 480, 482; H. homochrous, 483; H. niger, 483 Haemal spine, 6 Haematoderus, 479, 481 Haematopus, 268-270; H. ater, 277; H. durnfordi, 277; H. frazari, 277; H. galapagensis, 277; H. leucopus, 277; H. longirostris, 277; H. moquini, 277; H. niger, 277; H. osculans, 276; H. ostralegus, 276; H. palliatus, 277; H. unicolor, 277 Haematortyx, 200; H. sanguiniceps, 221 f. Hagedashia, 99, 100; H. hagedash, 102 Hagiopsar, 561 Hairs, nature of, 2 n. Halcyon, 383; H. coromandus, 385; H. cyaniventris, 385; H. lindsayi, 386; H. nigrocyaneus, 386; H. saurophagus, 386; H. semicaeruleus, 385 Halcyoninae, 382, 385 Halcyornis, fossil, 315 Haliaëtus, 146, 147; fossil, 181; H. albicilla, 163; H. leucocephalus, 164; H. leucocoryphus, 164; H. leucogaster, 164; H. vocifer, 164; H. vociferoïdes, 164 Haliastur, 148; H. indus, 168; H. sphenurus, 168 Hallux, 1, 10, 20 Halobaena, 60, 61; H. caerulea, 66 Halocyptena microsoma, 67 Hammer-head, 86 f., 94, 95; habits, 95 Hamuli, 3 Hancock, on Cuckoo, 354 Hand, 8 Hang-nest, 582 Hapalarpactes, 441, 442; H. mackloti, 443; H. reinwardti, 443 Hapalis, 514 Hapalocercus, 473, 477; H. flaviventer, 476 Hapaloderma, 441, 442; H. constantia, 443; H. narina, 443; H. vittatum, 443 Hapaloptila castanea, 447 Haplopelia, 327, 336 f.; H. bronzina, 337; H. inornata, 337; H. johnstoni, 337; H. larvata, 337; H. principalis, 337; H. simplex, 337 Harelda, 112, 114; H. glacialis, 120 Harfang, 412 Hargitt, on Woodpeckers, 458 Harpa novae zealandiae, 174 Harpactes, 441, 442, 443; H. duvauceli, 442; H. kasumba, 443; H. orescius, 443 Harpagornis moorii, fossil, 181 Harpagus, 146, 173; H. bidentatus, 173; H. diodon, 150, 173; H. fasciatus, 173 Harpiprion cayennensis, 101 Harporhynchus, 514, 515, 519; H. crissalis, 519 Harpy, 159 Harpyhaliaëtus, 146, 147; H. coronatus, 168; H. solitarius, 168 Harpyopsis novae guineae, 159 Harrier, 146-149, 165; habits, 154 f.; -Eagles, 153; Hen-, 155; Marsh-, 155; Montagu's, 155 Harry, on Dodo, 330 Hartert, on Humming-birds, 432 Harting–see Mosenthal Hartlaubius, 561 Harvie-Brown, on Diomedea melanophrys, 65 n. Hawfinch, 584, 586, 587 Hawk, 137, 146, 148, 149, 175, 353; Blue, 178; Bush-, 174; Fish-, 180; Hunting, 178; Pigeon-, 178; Quail-, 174; Red, 178; Red-tailed, 166; Singing, 156; Sparrow-, 157, 158; Sparrow-, of America, 149, 176–see Goshawk Heath-hen, 235 Hedge-sparrow–see Sparrow Hedydipna, 569 Heilprin, on Geographical Distribution, 15 Heleothreptus, 418; H. anomalus, 418 Heliactin cornuta, 439 Helicura, 478 Heliochera, 480, 482 Heliodilus, 398, 400; H. soumagnii, 404 Heliopais, 267; H. personata, 268 Heliornis, 243, 267; H. fulica, 267 Heliornithidae, 243, 267 f.; habits, 267 Heliothrix, 431, 432 Helmet, 12; -bird, 535; -crest, 437 Helornis, fossil, 108, 300 Helotarsus, 146, 147; H. ecaudatus, 153; H. leuconotus, 154 Hemicercus, 464 Hemichelidon, 506 Hemignathus, 562, 563 Hemilophus pulverulentus, 464 Hemiphaga chathamensis, 345; H. novae zealandiae, 344; H. spadicca, 344 f. Hemipode, 188 Hemipodius, 187 Hemipus, 506, 531 Hemixus, 504 Hen, 203 Heniconetta, 114; H. stelleri, 119 Henicopernis infuscatus, 173; H. longicaudatus, 172 f. Henicophaps albifrons, 338 Henicorhina, 521 Henicornis, 484 Henicuridae, 501 Henicurus ruficapilla, 501; H. scouleri, 501; H. velatus, 501 Hermit, 430, 435 Hern, 87 Herodias alba, 92 Heron, 70, 86 f., 90, 251, 263; habits, 87 f.; Boat-billed Night-, 90 f.; Buff-backed, 88, 91; Common, 87, 92, 93; Great White, 92; Green, 88; in Falconry, 89; Night-, 88, 90; Purple, 93; Squacco, 91 Herpetotheres cachinnans, 153 Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus, 489 Hesperiphona, 583, 585 Hesperornis, 45 f.; no keel to sternum, 26; no pygostyle, 6 n.; quadrate bone, 26; restoration, 46; teeth, 12; H. crassipes, 46; H. regalis, 46 Hesperornithes, 25; structure, etc., 46 f. Heteractitis incanus, 285 Heteralocha acutirostris, 557, 558 Heterocercus, 478 Heterocnemis, 488 Heterocoelous, 6 Heterocorax, 552; H. capensis, 556 Heterodactylous, 10, 441 Heteroglaux, 400 Heteronetta atricapilla, 123 Heteropelma, 477, 479, 482 Heterorhynchus, 562, 563 Heterospizias meridionalis, 168 Heterotetrax, 262 Heuglin, v., on Toucans, 449 Hieracidea berigora, 174; H. brunnea, 174; H. ferox, 174; H. novae guineae, 175; H. novae zealandiae, 174; H. orientalis, 175 Hierococcyx, 353 Hierofalco, 180; H. candicans, 180; H. gyrfalco, 180; H. islandus, 180; H. labradorus, 180 Hilling, of Ruff, 285 Hill-Robin, 503 Himantopus, 268, 269, 277 f.; fossil, 300; H. brasiliensis, 278; H. candidus, 277; H. knudseni, 278; H. leucocephalus, 278; H. melas, 278; H. mexicanus, 277 f.; H. pectoralis, 278 Himantornis, 243; H. haematopus, 248 Himatione, 562, 563; H. sanguinea, 563, 564; H. virens, 564 Hind-head, 20; -neck, 20; -toe, 10 Hirundinidae, 494, 522 f.; habits, 524 f. Hirundo, 523, 524, 525; H. rustica, 523, 524, 524 Histrioniphaps histrionica, 337 f. Hoatzin, 186, 241 f., 242; habits, 242 Hobby, 176, 177 Hodgsonius, 516 Hoefnagel, figure of Dodo, 330 Holarctic, 16 Homologous, meaning of, 5 Homolopus, fossil, 465 Homorus, 484, 485; H. lophotes, 487 Homrai, 393 Honey-eater, 564 f.; habits, 566 f.; Warty-faced, 566 Honey-guide, 445, 448, 451; habits, 452 f. Hoopoe, 376, 390, 390 n., 395 f., 396; habits, 395 f.; Wood-, 390, 397; habits, 397 Hooting, of Owls, 401 Hoplopterus, 269, 270; H. cayanus, 276; H. speciosus, 276; H. spinosus, 276, 295; H. ventralis, 276 Hornbill, 376, 390 f., 391; bill, 11, 390 f.; habits, 390; Helmet-, 393; Plait-billed, 394 Hornero, 486 Horns, 12; in Auks, 315 f., 317, 318 Houbara, 260; H. fuerteventurae, 262 n.; H. macqueeni, 262; H. undulata, 262 Houbaropsis, 260; H. bengalensis, 262 Hudson, on Aramides, 248; on Chauna, 109 n.; on Cow-bird, 582 n.; on Oven-bird, 485 n.; on Parra jacana, 300 n.; on Rhea, 31 f.; see Sclater Huia, 557, 558 Humboldt and Bonpland discover Oil-bird, 419 Hume, on Bubo coromandus, 403 n.; on Francolins, 228 n.; on Ibis melanocephala, 100 n.; on Mycteria, 96 n. Humerus, 8, 8 Humming-bird, 419, 420, 426 f., 429, 568; breast-bone, 6 f.; habits, 428 f.; nature of iridescent feathers, 4; operculum of nostrils, 11; Bee-, 438; King-, 436; Long-tailed, 433; Ruby-and-Topaz, 434 Hurst, on Archaeopteryx, 23 n. Hutton, on Wandering Albatros, 63 f. Huxley, classification, 14; on Amphimorphae, 105; on Cathartidae, 137 n.; on Coracomorphae and their song-muscles, 466; on Cypselomorphae, 419 n.; on Gallinaceous Birds, 186, 198; on Geographical Distribution, 15 f.; on Palaeeudyptes, fossil, 59 n.; on Picidae, 457; restoration of Hesperornis, 46; Sauropsida as a division of Vertebrata, 1 Hybrids, of American Partridges, 233; of Galline Birds, 224; of Grouse, 237, 237 n., 238 Hydralector, 269, 299; H. gallinaceus, 298; H. novae guineae, 298 Hydranassa, young, 93; H. tricolor, 91 Hydrochelidon, 301, 303, 314; H. hybrida, 314 f.; H. leucoptera, 314; H. nigra, 314; H. surinamensis, 314 Hydrophasianus, 270; H. chirurgus, 299, 299, 300 Hydroprogne caspia, 314 Hydropsalis, 418 Hyetornis, 351, 357 Hylactes, 490, 491; H. megapodius, 491; H. tarnii, 490, 491 Hylexetastes, 484 Hylocharis, 427, 435; H. sapphirina, 435 Hylomanes, 380 Hylophilus, 536; H. ochraceiceps, 536 Hymenolaemus, 111, 113; H. malacorhynchus, 116 Hyoid, apparatus, 5, 21; horns, 457 Hyperergus, 502 Hyphantornis, 579; H. cucullatus, 578 Hypochera ultramarina, 577 Hypocleidium, 21 Hypocnemis, 488 Hypocolius ampelinus, 527, 527 Hypolais, 514, 517, 518 Hypopyrrhus, 580 Hyporhachis, or aftershaft of feather, 3 Hypositta, 537 Hypotaenidia, 246 f.; H. brachypus, 247; H. mülleri, 246 f.; H. striata, 246 f. Hypotriorchis concolor, 177; H. cuvieri, 177; H. diroleucus, 177; H. eleonorae, 177; H. fusco-caerulescens, 177; H. lunulatus, 177; H. ophryophanes, 177; H. rufigularis, 177; H. severus, 177; H. subbuteo, 176 Hypselornis sivalensis, fossil, 36 Hypsipetes, 504-506; H. perniger, 505 Ianthothorax, 544, 545 Ibididae, 70, 99 f. Ibidinae, 99, 100 Ibidopodia, fossil, 105 Ibidopsis, fossil, 105 Ibidorhynchus, 268, 269; I. struthersi, 277 Ibis, 70, 99, 100; fossil, 105; young, 103; I. aethiopica, 102; I. bernieri, 103; I. melanocephala, 100, 103; I. molucca, 103; Glossy, 101; Sacred, 102; Scarlet, 100; Shell-, 97; White, 100; Wood-, 70, 97 Ibycter, 152; I. americanus, 152; I. ater, 152 Ichthyornis, 45 f.; head, 48; quadrate bone, 26; teeth, 12; vertebrae, 6, 25; I. dispar, 48; I. victor, 48 Ichthyornithes, 25, 48 f. Ichthyornithidae, structure, etc., 48 f. Icteria, 573 Icteridae, 542, 559, 579 f.; habits, 580; parasitic, 582 Icterinae, 579 f. Icteropsis, 577 Icterus, 580, 581; I. baltimore, 580, 581, 581; I. vulgaris, 581 Ictinia, 146; I. mississippiensis, 171; I. plumbea, 171 Ignoble, of Falconidae, 146 Iiwi, 564 Ilium, 6, 9, 9 Immature plumage of Birds generally, 4 Impervious nostrils, 11 Incisura ischiadica, 9 Index finger, 9 Indian Region, 15 f. Indicator, 451 f.; I. archipelagicus, 452; I. major, 452; I. minor, 452; habit of guiding to bees' nests, 452 f.; I. sparrmani, 452; I. xanthonotus, 452 Indicatorinae, 448, 451; habits, 452 f. Ingluvies, 12 Inocotis, 100; I. papillosus, 102 Insessores, 466 Integument, 2 n. Intestines, 12 Intrathoracic convolutions of trachea–see Trachea Iodopleura, 479, 480 Iole, 506 Ipocrantor, 463; I. magellanicus, 464 Irena, 504-506; I. crinigera, 504 Iridescence in feathers, cause of, 3 Iridornis, 575 Iron-smith, 449 Irregular migration, 17 f. Irrisor, 397; I. bollii, 397; I. erythrorhynchus, 397; I. jacksoni, 397; I. viridis, 397 Irrisorinae, 390, 397; habits, 397 Irruptions of Sand-Grouse, 322, 324, 325 Ischium, 9, 9 Island Hen, 244 Ispidina, 386; I. madagascariensis, 386 Ithagenes, 198, 200, 217; buries itself in snow, 218; I. cruentus, 217; I. geoffroyi, 218; I. sinensis, 218 Ixocincla, 504, 505 Iynginae, 457, 464 f. Iyngipicus, 458, 462; I. obsoletus, 462 Iynx aequatorialis, 465; I. pectoralis, 465; I. pulchricollis, 465; I. torquilla, 465, 465 Jabiru, 98 Jacamar, 445 f.; habits, 446 Jacamaralcyon, 445, 446; J. tridactyla, 446 Jacamerops, 445; J. grandis, 445, 446 Jaçana, 268, 297 f.; habits, 299 f.; Indian, 299 Jackass, 57, 384, 386 Jackdaw, 553-556 Jacobin, 436 Jaws, 5 f., 11 f. Jay, 552-556; Blue, 554, 555; Green, 554; Siberian, 554 Jean-le-blanc, 153 Jenner, on Cuckoo, 354; on bones of Solitaire, 331 Jerdon, on Indian Darter, 81; on Inocotis, 100 n.; on Pelican, 85 n. Johnny Rook, 152 Jugal, 11 Jugulum, 20 Junco, 585 Jungle-fowl, Red, 208 f.; Grey, 209 Jurassic System, Birds from, 2 Kagu, 243, 263 f., 264; habits, 265; operculum of nostrils, 11 Kakapo, 366, 366; breast-bone, 7 Kallege, 213 Kea, 365, 374, 375 Keel of breast-bone, 6, 7 Kelp-Hen, 247; -Pigeon, 293 Kerr, J. G., on Erismatura, 118 n. Kestrel, 147, 148, 175-177; Lesser, 175 Ketupa, 398-401; K. ceylonensis, 414; K. flavipes, 414; K. javanensis, 414 Kill-deer, 274 King-bird, 474 Kingfisher, 376, 382; habits, 383; Belted, 387; Racquet-tailed, 385; Stork-billed, 387; Water-, 382, 383; Wood-, 382, 384 Kirk, on Honey-guide, 452 Kirombo, 376, 378, 379 Kite, 146, 148, 155, 164, 165; habits, 168 f.; Awl-billed, 171; Black, 170; Black-winged, 171; Brahminy, 168; Everglade, 171; Mississippi, 171; Pariah, 170; Red, 168 f., 169; Swallow-tailed, 170; Whistling, 168 Kittiwake, 305; see Gull, Kittiwake Kiwi, 26, 38 f., 39; breast-bone, 7; feathers, 41; structure, etc., 38 f. Knob on bill, 12; of Anatidae, 111; of Pigeons, 325 Knot, 281 Koël (= Coël), 356 Labyrinth, 13, 113 Lacrymal, 11 Lagopus, 199, 200, 202, 204; fossil, 241; L. albus, 238 f.; L. hemileucurus, 240; L. hyperboreus, 240; L. leucurus, 240; L. mutus, 240; L. rupestris, 240; L. scoticus, 238 f., 239 Lalage, 525, 526 Lamellae, of bill, 12; on bill of Anastomus, 95; on bill of Anatidae, 111 f.; on bill of Flamingoes, 105; on bill of Petrels, 60 Lamenting Bird, 257 Laminiplantar, 468, 496 Lämmergeier, 146, 147, 150, 150, 151; habits, 151 Lampornis, 430, 433; L. violicauda, 433 Lampribis olivacea, 101 Lamprocolius, 560 Lamprolia, 513 Lampropsar, 580 Lamprospiza, 575 Lamprotes, 575 Lamprothorax, 548 Lamprotornis, 559-561; L. caudatus, 559 Lanceolate, 21 Land-Rail–see Rail, Land- Laniarius, 532, 533; L. rubiginosus, 533 Laniellus, 532, 534 Laniidae, 506, 525, 527, 531 f., 567 n. Laniinae, 534; habits, 535 Lanio, 575 Lanioturdus, 508, 509 Lanius, 532, 534; fossil, 496; L. borealis, 534; L. collurio, 534; L. excubitor, 534, 534; L. ludovicianus, 534; L. minor, 534; L. pomeranus, 534 Lanivireo, 536 Lanner, 179 Laopteryx, fossil, 25 n. Lapwing, Cayenne, 302; Spur-winged, 276; Wattled, 274 f. Lari, 268 Laridae, 59, 268, 300 f.; young, 304 Larinae, 300, 305; habits, 302 f. Lark, 496 f.; habits, 498; moult, 5; Crested, 497; Meadow-, 580; Shore-, 496; Short-toed, 497; Sky-, 496, 497, 497, 498; White-winged, 497; Wood-, 496 Laro-Limicoline, 268 Larus, 301, 306; fossil, 315; L. affinis, 307; L. argentatus, 306; L. atricilla, 309; L. audouini, 307; L. belcheri, 308; L. brachyrhynchus, 307; L. brunneicephalus, 308; L. bulleri, 308; L. cachinnans, 307; L. californicus, 307; L. canus, 305, 307; L. cirrocephalus, 308; L. crassirostris, 308; L. delawarensis, 307; L. dominicanus, 307; L. franklini, 304, 309; L. fuliginosus, 308; L. fuscus, 307; L. gelastes, 308; L. glaucescens, 306; L. glaucodes, 308; L. glaucus, 306, 307; L. hartlaubi, 308; L. heermani, 308; L. hemprichi, 308; L. ichthyaëtus, 309, 309; L. kumlieni, 306; L. leucophthalmus, 308; L. leucopterus, 306; L. maculipennis, 302, 308; L. marinus, 307; L. melanocephalus, 309; L. minutus, 303, 309 f.; L. modestus, 308; L. nelsoni, 306; L. novae hollandiae, 308; L. occidentalis, 307; L. philadelphia, 309; L. ridibundus, 308; L. saundersi, 309; L. schistisagus, 307; L. scopulinus, 302, 308; L. serranus, 309; L. vegae, 307 Larvivora, 516 Larynx, 13 Lathria streptophora, 480 Laticilla, 514 Laughing Jackass, 384, 386 Laurillardia, fossil, 496 Lawrencia, 474 Layard, on Honey-guide, 452 n.; on Mycteria, 96 n.; on Phaëthon, 73 n.; on Rhinochetus, 265 n. Leather-head, 568 Legs, 9 Leguat, on Solitaire, 330 Leistes, 580 Leiotrichidae, 495 Lek, of Capercaillie, 237 Lepidogrammus, 352 Leptasthenura, 486 Lepterodius gularis, 91 Leptodon, 146; L. cayennensis, 173 Leptopoecile, 514 Leptopterus, 532 Leptoptila, 326, 335, 336; L. jamaicensis, 336; L. rufinucha, 336 Leptoptilus, 95, 96; fossil, 99; L. crumenifer, 98; L. dubius, 97; L. javanicus, 98 Leptornis, 565 Leptosoma, toes, 10; L. discolor, 378, 379 Leptosomatinae, 376, 378; habits, 379 Lerwa, 199; L. nivicola, 230 Lesbia, 427, 434; L. victoriae, 434 Lestrange, on Dodo, 330 Leucopeza, 573 Leucophaeus, 301; L. scoresbii, 306 Leucopternis, 167; L. ghiesbreghti, 167; L. plumbea, 167; L. princeps, 167; L. schistacea, 167 Leucosarcia, 328; L. picata, 335 Leucosticte, 586 L'Herminier, classification, 14 Lichenops, 474, 477 Licmetis, 364; L. nasica, 364 Ligurinus chloris, 584 Lilford, on Francolin, 226 n. Limicola platyrhyncha, 282 Limicolae, 260, 268 f., 322; bill, 11; habits, 271 f. Limicoline Birds, 243 Limnaëtus, 160; L. alboniger, 160; L. caligatus, 160; L. cirratus, 160; L. gurneyi, 160; L. isidori, 160; L. kieneri, 160; L. lanceolatus, 160, 172; L. nipalensis, 160; L. philippensis, 160 Limnatornis, fossil, 397 Limnocorax, 246; L. niger, 249 Limnocryptes gallinula, 292 Limnogeranus, 254, 256 Limnophyes, 484, 487 Limnornis, 484, 487 Limonidromus, 500 Limosa, 286 f.; fossil, 300; L. belgica, 286 f.; L. fedoa, 287; L. hudsonica, 287; L. lapponica, 287; L. melanuroïdes, 286; L. uropygialis, 287 Limpkin, 243, 256; habits, 257 Lines of Flight, vi, 18 Linnet, 584-587; Brown, 585; Grey, 585; Red, 585 Linota cannabina, 584 Lioptila, 504 Lioptilus, 506 Liosceles, 490 Liothrix, 495, 502; L. lutea, 503 Liotriches, 502 Lipauginae, 479 f. Lipaugus, 479, 482 Lipoa, 190 f., 194; L. ocellata, 193 Lissotis, 260, 262 Lithophaps ulnaris, fossil, 350 Lithornis vulturinus, fossil, 181 Little Cock, 491 Lloyd, on Capercaillie, 237 n. Lobed bill, 12 Lobiophasis, 199-201; L. bulweri, 214 Lobipes hyperboreus, 278 f. Lobipluvia, 275 Lobivanellus, 268-270, 274 f.; L. albiceps, 275; L. cinereus, 274; L. cucullatus, 275; L. indicus, 274; L. lateralis, 275; L. lobatus, 275; L. malabaricus, 275; L. melanocephalus, 274 f.; L. miles, 275; L. pectoralis, 274; L. senegalensis, 275; L. superciliosus, 275; L. tectus, 275 Loboparadisea sericea, 549 Lobornis, 570 Lobotus, 526 Lochmias, 484; L. nematura, 485 Locustella, 514, 517; L. luscinioïdes, 518 Loddigesia, 426, 427, 430; L. mirabilis, 437; its flight, 437 Log-cock, 463 Lophoaëtus, 147, 160; L. occipitalis, 160 Lophoceros, 390; L. nasutus, 393 Lophodytes cucullatus, 115 f. Lophogyps, 143; L. occipitalis, 144 Lophoictinia, 146, 147; L. isura, 170 Lopholaemus, 326; L. antarcticus, 345 Lophophaps, 326, 327; L. ferruginea, 337; L. leucogaster, 337; L. plumifera, 337 Lophophorus, 198-200, 203, 215; L. impeyanus, 216; L. l'huysi, 216; L. refulgens, 216; L. sclateri, 200, 216 Lophopsittacus mauritianus, fossil, 375 Lophorhina, 550; L. superba, 548 Lophornis, 439; L. ornatus, 439 Lophortyx, 200; L. californicus, 231, 233 Lophospingus, 584 Lophotibis cristata, 101 Lophotis, 262 Lophotriccus, 474 Lophotriorchis, 160; L. kieneri, 160 Lophura, 199, 200, 214 f.; L. diardi, 215; L. ignita, 215; L. nobilis, 215; L. praelata, 215; L. vieilloti, 215 Lore, 20, 21 Loria loriae, 549 Loriculus, 362, 364, 365; L. vernalis, 368 Loriinae, 362-364, 373 Lorikeet, 364 Lorius, 364, 373 f.; L. lory, 374 Loro, 370 Lory, 351, 364, 365; of South Africa, 361; King-, 364; Red, 374; Swainson's, 373 Love-bird, 364, 368, 370 Loxia, 583; fossil, 496; L. curvirostra, 584 Loxioïdes, 562 Loxops, 562, 563; L. aurea, 564 Luggur, 179 Lullula, 498; L. arborea, 496 Lunda cirrhata, 317 Lycocorax, 543-545, 550; L. pyrrhopterus, 548 Lydekker, on Actiornis anglicus, 86; on Colymboïdes, 50; on Diomedea anglica, 69; on Gyps melitensis, 145 n.; on Odontornithes, 45 f.; on Pseudapteryx, 40; on "Stereornithes," 44 Lyncornis, 416 Lyre-bird, 491 f., 492; habits, 493 Lyrie, 68 Lyrurus, 199, 200, 202; L. mlokosiewiczi, 238; L. tetrix, 201, 237 f.; hybrids, 238 Macaw, 351, 364-366; Blue-and-yellow, 371; Green-and-blue, 371; Hyacinthine, 371; Red-and-blue, 371; Red-and-green, 371 Maccaroni Penguins, 57 f. Macgregoria pulchra, 546 Machaeropterus, 478; M. regulus, 478 Machaerorhamphus alcinus, 172; M. anderssoni, 172; M. revoili, 172 Machaerorhynchus, 506 Machetes, 270; polygamous, 271; M. pugnax, 285 Machetornis, 474, 475, 477 Macrochires, of Nitzsch, 420 Macrocorax, 552, 556 Macrodipteryx, 418; M. macrodipterus, 418; M. vexillarius, 418 Macronus, 502 Macronyx, 499, 500; M. ameliae, 500; M. crocea, 500 Macropsalis, 418 Macropteryginae, 420, 422 Macropteryx, 420, 422; M. comata, 422; M. coronata, 422; M. longipennis, 422; M. mystacea, 422; M. wallacii, 422 Macropygia, 326, 343; M. doreya, 343; M. leptogrammica, 343; M. phasianella, 343; M. rufa, 343; M. rufo-castanea, 343; M. tenuirostris, 343; M. tusalia, 343 Macrorhamphus griseus, 289; M. scolopaceus, 289; M. taczanowskii, 289 Macruropsar, 559, 561 Madagascar, a region or sub-region, 17 Magellan, brings Bird of Paradise, 543 Magpie, 355, 552-556, 554 Magpie-lark, 535 Majaqueus aequinoctialis, 67; M. parkinsoni, 67 Malaconotinae, 531 f.; habits, 533 f. Malacoptila, 447 Malacorhynchus, 111; M. membranaceus, 124 Male, incubates, in Limicolae, 271, 278, 287; in Ratitae, 29, 32, 36, 38, 41–see also Female Maleo, 192 Mallard–see Duck Mallee hen, 193 Malpighian layer, 2 n. Malurus, 507-509 Mamo, 563, 564 Man-of-war bird, 81 Manakin, 477 f., 478; habits, 479 Manchots, 55 Mandible, 11, 20 Mango, South American, 433 Mango-bird, 542 Manorhina, 564; M. melanophrys, 567 n. Mantle, 21 Manu-meà, 331, 332 Manuals, 21 f. Manucodia, 543-545, 550, 551; M. atra, 548; M. chalybeata, 548; M. comrii, 548 Manukdewata, 543 Manus, its quills, 22; in Archaeopteryx, 25 Marabou feathers, 96 Mareca americana, 126; M. penelope, 126; M. sibilatrix, 127 Margaroperdix madagascariensis, 223 Margarornis, 484 Marmaronetta, 111; M. angustirostris, 123 Marsh, restoration of Hesperornis, 46; head of Ichthyornis, 48; on Laopteryx, 25 n.; on Odontornithes, 45, 49 n. Martin, 522-525; Sand-, 524, 525 Martineta, 185 Mascarene Islands, 17 Masius, 477, 478 Matthews, discovery of Loddigesia, 437 Mavis, 515 Maxilla, 11, 11, 20 Maxillopalatine process, 11 May-bird, 289 Maynard, on flamingo, 107 Megacephalon, 190 f., 194; M. maleo, 192 Megacrex, 243, 244; M. inepta, 248 Megalaema, 450 Megalapteryx, 42 Megalestris antarctica, 305; M. catarrhactes, 304; M. chilensis, 305; M. maccormicki, 305 Megaloprepia, 326, 327, 346; M. formosa, 346; M. magnifica, 346 Megapodes, 190-194 Megapodiidae, 186, 190 f., 194; habits, 191 Megapodius, 190 f., 194; M. bernsteini, 194; M. cumingi, 194; M. duperreyi, 194; M. eremita, 194; M. forsteni, 194; M. freycineti, 194; M. geelvinkianus, 194; M. laperousii, 194; M. layardi, 194; M. macgillivrayi, 194; M. nicobariensis, 194; M. pritchardi, 194; M. sanghirensis, 194; M. tenimberensis, 194; M. tumulus, 194; M. wallacii, 194 Megarhynchus, 473; M. pitangua, 474 Megatriorchis doriae, 159 Megistanes, 26, 32 f., 38 Melanerpes, 461; M. candidus, 461; M. flavifrons, 461; M. formicivorus, 458, 461 Melanism, 4 n. Melanobucco, 449 Melanocharis unicolor, 570 Melanocorypha, 497; M. calandra, 498; M. sibirica, 497; M. yeltoniensis, 497 Melanoperdix, 199, 200; M. nigra, 221 Melanophoyx ardesiaca, 91 Melanoptila, 514, 515, 519 Melanopyrrhus, 561; M. orientalis, 560 Melanorhectes, 532 Melanotis, 519 Meleagrinae, 198, 204, 206; habits, 206 Meleagris, 199, 201, 202; fossil, 241; M. gallipavo, 206, 206 n.; M. ocellata, 200, 206 Melidectes, 565, 566 Melidora, 383 Melierax, 148, 156; M. canorus, 156 Meliornis, 565, 567 Meliphaga, 565, 566; M. phrygia, 566 Meliphagidae, 543 n., 564 f.; habits, 566 f. Meliphaginae, 564 f. Melirrhophetes, 566 Melithreptes, 564, 565 Melitograis, 565 Melittophagus, 387-389; M. gularis, 390 Mellisuga minima, 431, 432, 438 Melopelia leucoptera, 342; M. meloda, 342 Melophus, 583 Melopsittacus, 364, 365; M. undulatus, 367 Melopyrrha, 583 Melospiza, 586 Melville–see Strickland Membrane on bill, in Malacorhynchus, 111; in Hymenolaemus, 111, 116; in Biziura, 111, 117; of toes, 10 Menura, 491 f.; M. alberti, 492, 493; M. superba, 491 f., 492, 493; M. victoriae, 492, 493 Menuridae, 491 f.; habits, 493 Mercerat–see Moreno Merganetta, 112, 113; M. armata, 116; M. columbiana, 116; M. frenata, 116; M. garleppi, 116; M. leucogenys, 116; M. turneri, 116 Merganettinae, 111, 112, 116; habits, 116, 117 Merganser, 114; hooded, 115, 116; red-breasted, 115, 116 Merginae, 111-116; habits, 116 Mergulus, 315; M. alle, 321 Mergus, 111; M. albellus, 115; M. americanus, 115; M. australis, 115; M. brasilianus, 115; M. comatus, 115; M. merganser, 113, 115; M. serrator, 113, 115, 116 Merlin, 147, 177 Meropidae, 376, 387 f. Meropogon, 387-389; M. forsteri, 389 Merops, 387, 388; M. apiaster, 388, 389, 389; M. natalensis, 389; M. nubicus, 388, 389; M. ornatus, 387; M. philippinus, 388, 389; M. superciliosus, 388; M. viridis, 389 Merrem, on classification, 14 Merry-thought, 8 Merulaxis, 490 Mesembriornis, 44 Mesitae, 186 f. Mesites, 186 f.; M. unicolor, 187; M. variegatus, 187 Mesitidae, 186 f. Mesobucco, 450 Mesomyodi, 467 Mesopicus goertan, 462 Mesopteryx, 42 Metabolus, 507 Metacarpals, 8 Metacarpus, 1, 8 Metallura, 434 Metapteryx bifrons, 40 Metatarsal bones, 10; in penguins, 55 Metatarsus, 9, 20 Metopia, 478 Metopiana peposaca, 113, 123 Metopidius, 269, 298; M. africanus, 298; M. albinucha, 298; M. indicus, 298-300 Metopothrix, 477, 478 Metriopelia aymara, 339; M. melanoptera, 339 Mexican star, 438 Mexico, to which region does it belong? 16 Meyer, A. B., on Cacomantis, 355; on Celebes cuckoos, 356 n., 357 n.; on hybrid grouse, 237 n.; on Notornis, 250 n. Meyer, H. v., on Archaeopteryx, 23 Micranous hawaiiensis, 311; M. leucocapillus, 311; M. tenuirostris, 311 Micrastur, 156 Micrathene, 400; M. whitneyi, 400, 407 Microcerculus, 521, 522 Microchera, 433 Microcorax, 552; M. leucognaphalus, 553 Microeca, 509 Microglossus, 364; M. aterrimus, 373 Microhierax, 147; M. erythrogenys, 174; M. eutolmus, 174; M. fringillarius, 173 f.; M. latifrons, 174; M. melanoleucus, 174; M. sinensis, 174 Micromonacha lanceolata, 447 Micropalama himantopus, 286 Microparra capensis, 298, 300 Microperdix, 200, 223; M. blewitti, 223; M. erythrorhyncha, 223; M. manipurensis, 223 Micropus, 504; M. melanoleucus, 505 Microsittace ferruginea, 365 Migration, 17; causes, directions, mode, 18 f.; in southern hemisphere 19; Committee's reports, 19 n. Millais, on hybrid grouse, 237 n. Milne-Edwards, on Aegialornis, 315 n., 426; on Mesites, 186 n.; on Palaelodidae, 108 n.; on Strigidae, 398 n.; and Grandidier, on Aepyornis, 43 n.; and Oustalet, on Dromaeus ater, 38 n. Milnea, fossil, 300 Milvago, 147, 148, 152; M. chimachima, 152; M. chimango, 152 Milvulus, 473, 475 Milvus, 146, 170; fossil, 181; M. aegyptius, 170; M. affinis, 170; M. govinda, 170; M. ictinus, 168 f., 169; M. melanotis, 170; M. migrans, 170 Mimeta, mimicry, 543 n., 568 Mimicry–see Buchanga, Mimeta, Philemon, Surniculus, Tylas, Xenopirostris Mimidae, 495 Miminae, 509, 514, 515; habits, 518 Mimus, 515, 519; M. modulator, 519; M. polyglottus, 518 f.; M. trifasciatus, 515; M. triurus, 519 Mino, 561 Mirafra, 496-498; M. apiata, 498; M. hova, 496; M. javanica, 496 Miro, 512 n., 515, 518 Mitrephanes, 474 Mitua, 195; M. mitu, 196; M. salvini, 197; M. tomentosa, 197 Mniotilta, 573, 574; M. varia, 574 Mniotiltidae, 494, 573 f.; habits, 574 Moa, 26, 41; breast-bone, 7; structure, etc., 42 Möbius, on geographical distribution, 16 Mocking bird, 509, 514; habits, 518 f. Moho, 244, 250 Mollymauk, 64, 65 Molobrus, 579, 582; M. badius, 582; M. rufo-axillaris, 582 Molybdophanes caerulescens, 101 Momotidae, 376, 379 f. Momotinae, 379 f.; habits, 380 Momotus brasiliensis, 381, 381 Monacha, 447 f. Monal, 215 Monk, 568 Monticola, 510; M. cyanus, 510; M. saxatilis, 510 Montifringilla, 586; M. nivalis, 586 Moor-Buzzard, 155 Moor-hen (= Water-Hen), 244-246, 249 Mooruk, 36 More-pork, 409 n., 417 Moreno and Mercerat, on fossil Cathartidae, 140 n.; on fossil Penguins, 59; on "Stereornithes," 44 Morphnus, 147; M. guianensis, 159; M. taeniatus, 159 Moseley, on Penguins, 57 n. Mosenthal and Harting, on ostrich farming, 30 Motacilla, fossil, 496; M. alba, 500; M. flava, 500; M. lugubris, 500; M. melanope, 500; M. raii, 499, 500; M. vidua, 500 Motacillidae, 494, 498 f. Motacillinae, 498 f.; habits, 500 f. Mother Carey's Chicken, 67 Motmot, 376, 379 f., 381; habits, 380 Moult, 4 f. Mound-builders, 186, 190 Mounds of Megapodes, 191 f. Mountain-Cock, 244; -Witch, 336 Mouse-bird, 439 Muirfowl, 238 Mules, 203 Müller, Johannes, on classification, 14; on classification by song-muscles, 466 Mullerornis, 43 Mulsant, on humming-birds, 432 Munia, 579; M. oryzivora, 577; M. punctulata, 577 Murdoch, on Tringa maculata, 281 n. Murie, on classification, 14; on emeus, 37 n.; on hornbill, 392 n.; on Rhinochetus, 263 n. Murmures, 426 Murre, 319 Muscicapa atricapilla, 507, 509; M. grisola, 507; M. parva, 507 Muscicapidae, 494, 506 f., 525, 531; habits, 508 Muscipipra, 473 Muscisaxicola, 475, 477; M. macloviana, 475 Muscivora, 473, 474; M. mexicana, 477; M. regia, 474 Musophaga, 359; M. violacea, 360, 361 Musophagidae, 351, 359. f., 439; habits, 360 f.; toes, 10; the pigments turacoverdin and turacin in, 3 n., 360 Mussel-picker, 276 Mutton-bird, 63 Mycteria, 95, 97; M. americana, 98; M. australis, 98; M. indica, 96, 98; M. senegalensis, 96, 98 Myiagra, 506 Myiarchus, 474, 475, 477; M. crinitus, 476 Myiobius, 474 Myiodectes, 513, 518 Myiodectinae, 509, 513, 515 Myiodioctes, 573-575 Myiomoira, 514, 515, 518 Myiophoneus, 502, 503 Myiopsittacus monachus, 365, 370 Myiotheretes, 475, 476 Myna, 560, 562 Myristicivora, 327, 345; M. bicolor, 328, 345; M. luctuosa, 345; M. melanura, 345; M. spilorrhoa, 345; M. subflavescens, 345 Myrmeciza, 488 Myrmecocichla, 510, 511 Myrmotherula pygmaea, 489 Myrtle-sucker, 426 Mystacornis, 503 Myzomela sanguinolenta, 565 Myzomelinae, 564 f. Naenia, 301, 304; N. inca, 311 Nail, on beak of Anseres, 11 Nandu, 26, 30 f., 31 Nanodes, 363 Nape, 20 Nasal, 11 Nasica, 484 Nasiterna, 362, 365; N. pygmaea, 364, 371 f. Native-Companion, 254; -Hen, 249 Nauclerus, 146; N. riocouri, 171 Nauseous bird, 329 Nearctic Region, 15 f.; its contents, 16 Neck of rib, 6 Necrastur alacer, fossil, 181 Necrobyas harpax, fossil, 414; N. rossignoli, fossil, 414 Necropsar, 559, 561 Necropsittacus rodericanus, fossil, 375 Necrornis, fossil, 361 Nectarinia, 569 Nectariniidae, 427, 568 f.; habits, 569 f. Nelly, 65 Nelson, on Tringa maculata, 281 n. Nemura, 516 Neochloe, 536 Neochmia phaëton, 578 Neocorys, 499, 500 Neoctantes, 488 Neodrepanis, 569 Neogaea, 15 Neolestes, 531, 533 Neomorphinae, 351, 357 Neophema, 364, 367; N. petrophila, 367; N. pulchella, 367 Neophron, 143, 145, 151; N. ginginianus, 145; N. percnopterus, 145; N. pileatus, 145 Neopsittacus, 373 Neopus, 160; N. malayensis, 161 Neornis, 514 Neornithes, 25 f.; a Sub-Class, 23; N. Carinatae, 25, 48; N. Odontolcae, 25, 45 f.; N. Ratitae, 25 Neotis, 260, 262; N. denhami, 261 Neotropical Region, 15 f.; its contents, 16 Nerves of bill, in Snipe, 290 n. Nesochen sandvicensis, 131 Nesocichla, 510, 515 Nesoenas mayeri, 343 Nesolimnas, 244; N. dieffenbachi, 247 Nesonetta, 111, 113; N. aucklandica, 125 Nesopelia, 342 Nesospiza, 583 Nestlings, condition of, 21 f. Nestor, Mountain, 375 Nestor, 362, 364, 374; N. esslingi, 374; N. meridionalis, 374; N. norfolcensis, 366, 374; N. notabilis, 364 f., 374, 375; N. productus, 366, 374 Nestorinae, 362 f., 374; habits, 374 Netta rufina, 123 Nettion albigulare, 126; N. andium, 126; N. bernieri, 126; N. brasiliense, 126; N. capense, 126; N. carolinense, 126; N. castaneum, 126; N. crecca, 125 f.; N. flavirostre, 126; N. formosum, 126; N. georgicum, 126; N. gibberifrons, 126; N. punctatum, 126; N. torquatum, 126 Nettopus, 112; N. albipennis, 134; N. auritus, 134; N. coromandelianus, 134; N. pulchellus, 133 f. Newton, A., on Anatidae, 136; on Bird of Paradise, 543 n.; on classification of Passeres, 467; on Dodo, 329 n.; on Eurypyga, 266; on Fregata, 72; on geographical distribution, 16 f.; on Great Auk and its literature, 321 n.; on habits of Shoveller, 124 n.; on Hierofalco, 180 n.; on Humming-birds, 426 n.; on mimicry, 543 n.; on mode of progression of young Grebes, 54 n.; on Oscines, 495; on Secretary-bird, 142 n.; on Solitaire, 331 n.; on Strigidae, 398 n.; on Syrrhaptes (chick), 325; on trachea of Swans, 112 n.; on Turkey, 206 n.; on Widow-bird, 577 n. Newton, E., on Phaëthon, 73 n.; on Solitaire, 331 Newton, A. and E., on Eulampis holosericeus, 428 Newton, E., and Gadow, H., on Dodo, 329 n., 330 Newtonia, 506 New Zealand Region, 15 f.; its contents, 16 Nicator, 532, 533 Nidicolae, 21 Nidifugae, 22 Night-hawk, 67, 417 Night-heron–see Heron, Night- Nightingale, 512, 515, 516; Ceylon-, 506; Palestine-, 506 Night-jar, 415 f.; habits, 416 f.; toes, 10; Common, 416, 418, 418; Pennant-winged, 418 Niltava, 506, 507, 509 Ninox, 399-401, 408; N. affinis, 409; N. albaria, 409; N. boobook, 408; N. connivens, 401, 408; N. maculata, 409; N. natalis, 409; N. novae zealandiae, 409; N. obscura, 409; N. scutulata, 408; N. strenua, 408 Nipponia, young, 103; N. nippon, 102 Nisaëtus, 160; N. bellicosus, 161; N. fasciatus, 161; N. morphnoïdes, 161; N. pennatus, 161; N. spilogaster, 161 Nisoïdes moreli, 157 Nitzsch, on classification, 14; on Alectorides and Fulicariae, 243; on powder-down patches in Falconidae, 147; on Macrochires, 420; on Odontoglossae, 105; on Picariae, 376; Pterylographie, 2 Noble, on Falconry, 146, 178 Noddy, 310–see Tern, Noddy Nomenclature of external parts, in Falcon, 20 Nomonyx dominicus, 118 Nonnula, 447; N. rubecula, 447 North, on Emeu's nest, 37 n.; on Gypoictinia, 170 n. Nostril, 20; external, 11; in Petrels, 60; in Rhinochetus, 264 Notched bill, 12 Nothocercus, 183, 186 Nothocrax, 195; N. urumutum, 196 Nothoprocta, 183, 185; N. pentlandi, 185 Nothura, 183, 185; N. darwini, 185; N. maculosa, 185 Noto-coracomorphae, 531 n. Notodela, 509, 516 Notogaea, 15 Notophoyx picata, 91 Notornis, 243, 244, 251; little keel to sternum, 26; N. alba, 250, 251; N. mantelli, 250 Nucha, 20 Nucifraga, 552; N. caryocatactes, 553 Numenius, 268, 270, 287 f.; bill, 12; fossil, 300; N. arquata, 287 f., 288; N. borealis, 288, 289; N. cyanopus, 288; N. hudsonicus, 289; N. longirostris, 288; N. minutus, 289; N. phaeopus, 288 f.; N. tahitiensis, 270, 289; N. tenuirostris, 288; N. variegatus, 289 Numida, 201, 204 f.; N. cornuta, 205; N. coronata, 205; N. marungensis, 205; N. melaegris, 205; N. mitrata, 205; N. ptilorhyncha, 205, 206; N. reichenowi, 205 Numidinae, 198-201, 204; habits, 205 f. Nunlet, 447 Nutcracker, 553, 555, 556 Nuthatch, 536 f., 537; habits, 538 Nutmeg-bird, 577 Nyctala, 399, 401; N. acadica, 405; N. tengmalmi, 405 Nyctea, 398, 403; fossil, 415; N. scandiaca, 400, 412 Nycterodius violaceus, 90 Nyctibiinae, 415, 416, 418 Nyctibius, 415, 417, 418 Nycticorax, 87, 88, 90, 265; young, 94; N. caledonicus, 90; N. goisagi, 90; N. griseus, 90; N. leuconotus, 90; N. megacephalus, fossil, 95; N. naevius, 90; N. pauper, 90; N. pileatus, 90; N. sibilatrix, 90; N. violaceus, 90 Nyctidromus, 415, 416 Nyctiornis, 387-389; N. amictus, 389 Nymphicus, 364, 365; N. uvaeensis, 363 Nyroca, habits, 123; fossil, 136; N. africana, 122, 123; N. americana, 122; N. australis, 122, 123; N. baeri, 122; N. brunnea, 123; N. ferina, 122; N. innotata, 122; N. nationi, 123; N. vallisneria, 122 Oar-feathers, 21 Oates, on Sturinidae, 559 Occiput, 20 Oceanites, 60, 62, 65; O. oceanicus, 65 Oceanitinae, 59, 60, 65 Oceanodroma, 61, 62, 67 f.; O. cryptoleucura, 68; O. furcata, 68; O. hornbyi, 68; O. leucorrhoa, 68 Ochromela, 509 Ocreate metatarsus, 60 Ocreated, 10 Ocydromus, 244-247; O. australis, 247; O. earli, 247; O. fuscus, 247; O. greyi, 247; O. hectori, 247; O. insignis, fossil, 251; O. sylvestris, 247 Ocyphaps, 326; O. lophotes, 337 Odontoglossae, 105 Odontolcae, 45 f.; a subdivision of Neornithes, 23 f. Odontophorinae, 198, 199, 202, 204, 230 f. Odontophorus, 199, 203, 232; O. guianensis, 232 Odontopteryx toliapica, fossil, 86 Odontornithes, 2, 45 f. Odontotormae, 45 Oedemia, 111; habits, 120; O. americana, 119; O. carbo, 120; O. deglandi, 120; O. fusca, 113, 119 f.; O. nigra, 119; O. perspicillata, 113, 120 Oedicnemidae, 268, 269, 297 Oedicnemus, 269, 270; O. affinis, 297; O. bistriatus, 297; O. capensis, 297; O. dominicensis, 297 n.; O. grallarius, 297; O. scolopax, 297; O. senegalensis, 297; O. superciliaris, 297; O. vermiculatus, 297 Oena, 326, 327; O. capensis, 339 Oesophagus, 12 Oestrelata, 66; O. brevipes, 66; O. haesitata, 66 Oil-bird, 419 Oil-glands, 21 Oiseau-mouche, 426 Old Squaw, 121 Oligomyodae, 466 Oligura, 502 Oncostoma, 473 One-wattled Cassowary, 35 Onychognathus, 559 Onychotes gruberi, 165 O-o, 564, 567, 568 Open-bill, 97 Operculum of nostrils, 11; in Caprimulgidae, 415; in Columbae, 325; in Plovers, 270; in Procellariidae, 60; in Rhinochetus, 264 Opisthocoelous, 6 Opisthocomi, 186, 241 Opisthocomidae, 186, 241 Opisthocomus, 186, 241; affinity to Cuculi, 241; O. cristatus, 241, 242 Opisthodactylus, 45 Opisthoprora euryptera, 437 Ophrysia superciliosa, 218 Orange colour in Birds, its nature, 3 n. Orbit, 20 Orchesticus, 575 ὄρχιλος, 426 Orchilus ecaudatus, 473 Oreicola, 511 Oreocorys, 498 Oreoeca, 532, 534; O. cristata, 567 n. Oreomyza, 562, 563 Oreonympha nobilis, 436 Oreophasinae, 194, 195, 198 Oreophasis, 195; O. derbianus, 198 Oreophilus ruficollis, 273 Oreopsittacus, 363 Oreortyx pictus, 230 f. Oreoscoptes, 514, 515, 519 Oreotrochilus, 431 f., 436; O. chimborazo, 428; O. pichincha, 428, 430, 436 Organ-bird, 522, 532 Oriental Region, 17 Origma, 517, 518 Oriole, 542 f.; habits, 543; American, 542, 579; Baltimore, 580, 581; Golden, 542, 542 Oriolidae, 542 f.; habits, 543 Oriolus ardens, 542; O. cruentus, 542; O. galbula, 542, 542; O. hosii, 542; O. kundoo, 542; O. steerii, 542; O. trailli, 542; O. viridis, 542, 543 Ornithion imberbe, 474, 476 Ortalis, 195, 197; O. canicollis, 197; O. ruficauda, 197; O. vetula, 195, 197 Orthnocnemus, fossil, 251 Ortholophus, 390, 393 Orthonyx, 503, 504 Orthotomus, 514, 518 Ortygornis, 226 Ortyx, 202-204; O. virginianus, 231, 232 f. Ortyxelus, 293; O. meiffreni, 187, 295 Oscines, 466, 467, 494; families of, 495 f.; structure, 496; voice-muscles, 13, 491 n. Osculatia purpurea, 336; O. sapphirina, 336 Osmotreron, 348; O. aromatica, 349; O. olax, 349; O. pompadora, 349; O. vernans, 348 f. Osprey, 137, 149, 180 f.; habits, 181 Ossifraga, 60, 61; fossil, 69; O. gigantea, 65 Osteornis, fossil, 496 Ostinops, 580 Ostrich, 26, 27 f., 28; breast-bone, 7; claws of toes, 10; farming, 30; feathers, 30 Otididae, 243, 260 f.; habits, 262 f. Otidiphaps, 325, 328; O. cervicalis, 335; O. insularis, 335; O. nobilis, 335 Otis, 260, 262; fossil, 263; O. tarda, 261, 261; O. tetrax, 260-262 Otocompsa, 504, 505 Otocorys, 496-498; O. alpestris, 496 f.; O. peregrina, 496 Otogyps, 143; O. auricularis, 144; O. calvus, 144 Otophanes, 416 Ourissia, 426 Ousel, Ring-, 510; Water-, 519 Oustalet–see Milne-Edwards Oven-bird, 485; nest, 485 Oviedo, on a Humming-bird, 426 Owen, on Archaeopteryx, 23; on Dinornithidae, 41; on Dodo, 330 Owl, 175, 179, 180, 397 f.; clavicles do not always unite, 8, 398; habits, 400 f.; toes, 10; American Screech-, 413; Barn-, 403; Brown, 405; Burrowing, 400, 409 f., 410; Eagle-, 402, 413 f.; Grass-, 404; Hairy, 408; Hawk-, 401, 408, 411; Lapp-, 405; Laughing, 408; Little, 403, 410 f.; Long-eared, 402, 406; Marsh-, 406 f.; Mottled, 401, 413; of Pallas Athene, 411; Pigmy-, 407; Saw-whet, 405; Scops, 403, 412 f.; Screech-, 398-403, 404; Short-eared, 400, 402, 403, 406; Snowy, 399-403, 412; Tawny, 398 n., 405; Tengmalm's, 405; White, 403; Wood-, 401, 402, 405, 406; Woodcock-, 407 Oxbird, 279 Ox-pecker, 561 Oxylabes, 503 Oxynotus, 526 Oxypelia, 326; O. cyanopis, 340 Oxypogon guerini, 436 f. Oxyrhamphidae, 469, 477 Oxyrhamphus, 477 Oxyurus, 484 Oyster-catcher, 276, 302; bill, 11 Paauw, 263 n. Pachycephala, 531, 534; P. simplex, 533 Pachycephalinae, 531 f. Pachyornis, 42; P. elephantopus, 42 Pachyrhamphus, 480, 482, 483 Paeoptera, 532 Pagodroma nivea, 67 Pagophila, 301; P. eburnea, 306 Palaearctic region, 15 f. Palaeeudyptes antarcticus, fossil, 59 Palaegithalus, fossil, 496 Palaelodidae, 70, 105, 108 Palaelodus, 70, 108 Palaeocercus cuvieri, fossil, 181 Palaeociconia, fossil, 99 Palaeocorax, fossil, 496 Palaeocycnus, fossil, 136 Palaeogaea, 15 Palaeogrus, fossil, 256 Palaeohierax gervaisi, fossil, 181 Palaeolimnas, fossil, 251 Palaeopelargus, fossil, 99 Palaeoperdix, fossil, 240 Palaeornis, 362-365, 368; P. eupatria, 368; P. exsul, 366; P. torquata, 368 Palaeortyx, fossil, 240 Palaeospheniscus bergii, fossil, 59; P. menzbieri, fossil, 59; P. patagonicus, fossil, 59 Palaeospiza, fossil, 496 Palaeotetrix, fossil, 241 Palaeotringa, fossil, 300 Palamedea, 109; P. cornuta, 110 Palamedeae, 108 f. Palamedeidae, 108 f.; habits, 109 f.; rib, 6; young, 109 Palatine, 11 Palmeria, 562, 564; P. dolii, 563 Pamprodactylous, 10 Pandion, 146; habits, 181; P. carolinensis, 181; P. haliaëtus, 180 f.; P. leucocephalus, 181; P. solitarius, 165 Pandionidae, 137, 180 f.; young, 180 Panoplites, 437 f. Panterpe insignis, 435 Panuridae, 541 f. Panurus biarmicus, 541 f., 541 Panychlora, 433 Panyptila, 420, 421, 424; toes, 10; P. cayennensis, 424; P. sancti hieronymi, 424 Papilla of feather, 2 Parabuteo unicinctus, 166 Paradigalla, 544, 550; P. carunculata, 546 Paradisea, 545, 550; P. apoda, 543, 546, 551; P. augustae victoriae, 551; P. minor, 546; P. raggiana, 546, 551; P. rubra, 546; P. rudolphi, 546 Paradise-bird–see Bird of Paradise Paradise-Pie, 546 Paradiseidae, 543 f., 557 n.; habits, 550 f. Paradisornis, 545, 546, 550 Paradoxornis, 502-504 Parakeet, 351, 364; Grass-, 364, 367; Ground-, 364; Rock-, 367; Rose-banded, 368; Roselle, 368; Rose-ringed, 368; Uvaean, 363 Paramythia montium, 559 n. Paraptenodytes antarcticus, fossil, 59 Pardalotus, 570, 571 Pareudiastes, 244-246 Paridae, 494, 536, 538; habits, 540 Parietal, 11 Parisoma, 508 Parker, T. J., on Aepyornis, 43 n.; on Apteryges, 38; on Megistanes, 38; on Dinornithidae, 42 Parker, W. K., on classification, 14; on Oscines, 495; on Picidae, 457; on Rhinochetus, 263 n. Paroaria, 583, 585 Parotia, 550; P. lawesi, 551; P. sexpennis, 547 f., 548 Parra, 270; P. gymnostoma, 298; P. jacana, 298-300; dance of, 300; P. melanopygia, 298; P. nigra, 298; P. variabilis, 298 Parridae, 268-71, 297 f.; habits, 299 f. Parrot, 351, 361 f., 366; bill, 12; cere, 11; clavicles sometimes absent, 8; habits, 364 f.; toes, 10; voice, 13; Alexandrine, 368; Amazon-, 370; Black, 359; Grey, 362, 369, 370; Ground-, 362; Kaka, 374; Monk-, 370; Norfolk Island, 374; Owl-, 366; Phillip Island, 374; Vasa, 369 Parson-bird, 567 Partial migrants, 18 Partridge, 198-200, 202, 203; habits, 224 f.; American, 198, 203, 230; Bamboo-, 218 f.; Barbary, 228; Black, 226; Common, 224, 229; French, 228; Greek, 228; Mountain-, 336; Red-legged, 203, 228; hybrids, 224; (Ruffed Grouse), 233; Snow-, 230; Spruce-, 236 Parus, 538, 539; P. britannicus, 539; P. caeruleus, 539; P. cristatus, 539; P. cyanus, 539; P. flavipectus, 539; P. major, 539, 539; P. niger, 539; P. palustris, 539; P. sultaneus, 539 Paryphephorus, 544, 545 Passaros de sol, 543 Passer, 583; P. domesticus, 584, 584; P. insularis, 583; P. jagoënsis, 583; P. simplex, 585 Passeres, voice-muscles, 13; anisomyodae, 467; diacromyodae, 467, 491 f. Passeriformes, 466 f. Pastor, 559, 561; P. roseus, 560 Patagona, 430; P. gigas, 430, 432, 437 Patella, 22; of Grebes, 49 Paul, on Humming-bird's nest, 436 Pauxis, 195; P. galeata, 197 Pavo, 200, 202, 203; P. cristatus, 200, 206; P. muticus, 207; P. nigripennis, 207 Pavo del Monte, 197 Peacock, 199, 200, 203, 204, 206 f.; Japanned, 207; Pheasant, 208 Pea-fowl, 207; superstition about, 207 Pea-hen, 207 Peale, discovery of Didunculus, 331 f. Pealea, 60, 65 Pectineal process of pubis, 9 Pectoral arch, 8 Pectus, 20 Pedioecetes, 199, 201; fossil, 241; P. phasianellus, 234 Pedionomidae, 186, 187, 189 Pedionomus, 187; P. torquatus, 189 f., 190 Peewit, 275 Pelagodroma, 60, 63, 65; P. marina, 65 Pelagornis, fossil, 86 Pelargodes, fossil, 99 Pelargomorphae, 70 Pelargopsis, 383; P. gurial, 387 Pelecanidae, 70, 83 Pelecanoïdes, 60; P. exsul, 68; P. garnoti, 68; P. urinatrix, 68 Pelecanoïdinae, 59, 68 Pelecanus, 70-72; fossil, 86; habits, 84 f.; P. conspicillatus, 84; P. crispus, 83, 84; P. erythrorhynchus, 83; P. fuscus, 83 f.; P. minor, 83; P. mitratus, 83; P. molinae, 84; P. onocrotalus, 83; P. philippensis, 83, 85; P. rufescens, 83; P. sharpii, 83 Pelican, 70, 83; habits, 84 f.; fabled to feed its young with blood, 85 f.; outgrowth of culmen shed, 5 n., 83; Crested, 84 Pellorneum, 504 Pelvis of Apteryx, 9 Penelope, 195, 197; P. albipennis, 197; P. cristata, 197; P. jacucaca, 195; P. montagnii, 197; P. obscura, 197; P. pileata, 197 Penelopides manillae, 395 Penelopina, 195; P. nigra, 197 Penelopinae, 194, 197 Penguin, 54 f., 315; (Auk), 321; habits, 55 f.; meaning of name, 55; moult, 5 Penis, in Anseriformes, 108; in Ratitae, 26 Pennae, 2 Pennula, 244, 245; P. ecaudata, 244, 250, 251 Penthetria ardens, 577 Perdicinae, 198, 204, 218 Perdicula, 223; P. argoondah, 223; P. asiatica, 223 Perdix, 202, 224; P. barbata, 225; P. cinerea, 224; P. daürica, 225; P. hodgsoniae, 225; P. montana, 224; P. sifanica, 225 Perdiz, 335; chico, 185; comun, 185; grande, 184 Perdrix d'Angleterre, 323 Pericrocotus, 525, 526 Perisoreus infaustus, 554 Perissoglossa, 573 Peristera, 326-328, 334; P. cinerea, 339; P. geoffroyi, 339; P. mondetoura, 339 f. Peristerinae, 325 f., 334 f. Peristeropodes, 186, 190 Perkins, on Drepanididae, 562 n. Pernis, 148, 172; P. apivorus, 172; P. celebensis, 172; P. cristatus, 172; P. ptilorhynchus, 172; P. tweeddalii, 172 Pervious nostrils, 11 Petasophora, 430, 434 Petherick, on Balaeniceps, 94 n. Petit Duc, 412 Petrel, 54, 59 f.; breast-bone, 7 f.; derivation of name, 68; habits, 61 f.; nostrils, 11; size, 61; Diving, 62; Giant-, 63, 65; Leach's, 68; Storm-, 62, 65, 68; Wilson's, 65 Petrochelidon, 522, 523, 525; P. nigricans, 524, 525 Petroeca, 511, 515, 516 Petronia, 586; P. brachydactyla, 585-587 Petrophassa albipennis, 337 Peucaea, 585 Peucedramus, 573 Pezophaps solitarius, 328, 330 f. Pezoporus, 364, 365; P. formosus, 367 Phabotreron, 326, 348; P. amethystina, 348 Phacellodomus, 484, 487 Phaenopepla, 529; P. nitens, 530 Phaenoptila, 529; P. melanoxantha, 530 Phaenorrhina, 326; P. goliath, 345 Phaeornis, 513, 515 Phaëthon, 70-72; fossil, 86; P. aethereus, 72, 73; P. americanus, 72 n.; P. flavirostris, 72; P. rubricauda, 72 Phaëthontidae, 70, 72; habits, 72 f. Phaëthornis, 427, 430, 431, 435 Phaëthornithinae, 435 Phaëthusa magnirostris, 314 Phalacrocoracidae, 70, 75 Phalacrocorax, 70-72, 75; fossil, 86; habits, 78 f.; P. africanus, 77; P. carbo, 75 f., 76; P. carunculatus, 77; P. dilophus, 76; P. featherstoni, 77; P. graculus, 77; P. imperialis, 77; P. lucidus, 77; P. novae hollandiae, 76; P. onslowi, 77; P. pelagicus, 76; P. perspicillatus, 77; P. punctatus, 77; P. pygmaeus, 78; P. urile, 77; P. varius, 77 Phalaenoptilus, 417; P. nuttalli, 415 Phalanges, of fingers, 9; of toes, 10 Phalarope, 270; Grey, 278; Red-necked, 279 Phalaropodinae, 278 f. Phalaropus, 269, 270; bright colour of hen, 4; male incubates, 271; P. fulicarius, 278; P. hyperboreus, 278 f.; P. wilsoni, 279 Phalcobaenus, 152; P. albigularis, 152; P. carunculatus, 152; P. megalopterus, 152 Phaps, 327, 328, 334; P. chalcoptera, 338; P. elegans, 338 Pharaoh's hen, 145 Pharomacrus, 441; P. mocinno, 441, 442, 444, 444; P. pavoninus, 442 Phases of colour in owls, 400 Phasianidae, 186, 198, 219; habits, 202 f. Phasianinae, 198, 204, 206 Phasianus, 199-202; fossil, 240; P. chrysomelas, 210; P. colchicus, 210, 211, 212; P. decollatus, 210; P. elegans, 210; P. ellioti, 211; P. formosanus, 210, 211; P. humiae, 211; P. mongolicus, 211; P. persicus, 210; P. principalis, 210; P. reevesi, 211, 212; P. satscheunensis, 210, 211; P. shawi, 210; P. soemmerringi, 211, 212; P. strauchi, 210; P. tarimensis, 210; P. torquatus, 210-212; P. versicolor, 210-212; P. vlangali, 210; P. zerafshanicus, 210 Phasidus, 201; P. niger, 205, 206 Pheasant, 192, 198, 199, 202, 203, 211, 493; in Britain, 210; Argus-, 207; Blood-, 217; Copper-, 212; Crow-, 356; Eared, 214; Golden, 209 f.; Green, 212; Horned, 216; Impeyan, 215, 216; Koklas, 212; Lady Amherst's, 210; Native, 193; Peacock-, 208; Pukras, 212; Reeves's, 212; Ring-necked, 210; (Ruffed Grouse), 233; Silver-, 213; Snow-, 214, 229; Stinking, 242 Phedina, 523 Phegornis, 269; P. mitchelli, 292 Pheucticus, 585 Phibalura, 479, 480, 482, 483; P. flavirostris, 480 Philacte canagica, 132 Philemon, 564-567; mimicry, 543 n., 568; P. corniculatus, 567 Philepitta, 471; P. jala, 471, 471; P. schlegeli, 471 f. Philepittidae, 469, 471 Philetaerus, 579; P. socius, 577 Philohela minor, 290 Philortyx fasciatus, 231 Phimosus infuscatus, 101 Phloeocryptes, 486 Phlogoenas, 326, 335; P. kubaryi, 336; P. luzonica, 335; P. rufigula, 335; P. stairi, 335; P. tristigma, 335 Phlogopsis, 488 Phlogothraupis, 575 Phoebe, 476 Phoebetria, 60; P. fuliginosa, 63 Phoenicocercus, 479, 480; P. carnifex, 480 Phoeniconaias minor, 107 Phoenicoparrus andinus, 107 Phoenicophaës, 352; P. pyrrhocephalus, 357 Phoenicophainae, 351, 357; habits, 357 Phoenicopteri, 70 f., 105 f., 108 Phoenicopteridae, 70, 105 f., 112; apparently shed wing-quills simultaneously, 4; habits, 107 Phoenicopterus, fossil, 108; sifting apparatus of bill, 12, 107; young, 107; P. andinus, 106, 107; P. chilensis, 106; P. jamesi, 106, 107; P. minor, 106, 107; P. roseus, 106 f., 106; P. ruber, 105 f. Pholidauges, 559; P. leucogaster, 560 f. Pholidornis, 570 Phonipara, 583, 586 Phonygammus, 545, 550, 551; P. jamesi, 548 Phororhachos, 44; fossil, 260; P. gracilis, 45; P. inflatus, 45; P. longissimus, 45; P. modicus, 45; P. platygnathus, 45; P. sehuensis, 45 Photodilus, 398, 400; P. badius, 404 f. Phoyx purpurea, 93 Phrygilus, 586 Phyllergates, 514 Phylloscopus, 514, 515, 517, 518 Phyllostrephus, 504, 506 Phytotoma, 483; P. angustirostris, 483; P. raimondii, 483; P. rara, 483; P. rutila, 483 Phytotomidae, 469, 483 Piaya, 351, 357; P. cayana, 357 Pica, 552; P. mauritanica, 355, 552, 553; P. nuttalli, 553; P. rustica, 355, 553, 554 Picaflor, 426 Picariae, 376; of Nitzsch, 466 Picarii, 466 Picathartes, 552, 556 Pici, 376, 445 f.; toes, 10 Picicorvus columbianus, 553 Picidae, 445, 457 f. Picinae, 457 f., 464; habits, 458 f. Picoïdes, 462; P. tridactylus, 462 Picolaptes, 487 Piculet, 464 Picumninae, 464 Picumnus, 462, 464; P. africanus, 464; P. micromegas, 464; P. ochraceus, 464 Picus, 464; bill, 12; fossil, 465; P. martius, 458, 463, 464; P. obsoletus, 462 Pie, 175; Sea-, 276 Pierrot, 362 Piezorhynchus, 507, 509; P. chrysomelas, 507 Pigafetta, on Bird of Paradise, 543 Pigeon, 325 f.; breeds of, 327 n.; origin of domestic, 327, 344; habits, 327 f.; operculum of nostrils, 11; Brush Bronze-wing, 338; Common Bronze-wing, 338; Crested Bronze-wing, 337; Crowned, 333, 334; Fruit-, 325, 327, 328, 344-347; Ground-, 326, 327, 338; hollondais, 346; Partridge Bronze-wing, 337; Passenger-, 327, 342; Plumed Bronze-wing, 337; Rock-, 324, 344; Snow-, 344; Tooth-billed, 325, 332, 333; Tumbler-, 327; Wood-, 327, 328, 344; White-bellied, 336 Pigment of feathers, 3, 3 n. Pigmy Parrot, 371 f. Pilerodius pileatus, 90 Pimlico, 567 Pingré, on Solitaire, 330 f. Pintados, 204 Pintail–see Duck Pipile, 195; P. cujubi, 197; P. cumanensis, 197; P. jacutinga, 197 Pipilo, 585 Pipit, 498 f.; habits, 500 f.; Meadow-, 354, 500; moult, 5; Red-throated, 500; Richard's, 500; Rock-, 500; Tawny, 500; Tree-, 500, 501; Water-, 500 Pipra leucocilla, 478; P. mentalis, 478; P. serena, 478; P. suavissima, 478; P. velutina, 478 Pipreola, 480, 482; P. riefferi, 483 Pipridae, 469, 477 f.; habits, 479 Piprinae, 477 f. Piprisoma, 571 Piprites, 477 Pitangus, 475; P. bolivianus, 476 Pithecophaga, 146; P. jefferyi, 160 Pithys, 488, 489 Pitta, 469 f.; P. angolensis, 471; P. baudi, 471; P. brachyura, 470; P. caerulea, 470 f.; P. cucullata, 470; P. cyanea, 471; P. cyanoptera, 471; P. granatina, 471; P. iris, 471; P. mackloti, 471; P. maxima, 471; P. moluccensis, 470; P. novae guineae, 470; P. nympha, 471; P. oatesi, 470; P. strepitans, 471 Pittasoma, 488 Pittidae, 469 f., 472; habits, 469 f. Pitylus, 575 Pityriasis, 532; P. gymnocephala, 532 Plain-Wanderer, 190 Plant-cutters, 483 Plantain-eater, 351, 359 f., 439; habits, 360 f.; toes, 10 Platalea, 100; bill, 12; fossil, 105; young, 105; P. alba, 103, 104; P. flavipes, 104; P. leucorodia, 100, 103, 104, 104; P. minor, 103, 104; P. regia, 103, 104 Plataleinae, 99 f.; habits, 103 Platycercus, 363, 364, 367; P. elegans, 367 f.; P. eximius, 368 Platylophus, 532 Platyrhynchinae, 473 f. Platyrhynchus, 473 Platysmurus, 552; P. aterrimus, 553 Platystira, 506, 507 Plectrophenax, 583, 586; P. nivalis, 584 f., 585 Plectropterinae, 111, 133 f. Plectropterus, 111-113; P. gambensis, 134; P. niger, 134; P. rüppelli, 134; P. scioanus, 134 Plectrorhynchus, 565 Plegadis, 100; P. falcinellus, 101; P. guarauna, 101; P. ridgwayi, 101 Pliny, on death of Aeschylus, 151; on Trochilus, 426 Ploceëlla, 577, 579 Ploceidae, 576 f., 582; habits, 578 f. Ploceinae, 577 f. Ploceipasser mahali, 579 Ploceus, 577, 579; P. baya, 578, 579 Plotus, 70-72; habits, 80 f.; P. anhinga, 79; P. chantrii, 80; P. levaillanti, 80; P. melanogaster, 80, 80; P. nanus, fossil, 86; P. novae hollandiae, 79 f.; P. parvus, fossil, 86 Plover, 268, 270; Crab-, 268, 296; Golden, 272; Green, 275; Grey, 272; Kentish, 273; Kill-deer, 274; Little Ringed, 273; Norfolk, 297; Ringed, 273, 273, 295 Plumae, 2 Plumule, 2 Pluvianellus sociabilis, 276 Pluvianus, 293; P. aegyptius, 295 Pneumaticity, of Chauna, 109; of Sula, 72 Pnoëpyga, 521, 522 Pochard, 122 Podager, 416 Podargidae, 415-417, 419 Podargus, 415, 417, 419; P. cuvieri, 417 Podica, 267; P. petersi, 268; P. senegalensis, 267 Podicipedidae, 49, 52; functionless tail, 26; habits, 53 f.; structure, etc., 49 f. Podicipedes, 49 Podicipes auritus, 53; P. caliparaeus, 53; P. cristatus, 53; P. dominicus, 53; P. fluviatilis, 52, 52; P. griseigena, 53; P. gularis, 52; P. holboelli, 53; P. nestor, 53; P. nigricollis, 53; P. pelzelni, 53; P. rollandi, 53; P. rufipectus, 53; P. taczanowskii, 53; P. tricolor, 53 Podilymbus, 49; P. podiceps, 53 Podoces, 558; P. biddulphi, 558; P. hendersoni, 558; P. humilis, 558, 559; P. panderi, 558 Poecilonetta bahamensis, 125; P. erythrorhyncha, 125; P. galapagensis, 125 Poeocephalus, 364; P. robustus, 365, 369 Poëphila mirabilis, 578 Pogonorhynchus, 448, 449; P. dubius, 449 f. Pogonornis, 565, 567 Polioaëtus ichthyaëtus, 164; P. plumbeus, 164 Poliohierax insignis, 174; P. semitorquatus, 174 Poliolophus, 505 Polioptila, 514, 518 Polioptilinae, 509, 514, 515 Pollex, 8 Polyborinae, 146-148, 151 f. Polyboroïdes, 146; P. radiatus, 154; P. typicus, 154 Polyborus, 146-148, 152, 153; P. cheriway, 152; P. lutosus, 152; P. tharus, 151, 152 Polygamy, in Galline Birds, 202; questionable in Opisthocomus, 242 Polygonal bodies imbedded in vanes, 3 Polymyodi, 466 Polyplectron, 200, 202, 203, 208; P. bicalcaratum, 208; P. chinquis, 208; P. germaini, 208; P. inocellatus, 208; P. napoleonis, 208; P. nehrkornae, 208; P. schleiermacheri, 208 Polytmus, 427 Pomatorhinus, 502, 504 Pomatostomus, 568 Poor Soldier, 567 Poor-Will, 417 Porphyrio, 243, 245, 246, 250; P. caerulescens, fossil, 251; P. caeruleus, 250; P. mackintoshi, fossil, 251; P. reperta, 251; P. veterum, 250 Porphyriola, 244; P. alleni, 250; P. martinica, 250; P. parva, 250 Porphyriops, 244; P. crassirostris, 250; P. melanops, 250 Porphyriornis nesiotis, 244, 249 Porphyrocephalus spurius, 367 Port Egmont Hen, 305 Porzana bailloni, 246, 248; P. carolina, 248; P. maruetta, 248 Porzanula, 244, 246; P. palmeri, 249 f. Post-thoracic rib, 6 Posterior limbs, 9 Pouch, 21; gular, in Bustards, 261 Poule Rouge, 251 Powder-down, feathers, 3; patches, 22; in Accipitres, 147; in Ardeae, 87; in Artamus, 531; in Eurypygidae, 266; in Falconidae, 147; in Gymnoderus, 481; in Leptosoma, 378; in Mesites, 187; in Podargidae, 416; in Psittaci, 364; in Rhinochetus, 264; in Tinamidae, 183 Praecoces, 22 Praemaxilla, 11 Prairie, Chicken, 234; -Hen, 235; Lesser Prairie-Hen, 235 Pratincola, 510, 515; P. rubetra, 511 Pratincole, 268, 293 f. Pre-Tertiary Birds, 2 Presphenoid, 11 Primaries, 20, 22 Principal shaft, or rhachis of feather, 3 Prinia, 514, 518 Priocella, 61; P. glacialoïdes, 67 Priofinus cinereus, 67 Prion, 60, 61, 66, 112; sifting apparatus of bill, 12; P. ariel, 66; P. desolatus, 66 Prionirhynchus, 380 Prioniturus, 363 Prionochilus, 570, 571; P. squalidus, 571; P. vincens, 570 Prionodura, 551; P. newtoniana, 548, 551 Prionopinae, 531 f. Prionops, 532 Prionotelus, 441, 442; P. temnurus, 443 f. Prismatic, hues in feathers, cause of, 3; structure of vanes, 4 Pristorhamphus, 570 Procellaria, 62, 67 f.; P. pelagica, 67, 68; P. tethys, 68 Procellariidae, 59 f.; habits, 61 f. Procellariiformes, 59 f., 70 Procellariinae, 59, 60, 65 f. Procelsterna, 311 Procne, 523-525; P. furcata, 525; P. tapera, 523-525 Procnemial, 22; process, of Colymbiformes, 49 Procnias, 575, 576 Procoelous, 6 Prodotiscus, 451 f.; P. insignis, 452; P. regulus, 452 Progura gallinacea, fossil, 350 Proherodius oweni, fossil, 95 Promerops, 568, 569; P. cafer, 570 Propelargus, fossil, 99 Prosobonia leucoptera, 283 Prosthemadera, 565, 567; P. novae zealandiae, 567 Protibis, fossil, 105 Protonotaria, 573 Proventriculus, 12 Provinces, 17 Proximal, 22 Prymnacantha, 427; P. popelarii, 438 f. Psalidoprocne, 522-525; P. nitens, 522, 524 Psaltria, 538, 539 Psaltriparus, 538-540 Psamathia, 515 Psarisomus, 468, 469; P. dalhousiae, 468 f. Psaroglossa, 559 Psephotus, 365 Pseudapteryx gracilis, fossil, 40 Pseudochelidon, 530, 531 Pseudocolaptes, 484, 487 Pseudodacnis, 575 Pseudogeranus, 254 Pseudogerygone, 507; P. rubra, 507 Pseudogryphus, 137; P. californianus, 139 Pseudogyps, 143; P. africanus, 145; P. bengalensis, 145 Pseudonestor, 562 Pseudorhectes, 532 Pseudotantalus ibis, 97 Pseudotriccus, 474 Psilopogon pyrolophus, 450 Psilorhamphus, 488 Psilorhinus, 553 Psittaci, 351 f., 361 f., 376; bill, 12; cere, 11; clavicles sometimes absent, 8; habits, 364 f.; metatarsals, 10; toes, 10; voice, 13 Psittacidae, 351, 362 f., 366 f. Psittacinae, 362 f., 367 Psittacirostra, 562, 563 Psittacula, 363, 364, 368, 370 Psittacus, 364; fossil, 375; P. erithacus, 362, 369, 370; P. timneh, 369 Psophia crepitans, 257, 258; P. leucoptera, 258; P. napensis, 258; P. obscura, 258; P. ochroptera, 258; P. viridis, 258 Psophiidae, 243, 256, 257 f.; habits, 258 Psophodes, 503 Ptarmigan, 204, 240; claws shed, 203; moult, 5 Ptererythrius, 532, 533 Pteridophora, 545; P. alberti, 548 Pternistes, 225 f.; P. afer, 225; P. boehmi, 226; P. cranchi, 225 f.; P. humboldti, 225; P. infuscatus, 226; P. leucoscepus, 226; P. nudicollis, 225; P. rubricollis, 225; P. rufipictus, 226; P. swainsoni, 226 Pterocles, 268, 321 f.; fossil, 325; P. arenarius, 323; P. bicinctus, 323; P. coronatus, 323; P. decoratus, 323; P. fasciatus, 322, 323; P. gutturalis, 323; P. lichtensteini, 322, 323; P. quadricinctus, 323; P. personatus, 323; P. variegatus, 323 Pteroclidae, 268, 321 f.; habits, 322 f.; toes, 10 Pteroclo-Columbine, 268, 321 Pteroclurus, 322; P. alchata, 323; P. exustus, 324; P. namaqua, 324; P. senegallus, 324 Pteroglossus, 456; P. aracari, 456; P. beauharnaisi, 454, 456; P. torquatus, 455 Pteronetta hartlaubi, 134 Pterophanes, 427; P. temmincki, 430, 434 Pteropodocys, 525, 526 Pteroptochidae, 469, 489, 490 Pteroptochus, 490, 491; P. albicollis, 491; P. rubecula, 490 Pterygoid, 11 Pterylae, feathered spaces, 2 Pterylographie, of Nitzsch, 2 Pterylosis, 2 Ptilochlorinae, 477 f. Ptilochloris, 478; P. squamata, 479 Ptilogenys caudatus, 529; P. cinereus, 530 Ptilonorhynchidae, 496 Ptilopachys fuscus, 219 Ptilopus, 326, 327, 347; P. aurantiifrons, 348; P. dupetit-thouarsi, 347; P. insolitus, 325, 348; P. jambu, 347; P. nanus, 348; P. superbus, 348; P. swainsoni, 347 Ptilorhis, 544, 550, 551; P. magnifica, 545; P. paradisea, 545; P. victoriae, 551 Ptilorhynchidae, 543 Ptilorhynchus, 550, 551; P. violaceus, 549, 549, 551, 552 Ptilosclera versicolor, 373 Ptilotis, 565-567; P. limbata, 564 Ptychorhamphus, 316; P. aleuticus, 318 Pubis, 9, 9 Pucrasia, 201, 212; P. castanea, 212; P. darwini, 213; P. macrolopha, 212; P. meyeri, 212 f.; P. nipalensis, 212; P. xanthospila, 213 Puff-bird, 445, 447 Puffin, 316, 317; Tufted, 317 Puffinus, 60, 66; fossil, 69; P. anglorum, 63, 66; P. assimilis, 66; P. brevicauda, 63; P. conradii, fossil, 69; P. eyermani, fossil, 69; P. gravis, 66; P. griseus, 66; P. major, 66; P. obscurus, 66; P. yelkouanus, 66 Puttock, 165 Pycnaspidean, 479 Pycnonotidae, 504 f., 531; habits, 505 f. Pycnonotus, 355, 505; P. haemorrhous, 506; P. xanthopygus, 506 Pycnopygius, 565 Pycnorhamphus, 584 Pycraft, on Archaeopteryx, 23 n. Pygarrhicus, 484 Pygmornis, 430 Pygopodes, 49 Pygoptila, 488, 489; P. margaritata, 488 Pygosceles, 55; P. adeliae, 57; P. taeniata, 57 Pygostyle, 6, 8; absent in Archaeopteryx, 25; absent in Hesperornithes, 25, 26; absent in Ratitae, 25, 26; absent in Tinamidae, 25, 26, 182; occasionally found in Apteryx, 26 n.; occasionally found in Struthio, 26 n. Pyranga, 575 Pyrenestes, 577 Pyriglena, 489 Pyrocephalus, 473, 474; P. rubineus 474-477 Pyroderus, 479, 481; P. orenocensis, 483 Pyromelaena, 577, 579; P. flammiceps, 577 Pyrrhocorax, 552, 553 Pyrrholaemus, 518 Pyrrhula, 583; P. enucleator, 584; P. europaea, 584 Pyrrhulauda, 497, 498 Pyrrhuloxia, 583 Pyrrhuphonia, 576 Quadrate bone, 11, 26; in Hesperornis, 26, 47; in Ichthyornis, 26, 94; in Ratitae, 26; in Tinamidae, 26, 182 Quadratojugal, 11 Quail, 199, 200, 203, 220 f.; Bush-, 223; Bustard-, 188; Button-, 186, 188; Chinese, 219; Common, 220; Least Swamp-, 219; Painted, 219; Swamp-, 219 f. Quebranta-huesos, 145 Queest, 344 Querquedula, 112; Q. circia, 125; Q. cyanoptera, 125; Q. discors, 125; Q. puna, 125; Q. versicolor, 125 Querula, 479, 481 Quezal, 441, 442, 444 Quill, or barrel of feather, 3 Quills shed simultaneously by Anatidae, 4, 113; by Phoenicopteridae, 4, 107; by Rallidae, 4 n. Quiscalinae, 579 f. Quiscalus, 581; Q. versicolor, 580 Quit-quit, 572 f. Races of birds, 15 Rackelhahn, 237 Racquet-shaped, 22 Radii, 2 Radius, 8, 8 Rail, 243-247; breast-bone, 7; flightless, 244; lose wing-quills simultaneously, 4 n.; Clapper-, 245, 246; King-, 246; Land-, 243, 248, 248; Sora-, 248; Water-, 245, 246; Weka-, 243, 245, 247 Rain-bird, 357, 460, 468 Rain-goose, 52 Rainbow, 434 Rallicula, 244, 246, 248 Rallidae, 243 f., 246 Rallina, 248 Rallus, fossil, 251; R. aquaticus, 246; R. crepitans, 246; R. elegans, 246; R. longirostris, 246; R. maculatus, 246; R. madagascariensis, 246; R. sandvicensis, 251; R. virginianus, 246 Rami, 2 Ramsay, on Cassowaries, 34 n. Raptorial, 154 Ratitae, 109; coracoid and scapula fused, 8; incisura ischiadica, 9; meaning of name, 7; no pygostyle, 6 n.; structure, 26; a subdivision of Neornithes, 23 f. Rattlewing, 121 Raven, 554, 555, 555, 556 Razorbill, 316, 317, 320 f. Rectrices, 20, 21, 22; in Archaeopteryx, 25; no true, in Grebes, 50 Recurvirostra, 268, 269; R. americana, 278; R. andina, 278; R. avocetta, 278; R. novae hollandiae, 278; R. rubricollis, 278 Red Bird, 331 Redbreast, 516 Redpoll, 583, 584, 586; beak elongated in summer, 5 n. Redshank, 283; Dusky, 283; Spotted, 283 Redstart, 511, 512, 515-517; American, 512 n., 574; Black, 511 Redwing, 226, 510 Reed-Pheasant, 541 f., 541 Reeve, 285 Regent-bird, 549 Regerhinus, 147; R. cayennensis, 173; R. megarhynchus, 173; R. uncinatus, 173; R. wilsoni, 173 Regions, of Heilprin, 15 f.; of Huxley, 15 f.; of Newton, 16 f.; of Sclater, 15 f.; of Wallace, 15 f.; of others, 16 f. Regulidae, 495 Regulinae, 509 Regulus, 513-515, 517, 518 Reinhardt, on Dodo, 330 Reinwardtoenas, 326; R. browni, 343; R. reinwardti, 343 Remiges, 21, 22; primarii, 20; secundarii, 20; of Cassowaries, 33 Remiornis, 45 Reò, 379 Reptilia, difference from Birds, 1 f. Reticulated, 10 Rhachis of feather, 3 Rhamphastidae, 445, 448, 453 f.; habits, 454 f. Rhamphastus, 454, 455; R. ariel, 455, 456; R. carinatus, 455; R. toco, 455, 456; R. vitellinus, 455 Rhamphocaenus, 488 Rhamphococcyx, 352; R. calorhynchus, 357 Rhamphocoelus, 575; R. brasilius, 576, 576 Rhamphocorys, 497 Rhamphodon, 426, 430, 431, 435; R. naevius, 432 Rhamphomantis, 351 Rhamphomicron heteropogon, 437; R. microrhynchum, 437 Rhamphotheca, 11; of Ratitae, 26 Rhea, 30 f.; breast-bone, 7; feathers, 32; fossil, 31; R. americana, 30 f., 31; R. darwini, 30 f.; R. macrorhyncha, 30 Rheae, 26, 30 f., 38 Rhectes, 531, 532 Rheidae, structure, etc., 30 f. Rheinardtius, 199, 200; R. ocellatus, 208 Rhinoceros-bird, 561 Rhinochetidae, 243, 263 f. Rhinochetus, 186, 187, 243; habits, 265; operculum of nostrils, 11; R. jubatus, 263 f., 264 Rhinocrypta, 490, 491; R. lanceolata, 490, 491 Rhinogryphus, 140, 152; R. aura, 140; R. burrovianus, 140; R. perniger, 140 Rhinoplax, 390, 391; R. vigil, 393 Rhinopomastus, 397 Rhinoptilus, 295 Rhinortha, 351 Rhipidura, 506, 508; R. motacilloïdes, 508 Rhizothera dulitensis, 225; R. longirostris, 225 Rhodacanthis, 562-564 Rhodinocincla, 515 Rhodonessa caryophyllacea, 134 Rhodostethia, 300, 301, 304; R. rosea, 310 Rhopocichla, 504 Rhopodytes, 352, 357 Rhopophilus, 513 Rhopoterpe, 488 Rhyacornis, 516 Rhynchaea, 268, 270; male incubates, 271; R. australis, 292; R. capensis, 292; R. semicollaris, 292 Rhynchocyclus, 473 Rhynchopidae, 300 Rhynchopinae, 300 f., 310 Rhynchops, 301, 310; habits, 304; R. albicollis, 310; R. flavirostris, 310; R. intercedens, 310; R. melanura, 310; R. nigra, 310 Rhynchortyx cinctus, 232; R. spodiostethus, 232 Rhynchostruthus, 583 Rhynchotus, 183; R. maculicollis, 184; R. rufescens, 184 f., 184 Rhytidoceros plicatus, 394; R. subruficollis, 393; R. undulatus, 394 Rib, 6, 7 Rictal, 22 Ridge of bill, 20 Ridged structure of vanes of feathers, 3 Ridgway, on Ardea occidentalis, 93 n.; on Ciconiidae, 95 n.; on Dissura, 96 n.; on Humming-birds, 432; see Baird Rifleman, 472, 545 n.; -bird, 545 Riporre, 238 Rissa, 301; R. brevirostris, 303, 306; R. tridactyla, 305 f. Road-runner, 357 Robin, 354, 512, 515, 516; American, 510; Australian, 511; Cape-, 512 n.; Corean, 512; Hill-, 503; Indian, 512 n.; Japanese, 512; Persian, 512; New Zealand, 512 n. Roc, 26, 43 Rock-hopper, 56, 58, 58 Roller, 376 f., 467; habits, 377 f.; Ground- 376, 378 Rollulus, 199, 200; R. roulroul, 221 Roofed, of tail, 22 Rook, 552, 554, 556 Rose-sucker, 426 Rosenberg, v., on Nasiterna, 372 Rostratula, 292 Rostrhamus, 146, 147, 149; R. sociabilis, 171 Rotche, 321 Rothschild, on Apteryx, 39; on Bird of Paradise, 550; on Drepanididae, 562 n.; on Houbara, 262 n. Roy, on Flight, 61 n. Royal Birds, 136 Rubigula, 505 Ruc, 43 Ruff, 234, 270, 285 Rump, 20 Rupicola, 479, 480; dances of, 482; nest, 482 f.; R. crocea, 480 Rupicolinae, 479 f. Rupornis magnirostris, 167; R. nattereri, 167; R. pucherani, 167; R. ruficauda, 167; R. ridgwayi, 169; R. saturata, 167 Ruticilla, 509; R. moussieri, 512; R. phoenicurus, 511 Sabre-wing, 426, 435 Saddle-back, 558 Sage-cock, 203, 234 Sagittarius, 141 Sagittate, 22 St. Hilaire, on Aepyornis, 43 Saker, 179 Salmon, on Creciscus, 249 n. Salpinctes, 521, 522 Salpornis, 571, 572 Saltator, 575 Salvadori, on Anatidae, 111, 136; on Birds of Paradise, 543 n.; on Cassowaries, 33; on Columbae, 325; on Podicipes, 52; on Psittacidae, 362 Salvadorina, 113; S. waigiuensis, 116 Salvin, F. H., on fishing with Cormorants 79; and Brodrick, on Falconry, 148 n.; see also Freeman Salvin, O., on Humming Birds, 432; on Lämmergeier, 151 n.; on Motmots, 380 n.; on nest of Panyptila, 424; on classification of Petrels, 59 n.; see Sclater Sandeman, on Honey-guide, 452 n. Sanderling, 282 Sand-Grouse–see Grouse, Sand- Sand-Lark, 273 Sandpiper, 268; Bonaparte's, 280; Broad-billed, 282; Buff-breasted, 282; Common, 280, 286; Curlew-, 280; Green, 271, 284; Marsh, 284; Pectoral, 280 f.; Purple, 281; Purple, male incubates, 271; Semipalmated, 282; Spoon-billed, 282; Spotted, 286; Stilt-, 286; White-winged, 283; Wood-, 284 Sap-sucker, 461 Sappho, 427, 434; S. phaon, 434; S. sparganura, 434 Sarcidiornis, 111-113; fossil, 136; S. carunculata, 134; S. melanonota, 134 Sarciophorus tectus, 275 Sarcogeranus, 254 Sarcophanops, 468, 469 Sarcops, 559, 561 Sarcorhamphidae, 137 f. Sarcorhamphus, 137; S. gryphus, 138 f., 139 Sasia, 464 Satin-bird, 549, 549 Saunders, on Black-headed Gull and allies, 308; on Laridae, 306 f.; on Stercorariidae, 300 Saurognathae, 457 Sauropsida of Huxley, 1 f. Saurothera, 351, 357 Sauzier, bones of Dodo, 330 Savannah-blackbird, 359 Savery, figure of Dodo, 329 f. Saxicola, 509-511 Saxicoline, 516 Sayornis, 475, 476 Scales, nature of, 2 n. Scaniornis, fossil, 108 Scapula, 7, 8, 8; unites with coracoids in Fregata, 72 Scapulars, 20, 22 Scapus, 3 Scardafella, 335, 340 f.; S. inca, 341; S. squamosa, 341 Scaup, 121 Sceloglaux, 398, 400, 401; S. albifacies, 408 Scenopoeetes, 544, 550; S. dentirostris, 549, 551 Schistospiza, 583 f. Schizoeaca, 484 Schizorhis, 360; S. concolor, 361 Schlegelia, 545, 550; S. respublica, 547 Schomburgk, on Rupicola, 482 Scissirostrum, 559, 561 Scissor-bill, 310 Sclater, on classification, 14; edits translation of Nitzsch's Pterylographie, 2 n.; on geographical distribution, 15 f.; on Alectorides and Fulicariae, 243; on Anatidae, 113; on method of feeding in Cormorant, 78 n.; on Cotingidae, 479; on Dendrocolaptidae, 484; on Formicariidae, 488; on Galbulidae and Bucconidae, 445 n.; on Icteridae, 579; on incubation of Ostrich, 29; on classification of Passeres, 467; on Penguins, 56 n., 57 n.; on Picariae, 376; on Pipridae, 477 n.; on Rhamphastidae, 455; on Tanagridae, 575 n.; on Tyrannidae, 473; and Hudson, on Aramus, 257 n.; and Hudson, on Bitterns, 88 n.; and Salvin, on Ptilochloris buckleyi, 479 n. Scleroptila, 226 Sclerurinae, 484 f. Sclerurus, 486 Scolephagus, 581; fossil, 496 Scolopacinae, 268, 269, 271, 289 Scolopax, 268-270; drumming, 272, 291; S. megala, 270; S. minor, 270; S. rochusseni, 290; S. rusticula, 289 f., 290; S. saturata, 290; S. stenura, 270 Scopidae, 70, 86 f., 95 Scops, 398, 399, 401, 403, 412; S. asio, 413; S. brucii, 413; S. capnodes, 413; S. flammeola, 413; S. giu, 412 f.; S. gymnopus, 398, 413; S. icterorhynchus, 413; S. leucotis, 413; S. magicus, 411, 413; S. nudipes, 398, 413; S. rutilus, 413; S. semitorques, 412 Scoptelus, 397 Scopus, 86, 87, 265; habits, 95; S. umbretta, 94, 95 Scoter, 119; habits, 120; Surf, 120; Velvet, 119 Scotopelia, 398, 400; S. bouvieri, 414; S. peli, 414; S. ussheri, 414 Scotornis climacurus, 418 Screamer, Crested, 110; Horned, 110 Scrub-bird, 491 Scutellae, 10 Scutellated, 10 Scutelliplantar, 496 Scytalopus, 490; S. magellanicus, 491 Scythrops, 351; S. novae hollandiae, 356 Sea-Eagle, habits, 163 f.; -Hen, 305; -Pheasant, 125; -Pie, 276; -Swallow, 303, 311 Secondaries, 20, 22 Secretarius, 141 Secretary-Bird, 137, 141, 141, 258; habits, 142 f. Seebohm, on Sula, 74 n. Seed-Snipe, 268, 296 Seena aurantia, 314 Selasphorus platycercus, 438; S. rufus, 427, 438 Selenidera, 454, 456; S. piperivora, 456; S. spectabilis, 456 Seleucides, 544, 550, 551; S. ignotus, 545 Semi-rings of bronchi, 21 Semioptera, 545, 550, 551; S. wallacii, 548 Senex, 152, 153; S. australis, 152 Septum, of nostrils, 11 Sericornis, 518 Sericossypha, 575 Sericulus, 550, 551; S. melinus, 549, 551, 552 Seriemá, 243, 258, 259, 260 Serilophus, 469 Serin, 584 Serinus canarius, 585; S. canicollis, 585; S. hortulanus, 584 Serpentariidae, 137, 141 f. Serpentarius secretarius, 141, 141; habits, 142 f.; S. robustus, fossil in France, 143 Serpophaga, 475-477 Serrated bill, 12 Serresius, 326; S. galeatus, 346 Setophaga, 573, 574; S. ruticilla, 512 n. Settler's Clock, 386 Shag, 75, 77 Shaheen, 179 Shank, 9 Sharpe, on genus Ardea, 91 n.; on Birds of Paradise, 543 n.; on Brachypteri and Cisticolae, 513; on Eudromias, 270 n.; on plumage of Falconidae, 157; on Ortyxelus, 295 n.; families of Oscines, list of, 495; on Owls, 400; on Podicipes, 52 n.; on Sturnidae, 559; on Strix, 404; on Thamnobiae, 510; on Timeliidae, 502 Sheartail, Peruvian, 438 Shearwater, 61-63, 65, 66; Manx, 68 Sheath-bill, 268; bill, 11 Sheld-Drake, 114, 128, 128; Ruddy, 129 Shell-Ibis, 97 Shelley on Capitonidae, 449; on Cuculidae, 351; on Promerops (Nectariniidae), 568 n.; on Weaver-birds, 576 n. Shield, frontal or on bill, 12 Shikra, 157 Shoe-bill, 93, 94 Shoulder-girdle, 8 Shoveller, 114, 124 Shrike, 473, 531 f.; Cuckoo-, 525 f.; Great Grey, 534, 534; Grey Coly-, 527, 527; Lesser Grey, 534; Red-backed, 535; Wood-, 535; Woodchat-, 534 Shufeldt, on Cypselus melanoleucus, 421 n. Sialia, 509, 510, 515, 517 Sibia, 502 Sibree, on Coua, 357 n.; on Leptosoma, 379 n. Sigelus, 355 Sigmodus, 532 Simorhynchus, 316, 318; S. cristatellus, 318; S. pusillus, 318; S. pygmaeus, 318 Siptornis albiceps, 485; S. hudsoni, 487; S. maluroïdes, 487; S. sordida, 486, 487; S. striaticeps, 487; S. sulphurifera, 487 Sirkeer, 357 Siskin, 584 Sisura, 506, 509; S. inquieta, 508 Sitella, 537, 538 Sitta, 537, 538; S. caesia, 537, 538 Sittidae, 494, 536 f.; habits, 538 Sittiparus, 503 Sittosomus, 484, 487 Siurus, 573, 574 Siva, 502 Skeat, on the name Parrot, 362 Skeleton, 5 f.; appendicular, 5; axial, 5 f.; of Carinate Bird, 8; of trunk of Falcon, 7 Skimmer, 300, 304 Skin, 2 n. Skua, 81, 268, 300-303; Arctic, 305; Buffon's, 305; Great, 302, 304; Pomatorhine, 305 Skull, 10 f.; of Wild Duck, 11 Slater, bones of Solitaire, 331 Smew, 115, 116 Smicrornis, 506, 509 Smithornis, 506, 509 Snake-Bird, 79, 465 Snipe, 268, 270; bill, 11; Common, 290 f.; Double, 291; Full, 290; Jack, 292; Painted, 292; Pin-tailed, 292; Solitary, 291; Wood-, 291 Snow-Cock, 229; -Partridge, 230; -Pheasant, 229 Solan Goose, 73, 75, 302 Solitaire, 325; habits, 331; of Bourbon, 330; of Rodriguez, 328, 330 f. Somateria, 114; S. dresseri, 118; S. mollissima, 118 f.; S. spectabilis, 111, 118 f.; S. v-nigrum, 118 Sporaeginthus, 579 Sparrow, 584, 586; -Hawk, see Hawk, Sparrow-; Hedge-, 354, 512, 515-517; House-, 584; Java-, 577; Song-, 586 Spathura, 427, 437 f. Spatula, 111; S. capensis, 124; S. clypeata, 124; S. platalea, 124; S. rhynchotis, 124 Spatulate, 12, 22 Species of Birds, 15 Speculum, 22; in ducks, 114 f. Speed of flight, 20 Spel of Capercaillie, 237 Speotyto, 398-402; S. cunicularia, 400 f., 409 f., 410 Sperling, on Sooty Tern, 312 n. Spermestes, 577 Sphecotheres, 542, 543; S. maxillaris, 543 Sphenisci, 54 f.; fingers, 9; metatarsals, 10 Spheniscidae, 54 f., 71, 109; habits, 55 f. Sphenisciformes, 54 f., 59 Spheniscus, 55; S. demersus, 57; S. magellanicus, 57; S. mendiculus, 57; S. minor, 56, 57 Sphenocercus, 326, 349; S. formosae, 350; S. permagnus, 350; S. sieboldi, 350; S. sororius, 350; S. sphenurus, 349 f. Sphenocichla, 521 Sphenoeacus, 491 n., 514 Sphenoproctus, 427, 435 Sphenostoma, 538-540 Sphenura, 517 Sphyropicus, 461; S. varius, 458, 461 Spicules beneath toes–see Toes Spiloglaux novae zealandiae, 409 Spilornis, 154; S. cheela, 154; S. holospilus, 154; S. sulaënsis, 154; S. undulatus, 154 Spinal cord, 5 Spindalis, 575 Spiza, 583; S. guiraca, 587 Spizaëtus, 160; S. coronatus, 160; S. ornatus, 160; S. tyrannus, 160 Spiziapteryx, 146; S. circumcinctus, 174 Spiziastur melanoleucus, 161 Spizilauda deva, 496 Spizixus, 504, 505 Spodiopsar, 561; S. burmanicus, 560 Spoonbill, 70, 99 f., 104; bill, 12; habits, 103 Sporadinus, 433 Sporaeginthus amandava, 577 Spring moult, 4 f. Spur-fowl, 218 Squamosal, 11 Square, of tail, 22 Squatarola helvetica, 272 Squatter, 337 Stachyridopsis, 503 Stachyris, 504 Stactolaema anchietae, 450; S. olivaceum, 450 Standard wing, 548 Starling, 559, 560, 560-562; habits, 561 f.; American, 579; Red-winged, 580; Tree-, 559 Starnoenas, 327; S. cyanocephala, 335 Steatornis, 417; nest, 419; S. caripensis, 419 Steatornithidae, 415, 419 Steering feathers, 21 Steganopodes, 70 f.; nostrils, 12; toes, 10 Steganopodous, 71 Steganopus wilsoni, 279 Stegnolaema montagnii, 197 Stejneger, classification, 14; families of Oscines, list, 495; on Stercorariinae, 300 Stelgidopteryx, 522-524 Stephanophorus, 575 Stercorariidae, 300 Stercorariinae, 300 f., 304; habits, 302 f. Stercorarius crepidatus, 301, 305; S. parasiticus, 301, 305; S. pomatorhinus, 301, 305; S. richardsoni, 305 Stereornithes, 25, 43 f., 260; structure, 44 f. Sterna, 301, 311; S. albigena, 313; S. albistriata, 314; S. aleutica, 312; S. anaestheta, 312; S. antillarum, 311; S. balaenarum, 312; S. bergii, 312; S. bernsteini, 312; S. cantiaca, 312; S. dougalli, 304, 313; S. elegans, 312; S. eurygnatha, 312; S. fluviatilis, 313, 313; S. forsteri, 314; S. frontalis, 312; S. fuliginosa, 312; S. hirundinacea, 313; S. longipennis, 313; S. lorata, 312; S. lunata, 312; S. macrura, 313; S. maxima, 312; S. media, 312; S. melanauchen, 311; S. melanogaster, 314; S. minuta, 311; S. nereis, 312; S. saundersi, 311; S. sinensis, 311; S. superciliaris, 311 f.; S. trudeaui, 311; S. virgata, 313; S. vittata, 313 Sterninae, 300 f., 310 f.; habits, 303 f. Sternotracheal muscles, two pairs in Anseriformes, 108 Sternum, 6, 7, 8 Stictonetta, 111; S. naevosa, 123 Stictospiza, 579 Stilt, 277, 278 Stint, Little, 279 f., 282; Temminck's, 280 Stiphrornis, 514 Stipiturus, 514, 517 Stirling and Zietz on Genyornis, 38 n. Stitch bird, 567, 568 Stock Eagle, 463 Stolzmann on Loddigesia, 437 Stomach, 12 Stone-Curlew, see Curlew, Stone-; -Runner, 273 Stonechat, 511, 516 Stonehatch, 273 Stork, 70, 86, 95 f., 105, 148; habits, 96; Black, 99; Saddle-billed, 98; White, 96, 97, 98, 99 Strepera, 532 Strepsilas, 268; S. interpres, 276; S. melanocephalus, 276 Streptocitta, 561 Striated feathers, 4 Strickland, on Aepyornis, 43; on Widow bird, 577 n.; and Melville, on Dodo, 329 n.; on Solitaire, 331 n. Striges, 376, 397 f.; clavicles do not always unite, 8; toes, 10 Strigidae, 398 f.; habits, 400 f. Striginae, 398, 403 Stringopinae, 362 f., 366 f. Stringops, 362, 364; little keel to sternum, 7, 26; S. habroptilus, 366, 366 Strix, 398, 399, 402; fossil, 415; S. aurantiaca, 404; S. candida, 404; S. capensis, 404; S. castanops, 404; S. flammea, 400, 403 f., 404; S. novae hollandiae, 404; S. tenebricosa, 404 Struthidea, 552, 557 f. Struthio, toes and claws, 10; S. asiaticus, fossil, 27; S. australis, 27; S. camelus, 27 f., 28; S. chersonensis, fossil, 27; S. karatheodori, fossil, 27; S. molybdophanes, 27 Struthiolithus chersonensis, fossil, 27 Struthiones, 27 f., 38 Struthionidae, structure, etc., 27 Sturnella, 500, 581, 582; S. defilippii, 500; S. magna, 500, 580 Sturnellinae, 579 f. Sturnia, 559 Sturnidae, 494, 558 n., 559; fossil, 496; habits, 561 f. Sturnopastor, 559, 562; S. contra, 560 Sturnornis, 559 Sturnus, 559; S. unicolor, 560; S. vulgaris, 560, 560, 561 Subclamatores, 467 Sub-classes of Aves, 23 Suboscines, 467 Sub-regions, 17 Sugar-bird, 573 Sula, 70-72; fossil, 86; S. abbotti, 74; S. bassana, 73, 74; S. capensis, 73; S. cyanops, 74; S. leucogaster, 74; S. piscator, 74; S. serrator, 73; S. variegata, 74 Sulidae, 70, 73; habits, 75 Sultan-bird, 539 Sun-bird, 355, 427, 568 f.; habits, 569 f.; Splendid, 569 Sun-bittern, 243, 266 f., 266 Supra-angular, 11; -occipital, 11 Surf-bird, 270 Surnia, 398, 399; S. funerea, 411; S. ulula, 401, 411 Surniculus, 352, 353; S. dicruroïdes, mimicry, 529; S. lugubris, 355 Suthora, 502, 503 Swallow, 420, 522 f., 524 f., 524; habits, 524 f.; moult, 5; -tail, 435; -wing, 448; Bank-, 525; Chimney-, 422; Cliff-, 525; Sea-, 303; Wood-, 530 f. Swan, 114, 135 f.; habits, 114; marks, 136; trachea enters keel of sternum, 13; young, 135 f.; Bewick's, 136; Black, 135, 136; Mute, 135, 136; Polish, 135; Tame, 135 Swift, 419 f., 522; breast-bone, 6 f.; habits, 421 f.; toes, 10; Alpine, 424; American Chimney, 421; Common, 421, 424, 425; Palm-, 421, 425 f.; Tree-, 422 Sycalis, 586; S. pelzelni, 586 Sycobrotus, 578 Sylvia, 517, 518 Sylviella, 514 Sylviidae, 494, 495 Sylviinae, 494, 506, 509, 513, 573; fossil, 496; habits, 517 Sylviorthorhynchus, 484 Syma, 382; S. torotoro, 386 Symmorphus, 525, 526 Symphemia, 284 Symphysis, 21 Synallaxinae, 484 f. Synallaxis, 484, 486, 487; S. semicinerea, 485 Synoecus, 200; S. australis, 219; S. raalteni, 220 Synthliborhamphus, 316; S. antiquus, 318; S. wumizusume, 318 Sypheotis, 260; S. aurita, 262 Syrigma sibilatrix, 90 Syrinx, 13, 21 f. Syrnium, 399, 402; S. albigulare, 406; S. aluco, 405; S. cinereum, 400, 405; S. indranee, 405; S. lapponicum, 405; S. leptogrammicum, 405; S. nebulosum, 406; S. newarense, 405; S. nivicola, 405; S. nuchale, 406; S. occidentale, 406; S. ocellatum, 405; S. perspicillatum, 406; S. rufipes, 406; S. sinense, 405; S. uralense, 405; S. virgatum, 406; S. woodfordi, 406 Syrrhaptes, 322-324; padded foot, 322; no hallux, 322; S. paradoxus, 322, 323, 323, 324; breeding, 325; S. tibetanus, 323, 324 Taccocua, 351, 352; T. sirkee, 357 Tachornis, 425 f.; T. squamata, 425 Tachycineta, 522, 523, 525; T. albiventris, 524; T. leucorrhous, 525 Tachyeres, 112, 113; T. cinereus, 121 Tachyornis, 315 n.; fossil, 426 Taczanowski and Stolzmann, on Loddigesia, 437 n. Tadorna, 112; T. cornuta, 111, 113, 128, 128; T. radjah, 128 Taenioptera, 473, 475-477; T. dominicana, 475 Taeniopterinae, 473 f. Tail, 20; in Archaeopteryx, 25; coverts, 20; functionless in Tinamidae, 182; in Woodpecker, 457 Tailor-bird, 518 Talegallus, 190 f.; T. cuvieri, 192; T. fuscirostris, 193; T. jobiensis, 193 Tanager, 575 f.; habits, 576; Brazilian, 576 Tanagra, 575, 576 Tanagridae, 575 f., 582; habits, 576 Tan-cho, 254 Tantalus, 95, 99; fossil in France, 99; T. cinereus, 97; T. ibis, 96, 97; T. leucocephalus, 97; T. loculator, 97 Tanysiptera, 383; T. dea, 385; T. nympha, 385; T. sabrina, 385 Taoniscus, 183, 186 Taoperdix, fossil, 240 Tapaculo, 491 Taphaëtus branchialis, fossil, 181 Tapinopus, fossil, 251 Tarapo, 366 Tarrock, 306 Tarsiger, 513, 516 Tarso-metatarsus, 8, 10 Tarsus, 10 Taste, in Birds, 12 Tatare, 515 Tatton on Didus borbonicus, 330 Taxaspidean, 471 Tchitrea, 507 Teal, 125 f. Tectrices, 21 Teeth, 12, 25; of Archaeopteryx, 24; of Hesperornis, 46 f.; of Ichthyornis, 49 Tegetmeier, on breeds of Pigeons, 327 n.; on Fowls, 208 n.; on Pheasants, 212 n. Telephonus, 532 Telespiza, 583 Telmatornis, fossil, 251 Temenuchus, 559 Temnurus truncatus, 553 Tephrocorys cincrea, 498 Teracus littoralis, fossil, 181 Terekia cinerea, 286 Terenura, 488, 489 Teretistris, 573 Terminology, 20 f. Tern, 82, 268, 300, 301, 310 f.; habits, 303 f.; Arctic, 313; Black, 314; Caspian, 304, 314; Common, 313, 313; Gull-billed, 314; Least, 304, 311; Lesser, 311; Marsh-, 314; Noddy, 303, 310 f.; Roseate, 313; Sandwich, 312; Sooty, 303, 312; Whiskered, 314 f.; White-winged Black, 314 Terpsiphone, 506, 507, 509; T. mutata, 508; T. paradisi, 507, 508 Tertials, 22 Téru-téru, 275 Tetragonops, 448, 449; T. frantzii, 451; T. rhamphastinus, 451 Tetrao, 200, 202; T. kamtschaticus, 237; T. medius, 237; T. parvirostris, 237; T. urogalloïdes, 237; T. urogallus, 200-202, 236 f.; T. urogallus, fossil, 241; T. uralensis, 236 Tetraogallus, 202; T. altaicus, 229; T. caspius, 229; T. caucasicus, 229; T. henrici, 229; T. himalayensis, 229; T. tibetanus, 229 Tetraonidae, claws shed, 5 n. Tetraoninae, 198-201, 204, 233 f.; shed horny fringes of toes, 203 Tetraophasis obscurus, 229; T. széchenyii, 230 Tetrapteryx, 252, 255 Tetrastes, 199, 203, 234 Textor, 579; T. albirostris, 578 Thalassaëtus, 146; T. branickii, 163; T. pelagicus, 163 Thalassiornis leuconota, 118 Thalassoeca antarctica, 67 Thalassogeron, 65 Thamnistes, 489 Thamnobia, 510, 512 n., 513, 516 Thamnobiae, of Sharpe, 510, 513 Thamnocharis, 489 Thamnomanes, 488, 489 Thamnophilinae, 488 f. Thamnophilus, 489; T. albinuchalis, 489 Thaumastura cora, 438 Thaumatibis, 99; T. gigantea, 102 Theristicus, 100; T. branickii, 102; T. caudatus, 101; T. melanopis, 102 Thigh, 22 Thinocorys orbignianus, 296; T. rumicivorus, 296 Thinocorythidae, 268-270, 296; habits, 296 Thinornis novae zealandiae, 274 Thornbill, 437, 438 f. Thorn-bird, 487 Thrasaëtus, 146, 147; T. harpyia, 159 Thraupis, 575 Throat, 20 Thrush, 509 f., 515; Babbling, 503; Ground-, 510, 515; Mistletoe-, 510, 511; Rock-, 510, 515, 516; Song-, 510, 515, 516; Water-, 574–see also Redwing, Fieldfare Thryophilus pleurostictus, 522 Thryothorus, 521 Thumb, 8 Thyrorhina, 244 Tiaris, 584 Tibia, 9 Tibio-tarsus, 8, 9 Tichodroma, 571; T. muraria, 571 Tickellia, 514 Ticks, on Cypselus, 425 n. Tiercel, 178 Tiga javanensis, 462 f. Tiger-Bittern, 90 Tigrisoma, 87, 90; T. brasiliense, 90 Tigrornis, 87; T. leucolophus, 90 Tijuca, 479, 480 Timelia, 502-504; T. maculata, 503 Timeliae, 502 Timeliidae, 501 f., 504, 506, 510 n., 513 n.; habits, 503 Timpoy, 223 Tinami, 182 f. Tinamidae, 182 f.; functionless tail, 26; habits, 183; quadrate-bone, 26 Tinamiformes, 182 f.; position of the Order, 182, 186 Tinamotis, 182, 186; T. ingoufi, 184 Tinamou, 183 f.; habits, 183; Great, 184 Tinamus, 183, 184; T. tao, 184 Tinker-bird, 449 Tinnunculus, 175; T. alaudarius, 175; T. alopex, 176; T. caribbaearum, 176; T. cenchris, 175; T. cenchroïdes, 176; T. cinnamominus, 176; T. dominicensis, 176; T. gracilis, 176; T. isabellinus, 176; T. japonicus, sub-species, 175; T. moluccensis, 176; T. neglectus, sub-species, 175; T. newtoni, 176; T. pekinensis, 176; T. punctatus, 176; T. rupicoloïdes, 176; T. rupicolus, 176; T. saturatus, sub-species, 175; T. sparverioïdes, 176; T. sparverius, 149, 176 Tit, habits, 540; Bearded, 541 f.; Blue, 539, 540; Bottle-, 540; Coal-, 539; Crested, 539, 540; Great, 539, 539, 540; Long-tailed, 539, 540; Marsh-, 539 Tityra, 480; T. semifasciata, 482, 483 Tityrinae, 479 f. Tmetotrogon, 441, 442; T. rhodogaster, 444 Todinae, 379 f., 381 f.; habits, 382 Todirostrum, 473, 477; T. cinereum, 474 f. Todus, 381; T. hypochondriacus, 382; T. multicolor, 382; T. subulatus, 382; T. viridis, 382, 382 Tody, 376, 379 f., 382; habits, 382 Toes, 10, 20; in Archaeopteryx, 25; in Grouse and Lerwa, 199; of Hesperornis, 47; only two anterior in Cholornis, 502; with spicules below, in Owls, 398; in Falconidae, 146; in Pandion, 180; reversible outer in Pandion, 180; shed horny fringes of, in Tetraoninae, 203 f.; of Struthionidae, 27; in various families, 10 Tomia, 20 Tominejo, 426 Tongue, 12; in Coerebidae, 572; in Dicaeidae, 570; in Drepanididae, 562; in Meliphagidae, 564; in Mniotiltidae, 573; in Nectariniidae, 569; in Picidae, 457, 465; in Trochilidae, 427; in Zosteropidae, 568 Topaz, Crimson, 436 Topaza pella, 436; T. pyra, 436 Torillo, 188 n. Tortola cordillerana, 339 Tortolita, 340 Totaninae, 278 Totanus, 268, 269, 283; fossil, 300; T. brevipes, 285; T. calidris, 283; T. flavipes, 283 f.; T. fuscus, 283; T. glareola, 284; T. glottis, 284; T. guttifer, 284; T. hypoleucus, 270; T. incanus, 284, 285; T. melanoleucus, 284; T. ochropus, 284; T. semipalmatus, 269, 284; T. solitarius, 284; T. stagnatilis, 284 Toucan, 390, 445, 448, 451, 453 f.; habits, 454 f.; Ariel, 455 Trachea convoluted, in Aramidae, 256; in Manucodia and Phonygammus, 545; in Platalea, 100; in Rhynchaea, 270; dilatation, 13; dilated in Chauna, 109 n.; enlarged or with "labyrinth" in Anatidae, 113; looped in Anseranas, 113; in Cracidae, 195; in Rhynchaea, 292; in Tantalus ibis, 96; in Tetrao urogallus and Guttera, 200; penetrates keel of sternum in certain Swans, 112; in Cranes, 252; use and formation, 13 Tracheal syrinx, 22 Trachelotis, 260, 262; T. caerulescens, 262 Tracheo-bronchial syrinx, 22 Tracheophonae, 466, 483 Tracheophones, 466 Trachycomus, 505 Trachyphonus, 450; T. cafer, 450 f.; T. margaritatus, 451 Tragopan, 216, 217; Cabot's, 217 Tragopan, 199 Train-bearer, 434 Transverse process of vertebra, 6 Transylvanus, Maximilianus, on Bird of Paradise, 543 Traversia, 472; T. lyalli, 472 Treron nasica, 349; T. nipalensis, 349 Treroninae, 325 f., 344 Triarctic, 16 Tribonyx, 244, 245; T. effluxus, fossil, 251; T. mortieri, 249; T. roberti, fossil, 251; T. ventralis, 249 Trichoglossidae, 351, 362 f., 373 f. Trichoglossus, 364, 373; T. novae hollandiae, 373 Tricholaema, 448, 449; T. leucomelan, 450 Tricholestes, 504, 505 Tricholimnas, 245; T. lafresnayi, 247 Trichophoropsis, 504 Tridactylous, 457 n. Tringa, 268, 269; fossil, 300; T. acuminata, 281; T. alpina, 279; T. bairdi, 280; T. canutus, 281; T. couesi, 281; T. crassirostris, 282; T. fuscicollis, 280; T. maculata, 280 f.; T. maritima, 281; T. minuta, 279 f.; T. minutilla, 279 f.; T. platyrhyncha, 268; T. ptilocnemis, 281; T. ruficollis, 279; T. striata, 281; T. subarquata, 280; T. subminuta, 280; T. temmincki, 280 Tringinae, 268, 269, 271, 278 f. Triptorhinus, 490; T. paradoxus, 490, 491 Trochalopterum, 504; T. chrysopterum, 502; T. phoeniceum, 502 Trochilidae, 419, 420, 426 f.; habits, 428 f.; operculum of nostrils, 11 Trochilinae, 435 Τροχίλος, 295, 426 Trochilus, 426; T. alexandri, 438; T. colubris, 427, 438. Trochocercus, 506 Troglodytes, 521; T. aedon, 522; T. domesticus, 522; T. formosus, 521; T. parvulus, 521 Troglodytidae, 494, 509, 521 f. Trogon, 441-443; habits, 442 f. Trogon ambiguus, 442; T. gallicus, fossil, 445; T. mexicanus, 443; T. surucura, 443 Trogones, 376, 441 Trogonidae, 441 f.; habits, 442 f. Tropic-bird, 70, 72, 73; habits, 72 f. Tro-tro, 223 Trouessart, on Geographical Distribution, 16 True rib, 6 Trumpeter, 243, 257 f., 257 Tryngites rufescens, 282 Tsipoy, 223 Tuberculum of rib, 6 Tubinares, 59 f.; nostrils, 11 Tui, 567, 567 Tumbler, 327 Turacin, 3 n., 360 Turaco, Green-mantled, 360 Turacoena, 326; T. menadensis, 343; T. modesta, 343 Turacus, 360; T. corythaix, 361; T. fischeri, 361 Turdidae, 494, 509 f. Turdinae, 506, 509 f.; habits, 515 f. Turdinus, 503 Turdus, 510; fossil, 496; T. hancii, 510; T. horsfieldi, 510; T. iliacus, 510; T. merula, 510; T. migratorius, 510; T. musicus, 510; T. pilaris, 510; T. torquatus, 510; T. varius, 510; T. viscivorus, 510, 511 Turkey, 198, 201, 203; habits, 206; origin of domestic, 206 n.; specific name, 206 n.; Brush-, 192, 193; -Buzzard, 138, 140, 152; Native, 262 Turnagra, 509, 510, 513, 516 Turnices, 186, 187 Turnicidae, 186, 187 Turnix, 187, 188; habits, 188; T. albiventris, 189; T. blanfordi, 189; T. castanonota, 189; T. dussumieri, 189; T. fasciata, 188; T. hottentotta, 189; T. leucogaster, 189; T. maculosa, 189; T. melanogaster, 189; T. nana, 189; T. nigricollis, 189; T. ocellata, 187, 189; T. powelli, 189; T. pugnax, 188; T. pyrrhothorax, 189; T. rufilata, 188; T. saturata, 189; T. sylvatica, 187, 188 n., 189; T. taigoor, 188; T. tanki, 189; T. varia, 189; T. velox, 189 Turnstone, 276 Turtur, 326, 334, 341; T. abbotti, 341; T. aldabranus, 341; T. comorensis, 341; T. communis, 341; T. coppingeri, 341; T. douraca, 341; T. dussumieri, 341; T. isabellinus, 341; T. orientalis, 341; T. picturatus, 341; T. risorius, a cage-bird, 341; T. rostratus, 341; T. senegalensis, 342; T. semitorquatus, 341; T. tigrinus, 341 Turturoena, 327, 328; T. delegorgii, 343; T. iriditorques, 343; T. sharpii, 343 Turumti, 178 Tylas, 504, 505; T. eduardi, 533; mimicry, 533 Tympanic cavity, 11 Tympaniform membrane, 13, 21 Tympanistria, 327; T. bicolor, 339 Tympanuchus, air-sacs, 201; T. americanus, 235; T. cupido, 235; T. pallidicinctus, 235 Tyrannidae, 469, 473, 479, 494; habits, 475 f. Tyranninae, 473 f. Tyrannulus, 474 Tyrannus, 473-476; T. pipiri, 474 Tyrant-bird, habits, 475 f. Tystie, 319 Uintornis, fossil, 465 Ulna, 8, 8; its quills, 22 Umbrella-bird, 481, 481 Umbrette, 70 Unfeathered spaces, or apteria, 2 Uncinate process, of ribs, 6, 7; absent in Archaeopteryx, 23; in Palamedeidae, 108 Upper arm-bone, 8 Upucerthia, 486 Upupa africana, 397; U. epops, 396 f., 396; U. indica, 397; U. marginata, 397; U. somalensis, 397 Upupidae, 390, 395 f. Upupinae, 390, 395 f.; habits, 395 f. Uranornis, 545, 546 Uratelornis, 378; U. chimaera, 378 Uria, 315; fossil, 321; U. arra, 320; U. brünnichi, 319; U. californica, sub-species, 319; U. troile, 319 Uroaëtus, 146; U. audax, 163 Urobrachya, 577 Urocichla, 521, 522 Urocissa, 552, 554 Urodrepanis, 569 Urogalba amazonum, 446; U. paradisea, 446 Urolestes, 532, 534 Uroleuca, 552 Uropelia campestris, 340 Uropygium, 20 Urospatha martii, 380 f. Urosticte, 427 Urubitinga anthracina, 168; U. zonura, 167 Vanellus, 268-270, 274 f.; V. cayennensis, 275; V. chilensis, 275; V. coronatus, 275; V. cristatus, 275; V. inornatus, 275; V. melanopterus, 275; V. resplendens, 275 Vanes, 2 Vanga, 533 Vaulted, of tail, 22 Vent, 20 Ventral, 22 Ventriculus, 12 Verreaux, on Secretary-bird, 142 n. Verreauxia, 464 Vertebrae, cervical, dorsal, sacral, pelvic, caudal, 5 f.; of Woodpecker, 6 Vertebral Column, 5 Vertebrarterial foramen, 6 Vertebrata, difference of Birds from other, 1 f. Vertex, 20 Vestiaria, 562, 564; V. coccinea, 563, 564 Vexillum, 2 Vidua, 577, 578; V. principalis, 577 Viduinae, 576 f. Vigors, on Toucan, 454 n. Vinago, 348, 349; V. australis, 349; V. calva, 325, 349; V. crassirostris, 349; V. waalia, 349 Vireo, 536 Vireolanius, 536; V. melitophrys, 536; V. pulchellus, 536 Vireonidae, 536 Vireoninae, 531 Vireosylvia, 536 Vizor-bearer, 432 Vogt, on Archaeopteryx, 23 n. Voice-muscles, 13 Voice, organs of, 12 f. Volatinia, 585 Vomer, 11 Vorondreo, 378 Vosmaer, on Secretary-bird, 141 Vultur, 143; fossil, 145; V. cinereus, 143; V. monachus, 143 Vulture, 148, 149; Bearded, 150; Black (of New World), 138, 140; Black (of Old World), 143, 145 n.; Californian, 139; Eared, 144; Egyptian, 145, 145 n.; Griffon, 143, 144; King-, 139, 144; New-World, 137 f.; habits, 137 f.; Old-World, 137, 143 f.; Pondicherry, 144; White-backed, 145 Vulturidae, 137, 143 f., 150, 151 Wagner, on Archaeopteryx (Griphosaurus), 23 Wagtail, 498 f.; habits, 500 f.; moult, 5; Blue-headed, 500; Grey, 500; Pied, 354, 500, 501; White, 500; Yellow, 499, 500, 501 Walghvogel, 329 Wallace, on Geographical Distribution, 15 f.; on Birds of Paradise, 543 n., 550; on Humming-birds, 432 Wallace's Line, 16, 564 Walpole, on Didunculus, 332 Warbler, 513; habits, 517 f.; American, 573 f.; Black-cap, 517; Black-and-White, 574; Garden-, 517; Grasshopper-, 517, 518; Reed-, 354, 517; Savi's, 518; Sedge-, 517; Willow-, 517; Wood-, 517 Warrior, 437 Water-Cock, 249 Water-hen (= Moor-hen) loses wing-quills simultaneously, 4 n. Waterton, on Humming-birds, 432 Wattle-bird, 566 Wavy, 133 Wax-bill, 577, 578 Wax-like tips to feathers, 3 Waxwing, 529 f., 530 Weaver-bird, 368, 576 f., 577; habits, 578 f. Webs, of feathers, 2; of toes, 10; in Alcidae, 315; in Anatidae, 112; in Colymbidae and Podicipedidae, 49; in Laridae, 301; in Limicolae, 269; in Steganopodes, 71 Weka, 243, 245, 247 Whale-bird, 66 Whale-head, 93 Whaup, 287 Wheatear, 511, 516 Whew, 126 Whimbrel, 288 f. Whinchat, 511, 516 Whip-poor-Will, 417 Whip-Tom-Kelly, 536 White colour in Birds, its nature, 3 n. White, on Furnarius, 486 White Crow, 145 White-eye, 568 White-throat, 517 Whitmee, on Didunculus, 332 Whooper, 135 Whymper, on Condor, 138 Wideawake Fair, 312 Widow-bird, 577 Wigeon–see Duck Willet, 284 Willock, 319 Wilson, A., on Humming-birds, 432; on Passenger Pigeon, 342 Wilson, S. B., and Evans, on Drepanididae, 562 n.; on Meliphagidae, 568 n. Wind-hover, 148, 175 Windpipe, use and formation, 13 Wing, 8 Wing-coverts, 20 Wing-quills–see Quills Wing-spurs, 9 Wire-bird, 274 Wires, of Birds of Paradise, 3, 545 f. Witthoos, figure of Didus borbonicus, 330 Woodcock, 289 f., 290; bill, 11 Wood-Hen, 247 Wood-Ibis, 70, 97 Wood-Mason, on Rhynchaea, 292 n. Woodpecker, 149, 445, 457 f.; bill, 12; habits, 458 f.; vertebra, 6; Black, 458, 464; Californian, 461; Great Black, 463; Great Spotted, 462, 463; Green, 460; Ivory-billed, 463; Lesser Spotted, 462, 462; Pileated, 463; Spotted, 458, 461 Wood-Swallow, 530 f. Wren, 426, 519, 521 f., 521; Bush-, 472; Rock-, 472 Wrist, 8 Wry-bill, 274, 274 Wryneck, 445, 457, 459, 464 f., 465 Xanthocephalus, 581 Xanthochroism, 4 n. Xanthocorys, 499 Xantholaema haematocephala, 449 Xanthomelus, 550; X. aureus, 548 Xanthomixis, 503 Xanthura luxuosa, 554 Xema, 301; X. furcatum, 310; X. sabinii, 304, 310 Xenerpestes, 484 Xenicidae, 469, 472 Xenicus, 472; X. gilviventris, 472; X. longipes, 472 Xenocichla, 505 Xenopipo atronitens, 478 Xenopirostris, 531, 533; X. polleni, mimicry, 533 Xenops, 484, 487 Xenopsaris, 482 Xenorhynchus, fossil, 99; X. australis, 98 Xerophila, 539, 540 Xipholena, 480; X. pompadora, 480 Xiphorhamphus, 502, 504 Xiphorhynchus, 484, 487 Yaffle, 460 Yarrell's British Birds, 212 n., 285 n. Yellow colour in Birds, its nature, 3 n. Yellow Hammer, 584 Yellowshank, 283 f. Yelper, 278 Young, moult late, 4; in Turdinae and Sylviinae, 513; of Megapodiidae fly early, 191 Zanclostomus, 351 Zapornia, 246; Z. parva, 246, 248 Zebrilus, 86, 87; Z. pumilus, 89 Zenaida, 326, 328, 334, 342; Z. amabilis, 342 Zenaidura, 327; Z. carolinensis, 342 Zeocephus, 507 Zic-zac, 276, 295 Zietz–see Stirling Zonaeginthus bellus, 577 Zonerodius heliosylus, 90 Zonibyx, 272 Zonotrichia, 586 Zoomelanin, 3 n. Zoonerythrin, 3 n. Zoothera, 510 Zooxanthin, 3 n. Zosteropidae, 568 Zosterops, 568; Z. caerulescens, 568; Z. japonica, 568; Z. lateralis, 568; Z. simplex, 568 Zygodactylous feet, 10; in Cuculiformes, 351; in Picidae, 457