Part 2 — PLAN No. 1150. FORESTRY PURSUITS

Acknowledgment

This monograph was prepared by Capt. S. T. Dana, in the Forestry Service of the Department of Agriculture, under the direction of Charles H. Winslow, Chief of the Research Division of the Federal Board for Vocational Education. Acknowledgment is due to Dr. John Cummings of the Research Division for editorial assistance.

What Forestry Is

Forestry is the business, or the art, or the science, depending on the point of view from which you look at it, of handling forests for timber production or stream-flow protection. It does not, as is often mistakenly thought, have anything to do with fruit trees, or even with street and park trees. The care of these comes under horticulture and arboriculture. Forestry is distinct from either in that it has to do primarily with entire stands of trees, or forests, rather than with individuals. Forests are really nothing more nor less than tree societies, or communities, comparable in many ways with human communities, every member of which has an influence upon and in turn is influenced by its neighbors; and it is this fact that gives to forestry its distinctive character.

Forestry should also not be confused with lumbering. Lumbering has to do merely with harvesting the trees on any given area, with cutting them, transporting them to the mill, and converting them into lumber or other products. While the chief task of the forester is to manage forest lands, he has to do with the production of trees as well as with their utilization. Forestry is concerned fully as much with the future as with the present. Like agriculture it looks forward to keeping the land continuously productive by the growth of successive crops. Only in the case of forestry the crops instead of being wheat, or rye, or corn, are trees, which in turn can be converted into fuel, fence posts, telephone poles, railroad ties, wood pulp, lumber, and a host of other wood products. How much the forests mean to the economic development of a community through the crops which they produce and the employment which they offer is evidenced only too plainly by the desolation which has followed destructive lumbering in many a once prosperous forest region.

In addition to yielding crops which have a commercial value, forests in mountainous regions perform another important function which is none the less valuable because its benefits are difficult to measure in dollars and cents. By decreasing erosion and regulating stream-flow the mountain forests conserve water for domestic supplies, irrigation, power, and navigation, and at the same time help to lessen the damage caused by destructive floods. So far-reaching is this influence and so great is the population affected by it, that the treatment which such forests receive becomes a matter of vital interest to the general public. One of the primary concerns of forestry is to see that they are handled in such a way as to afford the maximum amount of protection, even if this involves, as it not infrequently does, the restriction or entire prevention of lumbering operations.

What Foresters Do

In order to handle to the best advantage the area under his charge there is a wide range of work which a forester may be called upon to do. He must be able to identify different kinds of trees and must know the uses to which each can be put and the sites to which they are best adapted. He must be able to map the area and to determine the amount and value of the timber upon it. He must be able to draw up a complete plan for protecting the forest from fire and to carry out the details involved in its execution. He must know how to control the attacks of destructive insects and fungous diseases. He must be able to handle the many details connected with the collection of seed and the production of young trees in forest-tree nurseries. He must know where and how to plant these, or how to sow the seed on areas where this is preferable. He must know whether any given stand is too dense, and if so, what and how many trees should be taken out to stimulate the growth of those that are left. He must be able to determine the rate at which trees are growing and the age at which they should be cut and to make plans for harvesting them in such a way as to secure natural reproduction. And finally, he must be able to draw up a “working plan” providing in detail for the handling of the entire forest in such a way as to keep it continually productive.

All of this obviously involves a good deal of office work in the formulation of plans, the maintenance of records, and the miscellaneous administrative work connected with any business enterprise. It also involves a good deal of practical out-of-door work. The average forester must take long walks and horseback rides. He must often camp out in a tent or with no shelter whatever. He must take his part in fighting forest fires, which means the liberal and energetic use of the axe, the mattock, and the shovel. He must run compass and transit lines, and make topographic maps. He must estimate the size and contents of standing trees by the use of calipers and height-measures, and must scale the fallen timber. He must mark, or blaze, the trees to be removed in lumbering and must see that the operations are carried out in accordance with the approved plans. He must collect tree cones, extract the seeds from these, sow them in the nursery, care for the young seedlings, and later set them out in the forest.

He must also do a hundred and one other things which are not strictly forestry but which are so closely connected with it that they must be handled by the forester along with his other work. Grazing is a good example of this, since most of the forest regions in the United States produce forage as well as trees. In order to utilize this to best advantage the forester must know how many stock the range will support and how they should be handled. In regions where mineral deposits occur he must be familiar with the mining laws and must have at least enough knowledge regarding mining to enable him to deal intelligently with prospectors and others. Since most of the forests occur in undeveloped regions he must know how to open these up by building ranger and lookout stations and by constructing such other permanent improvements as roads, bridges, trails, and telephone lines. In short, the average forester, particularly in pioneer regions, must be a veritable jack-of-all-trades.

Where Foresters Work

Forestry is primarily an out-of-door occupation. Some indoor work in the formulation of plans, writing of reports, handling of correspondence, and other office routine, is of course necessary, particularly in the case of those charged with the administration of large areas. But the average forester must spend the bulk of his time in the open, in the forests for which he is caring. Sometimes his headquarters may be in a small town or sometimes in a more or less isolated situation in the woods themselves. In either case his daily work will ordinarily take him into the open in sunshine and in rain. Occasionally he may be absent from home for several weeks at a time carrying his bed and provisions on his back, or, if he is fortunate, on a pack animal.

So far as geographical location is concerned, opportunities for foresters have heretofore been mainly in the mountain regions of the West where the National Forests are located. As forestry comes to be practiced more and more on State Forests and on private lands, however, similar opportunities will develop in the East. There is no reason why large numbers of foresters should not eventually be employed wherever forests occur, and this means practically throughout the country except in the Great Plains and in the farming regions of the Central States and Middle West.

What Handicaps Are Serious

Generally speaking, a forester must be able-bodied and in good physical health. He must have a strong heart, sound lungs, and a constitution able to stand exposure to all kinds of wind and weather. Heart disease, tuberculosis, and other serious organic troubles are handicaps that point to the choice of another occupation.

On the other hand, there are certain disabilities, and particularly injuries of various sorts, that do not constitute any serious drawback. Injuries to the mouth, nose, ears, scalp, and other parts of the head, for example, do not disqualify unless they interfere to a dangerous extent with one’s eyesight or hearing. Some deafness is allowable provided it has not gone so far as to prevent communication or to endanger one from falling trees or other accidents. Even blindness in one eye is not a real handicap if the other eye is still sound. The loss of an arm or a leg incapacitates a man for the physical work required of most foresters, but minor injuries to these limbs, such as loss of a finger or a toe, do not disqualify one.

For certain specialized duties one can have sustained even more serious injuries and still be able to give satisfactory service. One may be badly crippled and yet be successful in research work provided he is able to move about more or less freely, has some use of his arms, and can handle a microscope. Men at fire-lookout stations need little more than good eyes and sufficient hearing to use a telephone. On the other hand, one would hardly wish to take up fire-lookout work as a permanent occupation, and unless his condition can be improved sufficiently to enable him to resume active physical work his chances for advancement are poor. Special appliances for handling tools are not necessary, as is the case with many industrial workers. The average forester must be able to turn his hand to a wide variety of activities and to use such homely implements as the axe, the hammer, the shovel, and the mattock.

The danger of further injury is no greater in forestry than in most other outdoor occupations. Accidents due to forest fires, bucking horses, falling trees, and rolling stones are always possible, but the proportion of those seriously injured in such ways as these is not large. Those employed by the National Government receive compensation in case of injury incurred in line of duty.

What Training is Necessary

Forestry requires the services of three more or less distinct grades of workers—the professional forester, the forester ranger, and the forest guard. The professional forester handles the larger and more technical phases of forest management. He determines what the forest under his charge contains, how much it is worth, how fast it is growing, when and how it should be cut, what kinds of trees should be favored, and other questions of the same kind; and also exercises general supervision over the execution of whatever measures are decided upon. The forest ranger acts as a sort of semi-technical assistant to the professional forester. He does not need so thorough an education as the professional forester but must have sufficient technical knowledge to enable him to carry out intelligently the plans formulated by the latter. His work is to a large extent “practical” and involves the routine of fire protection and fire fighting, marking the trees to be removed in timber sales, scaling the felled logs, handling planting operations, surveying, building trails, running telephone lines, and doing other work connected with the administration of the forest. The forest guard is ordinarily a non-technical assistant who helps the forest ranger in those aspects of his work which require little or no knowledge of forestry. Forest guards are frequently appointed for short periods only to help the regular force during the busy season and particularly in the work of fire protection and fire fighting. Previous experience in the woods or in similar occupations such as lumbering and surveying constitutes a valuable, but not essential, preliminary training for foresters of all grades.

Twenty-five years ago the professional forester was almost unknown in this country and there was not a single educational institution at which he could secure the necessary training. To-day the profession is well recognized and there are more than 20 schools offering instruction of a grade similar to that required of civil engineers, doctors, lawyers, ministers, and other professional men. As a basis for the more technical phases of his education the man who desires to become a professional forester must have had courses of collegiate grade in botany, geology, organic chemistry, mathematics through trigonometry, plane surveying, mechanical drawing, economics, and either French or German, or preferably both. With these as a foundation he is ready to go ahead with the technical subjects such as dendrology, silvics, silviculture, forest mensuration, forest valuation, forest management, and forest regulation. Obviously a comprehensive training of this sort can not be obtained with less than four years of collegiate work, at least two of which must be devoted almost entirely to professional forestry subjects. If a man has already had a college education, however, he can readily prepare himself for the profession by two years of post-graduate work. The degree of bachelor of science in forestry is usually given on the completion of a four-year professional course, and of master of science in forestry, or master of forestry, on the completion of a five-year professional course or of two years of postgraduate work following four years of regular college work.

For the forest ranger no such intensive training is necessary. With a high school education as a background, one year of rather elementary training in such subjects as fire protection, surveying, timber estimating and scaling, nursery practice, methods of planting, range management, and report writing is sufficient to enable a man to qualify. In general, the course covers much the same ground as that taken by the professional forester, but in a much briefer and more elementary way. Those who have already had considerable practical experience along these lines can secure a sufficient foundation for their work in three or four months, although even for such men the longer course is preferable if time to take it can be found. Many of the forest schools of the country now offer courses of this sort and the opportunities for instruction are ample.

Since forest guards are engaged almost wholly on nontechnical work no particular course of training is necessary. No one with any ambition, however, would wish to remain a forest guard indefinitely when other opportunities are open to him merely by taking a free course of instruction. If one wishes to take up forestry, therefore, and is not in a position to take the professional course, he should by all means attempt to qualify as a forest ranger. Should lack of other openings then make it necessary for him to serve as a forest guard for the time being, he would be in a position to take advantage of the first opportunity for advancement.

What Opportunities Are Offered

Opportunities for employment for foresters may be classed as fairly good. The point has now been passed where the supply is totally inadequate to meet the demand, but at the same time the war has greatly depleted the ranks of foresters throughout the country, and there is no question that many new men will be needed during the process of reconstruction and afterwards. The National Forests already offer opportunities for the employment of many men and it can not be doubted that similar opportunities will soon be offered in State forests as well as in the case of forests still in the hands of private owners. With the steady decrease in the timber supply, the Nation will soon be face to face with the necessity of practicing forestry extensively as a national safeguard and unless private owners take upon themselves the task, there is little question but that the Federal and State Governments will take matters largely into their own hands.

Altogether it is a safe prediction that any one who desires to engage in forestry and who qualifies himself for the work will be able to find employment. The entering salary for forest guards in the national service averages about $900 a year and for forest rangers about $1,100 a year. Technically trained foresters ordinarily enter at approximately the same salary as forest rangers, $1,100 or $1,200 a year, but with greater opportunities for advancement later. In State and private work approximately the same entering salaries may be expected although some private owners may be unwilling to pay quite so much to forest guards and forest rangers at the start.

What Are the Chances for Promotion?

Chances for limited promotion are reasonably good. It should be recognized frankly, however, that one can not hope to get rich in the profession and that a comfortable living is all that can ordinarily be looked forward to. In exceptional cases unusually able and well qualified men will doubtless be able to draw salaries of $4,000 or $5,000 a year. The average professional forester, however, can hardly hope to advance much beyond $2,500 or $3,500 a year except by acquiring an interest in some lumber business or in the forest itself. For the forest ranger a salary of $1,500 or $1,600 may reasonably be looked forward to. Moreover, this salary often carries with it a ranger station which can be occupied as long as he stays in the service, and also an opportunity to produce some crops for his own use. Forest guards can hardly hope for more than $900 or $1,800 a year.

In other words, in forestry, as in all other professions, the better educated you are the better are your chances for promotion. Even at best, however, the chances for large salaries are small and those who are bent on getting rich should look elsewhere for an opportunity to do so. On the other hand, one who is satisfied to make a comfortable living, to spend a large part of his life in the open, to occupy a responsible and respected place in his home community, and to enjoy the satisfaction which comes from having an important share in a work of great public service, can not look for a more congenial or attractive occupation than forestry.

Appendix on Forestry Schools and Courses

These lists have been compiled by the Forest Service to aid in answering inquiries as to institutions at which instruction in forestry may be obtained. While every effort has been made to avoid errors, the Forest Service does not vouch for the completeness of the lists, their accuracy, or the relative merits of the courses offered. More detailed information regarding opportunities for disabled soldiers and sailors to take training courses in forestry may be obtained from representatives of the Federal Board for Vocational Education.

Schools With Courses Leading to a Degree in Forestry

University of California, College of Agriculture, Division of Forestry, Berkeley, Cal.—Two four-year courses, one in forestry and one in forest engineering, both leading to the degree of bachelor of science. Nineteen weeks of each of these courses are spent in camp, most of the time on a national forest. A five-year course combining the work of both courses leads to the degree of master of science in forestry, which is also granted on the completion of one year of graduate work in connection with either course.

Colorado State Agricultural College, Fort Collins, Colo.—Four-year course in forestry leading to the degree of bachelor of science in forestry.

Colorado College, Colorado School of Forestry, Colorado Springs, Colo.—Two-year course leading to the degree of forest engineer, open only to applicants who have completed two years of college work or an equivalent course of study. The fall and spring terms are spent at Manitou Park, the property of the school, near Woodland Park, Colo. A two-year course for graduate students leads to the degree of master of forestry.

New York State College of Agriculture at Cornell University, Department of Forestry, Ithaca, N. Y.—Five-year course in professional forestry, leading after four years to the degree of bachelor of science and after one additional year to that of master of forestry. Field work includes five weeks in camp in the Adirondacks in the summer following sophomore year, 10 weeks each in the summers following junior and senior years, and three months of practical work in the forest in the fall term of senior year.

Georgia State College of Agriculture at University of Georgia, Georgia State Forest School, Athens, Ga.—Four-year professional course leading to the degree of bachelor of science in forestry. Considerable latitude for specialization is offered during junior and senior years. Eighteen weeks of the course are spent in field work in camp, and three months in practical work in specialization.

Georgia College of Forestry, Greensboro, Ga.—Three-year course of ten months a year leading to the degree of bachelor of science. Headquarters of the college are on a timber tract five miles from Greensboro. Trips are required to the hardwood region of northern Georgia and the long-leaf pine region of southern Georgia.

Harvard University, Department of Forestry, Bussey Institution, Jamaica Plain, Mass.—Graduate specialization and research leading to the degree of master in forestry. Special elective work is offered in dendrology, silviculture, forest management, wood technology, and (in cooperation with the Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration) a two-year course in lumbering. The technical work is carried on at the Harvard Forest, the Arnold Arboretum, and the Bussey Institution.

University of Idaho, School of Forestry, Moscow, Idaho.—Two four-year collegiate courses, one in general forestry and one with special attention to lumbering, both leading to the degree of bachelor of science in forestry.

Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, Department of Forestry, Ames, Iowa.—Four-year undergraduate course leading to the degree of bachelor of science in forestry; also a five-year course leading to the degree of master of science in forestry. Both courses include three months of work in summer camp, in addition to which all candidates for degrees must have at least three months of practical work. A five-year combined course in forestry and landscape gardening leads to the two degrees of bachelor of science in forestry and bachelor of science in horticulture.

University of Maine, Department of Forestry, Orono, Me.—Four-year undergraduate course in forestry leading to the degree of bachelor of science in forestry. Special attention is given to forest management and forest engineering applicable to the northeastern United States.

Michigan Agricultural College, Department of Forestry, East Lansing, Mich.—Four-year course in forestry leading to the degree of bachelor of science. Graduate courses leading to the degree of master of forestry are also offered. A summer term of seven weeks between the sophomore and junior years is held near Cadillac, Mich.

University of Michigan, Department of Forestry, Ann Arbor, Mich.—Four-year course leading to the degree of bachelor of science in forestry; also a five-year course leading to the degree of master of science in forestry. Graduates of other colleges of university rank require two years of graduate study.

University of Minnesota, Department of Agriculture, College of Forestry, University Farm, St. Paul, Minn.—Four-year course in forestry leading to the degree of bachelor of science and offering three lines of specialization: Technical forestry, lumbering, and wood chemistry. Two months of freshman year, from June 1 to August 1, and four months of junior year, from April 15 to August 15, are spent at Itasca State Park. One year of graduate work leads to the degree of master of science.

University of Missouri, College of Agriculture, Department of Forestry, Columbia, Mo.—Five-year course in forestry leading to the degree of master of forestry. The degree of bachelor of science in forestry is conferred upon the completion of four years’ work. Field work includes a summer course of 10 weeks on the university forest of 50,000 acres in the Ozark Uplands.

University of Montana, Forest School, Missoula, Mont.—Two four-year courses, one in forestry and one in forest engineering, leading respectively to the degrees of bachelor of science in forestry and bachelor of science in forest engineering. The course in forestry aims to prepare men for the work of forest rangers and forest supervisors, and for such work with lumber companies, timber-owning corporations, and the like, as involves the administration, protection, and utilization of forests; that in forest engineering for work as scalers, cruisers, lumbermen, logging engineers, and in general all engineering work in the forest. A graduate course in forest engineering leading to the degree of forest engineer will be offered later.

Ohio State University, Department of Forestry, Columbus, Ohio.—Four-year undergraduate course in forestry leading to the degree of bachelor of science in forestry. At least one summer of practical work in the woods is required before graduation. An optional fifth year is offered leading to the degree of master of science in forestry.

Oregon Agricultural College, School of Forestry, Corvallis, Oreg.—Two four-year courses, one in forestry and one in logging engineering, leading respectively to the degrees of bachelor of science in forestry and bachelor of science in logging engineering.

Pennsylvania State College, Department of Forestry, State College, Pa.—Four-year course in professional forestry leading to the degree of bachelor of science. Field work includes six weeks in camp at the end of freshman year, eight weeks at the end of sophomore year, and eight weeks during senior year. Opportunity is given for special study in lumbering.

Pennsylvania Department of Forestry, State Forest Academy, Mont Alto, Pa.—Three-year course in forestry of 48 weeks a year leading to the degree of bachelor of forestry. The course is maintained for the training of foresters for the State Forest Service. Appointments are made from a competitive examination open to residents of Pennsylvania between 19 and 25 years of age. The State supplies board, tuition, and quarters, and requires bond for the successful completion of the course and three years’ service on State forests.

New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University, Syracuse, N. Y.—Four-year courses lending to the degree of bachelor of science. Five-year professional courses leading to the degrees of master of forestry and doctor of economics. Special opportunity is offered in lumbering, pulp and paper making, city forestry, forest entomology and botany, and forest pathology, and for research work at the State Forest Experiment Station.

State College of Washington, Department of Forestry, Pullman, Wash.—Four-year course leading to the degree of bachelor of science in forestry.

University of Washington, College of Forestry, Seattle, Wash.—Four and five year courses, arranged for specialization in general forestry, logging engineering, forest products, and the business of lumbering. At the end of the fourth year the student receives the degree of bachelor of science and at the end of the fifth year of master of science in forestry. Students who wish to specialize should take the five-year course.

Yale University, School of Forestry, New Haven, Conn.—Two-year graduate course leading to the degree of master of forestry. Field work includes 10 weeks at Milford, Pike County, Pa., in the summer term of junior year; three weeks at Union, Conn., and in the Adirondack Mountains in the spring term of junior year, and 12 weeks in the South in the spring term of senior year. Advanced work in dendrology, silviculture, forest management, forest products, and lumbering is open to those who have already had a general course in forestry. Special students are accepted in limited numbers provided their scholastic attainments are such that they can take the work to advantage.

Schools With Short Courses in Forestry Other Than Ranger Courses

Alabama Polytechnic Institute, Auburn, Ala.—An elementary course in forestry covering seven weeks is given to senior students in the agricultural course. The work comprises a study of forest conditions in Alabama, care of woodlands, uses of the different southern woods, methods of preservation, etc.

Berea College, Berea, Ky.—A short course in the fundamental principles of forestry is given as part of the course in agriculture.

University of California, Berkeley, Cal.—Nonprofessional instruction in general forestry is given throughout the regular college year by means of two courses open to any student in the university.

University of Chicago, Ill.—The department of botany offers a course in forest ecology, dealing mainly with the life, activities, and death of trees; the structure and rôle of their various organs; and their relation to climate, soil, and their organic environment. Forest succession and its causes and the great forest formations of the United States and Canada are also taken up.

Clemson Agricultural College, Clemson, S. C.—A course in general forestry is required of all students in the agricultural course during the latter part of junior year.

Connecticut Agricultural College, Storrs, Conn.—A course in wood lot forestry covering one semester is required of all students in the regular four-year courses. The course is designed to give the student a working knowledge of the best methods of handling the farm wood lot with special reference to Connecticut conditions. The field work covers the identification of the economic species, measurement of growth and yield, improvement cuttings, and reforestation. A similar but less comprehensive course covering one semester is required of all students in the two-year course in the School of Agriculture.

Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.—Five elementary courses are offered for agricultural and other students in the university covering the farm wood lot, elements of forestry silviculture, mensuration, management, utilization, and conservation. Two other courses, the field of forestry and wood technology, are open to both general and professional students. General courses in forestry are also given in the summer school and in the short-term winter course.

Delaware College, Newark, Del.—An elementary course covering one semester is elective for juniors and seniors in agriculture. It deals with the elements of silvics, methods of silvicultural management, natural and artificial regeneration, forest protection, forest mensuration, wood utilization, lumbering, wood preservation, forest economics, forest finance, and a study of the characteristic lumber trees of the United States, their classification and identification.

University of Georgia, Athens, Ga.—A short course in farm forestry is required of seniors in agriculture, and an elementary course in wood lot forestry of one-year men in agriculture. A nature study during the summer, open to teachers, a vocational course in wood and its uses, and a correspondence course in farm forestry are also offered.

University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.—A course in general forestry is offered for students in the various departments of the university, and a short course in farm forestry for students in the College of Agriculture.

Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, Ames, Iowa.—A course in farm forestry designed to meet the needs of the Iowa farmer is required of practically all agricultural students during their first year. It includes a discussion of windbreaks, shelter belts, and wood lots with respect to their value on the farm, and also a little work on dendrology, forest planting, silviculture, preservative treatment of timbers, and the utilization of forest products.

Kansas State Agricultural College, Manhattan, Kans.—Courses in farm forestry, silviculture, and dendrology are elective for all students in agricultural and general science courses during the winter term of junior year. A course in forest nursery practice is elective for students in the School of Agriculture during the spring term of the third year, and also, without credit, for all students in college courses in agriculture and general science.

Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, La.—A year’s course in general forestry is required of juniors in the teachers’ course in agriculture, and additional courses of one year each in forestry and in the propagation and care of ornamental and shade trees are elective for seniors. Courses in forestry covering two years and a course in the propagation and care of ornamental and shade trees covering one year are elective for juniors and seniors in the College of Agriculture. The aim is not to turn out trained foresters, but to teach forestry in connection with the agricultural courses, with special reference to the management of farm wood lots.

University of Maine, Orono, Me.—A course in general forestry is open to all students, and is required of all students in the College of Agriculture.

Maryland Agricultural College, College Park, Md.—A course in farm forestry comprising 20 lectures and 60 hours of demonstration work is given to seniors in agriculture and horticulture, and to the second-year men of the two-year courses in agriculture and horticulture. The course includes wood lot management, nursery practice, planting, forest botany, and estimating timber crops.

Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass.—An elective major course is offered in the department of forestry during junior and senior years, which takes up such studies as dendrology, silviculture, forest mensuration, and allied subjects. During the winter several lectures are given by the State forester on “State Forest Policy.” The course is intended to give the students the same kind of education regarding true forest land that they receive concerning tillable land, and also to prepare students for the graduate schools of forestry. A lecture course dealing especially with wood lot management is offered to students of the short winter and summer schools.

University of Minnesota, Northwest School and Station, Crookston, Minn.—An elementary course in forestry is offered dealing with the planting of windbreaks and wood lots, the characteristics and adaptability of the more common trees, and the methods of propagation and conservation of planted and natural forests.

Mississippi Agricultural and Mechanical College, Agricultural College, Miss.—Courses in farm forestry and dendrology of one term each are offered for students in agriculture.

University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo.—A summer school of forestry for lumbermen, timberland owners, and rangers is given on the university forest of 50,000 acres in the Ozark Mountains, in connection with the summer course for regular forestry students.

University of Montana, Missoula, Mont.—Special courses in surveying, scaling and cruising, lumbering, forest appraisal, and logging engineering are offered in connection with the short course for rangers.

Mount Hermon School, Mount Hermon, Mass.—An elementary course in the care of lawns, shrubbery, and forests is given during one term.

University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebr.—A course in farm forestry covering one semester is elective for all students of the university and is designed primarily for agricultural students. It is an elementary course designed to familiarize students with the best trees that will grow in the State of Nebraska, as well as the methods of handling the farm wood lot.

New Hampshire College, Durham, N. H.—Courses in forestry are required of all four-year and two-year agricultural students, and are elective for all students of the college. Beginning with junior year, four-year students in agriculture may elect forestry as a principal subject and are then given advanced forestry work together with other agricultural and associated subjects. Every encouragement and assistance is given a student desiring to make forestry his profession, with the understanding that he will complete his training at some school offering a complete course in forestry.

North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, West Raleigh, N. C.—A course in forestry is offered as one of the senior horticultural electives.

North Dakota Agricultural College, Agricultural College, N. Dak.—An elementary course in forestry covering six weeks is offered in the third term of junior year in the four-year agricultural course.

North Dakota State School of Forestry, Bottineau, N. Dak.—Instruction similar to that in the agricultural high schools is offered with special attention to horticulture and forestry. The forestry work consists of a study of the plains and prairie regions and has to do particularly with windbreaks, shelter belts, etc. A special three-year course is also offered for the preparation of landscape gardeners, landscape engineers, and city foresters.

Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College, Stillwater, Okla.—A course in elementary forestry is required of all horticulture students during the first term of junior year.

Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind.—The work in forestry consists of a line of electives within the school of science. The subjects covered are forest botany and dendrology, elements of silviculture, forest mensuration, forest management, forest protection, forest utilization, forest pathology, and technical forestry. The latter includes a study of structural timbers with demonstrations in the testing laboratories and also work in surveying and making forest maps.

Rhode Island State College, Kingston, R. I.—A course in forestry dealing with the management of New England wood lots is required in the second term, junior year, in the agricultural course.

South Dakota State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, Brookings, S. Dak.—A course in forestry is required in the second semester of the sophomore year in the horticultural group and in the third-year of the three-year school of agriculture. It is elective in the second semester, junior year, in the animal husbandry and dairy husbandry groups of the four-year collegiate agricultural course.

Leland Stanford Junior University, Stanford University, Cal.—Courses are offered in the study of trees, forest pathology, and other matters basal to the study of forestry.

Syracuse University, Syracuse, N. Y.—A field course in elementary forestry, forest ecology, and botany, soils, geology, and woodcraft, open to any man over 15, is given by the New York State College of Forestry during August at Cranberry Lake in the western Adirondacks. Courses in forestry are also given for students in the university outside of the College of Forestry, and especially for those desiring to teach.

University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn.—An elective course in forestry covering one term is offered in the senior year of the four-year agricultural course. The work deals chiefly with the management of farm wood lots and small holdings of hardwood timber.

Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, College Station, Tex.—Courses in the principles of forestry, dendrology, silviculture (with special reference to planting), and wood technology and utilization, each covering one semester and elective for juniors and seniors in agriculture and science, offered in the college year 1916-17. No attempt will be made to equip students for the profession of forestry. From time to time, however, additional courses will be offered to meet the needs of students along farm forestry, planting, timber preservation, and other lines.

University of Vermont, Burlington, Vt.—Students in agriculture are required to take one course in forestry during their sophomore year. The aim of this course is to give all agricultural students a working knowledge of forestry, which can be applied to their own farms or in the teaching of agriculture. The more advanced courses are open to those who wish to pursue the subject further.

State College of Washington, Pullman, Wash.—A one-year practical course is offered in the elementary science department, planned to equip young men to become logging engineers.

University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.—Two courses of 12 weeks each are offered—one in lumber and its uses for men engaged in offices at the mills, lumber salesmen, engineers, contractors, and builders; the other in logging for the training of logging foremen or others engaged in work at logging camps.

Winona College of Agriculture, Winona Lake, Ind.—A course of one-half semester in the principles of forestry is offered in the two-year agricultural course. The growing of trees for fences and the preservative treatment of fence posts are taken up in a practical way, and some work is also offered on lumber and its use on the farm.

University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.—Nine elective courses, each running through one semester, as well as a number of special lectures in various departments of the university, are given by members of the Forest Products Laboratory of the United States Forest Service, where opportunity for research work is also offered. The object of the work, which is open to both undergraduates and graduates, is to enable men to acquire a thorough scientific and practical training in organic chemistry and wood technology and to apply this knowledge in scientific and commercial operations and investigations in the wood-using industries and in teaching.

Wyman’s School of Woods, Manising, Mich.—A 24-months’ course in forestry, logging, and woodcraft is offered, on the satisfactory completion of which students are granted a certificate of efficiency in logging and engineering. A 10-weeks’ out-of-door summer course is also offered to afford those students who are contemplating forestry as a profession an opportunity to become familiar with the character of the work.

Yale University, New Haven, Conn.—An elementary course of eight weeks is offered during the summer at Milford, Pike County, Pa., for those who desire a general knowledge of the subject.

TREE SURGERY

Davey Institute of Tree Surgery, Kent, Ohio.—A 20-months’ course for the training of tree surgeons is offered, including instruction in botany, plant pathology, dendrology, entomology, fruit growing, spraying, and the theory and practice of tree surgery.

SCHOOLS WITH RANGER COURSES IN FORESTRY

University of California, College of Agriculture, Division of Forestry, Berkeley, Cal.—Beginning in January, a 12 weeks’ course designed especially for rangers and loggers is offered.

Georgia State College of Agriculture at University of Georgia, Georgia State Forest School, Athens, Ga.—A ranger course of eight weeks, open to men in the Government service and to lumbermen, is offered during the summer.

University of Idaho, School of Forestry, Moscow, Idaho.—A three-year ranger course, extending from November 1 to April 1 of each school year, is offered. The course is so arranged that a single year’s work may also be taken.

University of Missouri, College of Agriculture, Department of Forestry, Columbia, Mo.—A course for lumbermen, timberland owners, and rangers is offered on the university forest of 50,000 acres in the Ozark Mountains, in connection with the summer course for regular forestry students.

University of Montana, Forest School, Missoula, Mont.—A three months’ ranger course is offered during the winter, with opportunity for specialization and the election of advanced work. The course is designed primarily for men who have already had considerable experience in woods work.

New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University, Syracuse, N.Y.—A one-year course of practical training is offered at the State Ranger School located on the college forest of 2,000 acres at Wanakena, in the western Adirondacks. The course is designed to fit men for such positions as guards, rangers, forest-estate managers, tree-planting experts, and nursery foremen.

Oregon Agricultural College, School of Forestry, Corvallis, Oreg.—A five months’ course is offered for those desiring to prepare for the position of ranger in the United States Forest Service or for work in the State protective associations.

State College of Washington, Department of Forestry, Pullman, Wash.—A six weeks’ course is offered in the Winter School for the preparation of forest rangers.

University of Washington, College of Forestry, Seattle, Wash.—Two courses of 12 weeks each are offered, one in forestry for the training of forest rangers, guards, or woodland owners; the other in logging for the training of logging foremen or others engaged in work at logging camps.