TRIGINTA DIVISIONES GRAMMATICAE ARTIS.

TRIGINTA DIVISIONES GRAMMATICAE ARTIS.

Gramma on grêcisc is littera on lêden and on englisc stæf, and grammatica is stæfcræft. se cræft geopenað and gehylt lêdensprǣce, and nân man næfð lêdenbôca andgit befullon, bûton hê þone cræft cunne. se cræft is ealra bôclîcra cræfta ordfruma and grundweall. grammaticus is, sê ðe can ðone cræft grammatican befullan. and se cræft hæfð þrîtig tôdâl.

(I) Þæt forme tôdâl is uox stemn, (II) þæt ôðer littera stæf, (III) þæt þridde is sillaba stæfgefêg. be þisum ðrîm tôdâlum wê âwriton on forewerdre þyssere bêc. æfter ðisum wê tellað octo partes orationis, þæt synd þâ eahta dǣlas lêdensprǣce, be ðâm þe þêos bôc is geset, ac wê secgað hêr, þæt fêower ðǣra dǣla synd declinabilia, þæt is declinigendlîce. þâ ðrŷ man gebîgð on casum: nomen and pronomen and participium. uerbum bið gebîged in modis, þæt is on gemetum oððe on ðǣre sprǣce wîson. þâ ôðre fêower: aduerbium, coniunctio, praepositio, interiectio, sindon indeclinabilia, þæt is undeclinigendlîce. hêr synd nû geteald endlufan tôdâl.

(XII) Sume tôdâl sindon pedes, þæt synd fêt, and þǣra fôta is fela: mid ðâm setton poetae, þæt sind gelǣrede sceopas, heora lêoðcræft on bôcum.

(XIII) Sum tôdâl is accentus, þæt is swêg, on hwilcum stæfgefêge ǣlc word swêgan sceal.

(XIIII) Sume sind positurae, þâ sind on ôðre wîson gehâtene distinctiones, þæt sind tôdâl, hû man tôdǣlð þâ fers on rǣdinge. se forma prica on þâm ferse is gehâten media distinctio, þæt is on middan tôdâl. se ôðer hâtte subdistinctio, þæt is undertôdâl. se þridda hâtte distinctio oððe periodos, sê belŷcð þæt fers. distinctio is tôdâl, and periodos is clŷsing oððe geendung þæs ferses.

(XV) Sum ðǣra dǣla is gehâten nota, þæt is mearcung. þǣra mearcunga sind manega and mislîce gesceapene ǣgðer gê on sangbôcum gê on lêoðcræfte gê on gehwylcum gesceâde. scêawige, sê ðe wylle.

(XVI) Sum is gecweden ortographia on grêcisc, þæt is on lêden recta scriptura and on englisc riht gewrit. ic cweðe nû gewislîcor. sê þe wrît ad, gif hê byð praepositio, þonne sceal hê settan d æfter þâm a, and, gif hit bið at coniunctio, wrîte hê t tô ðâm a. eft apud praepositio sceal habban d on æfteweardan, and caput hêafod sceal habban t. haud aduerbium, þæt is on englisc nâtes hwôn, sceal habban h on forewerdan and d on æfteweardan, and aut coniunctio nimð t on æfteweardan and nânne h ætforan. fedus fûllîc næfð nǣnne o, and foedus wedd nimð o ætforan þâm e and ealswâ poena wîte and foenum gærs and moenia weallas. pene forneân aduerbium næfð nǣnne o. hora tîd hæfð h, and ora læppa oððe ende næfð nǣnne. ealswâ honor wurðmynt nimð h, and onus byrðen gebyrað bûtan h. quid hwæt hæfð d, and of ðâm worde queo ic mæg (quis ðû miht) quit hê mæg scel geendjan on t. sed coniunctio geendað on d, and word geendjað on t: cum esset ðâ þâ hê wæs, cum amasset ðâ ðâ hê lufode et cetera.

(XVII) Sum ðǣra dǣla hâtte analogia on grêcisc, þæt is on lêden similium rerum comparatio and on englisc gelîccra ðinga wiðmetenys. gif ðû nâst sumne lêdennaman, hwilces cynnes hê sŷ on ðâm cræfte, þonne scêawa þû be sumum ôðrum, ðe him gelîc sŷ, and þû wâst þonne, gyf ðû smêast þonne, hwylces cynnes hê sŷ. funis râp, þonne bið panis hlâf him gelîc on declinunge, and hî begen synd masculini generis and swâ gehwylce ôðre.

(XVIII) Sum þǣra hâtte ethimologia, þæt is namena ordfruma and gesceâd, hwî hî swâ gehâtene sind. rex cyning is gecweden a regendo, þæt is fram recendôme, forðan ðe se cyning sceal mid micelum wîsdôme his lêode wissjan and bewerjan mid cræfte. homo mann is gecweden fram humo, þæt is fram moldan, forþan ðe sêo eorðe wæs þæs mannes antimber; and swâ gehwylce ôðre.

(XVIIII) Sum ðǣra is glossa, þæt is glêsing, þonne man glêsð þâ earfoðan word mid êðran lêdene. faustus is on ôðrum lêdene beatus, ðæt is êadig. fatuus is on ôðrum lêdene stultus, þæt is stunt; and swâ gehwylce ôðre.

(XX) Sum ðǣra is differentia, þæt is tôdâl betwux twâm þingum. ic cweþe nû rex cyning, þæt is sê ðe gemetfæstlîce his folc gewissað. gif hê þonne mid his rîccetere hî ofsit, þonne bið hê tyrannus, þæt is rêðe oððe wælhrêow.

(XXI) Sum ðǣra is barbarismus, þæt is ânes wordes gewemmednyss, gif hit byð miswriten oððe miscweden of þâm rihtan cræfte.

(XXII) Sum ðǣra is solocismus, þæt is miscweden word on endebyrdnysse þǣre rǣdinge of ðâm rihtan cræfte. barbarismus bið on ânum worde, and solocismus bið sum lêas word on ðâm ferse. swâ ðêah ne gebyrjað þâs twegen dǣlas tô ðâm cræfte, ac hî becumað of þâm sâmlǣredum lêaslîce geclypode oððe âwritene.

(XXIII) Sume sind gecwedene uitia, þæt synd leahtras on lêdensprǣce on manegum wîsum miswritene oððe miscwedene. þâm eallum wê sceolon wiðcweðan, gyf wê cunnon þæt gesceâd.

(XXIIII) Sum þǣra dǣla is metaplasmus, þæt is âwend sprǣc tô ôðrum hiwe hwîlon for fægernysse, hwîlon for nêode, swâswâ is audacter dyrstelîce: hit sceolde bêon audaciter, gyf hit môste; and swâ gehwilce ôðre.

(XXV) Sume sind gehâtene scemata, þæt sind mislîce hiw and fægernyssa on lêdensprǣce, hû hêo betst gelôgod bêo.

(XXVI) Sume sind gehâtene tropi, þæt sind mislîce getâcnunga oððe wîsan on lêdensprǣce âbrodene of heora âgenre getâcnunge tô ôðre gelîcnysse, swâswâ is gecweden fluctuare segetes, gemmare uites, þæt æceras ŷðjað and wîntrêowa gimmjað, forðan ðe æceras farað on sumera, swâswâ sǣ ŷðigende, and wîntrêowa blôstman bêoð gimmum gelîce. ealswâ floridam iuuentutem et lacteam caniciem ðâ blôstmbǣran juguðe and þâ meolchwîtan hârunge.

(XXVII) Sum ðǣra is prosa, þæt is forðriht lêden bûton lêoðcræfte gelencged and gelôgod.

(XXVIII) Sume sind gehâtene metra on grêcisc, ðæt is on lêden mensurae and on englisc gemetu. ðâ gemetu gebyrjað tô lêdenum lêoðcræfte. se cræft is swâ âmeten, þæt ðǣr ne môt bêon furðon ân stæf ofer getel, ac bêoð ealle þâ fers geemnytte be ânum getele, gif hit âht bêon sceal.

(XXIX) Sume synd gehâtene fabulae, þæt synd îdele spellunga. fabulae synd þâ saga, þe menn secgað ongeân gecynde, þæt ðe nǣfre ne gewearð nê gewurðan ne mæg.

(XXX) Sum ðǣra is gehâten historia, þæt is gerecednyss. mid þǣre man âwrît and gerehð þâ ðing and þâ dǣda, þe wǣron gedône on ealdum dagum and ûs dyrne wǣron.