PRAEFATIO DE PARTIBVS ORATIONIS.
Reading edition
PRAEFATIO DE PARTIBVS ORATIONIS.
Partes orationis sunt octo eahta dǣlas synd lêdensprǣce: nomen, pronomen, uerbum, aduerbium, participium, coniunctio, praepositio, interiectio. nomen is nama, mid ðâm wê nemnað ealle ðing ǣgðer gê synderlîce gê gemǣnelîce. synderlîce be âgenum naman: eadgarus, aðelwoldus; gemǣnelîce: rex cyning, episcopus bisceop. pronomen is ðæs naman speljend, sê spelað þone naman, þæt ðû ne ðurfe tuwa hine nemnan. gif ðû cwest nû: hwâ lǣrde ðê?, þonne cweðe ic: dûnstân. hwâ hâdode ðê? hê mê hâdode: þonne stent se hê on his naman stede and spelað hine. eft, gif ðû âxast: quis hoc fecit? hwâ dyde ðis?, þonne cwest ðû: ego hoc feci ic dyde ðis: þonne stent se ic on ðînes naman stede; tu ðû; ille sê. uerbum is word, and word getâcnað weorc oððe ðrôwunge oððe geþafunge. weorc byð, þonne ðû cwest: aro ic erige; uerbero ic swinge. þrôwung byð, þonne ðû cwyst: uerberor ic eom beswungen; ligor ic eom gebunden. geðafung byþ, ðonne ðû cwyst: amor ic eom gelufod; doceor ic eom gelǣred. aduerbium is wordes gefêra, forðan ðe hê næfð nâne fulfremednysse, bûton hê mid ðâm worde bêo. word gefylð his âgene getâcnunge mid fullum andgyte. þonne ðû cwyst: scribo ic wrîte, þonne byð ðǣr full andgyt. aduerbium is bene wel. hêr nys nâ ful andgyt, bûton ðû cweðe word ðâr tô: bene scribo wel ic wrîte; bene scribis wel ðû wrîtst; bene scribit wel hê wrît; et pluraliter and menigfealdlîce: male legimus yfele wê rǣdað; melius legitis bet gê rǣdað; optime legunt sêlost hî rǣdað; et cetera.
Participium ys dǣl nimend. hê nymð ânne dǣl of naman and ôðerne of worde. of naman hê nymð casus, þæt is, declinunge, and of worde hê nymð tîde and getâcnunge. of him bâm hê nymð getel and hiw. amans lufjende cymð of ðâm worde amo ic lufige: þonne nymð hê of ðâm naman him ealle ðâ syx casus: nominatiuum, genitiuum, datiuum, accussatiuum, uocatiuum, ablatiuum; et pluraliter and menigfealdlîce. ðes participium is ðrêora cynna: hic amans uir þes lufjenda wer; haec amans femina þis lufjende wîf; hoc amans mancipium þes lufjenda þêowa man; et cetera. coniunctio is geðêodnys oððe fêging. þes dǣl ne mæg nâht þurh hine sylfne, ac hê gefêgð tôgædere ǣgðer gê naman gê word. gif ðû befrinst: quis equitat in ciuitatem? hwâ rît intô ðâm port?, ðonne cweð hê: rex et episcopus se cyningc and se bisceop. se et, þæt is, and, ⁊, is coniunctio: ego et tu ic and ðû. word hê gefêgð þus: stat et loquitur hê stent and sprycð; et cetera. praepositio is foresetnyss. sê byð geðêod naman and worde and stent ǣfre on foreweardan. ab illo homine fram ðâm men: hêr is se ab praepositio. apud regem sum ic eom mid ðâm cyninge: hêr is se apud praepositio. ad regem equito ic rîde tô cyninge, et cetera. interiectio is betwuxâworpennyss. se dǣl lîð betwux ôðrum wordum and geswutelað þæs môdes styrunge. heu geswutelað môdes sârnysse: heu mihi wâmmê. pape geswutelað wundrunge, atat geswutelað ôgan, racha geswutelað ǣbylignysse, et cetera. witodlîce on ðisum eahta dǣlum is eal lêdensprǣc belocen, and ðæt englisc geðwǣrlǣcð tô eallum ðâm dǣlum, swâswâ wê nû sceortlîce trahtnodon. on ðisum eahta dǣlum synd ðâ mǣstan and ðâ mihtigostan nomen et uerbum, þæt is, nama and word. mid ðâm naman wê nemnað ealle ðing and mid ðâm worde wê sprecað be eallum ðingum. sume naman synd primitiua, þæt synd frumcennede oððe fyrmyste, swâswâ ys scola on englisc scôl, mons dûn, ciuitas ceaster. sume synd diriuatiua, þæt synd, ðâ ðe cumað of ôðrum namum: scolasticus sê ðe on scôle ys, montanus dûnlendisc, ciuis ceastergewara. sume synd âgene naman, swâswâ is êadgâr, dûnstân; sume gemǣnelîce: cyning, bisceop, homo man. sume synd incorporalia, þæt is, unlîchamlîce, swâswâ is angelus engel, michael, gabriel, raphael. sume synd omonima, id sunt uniuoca, ðâ getâcnjað mâ þinga mid ânre clypunge: acies egc oððe se ord on here oððe scearp gesihð; aries byð ram betwux sceâpum and ram tô wealgeweorce and aries ys ân ðâra twelf tâcna. sume synd sinonima, id sunt pluriuoca, ðâ getâcnjað ân ðing mid menigfealdre clypunge, swâswâ ys ensis swurd, gladius swurd, mucro swurd; terra eorðe, tellus eorðe. sume synd adiectiua, þæt synd, ðâ ðe bêoð geîhte tô ôðrum namum and getâcnjað oððe herunge oððe tâl: iustus rihtwîs, iniustus unrihtwîs, bonus homo gôd man, malus homo yfel mann. sume synd accidentia, þæt synt gelimplîce, þe gelimpað ânum gehwylcum: niger coruus blac hrem, profundum mare dêop sǣ, prudens snoter, albus hwît, longus lang, breuis sceort. sume syndon ad aliquid dicta, ðâ synd gecwedene tô sumum þinge and ne magon bêon gecwedene bûton ðâm ðinge: filius sunu, seruus ðêowa. þonne ðû cwest sunu, þonne byð se fæder þǣr tô understanden and se hlâford tô þâm ðêowan. sume syndon forneân þisum gelîce: dies dæg, nox niht; dexter swîðra, sinister wynstra; calor hǣtu, frigus cŷle. sume syndon gentilia, þâ getâcnjaþ, hwylcere þêode hê sîg: graecus grêcisc, anglus englisc. sume synd patriae, þâ geswuteljað þæs mannes êþel: romanus rômanisc, lundoniensis lundenisc, wiltuniensis wiltûnisc. sume synd interrogatiua, þæt synd âxjendlîce: quis hwâ, qualis hwylc, quantus hû micel, quot hû fela, quotus hwylces geteles on endebyrdnysse, se forma oððe se ôðer. sume synd collectiua, þâ getâcnjað on ânfealdum getele mycele meniu: populus folc: menig mann byð on folce; exercitus here, legio îored, congregatio gegaderung. sume synd diuidua, þâ getâcnjað tôdâl mid edlesendre sprǣce: uterque heora ǣgðer, quisque gehwâ, singuli ǣnlîpige, bini getwinne oððe twŷfealde, terni ðrŷfealde, deni tŷnfealde, uiceni twentigfealde, triceni þrittigfealde, centeni hundfealde. sume synd ordinalia, þâ geswuteljað endebyrdnysse: primus fyrmest, secundus ôðer, tertius ðridda; et cetera. sume syndon numeralia, þâ geswuteljað getel: unus ân, duo twegen, tres ðrŷ; et cetera. sume syndon facticia, þâ synd geworhte æfter gelîcnysse âgenes swêges: tintinnabulum belle, turtur turtle, clangor cyrm, bos oxa, grus cran. sume synd generalia, þæt synd gemǣnelîce: animal nŷten: animal is ǣlc ðingc, ðe orðað; arbor ǣlces cynnes trêow, gemma ǣlces cynnes gymstân. sume syndon specialia, þæt synd synderlîce, þâ ðe bêoð tôdǣlede fram þâm gemǣnelîcum. animal is ǣlc ðing, ðe orðað: ðonne is synderlîce homo man, equus hors, ouis scêp. gemǣnelîce arbor trêow; synderlîce uitis wîntrêow, laurus lawerbêam, corilus hæsel, abies æps, quercus âc, malus apuldre. gemǣnelîce gemma gimstân; synderlîce cristallum, topazius, berillus. sume syndon absolutiuae, þæt synd ungebundene, þâ ne behôfjað nânre tîginge ôðres naman: deus god, ratio gesceâd, mens môd. sume syndon temporalia, þæt synd tîdlîce, þâ ætêowjað tîman: annus geâr, mensis mônoð, ebdomada wucu, dies dæg. sume syndon localia, þæt synd stôwlîce, þâ geswuteljað gehendnysse oððe ungehendnysse: propinquus gehende oððe mǣg, longinquus fyrlen, proximus neâxð, medioximus midlen. sume syndon patronomica, þæt synd fæderlîce naman, æfter grêciscum þêawe, ac sêo lêdensprǣc næfð þâ naman. hî synd swâ ðêah on engliscre sprǣce: penda and of ðâm pending and pendingas, cwicelm and of ðâm cwicelmingas and fela ôðre. sume synd possessiua, þæt synd geâgnigendlîce, þâ geswuteljað þâ þing, þė bêoð geâgnode: regius honor cynelîc wurðmynt; pater fæder, paternus fæderlîc; mater môdor, maternus môdorlîc; frater brôðor, fraternus brôðorlîc. of ôðrum antimbre ferrum îsen, ferreus îsen; aurum gold, aureus gylden; argentum seolfor, argenteus sylfren; stagnum tin, stagneus tinen; aes bræs oððe âr, aeneus bræsen oþþe ǣren; plumbum lêad, plumbeus lêaden; uitrum glæs, uitreus glæsen; lapis stân, lapideus stǣnen; lignum trêow, ligneus trêowen; et cetera. sume hî synd comparatiua, þæt synd wiðmetenlîce, þâ geswuteljað mâran oððe beteran: maior mâre, melior betere. sume synd superlatiua, þæt synd oferstîgendlîce, þâ geswuteljað ðâ mǣstan and ðâ betstan: maximus se mǣsta, optimus se sêlosta. positiuus is se forma stæpe: iustus rihtwîs. comparatiuus ys se ôðer stæpe: iustior rihtwîsre. superlatiuus is se ðridda stæpe: iustissimus ealra rihtwîsost. bonus gôd, melior betere, optimus sêlost; malus yfel, peior wyrse, pessimus ealra wyrst; magnus mycel, maior mâre, maximus mǣst; paruus lytel, minor læsse, minimus læst; facilis êaðelîc, facilior êaðre, facillimus ealra êaðost; difficilis earfoðe, difficilior earfoðre, difficillimus ealra earfoðust; gracilis smæl, gracilior smælre, gracillimus ealra smælst; humilis êadmôd, humilior êadmôdre; humillimus ealra êadmôdust; similis gelîc, similior gelîcre, simillimus ealra gelîcost; ealswâ dissimilis ungelîc; agilis hræd oððe glæd, agilior hræddre, agillimus ealra hradost. of eallum ðisum stæpum cumað aduerbia: bene wel, melius bet, optime sêlost (hê dêð); facile êaðelîce, facilius êaðelîcor, facillime ealra êaðelîcost (hê dêð); et cetera. sume naman synd diminutiua, þæt synd wanjendlîce, þâ geswuteljað wanunge, nâ wiðmetennysse: rex cyning, regulus lytel cyning oððe undercyning; frater brôðor, fraterculus lytel brôðor; puer cild, puerulus lytel cild; pater fæder, paterculus lytel fæder; mater môdor, matercula lytel môdor; mulier wîf, muliercula lytel wîf; soror swustor, sororcula lytel swustor; opus weorc, opusculum lytel weorc; corpus lîchama, corpusculum lytel lîchama; ager æcer, agellus lytel æcer; liber bôc, libellus lytel bôc; homo mann, homunculus lytel man and omuncio et cetera. gyt ðǣr is ân hiw denominatiuum gecîged. denominatiuum is gecweden eal, þæt of naman cymð, and on ðâm hiwe synd belocene patronomica and possessiua and comparatiua and superlatiua and diminutiua and manega ôðre naman tô êacan ðisum. bonus ys nama, þonne byð of ðâm bonitas gôdnys denominatiuum of ðâm naman. eft iustus rihtwîs, iustitia rihtwîsnys; socius gefêra, societas gefêrrǣden; frater brôðor, fraternitas brôðorrǣden; uetus eald, uetustas ealdnys; castus clǣne, castitas clǣnnys; sanctus hâlig, sanctitas hâlignys; uir wer, uirilis werlîc; mulier wîf, muliebris wîflîc; puer cild, puerilis cildlîc; puella mǣden, puellaris mǣdenlîc; uirgo mǣden, uirginalis mǣdenlîc; caelum heofen, caelestis heofonlîc; terra eorðe, terrestris eorðlîc. witodlîce ealle ðâ naman, þe of ôðrum namum cumað, ealle hî synd denominatiua gecwedene, and ðâra ys forneân ungerîm.