INDEX

Abbott, 193 n. Abcona, 670 Abdominal pores, 401 f. Abramis, 582 Abyssascidia, 73 Acanthaphritis, 706 Acanthias, 455, 298; vertebral column, 198; uterine nutrition, 434; A. vulgaris, 264, 455; pectoral fin, 243 Acanthicus, 595 Acanthistius, 659 Acanthocepola, 662 Acanthoclinus, 709 Acanthocybium, 678 Acanthodei, 440 f., 148 Acanthoderma, 724 Acanthodes, 442; A. wardi, 441 Acanthodidae, 441 Acanthodopsis, 442 Acanthonus, 712 Acanthophthalmus, 582 Acanthopleurus, 723 Acanthopoma, 589 Acanthopterygii, 650 f., 159, 306, 543; diagram showing relationships of groups, 651 Acanthuridae, 668, 357, 651, 652, 654 Acanthurus, 668; A. chirurgus, 357 Acara, 672 Accessory respiratory organs, 292 Acentronura, 634 Acentrophorus, 498 Aceratias, 719 Acerina, 659; A. cernua, 659 Acestra, 595; A. gladius, 595 Acestrorhamphus, 575 Acestrorhynchus, 575 Achilognathus, 582 Achiropsis, 687 Achirus, 687 Acipenser, 492, 149, 262, 264, 273, 274, 276, 282, 348; ribs, 201; lymph follicles, 261; spiral valve, 268; gills, 283, 284; air-bladder, 298, 299; vascular system, 319, 322, 328, 334; spleen, 343; gonoducts of female, 400, 405; distribution, habits, and food, 493; breeding, 494; economic value, 494; A. huso, 494; A. rhynchaeus, pectoral fin, 243; A. ruthenus, 493; scales, 187, 188; brain, 376; micropyles, 411; larva, 494; A. sturio, 493, 494; vertebral column, 200; supra-renals, 346; micropyles, 411 Acipenseridae, 486, 489, 495 Acipenseroidei = Chondrostei, q.v. Acrania, 113 Acrartete, 636 n. Acrochordonichthys, 588 Acrodus, 445 Acrogaster, 656 Acrognathus, 611 Acropoma, 659 Acropomatidae, 659, 654 Acrotus, 644 Actinistia, 477 n. Actinopterygii, 476 Actinotrocha, 28 f., 29 Acysis, 588 Adipose fins, 163 Aegaeonichthys, 719 Aelurichthys, 588 Aethalion, 546 Aetheolepis, 498; scales, 187 Aetheospondyli, 497 Aëtobatis, 465, 466; spines, 177 Agassiz, 558 n., 685 n., 720 n. Ageniosus, 589; A. valenciennesi, 589 Agnathostomata, 145; characters of, 147 Agoniates, 575 Agonidae, 700, 694 Agonopsis, 700 Agonus, 700; A. cataphractus, 700 Agrammus, 696 Agriopus, 695 Aida, 639 Ailia, 588; air-bladder, 302 Ailiichthys, 588 Aipichthys, 666 Air-bladder, as an accessory respiratory organ, 291 f.; Amia, 291; Lepidosteus, 291, 299; Sudis gigas, 291; Erythrinus taeniatus and E. braziliensis, 291; Neoceratodus, 291, 300; Protopterus, 291, 301, 302; Lepidosiren, 291; structure, 297; in different Fishes, 298; "red bodies," 307; "red glands," 307, 308, 309; gases of the air-bladder, 309; functions, 309; in locomotion, 310; as a vocal organ, 358; connexion with the auditory organ, 388, 389, 390 Albula, 548, 541, 549; vestigial conus arteriosus, 329, 548; A. conorhynchus, 548; larva, 548 Albulidae, 547, 544 Alburnus, 582; A. lucidus, 167, 583 Alcock, 695 Alder and Hancock, 38 Alepidosauridae, 614, 606 Alepidosaurus, 614; A. ferox, 614 Alepocephalidae, 569, 544 Alepocephalus, 570; A. rostratus, 570 n. Aleposomus, 570 Alestes, 575 Alimentary canal, of Hemichordata, 11, 25; of Tunicata, 54, 67; of Amphioxus, 120; of Fishes, 252 f.; regions, 252; mesenteries, 258; histology, 259 f.; glands, 270 Allabenchelys, 588 Allis Shad, 564 Allman, 22 n., 705 n. Alopecias vulpes, 451, 452; spiral valve, 265 Aluteres, 724 Amaroucium, 88; A. proliferum, stomach, 88 Ambassinae, 660 Ambassis, 660 Ambloplites, 657 Amblyapistus, 695 Amblyopsidae, 618, 361, 395, 606 Amblyopsis, 618; A. spelaea, 166, 361, 618, 619 Amblyopus, 689 Amblypharyngodon, 582 Amblypterus, 487 Amia, 499, 149, 160, 262, 273, 274, 276, 283, 291, 393, 609 n.; fossil, 501; A. calva, 499, 500; scales, 189; vertebral column, 201, 202, 203; skull, 228; median fins, 235; pectoral fin, 243, 244; spiral valve, 268; pseudobranch, 284; air-bladder, 297, 299, 310; heart, 328; arteries to air-bladder, 337; sensory canal, 385; nephrostomes, 401, 402; segmentation of ova, 409; distribution and habits, 499; spawning, 500; nest, 500, 501; larvae, 501 Amiidae, 499, 299, 497 Amiopsis, 501 Amiurus, 588, 261; liver and pancreas, 273; A. catus, rectal valve, 254; renal portal system, 319; A. nebulosus, 587 n., 592; A. nigrilabris, blind, 394 Ammocoetes, 428, 46, 262, 272, 280, 280 n., 327, 343, 428; metamorphosis, 429; protective value of the skin, 429 Ammocrypta, 659 Ammodytes, 639, 275; A. lanceolatus, 639; A. tobianus, 639 Ammodytidae, 639, 637 Ammopleurops, 687 Ammotretis, 687 Amniota, 145 Ampheristus, 695 Amphioxus, 112 f., 4, 37, 46, 110; general characters, 113; external characters, 114; anatomy, 116, 117; musculature, 117; skeleton, 119; notochord, 119; alimentary canal, 120; branchial bars, 122; endostyle, 123; coelom, 123; vascular system, 124, 125; renal organs, 125, 127; nervous system, 127; sense-organs, 128; gonads, 129; embryology and life-history, 130, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136; compared with Hemichordata, 11 f., 16, 29 f. —see also Branchiostoma Amphipnoidae, 598 Amphipnous, 598; respiratory air-sacs of, 598; A. cuchia, 294, 598 Amphiprion, 672 Amphisile, 633; A. strigata, 633 Amphisilidae, 633, 628 Amphistiidae, 684, 683 Amphistium, 684; A. paradoxum, 684 Amphistylic, 222, 223 Anabantidae, 645, 292, 637; distribution of, 645 Anabas, 645, 355; A. scandens, 645; labyrinthiform organ, 293 Anableps, 616, 419; intromittent organ, 414; development of embryos in ovisacs, 418; A. tetrophthalmus, 617 Anacanthini, 646 f., 543, 702, 703 Anacyrtus, 575 Anadromous, 413 Anallantoidea, 145 Anamniota, 145 Anampses, 673 Anapterus, 611 Anarrhichas, 709; teeth, 251; A. lupus, 710; eggs, 408 Anaspida, 531 f., 149 Anchinia, 96, 100; A. rubra, 100; polymorphism, 100 Anchovy, 564 Ancylodon, 663 Ancylostylus, 549 Andersonia, 588, 589 Andrews, 113 Anema, 706 Angel-Shark, 456 Angler, 718 Anguilla, 601; A. vulgaris (Common Eel), 601; larva, 602; red glands, 307; renal portal circulation, 319, 320 Anguillidae, 600, 163, 405, 649 n. Anodonta, Rhodeus in, 584 Anogmius, 549 Anomalopidae, 660; photophores, 178 Anomalops, 660 Anomalopterus, 570 Anoplarchus, 709 Anoplogaster, 656, 655 Anoplopoma, 697, 693 Anoplopterus, 588 Anostominae, 576 Anostomus (Characinidae), 576; (Mugilidae), 640 Ansorge, 560 Antennariidae, 720, 718 Antennarius, 720; nest, 414; A. hispidus, scales, 191; A. marmoratus, 720; scales, 191 Anthias, 659, 660 Antiarchi, 532 f., 149 Antigonia, 667 Antimora, 648 Anurella, 78; development of, 78; A. roscovita, larva, 78 Apateodus, 611 Apeltes, 630 Aphanopus, 679 Aphareus, 660 Aphia, 689; A. pellucida, 690 Aphiocharax, 575 Aphoristia, 687 Aphredoderus, 656, 655; A. sayanus, 656 Aphyonus, 712, 713 Apistus, 695, 692 Aplidium, 88; A. zostericola, stomach, 88 Apodes, 599 f., 306 Apodichthys, 711 Apogon, 660 Apolectus, 677 Apostasis, 668 Appendicularia, 68, 37; A. sicula, 66 Appendicularians, 64 Appendiculariida, 65, 66 Appendiculariidae, 68, 38; nervous system, 53 Appendix digitiformis, 276 Aprion, 660 Aprionodon, 448 Apua, 582 Aracana, 724 Arapaima, 557; A. gigas, 556, 558 Arch-centra, 196 Archaeomaenidae, 545, 544 Archaeomenes, 545 Archaeoteuthis, 669 Archaeus, 677 Archenteron, 20, 56, 130, 132 Archeobatis, 446 Archinephric duct, 397, 398 Arctoscopus, 663 Argenteum, 168 Argentina, 565, 569 Arges, 595 Arginae, 595 Argyriosus vomer, 363 Argyropelecus, 571 Ariscopus, 706 Aristotle, 36 Arius, 588, 587, 589; A. australis, 593; deposition of eggs, 415; A. commersonii, 593 Armed Bullhead, 700 Arnoglossus, 687 Arripis, 663 Arthrodira, 535 f., 149 Arterial system, 329 f. Artificial pearls, 167 Ascelichthys, 698 Ascidia, 72, 73; structure, 39 f., 43, 45; test, 40, 41; body-wall, 42; mantle, 42; branchial cavity, 43, 48; atrial or peribranchial cavity, 43; other cavities of body, 44; tentacles, 44; endostyle, 46; branchial sac, 47; heart and circulation, 49, 51; blood, 49; neural gland, 52; dorsal tubercle, 52; nervous system, 53; sense-organs, 53; alimentary canal, 54; renal organ, 54; reproductive organs, 55; embryology and life-history, 55, 57, 60; metamorphosis, 61; A. challengeri, dorsal tubercle, 79; A. mentula, structure, 39 f., 40; test, 42; endostyle, 46; pharynx, 47; nervous system, 52; larva, 78; A. meridionalis, dorsal tubercle, 79; A. pyriformis, dorsal tubercle, 79; A. translucida, dorsal tubercle, 79; A. virginea, 39 f. Ascidiacea, 70 f., 64 Ascidiae Compositae, 80 f., 64; structure, 81 Ascidiae Luciae, 90 f., 86 Ascidiae Simplices, 71 f. Ascidians, 35, 64, 70 Ascidiella aspersa, 77 Ascidiidae, 72, 64, 110 Ascidiinae, 72 Ascidiozooids, 35, 84 Ascopera gigantea, branchial sac, 77; dorsal tubercle, 79 Asineops, 656 Aspidophora, 5 n. Aspidophoroides, 700 Aspidorhynchidae, 502 Aspidorhynchus, 502; A. acutirostris, 502 Aspius, 582 Aspredinidae, 596, 575 Aspredo, 596, 416 Aspro, 659 Asprotilapia, 672 Asteracanthus, 445 Asterolepidae, 534 Asterolepis, 534 Asterospondylic, 198 Astroblepus, 595 Astronesthes, 571, 570, 572; A. niger, photophores, 178 Asymmetron, 137, 129; distribution, 138; A. bassanum, 137; A. caudatum, 137, 138; A. cingalense, 137; A. cultellum, 137; A. hectori, 137; A. lucayanum, 137, 138; A. maldivense, 137 Ateleaspidae, 528 Ateleaspis, 528, 530; A. tessellata, 528 Ateleopus, 714 Atheresthes, 687, 685 Atherina, 639, 640 Atherinella, 639 Atherinichthys, 641 Atherinidae, 639, 637 Atherinops, 639 Atherinopsis, 639 Atopochilus, 588 Atrial cavity, 43, 44, 59, 63, 67 Atriopore, 113, 115, 117 Atrium, of Amphioxus, 113, 118, 121, 135 Atypichthys, 666 Atyposoma, 666 Auchenaspis, 529 Auchenipterus, 589; A. nodosus, elastic-spring-apparatus, 358 Auchenoglanis, 588 Auditory organs, 387 f., 388; connexion with the air-bladder, 389, 390 Audouin, 37 Aulacocephalus, 659 Auliscops, 632 Auliscus, 631 Aulolepis, 560 Aulopus, 611 Aulopyge, 582 Aulorhamphus, 668 Aulorhynchidae, 631, 628 Aulorhynchus, 631, 632 Aulostoma, 632; A. coloratum, 632 Aulostomatidae, 632, 628 Aulostomatomorpha, 570 Autostylic, 223 Auxis, 678 Azurina, 672 Badis, 658 Bagarius, 588 Bagrichthys, 588 Bagrinae, 588 Bagroides, 588 Bagropsis, 588 Bagrus, 588 Balanoglossus, 3, 5 f., 24, 25, 28, 30 f., 123; embryo, 8; history of name, 17 Balanoglossus, 17, 5, 6, 13, 16; B. aurantiacus, 7, 11, 15; B. biminiensis, 18, 21 n.; B. clavigerus, 6, 17; B. gigas, 5 Balistes, 724, 264, 354; coloration, 174; scales, 190; sound production, 357; B. aculeatus, 357; B. capriscus, 724; B. vetula, 361 Balistidae, 723, 652, 721, 163 Ballowitz, 591 n. Bancroft, 85 Band-Fish, 662 Barbels, 154 Barbus, 582, 584; B. mosal, 584; B. tropidolepis, 583; lower pharyngeals, 583; B. viviparus, 584 Barilius, 582 Barracudas, 642 Barramunda, 558 Barrois, 39 Basking Shark, 453 Bat-Fish, 720 Bateson, 5, 6, 11, 14, 20, 30 n. Bathyagonus, 700 Bathyclupea, 657, 656 Bathydraco, 706 Bathygadus, 647 Bathylaco, 571 Bathylagus, 566, 565, 569 Bathylychnus, 571 Bathymaster, 661 Bathymyzon, 426 Bathyoncus, 74 Bathyonus, 712 Bathypterois, 611, 613; B. dubius, 162, 612; B. longipes, 613 Bathysaurus, 611 Bathythrissa, 548 Bathytroctes, 570 Batoidei, 457 f., 148 Batrachidae, 710, 651, 704, 361; photophores, 179 Batrachus, 711; B. tau, 711, 361 Baudelot, 584 n. Bdellostoma, 423; external characters, 151; skull, 220, 221; pancreas, 273; gill-sacs, 282, 423; vascular system, 315 n.; distribution, 423; habits, 423; eggs, 424; B. stouti, 423; embryo, 425 Bdellostomatidae, 423 Belodontichthys, 588 Belone, 638, 411; B. annulata, 638 Belonesox, 616 Belonoglanis, 588, 589 Belonorhynchidae, 485, 488 Belonostomus, 502 Bembras, 700 Bembrops, 705 Beneden, Van, 37, 39 Benham, 113 Bentenia, 682 Benthodesmus, 679 Benthophilus, 689 Benthosaurus, 611 Berycidae, 655, 651, 652, 653, 703, 303, 361, 389 Beryx, 656; B. affinis and B. mülleri, coloration, 165; B. splendens, 655 Betta, 669; B. pugnax, 669 Bib, 649 Bibronia, 685 Birkenia, 531, 149; B. elegans, 532 Birkeniidae, 531 Bitterling, 584, 416 Black Bass, 657 Black-Fish, 610, 643 Blastocoele, 44, 49, 52, 130 Blastogenetic acceleration, 84 Blastopore, 20, 130 Blastosphere, 20, 130 Blastozooid, 84, 93 Blastula, 56 Bleak, 583, 167 Bleekeria, 705 Blenniidae, 709, 651, 702, 703, 704, 163, 271, 302, 418 Blennius, 709, 710 Blepsias, 698 Blind Fishes, 394, 713; of Mammoth Cave, 619 Blochius, 680 Blood, of Hemichordata, 15; of Tunicata, 49; of Amphioxus, 124; of Fishes, 341 Blood-glands, 342 Blue Shark, 448 Boar-Fish, 666 Boas, 548 n. Bola, 582 Boleophthalmus, 689 Boleosoma, 659 Boltenia, 75; B. pachydermatina, B. tuberculata, dorsal tubercle, 79 Bolteninae, 75 Bombay-duck, 613 Bonnet Shark, 450 Bonnier and Pérez, 95 Borgert, 99 Bothriolepis, 534; B. canadensis, 534 Botia, 582 Botryllidae, 88, 81, 82, 84, 110; vessels, 42; neural gland, 52 n.; reproductive organs, 56; ascidiozooid, 82 Botrylloides, 88 Botryllus, 88, 36, 90; stigmata, 59; diagram of budding, 90; B. schlosseri, 80; B. violaceus, 89 Bottard, 669, 696 n. Boulenger, 459 n., 477 n., 481 n., 551 n., 584 n., 586 n., 593 n., 683 n. Boulengerella, 575 Bourne, 19 Boveri, 113, 126 Bovichthys, 706 Bow-Fin, 499 = Amia, q.v. Box, 664, 665, 264, 276; B. vulgaris, rectal caecum, 254 Brachionichthys, 720 Brachiopoda, 35 Brachychalcinus, 575 Brachymystax, 565 Brama, 682; B. longipinnis, 682 n.; B. raii, 682 n. Bramidae, 682, 676 Branchial bars, of Amphioxus, 120, 122 Branchial cavity, of Tunicata, 43, 101 Branchial clefts, 155, 277 f. Branchial sac, 43, 44, 45, 53; of Appendicularians, 67; of Thaliacea, 96, 104, 105 Branchial septa, of Hemichordata, 12; of Amphioxus, 120 Branchiostoma, 137, 112, 138; distribution, 138; B. belcheri, 137, 138; B. californiense, 137; B. capense, 137; B. caribbaeum, 137; B. elongatum, 137, 138; B. indicum, 137; B. lanceolatum, 112, 114 n., 115, 137, 138; transverse section, 118, 121; nephridium, 126; nervous system, 128, 129; gonads, 129; B. nakagawae, 137, 138; B. pelagicum, 129 n., 137, 138 —see also Amphioxus Branchiostomatidae, 137, 112 Brauer, 571 Breathing sounds, 357 Breathing-valves, 288 Bregmaceros, 648 Breitensteinia, 588 Brevoortia, 563 Bridge, 555, 558 n. Bridge and Haddon, 574 n., 587 n., 590 n. Brill, 687 Brooks, 39, 101 n., 105 Brosmius, 648 Brosmophycis, 712 Brotula, 712, 713 Brychaetus, 557 Brycon, 575; B. fulcatus, mouth, 577 Bryconaethiops, 575 Bryconodon, 575 Bryconops, 575 Bucklandium, 589 Budding, in Pterobranchia, 24, 27; in Tunicata, 71, 80, 81 f., 90, 97, 103 Budgett, 482, 483 n., 514, 552, 558 Bull-heads, 698 Bullhead Sharks, 444 Bunocephalichthys, 596 Bunocephalus, 596 Burbot, 649 Bursa Entiana, 254 Bury, 31 n. Butirinus, 548 Butter-Fish, 712, 415 Bythitis, 712 Cachius, 582 Cadophore, 97 Caecum cloacae, 276 Caenotropis, 576 Caesio, 664, 264 Caesioperca, 659 Calamichthys, 484, 158, 202; distribution, 484; C. calabaricus, 484 Calamostoma, 634 Callanthias, 659 Callichrous, 588 Callichthyinae, 588 Callichthys, 588, 587, 153, 302; intestinal respiration, 292; C. littoralis, 592; C. paleatus, 414, 592 Calliodon, 674 Callionymidae, 706, 704 Callionymus, 707; C. carebares, 707; C. lyra, 707, 420 n. Callomystax gagata, stridulating mechanism, 356 Callophysus, 588 Callopristodus, 446 Callopterus, 204 Callorhynchus, 471; vertebral column, 199; frontal clasper, 223; branchial blood-vessels, 334; distribution, 471; egg-case, 471; C. antarcticus, 470 Calotomus, 674 Campanula Halleri, 393, 394 Campostoma, 582 Candiru, 593 Canobius, 487 Cantharus, 664 Capelin, 568 Capoëta, 582 Caprodon, 659 Caproidae, 666, 653 Capros, 666; C. aper, 666, 357 Carangidae, 677, 652, 676, 158, 303 Carangodes, 677 Carangopsis, 677 Caranx, 677, 161, 284; with Medusae, 643; C. hippos, 363; C. rhonchus, 363; C. trachurus, 677, 307 Carapus, 579 Carbonnier, 592 Carcharias (Carcharinus), 448; succession of teeth, 250; C. glaucus, 448; C. nicaraguensis, 448 Carchariidae, 448, 449 Carcharinus—see Carcharias Carcharodon rondeletii, 451, 452 Careproctus, 698 Cariba, 578 Carp, 583, 584; Leather-, 584 Carpiodes, 581 Caryo-enteric, 102, 108 Castle, 56 n. Cat-Fishes, 710, 587 Cataetyx, 712 Cathetostoma, 706 Catla, 582; C. buchanani, 584 Catlocarpio, 582 Catopra, 658 Catoprion, 576 Catopteridae, 488, 486 Catosteomi, 626 f., 306 Catostominae, 581 Catostomus, 581 Caturus, 499; C. furcatus, 499; vertebrae, 203 Caudal fin, 156, 159, 237 Caullery, 85 Caulolatilus, 661 Caulolepis, 656 Caulophryne, 719 Cave-Fishes, 394 f., 618 f., 713 Centrarchidae, 657, 653 Centrarchus, 657 Centrina, 455; C. salviani, 455 Centriscidae, 633, 628, 357 Centriscus, 633, 154; C. scolopax, 633; scales, 189, 190; stridulation, 357 Centrogenys, 659 Centrolepis, 487 Centrolophus, 643; C. britannicus, 643; C. niger, 643 Centromochlus, 588, 361 Centronotus, 711 Centrophorus, 455 Centropogon, 695 Centropominae, 660 Centropomus, 660 Centropristes, 659 Centroscyllium, 455 Cephalacanthus, 702 Cephalaspidae, 528 Cephalaspis, 529, 149; C. lyelli, 529; C. magnifica, 529; C. murchisoni, 528 Cephalochordata, 112 f., 4, 38 Cephalodiscus, 21 f., 5, 28, 29, 31, 32; distribution, 23; budding, 24; structure, 24 f.; males, 26; C. dodecalophus, 22, 23, 24, 25 Cepola, 662; C. rubescens, 662 Cepolidae, 661, 653 Ceratias, 719; phosphorescent organ, 174, 178; C. bispinosus, 174 Ceratichthys, 582 Ceratiidae, 719, 718 Ceratodontidae, 507 Ceratodus, 508, 519 Ceratoptera, 465; C. vampyrus, 466 Ceratotrichia, 234 Cerdale, 709 Cestracion = Heterodontus, q. v. Cetengraulis, 563 Cetomimidae, 614, 606 Cetomimus, 614 Cetopsis, 588, 587 Cetorhinidae, 453 Cetorhinus, see Selache Chaca, 588; C. lophioides, 589 Chaenichthys, 706 Chaenobryttus, 657 Chaenopsis, 709 Chaerops, 673 Chaetobranchus, 672 Chaetodon, 668 Chaetodontidae, 667, 654, 361; coloration, 166 Chaetostomus, 595; C. cirrhosus, sexual differences, 594; C. gigas, 595 Chalceus, 575; C. angulatus, mouth, 577 Chalcinus, 575 Chamisso, 36 Champsocephalus, 706 Champsodon, 641; C. vorax, 642 Chaninae, 563 Channa, 645 Channalabes, 588, 589 Channomuraena, 605; C. vittata, 605 Chanoides, 563 Chanos, 563, 563; C. salmoneus, gill-helix, 294 Characidium, 576 Characinidae, 575, 574, 294; distribution, 576; teeth, 250; sound production, 361; Weberian ossicles, 389, 573 Characodon, 616 Charax, 665 Charitosomus, 572 Charr, 567 Charybdia, 685 Chascanopsetta, 687 Chasmodes, 709 Chatoessus, 563, 563 Chauliodontinae, 571 Chauliodus, 571, 570, 572 Chaunax, 720 Cheiracanthus, 442 Cheirodus, 488; C. granulosus, 488 Cheirolepis, 485, 487 Chela, 582 Chelaethiops, 582 Chelidoperca, 659 Chelmo, 668 Chelyosoma, 73; C. macleayanum, 72 Chiaje, Delle, 17 Chiasmodon, 641, 642 Chiasmodontidae, 641, 637 Chilinus, 673 Chilio, 673 Chilobranchus, 598 Chilodactylus, 664 Chilodipterinae, 660 Chilodipterus, 660 Chiloglanis, 588 Chilorhinus, 601 Chiloscyllium, 446, 447; pectoral girdle, 239; pectoral fin, 239; pelvic girdle, 240; pelvic fin, 240; brain, 374 Chimaera, 469, 382; vertebral column, 199; skull, 223; frontal clasper, 223, 469; gills, 282, 283; lateral sensory organs, 386; auditory organ, 387, 388; distribution, 469; egg-case, 470; segmentation of egg, 474; fossil, 474; C. affinis, 469; C. colliei, 469, 473; C. monstrosa, 469; vertebral column, 199; skull, 223; pectoral fin, 243; spiral valve, 267 Chimaeridae, 468, 474 Chimaeropsis, 468 Chimarrhichthys, 705 Chirocentridae, 561, 544 Chirocentrites, 561 Chirocentrodon, 563 Chirocentrus, 562; vestigial spiral valve, 269; C. dorab, skull and pectoral arch, 562 Chirodon, 575 Chirolophius, 718; C. naresii, 718 Chironemus, 664 Chirostoma, 639 Chirothricidae, 615, 606 Chirothrix, 615; C. libanicus, 615 Chlamydoselachidae, 443 Chlamydoselachus, 443, 279; rectal gland, 276; branchial clefts, 277; efferent branchial vessels, 332 n.; C. anguineus, 443, 444; C. lawleyi, 443 Chlamydothorax, 17 n. Chlorophthalmus, 611; C. gracilis, 613 Chloroscombrus, 677 Chologaster, 618; C. agassizii, 618; C. cornutus, 618; C. papilliferus, 618 Chondrostachys, 85 Chondrostei, 485 f., 149 Chondrosteidae, 489, 486 Chondrosteus, 489; C. acipenseroides, 489, 490 Chondrostoma, 582 Chonerhinus, 726 Chorda-centra, 196 Chordata, characters of, 3 f., 35, 38 Choridactylus, 695, 692 Chorimycterus, 576 Chorinemus, 677 Chorisochismus, 709 Chorizocormus, 89; C. reticulatus, 90 Choroid gland, 393, 394 Chromatophores, 166 Chromides, 671 Chrysichthys, 588 Chrysophrys auratus, 420 Cichla, 672, 671 Cichlidae, 670, 654; distribution, 672; eggs carried in the mouth, 416 Cichlops, 661 Ciliation, of the alimentary canal, 262 Cimolichthys, 609 Ciona, 72; development, 56 n.; C. intestinalis, 73, 77 Cirrhilabrus, 673 Cirrhites, 660 Cirrhitichthys, 660 Cirrhitinae, 660; coloration, 166 Cirri, of Amphioxus, 128 Citharichthys dinoceros, 685 Citharidium, 576 Citharininae, 576 Citharinus, 576, 578; C. geoffroyi, 579 Citharus, 687 Cladistia, 481 f., 477 Cladocyclus, 561 Cladodus, 438; C. neilsoni, 438 Cladoselache, 438, 148, 153, 160, 162, 197; pectoral and pelvic girdles, 239; pectoral and pelvic fins, 242, 245; characters, 436 f.; C. fyleri, 437 Cladoselachidae, 438 Clariallabes, 588 Clarias, 588, 153, 302; accessory respiratory organs, 293, 294; C. anguillaris, 590; C. lazera, 590 Clariinae, 588 Clarke, 608 Clarotes, 588 Claspers, 162, 246, 414, 432, 469, 470, 471 Clavelina, 71, 83; nervous system, 53; stigmata, 59; hibernation, 88; C. lepadiformis, 71, 72 Clavelinidae, 71, 81, 83, 109, 110 Climatius, 441 Climbing Perch, 645, 292 Cling-Fishes, 708 Clinus, 709 Cloaca, of Tunicata, 44, 45, 81, 82, 92; of Fishes, 156, 256 Cloacal aperture, of Tunicata, 80 Cloacal cavity, of Hemimyaria, 101 Club-shaped gland, 134 Clupea, 563, 564; C. alosa, 564; C. finta, 564; C. harengus, 564, 307; = Herring (q.v.); C. pilchardus, 564; C. sprattus, 564 Clupeichthys, 563 Clupeidae, 562, 544; gill-helix, 294; connexion of air-bladder with auditory organ, 303, 389; eggs, 412 Clupeinae, 563 Cnidoglanis, 588 Coal-Fish, 649 Cobitidinae, 582, 585 Cobitis, 582, 271; C. taenia, 358 Cobitopsis, 639; C. acuta, 639 Coccodus, 498 Coccolepis, 487 Coccosteus, 535, 149, 536; C. decipiens, 535, 536 Cochliodon, 595 Cochliodontidae, 445; teeth, 251 Cochliodus, 445 Cochlognathus, 582 Cod, 648, 648; = Gadus morrhua, q.v. Coelacanthidae, 480, 481 Coelacanthus, 481, 160 Coelocormidae, 86 Coelocormus huxleyi, 86; reproductive organs, 56 Coelolepidae, 524, 530 Coelom (body-cavity), in Hemichordata, 8, 21, 24 f.; in Tunicata, 44; in Amphioxus, 123, 132 f.; in Fishes, 397 Coelonotus, 634, 635 Coelophrys, 720 Coffer-Fishes, 152, 361 Coilia, 563, 563 Cole, 25 n. Cole and Johnstone, 687 n. Colella, 85, 83; C. pedunculata, 85; C. quoyi, 80 Collar-pore, 9, 25, 27 Collett, 714 n. Coloconger, 601 Colocopus, 668 Colour, of Fishes, 164 f.; brilliancy and variety, 164; cause of, 166; changes, 169; protective value, 171; aggressive and alluring, 173; warning, 174 Columbia, 621; C. transmontana, 621 Comephoridae, 696, 692, 694, 418 Comephorus, 697, 692 n. Compound Ascidians, 35, 36 f., 70, 71, 80 f., 110; eggs, 56 Conchopoma, 507 Conger, 601; C. vulgaris, skull and pectoral arch, 600 Congrogadidae, 713, 704 Congrogadus, 713 Congromuraena, 601 Conocara, 570 Conorhynchus, 588 Conte and Vaney, 27 n. Cope, 477 n., 542, 543, 573, 619, 626 Copidoglanis, 588 Copodus, 446 Coprolites, 268 Coregonus, 565, 568, 311; C. clupeoides, 568; C. lavaretus, 568; C. oxyrhynchus, 568; C. pollan, 568; C. vandesius, 568 Corella, 73; stigmata, 48; C. japonica, branchial sac, 73; C. parallelogramma, 73 Corellinae, 73 Coreoperca, 659 Coridodax, 674 Coris, 673 Corvina, 663; C. lobata, air-bladder, 304 Corydoras, 588; C. paleatus, 592 Corynascidia, 73; C. suhmi, 72; branchial sac, 73 Corynopoma, 575 Coryphaena, 681 Coryphaenidae, 681, 676 Coryphaenoides, 647 Cossyphus, 673 Costa, 112 Coste, 630 n. Cottidae, 697, 692, 694 Cottocomephorus, 697, 692 n. Cottunculus, 698 Cottus, 698; C. bubalis, 698; C. gobio, 698; C. scorpius, 698, 357 Cotylis, 709 Cranial nerves, 378, 380 Craniata, 4, 38; characters of, 141; classification, 145 Cranoglanis, 588 Creagrutus, 575 Crenicichla, 672 Crenidens, 665 Crenuchus, 575 Crepidogaster, 709 Crista acustica, 60 Cromeria, 573 Cromeriidae, 573, 545 Cromileptes, 659 Crossognathidae, 565 Crossognathus, 565 Crossopholis, 492 Crossopterygii, 476 f., 149; distribution, 483 Crossorhinus, 447 Cryodraco, 706 Cryphiolepis, 487 Cryptopterus, 588 Cryptotomus, 674 Crystallaria, 659 Crystallogobius, 689 Ctenochaetus, 668 Ctenodentex, 665 Ctenodontidae, 505 Ctenodus, 506 Ctenolabrus, 673 Ctenolates, 659 Ctenothrissa, 560; C. vexillifer, 559 Ctenothrissidae, 559, 544 Cubiceps, 643 Cuchia, 598, 294 Cuénot, 584 n. Culeolus, 75; spicules, 87; C. murrayi, 42; C. moseleyi, dorsal tubercle, 79; C. wyville-thomsoni, 75 Culter, 582 Cunningham, 565 n., 602 n., 687 n. Curimatus, 576 Cutaneous sense-organs, of Fishes, 383 f., 385, 386 Cuvier, 36 Cyathaspis, 527 Cyathozooid, 91, 93, 94 Cybium, 678 Cyclobatis, 462 Cyclomyaria, 95, 101 Cyclopterichthys, 698 Cyclopteridae, 698, 692, 694, 302 Cyclopterus, 698, 321, 408, 415; sucker, 162; C. lumpus, 699; rectal valve, 254 Cyclosalpa, 108; C. pinnata, 102, 108 Cyclospondylic, 198 Cyclostomata, 421 f., 145 f.; characters, 146; external features, 150; skeleton, 197 f.; teeth, alimentary canal and digestive glands, 247 f.; respiratory organs, 279 f.; vascular system, 315 f.; blood-glands, 343; nervous system, 367 f.; organs of special sense, 383 f.; kidneys and reproductive organs, 399 f. Cyclothone, 571 Cymatogaster, 670 Cynoglossus, 687; C. lingua, 686; C. semilaevis, 393 Cynolebias, 616 Cynthia, 75; branchial sac, 74; C. cerebriformis, dorsal tubercle, 79; C. formosa, 76; dorsal tubercle, 79; C. papietensis, dorsal tubercle, 79 Cynthiidae, 74, 64, 110; branchial sac, 48; neural gland, 52 n.; reproductive organs, 55; eggs, 56; dorsal tubercle, 79 Cynthiinae, 75; tentacles, 75 Cyphosidae, 657, 653 Cyphosus, 657 Cyprinidae, 581, 575, 271; ventral suckers, 162; absence of jaw-teeth, 251; air-bladder, 302; breathing sounds, 358; connexion of auditory organ with air-bladder, 389 Cyprininae, 582, 583 Cyprinion, 582 Cyprinodon, 616 Cyprinodontidae, 616, 606, 163, 275, 414, 418; distribution, 617 Cyprinus, 582, 155; pharyngeal teeth, 252; C. auratus, eyes, 155; coloration, 171; C. carassius, 585; C. carpio, 583, 307, 358 Cystoarian, 403 Cystodytes, 85; spicules, 87 Cyttoides, 683 Cyttopsis, 683 Cyttus, 683 Dab, 687; Long Rough, 687; Smear, 687 Dactylopogon, 611 Dactylopteridae, 701, 694, 361 Dactylopterus, 701, 693; D. volitans, 161, 355, 357, 361, 399, 701; pectoral arch, 693 Dallia, 610; D. pectoralis, 610, 611 Dalliidae, 610, 606 Danio, 582 Dapedius, 498, 541 n.; D. politus, 498 Dapedoglossus, 557; D. testis, 556 Dareste, 721 Darters, 659 Dascyllus, 672 Dasyatis sabina, 464 Dasyscopelus, 611 Datnioides, 658 Dawydoff, 16 n. Day, 569 n., 593 n. Deal-Fish, 715 Delhez, 551 Deltodus, 445 Deltoptychius, 445 Demersal, 408 Dendrodoa, 76 Dentex, 664 Dentition, 247 f.; dentinal tissues, 249; fixation of teeth, 249; succession and replacement, 250; shape, 251; sexual differences, 251; pharyngeal teeth, 251; Cyclostomata, 247; Petromyzon, 248; Fishes, 248 f.; Scyllium, 249; Carcharias, 250 Dercetidae, 623, 622 Dercetis, 623 Derepodichthys, 712 Derichthys, 601 Dermal denticles, 183 f.; structure and development, 183, 184, 185 Diagramma, 664 Dibranchus, 720 Dicerobatis, 465 Dicrotus, 679 Didemnidae, 86, 82, 110 Didemnum, 87 Didymaspis, 530 Dinichthys, 537, 149 Dinolestes, 659 Dinoperca, 659 Diodon, 726, 163, 354, 361; scales, 191; teeth, 251; D. geometricus, 726; D. hystrix, 364 Diodontidae, 726, 722 Diphycercal, 159 Diplacanthidae, 441 Diplacanthopoma, 712, 713 Diplacanthus, 441 Diplesium, 659 Diplocrepis, 709 Diplomystes, 588, 587 Diplomystus, 563 Diplophos, 571 Diplophysa, 582 Diplopterus, 477 Diplosoma, 87; section, 87 Diplosomatidae, 87, 110 Diplosomoides lacazii, larva, 78 Diplospondylic, 198 Diplurus, 481, 161 Dipneusti—see Dipnoi Dipnoi (Dipneusti), 505 f., 149; distribution, 512 Dipterodon, 665 Dipterus, 506, 519; D. valenciennesi, 506 Diptychus, 582 Disartete, 636 n. Discocephali, 691 f., 651, 652 Discognathus, 582 Discopyge, 464 Distaplia, 85; D. magnilarva, larva, 78 Distichodontinae, 576 Distichodus, 576; D. niloticus, mouth, 577 Distoma, 85 Distomatidae, 85, 81, 82, 83, 86, 110; reproductive organs, 56; ascidiozooid, 82; transverse section, 86 Ditrema, 670; D. temminckii, 670 Dog-Fishes, 446 Dolchinia, 96, 100; D. mirabilis, 100 Dolichoglossus, 17, 5, 13; D. kowalevskii, 6, 7, 9, 20; D. otagoensis, 11 Dolichorhynchus, 137; D. indicus, 137 Doliolidae, 96, 39, 110 Doliolum, 96, 37; structure, 96; life-history, 97, 98; occurrence, 99; budding, 97; polymorphism, 98; D. nationalis, 99; D. tritonis, 96, 99 Dollo, 518 Dolopichthys, 719 Dolphins, 681 Doradinae, 588 Dorado, 578 Doras, 588, 590, 592, 363; intestinal respiration, 292; stridulation, 357; elastic-spring-apparatus, 359; D. maculatus, air-bladder, 303; nature of sounds, 362 Dorsal lamina, 45, 47, 52, 101, 105 Dorsal pore, 18, 19, 31 Dorsal tubercle, 52, 79 Doryichthys, 634, 635 Doumea, 588 Doydixodon, 664 Draconetta, 706 Dragonet, 707 Drasche, 38 Drepanaspidae, 525, 530 Drepanaspis gemündenensis, 526, 530, 525, 526 Drepane, 668 Drepanidae, 668, 654 Drum, 663, 304, 362 Ductor, 677 Dufosse, 355 Dussumieria, 563, 563 Dybowski, 697 n. Dysichthys, 596 Dysomma, 603 Dysommatopsis, 603 Eagle Rays, 465 Echeneididae, 691 Echeneis, 691; cephalic sucker, 161 Echidna, 605 Echidnocephalus, 624 Echinorhinus, 455; E. spinosus, 456 Echiostoma, 571 Ecteinascidia, 71 Edaphodon, 474 Edinger, 271 Eels, 599 f., 601 f., 163, 405 Eel-Fares, 602 Egertonia, 674 Eggs, of Hemichordata, 20, 26; of Tunicata, 55, 73, 84, 97, 106; of Amphioxus, 130; of Fishes, 408 f., 423, 424, 428, 432, 433, 435, 456, 470, 471, 494, 504, 510; alecithal and telolecithal, 410; holoblastic and meroblastic segmentation, 409, 410; micropyles, 411, 412; deposition, 411; attachment, 411, 424, 433, 434; demersal and pelagic, 411, 412; spawning, 412; relative fecundity, 412; fertilisation, 413; sexual relations, 413; sexual congress, 414, 427, 428, 432; time of hatching, 417, 433, 494, 500, 504; influence of temperature, 417; of Aspredo, 596; of Batrachus tau, 711 Ehrenbaum, 685 n. Eigenmann, 602 n., 619 n., 670 n. Eigenmannia, 579 Elacate, 678 Elaeoblast, 107, 107 Elasmobranchii, 431 f., 148 Elasmodus, 474 Elassoma, 657 Electric, Cat-Fish, 591; Eel, 580, 365 f.; Rays, 462; Mormyridae, 550; organs, 365 f. Eleginops, 706 Eleotris, 689; E. marmorata, 689 Ellipesurus, 465 Elonichthys, 487 Elopidae, 546, 544 Elopopsis, 547 Elops, 547; E. lacerta, 547; E. saurus, 547 Elvers, 602 Embiotoca, 670 Embiotocidae, 670, 654, 418, 419 Embolichthys, 705 Embryology (development), of Hemichordata, 18; of Tunicata, 55; of Amphioxus, 130; of Fishes, 417 Embryonic nutrition; food-yolk, 409, 417; ovarian secretion, 419; oviducal or uterine secretion, 434, 435; placentas, 98, 101, 107, 434 Emery, 622, 623, 685 n., 714 n. Emmnion, 709 Empetrichthys, 616 Encheliophis, 625; E. vermicularis, 625 Enchelycore, 605 Enchodontidae, 608, 606 Enchodus, 609 End-buds, 383 Endostyle, 46, 53, 58, 67; of Amphioxus, 122 Engraulinae, 563 Engraulis, 563; E. encrasicholus, 564 Enneanectes, 709 Entero-epicardiac budding, 82 Enteropneusta, 5 f., 30 n.; distribution, 5, 6; coloration, 7; habitat, 6, 7; divisions of body, 7; burrowing, 7; body-cavities, 8; body-wall, 9; nervous system, 9; alimentary canal, 11; vascular system, 15; excretion, 15; reproductive organs, 16; regeneration, 16; development, 18 f. Entersphenus, 426 Eocottus, 698 Eothynnus, 678 Epapterus, 589 Ephippion, 726 Ephippus, 668; E. faber, 668 Epibulus, 673 Epicardiac budding, 81 Epicardium, 44, 60, 71, 83 Epigonus, 659 Epinephelus, 659, 660 Epinnula, 679 Epipharyngeal groove, 123 Eques, 663 Equula, 663 Eremophilus, 589 Eretmodus, 672 Ereunias, 698 Erythrininae, 575 Erythrinus, 575, 578; air-bladder, 305, 306; E. taeniatus, E. braziliensis, air-bladder as a respiratory organ, 291 Esocidae, 609, 606, 275; distribution, 610 Esox, 609; teeth, 250, 262; E. lucius, 609, 307; skeleton, 609; E. nobilior, 609; E. lepidotus, 610 Essence orientale, 585 Esunculus, 548 Etelis, 660 Etheostoma, 659 Etroplus, 672 Etrumeus, 563 Euanemus, 359 Eucalia, 630 Euchilichthys, 588, 587 Eucirrhichthys, 582 Eugnathichthys, 576 Eugnathidae, 498, 497 Eugnathus, 499 Eugyra, 77, 78; E. glutinans, 79; E. kerguelenensis, branchial sac, 77 Eukeraspis pustulifera, 529 Eumeda, 588 Euoxymetopon, 679 Euphanerops, 532 Eupleurogrammus, 679 Eurycormus, 499; E. speciosus, vertebrae, 203 Eurynotus, 487, 488; E. crenatus, 487 Eurypharynx, 604 Eurypholis, 609 Eusthenopteron, 478, 202, 246; E. foordi, 479 Euthacanthus, 441 Euthynotus, 204 Eutropiichthys, 587 Eutropius, 588 Exocoetoides, 615 Exocoetus, 638, 161, 173, 353, 411 Exoglossum, 582 Exostoma, 588, 586, 587 External characters, Cyclostomata, 150 f.; Fishes, 152 f. Eycleshymer, 592 n. Eye, 155, 393, 394, 395; degeneration in deep-sea and cave Fishes, 394; telescopic, 395 Eyelids, 395 Facciola, 685 n. Fatio, 569 n. Felchen, 568 Fierasfer, 625, 622, 399; F. acus, 156, 626 Fierasferidae, 625, 623 File-Fishes, 724 Filippi, 690 n. Fins, of Fishes, 156; median, 156; paired, 157; pectoral, 157; lobate, 157; pelvic, 158; caudal, 159; modified to form suckers, 161; degeneration and atrophy, 162; endoskeletal elements, 234, 235, 236, 237, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246; exoskeletal elements, 158, 234, 236 Fin-rays, of Amphioxus, 120; of Fishes, 158, 234, 236 Fishes, 141 f.; systematic position and classification, 141; external features, 152; coloration, 164; poison glands, 176; phosphorescent organs, 178; skin and scales, 182; skeleton, 193; dentition, alimentary canal, and digestive glands, 247; respiratory organs, 277; air-bladder, 297; vascular system, lymphatics, and blood-glands, 313; muscular system, locomotion, sound-producing organs, and electric organs, 349; nervous system and organs of special sense, 367; kidneys and reproductive organs, breeding, 397; systematic, 431 f. Fishing-Frog, 718 Fistularia, 632, 154; F. tabaccaria, 632 Fistulariidae, 632, 628 Flat-Fishes, 685 Flounder, 687; coloration, 167, 170 Flute-mouths, 154 Flying-Fish, 638, 161, 173, 353, 411; fresh-water, 559 Flying Gurnards, 701, 355, 361 Fol, 38 Forbesella, 75; F. tessellata, 76; dorsal tubercle, 79 Forskål, 36 Fowler, 23 Frilled Sharks, 443 Fritillaria, 69, 70; F. furcata, 70; F. megachile, 66 Fritsch, 551, 591 n. Frost-Fish, 679 Fundulus, 616 Gadidae, 647, 702, 158, 303, 307, 361, 389, 412; photophores, 179 Gadomus, 647 Gadopsis, 709 Gadow, 193 n. Gadus, 648, 168; G. aeglefinus, 649, 308, 361; G. luscus, 649; G. merlangus, 649; coloration, 168; pyloric caeca, 275; G. morrhua, 648, 648; vertebrae, 205; skull, 230; pseudobranch, 284; air-bladder, 303; red gland, 307, 308; vascular system, 320, 323, 336, 337; spleen, 343; sounds, 361; G. pollachius, 649; G. virens, 649; sensory canals, 386; tail, 646 Gagata, 588 Galaxias, 607, 608; G. attenuatus, 607, 608; G. brevipinnis, 607 Galaxiidae, 607, 606, 163, 405; distribution, 607 Galeichthys, 588, 587, 593 Galeocerdo, 448; G. arcticus, 448; G. tigrinus, 448 Galeoides, 641 Galeus, 449, 298; G. canis, 449 Gambusia, 616; development of embryos in ovisacs, 418 Ganodus, 474 Ganoidei, 149 Gar-Fish, 411 (Belone) Gar-Pike, 638 (Belone); 503 (Lepidosteus)—see also Lepidosteus Garman, 616 n., 619, 698 n. Gastric glands, 270 Gastrochisma, 678 Gastromyzon, 582; G. borneensis, 586; sucker, 162 Gastropelecus, 575 Gastrosteidae, 629, 627; distribution, 631 Gastrosteus, 630, 163, 169, 271, 288; G. aculeatus, 357, 630; pectoral arch of, 630; G. pungitius, 630; G. spinosus, 354; G. texanus, 631 n. Gastrostomus, 604 Gastrotoceus, 634, 635 Gastrula, 20, 56, 130, 131 Gavialiceps, 603 Gazza, 663 Gegenbaur, 5 n., 37, 570 n. Gempylus, 679 Genidens, 588 Genital pores, 403 Genital wings, of Enteropneusta, 16, 10 Genyomyrus, 551, 549 Genypterus, 713 Geoffroy, 677 n. Geophagus, 672 Geotria, 426 Gephyroberyx, 656 Gephyrocercal, 161 Gephyroglanis, 588 Gerbe, 673 n. Gerlachia, 706 Gerres, 663 Gerridae, 663, 654 Giard, 38, 39 Gigantactinidae, 720, 718 Gigantactis vanhoeffeni, 720 Gilbert, 548 Gilbertia, 659 Gilchrist, 571 Gill, of Salpa, 105 Gill, T., 542, 570 n., 599 n., 629 Gill-helix, 294 Gill-slits, 4; of Enteropneusta, 11, 12, 20, 30; of Pterobranchia, 25, 27; of Tunicata, 47, 67, 105; of Amphioxus, 120; of Fishes, 155, 277 f. Gillaroo Trout, 260 Gills—see Respiratory organs Ginglymostoma, 447 Girardinus, 616; sexual congress, 414 Girella, 664 Glandiceps, 17, 5, 6, 13, 14, 15; G. abyssicola, 6; G. hacksi, 6; G. talaboti, 5 Glandicipitidae, 17 Glandula pterygopodia, 182 Glanidium, 588 Glaniopsis, 582 Glaucosoma, 660 Globe-Fishes, 726, 152, 163 Glomerulus, of Enteropneusta, 15; of Fishes, 398, 399 Glomus, 398 Glossobalanus, 17, 5, 13; G. minutus, 10, 11; G. ruficollis, 17 n.; G. sarniensis, 5, 10 Glossodus, 446 Glyphidodon, 672 Glyptocephalus, 687; G. cynoglossus, 687; G. microcephalus, 687 Glyptolepis, 480 Glyptopomus, 477 Glyptosternum, 588 Gnathacanthus, 695 Gnathonemus, 551, 549; G. curvirostris, 550; G. numenius, 550 Gnathostomata, 145; characters of, 147 Gobiesocidae, 707, 704 Gobiesox, 709 Gobiidae, 689 Gobiiformes, 688 f., 651, 652 Gobio, 582 Gobiodon, 689 Gobiosoma, 689 Gobius, 689, 690; G. minutus, care of eggs, 415; G. ruthensparri, 689 Gold-Fish, 585, 155, 171 Gomphosus, 673 Gonads (reproductive organs), of Hemichordata, 16, 25; of Tunicata, 55, 67, 76, 93, 97, 105; of Amphioxus, 129; of Fishes, 402 f., 400, 403 Gonoducts, of Fishes, 404 f.; Elasmobranchs, 400, 404; Teleostei, 400, 404, 406; Holocephali, 405; Dipnoi, 405, 406, 407; Crossopterygii, 405; Chondrostei, 405; Holostei, 405 Gonorhynchidae, 572, 545 Gonorhynchus greyi, 572, 572 Gonostoma, 571 Gonostomatinae, 571 Gonozooid, 99, 100 Goode, Brown, 680 n., 710, 725 Goode and Bean, 614 n. Goodrich, 29, 113, 126 Goodsiria, 89; G. placenta, 89 Gourami, 669 Grammicolepis, 683 Grammistes, 660 Grammistinae, 660 Grassi, 21 n. Grassi and Calandruccio, 602 Grayling, 568 Greene, 711 n. Greenland Shark, 455 Gressin, 705 n. Grey Mullets, 640 Grobben, 39 Groove of Hatschek, 128 Guanin, 167 Guaninkalk, 167 n. Guitel, 690 n., 709 n., 710 Gunnel, 712 Günther, 543, 557, 569 n., 621 n. 632, 674, 711 n., 719 Gurnards, 701—see also Trigla Gwyniad, 568 Gymnallabes, 588 Gymnapistus, 695 Gymnarchinae, 551 Gymnarchus, 551; larval gills, 290, 418, 419; abdominal pores, 401; size of eggs, 408; G. niloticus, 552; embryo, 419 Gymnelis, 712 Gymnoarian, 403 Gymnocypris, 582 Gymnodontes, 725 f., 721, 272, 361 Gymnodraco, 706 Gymnotidae, 579, 574, 163, 256, 302, 389 Gymnotus, 579, 581, 649 n.; electric organs, 365, 366; G. electricus, 580 Gyrinochilus, 582 Gyrodus, 498 Gyrolepis, 487 Gyroptychius, 479 Gyrosteus, 489 Haddock, 649, 308, 361 Haddon, 289 Haemulon, 664 Hag-Fishes, 421 Hake, 649, 308 Haldeman, 19 n. Halec, 609 Half-Beak, 154, 414 Halibut, 687 Halicmethes, 720 Halieutaea, 720 Halilophus mirabilis, 21 Halimochirurgus, 723 Haloporphyrus, 648 Halosaurichthys, 624 Halosauridae, 623; photophores, 178 Halosauropsis, 624; H. macrochir, 621 n., 624 Halosaurus, 624 Hammer-head Sharks, 449 Hancock, 53, 591 n., 592 Haplistia, 477 n. Haplochilus, 616 Haplochiton, 608 Haplochitonidae, 608, 606 Haplodactylidae, 664, 650, 654 Haplodactylus, 664 Haplomi, 605 f., 651, 306 Haplonotus, 663 Harmout, 590 Harpagifer, 706 Harpodon, 611; H. nehereus, 613; H. squamosus, 613 Harrimania, 17, 5; H. kupfferi, 20 n. Harrimaniidae, 17 Harriotta, 471, 154, 223; distribution, 473; H. raleighana, 472; young, 473 Hartmeyer, 38 Hasselt, van, 36 Hatching, of eggs, 417 Hatschek, 113; grove of, 128 Haus, of Appendicularians, 66 Head, shape and relative size, 153 Heart, of Tunicata, 49, 67; of Fishes, 327, 328 Heart-vesicle, of Hemichordata, 15 Heincke, 565 n. Helgia, 582 Heliastes, 672 Helicophagus, 588 Heller, 38 Helodus, 445 Helogenes, 589 Helostoma, 669 Hemerocoetes, 706 Hemibranch, 278 Hemibranchii, 627, 629 Hemichordata, 4 f., 3, 38; affinities, 30 f. Hemichromis, 671 Hemiexocoetus, 638 Hemimyaria, 101 f., 95, 96 Hemiodontinae, 576 Hemiodus, 576 Hemipimelodus, 588 Hemirhamphus, 638; beak, 154; intromittent organ, 414 Hemirhynchus, 680 Hemisilurus, 588 Hemithyrsites, 679 Hemitripterus, 698 Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 558 n. Heniochus, 668 Henoplosus, 666 Hensel, 593 n. Hephthocara, 712, 713 Heptanchus, 443; branchial clefts, 277; H. cinereus, 443; skull, 222 Heptapterus, 588 Herdman, 38, 108 n., 109 n. Hermaphrodite Fishes, 420 Hermaphroditism, 420 Hermosilla, 657 Heros, 672 Herring, 564, 389; coloration, 173; gonads, 403; eggs, 412; influence of temperature on time of hatching, 417 Heterobranchus, 588, 590; accessory gill, 293 Heterochaerops, 673 Heteroconger, 601 Heterodont, 251 Heterodontidae, 444; teeth, 251; persistent nephrostomes, 401, 445 Heterodontus, 444; skull, 223; teeth, 251; spiral valve, 267; H. philippi, 445 Heteromi, 621 f., 306 Heteropleuron, 137, 138; H. bassanum, 137; H. cingalense, 137; H. cultellum, 137; H. hectori, 137; H. maldivense, 137 Heterostichus, 709 Heterostraci, 524 f., 149 Heterothrissa, 563 Heterotis, 557, 555; larval gills, 290, 418; size of eggs, 408; H. ehrenbergii, gill-helix, 294; H. niloticus, 556, 558 Hexagrammidae, 696, 694 Hexagrammus, 696 Hexanchus, 443; branchial clefts, 277; H. griseus, 443 Hickson, 289, 690 n. Hierichthys, 713 Himantolophus, 719; H. reinhardti, 719 Hincks, 23 n. Hippocampus, 634, 635, 154, 156, 283; prehensile tail, 163; H. brevirostris, 361, 362; H. guttulatus, 635 Hippoglossina, 687 Hippoglossoides, 687; H. limandoides, 687 Hippoglossus, 687; H. vulgaris, 687 Histiocephalus, 695 Histiophoridae, 679, 676 Histiophorus, 680 Histiopterus, 660 Histiothrissa, 563 Hjort, 39, 83 Holacanthus, 668, 361 Holargyreus, 648 Holaspis, 527 Holmwood, 692 n. Holoblastic, 97, 409, 410 Holobranch, 278 Holocentrum, 656, 655; H. sogho, 361 Holocephali, 466 f., 148 Holoptychidae, 479, 202 Holoptychius, 480; H. leptopterus, 236; H. flemingi, 479 Holosomata, 88 f., 81, 82, 110 Holostei, 495 f., 149, 497 Holothurians, Fierasfer in, 626; Syngnathus and Doryichthys in, 635 Holoxenus, 695; H. cutaneus, coloration, 165 Holt, 690 n., 707 Homaloptera, 582 Homalopterinae, 582, 585 Homocercal, 160, 237 Homosoma, 643 Homosteus, 536 Hoplichthyidae, 699, 694 Hoplichthys, 700 Hoplognathidae, 662, 653 Hoplognathus, 662 Hoplopagrus, 660 Hoplopteryx, 656; H. lewesiensis, 656 Horse-Mackerel, 677, 158 Houting, 568 Humboldt, 581, 595 Hundsfisch, 610 Huot, 627 Huxley, 30 n., 37, 112 Hybodus, 445; vertebral column, 197 Hydrocyon, 575; H. goliath, 578 Hydrocyoninae, 575 Hydrolagus colliei, 469 Hygrogonus, 672 Hymenocephalus, 647 Hyodon, 553; H. alosoides, skull and pectoral arch, 553 Hyodontidae, 552, 544, 389, 405 Hyostylic, 222 Hyperlophus, 563 Hyperopisus, 549; H. bebe, 552 Hyperpharyngeal groove, 123 Hypnos, 464; electric organs, 365; H. subnigrum, 258 Hypobranchial groove, 46 Hypobythiinae, 72 Hypobythius, 72; H. calycodes, 72, 72; H. moseleyi, 72 Hypomesus, 566 Hypopharyngeal groove, 122, 123 Hypophthalmichthys, 582; H. molitrix, 584 Hypophthalminae, 589 Hypophthalmus, 589 Hypophysial canal, 58 Hypophysis, 129, 370 Hypoprion, 448 Hypoptopoma, 595 Hypoptychus, 639 Hypostoma—see Plecostomus Hypostomides, 628 Hypsocormus, 501; H. insignis, 502 Hyrtl, 558 n., 599 n. Hysterocarpus, 670 Iasis, 108; I. cordiformis-zonaria, 108 Icelus, 698 Ichthyoborinae, 576 Ichthyoborus, 576 Ichthyocampus, 634 Ichthyococcus, 571 Ichthyodectes, 561 Ichthyodorulites, 159, 435, 446, 467 Ichthyomyzon, 426 Ichthyopsida, 145 Ichthyotomi, 438 f., 148 Icichthys, 644 Icosteidae, 644, 637 Icosteus, 644; I. enigmaticus, 644 Iguanodectes, 575 Ihering, 593 n. Ikeda, 29 Ilyophis, 601 Infundibular organ, 127 Inter-renal bodies, 346, 346 Intromittent organs, 414 Ipnops, 611, 613; I. murrayi, 612; photophore, 179 Iridocytes, 166 Ischnacanthus, 441 Ischyodus, 474 Isichthys, 551 Iso, 639 Isospondyli, 543, 620 Istieus, 549 Isurichthys, 678 Jacoby, 601, 602 n. Janessa, 446 Jenynsia, 616 Jobert, 593 n. John Dory, 683, 308, 361, 363 Jones, 720 n. Jordan, 542 Jordan and Evermann, 569 n., 620 Jordan and Goss, 687 n. Jordania, 698 Joturus, 640 Joues cuirassées, 692 Jugulares, 702 f., 651, 652, 306 Julin, 38, 39, 52 Julis, 673, 674 Jullien, 23 Jumping-Fish, 690 Kalymmocytes, 40, 56, 93, 107 Kelb-el-Bahr, 578 Kidneys, 397 f.; development, 397; in different Fishes, 399 Kilch, 311 King-Fish, 628 King of the Herrings, 715 Kner and Steindachner, 626 Kneria, 616; K. angolensis, 616; K. spekii, 616 n. Kneriidae, 615, 606 Korotneff, 39 Kowalevskia, 68 Kowalevskiidae, 68 Kowalevsky, 7 n., 37, 39, 94 n., 113 Krohn, 37 Krohnius, 647 Krukenberg, 271 n. Kuhl, 36 Kuhlia, 657 Kupffer, 38 Kurtidae, 687 Kurtiformes, 687 f., 651, 652 Kurtus, 687; K. indicus, skeleton of, 688 Kyle, 687 n. Labeo, 582; L. falcifer, 583 Labidesthes, 639 Labrichthys, 673 Labridae 673, 654, 271, 275; coloration, 164, 166 Labrodon, 674 Labrus, 673, 674; pharyngeal teeth, 252, 288; L. labrax, 275; L. maculatus, pharyngeal bones, 673; L. rupestris, 674 Labyrinthiform organs, 292, 293 Lacaze-Duthiers, 38 Lactariidae, 663, 654 Lactarius delicatulus, 663 Lactophrys, 724 Laemargus, 455; L. borealis, 455, 456; intestinal caeca, 274; eggs, 435 Laïs, 588 Lamarck, 36 Lamna, 451; L. cornubica, 451 Lamnidae, 450 Lampetra, 426; L. wilderi, 427 Lampreys, 425 f. Lamprididae, 628, 627 Lampris, 628, 629; L. luna, 628; coloration, 164 Lamprogrammus, 712 Lamprologus, 671 Lanarkia, 524, 525; L. spinosa, 524 Lancelet, 112 Lang, 31 n. Langerhans, 112 Lankester, 5 n., 23, 112, 113 Larimus, 663 Larvacea, 64 f., 64, 110; structure, 65; habits, 65; tail, 66; classification, 68; occurrence, 69 Larval Fishes—Teleosts, 417 f., 418, 419; Cyclostomata, 428; Crossopterygii, 290, 483, 484; Chondrostei, 494; Holostei, 501, 504; Dipnoi, 514, 515, 517, 518 Larval gills, 290 f.; Elasmobranchii, 289, 290; Polypterus, 290, 483, 484; Heterotis, 290; Gymnarchus, 290, 418, 419; Misgurnus, 290; Salmon, 290; Protopterus, 291, 515, 515; Lepidosiren, 291, 517, 518 Larval organs, 418; adhesive or cement organs, 418, 494, 501, 504, 514, 515, 517, 518; external gills, 289, 290, 419; cutaneous gills, 290, 483, 484, 517, 518; defensive spines, 418 Lasanius, 532; L. problematicus, 532 Lateolabrax, 659 Lateral line sensory organs, 163, 384, 385, 386, 387 Lates, 660 Latilus, 661 Latrididae, 663, 654 Latris, 663; L. hecateia, nocturnal colour-changes, 170 Launce, 639 Lavaret, 568 Leather Carp, 584 Lebiasina, 575, 578 Lefevre, 83 Lefua, 582 Lemon Sole, 687 Lentipes, 689 Lepadogaster, 709, 191 Lepidocephalichthys, 582 Lepidocottus, 698 Lepidomeda, 582 Lepidopus caudatus, 679 Lepidorhombus, 687; L. megastoma, 687 Lepidosiren, 511, 149, 153, 261, 401; pectoral fins, 157; skull, 231, 233; gills, 286; larval gills, 291, 517, 518; lung, 291, 301; vascular system, 527; thyroid, 344; growling sounds, 363; relations with other Dipnoi, 518, 519; L. paradoxa, 516; distribution, habits, and food, 516; nocturnal colour change, 517; hibernation, 517; nest, 517; filaments on pelvic limb of male, 517; larva, 517, 518 Lepidosirenidae, 511 Lepidosteidae, 502 Lepidosteoidei, 495 f. Lepidosteus, 503, 149, 153, 160, 258, 262, 273, 274, 283, 284, 291; scales, 185, 186, 188; vertebral column, 201, 202, 204; skull, 229; alimentary canal, 257; spiral valve, 268; pyloric caeca, 274; air-bladder, 297, 299, 310; spiracular pseudobranch, 334, 335; branchial circulation, 334 n., 336; brain, 376; gonads, 400, 402, 405, 407; segmentation of the egg, 409; distribution, 503; habits, 503; breeding, 503; larvae, 504; fossil, 504; L. osseus, 503, 504; L. platyrhynchus, pectoral fin, 243; L. platystomus, 503; L. viridis, 503 Lepidothynnus, 678 Lepidotrichia, 234 Lepidotrigla, 701 Lepidotus, 498; L. minor, 497 Lepomis, 657 Lepophidium, 713 Leporinus, 576 Leptagoniates, 575 Leptecodon, 623 Leptichthys, 563 Leptobarbus, 582 Leptocephalid, of Albula, 548 Leptocephalus, 600, 21 n.; L. brevirostris, 602 Leptochilichthys, 570 Leptoclinum, 87; section, 86; spicules, 87; L. neglectum, 80 Leptoderma, 570 Leptodoras, 588 Leptolepididae, 546, 544 Leptolepis, 546; L. dubius, 546 Leptopterygius, 709 Leptoscopidae, 705, 703 Leptoscopus, 705 Leptosomus, 611 Leptotrachelus, 623 Lethrinus, 665 Leucaspius, 582 Leuciscus, 582, 288 Leuckart, 37 Leucosomus, 582 Levinsen, 23 Leydig, 584 n. Lichia, 677 Ling, 649 Linophryne, 719 Liocassis, 588 Liocetus, 719 Lionurus, 647 Liopropoma, 659 Liparis, 698, 699, 411 Liparops, 698 Lipogenyidae, 624, 622, 623 Lipogenys, 624; L. gillii, 624 Liposarcus, 595 Lirus, 643; L. medusophagus, 643; L. perciformis, 643 Liuranus, 601 Liver, 271; of Amphioxus, 121, 123 Loaches, 585, 261, 290, 292; Pond Loach, 585. Lobotes, 658 Lobotidae, 658, 653 Locomotion of Fishes, 349 f., 351 Lohmann, 66 Longchamps, de Selys, 29 Lophiidae, 718 Lophiomus, 718 Lophius, 718, 153; L. piscatorius, 718, 355; lure, 161, 173; teeth, 250 Lophobranchii, 628, 543, 629 Lopholatilus, 661; L. chamaeleonticeps, 661 Lophotes, 716 Lophotidae, 716 Lorenzini's ampullae, 384 Loricaria, 595, 292 Loricariidae, 594, 575, 256, 292 Loricariinae, 595 Lota, 648; L. vulgaris, 649 Lotella, 648 Löwig and Kölliker, 37 Lucifuga, 712, 713, 395; L. subterranea, 361 Luciobrama, 582 Luciocephalus, 669 Luciogobius, 689 Lucioperca, 659 Luciosoma, 582 Lump-Sucker, 699, 162, 321, 408, 415 Lumpenus, 709 Lunel, 635, 682 n. Lutjaninae, 660 Lutjanus, 660 Lütken, 614 n., 682 n., 714 n. Lutodeira, 256 Luvaridae, 681, 676 Luvarus imperialis, 681 Lycocara, 712 Lycodes, 712, 702 Lycodontis, 605 Lyconus, 647 Lycoptera, 546 Lymph-hearts, 342 Lymphatic system, 342 Lymphoid tissue, 348 Lyomeri, 622 Lyosphaera, 726 MacBride, 16, 31 n., 113, 133 n. M‘Intosh and Masterman, 565 n. Mackerel, 678, 168, 275, 302 Macquaria, 659 Macrius, 705; M. amissus, 705 Macrodon, 575; M. trahira, mouth, 577 Macrones, 588 Macropharynx, 604 Macrophthalmia chilensis, 426 Macropodus viridi-auratus, 669 Macropoma, 481, 202, 268 Macrosemiidae, 498, 497 Macrosemius, 498 Macrostomias, 571 Macruridae, 647, 702 Macruronus, 647 Macrurus, 647; M. carminatus, 647 Maena, 664 Mahaseer, 584 Maigre (= Meagre), 361, 362, 663 Malacanthus, 661 Malacichthys, 659 Malacocephalus, 647 Malacopterus, 673 Malacopterygii, 543 f., 159, 306 Malacosarcus, 619 Malacosteus, 571; M. indicus, 570; photophoreo, 178 Mallotus, 566; M. villosus, 568, 569 Malm, 685 n. Malopterurinae, 588 Malopterurus, 588, 593, 359; electric organs, 365, 366; M. electricus, 591, 362 Malthe, 720; scales, 190, 191; M. vespertilio, 720 Malthidae, 720, 718 Malthopsis, 720 Mantle, 42 Marcusenius, 551 Marsupial pouches, 416 Mastacembelidae, 716 Mastacembelus, 717; M. maculatus, 717 Masterman, 23 n., 25, 27, 28, 29, 31 n. Maurolicus, 571, 570 Mazza, 714 n. M‘Biriki, 583 Meagre (= Maigre, q.v.) Meda, 582 Medialuna, 657 Median fins, 156, 234 f. Medusae, with Caranx, 643 Meek, 714 n. Megalichthys, 477, 478; spiral valve, 268 Megalocercus, 68; M. abyssorum, 66, 68 Megalops, 547; M. atlanticus, 547; M. cyprinoides, 547 Megalurus, 501 Megrim, 687 Melambaphes, 664 Melamphaes, 656, 620, 655 Melanocetus, 719 Melanostigma, 712 Melanostoma, 659 Melanotaenia, 639 Membrana nictitans, 395 Membranellae, 19 Menaspis, 445 Mene, 677 Merluccius, 648, 648 n.; M. vulgaris, 649; red gland, 308 Meroblastic, 93, 409, 410 Merosomata, 85, 81, 110 Mertens, Von, 66 Mesacanthus, 442 Mesiteia, 447 Mesoborus, 576 Mesocoracoid arch, 543, 573 Mesodon, 498 Mesonephros, 397, 398, 400 Mesoprion gembra, radialia of the dorsal fin, 235 Mesorchium, 402 Mesovarium, 402 Mesturus, 498 Metcalf, 38, 52, 109 Metschnikoff, 19, 31 n., 39 Metynnis, 576 Meyen, 677 n. Micracanthus, 669 Micralestes, 575 Microbrachius, 534 Microcoelia, 611 Microcosmus draschii, dorsal tubercle, 79 Microdon, 498 Micropogon undulatus, air-bladder and its muscles, 360, 361 Micropterus, 657 Micropyles, 411, 412 Microspathodon, 672 Microstoma, 566, 565 Miller's Thumb, 698 Milne-Edwards, 37 Minnow, 288 Minot, 30 n. Minous, 695, 692; M. inermis, 695 Misgurnus, 582, 290; intestinal respiration, 261, 292; oviducts, 405; M. fossilis, 358, 585 Mistichthys luzonensis, 689 Möbius, 630 n., 673, 724 Mochocus, 588 Mola, 727 Molgula, 77; M. citrina, 79; M. oculata, 77, 79; M. pyriformis, branchial sac, 77; dorsal tubercle, 79 Molgulidae, 77, 64, 110; nervous system, 53; reproductive organs, 55 Molidae, 726, 722 Mollienesia, 616 Molluscoidea, 35 Molva, 648; M. vulgaris, 649 Monacanthus, 724; coloration, 165; warning colours, 174; scales, 190; sounds, 354, 357; M. sp., 723; M. pardalis, 361; M. scopas, scale, 191 Monascidiae, 35 Monocentridae, 656, 653 Monocentris, 656 Monocirrus, 658 Monogamy, 413 Monopterus, 597; M. javanensis, head, skull, pectoral arch, vertebrae, 598 Moon-eyes, 553 Moon-fish, 579 Morchellium, 88; M. argus, stomach, 88 Mordacia, 426 Morgan, 11 n., 20, 21 n., 31 n., 32 Moringua, 601 Mormyridae, 549, 544, 154; larval gills, 290; abdominal pores, 401 Mormyrinae, 551 Mormyrops, 551, 549 Mormyrs, 551 Mormyrus, 551; M. caballus, 549; electric organs, 365, 366, 401 Morone, 659, 660 Moseley, 95, 613, 702 n. Motella, 649, 288 Mouth, position, size, and shape; of Cyclostomata, 150; of Fishes, 153 f. Moxostoma, 581 Mud-Fish, 610 Mugil, 640, 264; M. capito, 640 Mugilidae, 640, 637, 256; gizzard, 260 Müller, H., 37 Müller, J., 19, 31, 112, 129 Müller, O. F., 36 Müllerian duct, 398, 400, 404 Mullets, Grey, 640; Red, 665 Mullidae, 665, 654 Mulloides, 665 Mullus, 665; M. barbatus, 666; M. surmuletus, 666; pectoral arch, 666 Muraena, 605; M. helena, 600, 605 Muraenesox, 601 Muraenichthys, 601 Muraenidae, 604, 163, 259 Muraenolepididae, 649 Muraenolepis, 649 Murray, 613 Muscular system, 350 Mustelus, 448, 298; placenta, 434, 449; M. antarcticus, radialia of the dorsal fin, 234; vascular system, 316, 317, 330, 331, 334; placenta, 435; M. laevis, 449; M. vulgaris, 449 Myletes, 576 Myleus, 576 Myliobatidae, 465; teeth, 251 Myliobatis, 465, 466; M. aquila, 465, 466 Mylostoma, 537 Myocoele, 397, 398 Myocomma, 117 Myomyrus, 551 Myotome, 117, 133 Myriacanthidae, 468 Myriacanthus, 468; M. granulatus, 468 Myripristis, 656 Myroconger, 605 Myrophis, 601 Myrus, 601 Myxine, 422, 147; external characters, 151; thread-cells, 182; vertebral column, 197; teeth, 248; liver, 273; pancreas, 273; gill-sacs, 281; blood corpuscles, 341; brain, 372; auditory organ, 387, 388; pituitary involution, 391; degenerate eyes, 394, 395; pronephros, 399, 400; genital pore, 403; distribution, 422; habits, 422; hermaphroditism, 423; M. glutinosa, 151, 422, 423 Myxinidae, 422 Myxinoides, 421 f. Myxus, 640 Nandidae, 658, 653 Nandus, 658 Nannaethiops, 576 Nannobrachium, 611 Nannocampus, 634, 635 Nannocharax, 576 Nanoglanis, 588 Nanognathus, 576 Nanostomus, 576 Nansenia, 566, 565 Narcetes, 570 Narcine, 464 Naseus, 668 Naucrates, 677; N. ductor, 677 Nealotus, 679 Neatherina, 639 Nebris, 663 Nedystoma, 588 Needle-Fish, 634 Nemachilus, 582 Nematabramis, 582 Nematistius, 677 Nematogenys, 588, 587 Nematonotus, 611 Nemichthyidae, 603 Nemichthys, 603 Nemopteryx, 648 Neobola, 582 Neoborus, 576 Neobythitis, 712 Neoceratodus, 508, 259, 291; skull, 231; pectoral fin, 244; gills, 285, 286; lung, 291, 299, 300; vascular system, 323, 324, 329, 338; grunting sounds, 363; brain, 377; abdominal pores, 401; Müllerian ducts in the male, 407; distribution and habits, 508, 512; spawning, 510; eggs, 510; young, 510, 511; relations with other Dipnoi, 518, 519; N. forsteri, 508, 509 Neochanna, 608 Neolebias, 576 Neopempheris, 657 Neopercis, 705 Neoscopelus, 611 Neosilurus, 588 Nephridia, of Amphioxus, 125 Nephrostomes, 398; persistent, 401 Nephrotome, 397, 398 Nerophis, 634, 635 Nerve eminences, 383 Nervous system, of Chordata, 4; of Hemichordata, 9, 25, 30; of Tunicata, 53, 58, 66; of Amphioxus, 127 f., 131; of Fishes, 367 f. Nesiarchus, 679 Nesting habits of Sticklebacks, 630 Nests of Fishes, 414 f., 427, 500, 501, 514, 515, 517; of Arius, 593; of Doras and Callichthys, 592; of Gobius, 690; of Gymnarchus, 552; of Heterotis, 558; of Spinachia, 631 Nettastoma, 601 Nettenchelys, 601 Nettophichthys, 601 Neural gland, 52 Neurenteric canal, 57, 131, 133 Neuromeres, 195 n. Neuropore, 10, 58, 59 Nilhechte, 550 Nilsson, 715 Niphon, 659 Nishikawa, 685 n. Noll, 584 n. Nomeus, 643; N. gronovii, 643 Norman, 23 Notacanthidae, 624 Notacanthus, 625; N. bonapartii, 625 Notagogus, 498 Notidanidae, 442, 279; persistent nephrostomes, 401 Notidanus, 443, 345; spiral valve, 267; N. cinereus, branchial clefts, 277; skull, 222; N. griseus, branchial clefts, 277 Notochord, 3; of Enteropneusta, 14; of Cephalodiscus, 24, 25; of Rhabdopleura, 27; of Actinotrocha, 28; of Tunicata, 57, 60, 61; of Amphioxus, 119, 118, 119, 132; of Fishes, 193 f. Notoglanidium, 588 Notoglanis, 588 Notogoneus, 572 Notopteridae, 554, 544, 303, 389, 405 Notopterus, 555, 153, 305, 306; N. afer, skeleton, 554; N. chitala, 555 Notothenia, 706 Nototheniidae, 705, 704 Noturus, 588, 590 Novacula, 673 Nucleus, of Thaliacea, 101, 105 Nuria, 582 Nurse, 97 Oar-Fish, 715, 163 Oblata, 664 Ocelli, 53 Octacnemidae, 108, 101 Octacnemus, 109, 101; O. bythius, 109; O. patagoniensis, 109 Odax, 674 Odaxothrissa, 563 Odontaspis, 451 Odonteus, 673 Odontonectes, 660 Odontostomus, 611, 613 Oenoscopus, 545 Oesophageo-cutaneous duct, 281 Oikoplasts, 65 Oikopleura, 68, 67, 69; transverse section, 67; longitudinal section, 68; O. cophocerca, 66; O. dioica, 70; O. flabellum, transverse section, 69 Olfactory organs, 155, 390 f., 391, 392 Olfactory pit, 129 Oligopleuridae, 545, 544 Oligopleurus, 545 Oligorus, 659 Oligosarcus, 575 Oligotrema, 78, 111 n. Olt, 584 n. Olyra, 588 Omble Chevalier, 567 Omiodon, 611 Omosudis, 611 Oncorhynchus, 566 Oneirodes, 719; O. eschrichtii, 174 Onus, 648; coloration of larvae, 175 Oozooid, 84, 91, 93 Opah, 628, 164 Operculum, 25, 155, 278, 282, 283 Ophichthys, 601 Ophidiidae, 713, 651, 702, 704, 163, 361 Ophidium, 713, 361; air-bladder, 302 Ophioblennius, 709 Ophiocephalidae, 644, 637, 163, 293, 361; distribution, 645 Ophiocephalus, 645; labyrinthiform organ, 293; O. marulius, 361; O. gachua, 361 Ophiodon, 696; O. elongatus, skull, 692 Opisthocentrus, 709 Opisthognathus, 661 Opisthomi, 716 f., 651, 306 Opisthomyzon, 691 Opisthonema, 563 Opisthoproctus soleatus, telescopic eyes, 395 Opisthopteryx, 611 Opostomias, 571; O. micripnus, photophores, 178, 179, 181 Opsanus, 711 Opsariichthys, 582 Oral hood, 116, 119, 136 Oreinus, 582 Oreosoma, 683 Orestias, 616 Orodus, 445 Orthagoriscus, 727, 153, 354; spinal cord, 367; O. mola, 602, 727, 348, 357 Ortho-enteric, 102, 108 Osmeroides, 547 Osmerus, 566, 565; O. eperlanus, 568; gonoducts, 405, 411 Osphromenidae, 669, 654; labyrinthiform organ, 293 Osphromenus, 669, 293; O. olfax, 669 Osphyolax, 634 Ostariophysi, 573 f., 306, 389 Osteochilus, 582 Osteogeniosus, 588, 593 Osteoglossidae, 555, 544, 294, 405; larval gills, 290; distribution, 557 Osteoglossum, 557; O. bicirrhosum, 556 Osteolepida, 477 f. Osteolepidae, 477 Osteolepis, 477; O. macrolepidota, 477 Osteostraci, 527 f., 149 Ostracion, 724, 152, 361; colours, 165, 174; scales, 191; O. ornatus, 165; O. quadricornis, 725; O. trigonus, 362 Ostraciontidae, 724, 721 Ostracodermi, 522 f., 149, 721 Otocinclus, 595 Otolithus, 663; air-bladder, 304; O. regalis, 361 Oviducal gland (shell-gland), 400, 407 Ovipositor, 408 Oxuderces, 690 Oxydoras, 588, 359 Oxygnathus, 487 Oxylebius, 696 Oxymetopon, 689 Pachycormidae, 501 Pachycormus, 501 Pachylebias, 616 Pachymetopon, 665 Pachyrhizodontidae, 569 Pachyrhizodus, 569 Pachystomias, 571; P. microdon, photophores, 178, 179, 180 Pachyula, 588 Paddle-Fish, 491; = Polyodon, q.v. Pagellus, 665; P. centrodontus, 346 Pagrus, 665; P. auratus, 665 Palaeolycus, 609 Palaeomylus, 468 Palaeoniscidae, 486, 485; range in time, 487 Palaeoniscus, 486, 487; P. macropomus, 486 Palaeorhynchidae, 680 Palaeorhynchus, 680 Palaeoscyllium, 447 Palaeospinax, 445; vertebral column, 197 Palaeospondylidae, 521 f., 149 Palaeospondylus gunni, 521, 522 Palimphyes, 678 Pallas, 112 Pancreas, 273 Pangasius, 588, 305, 359; P. micronema, 359 n. Pantodon buchholzi, 558, 559 Pantodontidae, 558, 544 Papillae, adhering, 61 Paracentroscyllium, 455 Paradiplomystes, 588 Paragoniates, 575 Parailia, 588 Paralepis, 611 Paralichthys, 687 Paraliparis, 698 Paraluteres, 724 Paranthias, 659 Parapegasus, 636 Parapelecus, 582 Parapercis, 705 Paraphago, 576 Paraphractura, 588, 589 Parapriacanthus, 657 Parapsettus, 668 Parascopelus, 611 Parasitism, of Rhodeus, 584, 416; of Stegophilus, 594 Paratilapia, 671 Paratrachichthys, 656, 655 Paratrygon, 465 Parental care, 415, 416, 500, 501 Parexus, 441 Parietal budding, 82 Parietal eye, 395 f., 396 Pariolius, 588 Parker, T. J., 714 n. Parker, W. N., 705 n. Parodon, 576 Paropsis, 677 Parrot-Wrasses, 674 Pataecus, 709 Pearl Oysters, Fierasfer in, 625 Pectoral fins, 157, 242, 243, 244 Pectoral girdle, 239, 240 Pediculati, 717 f., 651, 306 Pegasidae, 635, 626, 628 Pegasus, 636 Pegea, 108; P. scutigera-confoederata, 108 Pelagic ova, 408 Pelargorhynchus, 623 Pelecus, 582 Pellegrin, 671 n., 724 n. Pellona, 563, 563 Pellonula, 563 Pelonaia, 74; branchial sac, 74; P. corrugata, 76 Pelor, 695 Peloria, 685 Pelvic fins, 158, 245 f., 246 Pelvic girdle, 239 f., 240, 241 Pempheridae, 656, 653 Pempheris, 657; P. muelleri, 657 Penetopteryx, 634, 635 Pentaceropsis, 660 Pentaceros, 660 Pentacerotinae, 660 Pentanemus, 641; P. quinquarius, 162 Pentapus, 664 Pentaroge, 695 Peprilus, 643 Perca, 659, 262; alimentary canal, 275; veins, 323; thyroid, 343; auditory organ, 388; P. fluviatilis, 659, 321, 323 Percalates, 659 Percarina, 659 Percesoces, 636 f. Perch, 659; deposition of eggs, 411; = Perca, q.v. Percichthys, 659, 660 Percidae, 658, 654, 412; coloration, 166 Perciformes, 652 f., 651 Percilia, 659 Percina, 659 Percophiidae, 705, 703 Percophis, 705; P. brasilianus, pectoral arch of, 703 Percopsidae, 620, 606 Percopsis, 621 Peribranchial budding, 82 Peribranchial cavity, 43, 44, 59, 63; of Thaliacea, 95, 101 Pericardium, of Hemichordata, 15; of Tunicata, 44, 49; of Fishes, 327 Perihaemal spaces, 9 Periophthalmus, 689, 690, 355; eyes, 155; pectoral fins, 161; tail as a respiratory organ, 289; P. koelreuteri, 690 n. Peripharyngeal bands, 45, 46, 52, 53 Peripharyngeal spaces, 9 Peristedion, 701 Péron, 36 Perophora, 72, 84; P. listeri, 72 Petalodontidae, 446 Petalodus, 446 Petalopteryx, 498 Petersen, 690 n. Petersius, 575 Petrocephalus, 551 Petromyzon, 426, 147, 258, 367, 382; external characters, 150; skull, 217; teeth, 247, 248; spiral valve, 264; liver, 272; pancreas, 273; gill-sacs, 279, 280; heart, 327; arteries, 329, 330; blood corpuscles, 341; thyroid, 343, 344; supra-renal bodies, 346; brain, 371, 372, 392; spinal nerves, 378; auditory organ, 387; olfactory organ, 391, 392; naso-pituitary involution, 391; pituitary caecum, 392; parietal eye, 395, 396; kidneys, gonads, and genital pores, 399, 400, 403; distribution, 426; P. fluviatilis, 426; P. marinus, 426; P. planeri, ova, 428; P. wilderi, spawning, 427; larva, Ammocoetes stage, 428 Petromyzontes, 425 f. Petromyzontidae, 426 Petroscirtes, 709 Phago, 576 Phallusia, 72 Phaneropleuron, 506, 519; P. andersoni, 506 Phanerosteon, 487 Pharyngeal teeth, 251 Pharyngodictyon, 87; P. mirabile, 80 Pharyngognathi, 543 Pharyngopneusta, 30 n. Phisalix, 705 n. Phlyctaenaspis, 536 Pholedichthys, 709 Pholididae, 711, 704 Pholidophoridae, 545, 541 n., 544 Pholidophorus, 545 Pholis, 711, 712; P. gunnellus, 712, 415 Phoronidea, 27 f., 5 Phoronis, 27 f., 5; regeneration, 16, 30; P. buskii, 28 Phorozooid, 99, 100 Phosphorescent organs, 178 Photichthys, 571, 570 Photoblepharon, 660 Photonectes, 571 Photophores, 178, 612, 613, 624, 711 Photostomias, 571 Phractolaemidae, 560, 544 Phractolaemus ansorgii, 560, 560 Phractura, 588 Phthinobranchii, 629 Phycis, 648 Phyllodoce, nephridium, 127 Phyllodus, 674 Phyllopteryx, 634; P. eques, 635 Phylogephyra, 565 Physailia, 588 Physalia, with Nomeus, 643 Physiculus, 648 Physoclisti, 306, 307, 311 Physopyxis, 588 Physostomi, 543, 306, 311 Piabucina, 575; P. argentina, mouth, 577 Pike, 609, 250, 307 Pike-Perch, 659 Pilchard, 564, 389 Pilot-Fish, 677 Pimelepterus, 657 Pimelodina, 588 Pimelodus, 588, 589, 361 Pimephales, 582 Pipe-Fish, 634, 154 Piramutana, 588 Piranha, 578 Pirate Perch, 656 Piratinga, 361 Pirinampus, 588 Pit-organs, 383 Pituitary body, 129 Placenta, of Doliolum, 98; of Hemimyaria, 101, 107; of Fishes, 434 Plagiostomi, 442 f., 148 Plagusia, 687 Plagyodus, 614 Plaice, 687 Platax, 668 Platycephalidae, 699, 694, 650 Platycephalus, 699, 693 Platychaerops, 673 Platycormus, 643 Platyglossus, 673 Platylaemus, 674 Platypoecilus, 616 Platyrhinoidis, 460 Platysomatichthys, 687, 685 Platysomidae, 487, 485 Platysomus, 488 Platystoma, 594; air-bladder and its extrinsic muscles, 360, 361, 362; P. coruscans, 594 Platytroctes, 570 Plecodus, 672 Plecoglossus, 566, 569 Plecostomus, 595, 256, 292; (Hypostoma) scales, 190; P. commersonii, 192 Plectognathi, 721 f., 543, 651, 205, 231, 275, 306, 354, 418 Plectromus, 656 Plectropoma, 659; P. richardsoni, coloration, 165 Plesiops, 659 Plethodus, 549 Pleuracanthidae, 440 Pleuracanthus, 440, 159, 235, 236, 438; vertebral column, 197; pectoral and pelvic girdles, 239; pectoral fin, 242; pelvic fins, 245; P. ducheni, 439 Pleuragramma, 705; P. antarcticum, 705 Pleurogrammus, 696 Pleuronectes, 687; P. flesus, 687; coloration elements, 167, 170; P. limanda, 687; P. platessa, 686, 687 Pleuronectidae, 684, 683, 152, 264, 275, 284, 302, 412; protective coloration, 172 Pleuropholis, 545 Pleuroplax, 445 Pleuropterygii, 436, 148 Plication, of branchial sac, 48 Plotosus, 588, 587, 408 Podateles, 714; P. indicus, pectoral arch of, 714 Podatelidae, 713, 704 Poecilia, 616 Poecilodus, 445 Poecilopsetta, 687 Poey, 713 n. Pogge, 700 Pogonias, 663; P. chromis, 663, 361; air-bladder, 304, 305; drumming sounds, 362 Poison, of Trachinus, 705 Poison glands, 176 Pollack, 649 Pollan, 568 Polyacanthonotus, 625 Polyacanthus, 669, 293; P. opercularis, 669 Polyandry, 413 Polycarpa, 74, 76; reproductive organs, 55; P. aurata, 76; dorsal tubercle, 79; P. comata, 76; P. glomerata, larva, 78; P. pedata, 76; P. tinctor, 76; dorsal tubercle, 79 Polycarps, 76 Polycaulus, 695 Polycentropsis, 658 Polycentrus, 658 Polyclinidae, 87, 81, 83, 110; ascidiozooid, 82 Polyclinum, 88; P. molle, stomach, 88 Polycyclus renieri, larva, 78 Polygamy, 413 Polyipnus, 571 Polymixia, 656 Polynemidae, 640, 637 Polynemus, 641; P. quadrifilis, 641; shoulder-girdle and pelvis of, 640; P. vereker, coloration, 165 Polyodon, 491, 154, 284, 405; vestigial dermal denticles, 188; ribs, 201; skull, 225; pelvic fin, 245; teeth, 249; pyloric caeca, 274, 276; gills, 282; spiracle, 283; gill-rakers, 288; P. folium, 491; habits and distribution, 491; breeding, 492 Polyodontidae, 491, 486, 489 Polyphyodont, 250 Polyprion, 659 Polypteridae, 481; distribution, 483 Polypterus, 482, 149, 323; scales, 185, 187; vertebral column, 202; ribs, 206; skull, 226, 227, 229; median fins, 235; pelvic girdle, 241; pectoral fin, 243; tongue, 252; spiral valve, 268; pyloric caecum, 274; spiracle, 283; pseudobranch, 284; larval gills, 290; air-bladder, 298; arteries to air-bladder, 337; sounds, 362; habits and food, 482; breeding, 483; P. bichir, 482; P. congicus, 290; P. lapradei, 483; larvae, 483, 484; P. senegalus, 482, 483 Polyrhizodus, 446 Polystyelidae, 89, 81, 110 Polyzoa, 35 Pomacanthus, 668 Pomacentridae, 672, 654; coloration, 166 Pomacentrus, 672 Pomatominae, 660 Pomatomus, 660 Pomoxys, 657 Pope, 659 Porbeagle Sharks, 450 Porcupine Fishes, 726, 163 Porichthys, 711; photophores, 179; P. porosissimus, 711 Porogadus, 712 Portheus, 561 Post-abdomen, 83 Pouchet, 7 n. Pout, 649 Powell, 714 n. Prebranchial zone, 45 Premnas, 672 Prenadillas, 595 Priacanthinae, 660 Priacanthus, 660 Prince, 630 n. Prionodon, 448 Prionolepis, 609 Prionotus, 701, 361 Prionurus, 668 Priscacara, 672 Pristidae, 459, 458 Pristigaster, 563 Pristiophoridae, 457, 458 Pristiophorus, 457 Pristipoma, 664, 361 Pristipomatidae, 664, 654 Pristis, 460, 272; rostral denticles, 184; P. antiquorum, 459 Pristiurus, 446, 447 Proantigonia, 667 Proboscis-gland, 15 Proboscis-pore, 9, 24, 27 Proboscis-skeleton, 14 Procatopus, 616 Prochanos, 563 Prochilodus, 576 Prolates, 660 Prolebias, 616 Proles gregaria, 102 Proles solitaria, 102 Promethichthys, 679 Promyliobatis, 466 Pronephros, 397, 400 Pronotacanthus, 622 Propagation, of Eel, 601 Propoma, 659 Propristis, 460 Protaulopsis, 638, 632 n. Prothymallus, 565 Protocampus, 634 Protocercal, 159 Protopterus, 511, 149, 153, 259, 261, 262, 272, 273; nostrils, 155; pectoral fins, 157; cutaneous glands, 182; skull, 231, 232; pelvic girdle, 241; alimentary canal, 257; spiral valve, 268; pancreas, 274; gills, 286; larval gills, 291, 515; lung, 291, 300, 301, 302; vascular system, 326, 327, 329, 339, 340; thyroid, 343; thymus, 345; sounds, 362; brain, 376, 377; auditory organ, 387; abdominal pores, 401; testis, 406; Müllerian ducts in male, 407; distribution, 511, 512; habits, 512; summer sleep, 513; cocoon, 513; nest, 514, 515; larva, 515; relations with other Dipnoi, 518, 519; P. aethiopicus, 512; P. annectens, 509, 512; P. dolloi, 512 Protosphyraena, 502 Protospondyli, 497 Protostigmata, 59 Protosyngnathidae, 631, 628 Protosyngnathus sumatrensis, 632 Prototroctes, 608 Prototunicata, 110 Psammodontidae, 446 Psammodus, 446 Psammoperca, 660 Psammosteidae, 526, 530 Psammosteus, 527 Psenes, 643 Psenopsis, 643 Psephodus, 445 Psephurus, 492; P. gladius, 492 Psetta (= Rhombus), 687, 685; P. laevis, 687; P. maxima, 686, 687 Psettodes, 687, 684, 685; P. erumei, 686 Psettus, 666; P. sebae, 666, 667 Pseudaluteres, 724 Pseudecheneis, 588, 589 Pseudetroplus, 672 Pseudeutropius, 588 Pseudobagrus, 588 Pseudoberyx, 563 Pseudoblennius, 698 Pseudobrachium, 717 Pseudochromididae, 661, 653 Pseudochromis, 661 Pseudocorynopoma, 575 Pseudogobio, 582 Pseudomonacanthus, 724 Pseudomugil, 639 Pseudoplesiops, 659 Pseudopriacanthus, 660 Pseudoscarus, 674 Pseudoscopelus, 641, 642 Pseudosphaerodon, 674 Pseudosyngnathus, 634 Pseudotriakis microdon, 447 Pseudoxiphophorus, 616 Psilocephalus, 724 Psilorhynchus, 582 Psychrolutes, 698 Pteraclis, 682 Pteraspidae, 527, 530 Pteraspis, 527, 530, 149; P. rostrata, 527 Pterichthys, 534, 149; P. milleri, 533 Pterobranchia, 21 f., 5, 31 Pterois, 695 Pterophryne, 720 Pterophyllum, 672 Pteroplatea, 464; P. micrura, intra-uterine nutrition, 435 Pteropsarion, 582 Pteropsaron, 705 Pterothrissus, 548 Pterycombus, 682 Pterygocephalus, 709 Pterygoplichthys, 595 Ptilichthys, 709 Ptychobarbus, 582 Ptychodera, 17, 5, 13, 16, 25 n.; P. bahamensis, 5, 10; P. flava, 10, 11 Ptychoderidae, 17 Ptyctodontidae, 468 Ptyctodus, 468 Puffers, 726 Punnett, 17 n., 21 n. Putnam, 619 n., 625 Pycnodontidae, 498, 497 Pycnodus, 498 Pycnosterinx, 656 Pygochord, 15 Pyloric caeca, 274, 275 Pyrosoma, 91, 91, 36, 37, 70, 86, 108; structure, 91 f., 92; development and life-history, 93, 94; occurrence, 94; P. aherniosum, 94; P. atlanticum, 94; P. elegans, 94; P. excelsior, 95; P. giganteum, 94; P. minatum, 94; P. spinosum, 94 Pyrosomatidae, 91, 81, 110 Pyrrhulina, 575 Pythonichthys, 605 Quinnat Salmon, 566, 569 Raad, 591 Raconda, 563 Racovitzaia, 706 Räderorgan, 129 Raffaele, 614 n. Rag-Fishes, 644 Raia, 461; dermal spines, 184; pectoral fin, 243; teeth, 251; spiral valve, 265, 266; inter-renal bodies, 347; electric organs, 365; distribution, 461; coloration, 461; sexual dimorphism, 462; R. abyssicola, 462; R. alba, 462; R. batis, 462; R. circularis, 462; R. clavata, 462; R. fullonica, 462; R. macrorhynchus, 462; R. maculata, 267, 462; R. mamillidens, 462; R. microcellata, 462; R. murrayi, 461; R. oxyrhynchus, 462; R. radiata, 462 Raiidae, 461 Ramsay, 635 Raniceps, 648 Ranzania, 727 Rasbora, 582 Rathbunella, 661 Rays = Raia, q.v. Rectal gland, 276 Red-currant Squirter, 74 Red Mullets, 665 Regalecus, 715; R. banksii, prehensile tail, 163; R. glesne, 715 Regan, 542, 595 n., 643 n., 646, 702, 721 Reinhardt, 579, 594 Remora, 691; cephalic sucker, 161; R. brachyptera, 691 Renal organ, of Ascidians, 54; of Fishes—see Kidneys Reproductive organs, of Hemichordata, 16, 25; of Tunicata, 55, 67, 76, 93, 97, 105; of Amphioxus, 129; of Fishes, 402 f., 400, 403 Respiration, mechanism of, 288 Respiratory organs—Elasmobranchii, 276, 278; Cyclostomata, 279, 280, 281; Holocephali, 282, 283; Teleostomi, 282, 283; Dipnoi, 285, 286; mechanism of respiration, 288; larval gills, 289, 290; air-bladder as a respiratory organ, 291; accessory organs of respiration, 292, 293, 294, 295 Retropinna, 566, 565 Retzius, 113 Rhabdocynthia, 75; spicules, 87 Rhabdopleura, 21 f., 5, 26 f.; R. compacta, 23; R. grimaldii, 23; R. manubialis, 23; R. normani, 22, 23, 26 Rhachicentridae, 677, 676 Rhachicentrum, 678 Rhamphichthys, 579 Rhamphocottidae, 697, 694 Rhamphocottus richardsonii, 697 Rhamphognathus, 640 Rhamphosternarchus, 579; R. curvirostris, 580; R. tamandua, 580 Rhamphosus, 633 Rhina, 457; R. squatina, 456, 457 Rhineaster, 589 Rhinelepis, 595 Rhinellus, 611 Rhinichthys, 582 Rhinidae, 456, 458; persistent nephrostomes, 401 Rhinobatidae, 460, 458 Rhinobatus, 460; R. granulatus, 460 Rhinodon, 454; R. typicus, gill-rakers, 287 Rhinodontidae, 454 Rhinodoras, 359 Rhinogobio, 582 Rhinoptera, 465, 466 Rhipidistia, 477 n. Rhizodontidae, 478, 202 Rhizodopsis, 479, 228; R. sauroides, skull, 478 Rhizodus, 478, 202 Rhodeus, 582; R. amarus, 584; oviducal tubes, 408; embryos in gill-cavities of Unio, 416 Rhodichthys, 712 Rhodosoma, 73; R. callense, 72 Rhombatractus, 639 Rhomboidichthys, 687 Rhombosolea, 687 Rhombus, 687, 264; R. aculeatus, 262; R. maximus, 264, 275 —see also Psetta Rhyacichthys, 689 Rhynchobatus, 460 Rhynchobdella, 717 Rhynchodus, 468 Rhypticus, 660 Ribbon-Fish, 715, 152, 160 Ribs, 205 Ridewood, 542 n. Rita, 588; R. crucigera, 303 Ritter, 8 n., 39, 83, 690 n. Rivulus, 616 Rocklings, 649, 288 Rohde, 113 Rohteichthys, 582 Rolph, 113 Rondeletia, 614 Rosette-organ, 97 Roule, 38 Rowntree, 579 n., 621 n. Rudder-Fish, 643 Ruvettus, 679 Ryder, 711 n. Saccarius, 720 Sacchi, 696 n. Saccobranchus, 588, 590; air-sacs, 295; S. fossilis, 295; S. singio, 295 Saccodon, 576 Saccopharyngidae, 603 Saccopharynx, 604; S. ampullaceus, 604 Sachs, 581 n. Sagemehl, 542, 573, 575, 579 n., 586 n., 649 n. Sagenodus, 507 Sail-Fishes, 679 Salanx, 566 Salarias, 709, 710 Salensky, 39, 411 Salminus, 575; S. orbignianus, 578 Salmo, 565, 566 f., 567, 290; pyloric caeca, 275; spiracles in the embryo, 283; pseudobranch, 284; S. alpinus, 567; S. fario, 567; caudal portion of the vertebral column, 237; pectoral girdle, 240; dissection to show the internal organs, 255; brain, 375; section of the eye, 394; S. fontinalis, 567; S. irideus, 567; S. salar (Salmon), 567, 323; skull, 211 f., 212, 213, 214; kidneys, gonoducts, and abdominal pores in the female, 405, 406; deposition of eggs, 415; length of hatching, 417; S. salvelinus, pectoral fin, 243; S. stomachicus, gizzard, 260; S. trutta, 567 Salmon, 566 f.—see also Salmo salar. Salmonidae, 565, 544, 269; distribution, 566; liver, 272; abdominal pores, 402; oviducts, 405; eggs, 411 Salmopercae, 620 Salpa, 101, 36, 37; arrangement of zooids, 102, 103; structure, 104, 105; alternation of generations, 105; development and life-history, 106; classification, 108; S. democratica-mucronata, young, 107; S. hexagona, 106; S. pinnata, endostyle and stolon, 103; S. runcinata-fusiformis, 102, 108 —see also Cyclosalpa, Iasis, Pegea, and Thalia Salpians, 64 Salpidae, 101, 39, 110 Salvelinus, 567 Sand-Eel, 639, 275 Sander, 659 Sarcodaces, 575 Sarda, 678; S. orientalis, caudal fin of, 675 Sardine, 564 Sardinioides, 611 Sardinius, 611 Sargus, 665 Sars, G. O., 21, 23 Sars, M., 21 Saurenchelys, 601 Saurida, 611 Saurie, 638 Saurocephalus, 561 Saurodon, 561 Saurodontidae, 561, 544 Saurogobio, 582 Sauropsida, 145 Saurus, 611 Saury Pike, 411 Savi's vesicles, 384 Savigny, 36 Saw-Fishes, 457, 459 Scabbard-Fish, 679 Scales, 185 f.; Acipenser ruthenus, 187; Antennarius hispidus, 191; Balistes capriscus, 191; Centriscus scolopax, 190; Hypostoma commersonii, 192; Lepidosteus, 188; L. osseus, 186; Monacanthus scopas, 191; Salmo fario, 190; as an index of age, 191 Scapanorhynchus, 453 Scaphirhynchus, 495; S. platyrhynchus, 495 Scaridae, 674, 651, 654 Scarus, 674; teeth, 251; S. strongylocephalus, pharyngeal bones, 674 Scatophagus, 668 Scaumenacia, 506, 519 Schilbe, 588 Schilbichthys, 588 Schimkewitsch, 21 n. Schizocardium, 17, 5, 6, 13, 14; S. brasiliense, 6, 13, 14 Schizothorax, 582 Schlosser and Ellis, 36 Schmidt, 705 n. Schmidt, C., 37 Schnapper, 665 Schultz, 29, 30 Sciades, 588 Sciaena, 663; S. aquila, 663, 362, 361 Sciaenidae, 663, 653, 361, 363; branching of the air-bladder, 303 Scissor, 575 Sclerocottus, 698 Sclerodermi, 722 f., 721, 357 Sclerognathus, 581 Scleropages, 555; S. leichardti, 556, 558 Scleroparei, 692 f., 651, 652 Sclerorhynchus, 460 Scoliodon, 448 Scolopsis, 664 Scomber, 678, 272; S. brachyurus, 357; S. colias, 302; S. pneumatophorus, 302; S. scombrus, 678, 275, 302; coloration, 168 Scombramphodon, 678 Scombresoces, 636 n. Scombresocidae, 637, 636 Scombresox, 638, 411 Scombridae, 678, 676, 158, 303, 412 Scombriformes, 675 f., 651, 652 Scombrinus, 678 Scombroclupea, 563 Scombrocottus, 697 Scombrocypris, 582 Scombrops, 660 Scopelarchus, 611 Scopelengys, 611 Scopelidae, 611, 606, 302, 396; photophores, 178 Scopelogadus, 656 Scopeloides, 611 Scopelosaurus, 611 Scopelus, 611, 613, 620; S. benoitii, photophores, 178, 179, 181; S. crocodilus, 612 Scorpaena, 695, 693; S. grandicornis, 695 Scorpaenichthys, 698; S. marmoratus, pectoral arch of, 693 Scorpaenidae, 694, 692, 153, 418 Scorpaenoides, 695 Scorpididae, 666, 651, 652, 653 Scorpis, 666 Scyllaemus, 565 Scylliidae, 446, 401, 402; fossil, 447 Scylliogaleus, 449 Scylliorhinus—see Scyllium profundorum Scyllium, 446, 198, 271, 446; dermal denticles, 184; teeth in embryo, 249; internal organs, 253; spleen, 343; fossil, 447; S. canescens, 447; S. canicula, 446; vertebral column, 193, 194, 195; skull, 207 f., 208; spiral valve, 267; liver, 273; pancreas, 273; lateral veins, 318 n.; brain, 373; abdominal pores, 401; oviparous, 433; attachment of eggs, 434; supra- and inter-renal bodies, 346, 433; S. catulus, 446; S. (Scylliorhinus) profundorum, 447 Scymnus, 455, 456; vertebral column, 198 Scyphophori, 543 Scytalina, 712 Sea-Breams, 664 Sea-Horse, 634, 154, 163, 361, 362 Sea-Snails, 699, 411 Sebastes, 695, 692, 693; S. norvegicus, 419; S. percoides, pectoral arch, 693 Sectator, 657 Seeliger, 39 Selache (Cetorhinus), 453, 264; fossil, 454; S. aurata, gill-rakers, 287; S. maxima, 453; gill-rakers as a plankton-filter, 287; distribution and food, 453, 454 Selachii, 442, 148 Selachophidium, 712 Selene, 677 Selenichthyes, 627, 629 Semionotidae, 497 Semionotus, 498 Semiophorus, 677 Semiplotus, 582 Semon, 510, 593 Semper, 625 Sense-organs, of Ascidians, 53; of Amphioxus, 128; of Fishes, 383 Seriola, 677 Seriolella, 643 Seriolichthys, 677 Serranidae, 659, 651, 652, 653, 361, 389 Serraninae, 659 Serranus, 659, 660; hermaphroditism, 420; S. cabrilla, 660, 420; S. hepatus, 660, 420; S. scriba, 660, 420 Serrasalmo, 576; S. niger, 578; S. rhombeus, mouth, 577 Serrasalmoninae, 576 Serrivomer, 603 Setarches, 695 Sexual dimorphism, 419 f., 432, 462, 469, 471, 483, 500 Shad, 564 Shape of the body, in Fishes, 152 Sheep's-Head, 665 Shipley, 20 n. Sicyases, 709; S. sanguineus, 708; sucker, 162 Sicydium, 689 Siel-Smelt, 569 Sik, 568 Sillaginidae, 662, 653 Sillago, 662 Silondia, 588 Siluranodon, 588 Silurichthys, 588 Siluridae, 586, 575, 163, 251, 275, 283; barbels, 154; intestinal respiration, 292; accessory respiratory organs, 293, 294; air-bladder, 302, 303, 305; sound-production, 356-361, 363; connexion of the air-bladder and auditory organ, 389, 390; nests, 416; protection of young, 593 Silurinae, 588 Silurodon, 588 Silurus, 588, 342; S. glanis, 592, 593, 358 Silvestri, 594 Simenchelys, 601; S. parasiticus, 603 Simple Ascidians, 35, 36 f., 39 f., 70, 71, 110 Siniperca, 659 Siphons, 43, 53 Siphonognathus, 674 Siphonostoma, 634; S. typhle, protective coloration, 172 Sirenoidei, 149 Sisor, 588, 589 Skates = Raia, q.v. Skeleton, of Enteropneusta, 14; of Amphioxus, 119; of Fishes, 193 f. Skin, of Cyclostomata, 182; of Fishes, 182 Skull, composition of, 206; development, 206; Scyllium canicula, 207, 208; Salmo salar, 211, 212, 213, 214; Cyclostomata, 216 f.; Petromyzon marinus, 216 f., 217; Bdellostoma, 220 f., 220, 221; Elasmobranchii, 222 f.; Notidanus cinereus, 222; Chimaera monstrosa, 223; Chondrostei, 224 f.; Sturgeon, 224; Polyodon, 225; Crossopterygii, 226 f.; Polypterus, 227; Holostei, 228 f.; Teleostei, 229 f.; Dipnoi, 231 f.; Protopterus, 231 f., 232; Lepidosiren, 231 f., 233 Sluiter, 38 Smelt, 568, 411 Smitt, 569 n., 714 n. Social Ascidians, 71 Sole, 687 Solea, 687, 685; S. vulgaris, 686, 687 Solenocytes, 29, 126, 127 Solenognathus, 634 Solenorhynchus, 634 Solenostomidae, 633, 626, 627, 628; marsupial pouches, 416 Solenostomus, 633 Soleotalpa, 687 Sollas, I., 522 Sollas, W. J., 522 Sörensen, 355, 590 n. Sorubim, 588, 361 Sosia, 588 Sound-producing organs, 355 f. Spalt-papillen, 384 Spaniodon, 563, 564 n. Sparidae, 664, 654, 303, 389; teeth, 251 Sparisoma, 674 Sparnodus, 665 Sparus, 665; S. unicolor, 665 Spathiurus, 545 Spathodactylus, 561 Spengel, 5, 7, 8, 13 n., 16, 17, 18 n., 19 Spengelia, 17, 5, 6 Spermatozoa, 413 Sphaerodon, 665 Sphenacanthus, 445 Sphenocephalus, 656 Sphyraena, 642 Sphyraenidae, 642, 637 Sphyraenodus, 678 Sphyrna, 449, 153; liver, 272; fossil, 450; distribution, 449; S. malleus, 266; spiral valve, 266, 267; S. tiburo, 450; S. tudes, 449; S. zygaena, 450 Sphyrnidae, 449 Spinacanthus, 723 Spinachia, 630; S. vulgaris, 631 Spinacidae, 454; photophores, 179; fossil, 456 Spinal cord, 367 Spinal nerves, 378 Spinax, 455 Spinivomer, 603 Spiny Dog-Fishes, 455 Spiracle, 279, 283 Spiracular pseudobranch, 279, 284; in Teleostomi, 284; blood supply, 335 Spiral valve, 264 f. Spix, 558 n. Spleen, 342 Spoon-Bill, 491; = Polyodon, q.v. Sprat, 564 Squaliobarbus, 582 Squaloraia, 468 Squaloraiidae, 468 Star-gazers, 155 Starks, 627 n. Steatogenys, 579 Steenstrup, 36, 685 n. Stegophilus, 589; S. insidiosus, 594 Stegostoma, 446; S. tigrinum, 446 Steindachneria, 647 Steinegeria, 682 Stenodus, 565 Stephanoberycidae, 619, 606 Stephanoberyx, 619; S. gillii, 620; S. monae, 620 Stereobalanus, 17, 5; S. canadensis, 16, 17 Stereolepis, 659, 660 Sterlet, 493 Sternarchus, 579; S. albifrons, 580; S. macrostoma, 580 Sternoptychinae, 571 Sternoptyx, 571; S. diaphana, 571, 178 Sternopygus, 579 Stichonodon, 575 Sticklebacks, 630, 163, 169, 288, 354, 357 Stigmata, 47; of Appendicularians, 67; of Cyclomyaria, 95 Stigmatophorus, 634, 635 Stolon, 71, 93, 95, 97, 103 Stolonial budding, 81 Stomatorhinus microps, 551 Stomias, 571, 572 Stomiatidae, 570, 545; photophores, 178 Stomiatinae, 571 Stomodaeum, 59, 120, 136 Storms, 691 n. Stratodus, 623 Strepsodus, 479 Stridulation, 356 Stromateidae, 643, 637 Stromateoides, 643 Stromateus, 643 Sturgeon, 154, 334, 493; = Acipenser, q.v. Styela, 74, 76; branchial sac, 74; S. bythia, 76; S. clava, 76; S. etheridgii, dorsal tubercle, 79; S. squamosa, 76; S. whiteleggii, dorsal tubercle, 79 Styelinae, 74; tentacles, 75 Styelopsis, 74; branchial sac, 74; S. grossularia, 74, 76 Stygicola, 713 Stygogenes, 595 Stylophorus, 716 Sucker-Fish (Sucking-Fish), 691, 161 Sudis, 611; S. gigas, air-bladder as a respiratory organ, 291 Sun-Fish, 657 (Lepomis); 727 (Orthagoriscus)—see also Orthagoriscus Supra-pericardial organs, 344 Supra-renal bodies, 346, 346 Surf-Fishes, 670 Swinnerton, 573, 627, 636 n. Sword-Fish, 681, 154 Symbranchidae, 597, 283, 294 Symbranchii, 597 f. Symbranchus, 597, 598, 156 Symphurus, 687 Symphysodon, 672 Synagris, 664 Synagrops, 659 Synancia, 695; S. verrucosa, poison-glands, 177 Synaphobranchidae, 603 Synaphobranchus, 603 Synapticula, 13, 12, 122 Synaptura, 687 Synascidiae, 80, 35 Synchirus, 698 Synechodus, 445 Syngnathidae, 634, 627, 628, 163, 205, 251, 354, 361, 416; colours, 166; protective coloration, 172 Syngnathus, 634, 627, 635; mouth, 154; S. acus, 262, 271; S. intestinalis, 635; S. pelagicus, 634 Synodontis, 588, 590, 359; S. batensoda, 591; S. decorus, 591; S. membranaceus, 591 Syntegmodus, 549 Tadpole, Ascidian, 59, 62 Taeniolabrus, 706 Taeniosomi, 714 f., 651, 652 Tamiobatidae, 462 Tamiobatis vetustus, 462 Taractes, 682 Tarpon, 547 Tarrasiidae, 477 n. Tarrasius problematicus, 477 n. Tattersall, 137 n. Tauredophidium, 712, 713 Tauroglossus, 17 n. Tautoga, 673 Taylor, 599 n. Tectospondylic, 198 Teleostei, 504, 541 f.; classification, 542, 543, 149 Teleostomi, 475 f., 149 Telepholis, 615 Telescope Fish, 585 Telescops, 659 Tellia, 616 Telmatherina, 639 Telolecithal, 409, 410 Tench, 583, 171, 260, 320, 321 Tentacles, of Ascidians, 44; of Amphioxus, 116 Test, 40, 63; of Appendicularians, 65 Testa-cells, 56 Tethyum, 36 Tetragonopterus, 575 Tetragonuridae, 642, 637 Tetragonurus cuvieri, 642 Tetranematichthys, 589 Tetrapturus, 680; T. belone, 680 Tetraroge, 695 Tetrodon, 726, 152, 354, 361; warning colours, 163; scales, 191; teeth, 251; T. honckenii, 362; T. mbu, pectoral arch of, 722 Tetrodontidae, 726, 722 Tetronarce, 464 Teuthis, 669 Teuthididae, 668, 654 Thalassophryne, 711; T. reticulata, poison glands, 177 Thalassothia, 711 Thaleichthys, 566 Thalia, 108; T. democratica-mucronata, 108 Thaliacea, 95 f., 38, 64, 81, 110 Thaumatostomias, 571 Thaumaturus, 565 Thelodus, 524; T. pagei, 524; T. tulensis, 525 Therapon, 660, 361 Thilo, 682 n. Thoracopterus, 545 Thoracostei, 627, 629 Thread-cells, in Myxinoids, 182 Threpterius, 664 Thresher Shark, 451, 452 Thrissopater, 562 Thrissopatrinae, 562 Thrissops, 546 Thryptodus, 549 Thunnus, 678, 275; T. thynnus, 678 Thursius, 477 Thylacium, 89 Thymallus, 565; T. vexillifer = vulgaris, 568 Thymus, 344, 345 Thyrina, 639 Thyroid gland, 46, 343, 344 Thyrsites, 679 Thyrsitocephalus, 679 Thyrsoidea, 605; T. macrura, 605; T. meleagris, skull, 604 Tilapia, 671; T. dardennii, 671; T. dolloi, 152 Tile-Fish, 661 Tinca, 582; T. vulgaris, 583, 171, 260, 320; renal portal system, 320, 321 Titanichthys, 537 Todaro, 39 Tongue, 252 Tongue-bars, 12, 12, 13, 120, 135 Tope, 449 Tornaria, 18, 18 f., 28, 31; T. agassizii, 21; T. grenacheri, 19; T. krohni, 19 Torpedinidae, 462 Torpedo, 463; electric organs, 365, 366; T. hebetans, 463; T. marmorata, 463; T. narce, 463; T. ocellata, 463 Toxotes, 658; T. jaculator, 658 Toxotidae, 658, 653 Trachelochismus, 709 Trachelyopterus, 589, 361 Trachichthys, 656, 655 Trachinidae, 704, 703 Trachinops, 659 Trachinus, 704; warning colours, 174; poison-glands and spines, 176; T. draco, 705, 176; pectoral arch of, 703; T. vipera, 705, 176 Trachyglanis, 588 Trachynotus, 677 Trachypoma, 659 Trachypteridae, 715, 152 Trachypterus, 715; T. arcticus, 715; T. iris, 715; T. taenia, 160 Trachyrhynchus, 647 Traquair, 436, 523, 530, 537, 687 n. Traustedt, 38, 101 n. Tremataspidae, 530 Tremataspis, 530 Trematomus, 706 Tremblador, 580 Triacanthidae, 722, 721 Triacanthodes, 722 Triacanthus, 722; scales, 190; sound-production, 357; T. biaculeatus, 361; T. brevirostris, 361; pectoral arch of, 722 Trichiurichthys, 679 Trichiuridae, 679, 676 Trichiurus, 679 Trichodon, 663 Trichodontidae, 663, 654, 704 Trichogaster, 669, 293 Trichomycterinae, 589 Trichomycterus, 589 Trichonotidae, 706 Trichonotus, 706 Trigger-Fishes, 724, 174, 357 Trigla (Gurnards), 701, 693; liver, 272; air-bladder, 305; sound-production, 361, 363; T. cuculus, 701, 363; T. gurnardus, 701, 363; rectal valve, 254; T. hirundo, 701, 363; T. lineata, 701; T. lyra, 701, 363; T. obscura, 701 Triglidae, 700, 694; coloration, 164; sounds, 361, 363 Triglops, 698 Triglopsis, 697 Trigonodon, 665 Triodon, 723, 721; T. bursarius, 723 Triodontidae, 723, 721 Triplophos, 571 Tripterophycis, 648 Trissolepis, 487 Tristichopterus, 478; T. alatus, 479 Tristychius, 445 Troglichthys rosae, 619 Tropheus, 671 Trophozooid, 98, 100 Tropidichthys, 726 Troschel, 682 n. Trout, 566 f., 567; Brook-, 567; Brown, 567; Gillaroo, 260; Sea-, 567 Trumpet-Fish, 154 Trunk-Fishes, 724 Trygon, 464; spines, 177; uterine nutrition, 434; T. pastinaca, 464; T. sabina, 464 Trygonidae, 464, 465 Trygonorhina, 460, 461 Trypauchen, 689 Trypauchenichthys, 689 Tunic, 63 Tunicata, 63, 35, 36 f., 39, 4, 30 n.; affinities, 62; external form, 64 Tunicine, 37 Tunny, 678, 678 Turbot, 687 Turner, 593 n. Twait Shad, 564 Typhlichthys, 618; T. rosae, 619; T. subterraneus, 619 Typhlogobius, 689, 394; T. californiensis, 690 Typhlonus, 712, 713; T. nasus, 712 Typhlosole, 54 Uljanin, 39 Ulocentra, 659 Umbra, 609; U. crameri, 610; U. limi, 610 Umbrina, 663; U. cirrhosa, 361 Undina, 481, 161; U. gulo, 480 Unio, Rhodeus in, 584 Upeneichthys, 665 Upeneoides, 665 Upeneus, 665 Uranoscopidae, 706, 703 Uranoscopus, 706; eyes, 155 Urenchelys, 601 Urocampus, 634 Urochord, 66 Urochordata, 4, 63, 38 Uroconger, 601 Urogymnus, 464 Urolepis, 487 Urolophus, 464 Uronemidae, 507 Uronemus, 507, 519 Urosphen, 632 Ussoff, 38 Vaillant, 596 n., 621 n., 720 n. Vallentin, R., 608 Vandellia, 589; V. cirrhosa, entering urethra, 593 Vascular system, 313 f.; general, 313; Cyclostomata, 315, 327, 329, 330; Elasmobranchii, 316, 318, 327, 328, 330, 331, 333, 334; Teleostomi, 319, 320, 321, 322, 328, 333, 335, 336, 337; Dipnoi, 323, 324, 326, 329, 338, 340; blood, 341; blood-glands, 342 Velum, 120 Vendace, 568 Venous system, 315 f. Vermiform process, of Enteropneusta, 14, 17 Vertebral column, 193 f.; Scyllium canicula, 193, 194, 195; Cyclostomata, 197; Elasmobranchs, 197, 198; Chimaera monstrosa, 199; Dipnoi, 199; Chondrostei, 200; Acipenser sturio, 200; Crossopterygii, Holostei, and Teleostei, 201 f.; Amia, 201, 203; Lepidosteus, 201, 204; Caturus furcatus, 203; Eurycormus speciosus, 203; Gadus morrhua, 205 Vertebrates, characters of, 3 f. Vessels, of Ascidians, 41—see also Vascular system Vidalia, 546 Vipan, 592 Vireosa, 689 Visceral arches, 207 Viviparous Fishes, 418 f., 433, 435 Vogt, 37 Vomeropsis, 677 Vulsus, 707 Wagner, 595 n. Waite, 643 Walking-Fish, 690 Wallago, 588 Warington, 630 n. Watase, 585 n. Weber, E. H., 573 Weber, Max, 661 Weberian ossicles, 389, 573 f. Weevers, 704, 174 Weiss, 568 (= Coregonus) Weiss, F. E., 126 Wels, 593 Wertheimeria, 588 Wetterfisch, 585 Whiff, 687 Whip-tailed Rays, 464 Whitebait, 564, 608 White-Fish, 568, 569 Whiting, 649, 168, 275 Whymper, 595 n. Willey, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 n., 15 n., 16, 19 n., 58 n., 113, 633 Willeyia, 17 n. Williamson, 602 n. Wilson, 113 Witch, 687 Wodnika, 445 Wolf-Fishes, 710, 251, 408 Woodward, A. Smith, 458, 477 n., 480 n., 497, 541 n., 542, 543, 622, 624, 626, 680 Wrasses, 673, 164, 166 Wright, Ramsay, 587 Wyman, 593 n., 596 n. Xanthochroism, 171 Xenichthys, 659 Xenocharax, 576, 578 Xenocypris, 582 Xenocys, 659 Xenodermichthys, 570 Xenomystus, 555 Xenopholis, 498 Xenopteri, 708 Xenopterus, 726 Xenotilapia, 671 Xiphasia, 709 Xiphias, 681; beak, 154; X. gladius, 681 Xiphiidae, 681, 676 Xiphiorhynchus, 680 Xiphistes, 709 Xiphostoma, 576 Xiphostominae, 576 Yarrell, 112 Zalocys, 677 Zanclus, 668 Zaniolepis, 696 Zapteryx, 460 Zeidae, 683, 361 Zenion, 683 Zeorhombi, 682 f., 651, 652 Zeugopterus, 687 Zeus, 683; Z. faber, 683, 361, 363; red gland, 308 Zoarces, 712, 713; Z. viviparus, 419 Zoarcidae, 712, 704, 361, 395 Zograf, 697 n. Zygaena, 449