Part 2 — INDEX

Abdominal armour, of Cricotus, 287; of Microsauri, 289; of Prosauri, 290 Abdominal ribs, of Rhynchocephali, 292, 298; of Dinosauria, 414; of Megalosaurus, 421 Aberrant scaling of Lacertilia, 495 Ablepharus, 560; eyelids, 494 Acanthodactylus vulgaris, 559 Acanthophis antarcticus, 635 Acentrous vertebrae, i.e. those without a centrum or body, 4 Acris, 186, 189; A. gryllus, 207 f. Acrochordinae, 606 Acrochordus javanicus, 607 Acteosaurus, 489 Actinodon, 83, 287, 288 Adams, visit to the Mugger-peer, 455 f. Adaptive characters of Anura, 142 Adhesive apparatus, of tadpoles, 57, 57; of Tree-frogs, 187; of Thoropa, 209; of finger-discs of Raninae, 239; of Geckos, 505, 505 Aelurosaurus, 307 Aestivation, of Crocodiles, 457; of Tortoises, 357, 365, 404 Aetosaurus, 432; Ae. ferratus, 433, 448 Agalychnis, 189, 206 Agama, 520; A. sanguinolenta, 520; A. stellio, 521, 521 Agamidae, 513, 515 f. Agamura, tail, 506 Agassiz, on habits of Alligator Turtle, 341; of Trionyx, 407 Age of Chelonia, how to estimate, 326; great age attained by Tortoises, 369, 376, 377; see also Growth, rate of Aglossa, 139, 140, 143 f.; distribution, 143 Aglypha, 592, 606 f. Ahaetulla s. Leptophis, 618, 619 Aistopodes, 81 Aldabra, gigantic tortoises of, 373 f., 375 Algae, destructive to shell of tortoises, 357 Allantois, an embryonic outgrowth from the posterior part of the gut, acting as a respiratory organ, 278 Alligator, 450, 466 f.; A. mississippiensis, 467 f.; skull, 468; nesting, 469; A. sinensis, 471 Alligator Turtle, 340 Allopleuron hofmanni, 380 Allosaurus, 422 Alpine, Newt, 126; Salamander, 119 Altitude, high, in which Anura have been found, 181 Alytes, 157 f.; A. cisternasi, 160; A. obstetricans, 158; urino-genital organs, 49 Amblycephalidae, 592, 593, 637 Amblycephalus monticola, 637 Amblyrhynchus, 528; A. cristatus, 533 Amblystoma, skull, 17, 94, 96, 109, 110 f., 112; A. jeffersonianum, 111; A. mavortium, 115; A. opacum, 110; A. persimile, 111; A. punctatum, 110; A. talpoideum, 110; A. tigrinum, 111 f.; metamorphosis of, 112 f. Amblystomatinae, 102, 109 Ameiva, 549 Amnion, a membrane round the embryo, 278 Amphibia, 3 f.; definition, 5; systematic position, 5; numbers of species, 4 Amphicondylous, i.e. the occipital part of the skull articulates with the neck by a right and a left knob, 4 Amphignathodon, 185; A. guentheri, 188 Amphignathodontinae, 139, 188 Amphisbaena, 566; A. fuliginosa, 566 Amphisbaenidae, 514, 565 f. Amphiuma, 88, 96; A. means s. tridactyla, 100, 101 Amphiumidae, 94, 97 Amphodus, 210; A. wucheri, 211 Anaconda, 603, 603 Anaides = Autodax (q.v.), 107 Anal sacs of Chelonia, used as additional respiratory organs, 330 Anarosaurus pumilio, 477 Anchisaurus, 415, 417, 421; skull of A. coelurus, 421 Ancistrodon, 645; A. contortrix, 646, 646; A. halys, 645; A. himalayanus, 645; A. piscivorus, 645, 645 Anderson, on nest of Gavialis, 452 Andrews, on Amblystoma, 110 Andrias scheuchzeri, 84 Anelytropidae, 514, 564 Anelytropsis papillosus, 564 Anguidae, 513, 537 f.; distribution, 501, 529 Anguis fragilis, 539, 539 Aniella pulchra, 564 Aniellidae, 514, 564 Annandale, on habits of Calotes, 518; of Liolepis, 527; of Rhacophorus, 247; of Varanus salvator, 544 Anodonta, as food of Trionyx, 407 Anodontohyla, 236 Anolis, 528; A. carolinensis, 529 Anomodontia, 309 Anura, 7; characters, 138; classification, 139 f., 141; phylogenetic tree of, 142 Anus, asymmetrical position of, 60 Apoda, 84 f.; affinities, 88; distribution, 89; eyes, 86; skin, 87; skull, 84, 85; spermatozoa, 87; tentacular apparatus, 88; vertebrae, 86; visceral arches, 86 Archaeopteryx, 417 Archegosaurus, vertebrae, 13, 82, 287 Arcifera, of Cope, 140; of Boulenger, 140 Arciferous, type of shoulder-girdle, 24, 25 Arion, slug, eaten by tortoises, 363 Arrau-turtle (Podocnemis), 391 f. Arteria cutanea magna, 144; A. sacralis of Anura, 144 Arthroleptis, 241, 242; A. seychellensis, 243, 243 Ascaphus, 153 Asterophrys, 161 Athecae, 333; definition of name, 337 Atlantosaurus, 415, 419; A. immanis, 419, 420 Atlas and Axis, i.e. first and second cervical vertebrae; of Cryptobranchus, 13; of Crocodilia, 283; of Chelonia, 283, 316; of Sphenodon, 283, 294; atlas fused with axis, 307 Atoposauridae, 453 Atractaspis, 638; dentition, 593 n. Atria, the thin-walled receptive parts (auricles) of the heart Auditory columellar apparatus, of Amphibia, 24; of Anura, 29 Australian, Anura, spawning time and habits of, 201; Lacertilia, 502 Autodax, 96, 104, 107; A. lugubris, 107; A. iecanus, 107 Autosauri, 491 f. Axis; see Atlas Axolotl, 65, 112 f., 112; Neoteny of, 65, 112 Azemiops feae, 638 Balancers of Amphibia, 45 Baptanodon, 483, 484 Barfurth, on absorption of Tadpole's tail, 61 Bartlett, on Boa constrictor, 602; on Pipa, 152 Basiliscus, 528, 530; B. americanus, 530, 530 Bates, on habits of Podocnemis, 392 f. Batrachomyia, fly infesting Bufonidae, 177 Batrachophrynus, 224; B. macrostomus, 225; B. brachydactylus, 224 Batrachopsis, 161 Batrachoseps, 96, 104 Batrachylodes, 241 Batrachyperus, 96; B. sinensis, 109 Baur, on Sphargis, 336 Bdellophis, 90 Bedriaga, on Axolotl, 114; synopsis of Urodelous Larvae, 59 n. Bell, J., on classification, 8 Bell, Napier, on habits of Iguana, 531 Belodon, 305, 434, 448 Bemmelen, on Sphargis, 336 Berg, on Spelerpes fuscus, 106 Bert, quoted, 571 n. Bidder's organ, 49, 52 Biedermann, on change of colour in Hyla, 35 Birds not related to Dinosaurs, 416 f. Bitis arietans, 639, 639; B. nasicornis, 640 Black Snake, of Australia, 634; of North America, 613 Blainville, de, on classification, 7 Blanus cinereus, 566 Blood, shape of red corpuscles, 4; temperature, 67 f. Blood-sucker = Calotes ophiomachus, 519 Blum, quoted, 642 n. Boa, 602; B. constrictor, 602; B. dumerili, 602; B. madagascariensis, 602 Boettger, on influence of climate and country upon reptiles, 492 f. Boidae, 592, 596 f.; skull, 596, 597 Boinae, 601 f. Bombinator, 154 f., 155; habits, 156 f.; tadpoles, 157; abnormal vertebrae, 22; shoulder-girdle, 25; urino-genital organs, 49; B. igneus, 154, 155; B. pachypus, 155 Bothrops, 647 Boulenger, classification of Amphibia Caudata, 9; on vertebrae of Pelobates, 20; on vertebrae of Bombinator, 22; number of phalanges in Anura, 27; on poison of Amphibia, 36; on vocal sacs, 48; on modes of fecundation and nursing habits, 54, 56; synopsis of Tadpoles, 59 n.; on tadpoles of Rana opisthodon, 260; on classification of Anura, 140, 141; on Pipa, 152; on Scaphiopus solitarius, 165; on Alligator sinensis, 471; on Lanthanotus, 542; on aberrant scaling, 495; on Heloderma, 540 n.; on classification of Snakes, 592; on Sea-Snakes, 637; on Sphargis, 336 Boulengerula, 90 Box-Tortoises, 362, 364, 365 Brachial plexus, of Anura, 39 Brachycephalus, 226, 227; B. ephippium, 231 Brachylophus, distribution, 501, 528 Brain, of Scaphognathus, 485; small size of, in Dinosaurs, 425 Branchial arches, of Urodela, 16; of Anura, 42 Branchiosauri, 80 Branchiosaurus, skull, 80; B. salamandroides, 80 Brauer, on development of Apoda, 92; on nursing habits of Arthroleptis, 243 Breeding of Axolotl, 113 Breviceps, shoulder-girdle, 26, 225, 226, 227, 232; B. mossambicus, 232 Brithopus, 308 Brongniart, on classification, 7 Brontosaurus, 415, 418; B. excelsus, 418 Brontozoum, 415, 417; B. giganteum, 420 Brood-pouches, of Anura, 151, 248; of Hyla goeldii, 198; of Nototrema, 202; of Rhinoderma, 228 Brookesia, 580 Brown Adder, 634 Brown Frog, Common, 251 f., 255 Brücke, quoted, 571 Buchholz, on Chiromantis, 244 f. Budgett, on breeding habits of Phyllomedusa, 204; on Paludicola, 220; on Lepidobatrachus, 218; quick development of Phryniscus, 231; on Bufo marinus, 179 Bufo, sacral vertebra, 22; shoulder-girdle, 26; urine-genital organs, 49; development of adhesive apparatus, 57; B. agua, 178; B. americanus, 178; B. calamita, 181 f.; B. ceratophrys, 179; B. empusus and B. peltocephalus, dermal ossifications, 179; B. jerboa, 166; B. lentiginosus, 178, 179; map of distribution, 167, 168, 169 f.; B. marinus, 178; B. mauritanica s. pantherina, 184; B. melanostictus, 177, 179; B. quercinus, 178; B. variabilis = viridis, 180; B. viridis, 180 f., 493; B. vulgaris, 170 f., 172; large-sized specimens, 171; immured in buildings, 174; diseases, 176; distribution, 177 Bufonidae, 139, 166 f.; distribution, 167; affinities, 166 Bufoniformes, 139 Bullfrog, of America, Rana catesbiana, 261; of India, Callula pulchra, 234; Rana tigrina, 261 Bungarus coeruleus s. candidus, 633; B. fasciatus, 633 Butler, on fat-bodies, 500 Cabrita, 551 Cacopus, shoulder-girdle, 25, 225, 226, 228 Cacosternum, 225, 227 Caiman, 450, 471; vomer, 435; C. niger, 471, 472; O. palpebrosus, 471; C. sclerops, 471; C. trigonatus, 471, 472 Calcareous deposits in the skin of Amphibia, 31, 34 Calliphora silvatica, fly infesting Bufo, 176 Callophis macclellandi, 634 Calluella, 235, 236 Callula, 226, 228, 234; C. pulchra, habits of, 234 f. Callulops, 225, 228 Calophrynus, 225, 227 Calotes, 517; C. emma, 518; C. mystaceus, 519; C. ophiomachus, 519; C. versicolor, 518 Calyptocephalus, 179, 212, 215 Camptosaurus, 426 Capitosaurus, 83 Carapace, 321 f., 319, 320, 322, 323; posterior portion movable in Cinyxis, 364, 365; carapace of tortoises, evolution of, 337; composition of, 324 f.; reduction of component elements, 325; reduction in thickness, 373; correlative changes, 328; of Sphargis, 335 f.; of Chelone, 379; of Testudo, 322; of Pleurodira, 389; reduction in Trionychidae, 325; fenestration, 325; with hinge in Cinyxis, 364, 365 Cardioglossa, 274 Carettochelydidae, 313, 314 Carettochelys, 337, 389, 390; C. insculpta, 404; absence of horny shields, 325 Carpet Snake, 598, 599 Carpus (see also Limbs), of Eryops, 286; of Sphenodon, 294; of Chelonia, 320, 320; of Eusuchia, 440 Casarea, 603 Case, on Sphargis, 336 Cassina, 240 Causus, 638; C. rhombeatus, 639 Centrolene geckoideum, 211 Cerastes cornutus, 640, 641 Ceratobatrachidae, 141 Ceratobatrachinae, 139, 237 f. Ceratobatrachus guentheri, 237 Ceratohyla, 211 Ceratophora, 517; C. stoddarti, 517; C. tennenti, 517 Ceratophrys, 212, 215 f.; C. cornuta, 216; C. dorsata, 215; C. ornata, 216, 217 Ceratopsia, 430 Ceratosaurus, 413, 416, 417; C. nasicornis, 422, 422 Cerberus rhynchops, 625 Cetiosaurus, 419 Chalarodon, 528; geographical distribution of; 501 Chalcides, 562; Ch. bedriagae, 563; Ch. guentheri, 563; Ch. lineatus, 563; Ch. ocellatus, 563; Ch. tridactylus, 563 Chamaeleon, 573; Ch. bifidus, 580; Ch. calcaratus, 579; Ch. parsoni, 580; Ch. pumilus, 579, 575; Ch. vulgaris, 573, 574, 575 Chamaeleontes, 567 f.; distribution, 568; skull, 568, 569; tongue, 569 f.; colour-changing mechanism, 570, 571, 573 f.; eggs, 572 Chamaeleontidae, 573 f. Chamaerops humilis, dates of, eaten by Testudo, 367 Chameleon, misnamed Calotes, 518; misnamed Polychrus, 529 Chauvin, Marie von, on Axolotl, 113; on Salamandra atra, 120 Chelodina, suppression of neural plates, 324; intergular shields, 389, 315; skull, 399; Ch. longicollis, 402 f., 403 Chelone, skull, 317; skeleton, 320; plastron, 321; shields, 327; intergular shields, 325; Ch. mydas, 381 f.; various modes of fishing, etc., 382, 383; Ch. imbricata, 384, 385 Chelonemydidae, 380 Chelonia, 312; number of species, 312; affinities of, 312; classification, 313; key to living families, 314; plastron, names of the horny shields, 315; 321, 325; vertebrae, 314 f., 316; skull, 280, 317, 356, 364, 379, 400, 405; skeleton of Testudo, 319; of Chelone, 320; pectoral arch, 318; pelvis, 319; plastron, bones of, 321; limbs, 320; bony shell, 321 f., 322, 323; evolution of, 337; evolution of the horny shields, 326 f., 327; regeneration, 329; sense-organs, 329; digestive apparatus, 330; respiration, 331; growth of Chrysemys, 349 Chelonidae, 313, 314, 378 f.; affinities of, 380 Chelydidae, 313, 314, 399; distribution, 332, 333 Chelydosaurus, 82, 287 Chelydra, 328; Ch. serpentina, 338 Chelydridae, 313, 314, 338; distribution of, 332 Chelydropsis, nuchal plates, 324 Chelys fimbriata, 400; skull, 400, 401; intergular shields, 325 Chersydrus granulatus, 607 Chioglossa, 96, 115; Ch. lusitanica, 121 Chirixalus, 241 Chiroleptes, 209, 213, 221; Ch. platycephalus, 221 Chiromantis, 238, 241, 244; Ch. petersi, 244; Ch. xerampelina, 244 Chirotes, 564; Ch. canaliculatus, 566 Chirotherium, 83 Chlamydosaurus kingi, 522, 523 Choanae, or inner nasal openings, 47 Chorda dorsalis, the axial rod between the gut and the spinal cord, around which the vertebrae are formed, 12 Chorophilus, 186, 189; Ch. ornatus, 208 Chromatophores, 35 Chrysemys, costal plates of, 325; green colour of, 328, 346 f.; colour of iris, 329; Ch. concinna, 346, 349, 350; Ch. elegans, 346; Ch. picta, 346, 347, 348; Ch. rubriventris, 346 Chthonerpeton, 87, 90 Cimoliasaurus, 478; C. australis, 478; C. cantabrigiensis, 478; C. chilensis, 478; C. haasti, 478 Cinosternidae, 313, 314, 342; distribution, 332 Cinosternum, 342 f.; arrangement of neural plates, 324; C. leucostomum, 342, 344; C. odoratum, 342, 343; C. pennsylvanicum, 342, 344 Cinyxis belliana, 365; C. erosa, 364, 365; C. homeana, 364 Cistecephalus, 310 Cistudo, arrangement of neural plates, 324; C. Carolina, 361 f., 364; colour of iris, 329 Claosaurus, 429 Clarke, on habits and development of Alligator, 467 Classification of Amphibia, historical account, 7 f. Clawed Toad (Xenopus), 146 f. Claws or nails of Amphibia, 32 Cleithra = the pair of additional clavicles; of Stegocephali, 79; of Pareiasaurus, 304, 305 Clemmys, 356 f.; C. caspica, 358; C. insculpta, 359; C. leprosa, 356 f., 353; skull, 356 Clepsydrops, 308 Clidastes tortor, 490 Cloaca, of Chelonia, 330; of Crocodiles, 445; of Lacertilia, 498 Cnemidophorus, 549; C. sexlineatus, 549 Cobra, 627, 627 Coccyx, s. Os coccygeum, of Anura, 20, 21, 22 Coecilia, 89 Coeciliidae, 89 f.; distribution of, 89 Coelopeltis, 624; C. monspessulana s. lacertina, 624 Coelurus, 415; C. gracilis, 423 Colombo, gigantic tortoise of, 377 Coloration, warning colours of Amphibia, 38, 156; protective, of Amphibia, 191, 238, 252; of deserticolous reptiles, 494 Colosthetus, 238, 242 Colour, changes of, in Anura, 35; in Calotes, 518, 519, 520; in Geckos, 509; in Lacertilia, 498; mechanism of changing, in Chameleons, 570, 571 Coluber, 615 f.; C. aesculapii = flavescens = longissimus, 616 f.; C. leopardinus, 616; C. (Rhinechis) scalaris, 617 Colubridae, 593, 606 f. Colubrinae, 607 f. Columella cranii, 496, 550, 551 Columellar auditory chain, of Amphibia, 4; of Anura, 29; of Crocodiles, 446; of Lizards, 496 Comoro Islands, Tortoises of, 373 Compsognathus, 415, 416, 417; C. longipes, 423, 425 Condyle, occipital, of Theromorpha, 302; exaggerated importance of its character, 285 Conolophus subcristatus, 532 Conus arteriosus, continuation of the heart beyond the ventricles so far as it contains valves, 6 Cope, on classification of Amphibia, 9; of Anura, 140, 141; on Siren, 136; on hand-skeleton of Eryops, 286; on Sphargis, 336; classification of Lacertae, 513; classification of Snakes, 592 Cophophryne, 167, 168 Cophyla, 236 Copper-head, 646, 646 Copulatory organs, of Lacertilia, 499; absent in Sphenodon, 294; of Chelonia, 330; of Snakes, 585 Coqui, 214 Coronella, 619; C. austriaca s. laevis, 619, 620; C. girondica, 621 Cornufer, 241, 243; C. corrugatus, 244; C. johnstoni, 243; C. solomonis, 244; C. unicolor, 244 Corythomantis, 189, 207; C. greeningi, 207 Costal plates of Chelonia, 324 f., 322, 323 Craspedocephalus, 647 Crested Newt, 125, 125 Cricotus, 285, 285; C. heteroclitus, 287 Crinia, 213; spawning, 223 Crocodilia, 431 f.; skeleton, 434 f.; skull, 280, 434 f.; atlas and axis, 283, 431, 439; affinities, 432; teeth, 437; skin, 442; dermal armour, 442; skin glands, 443; tongue, 443; respiratory organs, 444; "diaphragm," 444; digestive organs, 444; cloaca, 445; heart, 445; ear, 445; eye, 446; geographical distribution, 446, 446; voice, 447; habits, 447; propagation, 447; classification, 448 Crocodilidae, 454 Crocodilus, 450, 454 f.; teeth, 437; skin glands, 443; C. acutus, 446, 449; C. americanus, 466; skull, 466; C. biporcatus = porosus, 458; rate of growth, 459; C. cataphractus, 465; C. intermedius, 466; C. johnstoni, 466; C. niloticus = vulgaris, 460 f., 449, 461; habits, 462 f.; C. palustris, 449, 454; skull, 455; C. porosus, 458; skull, 458; C. vulgaris, 449, 460 f. Crotalinae, 644 Crotalus, 648; rattle of, 644; C. adamanteus, 649, 650; C. confluentus, 649, 650; C. durissus, 648, 649, 650; C. horridus, 649; C. terrificus, 650 Cryptobranchus, 84, 96, 99; fossil, 84; C. alleghaniensis, 97; C. japonicus, 98, 99 Cryptoclidus, shoulder-girdle, 474, 475, 478 Cryptodira, 313, 338 Cryptopsophis, 89; C. multiplicatus, 92 Cryptotis, 213 Cutis, of Amphibia, 33 f. Cyamodus, 311 Cyclanorbis, 411; nuchal plate, 324 Cycloderma, 411 Cyclodus s. Tiliqua, 561; C. gigas, 561, 562 Cyclorhamphus, 212 Cynognathus, 301, 302, 303; C. berryi, 307; C. crateronotus, 306; C. platyceps, 307 Cystignathidae, 139, 209 f.; distribution, 161 Cystignathinae, 139, 211 f. Cystignathus = Leptodactylus, 210, 218 Dab = Uromastix, 526, 526 Daboia, 643 Dactylethra; see Xenopus, 146 f. Darwin, on Conolophus, 532 n.; on tortoises of Galapagos Islands, 377 Dasypeltis scabra, 622, 622; dentition, 593 n. Davison, on breeding of Amphiuma, 101 Dawsonia, 289 Death Adder, 635 Denburgh, van, on Autodax, 107 Dendrobates, 272; D. braccatus, 273; D. tinctorius, 272, 273; D. trivittatus, 273; D. typographus, 273; various uses of its poison, 38 Dendrobatinae, 139, 237, 272 f.; distribution, 239 Dendrophis, 618; D. punctulatus, 618, 618 Dendrophryniscinae, 139, 224 Dendrophryniscus brevipollicatus, 224 Dentition, of snakes, 582, 592, 593; see also Teeth Dermal armour, of Cricotus, 287; of Microsauri, 289; of Prosauri, 290; of Theromorpha, 302; of Chelonia, 321 f., 337; of Dinosauria, 415; of Pseudosuchia, 433; of Parasuchia, 434; of Crocodiles, 442 Dermal ossification in Anura, 179, 190, 210 Dermatemydidae, 313, 314, 341; distribution of, 332 Dermatemys mawi, 341, 342 Dermatochelys coriacea, 333 f., 334 Dermophis, 89, 93; D. thomensis, 93 Deserticolous reptiles, 493 f. Desmognathinae, 102 Desmognathus, 96, 102; D. fuscus, 102, 103 Deuterosaurus, 308 Development, of Anura, 56 f., 57; of horny teeth, 58; of Apoda, 92; of Crocodilus, 465; of Alligator, 467 Diadectes, 308 Diademodon, 309 Diaglena, 185, 189; D. jordani, 207; D. petasata, 207 Diaphragm, of Anura, 144; of crocodiles, 444 Diapophyses (the lateral or "transverse" processes of the neural arches) of Anura, 138, 141 Dibamidae, 514, 564 Dibamus novae-guineae, 564 Dicamptodon, 96; D. ensatus, 109 Diclonius = Hadrosaurus, 429 Dicynodon, 301, 302, 303, 310; skull, 280; D. leoniceps, 310; D. orientalis, 310; D. tigriceps, 310 Digestive apparatus, of Chelonia, 330; of crocodiles, 444; of Lacertilia, 498 Digits = Fingers and Toes. Number of digits in Urodela, 15, 16; in Anura, 26; terminal phalanges, 26; number of joints, 27; adhesive discs, 27; variability in numbers, 563; digits of Eryops, 286; of Crocodiles, 441; of Plesiosauri, 475; of Geckos, 505 Dimetrodon, 308 Dimorphodon macronyx, 486 Dinosauria, 412; affinities of, 415; analogies with Birds, 416 Diplocynodon, 448; D. hastingsiae, 454 Diplodocus longus, 419 f.; skull, 419 Diplovertebron, 287, 288 Dipsadomorphinae, 623 f. Dipsadomorphus, 623; D. cyaneus, 624; D. trigonatus, 623 Dipsas bucephala, 624 Discoglossidae, 139, 152 f. Discoglossus, urino-genital organs, 49, 153; D. pictus, 153 f. Dissorophus multicinctus, 82 Distira cyanocincta, 637; D. semperi, 636 Distribution, geographical; see Maps Dolichosauri, 489 Dolichosaurus longicollis, 489 Dolichosoma longissimum, 81 Doliophis intestinalis, 634 Dollo, on Sphargis, 336 Dracaena, 547; D. guianensis, 549 Draco, 516; D. dussumieri, 516; D. volans, 516, 516 Duméril, 7, 139; and Bibron, on classification of Snakes, 592 Dwarf Chameleon, 579 Dyscophinae, 139, 235 f. Dyscophus, 236; D. antongili, 236 Ear, of Chelonia, 330; of Crocodiles, 445 f.; of Snakes, 583 Ear-opening of deserticolous reptiles, 494 Echeneis remora, used for turtle fishing, 382 Echidna s. Bitis, 639, 639 Echis, 640; E. arenicola, deserticolous, 493 Edalorhina, 212 Eggs of Amphibia, 53; mode of deposition in Amphibia, 54-56; of Ichthyophis, 91; and spermatophore of Triton viridescens, 128; nursing and taking care of, 55; by Pipa, 151; by Alytes, 159; by Rhacophorus reticulatus, 248; by Nototrema, 188, 202; by Amphignathodon, 188; by Hyla goeldii, 198, 198; by Leptodactylus mystacinus, 219; by Rhinoderma, 228; by Rhacophorus, 248; by Desmognathus fuscus, 103, 103; number of: in Bufo vulgaris, 175; in Bufo viridis, 181; in Hyla arborea, 193; in Rana esculenta, 270 Eggs of Reptilia: Sphenodon, 299; Chelonia, 331; Testudo graeca, 369; T. ibera, 369; T. elegans, 371; T. polyphemus, 372; Emys orbicularis, 355; Clemmys leprosa, 358; Chelone mydas, 382; Thalassochelys caretta, 387; Podocnemis expansa, 393 f., 398; Trionyx, 408; mode of laying by Emys, 355; by Podocnemis, 393; used commercially, 394 f.; enormous destruction of, 395, 399; Crocodilus, 463, 464 f.; Alligator, 470; eggs and nest of Gavialis, 452; Lacertilia, 499; increasing in size after deposition, 499; Geckos, 506, 508, 509, 511; Tarentola, 509; Lacerta viridis, 555; Chameleons, 572 Egg-sac, of Salamandrella, 110 Egg-tooth, of Lacertilia, 499 Eimer, on habits of Lacerta, 552; on L. coerulea, 558 Elachistodon westermanni, 625 Elachistodontinae, 625 Elaphis s. Coluber, 615 f. Elapinae, 626 Elaps corallinus, 635 Elasmosauridae, 478 Elasmosaurus, 478 Elginia, 301, 304; E. mirabilis, skull, 280, 305 Elosia, 212 Elseya, 389, 399 Emerald Lizard, 555 Emery, on hand-skeleton of Eryops, 286 Empedias molaris, 308 Emyda, 411 Emydura, 389, 399 Emys, 350 f.; E. blandingi, 355; E. europaea = orbicularis, 351 f., 353 Enaliosauri, 476 Endothiodon, 307 Engystoma, 227, 231; E. carolinense, 232 Engystomatidae, 139, 225 f. Engystomatinae, 139, 225 f. Engystomops, 166, 168 Enhydrina valakadien s. bengalensis, 636, 636 Enygrus, 601 Eosphargis, 336, 337 Epichordal type of vertebrae, 20, 145 Epidermis, of Amphibia, 31 f.; sense-organs in, 33 Equisetum, eaten by Uromastix, 525 Eremias, 551; deserticolous, 493 Erpetosuchus, 433 Eryops, 285, 286; trunk-vertebrae, 286, 288, 304; E. megacephalus, 286 Eryx, 604; E. jaculus, 604; deserticolous, 493 Escuerzo = Ceratophrys, 216 Espada, on Rhinoderma, 228 Eublepharinae, 512 Euchirosaurus, 83, 287 Eunectes murinus, 603, 603 Euprepes vittata, 562 Euproctus = Triton, 130 Eurysternum, 380 Eustachian tubes, of Anura, 29; of Pelobatidae, 161; of Aglossa, 143 Eusuchia, 434 Eye, of Apoda, 86; of Chelonia, 329; of deserticolous reptiles, 494; of Chameleons, 569; of Snakes, 583 Eyed Lizard, 556, 556 Eyelid, of Geckos, 504, 512; transparent in Chelodina, 329; lower, transparent in Lacertidae, 551; in Scincidae, 560 Fasting, of Chrysemys, 347 Fat-bodies, of Amphibia, 49, 52; of Lacertilia, 500 Fecundation, various modes of, in Amphibia, 54; in Apoda, 87 Fer-de-Lance, 647 Ferreiro = Hyla faber, 196 f. Feylinia, 564 Fingers, number of, in Urodela, 15; number of joints in Anura, 26, 27; terminal modifications of, in Anura, 26; mechanism of adhesive discs in Hylidae, 187 Fire Salamander, 115 Firmisternal shoulder-girdle, 24, 25 Firmisternia, 140 Fischer-Sigwart, on growth of Alytes, 159 f.; on growth of Bufo, 175; on gestation of Chalcides, 563 Fletcher, on spawning of Australian frogs, 201, 223 Flower, S. S., on habits of Rhacophorus, 249; Phrynella pollicaris, 233; Callula pulchra, 234 Flying Dragon, 516 Flying Frog, Rhacophorus, 245 f., 246 Foot, tridactyle, in Hallopus, 423; bird-like in Compsognathus, 423 Fore-limb, of Urodela, 15; of Anura, 26; of Proreptilia, 286; of Microsauri, 289; of Prosauri, 290, 298; of Theromorpha, 302; of Chelonia, 320; of Dinosauria, 414, 423, 425, 427; of Crocodilia, 440; of Plesiosauria, 475; of Ichthyosauria, 481; of Pterosauria, 485; of Pythonomorpha, 489; of Lacertilia, 497 Frog, see Rana. Grassfrog, 251; Water-frog, 263, 268, 269 Gage, on Triton viridescens, 129 Galapagos Islands, tortoises of, 372, 377 f. Galesaurus, 307 Gampsosteonyx, 271; G. batesi, 238, 240 Gasco, on spawning of newts, 124 Gastrechmia, 140, 141, 232 Gastrocentrous vertebrae, defined, 282 Gaupp, on frogs' respiration, 47 n. Gavialidae, 451 f. Gavialis, 435, 436, 451; G. gangeticus, 452; skull, 449, 452 Gavialosuchus, 453 Gecko, 511; G. stentor, 511; G. verus = guttatus = verticillatus, 511 Geckolepis, deserticolous, 493 Geckones, 502 f.; distribution, 500, 503; adhesive apparatus, 505, 505; voice, 506; reproduction of tail, 506; eyelids, 504, 512 Geckonidae, 507 f. Geckoninae, 507 f. Gegenbaur, on classification, 9 Gegenophis, 87, 90 Geikia, 310 Genital organs, of Amphibia, 48 f., 49 Genyophryne, 236; G. thomsoni, 236 Genyophrynidae, 141 Genyophryninae, 139, 236 Geographical distribution, principles of, 69 f.; regions and sub-regions, 74 f. (for details see also Maps); of Apoda, 89; of Urodela, 95, 96; of Anura, 143, 161, 167, 185, 239; of Chelonia, 331 f., 332, 333; of Crocodilia, 446; of Lacertilia, 500 f., 515, 529, 543, 552, 565, 568; of Snakes, 585 Geomolge, 96 Geosaurus, 451 Geotriton, 97 Geotrypetes, 89 Gerrhonotus, 538; G. coeruleus, 538 Gerrhosauridae, 514, 559 Gerrhosaurus flavigularis, 559 Gharial, 452; see also Gavialis Gigantic Tortoises, 372 f. Gila Monster, 541 Gills, definition, 40; development of, 41, 43; retention of, 40; external and internal, 43 f.; operculum of, 44; of Nototrema, 203 Gill-clefts, 42; of Urodela, 42; of Anura, 42 Girtanner, on musical appreciation of tortoises, 368 Glass-Snake, 538 Glauconia, 594 Glauconiidae, 592, 594 Glyphoglossus, 225, 226, 228, 233; G. molossus, 233 Goeldi, on Hyla faber, 197; on habits of Podocnemis expansa, 397 f. Gomphognathus, 308, 309 Gondwanosaurus, 83 Gongylus, 562 Goniopholidae, 453 Goniopholis, 448, 453; G. crassidens, 453; G. simus, 453 Gordonia, 301, 303, 310; skull, 280 Grass-Frog, 251 f., 255 Grass-Snake, 608 f. Greek Tortoise, 365 f. Green Lizard, 555 Green Toad, 180 Green, or Edible, Turtle, 381 f. Groenberg, on Pipa, 149 Growth, rate of, in Testudo ibera, 370; Chrysemys picta, 349; Emys orbicularis, 351, 355 Gular shields of Chelonia, 315 Gundlach, on Leptodactylus, 219 Günther, 140; on gigantic Tortoises, 374; on classification of Snakes, 592 Gutzeit, on horny teeth of Tadpoles, 58 Gymnodactylus, tail, 506, 512, 512; deserticolous, 493 Gymnophiona, 84 f. Gymnophis, 90 Gymnophthalmus, aberrant scaling, 495 Haast, on habits of Sphenodon, 299 Hadrosaurus mirabilis, 429 Haeckel, on classification, 9 Hallopus victor, 423 Hamadryad, 632 Hand-skeleton, excalation of second finger in Eryops, 286 Haptoglossa, 96 Hardun = Agama stellio, 521 Hatteria–see Sphenodon, 293 f. Hawksbill-Turtle, 384 f. Hay, on Sphargis, 337 Hearing of Chelonia, 330 Heart, modification of, in lungless Amphibia, 47 Hedonic glands (ἡδονή, lust), 443 Heleioporus, 213, 222; H. albopunctatus, 222; H. pictus, 222 Helix virgata, eaten by Hyla coerulea, 200 Heloderma horridum, 540; H. suspectum, 540, 541 Helodermatidae, 513, 540 f. Hemidactylus turcicus, 508, 508 Hemiphractinae, 139, 210 f. Hemiphractus, 210 Hemisus, 225, 226, 228, 232; shoulder-girdle, 25; H. guttatum, 232; H. sudanense, 232 Hensel, on Bufo marinus, 179; on tadpoles of Thoropa, 209; on nest-building of Leptodactylus, 219 Herodotus, on Crocodiles, 462 Herpele, 90 Herpestes griseus (Mongoos), 629 Hibernation, temperature of blood during, 68; of Tortoises, 347, 349, 354, 358, 360, 363, 365, 369, 376; of Crocodiles, 447 Hinckley, on tadpoles of Hyla versicolor, 195 Hind-limbs, of Urodela, 15; of Anura, 27; of Prosauria, 289; of Theromorpha, 302, 305; of Chelonia, 321; of Dinosauria, 414, 423, 425, 427, 429; of Crocodilia, 440; of Plesiosauria, 476; of Ichthyosauria, 480; of Pterosauria, 486; of Lacertilia, 497; of Ophidia, 593, 594, 596 Hipistes hydrinus, 625 Holbrook, on the Black Snake, 613; on habits of Alligator, 470 f. Holoblastic eggs; the whole mass of the egg undergoes the process of cleavage, 53 Homalopsinae, 625 Homalopsis buccata, 625 Homing of turtles, instances of, 386 Homoeosaurus pulchellus, 292 Homopholis, deserticolous, 493 Homothermous, defined, 68 Hoplocephalus curtus, 634 Hoplurus, 528; geographical distribution, 501 Horned Toad = Ceratophrys, 215 f., 216, 217 Horned Viper, 640, 641 Horny nail, on tail of Chelonia, 328 Horny scales, of Chelonia, 328 Horny shields, of Chelonia, 314, 315, 322, 323, 326 f., 327; their growth, 326 Horny teeth, of Anura, 58 Hose, on reproduction of tortoise-shell, 386 Howes, on development of Sphenodon, 298 Humerus of Sphenodon, 294 Hutton, on Starred Tortoise, 370 f. Huxley, on classification, 9 Hydraspis, 389; skull, 399 Hydromedusa, 389, 404; H. tectifera, 404 Hydrophinae, 635 Hydrophis obscura, 636, 636 Hydrosaurus, 543 Hyla, 189 f.; H. arborea, 190 f., 190; var. meridionalis, 191; var. savignyi = japonica, 191; H. aurea, 201 f.; spawning, 201; H. carolinensis s. lateralis, 194; H. coerulea, 198 f., 199; spawning, 223; H. dasynotus and H. nigromaculata, dermal ossifications of, 190; H. ewingi, 201; spawning, 223; H. faber, peculiar nursing habits, 196 f.; H. femoralis, 194; H. goeldii, 198, 198; female with eggs, 198; H. maxima, 196; H. nebulosa s. luteola, 197; nest-building, 198; H. polytaenia, 198; H. squirella, 194; H. vasta, 195; H. versicolor, 194 f. Hylaeformes, 139 Hylaeobatrachus croyi, 83 Hylaeosaurus, 425 Hylambates, 238, 240 Hylella, 186, 189, 203 Hylidae, 139, 185 f.; distribution, 185, 186; mechanism of climbing, 187; map of distribution, 185; distribution, 186 Hylinae, 139, 189 f. Hylixalus, 238, 242 Hylodes, 212; H. martinicensis, 214 f., 214; H. abbreviatus = Thoropa miliaris, 209 Hylonomus, 288, 289 Hyloplesion longicostatum, 289 Hylopsis, 212; H. platycephalus, 224 Hylorhina, 212 Hymenochirus, 143, 144, 149 Hynobius, 96, 109 Hyoid apparatus, of Urodela, 16; of Anura, 31; of Chelonia, 318; of Chelys, 400; of Lacertilia, 496 Hyperodapedon gordoni, 292 Hyperolia, 213; spawning, 223 Hyperphalangeal limbs, of Eusuchia, 441; of Ichthyosauri, 480 Hypogeophis, 87, 89, 92; H. alternans, 92; H. rostratus, 92 Hypopachus, 226, 227, 235 Hypsilophodon foxi, 427 Hypsirhina plumbea, 625 Iberian Water-tortoise, 357 f. Ichthyodea, distribution of, 95 Ichthyophis, skull, 85, 88, 89 f., 91; I. glutinosa, 90, 91; I. monochrous, 90 Ichthyopsida, 5, 277 Ichthyopterygia, 476 Ichthyosauri, 483 f. Ichthyosauria, 478 f.; skull, 281, 479; vertebrae, 480; limbs, 481; shoulder-girdle, 481 Ichthyosaurus, 483; I. communis, 483; I. campylodon, 483; I. quadriscissus, 483; I. tenuirostris, 483; I. trigonodon, 483 Idiochelys, 380 Iguana, 306, 528, 531; I. tuberculata, 531 Iguanidae, 513, 528 f.; distribution, 501, 529 Iguanodon, 416, 417, 427; I. bernissartensis, 428, 428; I. mantelli, 427 Ihering, on breeding habits of Phyllomedusa, 205 f., 206 Ikeda, on nursing habits of Rhacophorus, 248 Ilysia, 595 Ilysiidae, 592, 594 Inframarginal shields, 326, 315 Intergular shields of Chelonia, 325, 315 Iris, colour of, in Chelonia, 329 Ixalus, 238, 241 Jaw, lower, of Salamandra, 17; of Urodela, 18; of Anura, 30 Keller, quoted, 571 n. Keraterpeton, 81, 288; K. crassum, 81 Kidneys of Amphibia, 48 f., 49 Klinckowstroem, on Pipa, 149 Kollmann, on Neoteny, 64 Krait, 633 Labial glands of Heloderma, 498 Labyrinthodon, 83 Labyrinthodonta, 82 Lacerta, 553; L. agilis, 554; L. muralis, 557; L. ocellata, 556 f., 556; L. pater, 556; L. schreiberi, 555; L. tangitana, 556; L. viridis, 555; skull, 550; L. vivipara, 553 Lacertae, 513 f. Lacertidae, 514, 549 f.; skull, 550; distribution, 552 Lacertilia, 491 f.; skeleton, 494 f.; skin, 497; change of colour, 498 Lachesis gramineus, 647; L. lanceolatus, 646, 647 Land-tortoises, 364 f. Lanthanotidae, 514, 541 f. Lanthanotus borneensis, 541 Laosaurus, 427 Lariosaurus, 473, 474; L. balsami, 477 Larvae, of Ichthyophis, 91; of Hypogeophis, 92; of Amblystoma, 112; of Triton waltli, 131 Latreille, on classification, 7, 8 Laurenti, on classification, 7 Leathery Turtle = Sphargis, 333 f., 334 Lechriodonta, distribution of, 95; defined, 102 Lepidobatrachus, 212, 218 Lepidophyma, 547 Lepospondylous, defined, 79 Leptobrachium, 161; L. carinense, 166 Leptodactylus, 212, 218 f.; L. albilabris, 219; L. mystacinus, 219; L. ocellatus, 219; L. typhonius, 219 f. Leptognathus, 624 Leptophis, 618; L. liocerus, 618, 619 Leslie, on Xenopus, 146 Leuckart, on classification, 8 Leydig's duct, defined, 48, 49 Lialis burtoni, 567 Limbs, of Amphibia, 26, 27; Stegocephali, 79, 83; Eryops, 286; Microsauri, 289; Prosauri, 291; Sphenodon, 298; Theromorpha, 302; Pareiasauri, 305; Chelonia, 320, 319, 320; Sphargis, 335; Chelonidae, 379; Dinosauria, 414 f., 418, 420; Compsognathus, 423; Stegosauri, 426 f.; Iguanodon, 428, 428; Eusuchia, 440; Plesiosauria, 475, 475; Lariosaurus, 477; Ichthyosauria, 480; Pterosauria, 485, 485; Lacertilia, 495; Geckones, 505; Chameleons, 568; reduction of, in Lacertilia, 497; in Ophidia, 593, 594, 596 Limnodynastes, 213, 222; spawning, 223 Limnomedusa, 212 Linnaeus, on classification, 7 Liodon haumuriensis, 490 Liolepis belli, 527 Liopelma, 153; L. hochstetteri, 160 Liophryne, 225, 227 Liosaurus, 529 Lissamphibia, 84 f. Lizard, Common English, 553; Emerald, 555; Eyed, 556, 556; Green, 555; Sand, 554; Wall, 557 Lizards, 491 f. Locality, sense of, in Tortoises, 368, 387 Loggerhead Turtle, 387; individual varieties of shields, 327, 388 Longevity, of Testudo daudini, 376; T. graeca, 369; T. ibera, 369; T. sumeirei, 377 Loxocemus bicolor, 598 Loxomma, 83 Lucilia bufonivora, fly infesting Bufo, 176 Lungs, definition, 40; suppression of, 46; of Aglossa, 144; of Lacertilia, 499 Luth, or Leathery Turtle, 333 f., 334 Lycosaurus, 307 Lygosoma, distribution, 501 Lymph-spaces, in the cutis of Anura, 34 Lyriocephalus scutatus, 517, 518 Lytoloma, 336, 380 Mabuia, 562; distribution, 501; eyelids, 494; M. vittata, 562 Macroclemmys, 326; M. temmincki, 340 f., 340 Macroprotodon cucullatus, 624 Macrorhynchidae, 451 Madagascar, Lacertilia of, 502 Malacoclemmys terrapin, 359 f.; commercial breeding-farms, 360 Malpighian, body, 49; stratum, 32 Mammalian affinities of Theromorpha, 303, 309 Manculus, 96, 103, 106; M. quadridigitatus, 106 Mandible, composition of, in Crocodiles, 437; very Mammalian in Gomphognathus, 309 Mantella, 274 Mantophryne, 225, 227 Maps showing geographical distribution, of Coeciliidae, 89; Urodela, 95; Aglossa, 143; Cystignathidae, Discoglossidae, Pelobatidae, 161; Bufonidae, 167; Hylidae, 185; Ranidae, 239; Chelydidae, 332, 333; Chelydridae, 332; Cinosternidae, 332; Dermatemydidae, 332; Pelomedusidae, 332; Platysternidae, 332; Trionychidae, 333; Crocodilia, 446; Geckonidae, 503; Agamidae, 515; Anguidae, 529; Iguanidae, 529; Zonuridae, 529; Varanidae, 543; Lacertidae, 552; Amphisbaenidae, 565; Chamaeleontes, 568; Snakes, dangerously poisonous, 585; Elapinae, 626; Crotalinae, 644; Viperinae, 638 Marbled Newt, 126 Marginal plates of Chelonia, 325, 322, 323 Marginal shields, 326 Marsh, on Axolotl, 115 Marsh Crocodile, 455 Marshall, on distribution of Uropeltidae, 595 Mascarene Islands, tortoises of, 373 f. Mason, on habits of Calotes, 519; on Python legends, 599; on Varanus, 544 Mastodonsaurus, 83 Matamata = Chelys fimbriata, 400, 401 Mauritius, gigantic tortoises, 373 f., 376 Mecodonta, distribution of, 95; defined, 102 Megalixalus, 238, 240 Megalophrys, 161; tadpole, 60 Megalosaurus, 416; M. bucklandi, 421 Megalotriton, 83 Melanerpeton, 81, 289 Melanobatrachus, 226, 228 Melosaurus, 287 Menobranchus lateralis, 132 Menopoma, 97 Mento-Meckelian cartilages, 30 Meroblastic eggs; part of the egg only undergoes the process of cleavage, 53 Merrem, on classification, 8 Mesosauridae, 476 Mesosaurus, 476; M. tenuidens, 476 Metamorphosis of Tadpoles, 56 f. Metasternum of Anura, 26, 25; taxonomic value, 141; definition, 26 Metatarsalia of Theropoda, 420 Metopias, 83 Metopoceros cornutus, 532 Metriorhynchidae, 451 Metriorhynchus, atlas and axis, 283, 431, 451 Metzdorff, on Axolotl, 113 Micrixalus, 241 Microgomphodon, 308, 309 Microhyla, 228 Microsauri, 288 Midwife-toad, 158 Mimosa (plant), 629 Miolania, 390 Mixophyes, 213; spawning, 213 Mixosaurus, limbs, 480, 481, 483 Molge–see Triton, 122 Moloch horridus, 527, 527 Mongoos and Cobra, 629 Monitor, 543 Morosaurus grandis, 419; pelvis, 419 Mosasauri, 489 f. Mosasaurus, 489; M. camperi, 490 Moult of Geckos, 510; of Chameleons, 571; of Snakes, 583 Mud-diver, 165 Mud-turtle, 342 Mugger, 454 Müller, J., on classification, 8 Müllerian duct, 49, 51 Musical appreciation of Tortoises, 368 Myobatrachus, 166, 167, 168; M. gouldi, 184, 227, 236 Mystriosaurus, 432, 451 Nails or claws of Amphibia, 32 Naja, 626; N. bungarus s. elaps, 632; N. haje, 628, 632; N. tripudians, 627, 627 Nannobatrachus, 238, 240 Naosaurus claviger, 308 Natterjack, 181 Naultinus elegans, 506 Neck, mode of withdrawing in Chelonia, 328 f. Nectes, 166, 168; N. subasper, 169 Nectophryne, 166, 168; N. afra, 169; N. tuberculosa, 169; N. guentheri, 169; N. hosei, 169; N. misera, 169 Necturus, pelvis, 15, 96, 132; N. maculatus, 132 Neoteny, 63 f.; defined, 64 Nephrostomes, 48, 49 Nephrurus asper, tail, 506 Nerves, spinal, of Amphibia, 38; cranial, 39 Nest, of Crocodilus, 463; of Gavialis, 452 Neural plates, of Chelonia, 323 f., 322, 323; suppression of plates, 324; in Pleurodira, 389; of Dermatemys, 342 Neusticosaurus, 477 Newt, Common, 127; Crested, 125, 125; Marbled, 126; Spotted, 127 Newton, E. T., on fossil Reptiles, 303 n. Nile Crocodile, 461 Nodosaurus, 430 Nose-horned Viper, 640 Notaden, 166, 169; N. bennetti, 167 Notechis scutatus, 634 Nothosauri, 476 f. Nothosauridae, 477 Nothosaurus, 474; N. mirabilis, 477 Notocentrous vertebrae, defined, 19 Notochord = Chorda dorsalis, q.v. Nototrema, 189; N. cornutum, 203; N. marsupiatum, 202; N. oviferum, 202; peculiar gills of embryos, 203; N. pygmaeum, 202; N. testudineum, 202 Nuchal plate of Chelonia, 323 f.; of Pleurodira, 389 Nuchal shield of Chelonia, 326, 327; of Pleurodira, 389, 399 Nuptial excrescences of Anura, 33 Nursing, habits, of Arthroleptis seychellensis, 243; of Chiromantis rufescens, 244; of Rhacophorus, 248; of Rhinoderma, 228 f.; of Pipa, 151; of Hyla faber, 196 f.; of H. nebulosa, 198; of H. goeldii, 198; of Nototrema, 203; of Phyllomedusa, 204 f.; of Leptodactylus, 219 f.; of eggs by Desmognathus, 103, 103; by Autodax, 108 Nyctibatrachus, 240 Nyctimantis rugiceps, 189, 206 Nyctixalus, 238 Occipital condyle, of Reptilia, 278; exaggerated importance of, 285; of Theromorpha, 302; of Pareiasauri, 305; of Cynognathus, 307; of Crateronotus, 307; of Dicynodon, 310; of Eusuchia, 437; of Amphisbaenidae, 496 Odontaglossa, 140 Oligodon, dentition, 593 n. Omosaurus = Stegosaurus, 425 Omosternum of Anura, 25; taxonomic value, 141 Onychodactylus, 96; O. japonicus, 109 Operculum of gills, 44 Ophiderpeton, 81 Ophidia, 491, 581 f. Ophiophagus, 632 Ophiops, 551 Ophioxylon (plant), 629 Ophisaurus, 538; O. apus, 538; O. gracilis, 538 Ophthalmosaurus, limbs, 481, 481, 484 Opisthocoelous, definition, 12 Opisthoglossa, 140 Opisthoglypha, 592, 606 f., 623 f. Oppel, on classification, 7 Oreobatrachus, 241 Oreophrynella, 227 Ornithocheirus, 486 Ornithomimus, 417; O. grandis, 429 Ornithopoda, 425, 426 Ornithopsis, 419 Ornithoscelida, 416 Ornithosuchus, 433 Orthocosta, 288, 289 Orthopoda, 424 Ossifications, dermal, in Anura, 31, 34, 179, 190, 210, 211 Osteoderms = ossifications in the skin, of Sphargis, 337; of Caiman, 337; of Lizards, 504, 513, 514 Osteolaemus, 450; O. tetraspis, 466 Ouaran, 543 Oudenodon, 301; O. rugosus, 310 Ovary, 49 Oviduct, 49, 51 Owen, on fossil Reptiles, 303 n. Oxydactyla, 140 Oxyglossus, 239, 241 Pachytriton, 96, 115; P. brevipes, 132 Painted Terrapin, 347, 348; rate of growth, 349 Palaeobatrachus, vertebral column, 22, 145 Palaeohatteria longicaudata, 291; skull, 280, 304 Paludicola, resembles Engystomops, 166, 212, 220; P. fuscomaculata, 220; P. biligonigera, 221 Paludina, as food of Trionyx, 407 Parasternum = the sum total of the Abdominal ribs, q.v.; of Sphenodon, 298; of Crocodilia, 440; of Ichthyosauria, 480 Parasuchia, 433 Pareiasauri, 301, 302, 304 Pareiasaurus baini, 304 Parrots, feathers dyed with poison of Dendrobates, 272 Pelobates, variation of vertebrae, 19; sacral vertebra, 22, 161 f.; P. fuscus, 162; P. cultripes, 163, 164; P. syriacus, 164 Pelobatidae, 139, 160 f.; distribution, 161 Pelodytes, 161, 165; P. punctatus, 165; P. caucasicus, 166 Pelomedusa galeata, 391 Pelomedusidae, 313, 314; distribution, 332, 390 f. Pelosaurus, 81 Pelvic, plexus of Anura, 39 Pelvis, of Urodela, 15; of Anura, 22, 27; of Eryops, 286; of Microsauri, 289; of Sphenodon, 298; of Theromorpha, 302; of Pareiasauri, 305; of Cynognathus, 307; of Dicynodon, 310; of Chelonia, 319, 319, 320; of Pleurodira, 388, 389; of Dinosauria, 414; of Eusuchia, 441; of Plesiosauria, 476; of Ichthyosauria, 480; of Pterosauria, 485; of Pythonomorpha, 489; of Lacertilia, 496 Perennibranchiata, 8, 9; not a natural group, 65 Petrels living with Sphenodon, 299 Petrobates, 288, 289 Phalanges, number of, in Urodela, 15; in Anura, 26, 27, 238; in Stegocephali, 79; in Palaeohatteria, 291; in Chelonia, 320, 321; in Chelone, 379; in Scelidosaurus, 425; in Camptosaurus, 427; in Laosaurus, 427; in Iguanodon, 428; in Eusuchia, 441; in Plesiosauria, 475; in Lariosaurus, 477; in Ichthyosauria, 481, 481; in Pterosauria, 485, 485; shape in Anura, 138; peculiar in Pipa, 151 Phaneroglossa, 152 Phanéroglosses, 139 Phanerotis, 213 Phisalix, on poison of Amphibia, 37 Pholidosaurus, 451 Phractamphibia, 78 f. Phrynaglosses, 139 Phrynella, 227; Ph. pollicaris, 233 Phryniscus, 226, 227, 230; Ph. nigricans, 230 Phrynobatrachus, 241 Phrynocara, 235, 236 Phrynocephalus, 521; deserticolous, 493; coloration, 494; Ph. helioscopus, 522; Ph. interscapularis, 522; Ph. mystaceus, 522 Phrynoderma, 241 Phrynomantis, 226, 228 Phrynopsis, 241 Phrynosoma, 305, 533; Ph. coronatum, 534, 535; Ph. cornutum, 533, 534 Phyllobates, 242; Ph. bicolor, 242; Ph. trinitatis, 242 Phyllodactylus, 507; Ph. europaeus, 507 Phyllodramus, 238, 242 Phyllomedusa, 189, 203 f.; Ph. bicolor, 203; Ph. dacnicolor, 203; Ph. hypochondrialis, breeding habits and development, 204; Ph. iheringi, 205; breeding habits, 206 Phylogeny, of Amphibia, 66; of Anura, 142 f.; of Reptilia, 282; of Lacertilia, 515; of Ophidia, 592 Physignathus lesueuri, 523, 524 Pigment in the skin, 34 Pipa, 143, 144, 149 f., 150 Pit-Vipers, 644 Placodontia, 311 Placodus, 301; P. gigas, 311 Plastron, of Chelonia, 315, 321, 321; provided with hinges, 323; sexual characters of, 331; movable in Emys, 350; of Chelonidae, 321, 321, 322, 380; of Pelomedusidae, 390; of Chelydidae, 399; of Trionychoidea, 406 Platecarpus, 490 Platemys, suppression of neural plates, 324; skull, 399 Plathander = Xenopus, 146 f. Platurus fasciatus s. colubrinus, 637 Platydactyla, 140 Platydactylus facetanus, 509, 508 Platyhyla, 236 Platypelis, 235, 236 Platysternidae, 314, 326, 345 Platysternum megacephalum, 345 Plectromantis, 212 Plesiochelys, 380, 389 Plesiosauri, 477 f. Plesiosauria, 473 f.; vertebrae, 474 Plesiosauridae, 478 Plesiosaurus, 475, 478; P. conybeari, 478; P. dolichodirus, 478 Plethodon, 94, 96, 104, 106; P. erythronotus, 107; P. glutinosus, 106 Plethodontinae, 102, 103 Plethodontohyla, 235, 236 Pleurodira, 313, 388 f. Pleurosaurus, 294 Pleurosternum, 390 Plioplatecarpus, 489 Pliosauridae, 477 Pliosaurus grandis, 477 Plover, Egyptian, and Crocodile, 462 Podocnemis, 390, 391; P. expansa, 391 f.; Bates, on habits of, 392 f. Poikilothermous, defined, 67 Poison, of Amphibia, 37, 38; peculiar use of, 272 Poison-apparatus, of Heloderma, 540; of Snakes, 586 f. Polacanthus, 425 Polychrus marmoratus, 529 Polyodontophis, 605 n. Portschinsky, on parasitic flies, 177 n. Postpubis, of Dinosaurs, 414, 424, 426 Pouchet, quoted, 571 Predentary bone, of Dinosaur, 424 Prehallux, of Anura, 28 Prepubis, of Dinosaurs, 414, 424, 426 Proganochelys, 389 Proganosauria, 476 Proreptilia, 285 Prosauri, 290 Prosauria, 288 Prostherapis, 242 Protection of Amphibia by poison, 38 Proteidae, 94, 96, 132 f. Proteroglossa, 140 Proteroglypha, 625 Proteus, 96; P. anguinus, 133, 134 Protorosauri, 290, 304 Protorosaurus lincki, 291 Protosphargis, 336 Protostega, 336 Protriton, 80, 81 Psammodromus hispanicus, 558; P. algirus, 558 Psammosaurus, 543 Psephoderma, 337 Psephophorus, 336, 337 Pseudechis porphyriaceus, 634 Pseudis, 212, 213; P. paradoxa, 213 f. Pseudobranchus, 96; P. striatus, 137 Pseudocentrous, defined, 79 Pseudophryne, 166, 167, 168; spawning, 223; P. australis, 168; P. bibroni, 168 Pseudopus, aberrant scaling, 495; P. pallasi, 538 Pseudosphargis, 336 Pseudosuchia, 432 Ptenopus, 507; deserticolous, 494 Pteranodon longiceps, 487 Pteranodontes, 487 Pternohyla, 179, 189; P. fodiens, 207 Pterodactyli, 486 Pterodactylus longirostris, 487; P. spectabilis, 487 Pterosauri, 486 Pterosauria, 484 f. Ptyas = Zamenis, 611 Ptychozoon, tail, 506; P. homalocephalum, 512, 512; adhesive apparatus, 505 Pubis, of Dinosaurs, 414, 424, 426 Puff Adder, 639, 639 Pygopodidae, 514, 567 Pygopus lepidopus, 567 Python, 598; P. molurus, 600, 600; P. regius = P. sebae, 601; P. reticulatus, 598; P. spilotes, 598, 599 Pythoninae, 598 f. Pythonomorpha, 487 f. Pyxis arachnoides, 365 Radde's "law of the steppe," 493 Rana, 241, 249 f.; sacral vertebrae, 22; shoulder-girdle, 25; urino-genital organs, 49; Tadpoles' horny teeth, 58; vocal sacs, 250; nuptial excrescences, 250; large glandular complexes, 250; distribution, 251; species with finger-discs, 250; R. afghana, 250; R. agilis, 257; R. albolabris, 250; R. alticola, 250; R. arvalis, 257; R. catesbiana, 261; R. chalconota, 250; R. chloronota, 250; R. clamata, 262, 263; R. corrugata, 250; R. curtipes, 250; R. cyanophlyctis, 250; R. elegans, 250; R. erythraea, 250; R. esculenta, 263; mechanism of tongue, 268; vocal sacs, 269; var. chinensis, 267; var. lessonae, 265; var. ridibunda, 264; var. typica, 265; R. fontinalis, 262; R. glandulosa, 250; R. gracilis, 261; R. graeca, 259; R. guppyi, 261; R. halecina, 263; R. hexadactyla, 250; R. iberica, 258; R. latastei, 259; R. liebigi, 250; R. mascareniensis, 250; R. montezumae, 250; R. mugiens, 261; R. opisthodon, 260; R. oxyrhynchus, 250; R. rugosa, 250; R. silvatica, 259; R. temporalis, 250; R. temporaria, 251 f., 255; R. tigrina, 261 Ranidae, 139, 237 f. Ranidens, 96; R. sibiricus, 109 Raniformes, 139, 140 Raninae, 139, 237, 238 f.; distribution, 239 Rappia, 241 Rat Snake, 611, 612 Rattle of Rattle-Snake, 644 Rattle-Snake, 648 f., 648, 650 Reduction of limbs, in Urodela, 16; in Lacertilia, 497 Regeneration, in Amphibia, 66 f.; of tail in Sphenodon, 298; of shell in Chelonia, 329; of horny shields in Chelonia, 329, 386; of tail in Lacertilia, 495; of tail in Geckos, 506 Regions, geographical, 74 f. Reproduction of Tortoise-shell, 386 Reptilia, defined, 277; principal characters of, 278; classification of, 279; diagram of affinities of principal groups, 282; affinities to Mammalia, 303, 309 Respiration, mode of, in Chelonia, 331; assisted by anal sacs, 330 Respiratory organs, of Amphibia, 40 Rhachiodontinae, 622 Rhacophorus, 151, 186, 238, 241, 244, 246; Rh. leucomystax, 247; tadpoles, 249; Rh. maculatus, nesting, 248; Rh. madagascariensis, 245; Rh. maximus, 245; Rh. pardalis, 246, 246; Rh. reinwardti, 247; Rh. reticulatus, 248; Rh. schlegeli, nesting, 248 Rhampholeon spectrum, 580 Rhamphorhynchus longicaudatus, 486; Rh. phyllurus, 486; Rh. muensteri, 487 Rhamphosuchus crassidens, 453 Rhinatrema, 89 Rhinemys, 389, 399 Rhinochelys, 390 Rhinoderma, 226, 227, 228; Rh. darwini, 228 f. Rhinophis, 91; Rh. sanguineus, 596 Rhinophrynus, 166, 168; Rh. dorsalis, 185, 227 Rhinophrys, 167 Rhombophryne, 225, 227 Rhynchocephali, 292 Rhynchosaurus, 292 Rhytidosteus, 83 Ribs, of Urodela, 14; of Anura, 21; of Microsauri, 288; of Sphenodon, 297; of Theromorpha, 302; of Cynognathus, 307; of Microgomphodon, 309; of Chelonia, 315, 320, 324; of Dinosauria, 413; of Crocodilia, 438; of Parasuchia, 434; of Eusuchia, 439; of Lacertilia, 495; of Geckones, 504; much elongated in certain Iguanidae, 529; meeting ventrally in Chameleons, 568 Ridewood, on hyoid apparatus of Anura, 31 Ringhals, 632, 633 Ritter and Miller, on Autodax, 107 Robinson, on peculiar use of Varanus, 546 Rodriguez, gigantic tortoises, 374 Rostral bone of Ceratopsia, 430 Round Island snake, 603 Sacral vertebrae of Anura, 21, 22 Salamandra, 115 f.; trunk-vertebra, 14; skull, 17; lower jaw, 17; distribution, 96, 115 f.; S. atra, 119 f.; S. caucasica, 121; S. maculosa, 115 f. Salamandrella, 96, 109; S. keyserlingi, 109; S. schrenki, egg-sac, 110 Salamandridae, 94, 102 Salamandrina, 96, 115; S. perspicillata, 122; skull, 17 Salamandrinae, 102, 115 Sarasin, P. and F., 10; on Coeciliae, 88; on Ichthyophis, 90 Sauria, 491 f. Saurichnites salamandroides, 83 Sauropoda, 418 Sauropsida, 5, 277 Sauropterygia, 476 Saurosternum, 291 Scales of Apoda, 87 Scaling, aberrant, 495 Scaphiophryne, 225, 226, 227 Scaphiopus, 161, 164; S. solitarius, 165 Scapteira, deserticolous, 494 Scapula, attached to thoracic vertebrae, 487 Scelidosaurus, 416; S. harrisoni, 425 Scheuchzer, on Homo diluvii testis, 84 Schlegel, on Cryptobranchus, 100 Schuberg, on mechanism of finger-discs of Hylidae, 187 Schwalbe, on Salamandra atra, 120 Scincidae, 514, 559 f. Scincus officinalis, 561 Sciurus bicolor, squirrel, 248 Scolecomorphus, 90 Sea Snakes, 635 Seeley, on fossil Reptiles, 303 n. Seeleya, 81, 289 Segmental duct, 49 Sense-organs, of Chelonia, 329 f.; of Crocodiles, 445 f. Sepedon haemachates, 632, 633 Seps, 562 Seychelles, gigantic tortoises of, 373 Shell of Chelonia, 321 f., 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 327; partial regeneration of, 329; correlated changes, 328 Shields, horny, of Chelonia, 322, 323, 325 f., 327; evolution of, 326 f.; individual variation in, 326, 327; periodical peeling of, 328 Shoulder-girdle, of Urodela, 14; of Anura, 24, 25, 138 f.; arciferous, 24, 25, 138; firmisternal, 24, 25, 138; of Aglossa, 144; of Microsauri, 289; of Protorosauri, 290; of Theromorpha, 302; of Pareiasauri, 305; of Dicynodon, 310; of Chelonia, 318, 319, 320; of Dinosauria, 414; of Eusuchia, 440; of Plesiosauria, 474; of Cryptoclidus, 475; of Ichthyosauria, 480, 481; of Pterosauria, 485; of Pteranodon, 487; of Pythonomorpha, 488; of Lacertilia, 496 Shufeldt, on Axolotl, 114; on Heloderma, 540 n. Simosaurus, 477 Siphonops, 86, 87, 90 Siredon (Axolotl), 112 Siren, 96; S. lacertina, 136, 136 Sirenidae, 94, 96, 136 Sistrurus miliarius, 647 Skeleton, figured, of Testudo, 319; of Chelone, 320; of Brontosaurus, 418; of Ceratosaurus, 422; of Stegosaurus, 426; of Iguanodon, 428; of Triceratops, 430; of Pterodactylus, 485 Skin, of larval Amphibia, 31; shedding of, 32; glands, 32; pigment, 34; change of colour, 35; poison, 36; of Apoda, 87; of Pipa, 149; forms receptacles for eggs, 151, 248; of Eusuchia, 441 f. Skin-glands, of Crocodiles, 443; of Lacertilia, 497; of Geckones, 504; of Snakes, 583 Skull, of Urodela, 16 f., 17; of Amblystoma, 17; of Salamandrina, 17; of Salamandra, 17; of Anura, 28 f.; of Apoda, 84, 85 Skull, of Reptilia, 280, 281: –of Proreptilia: Cricotus, 287; Eryops, 286: –of Microsauri, 289: –of Protorosauri, 280; Palaeohatteria, 280, 291: –of Rhynchocephali (Sphenodon), 280, 295, 295: –of Theromorpha, 280, 301, 303; Elginia, 280, 305 f.; Cynognathus, 280, 306; Gordonia, 280, 310; Dicynodon, 280, 310; Theriodontia, 306; Mammalian resemblances, 308 f.; Lycosaurus 307; Endothiodon, 307; Gomphognathus, 308; Anomodontia, 309, 280; Oudenodon, 310; Placodus, 311: –of Mammalia, generalised, 281: –of Chelonia, 316 f., 280; Sphargis, 335; Chelydridae, 280, 338; Chelydra, 280, 338; Chelonidae, 317, 378, 379; Chelone, 317, 378; Thalassochelys, 379; Clemmys, 356; Testudo, 364; Chelys, 400, 344; Trionyx, 405, 404; Chrysemys, 280, 346; Cistudo, 280, 361; Pleurodira, 388, 400; Pelomedusidae, 390; Chelydidae, 399, 400; Trionychoidea, 404, 405: –of Dinosauria, 412 f., 422; Anchisaurus, 421; Ceratosaurus, 422; Diplodocus, 419: –of Crocodilia, 280; Pseudosuchia, 432; Parasuchia, 433; Eusuchia, 434 f.; Gavialis, 452; Crocodilus americanus, 466; C. niloticus, 460; C. palustris, 455; C. porosus, 458; Alligator, 468: –of Plesiosauria, 473; Nothosaurus, 477: –of Ichthyosauria, 479; Ichthyosaurus, 281: –of Pterosauria, 484; Dimorphodon, 281: –of Pythonomorpha, 488; Clidastes, 281: –of Lacertilia, 281; Geckones, 504; Agamidae, 281, 515; Uromastix, 281; Iguanidae, 528; Anguidae, 537; Helodermatidae, 540; Varanidae, 281, 542, 543; Varanus, 281; Tejidae, 547; Lacertidae, 281, 550, 550; Lacerta, 281; Scincidae, 559; Amphisbaenidae, 565; Chamaeleontes, 568, 569: –of Ophidia, 281, 596, 597, 588; Eunectes, 596, 597; Crotalus, 588 Slow-worm, 539, 539 Slugs eaten by tortoises, 363 Smell, sense of, of Chelonia, 330 Smith, the, = Hyla faber, peculiar nursing habits, 196 f. Smooth Snake, 619, 620 Snakes, 581 f.; skull, 581 f., 281, 588, 596, 597 f.; vertebrae, 582; general anatomical structure, 583 f.; geographical distribution, 585 f., 585; classification, 592 f. Snake-charming, 631 Snake-poison, 586 f. Snake-stones, 629 f. Snapping Turtle, 338 f. Soft-shelled Turtle, 408 Sound produced by rubbing of scales of Teratoscincus, 507 Spade-foot, 162 Spelerpes, 94, 96, 97, 103, 104, 106; S. altamazonicus, 104; S. bilineatus, 104; S. fuscus, 104, 105; tongue, 106; S. infuscatus, 104; S. lineolus, 104; S. parvipes, 104; S. porphyriticus, 105; S. salmoneus, 105; S. subpalmatus, 104; S. uniformis, 104 Spencer, on habits of Chiroleptes, 221 f. Spermatophores, 53, 128 Spermatozoa of Amphibia, 52 f. Sphargidae, 313, 314, 333 f.; affinities, 336; morphology of shell, 337 Sphargis coriacea, 333 f., 334; absence of horny shields, 325 Sphenodon, 288, 290, 305, 306, 432; S. punctatum, 293, 294; skull, 295; cervical vertebrae, 297; habits, 298 f. Sphenophryne, 225, 227 Sphenosaurus, 82, 287 Spiny-tailed Lizard, 524 f. Spiracle, development, 45 Spotted Newt, 127 Spy-Slange, 632 St. Helena, gigantic tortoises introduced, 375 Stagonolepis, 434 Stannius, 8, 139; on vertebrae of Pelobates, 20 Staurotypus salvini, 342 Stegocephali, 78 f.; St. Lepospondyli, 80 f.; St. Temnospondyli, 81 f.; St. Stereospondyli, 83 f.; vertebrae, 78 f.; shoulder-girdle, 79; dermal armour, 79 Stegosauri, 425 Stegosaurus armatus, 425; S. ungulatus, 426, 426 Stenodactylus, deserticolous, 494; sleeping attitude, 509 Stereocyclops, 227, 231; S. incrassatus, 231 Stereorhachis, 308 Stereospondylous vertebrae, defined, 284 Sternothaerus, 324, 389, 390; S. derbianus, 391; shields of, 327 Sternum, of Urodela, 15; of Anura, 25; taxonomic value, 141, 142; of Sphenodon, 297 f.; Protorosauri, 290; Dinosauria, 414; Eusuchia, 440 Stewart, quoted, on Heloderma, 540 n. Stinkpot Terrapin, 342 Suboccipital (first spinal nerve) of Anura, 144 Subregions, geographical, 74 f. Surinam Toad, 149, 150 Syrrhopus, 212 Systomata, 139 Tadpoles, horny teeth of, 58 f.; of Megalophrys, 59, 60; absorption of tail, 61 f.; of Xenopus, 147, 148; of Bombinator, 157; of Alytes, 159; of Hyla arborea, 193; of H. versicolor, 195; of Bufo viridis, 181; of B. calamita, 183; of B. vulgaris, 176; of Thoropa miliaris, 209; of Pseudis paradoxa, 213; of Hylodes martinicensis, 214; of Rhinoderma darwini, 229; of Arthroleptis seychellensis, 243; of Rana temporaria, 255; of R. opisthodon, 260; of R. esculenta, 270 Tail, of Anura, 21, 24; its absorption, 61; of Chelonia, 328; of Geckos, various shapes, 506; reproduction of, 506 Tarentola mauritanica, 508, 509 f. Tarsus (see also Limbs), of Chelonia, 319, 320, 321; of Dinosauria, 416, 418, 420, 421, 423, 426; of Theropoda, 420; of Compsognathus, 423; of Iguanodon, 428 Teeth, of Anura, 30, 138, 139; substitutes for, 30, 58, 218, 237; of Apoda, 86; of Rhynchosaurus, 292; of Homoeosaurus, 292; of Rhynchocephali, 292; of Sphenodon, 296; of Theromorpha, 301; of Elginia, 306, 280; of Cynognathus, 306, 280; of Lycosaurus, 307; of Galesaurus, 307; of Endothiodon, 307; of Empedias, 308; of Stereorhachis, 308; of Gomphognathus, 308; of Tritylodon, 309; Mammalian resemblances, 309; of Anomodontia, 309; of Dicynodon, 280, 310; of Gordonia, 280; of Placodus, 311; of Sauropoda, 418 f., 419; of Theropoda, 420 f., 422; of Orthopoda, 424 f.; of Eusuchia, 437; of Ichthyosauri, 479; of Snakes, 582 Tejidae, 514, 547 f. Teju, 548, 548 Teleosauridae, 450 Teleosaurus, 451 Telerpeton elginense, 291 Temnospondylous vertebrae, defined, 284 Temperature of blood, 67 f.; of water for Crocodiles, 460 Tennent, on immunity of Cobras, 629 f.; on turtles at Ceylon, 384, 386; on habits of Crocodilus palustris, 456 f.; on habits of C. porosus, 459; on peculiar use of Varanus, 545; on habits of Gecko, 511 Tentacular apparatus of Apoda, 45, 86, 88 Tephrometopon, 493 Teratoscincus, deserticolous, 493; eye, 494; T. scincus, 507 Terrapin, 359 f. Testis, 49 Testudinidae, 313, 314, 345; distribution, 332 Testudo, 365; skeleton, 322, 323; shields of, 327; T. abingdoni, 376, 378; T. atlas, 372, 377; T. daudini, 375, 376; T. elegans, 370 f.; T. elephantina, 374; T. elephantopus, 378; T. ephippium, 378; T. gigantea, 374; T. graeca, 365 f.; habits, 367; eggs, 369; great age, 369; T. grandidieri, 373; T. horsfieldi, 370; T. ibera, 366; age attained, 369; rate of growth, 370; T. marginata, 367; T. perpigniana, 372; T. polyphemus, 371 f.; T. sumeirei, 376; T. vosmaeri, 373, 377 Tetradactylus, 559; T. africanus, 559; T. seps, 559 Tetrapoda, Credner's name for "four-footed" creatures in opposition to the fishes, which have fins, 4, 11 Thalassemydidae, 380 Thalassochelys caretta, individual variation of shields, 326, 327, 387; skull, 379 Thecophora, definition of term, 337, 338 Theobald, on Varanus, 544 Theriodontia, 306 Theromorpha, 300, 301; skull, 280, 301; their affinity to Mammals, 303 f., 309 Theropoda, 420 Thilenius, quoted, 571 n. Thoracosaurus, 451 Thorius, 96, 103; Th. pennatulus, 103 Thoropa, 186, 189; Th. miliaris, 209 Tiger Snake, 634 Tiliqua s. Cyclodus, 561 Toad, see Bufo, 169; common Toad, 170, 172 Toes, number of, in Urodela, 16; in Anura, 28; of Geckos, structure, 505, 505 Tomistoma, 435, 450; T. schlegeli, 453 Tongue, of Amphibia, nerve-supply, 39; shape of, in Anura, 47; of Spelerpes, 106; absent in Aglossa, 145; of Rana esculenta, 268; of Crocodiles, 443; of Lacertilia, 498; of Chameleons, 569 f. Tortoise, Greek, 365 f.; habits, 367 f.; Moroccan, 366; habits, 367 f.; Starred, 370 f.; Gopher, 371 f.; Gigantic Land-Tortoises, 372 f. Tortoises = Chelonia, 312 f. Tortoise-shell of commerce, 386 Trachea, of Crocodiles, 443 Trachysaurus, 560, 560; T. rugosus, 560, 561 Tree-frogs, 185 f.; change of colour, 35 Trematosaurus, 80, 83 Triceratops, 413; T. prorsus, 430, 430; T. flabellatus, 430 Trichobatrachus, 240; T. robustus, 271 Trigonocephalus cenchris, 645, 645, 646, 646 Trimerorhachis, 82 Trionychidae, 313; distribution, 333 Trionychoidea, 313, 314, 404 f.; habits, 407 Trionyx, nuchal plate, 324; skull, 405; plastron, 406; number of costal plates, 325; T. ferox, 408, 409; T. formosa, 411, 411; T. gangeticus, 410, 410; T. hurum, 410; T. triunguis, 410 Triprion, 179, 185, 189; T. petasatus, 207 Trirhachiodon, 309 Triton, 122 f., 96, 115, 125, 128, 131; fossil, 83; spermatophores, 53; T. alpestris, 123, 126; T. asper, 123, 130; T. blasii, 126; T. boscai, 123, 127; T. cristatus, 122, 125, 125; T. hagenmuelleri, 123; T. helveticus, 127; T. italicus, 127; T. marmoratus, 122, 126; T. montadoni, 127; T. montanus, 123, 130; T. palmatus, 127; T. poireti, 123; T. punctatus = vulgaris, 127; T. pyrenaeus, 130; T. pyrrhogaster, 123, 128; T. rusconii, 123, 130; T. sinensis, 123, 128; T. taeniatus = vulgaris, 127; T. torosus, 123, 128; T. viridescens, 123, 128; egg, 128; T. vittatus, 122, 128; T. vulgaris, 123, 127; T. waltli, 123, 130, 131 Tritylodon, 301, 309 Tropidonotus, 607; T. natrix, 608 f.; T. ordinatus, 611; T. sirtalis, 610, 611; T. tesselatus, 611 Tropidosaura, 558 Tuatera, 293 Tupinambis, 548; T. teguixin, 548; T. nigropunctatus, 548, 548 Turtles, 378 f.; skull, 317, 379; skeleton, 320; plastron, 321; on Laysan Islands, 383; Green or Edible, 381 f.; Hawksbill, 384, 385 Tylototriton, 96, 115; T. andersoni, 130; T. verrucosus, 132 Tympanic cavity, reduction of, in Anura, 30; in Ophidia, 583 Tympanum of Aglossa, 143 Typhlomolge, 96; T. rathbuni, 135 Typhlonectes, 87, 90; T. compressicauda, 93 Typhlopidae, 592, 593 f. Typhlops, 91; T. braminus, 594; T. vermicularis, 594 Typhlosaurus, 564 Typhlotriton, 94, 96, 102; T. spelaeus, 103 Uraeotyphlus, 86, 89 Ureter, 48 f., 49 Urino-genital organs, 48 f., 49 Urocordylus, 81, 288 Urodaeum of Chelonia, 330 Urodela, 94 f.; geographical distribution, 96 Uromastix, 524; U. acanthinurus, 526, 526; U. hardwicki, 525 Uropeltidae, 592, 595 Uropeltis, 595; U. grandis, 595 Uroplates, 512 Uroplatinae, 512 Urostyle, of Anura, 23; of Chelonia, 328 Varanidae, 514, 542 f.; skull, 542; distribution, 543 Varanus, 543; V. gouldi, 546; V. griseus, skull, 542; V. niloticus, 543; V. salvator, 543 f., 546 Vas deferens, 48 f., 49 Vertebrae, procoelous, definition, 19, 138; acentrous, i.e. without a centre or body, 4; amphicoelous, defined, 12; of Urodela, 11; gastrocentrous, defined, 282; lepospondylous, 5; defined, 78; notocentrous, 4; defined, 19; opisthocoelous, defined, 12, 138; pseudocentrous, 4, 78; stereospondylous, defined, 79, 284; temnospondylous, 13; defined, 79, 284; development of–in Urodela, 12, 13; in Anura, 19; of trunk of Salamandra, 14; epichordal, 20; sacral, of Anura, 22; shifting forwards of sacral attachment of ilium, 23; of Reptilia, composition of, 283, 288; trunk-vertebrae of Eryops, 283, 286, 286; of Cricotus, 287; of Microsauri, 289; of Sphenodon, 294, 296, 297; atlas and axis of Sphenodon, 283; of Theromorpha, 302; of Pareiasauri, 305; atlas fused with axis in Cynognathus, 307; of Dimetrodon, with peculiar processes, 308; of Chelonia, 314 f.; atlas of Trionyx, 283; of Chelys, 283; of Dinosauria, 413; hollow in Dinosaurs, 415, 420; of Eusuchia, 438 f.; atlas and axis of Crocodilus, 283; of Metriorhynchus, 283; of Pterosauria, 485; of Ichthyosauria, 480; of Pythonomorpha, 488; of Lacertilia, 494; of Geckones, 503; of Snakes, 582 Vertebral column, instance of greatest shortening, 144; of Urodela, 11, 13; of Stegocephali, 78; of Anura, 18 f., 21, 22; Palaeobatrachus, 22; Pipa, 22, 143; Hymenochirus, 22, 143; Bombinator, 22; Xenopus, 21, 143; of Apoda, 86; number of vertebrae of Protorosaurus, 291; of Palaeohatteria, 291; of Homoeosaurus, 292; of Sphenodon, 297; of Cynognathus, 306; of Iguanodon, 428; of Eusuchia, 440; of Plesiosauria, 474; of Elasmosauridae, 478 Vesiculae seminales, 49, 51 Viper, Common, 641 f., 620, 642 Vipera, 641; V. ammodytes, 641, 643; V. aspis, 643; V. berus, 641, 642, 620; V. latastei, 643; V. russelli, 643 Viperidae, 592, 593, 637 Viperinae, 638 Viperine Snake, 610 Vis, de, on Chlamydosaurus, 523 Viviparous, Chameleon, 572; Lacertilia, 499; Geckos, 506 Vocal sacs, 47 f.; of Paludicola, 220; of Rhinoderma, used as brood-pouches, 228 Voeltzkow, on nesting of Crocodiles, 462 f.; on Testudo daudini, 375 Voice, 47 Wagler, 8 Wallace, on Rhacophorus, 246 f. Wall-Lizard, 557 Warning, attitudes, of Bombinator, 157; colours, 38, 116, 156; of Heloderma, 541 Water-Viper, 645, 645 Weismann, on Axolotl, 64, 114 Werner, on Eryx, 604 White's aged Tortoise, 369 Wilder, on Desmognathus, 103 Xantusia, 547 Xantusiidae, 514, 547 Xenobatrachus, 225; X. ophiodon, 228 Xenopeltidae, 593, 605 Xenopeltis unicolor, 605 Xenopus, 143; distribution, 143, 144, 146 f.; X. calcaratus, 146; X. laevis, 146 f., 147; X. muelleri, 146 Xenorhina, 228 Xenosauridae, 513, 536 Xenosaurus grandis, 536 Zachaenus, 212 Zamenis constrictor, 613; Z. gemonensis s. viridiflavus, 612; Z. hippocrepis, 613; Z. mucosus, 611, 612 Zanclodon, 417, 421 Zander, on habits of Agama, 520; of Phrynocephalus, 522; of Eryx, 604 Zaocys carinatus, 614, 615 Zatachys, 82 Zeller, on spermatophores, 53; on Proteus, 134 Zonuridae, 513, 536 Zonurus derbianus s. giganteus, 536, 537